[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1929, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n THE WORLD-STRUGGLE\n FOR OIL\n_Some_ BORZOI _Books_\n_Midwinter, 1924_\n SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL THEORY\n _Harry Elmer Barnes_\n THE OLD AND THE NEW GERMANY\n _John Firman Coar_\n THE BASIS OF SOCIAL THEORY\n _Albert G.A. Balz_\n ESSAYS IN ECONOMIC THEORY\n _Simon Nelson Patten_\n THE TREND OF ECONOMICS\n _Various Writers_\n THE FABRIC OF EUROPE\n _Harold Stannard_\n THE WORLD-STRUGGLE\n FOR OIL\n _Translated from the French of_\n Pierre l'Espagnol de la Tramerye\n _by_ C. LEONARD LEESE\n [Illustration]\n NEW YORK      ALFRED \u00b7 A \u00b7 KNOPF      MCMXXIV\n COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC.\n _Published, February, 1924_\n _Set up, electrotyped, and printed by the Vail-Ballou Press, Inc.,\n  Binghamton, N.Y._\n _Paper furnished by W.F. Etherington & Co., New York._\n _Bound by H. Wolff Estate, New York._\n MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\nCONTENTS\n  PART I. The World's Oil.\n          II. Oil: Its Origin, Discovery, and History                 21\n         III. Amazing Increase in Consumption:\n  PART II. The Struggle of the Trusts.\n           VI. The Oil World's Napoleon: Henry\n  PART III. The Struggle between the Powers.\n  Chap.   VII. The _Europeanische Petroleum Union_: a\n                   German Trust for the Control of\n                   European Oil which founders in\n           IX. An Imperialism not without Greatness                   110\n            X. The Struggle between Great Britain and\n           XI. A State-subsidised Company: the\n          XII. An American Balkanism: the _British\n         XIII. Political Tendencies of the Royal-Dutch:\n          XIV. How the United States lost Supremacy\n          XVI. From Washington to Genoa: the Struggle\n  PART IV. France's Part in the Struggle between\n                   Great Britain and the United States.\n          XIX. How Great Britain Succeeded in Winning\n                   France over to Her Side in the\n           XX. Great Britain and the Oil-fields of the\n PART I\n THE WORLD'S OIL\nCHAPTER I\n\"WHO HAS OIL HAS EMPIRE!\"\nThe question of oil has become one of the most vital in all countries.\nIts importance is such that even the most solid political alliances\nare subordinate to it. The Great Powers have all an \"oil policy.\" The\nUnited States, where the most powerful trust is an oil trust--the\n_Standard Oil Company_--the United States, which control 70 per cent.\nof the oil production of the world, have decided not to leave the\nquestion to private initiative alone, but to start a vigorous oil\npolicy both at home and abroad. The American Senate recently decided\nto create the \"United States Oil Corporation to develop new petroleum\nfields,\" while Mr. Bedford, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the\n_Standard Oil Company_, asked the Government to lend its support to any\nAmericans who were soliciting oil concessions throughout the world.\nThis support, which even Wilson--hostile to trusts as he was--did not\nrefuse, was granted very energetically by Mr. Harding: three European\nStates have just had experience of it.\nBritain, with her usual foresight, understood long ago the importance\nof oil, and took the necessary action. In the work of exploration alone\nshe is at the present moment spending considerable sums, and she will\nsoon have nearly all the remaining oil-fields of the world in her hands.\nFrance alone remains behind, hesitates, changes her mind, and allows\nherself to be despoiled, not only of the region of Mosul, one of the\nrichest oil-fields of the world, which was formally promised to her by\nthe Agreements of 1916, but also of the few modest oil deposits which\nshe possesses in her colonies. For these are almost all exploited by\nBritish firms; and by the Agreement of San Remo the French Government\nhas, in addition, promised to reserve a large share for \"British\nco-operation\" in new companies which may be established there.\n\"Who has oil has Empire!\" exclaimed Henry B\u00e9renger, in a diplomatic\nnote which he sent to Clemenceau on December 12, 1919, on the eve of\nthe Franco-British conferences held in London to consider the future\nof Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. \"Control of the ocean by heavy oils,\ncontrol of the air by highly refined oils, and of the land by petrol\nand illuminating oils. Empire of the World through the financial\npower attaching to a substance more precious, more penetrating, more\ninfluential in the world than gold itself!\" The nation which controls\nthis precious fuel will see the wealth of the rest of the world\nflowing towards it. The ships of other nations will soon be unable\nto sail without recourse to its stores of oil. Should it create a\npowerful merchant fleet, it becomes at once mistress of ocean trade.\nNow, the nation which obtains the world's carrying trade takes toll\nfrom all those whose goods it carries, and so has abundant capital.\nNew industries arise round its ports, its banks become clearing houses\nfor international payments. At one stroke the controlling centre of\nthe world's credit is displaced. This is what happened already in the\neighteenth century when, with the development of British shipping, it\npassed from Amsterdam to London. And British statesmen have had, at one\ntime, a moment of anxiety lest it should move to New York!\nThus began the terrible struggle between Britain and the United States\nfor possession of the precious \"rock-oil.\"\n\"The country which dominates by means of oil,\" said Elliot Alves, head\nof the _British Controlled Oil-fields_, a semi-official, semi-private\norganization, which the British Government has specially commissioned\nto fight the _Standard Oil Company_, \"will command at the same time the\ncommerce of the world. Armies, navies, money, even entire populations,\nwill count as nothing against the lack of oil.\"\nThe War proved it.\nWhence does oil derive this formidable power, before which the whole\nworld bows down? From the fact that the fundamental basis upon which\nthe industrial life of modern nations rests is fuel. Before the War,\nGermany, Britain, and the United States owed the whole of their power\nand their wealth to coal. It would have been true to say that the\nBritish Empire rested upon a foundation of coal.\nIt is essential to have control over fuel in time of peace for economic\nprosperity, and in time of war to supply the navy and maintain control\nof the seas.\nNow oil has considerable advantages over coal. Its extraction is\nremarkably easy compared with that of coal. What is the boring of a\nwell and the installation of some simple machinery on the surface\ncompared with the expensive subterranean workings which are involved\nin the exploitation of a coal-mine? An oil-boring before the War\ncost a few hundred thousand francs, while the simplest workings for\na colliery always necessitated an expenditure of several millions.\nThe installations once made, oil flows by itself into the reservoirs,\nwhence it is conducted by pipe-lines to the sea-ports and there pumped\ninto the ships. It may be refined before exportation or only on arrival\nin the country where it is to be consumed. The expenditure upon\nlabour in these various operations is extremely small, especially in\nundeveloped countries where native labour is employed. Thus, even at\nthe present time, in the Dutch Indies the coolies are paid a florin\na day. Now at the end of the War the employ\u00e9s of the _Royal Dutch_\nin the Dutch Indies numbered only 1,000 Europeans and 2,906 natives\nand Chinese for a production of 1,706,675 tons. A native earned only\n300 gold francs a year for 80 tons of oil extracted, refined and\ntransported to the coast.\nAfter the Bolshevik revolution wages at Grosny were still only seven\nroubles a day, which, considering the depreciation of Russian money,\nrepresented very little. Generally the expenses of production in\nRussia did not exceed a few kopecks a pood (50 kopecks for one of the\nbest-known firms, that of Akverdoff).\nThus oil is bound to become in future more and more important as a\nfuel, because of its peculiarity in necessitating so insignificant a\ncharge for labour--which protects it from the inconveniences resulting\nfrom the social crises in the midst of which we live--and because its\nnet cost is so small. For half a century it was used only for lighting\npurposes, and then it had to compete with gas and electricity. At one\ntime there was talk of limiting production!\nBetween 1900 and 1910 the invention of the internal-combustion engine\nand the enormous development of motoring gave it new impetus. Fine oils\nonly had been used up to then. Under pressure of the demand, it became\ncustomary to raise and refine poorer and poorer oils, giving from 60 to\n75 per cent. of waste products.\nThere remained the mazut[1] or fuel-oil, which required very high\ntemperatures for combustion and which was very dirty in use.\nThen the German, Diesel, invented the internal-combustion engine\nfor heavy oil. The mazut, subjected to high pressure in a cylinder,\nproduces an explosive mixture which, without sparking-plug or magneto,\ndrives the pistons in the manner of a petrol engine. The installation\nis rather heavy, but no boiler is required, and it takes up much less\nspace than a steam engine of the same power. A vessel fitted with a\nDiesel engine can sail for fifty-seven days without re-fuelling, while\nwith a steam engine it could only sail for a fortnight. A ship fitted\nwith a Diesel engine and having a speed of 20 knots could sail from\nFrance to Suez, India, Australia, New Zealand, and return by Cape Horn\nwithout re-fuelling. But, better than any words, the following little\ntable, made out for two boats of the same power, will give an idea of\nthe great advantages of the Diesel engine:--\n Daily consumption         | 100 tons     | 360 tons\n Consumption for a voyage  |              |\n Bunker space for a voyage |              |\n Total space required for  |              |\nAt first oil was used on fishing boats, then on small coasters. To-day\nthe biggest British cargo boats, of the type of the _Zeelandia_ or\n_Sutlandia_, are fitted with Diesel engines. All German submarines\nhad them during the War. In 1917 Herr Ballin,[2] the great friend of\nWilliam II and the head of the _Hamburg-Amerika_ line, just before his\nsuicide decided on the construction of a fleet of enormous ships fitted\nwith internal-combustion engines. Scandinavia, Holland, Italy, all now\nuse the Diesel engine. France alone remains behind in this respect. It\nhas even been used on railways, a little-known fact. Diesel locomotives\nwith four cylinders, built by Sulzer Brothers of Winterthur, have\nrecently been run on the line from Berlin to Mannsfeld.\n\"The development of our metallurgy,\" wrote Admiral Degouy in April\n1920, \"will soon give us the assurance that we also shall be able to\nmanufacture large-bore cylinders and pistons of flawless casting,\nlike those made in Augsburg, Nuremberg, Stockholm, and Christiania,\nwhich will support for long periods without change (and consequently\nwithout leakage) the temperature of 1,000\u00b0 C. which is developed by the\ncombustion of mazut in these engines.\"\nSince the invention of the internal-combustion engine, mazut has been\nintroduced directly into the furnaces of great ships. The heating power\nof this formerly despised product is almost double that of coal: 1\nkilogramme of liquid fuel produces the same results as 1.7 kilogrammes\nof coal. Its use allows of the reduction by five-eighths in bunker\nspace, and by 70 to 80 per cent. of the stokers, since a single man can\nlook after several boilers. The fuelling of a ship is effected cleanly\nand quietly in a few hours. Hundreds of tons of oil can be pumped into\nthe cisterns in a negligible time, and that even out at sea and in\nheavy weather. To give an idea of the difference in time and labour\nrequired for the loading of coal and oil before the sailing of a mail\nsteamer of the tonnage of the _Olympic_ or the _Lusitania_, I will\nquote the following figures:--\nThe labour of stoking and clearing the furnaces is done away with;\nthere is no longer either dust or smoke. Parts of the ship which are\ntoo restricted or too inconveniently placed for housing coal can be\nused for oil. It is stored in the double bottom of the boat, and by\nutilizing the coal bunkers for general cargo the available storage\nspace is increased by 10 per cent. On the latest _Cunard_ and _White\nStar_ liners the economy of space thus realized has been as much as 33\nper cent. And Admiral Lord Fisher drew attention to the fact that on\nthe _Mauretania_--the sister ship to the _Lusitania_--the adoption of\noil fuel allowed of the reduction of the crew by three hundred men.\nThe efficiency of a boiler heated by coal is not much more than 60\nper cent.; that of one heated by oil reaches 80 per cent. On Japanese\nsteamers of the type of the _Temyo Maru_, of 21,000 tons, with Parsons\nturbines of 20,000 horse-power, the consumption of oil is only 455\ngrammes to one effective horse-power, instead of 685 grammes of coal.\nThe flexibility and ease of control are extraordinary.\nSince 1911 the merchant fleet of the United States has been consuming\n15 million barrels annually. Nearly all the nations have followed\nthis example,[3] especially those which dream of the dominion of the\nseas for the use of oil in their warships gives them an incontestable\nsuperiority. The presence of a squadron sailing under coal is disclosed\nat a distance of more than 10 kilometres by enormous clouds of smoke;\nunder oil its presence is almost imperceptible; it becomes visible\nonly at the moment when it is about to attack. Ease of approach is\nenormously increased; and even if an enemy vessel is discovered by\nmarine or aerial scouts it is very difficult for the gunners of the\nthreatened vessel to take their aim at so vague a target as an almost\ninvisible horizontal silhouette. \"No smoke, not even a funnel!\"\nexclaimed Lord Fisher in his strenuous campaign for the transformation\nof the British Navy. Many years elapsed, however, before he saw the\ntriumph of the new fuel.\nIt has been objected that ships lose a little of the protection which\nis conferred upon them by their belts of coal bunkers; but this\ncriticism is valueless. For, as they gain considerably in lightness,\nit is possible to increase the thickness of the armour plate and the\nsize of the guns. The abolition of funnels permits of a considerable\nincrease in the field of fire of the artillery.\nMoreover, with oil fuel fleets acquire an extreme mobility.[4] Half\nan hour after receiving the order to raise steam the ship is ready to\nstart. Thirty-five minutes afterwards it is going at full speed. In six\nminutes it can pass from normal to maximum speed. Eleven minutes are\nneeded to get a boiler under full pressure. A voyage at forced speed\nentails no extra fatigue for the crew: with coal it is hell!\nThus, since 1912, oil has been constantly used on twenty-eight German\nbattleships, almost the whole of the fleets of Great Britain and the\nUnited States, and the Russian squadrons in the Baltic and the Black\nSea. _The American Navy has completely abandoned coal for its new\nunits._\nAnd France? France, which was the first to conceive the idea, had, at\nthe moment when war broke out, only a few small boats burning oil,\nand not a single powerful modern vessel comparable with the _Queen\nElizabeth_. And yet, as early as 1864, it was France that built the\nfirst ship, the _Puebla_, sailing under Lieutenant Farcy, to use the\nnew fuel, which aroused so much curiosity during the Second Empire.\nBut the selfish opposition of our coal-owners overcame those who were\nfavourably inclined, including Napoleon III himself.\nNo one gives a thought to these facts at the present time. France often\npoints the way of progress; she never profits by it.\nThe most far-reaching revolutions have begun with a technical\ninvention. The unknown monk who first mixed charcoal with sulphur and\nsaltpetre razed feudal castles and created the great modern States. And\nhe who balanced a magnetized needle on its pivot was the real founder\nof colonial empires.\nWe are just entering upon an economic period which will turn the whole\nworld upside-down--the Revolution in Fuel, with its far-reaching\nconsequences.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 1: \"The famous petroleum wells of Baku ... yield crude\nnaphtha, from which the petroleum or kerosene is distilled; while\nthe heavier residue (_mazut_) is used as lubricating oil and\nfor fuel.\"--_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 11th ed., vol. iii, p.\n230.--TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.]\n[Footnote 2: \"Herr Ballin committed suicide, foreseeing that\nunrestricted submarine warfare, which had then been decided upon, would\nbe the downfall of Germany.\"--_Revue des Deux Mondes_: Contre-Admiral\nDegouy, \"Oil and the Navy.\"]\n[Footnote 3: Since 1920 the world tonnage of oil-burning steamers has\nexceeded that of steamers built to burn coal.]\n[Footnote 4: At the battle of Jutland, only the oil-burning ships\nrealized their trial speed.]\nCHAPTER II\nOIL: ITS ORIGIN, DISCOVERY, AND HISTORY\nThe Great Producing States before 1914 and in 1921\nOil is found naturally in different forms. Sometimes it occurs as a\nvolatile liquid at ordinary temperatures; it is then known as naphtha.\nSometimes the volatile principles are only given off at higher\ntemperatures; it is then called petroleum or rock-oil. Sometimes also\nit appears in a semi-solid form, asphalt, its volatile properties\nhaving already evaporated.\nIt is very rarely that oil is found on the surface or gushing up by\nitself without the help of pumps. It is usually met with at a great\ndepth underground, in pockets in which oil and gas are found above\nwater. Thus, in order to detect its presence, it is necessary to make\nborings. When one reaches a pocket in the neighbourhood of the gas,\nthe latter escapes by the outlet which is offered. If the boring first\nreaches oil, and if the pressure of gas is sufficient, the oil gushes\nout and forms a spring. This is what happened in the Caucasus, where\ncertain wells spouted up to a height of eighty metres through the\nborings made by the prospectors. More often the gas pressure is not\nsufficient to raise the liquid to the surface, and it is necessary to\ninstall pumps driven by steam to empty the pocket. At the time of the\nboring, when the cylindrical metal drill, driven vertically by a metal\ncable and held vertical by the derrick (a sort of pyramidal framework\nof metal), reaches the deposit, the gas which has been accumulating for\nthousands of years escapes, driving, pushing, sucking up the oil, and\nmaking a fountain, a gusher, a sort of artesian well. The oil is led\naway in metal pipes, vertical till they reach the surface, horizontal\nto the refineries, ports, or other destinations. Once the well is\ncapped, it is not touched again; it is alone in the desert, and only a\nmetre records its daily output, while hundreds of thousands of men are\nobliged to work underground to wrest coal from the bowels of the earth\nby the strength of their arms!\nThe depth of the wells varies from 200 to 1,600 metres, according to\nthe region. The duration of the flow is essentially variable, depending\nupon the magnitude of the deposit of oil. But it goes without saying\nthat when a spring has flowed for seven years more or less, like the\nfirst one exploited by the _Mexican Eagle_, it gives out, yielding\nsalt water. The fact is quite ordinary, and is known in all competent\ncircles, although it is sometimes brandished as a warning by interested\npeople in order to lower the value of certain oil shares. One often\nhears of \"pools,\" \"rivers,\" or \"veritable lakes of oil.\" These\nexpressions are most inaccurate. Apart from certain exceptions, such\nas the famous well of the _Colombia_ in Rumania in 1913, the deposits\nof oil are neither rivers nor pools. They are _actually solid layers\nof sandstone, often very hard, impregnated, saturated with oil_. This\nsandstone is very porous and contains thousands of cavities or pockets\nenclosing the precious \"rock-oil.\" Its thickness varies from the usual\n30 or 50 metres (giving wells of a yield of 200, 500, or 1,000 barrels\na day) to _one kilometre_ in certain wells of the _Eagle_ (yielding\n70,000 to 100,000 barrels a day, instead of 200 to 1,000). The _Eagle_\nis lucky, it must be admitted, and its history is unique in the annals\nof oil. Only its sister company, the _Mexican Oil_, which works in the\nsame field, but for the _Standard Oil_ group, can be compared with it.\nEven a superficial examination of the chemical composition of oil,\na hydrocarbon, in which the carbon, in a proportion of 80 to 88 per\ncent., is combined with hydrogen, and sometimes with a little oxygen,\nreveals in this compound a marvellous source of thermal energy, which\nmay manifest itself in various ways. For, from the greenish-brown oil\nwhich is lighter than water, no less than 128 chemical compounds are\nobtained, which are used in forty different industries. From the retort\nin which the crude oil is distilled comes an infinity of substances of\nbasic importance in modern industry.\nAlthough the intensive use of oil and its industrial applications are\nof comparatively recent date, the discovery of deposits of petroleum\ngoes back to remote antiquity.\nThe history of oil is as old as the world, since there is already\nmention of it in the Book of Genesis. The wells of Baku were known long\nbefore the Christian era. In the peninsula of Apsheron, where they\nare situated, arose the cult of Zoroaster and the fire-worshippers.\nAccording to the latter, the flames which escaped from the soil\nwould burn until the end of the world. They were, at any rate, famed\nthroughout the world nearly three thousand years ago.\nThe Greeks and Romans were acquainted with oil. The latter called it\n_bitumen_. In Low Latin it was _petroleus_, from _petra_--stone, and\n_oleum_--oil; and the word has come down to us through the scholars of\nthe seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who adopted it.\nIn ancient mythology and literature oil is often mentioned. It\nis probably with oil that the Centaur--to avenge himself upon\nHercules--was obliged to anoint the famous shirt of Nessus! \"It is\nnot without reason,\" says Plutarch, \"that certain authors, wishing to\nrestore truth to legend, assert that petroleum is the substance which\nMedea used to smear the crown and veil that play so great a part in the\ntragedies; for fire does not issue from them of itself, but when they\nare brought near a flame fire is communicated to them by some kind of\nattraction with such rapidity that the eye can scarcely follow it.\"\nHerodotus, in his works, mentions the oil-fields of Zante; Pliny those\nof Agrigente in Sicily; Plutarch those of Ecbatana and Babylon. \"The\nland of Babylon,\" he says, \"is impregnated with fire.... It is as\nthough the soil, agitated by the fiery substances which lie concealed\nin its bosom, has a sort of pulse which makes it quake.\" When Alexander\nconquered these regions he was particularly astonished, in the\nprovince of Ecbatana, at \"a gulf from which rivers of flame streamed\ncontinually, as though from an inexhaustible source.\"[5] His return to\nBabylon was celebrated by the burning of two parallel streams flowing\nthrough the streets. And one of his courtiers, to amuse him, caused a\nyoung man to be anointed with oil; scarcely had it touched his body\nwhen he was enveloped in flames.\nThe Chinese have used oil for lighting from the most distant times;\nEuropeans since the fourteenth century. It is difficult to go further\nback owing to the absence of documents during the Middle Ages. But what\nwas Greek Fire, if not oil? In the fifteenth century we find traces of\nits use in medicine; and even at the present time the natives of Mosul\nand Bagdad use some of the purer varieties, which they call \"mourn,\"\nas a dressing for serious wounds. Oil has some fame as a vermifuge;\nas, for example, the oil of Gabiau in the south of France. A curious\nmemoir of Fran\u00e7ois Clouet, who was entrusted with the task of embalming\nFrancis I in 1547, mentions the use of an oil (\"p\u00e9trolle\") in the\ncolouring of a waxen mask made in the dead king's likeness.\nIn the eighteenth century Apsheron was again the astonishment of\nBritish travellers seeking a route to India. \"The Russians drink it\nas a tonic and as a beverage,\" writes Jonas Hanway, who visited these\nregions in 1754, speaking of petroleum. \"It never intoxicates. Used\ninternally, it is also an excellent cure for gravel. Used externally,\nit is a valuable remedy in cases of scurvy, gout, and cramp. It is very\ngood for removing stains from fabrics, and would be in more frequent\nuse if it did not leave behind it an abominable smell.\"\n[Illustration: World Production in 1918.]\nFinally, the earliest settlers found oil in America, or, to be more\nexact, recognized the wells which had already been dug by the\nIndians. But it was only in the middle of the nineteenth century that\nthe real importance of the oil-fields scattered over the globe began to\nbe realized.\nWhile France about 1840 made the first trial use of shale oil, and\nGermany in 1853 invented the oil lamp, later perfected by Laydaw of\nEdinburgh, \"the bold and inventive spirit of Young America undeterred\nby a series of fruitless experiments, set itself to discover the first\nsprings of the precious liquid in Pennsylvania.\" In 1858 Colonel Edward\nDrake, while boring a salt-water well near Tytusville, was nearly\nengulfed with his workmen in a jet of oily liquid, the spring of which\nwas apparently inexhaustible, and continued to furnish several thousand\nlitres a day. It was subsequently discovered that this liquid after a\nvery simple process of purification, would burn with a brilliant light.\nThe \"oil fever\" then seized all America and myriads of searchers rushed\ninto the valleys of the Alleghanies in Pennsylvania.\nThe oil industry was created. For a long time America was the only\ncountry producing the precious oil; forty years ago she still furnished\ntwo-thirds of the world's supplies. But although the oil-fields of the\nAlleghanies and of Ohio were developed rapidly, they have been far\nsurpassed by the enormous deposits of Baku. In 1898 Russia outdistanced\nthe United States, and kept the first place until 1902, when America\nrecovered it after a great struggle, thanks to the new oil basins of\nTexas, California, and the Mid-Continent, and above all those of Kansas\nand Oklahoma, with its famous \"Glen Pool,\" which in 1908 produced the\nfantastic figure of 50,000 barrels _a day_.\nRussia has never been able to retrieve her position. Her production,\nwhich in 1901 was 50 per cent. of that of the whole world, was not more\nthan 20 per cent. two years before the War, and in 1918 had fallen to\n7.86 per cent. The cause is chiefly the diminution of production of the\n\"black region\" of Baku, in the peninsula of Apsheron, which juts out\ninto the Caspian Sea and is connected with the open seas by a railway\nand by a pipe 800 kilometres long, through which the annual flow of oil\ntowards Europe before the great world catastrophe amounted to 400,000\ntons. In five years the average yield of the wells diminished by 40\nper cent., while the mean depth of the borings was increased by 25\nper cent. It was necessary to dig more and more deeply to find less\nand less oil. The old oil-fields of Baku were nearing exhaustion. Now\nthey alone furnished four-fifths of the production of Russia. That\nis why, in 1918, Russia lost the second place, which she had held so\nlong, to her young rival Mexico. It is true that the two revolutions\nwhich she had to undergo in this quarter century helped the process\nconsiderably. The revolution of 1905 caused the bloody disturbances\nof the Caucasus: the finest factories were burnt and numerous wells\ndestroyed. Great unrest continued incessantly in this region until the\ntriumph of Lenin. But there are still in Russia oil-fields of very\nconsiderable extent, scarcely touched before 1914, which the world\ncannot afford to dispense with.[6]\nThe United States, Russia, Mexico, Rumania, these were, in order of\nimportance, the four chief oil-producing countries before the War.\nRumania shares with America the distinction of being the first country\nin which rock-oil was extracted. The same year in which Colonel Drake\nmade his experiments at Tytusville 250 tons were extracted from a well\nby hand-pumping: the oil was only just below the surface. Since then\nRumanian production has continually increased. It was 500,000 tons when\nthe region of Moreni, one of the richest in the world, was discovered.\nForeign capital flowed in immediately, and Rumanian production reached\nits highest point in 1913 with 2 million tons. The War gave it an\nappreciable setback; at the present time it does not come to more than\nhalf this figure.[7]\n[Illustration: Pre-war production of oil in Mexico, Rumania, the Dutch\nIndies and Galicia.]\nAlthough the production of Rumania, hampered by the lack of electricity\nwhich hinders the borings, has recovered with difficulty, that of\nMexico, often a prey to civil war, has known no pause in its incredible\nprogress. In ten years it has passed from 3 to 160 million barrels,\ncarrying its share in world production from 1 per cent. to 23 per cent.\nThe figures are worth quoting:--\n Year.  |  World Production   |  Percentage from\nIt is Mexico which saves the world to-day, for the United States--the\ngreatest producers in the world--do not even supply enough for their\nown consumption, and are obliged to call in the help of Mexico to make\ngood their deficit. In spite of all their efforts, they have only\nsucceeded, during the last three years, in increasing production by 24\nper cent., while Mexico has augmented hers by 130 per cent. The other\ncountries follow at a considerable distance. Here is the record of each\n Dutch East Indies    18,000,000\n Poland (Galicia)      3,665,000\n Japan and Formosa     2,600,000\n Other countries       1,000,000\nThe total production was 759,000,000 barrels of 42 gallons, against\n684,000,000 barrels in 1920. It exceeds 100 million tons, easily\nbeating the records of the preceding years. If we remember that half a\ncentury ago, it was only 66,000 tons, and that _between 1913 and 1920\nit has almost doubled_, we shall see what a tremendous stimulus the\ngreat world War has been.\nBut fears are increasingly felt. Will it be possible to satisfy the\ndizzy increase in the consumption of oil? And do not certain countries\nalready fear to see the reserves contained in their soil exhausted?\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 5: Plutarch's _Lives_, Alexander the Great, chap. xliv.]\n[Footnote 6: Cp. chap. xvi, _The Struggle for the Oil-fields of\nRussia._]\n[Footnote 7: Having fallen to 920,000 tons in 1919, it had increased to\n1,030,086 tons in 1920 (12 per cent. increase). This slight recovery is\nthe first noted; for six years Rumanian production steadily decreased.\nThe worst year was 1917.]\nCHAPTER III\nAMAZING INCREASE IN CONSUMPTION\nFears of the United States\nThe consumption of oil is rising at a terrific rate. Entire branches of\nindustry are transformed, and it may be said that all modern transport\nis increasingly dependent upon the use of the new fuel. Automobilism\nand aviation owe their existence to it. Not only do steam engines\ntend to give place to the oil motor in a great number of cases, but\nthey themselves begin to use oil instead of coal. Locomotives and the\nengines of ships more and more seek the source of their energy in\noil. No more smoke, no more troublesome ash, and double the calorific\npower. The work of a fireman, formerly so exhausting, is reduced to\nthe opening and closing of a tap. If coal is replaced by mazut in the\nfurnaces of ships, their radius of action is increased by 50 per cent.;\nit is more than tripled if the internal-combustion engine is used.\nCertain British engineers are not afraid to assert that _one ton of\nmazut, used in a Diesel engine for ships, is equivalent to at least six\ntons of coal_.\nFew countries hesitate in face of such advantages. Since 1885 the\nrailways of Southern Russia have been run on oil; those of Rumania\nsince 1887. The railway companies of the United States consumed 20\nmillion barrels even in 1909--that is, _one-tenth_ of the production at\nthat time. And the last few years have been marked by the conclusion\nof contracts by the United States Railroad Administration for the\ndelivery of 50 million barrels. The engines of the Southern Pacific\nRailway have been aptly described as veritable monsters. Their boilers\nare two metres in diameter and fourteen and a half metres long. Their\nheating-surface is double that of ordinary locomotives. The driver's\nplace is in front, which allows him to see the track.\nMexico has long since followed the example set by the United States. So\nalso has Austria for her Alpine railways. France has made experiments\nwhich have been much talked of; and the Argentine, only a few months\nago, has concluded important contracts with the _Shell Transport and\nTrading Company_ for the supply of oil for her railways. Everywhere the\nsubstitution of oil for coal is going on, and consumption is developing\nwith such rapidity that the supply is no longer anything like equal to\nthe demand. Even if Russia recovered, the discrepancy between the needs\nof the world and the quantity available would be considerable. That\nis why the price of liquid fuel, which requires little labour in its\nproduction, remains so high.\nSince North America supplies 80 per cent. of the world production,\nthe dollar has become the standard currency for oil. At the present\ntime, Rumanian oil, delivered in Hungary, is sold at the same price as\nAmerican oil. _The market-price is therefore fixed for the whole world\nby New York._\nVery few people realize at all clearly what will be the consumption\nof oil in a few years' time. It is natural enough, for it is only a\nshort time since our great and instructive Press began--very timidly,\nhowever--to entertain its readers with this burning topic. There is\nno one, at present, who does not know that the question of fuel is of\nsupreme importance to the whole industrial life of Europe.\nNow, the world-production of coal was, in 1920, about 100 million tons\nshort, compared with the production in 1913. The directors of colliery\ncompanies endeavour to increase the output of the mines, but they\nobtain in general only disappointing results, which is not strange when\nwe observe the increasing number of miners' strikes, the rise in wages,\nand the fact that laws are continually passed to reduce the hours of\nlabour.\nIn producing steam, one ton of mazut gives almost the same result as\ntwo tons of coal; more than 50 million tons of fuel-oil are therefore\nrequired to make good this enormous deficit.\nNow, in 1919 the world production of mazut did not exceed 75 million\ntons. After making good the shortage of coal, this would leave only 25\nmillion tons to satisfy the ordinary demand. This comparison of figures\nmakes clear how great is the need of oil, at a time when the use of\noil, in preference to coal, is becoming more and more the order of the\nday. Now, the great and general increase in consumption is not equalled\nby the production which, though far from stationary, is none the less\nmuch below the needs which are predicted for the future in competent\ncircles. An American oil journal recently published the following\nfigures for the consumption of the United States:--\n 1907       24 million tons\n 1918       57 million tons\n 1919       75 million tons\nAnd even at the beginning of 1920 an increase of 25 per cent. over 1919\nwas noted. The rate of increase was such that, in January and February\n1921, the American consumption was greater by 230,729 barrels _a day_\nthan the national production. The stock of oil in the United States,\nboth national and Mexican, has recently been considerably reduced,\nand does not amount to more than 114,000,000 barrels, representing\nonly four months' consumption, although for years past it has always\nbeen sufficient to meet the consumption for six months. It must be\nremarked that motor-cars are terrible gluttons for petrol, and that in\nthe United States every farmer has his car. In a self-respecting family\nthere are generally three--a limousine for use in town, an open car for\ntouring, and a Ford for the servants to fetch provisions. It has been\ncalculated that there is on an average one motor-car to every thirteen\ninhabitants. The Ford works alone are capable of turning out three\nmillion annually.\nAnd, as if that was not enough, America is planning to develop, by\nmotor traction, the means of transport in Asia, the continent without\nrailways. We may predict for this a consumption of 120 million tons in\nthe near future.\n_The United States consume twice as much oil as the rest of the world,\nwhile their resources do not amount to more than one-seventh of those\nof the world._\nTheir consumption increased in 1920 by 25 per cent.; their production\nonly by 11 per cent. And already fears are entertained that it may\ndiminish. Two-thirds of the oil-fields of Oklahoma, which state alone\nproduces nearly one-quarter of the total, have been developed; and the\nnumber of borings tends to diminish.\nIf the increase in world-consumption of oil continues at the rate that\nit has done during the past few years, the oil reserves of the United\nStates, calculated on the basis of 70 barrels to each inhabitant,\nwithout allowing for increase of population, would, according to the\nSmithsonian Institute, come to an end about the year 1927.\nThese figures seem to me a little exaggerated, for the reserves\ncontained in the soil of the United States cannot possibly be\ncompletely exploited in so short a time. But the figures published by\nthe Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior shows that\nother countries consume half as much oil as the United States, while\ntheir soil contains seven times more.\n\"These countries consume at the present time two million barrels a\nyear; at this rate, they have reserves sufficient for 250 years. The\nUnited States consume 400 million barrels a year; they have only enough\nfor 18 years.[8]\n\"The total amount of oil which can still be extracted from the soil of\nthe entire world has been computed at 60,000 million barrels--43,000\nmillion have already been brought to the surface by successful borings.\n\"Of the 60,000 million which remain to be extracted, 7,000 million are\nto be found in the United States and in Alaska; 53,000 million in the\nrest of the world.\"\nThat is why the American Navy, having in view the treatment of\nbituminous shale by distillation, has reserved to itself the rights\nover immense deposits, chiefly in Colorado and Utah. If the United\nStates do not succeed in acquiring new oil-fields in the rest of the\nworld, the position will become so serious that they will only be able\nto avoid war at the price of economic vassalage.\nThere is oil in all parts of the world, and yet dominion over oil is\none of the most concentrated possible.\nFrom Alaska almost to Tierra del Fuego, every country in the New World\npossesses some.\n  Alaska.\n  Canada: its presence was discovered in 1789 by Sir Alexander\n  Mackenzie.\n  United States.\n  Mexico.\n  Central America.\n  Venezuela.\n  Trinidad, Guiana.\n  Colombia.\n  Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.\n  Chili, the Argentine.\n  Brazil and Uruguay: it is hoped that oil will be found shortly.\n[Illustration: Map of the Principal Oil-bearing Regions of the World.]\nIn Europe it is less evenly distributed:\n  Hanover (Wenigsen).\n  Alsace.\n  Italy.\n  Poland. The Ukraine. Rumania.\n  Hungary: a subsidiary company of the _Anglo-Persian_, the _D'Arcy\n  Exploration_, found oil deposits in March 1921.\nAsia is nearly as rich as America:\n  The Caucasus.\n  Persia, Mesopotamia.\n  Dutch Indies.\n  Siam, Burma.\n  China.\n  Japan and Formosa.\nAfrica and Oceania, on the contrary, seem to possess only small\nquantities of the precious oil. There is some in North Africa, in\nEgypt, and possibly in Madagascar. The great British prospecting group,\nwhich I have already mentioned in connection with Hungary, is making a\nthorough search at this moment in Western Australia and New Zealand.\nNow nearly all these oil-fields, scattered in the four corners of the\nworld, and in so many different countries, are at the present moment in\nthe hands of two great trusts--one American, the _Standard Oil_, and\nthe other Anglo-Dutch, the _Royal Dutch-Shell_--and certain companies\ncontrolled by the British Government.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 8: Cp. Part III, chap. xiv, _How the United States Lost\nSupremacy over Oil_.]\n PART II\n THE STRUGGLE OF THE\n TRUSTS\nCHAPTER IV\nTHE STANDARD OIL COMPANY\nAlthough it sometimes happens that governments oppose each other\nopenly in the struggle for oil, as in the case of Poland, Rumania, the\nCaucasus, and Turkey, they prefer, in general, to hide behind trusts.\nThere exist in the United States numerous oil concerns whose power is\nfar from negligible, such as the _Sinclair Oil Company_, with a capital\nof 500 million dollars, and the _Texas_ and the Doheny interests,\nwhich together represent another 500 million dollars. But all these\nindependent producers must bow before the unchallenged supremacy of the\n_Standard Oil_.\nThe _Standard Oil_, a purely American concern, preceded the _Royal\nDutch_--a Dutch company with considerable British, and recently a\nlittle French, capital[9]--by twenty years.\nAs a matter of fact, there is no longer to-day one _Standard Oil_, but\nforty companies, all bearing this name followed by that of a town or\nState:\n _The Standard Oil of New Jersey_,\n _The Standard Oil of Pennsylvania_,\n _The Standard Oil of Kansas_,\n _The Standard Oil of Ohio_.\nThe first is the most important. All are federated under one great\nadministrative body.\nThe Chairman of the Board of Directors of _Standard Oil Companies_ is\nat the present time Mr. Bedford, formerly Chairman of the _Standard Oil\nof New Jersey_, where his place has been taken by Walter Teagle. This\ngreat Council is the real brain of the _Standard_, from which emanates\nthe general policy of this federation of companies, as powerful as the\nGovernment of the United States--more powerful sometimes.\nIts history, like that of all American trusts, has something of the\nmarvellous. At the beginning of a great undertaking there is always a\ngreat man: the founder of the _Standard_ was John Rockefeller, a small\ndealer in oil, who, in 1865, conceived the idea of forming a federation\nof all American oil-dealers.\nThere were in 1870, in the United States, 250 refineries, which waged\namong themselves a merciless price-war.\nIt was to put an end to this struggle, which was so advantageous to\nthe consumer, that the _Standard Oil Company_ was created, _a combine\nof refiners, not of producers_. Following a strict and constant\nprinciple, which it has always observed, the _Standard_ has refrained\nfrom seeking raw oil, leaving this task entirely to the prospectors and\nproducers. But as soon as it reaches the surface, the oil, wherever\nit is found, becomes the exclusive property of the Company, to whose\ninnumerable refineries it is conducted by pipe-lines. The original\n_Standard Oil Company_, that of Ohio, began humbly with a capital of\na million dollars, and the small consumption of 600 barrels a day.\nEstablished in Cleveland, it grouped together all the interests in\nthe refining and transport of oil acquired in Pennsylvania since\n1865 by Rockefeller, Andrews, Harckess and Flager. Two years later,\nnot only had it brought all the refineries in the neighbourhood of\nCleveland under its own control, but it had built others at Baltimore,\nPhiladelphia, New York, Boston, and Pittsburgh.\nSix years after its inauguration, it already acquired the greater part\nof the crude oil produced in the United States. Moreover, its capital\nhad been twice increased, in 1872 and 1874.\nAt the end of ten years, it transported and distributed 95 per cent. of\nthe American output.\nIn 1881 it amalgamated thirty-nine oil companies. The trust was\nconstituted and already disposed of a capital of 75 million dollars.\nThe first cycle of its growth was finished. Supreme in the United\nStates market and sure of its monopoly, it completed the laying of its\nfirst pipe-line to the Atlantic. The _Standard Oil_ was about to lay\nclaim to Europe.\nThe Agreement of January 2, 1882\nSuch fortunes were not built up by entirely honourable methods. The\ndirectors of the _Standard Oil of Ohio_ had formed pools. They imposed\nbuying and selling prices on every company which participated. This\nsystem, which in a dozen years gave such wonderful results, was not\nwithout its faults. There was friction between members of the pool. The\nneed for establishing unity of direction was soon felt. It was with\nthis object that the _Standard Oil Trust_ was founded in 1882.\nIt was the first time that the word \"Trust\" appeared in the name of\na firm. A Committee of nine members, or trustees, was formed. It\ncomprised all the Rockefeller family: John Rockefeller, Payne, William\nRockefeller, Bestwick, Flager, Warden, Pratt, Brewster, Archbold. The\nnine trustees became the sole delegates and depositories of all the\n39 companies conjointly engaged. They received from each concern the\nshares and the corresponding voting powers. Trust Certificates, of a\nnominal value of 100 dollars, were exchanged for shares only in the\nproportion of the value of each undertaking to the total value of all\nthe undertakings constituting the Trust.\nThe Agreement of 1882 which sealed the pact, provided for the admission\ninto the Trust of new companies and the eventual formation of a\n_Standard Oil Company_ in each State of the Union.\nCompanies of four kinds entered the combine of 1882:--\n  1. Fourteen companies in which _the whole_ of the shares were held by\n  the trustees. Among these were the _Atlantic Refining Company_, the\n  _Standard of Ohio_, and the _Standard of Pittsburgh_. The first of\n  these companies succeeded in recovering its liberty in 1911.\n  2. Rich private individuals, having an interest in the oil industry\n  and holders of large parcels of shares, such as W.C. Andrews and John\n  Archbold.\n  3. Twenty-four companies in which the _majority_ of the shares were\n  held by the trustees:--\n _Central Refining Company of Pittsburgh_,\n _Germania Mining_,\n _Empire Refining_,\n _Keystone Refining_,\n _National Transit Company_, etc.\nThese twenty-four companies placed themselves under the control of the\nTrust from 1882 onward. Two others have come in under compulsion:--\n  (1) The _Tide-water Pipe-line Company_, having constructed pipe-lines\n  itself, entered into fierce competition with the _Standard_. On\n  October 9, 1883, it was compelled to negotiate with the _National\n  Company_. Under the resulting contract, it agreed to provide 11-1/2\n  per cent. of the quantity sent to the ports by pipe-lines as its\n  share of the traffic, and was guaranteed an annual profit of at least\n  half a million dollars for fifteen years.\n  (2) _The Producers' Associated Oil Company_, born of a concerted\n  effort of independent producers to fight the _Standard_, gave in in\n  October, 1887.\n4. One other company alone forms the fourth class. The Trust has an\ninterest in this but has never been able, whatever its efforts, to\nobtain the majority of the shares and to control the company. This is\nthe _United States Pipe-Line Company_. This company experienced many\ndifficulties and mortifications. After having struggled against the\ninertia of the railways devoted to the _Standard Oil_, and spent more\nthan 15,000 dollars on law costs alone, it succeeded in pushing its\nlines up to Washington, but could never get any further, nor reach the\ncoast; the _Standard_ bought up the intervening territory.\nAt its zenith, in 1911, when it was declared illegal by the Supreme\nCourt of the United States, the _Standard_ owned 90 per cent. of the\npipe-lines and controlled 86-1/2 per cent. of the oil production of\nAmerica. A single company, the _Pure Oil Company_, founded in 1895,\nwhose field of exploitation was Germany, was able to maintain its\nindependence. The seventy-five small refineries existing outside\nthe Trust did not refine, all put together, a fifth as much as the\n_Standard_. The refinery which the latter possessed at Bayonne was by\nitself more important than ten of these competing refineries.\nThe European market was almost completely conquered. Everywhere the\n_Standard_ operated by means of its subsidiary companies:--\n The _Anglo-American Oil Company_ in Great Britain.\n The _American Petroleum_ in Holland.\n The _Deutsche Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft_ in Germany.\n The _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour la Vente du P\u00e9trole_ in Belgium.\n The _Vacuum Oil_ in Austria-Hungary.\n The _Societa Italo-Americana per Petrollo_ in Italy.\n The _Romana-Americana_ in Rumania.\n The _Danske Petroleum Altieselskabet_ in Denmark.\n The _Swenska Petroleum Altiebolage_ in Sweden.\n The _International Oil_ in Japan.\nIn Galicia, the Trust held its own against all similar indigenous\nenterprises. The Rumanian refiners were obliged to come to an\nunderstanding with it; otherwise it would, with its powerful means\nof pressure, have created a monopoly for itself. And the _French Oil\nCartel_ was at its mercy.\nCauses of the Success of the Standard\nThe difficulty is not to produce oil, but to transport it, for it is\ngenerally found in more or less desert regions. Hence Rockefeller's\nbrilliant idea, to construct pipe-lines bringing the oil direct to the\ngreat centres! Thenceforward, since the oil was transported almost\nautomatically, its price dropped considerably. All the producers became\ntributaries of the pipe-lines, and the _Standard_ obtained practically\ncomplete control of the market.\nThis was the first cause of the success of the _Standard_. All\nthe small producing companies became compulsorily its clients. As\ncontroller of the market, it fixed the price in draconian fashion.\nThere is a second cause: its alliance with the great railway companies,\nand the support which it received from the railway magnates--Scott of\nthe _Pennsylvania Railroad_, Vanderbilt of the _New York Central_,\nJewet of the _Erie Railroad_, Watson of the _Lake Shore_, and many\nothers less well known.\nIts subsidiary, the _South Improvement Company_, on January 18, 1872,\nmade contracts with the railway companies, by which it fixed the\nproportionate shares in the transport of oil to the Atlantic seaboard\nas follows:--\n 27-1/2 per cent. to the _Erie_,\n 27-1/2 per cent. to the _New York Central_,\n 45 per cent. to the _Pennsylvania_.\nThe companies thus favoured by the _Standard_ made their competitors\npay double rates. One of these latter produced before the Inter-State\nCommerce Commission the scandalous tariffs demanded of them:\n  On the _Louisville and Nashville Railroad_, increased rates to\n  competitors of 87 to 333 per cent.;\n  On the _Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific_, from 63 to 267\n  per cent.;\n  On the _St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern_, from 82 to 257 per\n  cent.\nSystematic negligence in transport was proved with regard to\ncompetitors. The _Union Tank Line Company_, which owns tank-wagons\nas the _International Sleeping Car Company_ owns restaurant cars,\nwould only put them at the disposal of the _Standard_, and compelled\nits adversaries to dispatch their oil in barrels, which is much more\ncostly. The Trust alone was entitled to lay its pipe-lines beside the\nrailway-lines or underneath the track. It possessed 35,000 miles of\nsuch lines at the end of last century--or rather the _National Transit\nLine_, which acts as its instrument, owned them. Such abuses could not\nbe allowed to continue. The inquiry by the Hepburn Committee revealed\na multitude of crying injustices. For example, it was enough for the\n_Standard_ or the _South Improvement_ to telegraph \"_Wilkinson and Co._\nhave received a truck which only paid $41.50; screw them up to $57.50,\"\nand the order was executed.\nThe Charter of the _South Improvement_, which had even succeeded\nin acquiring the right of expropriation in order to construct\nits pipe-lines, was withdrawn under the pressure of indignant\noil-producers. But the Federal Government of the United States will\nnever succeed in crushing the _Standard Oil_.\nIts Two Dissolutions--Roosevelt's Fight against the Standard Oil\nTwice over, in 1892 and 1911, its constitution was judged illegal, but\nin vain.\nIn 1892 the system of nine trustees was declared illegal by the Supreme\nCourt of Ohio. The trustees voted the dissolution of the Trust, but\ncontinued to administer all the corporations in the same way until\n1899. The Trust was apparently divided into twenty distinct companies;\nthe nine old trustees distributed the shares in such a way as to\npossess the majority in each one. Thus they made sure, as before, of\nunity of direction. Rockefeller had reversed the judgment of the court.\nHere is the legal formula, which is dignified in its simplicity:\n\"John Rockefeller has placed in the hands of the said attorney\n256,854/292,500 of the total shares held by the said trustees on July\n1, 1892, in each of the companies whose shares were deposited.\"\nStill better, after receiving the shares which were granted them in\neach company, the old trustees took them and sold them to the _Standard\nOil Company of New Jersey_, which has a capital of 100 million dollars\nof common stock, and only ten million dollars of preferred stock. For\nthe _Standard_ has a monarchical constitution. All power to the holders\nof preferred stock! The holders of common stock have none but that of\ndrawing dividends. Though they may be in an enormous majority, they\ncount for nothing in the direction of the enterprise.\nAbout 1900 Rockefeller went still further. He increased the number\nof ordinary shares, and reduced that of the privileged shares. A\nmemorandum of the Industrial Commission drew attention to this. \"During\nthe year 1900, the common stock has been increased by 38,550,700\ndollars and the preferred stock has been reduced by 3,968,400 dollars.\"\nIn short, Rockefeller makes the concern more and more autocratic.\nThe _Standard_ forms a veritable State within a State, which nothing\ncan bend. The Trust was reconstituted, with a holding company, the\n_Standard Oil Company of New Jersey_, holding the title-deeds of all\nthe other companies.\nIt was then that Roosevelt undertook to destroy a power before which\neverything bowed down. The Federal Government brought an action\nbefore the Court of St. Louis, under the Sherman Anti-Trust Law. The\n_Standard Oil_ and the seventy companies dependent on it were accused\nof \"conspiracy, coercion, intimidation, rebating and other illegal\nacts in restraint of trade.\" The Federal Court of St. Louis ordered\nthe dissolution of the Trust in 1909. The _Standard_ entered an appeal\nbefore the Supreme Court of the United States, which confirmed the\ndissolution in 1911, after five years of inquiries, prosecutions,\njudgments and appeals. The struggle had been going on since 1906.\nMany judgments had to be reversed. Thus, the _Standard Oil Company\nof Indiana_, with a capital of only a million dollars, was ordered\nto pay a fine of 29 million dollars for an illicit understanding\nwith the _Chicago and Alton Railway_. It was paying only six cents a\nhundredweight for transport, while its competitors paid eighteen. This\njudgment was reversed in July 1908 by the Court of Appeal of Chicago.\n\"It is strange,\" ran the decision \"that a company with a capital of a\nmillion dollars should be fined a sum representing twenty-nine times\nthis capital.\" The first tribunal had found 1,462 infringements proved,\nand had zealously applied the maximum for each case; that is how it had\narrived at the incredible figure of 29 million dollars.\nThe _Standard Oil_ was given six months to dissolve. The result was the\nsame as in 1892. There were simply thirty-four companies apparently\nindependent. In the midst of this new constellation, the _Standard Oil\nCompany of New Jersey_, whose capital has risen to 600 million dollars,\nmerely shines with a greater brilliance than its satellites. And the\n_Standard_ has no longer to fear attack from the Government of the\nUnited States, which bows obediently to its will. Even better, the late\nPresident Harding energetically supported its claims throughout the\nworld. Whoever attacks the _Standard_ attacks the Federal Government\nitself.\nTo think of Rockefeller's modest company in 1870, with its 600 barrels\na day and its small capital of a million dollars, and to see what it\nhas become to-day, is to be lost in amazement. In 1920, the Great\nCouncil of the _Standard_ controlled a capital of a thousand million\ndollars; representing almost equal profits, and a daily consumption\nof two hundred million barrels, which it even hopes to see presently\nincreased to three hundred million. Here are the original and the\npresent positions; they are widely different:--\n Capital has increased from 1 to 1,000.\n Profits have increased from 1 to 100,000.\n Production has increased from 1 to 300,000.\nThe _Standard_ has soared so high because it was a national enterprise.\nEvery bank, every shipping company, every railway in the United States,\nwas interested in the success of the Trust, for this great corporation\nexported to the four corners of the world a commodity drawn from\nthe soil of the Union, and brought into the country, one year with\nanother, more than a hundred million dollars. It looked as though all\ncompetition was impossible, and yet a European company has been found\nbold enough to attack, not only in Europe and Asia, but on its own\nground of the United States, this financial power, whose turn-over must\nbe estimated at twelve thousand million francs at least, or more than\ntwice the pre-War budget of a nation like France.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 9: Forty per cent. of the capital of the _Royal Dutch_ is in\nFrench hands, but France unfortunately has no voice in the direction of\nthis undertaking.]\nCHAPTER V\nTHE _ROYAL DUTCH-SHELL_\nIn face of the formidable hegemony which the _Standard Oil_ exercised\nover the oil markets of the world, an opposition arose, at first timid,\nthen bolder in proportion as success attended its efforts.\nThis was the _Royal Dutch_ allied to the _Shell_. Thirty years have\nsufficed to give it a unique position in the world.\nIt was in 1890, at The Hague, that the _Royal Dutch Oil Company_[10]\nwas founded, with a capital of 1,300,000 florins. As a result of\nborings carried out in the Sunda Islands, the Government of the Dutch\nIndies granted it concessions at Sumatra. After some years, as the sale\nof crude oil did not give a sufficient return on the capital already\nsunk, the directors of the young company resolved to erect a refinery\non the spot. It was necessary for this purpose to increase the capital\nto 1,700,000 florins in 1892. A strange fact to relate to-day, this\nissue was a failure. The capitalists of the day had lost confidence\nin an undertaking whose net profits for two years had been _nil_. In\nspite of these initial difficulties, the board of directors persevered.\nIt even acquired new concessions, whose more profitable exploitation\nallowed of a first dividend in 1894 of 8 per cent. This distribution\nrestored the confidence of the public, and the _Royal Dutch_ was\nable to increase its capital without difficulty in 1895 to 2,300,000\nflorins, with a view to extending its sphere of action. In the same\nyear it was able to distribute a dividend of 44 per cent. Considering\nthe importance of its operations, the company decided in 1897 to\nincrease its capital to 5,000,000 florins, in order to obtain tank\nsteamers to transport its products. The dividends had then risen to 52\nper cent., but it could not keep up for long so exceptional a rate.\nFor, from 1898 onward, the _Standard_, becoming uneasy, tried to obtain\ncontrol over its rival. To escape from its grip, the _Royal Dutch_ was\ncompelled to issue one and a half million preference shares, which\nwere allotted to friendly groups. A bitter economic struggle followed.\nThe _Royal Dutch_ maintained its independence, but the _Standard_, to\ndestroy its young rival, did not hesitate to sell in extra-American\nmarkets at less than cost, and the steady lowering of the price of\noil compelled the Dutch company to reduce its dividend to 6 per cent.\nIt was maintained at this rate the following year, but began to rise\nagain in 1900, and reached 24 per cent. in 1901.\nSince then the _Royal Dutch_ has progressively increased its capital\nto the present fantastic figure, under conditions which were so\nmany windfalls for its shareholders. Its dividends during the great\nworld War rose to the enormous rates of 45, 48 and even 49 per cent.\nThere were some years when it went so far as to distribute to its\nshareholders dividends in shares of 200 per cent., thus tripling its\nnominal capital.\nThe Alliance with the Shell\nThe early career of the _Royal Dutch_ was as modest as that of the\n_Standard Oil_ and far more troubled. At its very beginning it found\nin the East a young British firm, the _Shell Transport and Trading\nCompany_, which put up a keen competition, the more disastrous because\nthe latter possessed a fleet of tank steamers, while the _Royal Dutch_\nas yet had none. The _Shell_ was directed by Sir Marcus Samuel, one of\nthe cleverest business men in London.\nSamuel had begun humbly as a trader in sea-shells. His business\nprospering more and more, he hunted about for some commodity to\nexchange for the shells which he brought from the East. He decided upon\noil, and became himself a producer in Borneo.\nIn 1897 the _Shell_ was registered in Great Britain, with the view\nof absorbing the business of _Samuel and Company_ and certain other\nsimilar concerns. The new company had a large number of tank steamers\nand hundreds of depots.\nThe _Royal Dutch_ had then amalgamated the greater number of the\nindependent producers of the Sunda Islands, but was experiencing some\ndifficulty in getting its oil to Europe, and so decided to negotiate\nwith the _Shell_.\nHence the agreement of 1902, by which the two companies entrusted the\nsale of their products to a company which they created specially for\nthe purpose, the _Asiatic Petroleum_. Its capital was subscribed as\nfollows:--\n 1/3 by the _Royal Dutch_,\n 1/3 by the _Shell Transport_,\n 1/3 by the Rothschilds.\nThis simple alliance became a complete union ten years later. The\n_Royal Dutch_ and the _Shell_ amalgamated on the following basis:--\nOn January 1, 1907, the two groups transferred their assets to two\ncompanies, one Dutch, one British. These were the _Bataafsche Petroleum\nMaatschappij_ and the _Anglo-Saxon Petroleum_.\nThe _Bataafsche_, or _Batavian Oil Company_, which now has a capital\nof 200 million florins, was specially entrusted with the extraction\nof oil and with everything concerning its production. Its oil-fields\nare situated in Java, Sumatra and Borneo, and it exploits them directly\nor by subsidiary companies. It has interests in the Mexican _Corona_\ncompany and in many Russian companies.\nAlthough this last part of its program has not hitherto been\nproductive, the _Bataafsche_ has distributed during the last few years\ndividends representing annually nearly half its capital. Directly or\nindirectly, it is responsible for almost the whole production of the\nDutch Indies, which amounts to nearly 20 million barrels annually, and\nis steadily rising. To meet this increase, the _Batavian Oil Company_\nis obliged every year to construct new reservoirs. In 1920 their\ncapacity had reached more than 900,000 tons.\nThe _Anglo-Saxon Petroleum_, with its head-quarters in London, was\nentrusted with everything concerning the transport and sale of oil,\nthat is to say, with the commercial side of the business. Unlike the\n_Bataafsche_, this company undertakes no direct exploitation, although\nit controls the production of a large number of subsidiary companies in\nCeylon, British India, Malay, Northern and Southern China, Siam, the\nPhilippines, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. For the _Royal\nDutch-Shell_ has an almost organic structure. Instead of reproducing\nitself in new companies, always the same, like the _Standard Oil_,\nit only receives new adherents for distinct functions. One company\nis entrusted with the distribution of its products, another with the\nexploitation of oil-fields or with refining. The _Royal Dutch_ and the\n_Shell_ have become to-day holding companies. In 1907 the _Royal Dutch_\nceased to be an industrial enterprise and became an omnium of oil\nsecurities.\nForty per cent. of the profits resulting from this co-operation were\nto come to the _Shell_, 60 per cent. to the _Royal Dutch_, which has\nreserved the lion's share for itself.\nAt the time of signing this agreement the _Shell_ was not without\na certain anxiety. Thus it was agreed, in order to safeguard its\ninterests, that the _Royal Dutch_ would buy, on January 1, 1907,\nhalf a million ordinary shares of the _Shell_ at the price of thirty\nshillings, and would undertake not to sell again without the consent of\nthe board of directors of the _Shell_.\nIn case of liquidation or sale by private contract before January 1,\n1932, it was stipulated that the net product of the liquidation, up to\n\u00a39,000,000 sterling, was to be divided equally between the _Shell_ and\nthe _Royal Dutch_, and that only above this amount the products should\nbe shared in the proportion of 40 and 60 per cent. We see how closely\nthese two concerns are allied. The only difference which exists between\nthem is that, officially, one is Dutch, the other British.\nDeterding's First Victory. The Chinese Campaign\nFreed from all obstacles in the Dutch Indies and allied with one of\nthe most powerful British firms, the _Royal Dutch_, under the skilful\nguidance of Henry Deterding, was ready to attempt a conquest of the\nworld.\nBut for the second time it came up against the hostility of the\n_Standard Oil_, which waged a bitter warfare in the Far East--the\nfamous price-war of 1910.\nThe _Standard Oil of New York_ considered China as its private\nproperty. It had taught the Chinese to use kerosene by distributing,\nfree of charge, lamps inscribed _Mei Foo_, or _Good Luck_. When this\nmethod became too expensive it sold them at cost price, and when the\n_Royal Dutch_ appeared as a competitor it was selling, in this way, two\nmillion lamps a year. With a population of 400 million Chinese, this\nproduced an unlimited market for kerosene, for which, in comparison\nwith petrol, the American demand is small.\nThe _Standard_ tried to fight by selling refined oil below cost price\nin foreign markets, while keeping the price very high in America in the\nshelter of the tariff wall. It even went so far as to sell in the Far\nEast 50 per cent, lower than in Holland, although the latter market was\nnearer the American oil-fields. At the same time the refined American\noil, which was quoted in England at the end of August 1910 at 6-1/4d.\na gallon, fell at the end of November to 5-3/4d., and in December to\n5-1/2d. Deterding's receipts from the sale of kerosene were reduced by\n3,750,000 dollars. But he would not give way. He did not leave China;\nhe stood his ground and fought. Although his oil was of an inferior\nquality to that of the _Standard_, it was near at hand, and had not\nto be transported for long distances like that of its rival (which\ninvolved the latter in great expense). An agreement was finally made.\nThe _Standard_, which had taken possession of the Chinese market in\n1903, gave up 50 per cent, of that trade to the _Royal Dutch_. The\nlatter's share has even been increased recently to 60 per cent. For the\nfirst time Deterding had conquered!\nPerhaps he would not have triumphed so easily if the _Standard Trust_\nhad not been dissolved just at that time by the Supreme Court of the\nUnited States. But two such powerful groups could not have continued\nindefinitely to struggle for the international market without making\nsure of some stability and limiting their respective zones of operation.\nAfter many attempts they have come to an understanding.\nIn 1907 an agreement fixed the quota of oil that each group might send\nto the British market.\nIn 1912 an agreement of a similar kind put an end to the struggle that\nhad been going on in the Far East.\nThe absence of a definite general agreement between the two great\nTrusts did not exclude the possibility of tacit agreements, which\nregulated their operations in the international market and assured to\nboth an extraordinary prosperity. _The_ Standard _has several times\nmade very tempting offers of close co-operation to the_ Royal Dutch,\n_leaving this group free to make its own conditions_. The _Royal\nDutch-Shell_ has always refused, for _the future is its own_. What will\nhappen to the _Standard_, an almost exclusively American concern, when\nthe oil resources of the United States are exhausted? Since 1919 it\nhas been endeavouring to acquire oil-fields in the rest of the world,\nto guard against this danger, but everywhere it finds the \"closed\ndoor.\" The _Royal Dutch_, aided by the British Government, has taken\npossession of all that remain in the world.\nNew Struggle with the Standard Oil for the Conquest of the World\nOne day, to the great astonishment of everybody interested in the\nAmerican oil industry, Mr. Deterding brought a cargo of oil to the\nUnited States and sold it under the very nose of the directors of the\n_Standard Oil_. Emboldened by this first success, he tried to establish\nhimself in the United States, and with this aim in view bought\noil-bearing properties in Oklahoma. The _Royal Dutch_ rapidly increased\nits territory.\nBy a bold policy and without recourse to the sharp practices of the\ndirectors of the _Standard Oil_, Deterding revenged himself for\nthe attack upon him in the Far East. The _Royal Dutch_ sent large\nquantities of petrol to America and sold them at rates as high as those\nof the _Standard_. This enabled it to make good its losses in the Old\nWorld and to emerge victorious from the struggle.\nDuring his Chinese campaign Deterding had been handicapped by the\ninferiority of the oil from Borneo. To remedy this he proposed to\nobtain possession of various Californian wells.\nOf all the wars that Deterding has waged, that of California is\nthe most interesting and perhaps the most strenuous. It required a\nremarkable audacity for the _Royal Dutch_ to establish itself on the\nvery territory of the _Standard_ in America. Would it not meet there\nthe coalition of this great firm and the independent oil companies?\nAnd yet Deterding triumphed. He created the _Roxana Petroleum Company_\nin Oklahoma, the _Shell Company of California_ on the shores of\nthe Pacific, and then extended his conquests to Texas, New Mexico,\nColorado, Utah, Arizona, Montana, Dakota and Nevada. Everywhere the\n_Royal Dutch_ brings with it its curious methods. It begins by taking\nan option for six months on an oil bearing property, giving it the\nright to examine the books of the company and to make an inquiry. At\nthe end of six months it takes an option on another property, and\ncontinues in this way throughout the region. After leaving nearly all\nthe options without sequel, the _Royal Dutch_ is ready to begin boring\noperations on its own account in selected places.\nThis method, adopted for the first time in California, is to-day the\n_habitual method_ of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_. Thus this company rarely\nmakes miscalculations in the oil-fields it exploits. Its agents have\norders to report the minutest details to head-quarters.\nIn order to interest the American public in the success of his\nenterprise, Deterding was clever enough to place upon the New York\nmarket, in 1916, 220,000 so-called American shares. This issue was a\ngreat success, and it has thus become against the interest of many\nYankees for the United States Government to start reprisals against the\n_Royal Dutch_, of which the late President Harding has often spoken.\nIn 1915 the _Royal Dutch_ already controlled one-ninth of the American\noutput. _One-third of its total production comes to-day from the United\nStates._ It has obtained for its pipe-lines the right of passage to\nSt. Louis and the river, and its surveys of Virginia and Louisiana are\ncomplete. It owns the great refineries of Martinez, near San Francisco,\nand of St. Louis and New Orleans.\nSeventy-five per cent. of the Californian output, which exceeds ten\nmillion tons, now escapes the control of the _Standard Oil_.\nBut more than this, the _Royal Dutch_ is gaining possession of the\ndeposits of Mexico and Venezuela. The oil-bearing territories of\nTampico and Panuco, the railway, and the local oil companies belong\nto Mr. Deterding. The importance of this region is well known. Its\ngeographical position, a few miles from the sea, and its nearness to\nthe Panama Canal double its value. Three hundred and fifty kilometres\nby sea, one hundred and seventy-five by pipe-line across the isthmus of\nTehuantepec, and the oil can be delivered at a centre which commands\nthe whole South American market.\nNot content with conquering the _Standard Oil_ on its own ground,\nDeterding also caused it to lose its \"Algeria.\" Master of the _Mexican\nEagle_, which he bought from its founder, Lord Cowdray, in 1918 for\nmore than a thousand million francs, he controls to-day the bulk of\nMexican production. By this master-stroke he increased by 50 per cent.\nthe quantity of oil that the _Royal Dutch_ can offer to the world.\nThe Americans felt the loss very keenly, for hitherto all the output of\nthe _Mexican Eagle_ had gone to the _Standard Oil_.\nThe _Mexican Eagle_ had a large number of tank steamers, the\nacquisition of which brought up the fleet of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ to\nmore than a million tons.\nMoreover, the directors of the _Royal Dutch_ do not hesitate to assert\nthat the oil-bearing district of Venezuela, of which, since their\nagreements with the _General Asphalt Company_, they control more than\n15,000 square miles, is as rich in oil as the district of Tampico.\nThat is why they have put up enormous buildings, both warehouses and\nrefineries, at Cura\u00e7ao. The _Shell_, which has operated for four\nor five years in Venezuela, has just overcome the difficulties of\napproaching the coast by constructing a flotilla of tankers of very\nsmall draught, thus permitting the transport of oil from Maracaibo to\nCura\u00e7ao.\nThe Panama Canal itself is seriously menaced. The United States have\nspent more than 300 million dollars in constructing the canal, and now\nAmerican vessels are going to be dependent upon the _Royal Dutch_ for\noil. Mr. Deterding has a depot at one end of the canal and another at\nthe entrance to the gulf. He dominates American commerce.\nThis is indeed a work of conquest. Mr. Deterding follows the commercial\nexample of Great Britain. _He has stations at all the strategic points\nof the world._ He also controls the Suez Canal at both ends. The\ncapacity of the refinery at Suez has been increased by 7,000 barrels\na day, on account of the increase in the tonnage passing through the\ncanal during the War. Mr. Deterding is building a station on the Cape\nVerde Islands, situated just half-way between Africa and America. He\nhas establishments at the Antipodes, in the East and West Indies, on\nthe west coast of South America, on the coast of Africa, and at the\nAzores. The European market, in particular the French, is dependent\non him. Through the instrumentality of M. Deutsch de la Meurthe, the\noil deposits in Asia, owned by the Rothschilds, have come under the\n_Royal Dutch_ trust, which possesses 90 per cent. of the capital of\nthe oil companies of the Caspian and Black Seas and 25 per cent. of\nthat of the _New Russian Standard Company_ of Grosny. In August 1920\nthe _Shell_ bought the _Mantasheff_ and the _Lianosoff_, together\nwith a 40 per cent. interest in the _Tsatouroff_, fearing to see the\n_Standard Oil_ acquire the Nobel properties at Baku. The contract was\nsigned in London, but was incompletely carried out, for Great Britain\nhoped to treat directly with the Soviets at Genoa and to have no more\nresponsibility towards the former owners.[11]\nA large part of the Rumanian production is controlled by the _Royal\nDutch_.\nIn Germany the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ has an interest in the _Erdol und\nKohle Ver\u00e4nderung Aktien Gesellschaft_, the _Aktien Gesellschaft f\u00fcr\nPetroleum Industrie_ and the _Deutsche Bergin Aktien Gesellschaft_.\nSince 1912 it has established itself in Sweden as the _Anglo-Swedish\nOil Company_, to drive out the _Standard Oil_, until then mistress of\nthe market. Everywhere the _Royal Dutch_ insinuates itself into the\ngood graces of governments, thanks to its elastic methods and to the\ncleverness of some of its directors, such as the brilliant Armenian\nGulbenkian, who has been well named the \"Talleyrand of Oil.\" In\nco-operation with the Belgrade Government, it has just formed a new\ncompany at Agram, with a capital of 50 million crowns, to exploit the\noil of Jugo-Slavia.\nAs the _Financial Times_ wrote: \"Following the creation in France\nof the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Maritime des P\u00e9troles_ and the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour\nl'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles_, the _Royal Dutch_ is able to obtain from\nthe French Government an important interest in the oil-fields which\nremain at its disposal.\"\nIts last triumph was its entry into Spain. The eminently suggestive\nlist of companies controlled by the _Royal Dutch_ will give an idea of\nthe network which it has spread over the whole world:--\n _Shell Transport and Trading Company._\n _Asiatic Petroleum Company._\n _Anglo-Saxon Petroleum._\n _Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij._\n _Erdol und Kohle Ver\u00e4nderung Aktien Gesellschaft._\n _Aktien Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Petroleum Industrie._\n _Deutsche Bergin A.G._\n _Anglo-Swedish Oil Company._\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Ceylon).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Egypt).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Federated Malay States).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (India).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Northern China).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Philippines).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Siam).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Southern China).\n _Asiatic Petroleum_ (Straits Settlements).\n _Anglo-Egyptian Oil-fields._\n _British Imperial Company_ (Australia).\n _British Imperial Company_ (New Zealand).\n _British Imperial Company_ (South Africa).\n _Astra Romana._\n _Caribbean Petroleum._\n _Dordesche Petroleum Industrie Maatschappij._\n _Dordesche Petroleum Company._\n _Sumatra Palembang._\n _Nederlandsche Indische Tanks Troomboat._\n _Vereinigte Benzinwerke, Hamburg._\n _Home Light Oil Company._\n _British Petroleum Company._\n _Norsk Encelska Mineralojeanie Colaget._\n _Shell Marketing Company._\n _Italian Company for the Import of Oil._\n _British Tanker Company._\n _Moebi Hid._\n _Ceram Petroleum._\n _Ceram Oil Syndicate._\n _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Bnito._\n _North Caucasian._\n _Russian Standard of Grosny._\n _Mazut Company._\n _Ural-Caspian Company._\n _Grosny Sundja Oil-fields._\n _New Shiba\u00efeff Petroleum._\n _Commercial and Industrial Oil Companies of the Caspian and Black Seas._\n _Mantasheff._\n _Lianosoff._\n _Tsatouroff._\n _Kotoku Oil-fields Syndicate._\n _United British Refineries._\n _New Orleans Refining Company._\n _Simplex Refining Company of Panama._\n _Panama Canal Storage Company._\n _Shell Company of California._\n _Californian Oil-fields, Ltd._\n _W.V. Oil Company._\n _Volley Pipe-Line Company._\n _Roxana Petroleum Company_ (Oklahoma).\n _Trahola Pipe-Line Company_ (Oklahoma).\n _Shell Corporation of Martinez._\n _Shell Company of Canada._\n _Roxana Petroleum Maatschappij_ (Texas).\n _Tampico-Tanuco Petroleum._\n _La Corona._\n _Mexican Eagle._\n _Eagle Oil Transport._\n _Venezuelan Concessions Company._\n _Cura\u00e7ao Petroleum._\n _General Asphalt Company._\n _Burlington Investment Company._\n _United British Oil-fields of Trinidad._\n _United British West Indies Petroleum Syndicate._\n _Turkish Petroleum._\n _Roxana Petroleum Corporation of Virginia._\n _Ozark Pipe-Line Corporation._\n _Union Oil of Delaware._\n _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Maritime des P\u00e9troles._\n _Photogen_ (Austria, Hungary, Poland).\n _Jugo-Slav Petroleum._\nThis list is certainly not complete, and it grows longer every day. Is\nit not eloquent by itself?\nThe _Royal Dutch_ has penetrated every State in the world, assuming\neverywhere the national colour of the country it desires to conquer.\nIt has travelled far since it began in the Dutch Indies, with a tiny\ncapital of a million florins and seven small tank steamers. Its annual\nproduction, which was then 25,000 tons, to-day exceeds 15 million tons.\nIts fleet of tankers is one of the most powerful in the world. Last\nyear it amounted to 1,400,000 tons. _And the_ Royal Dutch _controls a\ncapital of twenty-two thousand million francs_.\nPartial Decline of the Standard\nThe _Standard Oil_ is certainly no longer the colossus of the world.\nIt has never completely recovered from the last judgment delivered\nagainst it in 1912, which compelled it to separate from its subsidiary\ncompanies. Although the sentence of the Supreme Court could not\nput an end to the community of interests which united these--since\nRockefeller himself possessed 25 per cent. of the shares of the various\naffiliated companies--it has certainly hampered the development of\nthe _Standard_ during the last few years. The very heavy taxation\nimposed upon it has also contributed to limit its powers of expansion.\nThe American Government takes 44 per cent. of its income in the form\nof taxes. In 1920 Rockefeller paid an ordinary federal tax of 12 per\ncent. and a super-tax of 65 per cent. In fact, Rockefeller and all his\nassociates are being driven out of the business by the federal taxes.\nIf Rockefeller is the person who paid in 1920 the largest sum in income\ntax (14,800,000 dollars), it is clear that the greater part of his\nmoney is passing from the coffers of the company to be invested in\nGovernment, State and municipal securities which are not taxable.\n_Up to about 1890 the_ Standard Oil _reigned as absolute mistress of\nthe oil market, both in Europe and America_. But in 1890 the oil from\nthe Caucasus, Galicia and Rumania began to break up this monopoly.\nPurely European financial groups, the Rothschilds of Paris and Vienna,\nthe Nobels of Sweden, the great German banks, and those of Lille and\nRoubaix which later were to form the \"Consortium du Nord,\" became\nprogressively more and more interested in the new oil enterprises\nthat were taking shape in Eastern Europe. Germany had formed an actual\nTrust, the _Europeanische Petroleum Union_, which, but for the War,\nwould certainly have led to German control of all European oil. Instead\nof only two great Trusts fighting for world supremacy for the benefit\nof Britain or the United States, we should see a third, claiming Europe\nand Turkey in Asia for its share in the name of Germany.\nBut this group, expanding rapidly when war broke out, found itself\nopposed from that moment by another organization, the _Royal\nDutch-Shell_, which was also advancing by giant strides and which\nconcentrated all its power throughout the world against that of the\n_Standard Oil_.\nThe most skilful part of the policy of the _Royal Dutch_ was to\n_establish itself wherever there was any oil_, while the _Standard_\nconfined itself almost exclusively to America. This was a great\nmistake. To dominate the production and sale in America was defensible\nas a commercial policy so long as the United States were the greatest\nproducers of oil. It became an error from the day on which important\noil deposits were discovered in other parts of the world.\nThe _Standard_ still has the preponderance in the United States, where\nthe _Shell_ only appeared in 1900, but it is far from controlling 86\nper cent. of the output, as it did at the height of its power in 1911.\nIt has been much too negligent about extra-American oil deposits.\nIn 1890 a representative of the _Standard Oil_ was in Java, studying\nthe oil situation in the Far East. He urged the _Standard_ to establish\nitself there before any competitor appeared. Hypnotized by the American\nmarket, it refused.\nIn a similar way it came into Rumania too late, and controls only 10\nper cent. of the total output, while the _Royal Dutch_ controls 31 per\ncent. In Mexico the _Standard_ also met with the competition of the\n_Royal Dutch_, which, in combination with British interests, takes 40\nper cent. of the production. In Russia its r\u00f4le is insignificant.\nThis state of affairs has been brought about by the errors of judgment\nof the directors of the Trust. _The power of the_ Standard Oil _has\ndiminished_, and it no longer exercises a really effective control\nexcept within the United States. Even this control the _Royal Dutch_\nis striving to filch from it. The latter has just formed a new trust,\nuniting the companies hitherto independent: the Doheny group and\nthe British Pearson syndicate, the _Associated Oil_, the _Oklahoma\nProducing_ and the _Oil Union of Oklahoma_, with six or eight other\nundertakings which have been successfully conducted during the last\nfew years. The _Shell_ is trying to bring in the _Mexican Petroleum\nCompany of Delaware_,[12] a sister company to the _Eagle_ and the\ngreatest producer in Mexico, which has up to now remained faithful\nto the _Standard Oil_. That is why it bought up large quantities of\n_Mexican Petroleum_ stock in May 1919 on the New York Exchange. If it\nsucceeds the _Standard_ will see its remaining share in Mexico yet\nfurther diminished.\nThis new Trust has the financial support of the Morgans. It is\nparticularly directed against the _Standard Oil_.\nThese facts are very little known in France. _The_ Royal Dutch _is\nabout to launch a new attack on the_ Standard, or to acquire an\ninterest in a Trust destined to combat it, which will perhaps end by\ngrouping under its \u00e6gis all Rockefeller's competitors.\nThe Pearson syndicate, under Lord Cowdray, has joined the _Royal\nDutch_. Now, Mr. Doheny himself is coming in too.\nThe great oil International develops continuously. Where will it end?\nAlready the _Standard Oil_ produces no more than 17 per cent. of the\noil of the United States--it is true that it has always disdained the\nextraction of petroleum--but it refines only 49 per cent., which is a\nmuch more serious matter.\nRapid Increase in the Activities of the Royal Dutch\n Production\n Net Profits\n Dividends\n Authorized Capital\nFinancial Results of the Royal Dutch since its Agreement with the Shell.\n      | Gross Profits  |  Prior Charges |   Net Profits  |  Dividends\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 10: The Netherlands were then in the position in which France\nnow finds herself. The _Royal Dutch_ began by sending two engineers to\nthe United States to familiarize themselves with the details of oil\nproduction, since Holland possessed no such industry.]\n[Footnote 11: A first instalment, representing 70 per cent. of the\nvalue of these companies, was alone paid. See chap. xvi, _The Struggle\nfor the Oil-fields of Russia_.]\n[Footnote 12: The _Mexican Petroleum Company of Delaware_ has control\nof a large number of companies in the United States and in Mexico,\nwhich include the following:--\n _Mexican Petroleum of California_,\n _Huasteca Petroleum_,\n _Tamahua Petroleum_,\n _Tuxpan Petroleum_,\n _Mexican Petroleum Corporation_.\nCHAPTER VI\nTHE OIL-WORLD'S NAPOLEON: HENRY DETERDING\nIf the _Royal Dutch_ has succeeded in its amazing effort to reduce\nthe power of the _Standard Oil_, it is because the former possessed\na man who was worth millions, whom the Americans, in their outspoken\nadmiration, have called the \"Oil-World's Napoleon\"--Henry Deterding.\n\"Mr. Deterding is Napoleonic in boldness, and Cromwellian in depth,\"\nsaid Admiral Lord Fisher, the reorganizer of the British Navy in the\ntwentieth century. The strongest personality in the oil-world is no\nlonger Rockefeller, but Deterding. Supported by such men as Gulbenkian,\nthe \"Talleyrand of Oil\"; Colijn, formerly War Minister to the\nNetherlands; Loudon, Cohen, Stuart, and Sir Marcus Samuel, the founder\nof the _Shell_ and a former Lord Mayor of London--Deterding dared to\nchallenge the _Standard Oil_ and to keep up the war for twenty years in\nevery part of the world, and even to establish himself on the latter's\nown ground, the United States.\nThe _Royal Dutch_ was established in 1890, when the _Standard_ ruled\nas absolute sovereign over the markets of Europe and America. De Gelder\nwas the first Chairman, but he was soon replaced by the more capable\nKessler.\n\"Old Kessler,\" as the _Royal Dutch_ people call him among themselves,\nfixed his head-quarters at Batavia. Needing an assistant, he engaged\nthe young Deterding, who was then employed in a bank at Batavia. It was\nKessler who guided the _Royal Dutch_ through the difficulties of its\nearly years. But he died suddenly in 1900, and Deterding succeeded him.\nWhile the _Standard_ stuck to the formula, \"American oil to light\nthe world,\" Deterding set to work to acquire oil deposits as near as\npossible to all markets. The new policy extolled by Walter Teagle,\nChairman of the _Standard Oil of New Jersey_, on the occasion of the\nfiftieth anniversary of the company in January 1920, is no other than\nthat pursued by Deterding for fifteen years. For the _Standard Oil_,\nseeing to what a pass its former policy has brought it, has sought\nsince 1919 to revise its methods and copy those of its rival.\n_Five factors have contributed to the world-wide expansion of the_\nRoyal Dutch.\n1. Deterding's cleverness in associating the _Royal Dutch_ with the\n_Shell_, and in interesting the Rothschilds of Paris in his operations.\nThanks to these connections, he surrounded himself with able\npersonalities, such as Frederick Lane, Sir Marcus Samuel, Sir Waley\nCohen, and Gulbenkian.\n2. The support of the Dutch Government.\n3. The support of the British Government.\n4. The fact that the _Royal Dutch_ had not a market close at hand to\nabsorb its production, in the Dutch Indies, as the _Standard_ had in\nthe United States.\n5. The readiness of the Dutch and British to prospect over-seas.\nIt is a combination of these forces--personal, political, and\neconomic--which has resulted in the formation of the _Royal\nDutch-Shell_ group, now a world-power. Under the laws of the United\nStates, a similar group would be impossible.\n\"Deterding is a plunger,\" said an American oil-man, who has often been\na competitor of his in various parts of the world. \"He plunges with\nother people's money, not his own; that is why he takes such risks.\nFor instance, he paid five times what any one else would have paid to\ngain a footing in Egypt, and he has lost a great deal there. However,\nhe pays in shares for the properties he buys, and this gives him an\nadvantage over the _Standard_, which has always paid in cash. In spite\nof everything, he merits great praise for having started from nothing\nand having built up the great organization which he directs.\"\nDeterding's profession of faith, so to speak, is summarized in a\nmemorable declaration which he made to the Committee of Imperial\nDefence in March 1913:--\n\"Oil is the most extraordinary article in the commercial world, and the\nonly thing which retards its sale is its production. There is no other\narticle in the world of which you can guarantee the consumption as long\nas you can produce it. _In the case of oil, begin by guaranteeing the\nproduction and consumption will look after itself._ There is no need\nto bother about consumption, and as a seller, it is useless to make\ncontracts in advance, because oil sells itself. All that you need is\na well-filled purse, so that you are dependent upon no one, and can\nsay to the people who will not buy to-day, 'Very well. I am going to\nspend \u00a31,000,000 in building reservoirs, and in future you will have\nto pay much more!' _The great point for the Navy is to make certain\nof oil from a group which can draw its supplies from many different\ngeographical points_, because one cannot count on any particular\noil-field. My experience is that districts which have regularly\nproduced 18,000 barrels a day, have dropped to 3,000 without any\nprevious warning.\"\nSince its alliance with the _Shell_, the _Royal Dutch_ has undergone\na world-wide expansion. Deterding concluded long-term contracts with\nthe famous British State-subsidized company, the _Anglo-Persian Oil_,\nguaranteeing it the greater part of the Persian output until 1922.\nBut his cleverest stroke was certainly to acquire an interest in the\nmanagement of the _Mexican Eagle_. Owing to this, the output of the\n_Royal Dutch-Shell_ group increased by more than 50 per cent., rising\nfrom thirty to more than fifty million barrels a year. The purchase of\nshares from Lord Cowdray cost Deterding a thousand million francs.\nDeterding conducts his business like a soldier. He accepts or refuses\na proposition once and for all. It is often dangerous not to fall\nin with his wishes. The _New Schiba\u00efeff Petroleum Corporation_ has\nhad experience of this. Reconstituted in 1913, with a capital of\n\u00a31,150,000, it set itself against the will of Deterding. He fought, and\nat the end of the struggle the \u00a31 shares were worth 6-1/2d., at which\nprice the _Royal Dutch_ bought them up, at the same time condescending\nto accept control of the company.\nThe establishment of close relations between the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\nand the British Government was one of the most noticeable activities\nof the oil-world. It has not been proved that the British Government\nreally controls the _Royal Dutch_, although well-informed people\nbelieve it. If there has been any change in the direction of the _Royal\nDutch_, which, according to the constitution of the company, should\nremain in Dutch hands, it must have been effected as a result of\nagreements between the Dutch and British Governments, for the shares\nof the _Royal Dutch_ were held by interests closely connected with the\nRoyal Family of the Netherlands. An alliance of this nature would have\ngreat advantages. Besides, since the British Government has purchased\nthe control of the _Anglo-Persian_, Sir Marcus Samuel has made great\nefforts to induce it to take an interest in the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\ngroup. The _Royal Dutch_ has become more British than ever since 1922,\nwhen it ceded the greater part of its share in the _Shell_ to the\npurely British consortium directed by the bank of _Cull and Company_.\nDeterding would find it difficult to do without the support of British\nforeign policy. He knew this very well when he transferred his offices\nfrom The Hague to London.\nThe most striking proof of the alliance between the British Government\nand the _Royal Dutch_ is the course of events in India, where the oil\nsituation is peculiar. In 1905, in exchange for certain exclusive\nrights and for a protective tariff granted by the State, the _Burmah\nOil Company_ consented to maintain a fixed price for kerosene. In\nIndia, in an open market, kerosene would cost \u00a325,000,000 sterling\ninstead of \u00a311,000,000 annually. Such, at least, is the opinion of\nSir John Cargill, Chairman of the _Burmah Oil_. Before the War, there\nwas overproduction of kerosene in India; this surplus has since\nbeen transformed into a veritable dearth. The _Royal Dutch_ supplied\nthe _Burmah Oil_ with the petroleum that was needed to satisfy the\nIndian market. Thanks to Deterding, India will continue to get its oil\ncheaper than other countries. Without his help there would have been a\nconsiderable rise in price, and the _Burmah Oil_, in which the British\nAdmiralty is interested, would have been weakened, and would have\nfallen into the hands of other companies.\nThe _Royal Dutch-Shell_ has rendered the same service to the British\nGovernment in Egypt. \"We have conducted our business on the same lines\nin Egypt,\" said Sir Marcus Samuel. \"_In order to help the Government,\nwe have operated in the Egyptian market in the same way as in India._\"\nIn exchange the _Royal Dutch_ counts on the support of the British\nGovernment. This is the case in Venezuela, where the Venezuelan\nGovernment is trying to establish its rights over concessions which the\ncompany covets. And not in vain, for on March 7, 1921, it was announced\nin France that the Venezuelan Courts of Justice had upheld the validity\nof the fifty years' concessions which had been granted to the _Colon\nDevelopment_, in which the _Royal Dutch_ is interested, through the\n_Burlington Investment_.\nBut in Mesopotamia the company seeks the support of France against\nthe _Anglo-Persian_, and is not opposed to American participation. I\nbelieve, rather, that it desires the support of the French Government\nin case the British Government, hypnotized by the _Anglo-Persian_,\ndeserts it. In any case, it hopes to play off one against the other.\nDeterding's ambition is to crush the _Standard Oil_. He is the\ndeclared enemy of the _Standard_, Mr. W. Teagle, for whom he has some\nsympathy, excepted. When people tell him that he will never succeed\nin getting the better of the _Standard_, with its enormous capital,\nhe replies that he has the means to fight against all the dollars\nthat the _Standard_ can gather. Has he not the Rothschild millions at\nhis disposal? Besides, he has great advantages over the _Standard_.\nI have already mentioned the cost of production of the _Royal Dutch_\nin the Dutch Indies. It is considerably lower than that of the\nAmerican Trust.[13] In a price war this would give it an incontestable\nsuperiority. The _Royal Dutch-Shell_ possesses such reserves of oil\nthat the question of exhaustion does not arise for it; and it extends\nover the whole world, whereas the _Standard_ has been able to root\nitself firmly in America alone. Several European States have crossed\nswords with it, for example, Austria, which definitely closed Galicia\nagainst it in 1911. Its high-handed methods have made many enemies.\nThe _Royal Dutch_, on the contrary, thanks to its clever and elastic\npolicy, has insinuated itself into the good graces of most governments.\nAlmost everywhere, public opinion is on its side.\nBesides, _Deterding knows more about the affairs of the_ Standard\n_than the_ Standard _itself_. This statement was made by a director\nof the American company. Deterding has no difficulty in following its\nmovements. On one of his visits to New York, he installed himself in\nthe Board-room of the _Standard_, in order to tell the directors that\nhe was not satisfied with the way in which the Chinese agreement was\nrespected, that they owed him a rebate on oil sold in his preserves,\nand that they must not sell any more there--or it would be war. He\nspoke for ten or fifteen minutes, and that was time enough to say a\ngreat deal. Without a note, he quoted many details, and even figures;\nfor example, the exact number of gallons sold by the _Standard_ in\nvarious places. And when one of his hearers inquired, after his\ndeparture, whether it was all accurate, another of Mr. Deterding's\ninterrogators replied: \"Last time he came, we took down all his\nstatements in shorthand and verified them afterwards. We saw that he\nhad an incredible knowledge of our affairs in every country in which\nour interests conflict with his own.\"\nWill there soon be a renewed conflict between the _Royal Dutch_ and\nthe _Standard Oil_? Deterding wanted it quite recently. If we are\nto believe the authorities on the matter, we have narrowly escaped\nthe greatest oil war in history. For once, Deterding gave way to the\nmoderate counsels of the more conservative members of his company, and\nwar was not declared. Mr. Colijn was sent from The Hague to the office\nin Great St. Helen's, in the city of London, and it was announced that\nMr. Deterding was taking a much-needed rest.\nThese personal struggles with the _Standard_ are probably at an end.\nAgreement is actively sought, at present, between the _Standard_\nand the _Anglo-Persian_, especially owing to the influence of Sir\nJohn Cadman. Since 1922, Elliot Alves and the _British Controlled\nOil-fields_ have followed the same policy. Perhaps before long there\nwill be an \"oil peace,\" concluded between the directors of the great\nTrusts. Was it not even outlined at The Hague Conference? Time will\nshow how long it will last.\nMy information, drawn from an authoritative source, tends to prove that\na great re-grouping of oil interests will not long be delayed.\nA true saying, but perhaps a strange one--\"Oil will be poured on\nthe troubled waters of Europe.\" For economics is more powerful than\npolitics. We are at the dawn of the great \"Age of Oil.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 13: Only for the American portion of its production are the\ncosts of the _Royal Dutch_ as high as those of the _Standard_.]\nPART III\nTHE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE POWERS\nCHAPTER VII\nTHE _EUROPEANISCHE PETROLEUM UNION_:\nA German Trust for the Control of European Oil, which Foundered in the\nGreat World Conflict\nThe adoption of oil for general use coincided with the half-century of\nprosperity which preceded the great catastrophe, the great world War.\nBetween 1865 and 1914, mazut, kerosene, petrol, vaseline and paraffin\nmade their appearance, and spread throughout Europe.\nAnd yet Europe consumed foreign oil almost exclusively. For a long\ntime, this oil came entirely from the United States. It was the golden\nage of the _Standard Oil_ in Europe. Its influence ruled over British\ndistributing companies and French refiners, over the governments of\nGermany, Italy, Rumania and Spain.\nBut the appearance of oil from the Caucasus and Eastern Europe rapidly\nbroke up the _Standard's_ monopoly. The Rothschilds and the Nobels,\nthe _Deutsche Bank_ and the _Disconto Gesellschaft_; the banks of\nLille and Roubaix, exploiting the oil in Galicia; the cartel of French\nrefiners founding the Polish company, _Limanowa_ and the _Aquila\nFranco-Romana_ in Rumania, and lastly, the _Royal Dutch_ through the\n_Astra Romana_ and the _Black Sea Company_--all multiplied their\nefforts between 1900 and 1914 to create various independent oil\nconcerns on both sides of the Caucasus and the Carpathians.\nParallel with these private efforts of manufacturers and bankers, the\ngovernments of Europe were engaged in safeguarding the independence\nof their States in this complex question of oil. In 1903, the French\nChamber voted for the principle of monopoly in oil. From 1908 onwards,\nthe British Government, through the d'Arcy group, encouraged the\nformation of the _Anglo-Persian_. And, while appearing to fear the\nremarkable growth of the _Shell_, it surreptitiously assisted it, and\ntried to guarantee supplies from Mexico through Pearson, from India\nthrough the _Burmah Oil_, and from Mesopotamia through the _Turkish\nPetroleum_ in agreement with Germany.\nIn 1911 the Reichstag was on the point of adopting the same course\nas the French Chamber. Under the influence of the Kaiser, important\ncompanies such as the _Deutsche Erdol Aktien Gesellschaft_ and the\n_Deutsche Petroleum Verkaufs Gesellschaft_ were formed to gain control\nof Austrian, Rumanian and Caucasian oil. The powerful _Steaua Romana_,\nwith a capital of 100 million francs, owed its existence to the latter,\nwhich had succeeded in acquiring a monopoly of the whole output of\nthe Galician companies, _Schodnika_, _David Fanto_, and _Galizische\nKarpathen_, and had also obtained an interest in the _Danube Navigation\nCompany_, _Bayerischer Lloyd_. In Rumania, the _Deutsche Erdol_\ncontrolled the _Konzern_ group, which included the _Vega_, _Concordia_,\nand _Credit Petrolifer_. The oil of Pechelbronn in Alsace was also in\nits hands.\nIn 1906 the _Deutsche Bank_ and the _Disconto Gesellschaft_ took\nunder their control the great company of _Nobel Brothers_, in Russia.\nThey founded, at Bremen, the _Europeanische Petroleum Union_, a\ntrust which amalgamated the principal European oil interests, and\nwas to give Germany the certainty of European preponderance. They\nabsorbed the _Akverdoff_ company at Grosny, created the _Spies\nPetroleum_, and undertook the conquest of the oil industry in the\nCaucasus and in Apsheron. From 1911 to 1914, German capital and German\ninterest predominated in the whole of Central and Eastern Europe,\nin Scandinavia, and even in Turkey, for the _Deutsche Bank_ became\nan associate of Great Britain in the _Turkish Petroleum_, the sole\nconcessionnaire of the Sultan for the oil of Mosul and Bagdad. This\nwas the time when Sir Ernest Cassel, a little Frankfurt Jew, who\nbecame one of the lords of British finance and whose grand-daughter\nand heiress married a cousin of the King of England in July 1922, was\nstriving to avert the impending world War by bringing French, British\nand German interests into association wherever possible. An agreement\nwas arrived at. The capital of the _Turkish Petroleum_ was provided by\nthe _Royal Dutch_, the _Anglo-Persian Oil_, and the _Deutsche Bank_.\nBut for the catastrophe of 1914, Germany would have ended by dominating\nEuropean oil. Probably the United States and Great Britain would not\nto-day share between them the lordship over oil.\nCHAPTER VIII\nTHE WAR AND OIL\nThe War which has just ravaged the world, proved that the country which\ncontrols oil will one day control the earth. It is just as Elliot Alves\npredicted: \"Armies, navies, money, even entire populations, will count\nas nothing against the lack of oil.\" That the Allies have won this War\nis in great part due to the two greatest trusts, the _Standard Oil_\nand the _Royal Dutch-Shell_, which placed themselves at the service of\nthe Entente. Germany, hemmed in on all sides, saw her last resources\ndisappear when the Eastern front broke up.\nWithout petrol for lorries, tractors, motor-cars, aeroplanes--without\nheavy oil for ships' boilers and factory engines--without lubricating\noil for all machinery, how was it possible to carry out the combined\nmovements of armies? It was not until about 1916 that people began to\nsay this War would be a \"war of oil.\" The army staffs first grasped\nits real utility during the defence of Verdun, situated at the end of\na wretched railway with a single line of metals. The destruction of\nmany railway lines and the inadequacy of the system behind the front\nled the generals to transport their troops more and more frequently\nby motor-lorry. It might be said that this War was the victory of the\nlorry over the railway. The last phase, in particular, consisted in a\ncampaign of motors and aeroplanes against railways. Rich in railway\nmaterials, our enemies were poor in petrol. Our High Command, at the\nend of 1918, resolved to profit by our superiority on this point.\nBefore the War, Germany imported 1,263,000 tons of oil:\n 719,000 from the United States;\n 220,000 from Galicia;\n 158,000 from Russia;\n 114,000 from Rumania;\n  52,000 from India.\nFrom the very beginning of hostilities nearly all these sources were\nclosed to her. That is why the German General Staff fought so hard for\nGalicia, then for Rumania, and finally for the Caucasus.\n\"As Austria could not supply us with sufficient oil,\" wrote Ludendorff\nin his _Memoirs_, \"and as all our efforts to increase production were\nunavailing, Rumanian oil was of decisive importance to us. But even\nwith deliveries of Rumanian oil, the question of oil supplies still\nremained very serious, and caused us great difficulty, not only for the\nconduct of the War, but for the life of the country. The stocks of the\nCaucasus opened a more favourable prospect for us in 1918.\"\n\"The eastward march of the central empires is thus explained as due to\nthe urgent need for the conquest of oil. The treaty of Bukarest was an\n'oil peace,' as also was that of Brest Litovsk.\n\"In Rumania, Germany seized all the oil-deposits, all the refineries,\nall the pipe-lines, and altered and reorganized them according to\nthe immediate needs of her armies. For the benefit of her dependent\ncompany, the _Steaua Romana_, she plundered all the properties of the\nBritish, Dutch, French, or purely Rumanian companies.\n\"It was then that she destroyed the Ba\u00efkop-Constantza pipe-line and\nrelaid the pipes on a military route from Ploesti to Giurgiu. It was\nthen that the economic staff of her army founded in 1917-18 the _Erdol\nIndustrie Anlagen Gesellschaft_, which sequestrated, liquidated,\ndespoiled all the other oil companies and collected the booty for its\nown profit in a vast monopoly of exploitation and distribution. This\nmonopoly was only broken in August 1918, by the double victories of the\nAllies on the Eastern and Western fronts.\"[14]\nWhen the Eastern front gave way, Germany's resources vanished. She had\nleft only her benzol, a little heavy oil, and no lubricating oil. She\nhad to give benzol to her airmen instead of petrol, although knowing\nperfectly well that their machines would thereby lose greatly in power.\nHer motor-lorries were not in use during calm periods; Ludendorff kept\nthem for critical moments. And the scarcity of oil was so serious\nin the interior of Germany that the peasants passed the long winter\nevenings in darkness.\nThe Allies, also, lived through some tragic moments.\nThe year 1917 was the most terrible for them. Their armies almost\nran short of petrol, their navies of heavy oils. Now, their armies\nconsumed a million tons of petrol a year, their navies eight million\ntons of heavy oils. The stocks were reduced to such a point that, in\nMay 1917 the Grand Fleet had to give up its training cruises and battle\nexercises, for the German submarines made a special point of attacking\ntankers coming from America or Asia. In France and Italy, the use of\noil and even petrol was severely restricted.\nIn December 1917, when the cartel of the ten French refiners, which\nhad undertaken to supply the French armies, recognized that it was\npowerless, and had to admit in an official letter that its stocks\nwould be exhausted in March 1918, on the eve of the spring campaign,\nM. Clemenceau sent a despairing appeal to President Wilson. The\nrepresentative of the Commander-in-Chief had pointed out that France\ndid not possess in its storage depots sufficient reserves to last more\nthan _three days_ in a situation like that of Verdun.\nHere is the text of the historic telegram: \"At the decisive moment of\nthis War, when the year 1918 will see military operations of the first\nimportance begun on the French front, the French army must not be\nexposed for a single moment to a scarcity of the petrol necessary for\nits motor-lorries, aeroplanes, and the transport of its artillery.\n\"A failure in the supply of petrol would cause the immediate paralysis\nof our armies, and _might compel us to a peace unfavourable to the\nAllies_. Now the minimum stock of petrol computed for the French\narmies by their Commander-in-Chief must be 44,000 tons and the monthly\nconsumption is 30,000 tons. This indispensable stock has fallen to-day\nto 28,000 tons and threatens to fall almost to nothing if immediate and\nexceptional measures are not undertaken and carried out by the United\nStates.\n\"These measures can and must be undertaken without a day's delay\nfor the common safety of the Allies, the essential condition being\nthat President Wilson shall obtain permanently from the American\noil companies tank steamers with a supplementary tonnage of 100,000\ntons. This is essential for the French army and population. These\ntank-steamers exist. They are sailing at this moment _in the Pacific\ninstead of the Atlantic Ocean_. Some of them may be obtained from the\nfleet of new tankers under construction in the United States.\n\"President Clemenceau personally requests President Wilson to give the\nnecessary Government authority _for the immediate dispatch to French\nports of these steamers_.\n\"The safety of the Allied nations is in the balance. If the Allies\ndo not wish to lose the War, then, at the moment of the great German\noffensive, they must not let France lack the petrol which is as\nnecessary as blood in the battles of to-morrow.\"\nTo \"harness the _Standard Oil_ to the victorious chariot of the\nEntente,\" to use the expression of Mr. Page, nothing less was necessary\nthan the official intervention of the United States Government. The\n_Standard_ preferred to compete with the _Royal Dutch_ in the Pacific.\nWilson put an end to this state of affairs and the Petroleum War Board\nimmediately placed all the necessary boats at the disposal of France.\nThanks to the reserves thus built up, Foch, at the time of the great\nGerman push in Picardy, was able to bring up heavy reinforcements\nby motor-lorries and fill the gaps where the British front had been\nbroken. Marshal Foch was able to execute his strategic surprises only\nby relying on the 92,000 motor-lorries and the 50,000 tons of petrol\na month, which the Government placed at his disposal from March to\nNovember, 1918.\nThe Allied Governments had already decided to pool their resources, and\nhad set up the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference, a central body whose\ntask was to supply them all.\nIt was constituted as follows:\n1. Sir John Cadman, Kembal Cook, Ashdown and Graham, representing the\nBritish Petroleum Executive.\n2. Captain Foley and L.J. Thomas, representing the American Petroleum\nWar Board.\n3. Professor Bordas, Controller-General of the French Technical\nServices, and head of the laboratories of the Ministry of Finance;\nHenry B\u00e9renger, Lieutenant Georges B\u00e9nard, and the Marquis de\nChasseloup-Laubat, representing the French General Petroleum Commission.\n4. Captain Pozzo and Lieutenant Farina, representing the Italian\nCommission on Mineral Oils.\nThe Chairman was Sir John Cadman, a former professor in the University\nof Birmingham, who has played so important a part in British policy\nduring the last few years.\nThe Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference had a gigantic task to face.\nDuring the last eighteen months of the War, it had to procure twelve\nor thirteen million tons of oil. It succeeded because it was able to\nguarantee the co-operation of the _Royal Dutch_ and the _Standard Oil_\nin the cause of the Entente. It ordered the two trusts to supply each\ncountry from the nearest producing country. This was a great sacrifice\nfor them, as it obliged each trust to refrain from fighting in the\nterritory of the other. It arranged for the transport of oil in the\ndouble bottoms of British ships; 1,280 ships were adapted in this way,\nbeing equivalent to a hundred new tank-steamers. And it hurried on the\nconstruction of tank-steamers in Great Britain and the United States;\n600,000 tons were built in America and 400,000 in Great Britain.\n_During hostilities the Americans tripled their oil fleet._\nIts efforts were so successful that, on March 28, 1918, at the height\nof Ludendorff's offensive, the President of the French General\nPetroleum Commission was able to write to the Prime Minister:\n\"France has at her disposal for the battle 170,526 tons of petrol and\n67,000 tons of other oils, instead of the 44,000 tons asked for.\"\n\"Thanks to the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference,\" as M. Henry B\u00e9renger\nremarked, \"never, at any moment, have our soldiers lacked a drop of\nthis spirit which gives them the necessary means of rapid movement\nand of cornering and defeating the enemy. If hostilities had lasted\nonly a few more days, our victorious troops would have taken, in the\nArdennes, whole armies whose line of retreat was becoming so congested\nthat they must have fallen into our hands without resistance. Hence the\nGermans hastily accepted the conditions which were imposed upon them,\nwithout either hesitation or discussion.\" (December 7, 1918.)\nThis time, the military and political importance of oil was apparent\nto every eye. On the morrow of the Armistice (November 21, 1918), it\nwas celebrated in enthusiastic speeches. And Lord Curzon was able to\ndeclare, at Lancaster House, \"Truly posterity will say that the Allies\nfloated to victory on a wave of oil.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 14: H. B\u00e9renger: _La Politique du P\u00e9trole_, 1920.]\nCHAPTER IX\nAN IMPERIALISM NOT WITHOUT GREATNESS\nIf the trusts were powerful before the War, they are much more so\nto-day, assisted as they have been by the fantastic rise of the dollar\nand the pound and the unheard-of prices at which they were able to sell\noil during the great conflict. The _Europeanische Petroleum Union_ has\nfallen to pieces; therefore they have no longer to fear a third rival.\n_The_ Royal Dutch _and the_ Standard Oil, _by helping the Allies, have\nalso served their own interests_.\nWe are living in the midst of a general disorganization of the\nworld. Only two nations have found their position strengthened by\nthe War: Great Britain and the United States. \"Sentiment rapidly\nyielded to self-interest.\" Scarcely was the Armistice signed when the\nUnited States demanded the winding-up of the Inter-Allied Petroleum\nConference. The _Standard_ was eager to regain its liberty. In vain\nFrance drew attention to her unhappy position, both in Paris and in\nLondon, and asked for the continuance of the Inter-Allied Conference.\nBritain was not sorry to be able to dispute the oil supremacy of the\nUnited States and to reap the benefit of the preparations she had been\nslyly making for several years.\nThe British Empire rests on a foundation of coal. A new fuel, oil,\nappears which has such advantages over the former that it displaces\nit everywhere. Unfortunately, Great Britain possesses so little of it\nthat Dr. David White, of the American Geological Survey, does not even\nmention it in his estimate of the oil deposits of the world. If we take\nthe whole British Empire, it contains scarcely 4 per cent. of the known\nresources of the globe.\nGreat Britain, to maintain her world supremacy, resolved to win the\ncontrol of oil as she had done that of coal. Besides, her coal will\nonly last another century.\nIt was the silent task of a few men. Their proceedings were unknown,\neven to the people interested, and they did not fear to bring conflict\ninto the world to win new greatness for their country. Meanwhile the\nUnited States basked in a false security, trusting in their production,\nwhich gave them 70 per cent. of the world's oil.\n\"Ten years ago France and Britain were in the same position as regards\noil. Each had a few millions invested in distant enterprises; neither\nhad control over an indispensable fuel. Suddenly it was discovered\nthat a technical invention, the introduction of mazut into the furnaces\nof ships, was going to give the United States the power to make all\nother nations her tributaries. At once a few British business men,\ntechnical experts, and diplomatists joined forces. They decided to\nwrest from America the mastery of this new force. They laid their plans\nin silence and followed them for years with determination; they sank\nmillions of money, carried on intrigue in every corner of the world;\nthey _fomented revolutions_ and accumulated on their own shoulders\nresponsibilities, risks, expenses.\n\"Why? To gain money or honours? No! Sir Marcus Samuel and Lord Cowdray\ncount their wealth in millions; Lord Curzon is at the height of his\ndiplomatic career.... But in Britain, as in America, there is a\ntradition that a successful business man has obligations towards the\nsociety in which he has amassed his millions. He must make a personal\ncontribution to its greatness....\n\"It is to this tradition that Britain owes her great leaders; it is\nthese leaders who have created her world-wide Empire, and who, under\nour astonished eyes, have just made possible for her so prodigious a\ndevelopment.... Their imperialism is a universal danger, but it does\nnot lack a certain greatness.\"[15]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 15: Francis Delaisi, _Oil: Its Influence on Politics_.]\nCHAPTER X\nTHE STRUGGLE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES IN MEXICO\nThere is no country in the world where the struggle for oil between\nBritain and the United States has been so acute as in Mexico. That\nthis country has been for many years in a state of perpetual unrest is\nbecause of the fight for oil concessions.\nThe _Standard Oil_ enjoyed practically a monopoly in Mexico up to the\ntime when the deposits at Tampico were discovered. It was the only firm\nwhich sold oil there, so it did not scruple to abuse its position. It\nimported crude oil, refined it on the spot, and re-sold it at a profit\nof 600 per cent. Immediately the oil deposits were discovered, Porfirio\nDiaz, to put an end to this monopoly, granted important concessions\nto the British firm of Pearson, which shortly afterwards founded the\n_Mexican Eagle_. These concessions were the signal for the newspaper\ncampaign which was let loose against Porfirio Diaz in the United\nStates, and for the outbreak of the Maderist insurrection in Sonora\nand Chihuahua. Rockefeller and Pearson made war on each other with\nthe help of Mexican _condottieri_. The United States supported Madero,\nGreat Britain Porfirio Diaz.\nThe _Standard Oil_ subsidized the Maderists. Lane Wilson, formerly\nAmbassador of the United States to Mexico, actually stated in public,\non January 7, 1913, that the movement on behalf of Madero had been paid\nfor by the _Standard_, and that a document lying in the archives of the\nState Department at Washington proved it! Manuel Liyo, an official in a\nhigh position in the Mexican Ministry of the Interior, stated, before\nthe Committee of the United States Senate, that the brothers Madero had\nconcluded the following treaty with the _Standard_:--\n  I. If Madero is made President, he will grant to the _Standard_ all\n  available concessions.\n  II. He will withdraw all those granted to Pearson.\nWhen Madero was made President, the market price of the _Standard_ rose\nin Wall Street by 50 per cent. But this triumph did not last long. We\nare often astonished at the continual changes of front of the United\nStates, which support the feeble Presidents in Mexico and oppose the\nenergetic ones. By 1913 the _Daily Graphic_ and the _Vossische Zeitung_\nhad discovered the key to this mystery. Ever since Pearson obtained a\nfooting in Mexico the _Standard_ has poured out gold in floods to drive\nout the British. It wishes to be the sole mistress of those immense\noil-fields, which have turned out to be among the richest in the world.\nOnly 54 million acres are being exploited at present, and already\nMexico holds the second place in world production. Now the Mexican\nMinister of Industry and Commerce estimates the area of the oil-fields\nof that country at 150 million acres. Where will Mexico stand when all\nthis territory is exploited?\nTo arrest the progress of Pearson, the _Standard_ sent an emissary to\nMexico to demand a monopoly of oil exploitation. It offered, in return,\nthe immediate conclusion of a loan of 200 million Mexican dollars.\nRockefeller's envoy promised, moreover, that the revolution would die\ndown as though by magic, while, in case of refusal, it would continue\nuntil General Huerta was replaced by a more tractable President who\nwould submit to American requirements.\nLike his predecessor, Porfirio Diaz, General Huerta refused to make\nMexico the vassal of the great trust, and the insurrection redoubled in\nviolence.[16]\nTired of the continual struggles which ravaged their country for the\nbenefit of the two great Anglo-Saxon nations, the Mexicans resolved to\nprofit by the European War to win their freedom for ever. According to\nthe laws of the country (1884, 1892, 1910) the owner of the surface\nwas also the owner of the subsoil. All that a company had to do was to\nbuy the ground and it was at peace with God and man. The Constitution\nof 1917 disturbed this peace. \"The subsoil,\" it declared, \"belongs\nto the nation.\" To exploit petroleum deposits a Government permit\nwas required. This permit is only to be granted to Mexicans or to\nforeigners who consent to submit to the laws of the country as natives,\nand thus renounce their privileges as foreigners.\nAs soon as they received word of these new arrangements the British and\nAmerican newspapers thundered against the unhappy President Carranza,\nwhose fall from power was not long delayed. Taught by his example, his\nsuccessor attempted a policy of conciliation, but in vain. The present\nPresident, General Obregon, is faced with the same difficulties, but\nholds firm. The Mexican Government hopes to free itself for ever, by\nmeans of the Constitution of 1917, from the diplomatic interference\nwhich has poisoned its existence. But the Obregon Government, though\nmoderate, is not strong. It is supported by the middle-classes, but\nhas the army and the people against it. Now, for some time, unfortunate\ntendencies have been shown by the Mexican people. It has just indulged\nin a Communist Congress, with the object of \"grouping all the forces of\nthe proletariat.\"\nIf President Wilson always maintained a policy of non-intervention\ntowards Mexico--a policy, moreover, which was severely criticized\nwithin the United States--his successor at the White House meant\nto make himself felt there as well as in other parts of the world.\nPresident Harding had among his ministers Mr. Fall[17] of New Mexico,\nwho has always interested himself in this question, and who at one time\nmade energetic protests. He demanded that American citizens should not\nbe expelled from Mexico on the simple order of the President of the\nRepublic, and that a Commission should assess, at the earliest moment,\nthe damages suffered by Americans during the Revolution-requirements\ncontrary to the Constitution.\nThus I was not particularly surprised to hear that the Committee of\nthe United States Senate had undertaken to recognize the new Mexican\nGovernment only on the condition that the article of the Constitution\nof 1917 which forbids foreigners to hold mineral rights _was not\napplied to United States citizens_.\nThe _Mexican Eagle_, however, is undisturbed. Pearson was clever\nenough, at its formation, to place it under Mexican law. His borings\nhave continued uninterruptedly, while American companies were obliged\nto suspend operations and wait for Government authority.\nPearson and the Mexican Eagle\nThe struggle between Pearson and the _Standard Oil_ became at one time\nso acute that the United States Government acquiesced in the payment\nby American oil companies operating in Mexico of royalties to bandits\nand insurgents as though to the established Government.[18] The general\ninsecurity was such that certain American companies paid 1,500 dollars\n_a month_ to a bandit in the Tampico district on the understanding that\nhe would guarantee not to cut their pipe-lines.\nSuch a state of affairs could not go on for ever. After many years\nof conflict the two companies came to a sort of understanding by\nwhich they shared the exploitation of oil deposits, and when faced\nby the hostility of General Carranza's Government they sent a common\ndelegation to the Peace Conference to defend their interests against\nexpropriation by the Mexican Government.\nIn order to centralize its interests, each of the two groups founded,\nafter a time, a company for the exploitation of the concessions granted\nto it. It was in this way that the _Mexican Eagle_ was created in 1908,\nto take up a part of the Pearson[19] interests. Its capital, which was\noriginally 30 million Mexican dollars, was increased to 50 millions\nin 1911, on the acquisition of the Pearson oil properties in the\nTehuantepec region. In 1920 it was 86,277,000 Mexican dollars.\n\"An institution is the elongated shadow of a man,\" said Emerson.\nThis definition applies very well to the _Eagle_, in the success of\nwhich the personality of Pearson has been the dominating factor. From\nthe earliest days the difficulties it had to struggle against were\nconsiderable. They would have discouraged a man of weaker character\nand less tenacity. His entire production was destroyed in the disaster\nat the Dos Bocal well--an enormous gusher which took fire. A fierce\nprice-war was going on at the moment, conducted by Americans with great\npersistence for many months. Then came the time of unrest and fighting,\nand of the civil war to drive the British from Mexico.\nHowever, the _Eagle_ remains, triumphant, possessing an immense domain\nof a million hectares in the richest regions, extending along the\nborders of the Gulf, in the State of Vera Cruz and the isthmus of\nTehuantepec.\nAlthough it holds in reserve the greater part of this domain, its\noutput exceeds 100,000 barrels a day. One of its wells alone produces\nin six days as much as the Pechelbronn deposits in Alsace yield to\nFrance in a year (60,000 tons), and, according to the estimates\nof British experts, its oil-field at Naranjos is alone capable of\nproducing before its exhaustion a sum of money equal to the whole of\nthe British national debt.\nPearson's war against the _Standard Oil_ was worth while.\nThe Royal Dutch-Shell Lays Hands upon the Mexican Eagle\nTowards 1919 the weak spot about the _Mexican Eagle_ was its isolation\namong organisms so powerful as the two dominating groups of the world,\nthe _Standard Oil_ and the _Royal Dutch-Shell_. Isolated producers\nsometimes lack markets, especially if by their geographical position\nthey are far from great centres of consumption. This was the case\nwith the _Mexican Eagle_, which, though it remained independent, was\nnevertheless obliged to submit to the very burdensome competition of\nthe _Standard_ in the sale of its products.\nLord Cowdray held so large a number of shares in the _Mexican Eagle_\nthat to obtain them was practically to obtain control of the concern.\nIn 1911 the _Standard_ wished to buy them from him; he refused. In 1913\nthe _Royal Dutch_ suffered the same rebuff. It had only offered him\n\u00a32 15s. a share when he wanted \u00a33. These shares, which were issued at\npar--10 Mexican gold dollars, that is, 25.90 francs, or scarcely more\nthan \u00a31--have risen at a phenomenal rate. Their _lowest_ prices were:--\nAnd they rose to 712 francs in 1919 and 738 francs in 1920! Since then\nthey have depreciated considerably, as have all oil securities. Skilful\nmanoeuvres on a large scale provoked a panic among holders of Mexican\nshares, which made it possible to buy them at a low price, and led to\nimportant operations on the Stock Exchanges, beginning in December 1921\nin New York.\nIn June 1919 Deterding offered Lord Cowdray \u00a36 a share; he accepted.\nThe _Shell Transport_ took one million, the _Royal Dutch_ a million\nand a half.\nIf Pearson consented to get rid of the controlling interest which he\nhad in the vast undertaking founded by his genius and perseverance,\nit was by reason of the enormous sums which had to be found before\nthe immense resources contained in the oil-bearing properties of the\n_Mexican Eagle_ could be turned to account. It can only handle 111,000\nbarrels a day, whereas, since the discovery of the oil-fields of\nZacamixtle and Naranjos, its production could be increased, if it were\ndesired, to 700,000 barrels a day, that is, about 110 million litres\nor 110,000 tons a day. In order that non-specialists may understand\nthe importance of such a yield, we may say that one gallon contains\n4.546 litres, one barrel (36 gallons) contains 163.655 litres, and that\n_six_ barrels represent one ton. The _Eagle's_ first well, which gave,\nto begin with, 100,000 barrels a day, thus yielded a daily production\nof 16,000,000 litres or 16,000 tons of oil. And it continued to yield\nlarge quantities--diminishing progressively, be it understood--until\nNovember 1919, when it was invaded by salt water.\n_The_ Shell _intends to spend several millions within the next five\nyears in order to triple the output of the_ Eagle. Very shortly the\ndevelopment of its installations will allow of its refining 140,000\nbarrels daily, and it is clear that, some time hence, the enormous\nfigure of 200,000 barrels daily will be reached, that is, 5 million\nbarrels a month against the present 2-1/2 million. The _Shell's_\nengineers will not push its exploitation to the maximum possible, for\nthey wish to make the _Eagle_ last _half a century_.\nIn acquiring control of the _Compania Mexicana de Petroleo El Aguila_\n(the true name of the _Eagle_) the _Shell_ had in view simply to ensure\na sufficiency of liquid fuel for the British Navy. For the _Mexican Eagle_\nwill soon hold one of the first positions among the world's producers.\nBefore long it will furnish, by itself alone, one-third of the Mexican\nproduction. The capital of the _Shell_ was increased in 1919 simply\nwith the object of hastening the development of the oil-fields it\ncontrols. In view of the considerable increase in Britain's need of\npetroleum we may believe that patriotism was Lord Cowdray's motive\nalso. However it may be, the negotiations were concluded in June 1919,\nand it was a master-stroke on the part of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\ngroup, for its position was greatly strengthened by this association,\nwhich increased its production of oil by 50 per cent. Moreover, the\n_Royal Dutch-Shell_ made a very successful deal, since the shares\nbought at \u00a36 each are now worth double on account of the increase of\ncapital at par in January 1920 and the new increase in January 1921\nunder the same conditions, that is, one new for two old shares at\npar. Since the _Mexican Eagle_ came under the control of the great\nAnglo-Dutch trust it has benefited by the incomparable selling power\nof the _Shell_: the great shipping companies, the Pirrie and the\nFurness-Withy groups, and the Argentine railways immediately concluded\nwith it important contracts for the supply of oil. And this alliance\nbrings the _Eagle_ practically unlimited financial resources.\nFinancial Results of the Mexican Eagle for Eleven Years\n Year. | Gross Profits. | Net Profits. | Sinking Fund | Dividend.\nThe balance-sheets of the _Mexican Eagle_ are expressed in Mexican gold\ndollars. The Mexican dollar, which, on the gold basis, is worth about\nhalf a dollar, was equivalent, at the rate of exchange of January 1,\n 8.50 francs.\n 0.495 dollar.\nPresent Position of the Petroleum Industry in Mexico\nAlmost the whole of the Mexican petroleum industry is in the hands of\nthe two great Anglo-Saxon nations.\nSeventy per cent. of the capital invested there is American in origin,\n27 per cent. Anglo-Dutch. Now Great Britain, in spite of the smallness\nof the capital she has sunk, triumphs more and more. Only 3 per cent.\nof the capital invested in this Mexican industry is Mexican.[20]\n[Illustration: Increase of oil production in Mexico from 1900 to 1920.]\nProduction continues to grow at a prodigious rate.[21] It has risen\nfrom 87 million barrels in 1919 to 195 million in 1921. Edward\nDoheny declares that it will continue to increase for thirty years.\nConsiderable oil-fields are still unexploited along the coast of the\nPacific, and the Mexican Government officially announced the discovery\nof oil in the islands of the Gulf of California in September 1921. The\n_Mexican Petroleum_ has just bored a well, the Cerro Azul, producing\n100,000 barrels a day. Two miles from this well there is another which\nyields 260,000 barrels a day. All these deposits are found at an almost\nuniform depth of 600 metres. It is estimated that Mexico can still\nproduce 4,500 million barrels of oil.\nThere were 367 wells in production in Mexico on January 1, 1921, of\nwhich 61 belong to the _Eagle_ and 34 to the _American Petroleum_.\nOther companies, with five exceptions, rarely hold more than a dozen\nwells.\nThe _Eagle_ stands to-day at the head of all producing companies. Here\nare the four companies which produce the most:--\n _Mexican Eagle_                 32 million barrels\n _Standard Oil of New Jersey_    19 million barrels\n _Texas Company_                 12-1/2 million barrels\n _Mexican Petroleum_             12-1/2 million barrels\nGreat Britain has played a very clever game. As Phelan, the American\nSenator, wrote: \"Her companies accommodate themselves to the political\nviews of the Mexican Government.\" Moreover, they have all, from the\n_Mexican Eagle_ down to subsidiary companies of the _Royal Dutch_ like\nthe _Corona_, been placed under Mexican law, which shields them from\nthe effect of the Constitution of 1917. American companies, on the\nother hand, whether constituted under the laws of New Jersey, Texas or\nDelaware, remain foreign companies.\nSince March 1922 they have been working out a plan for amalgamation, so\nas to form a powerful American group which could resist the demands of\nthe Mexican Government.\nThe companies joining the group would be the _Standard Oil_, the\n_Sinclair_, the _Texas Company of Mexico_, the _Atlantic Refining_ and\nthe _Mexican Petroleum_. The Supreme Court of Mexico has decided[22]\nthat properties acquired before the Constitution of 1917 was\npromulgated would not be confiscated--a declaration which has reassured\nthe United States.\nMexico retains only 4 per cent. of her production. In 1920 alone she\nexported 153 million barrels out of the 159 million produced, keeping\nfor home consumption only 6 million barrels. Seventy-eight per cent.\nof her production went to the United States. Every year Great Britain\ntakes from Mexico more than 40 million gallons of illuminating oil,\nbenzine and fuel oil. Mexico literally saves the world. Without her\nthere would be a universal shortage of petroleum.[23]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 16: \"During the last nine years,\" wrote a New York editor\non the occasion of the last revolution, \"there has not been a single\ndisturbance in Mexico in which Americans have not taken part by lending\ntheir aid to the party opposed to the government.... Americans have\nsupported Madero against Diaz, Huerta against Madero, Carranza against\nHuerta, Villa and Sapeta against Carranza.\"]\n[Footnote 17: Secretary of State for the Interior, an ardent partisan\nof intervention. Mr. Fall is a believer in the slogan \"_Standard Oil_\nmust prevail.\"]\n[Footnote 18: Evidence of Edward Doheny before Committee on Foreign\nAffairs of the United States Senate.]\n[Footnote 19: Since elevated to the peerage under the title of Lord\nCowdray.]\n[Footnote 20: According to official statistics of July 2, 1920, the\nMexican petroleum industry represents a value of 300 million Mexican\ndollars.\n Wells bored and in production                    100\n Value of ground on which they are situated        50\n Pipe-lines, railways and rolling-stock            50\n Refineries, buildings and machinery               50\n Various properties, chiefly British               50\n[Footnote 21: Cp. chap. ii, _Oil: Its Origin, Discovery, and History_.]\n[Footnote 22: July 1920.]\n[Footnote 23: Each Mexican well produced as much, in 1920, as 537\nAmerican wells.]\nCHAPTER XI\nA STATE-SUBSIDIZED COMPANY: THE _ANGLO-PERSIAN_\nAlthough the United States, in spite of the civil wars they let loose\nthere, could never drive Pearson out of Mexico, they triumphed over\nhim in Central America and the chief States of South America by the\nmere force of their prestige. During 1912 and 1913 Pearson obtained\nconcessions in Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. That\nwould have given him a monopoly of the supply of oil to all shipping\npassing through the Panama Canal. Washington placed its veto on these\nconcessions and caused them to be annulled in the name of the Monroe\nDoctrine. No South American republic dared to resist.\nMeanwhile the _Shell_ installed itself in Trinidad, a British colony,\nthen in Venezuela and Colombia. To quiet all fears it was wise enough\nto associate itself with American firms: for example, the _Colon\nDevelopment_ was founded, a British company constituted in common\nwith the American _Carib Syndicate_. It has since come out that all\nthe British shares are grouped in the hands of the _Burlington\nInvestment_, which is itself dependent on the _Royal Dutch-Shell_. Not\nhaving succeeded directly, through Pearson, who was too much distrusted\nby America, Britain has none the less succeeded indirectly, through\nDeterding, in controlling the entrance to the Panama Canal.\nIt is a strange fact that, while the United States were watching the\nactivities of the Pearson group with evident hostility, they displayed\nnot the least mistrust of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_. By a bold and\nmasterly policy, the latter obtained a footing in the very heart of\nthe territory of the _Standard Oil_. American law, unlike French,\ndoes not distinguish between ownership of land and ownership of the\nminerals. As in Mexico before 1917, both belong to the owner of the\nsurface. The _Royal Dutch-Shell_ bought land, sank wells, and was thus\nable to exploit oil as it pleased. Cleverly following the example of\nthe _Royal Dutch_, the _Shell_ endeavoured to place its shares with\nthe American people, so as to give them an interest in its prosperity.\nIt was not difficult, considering its high dividends. In 1919 the\n_Shell_ placed 750,000 shares upon the New York market; by so doing, it\nrealized a premium of \u00a34,390,623, of which \u00a34,000,000 were appropriated\nto reserve and to amortization. The source of its capital did it no\nharm, for, before the War, all American large-scale industries had had\nto make calls upon European savings. And if the _Shell_ was British,\nthe _Royal Dutch_ was without a considerable German element, although\nofficially a Dutch company. Deterding had not yet openly joined forces\nwith Great Britain. He was hesitating. Foreseeing the imminent outbreak\nof the world conflict, he was much too clever to bind himself before he\nknew who would win.\nThese two companies, connected since 1907, but each keeping its\nseparate financial organization (at the same time reserving for each\nother a 40 per cent. share in any new subsidiary company), were thus\nfreely allowed to install their reservoirs and pipe-lines beside those\nof the _Standard_. Besides, the Democrats, fearful of the political and\ncommercial power of the American trusts, were not sorry to set against\nthem competitors who could have no influence upon the domestic politics\nof the United States. They came to be looked upon as international\nundertakings without any political ends. To complete the illusion the\nBritish Government, which assisted them in secret, simulated fear of\ntheir excessive growth.\nThe British Admiralty declared that it was important to free the Royal\nNavy from the tutelage of the trusts. It was voted the money required\nto obtain an interest in the operations of the _Burmah Oil_, thus\nensuring for itself a share of the oil of Burmah; and in May 1914\nit bought half the shares of the _Anglo-Persian Oil_, which holds a\nthirty-years' monopoly for the exploitation of oil deposits in Persia,\nexcepting only the five northern provinces. For Persian territory\non the borders of the Caspian Sea was always reserved for Russian\ninfluence.\nThe _Anglo-Persian_ began obscurely. Its inception, in 1909, passed\nunnoticed. It was founded, _without an appeal to the public to\nsubscribe its capital_, by the _Burmah Oil_, a company at that time\nbetter known in Scotland than on the London Stock Exchange. Its\nfirst object was to take over the concessions which the Australian,\nd'Arcy, had obtained in 1901, and which covered the enormous area\nof 500,000 square miles. D'Arcy had obtained these concessions\nfrom the Persian Government for the infinitesimal sum of 200,000\nfrancs, of which 100,000 francs only were paid in cash and the rest\nin shares. The Persian Government was to receive 16 per cent. of\nwhatever profit d'Arcy might make. It was much disappointed, for the\nfirst investigations along the Turko-Persian frontier were really\ndiscouraging. D'Arcy spent five million francs in vain, and he was\nthinking of abandoning the whole affair when he heard of oozings and\ngushings in the Shustar region, 140 miles north of Mohammerah, to the\nnorth of the Persian Gulf. D'Arcy recognized the presence of oil, but\nhad to face the construction of a pipe-line and refinery, and to\nfind new capital for these purposes. Certain foreign capitalists made\nhim tempting offers, but D'Arcy, who had found a staunch supporter in\nAdmiral Fisher, the reorganizer of the British Navy in the twentieth\ncentury, resolved that the Persian concessions _should remain under\nBritish control_. He obtained the financial assistance of the _Burmah\nOil_, and the latter founded the _Anglo-Persian_ in 1909. The Royal\nNavy had already 150 ships burning oil. Pretyman, a Lord of the\nAdmiralty, got Lord Strathcona appointed to the chairmanship of the\n_Anglo-Persian_, the first results of which were encouraging, so that\nthe British Government could direct its future. The capital of the new\ncompany was very quickly used up. It constructed a pipe-line 145 miles\nlong to bring its oil to the Persian Gulf, and a refinery on the island\nof Abadan which cost a great deal. But as the prospecting then taking\nplace revealed the existence in Persia of rich deposits, a commission\nof geological experts, presided over by a rear-admiral, was sent to\nthe spot by Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, to\nmake an inquiry. On the conclusions embodied in its report, the British\nGovernment decided to take control of the business. In the month of May\n1914 the _Anglo-Persian_ made a somewhat stormy entrance into history,\nfor up to then very little had been heard of it: the negotiations\nand then the contract with the Admiralty had been conducted with\nthe greatest secrecy. Parliament showed great surprise when Winston\nChurchill placed the matter before it, and asked for its sanction to\nthe agreements which had been made. It was even necessary for Sir\nEdward Grey to come to the rescue in order to win a majority in the\nHouse.\nThe Government had a certain majority of two thousand votes by the\npurchase of \u00a32,200,000 of new ordinary shares. This amount has since\nbeen more than doubled, for on March 6, 1921 the Government announced\nin the House of Commons that it held \u00a35,200,000 ordinary shares, \u00a31,000\npreference shares, and \u00a3199,000 debentures. Two-thirds of the ordinary\nshares of the _Anglo-Persian_ are to-day in the hands of the British\nGovernment, the other third is held by the _Burmah Oil_, which is\ndirected by the Admiralty. Thus absolute Government control is assured.\nThe _Anglo-Persian_ has become literally a State-directed company,\nbut British officials are wise enough to entrust to technical experts\nthe actual management of the undertaking. This explains its great\nsuccess. Two trustees, Lord Inchcape and Sir E.H. Packe, represent the\nGovernment on the Board of Directors: they have the right of absolute\nveto upon all decisions.\nFinally, the Government has made a contract with the _Anglo-Persian_\nfor the supply of important quantities of oil at an advantageous\nprice for a certain number of years. The needs of the Navy are thus\nguaranteed for a period of years. There is no surprise to be feared,\nfor the oil-fields are near the Persian Gulf, where Great Britain\nreigns as mistress, and where no foreign ship can enter without her\npermission. It is, moreover, an important strategic point; ships can be\ndispatched from there to all parts of the world where Great Britain has\ninterests--Suez, Gibraltar, India, Australia, Africa.\nThe oil-deposits of Persia are so rich that it will soon be necessary\nto increase tenfold the projected development of the equipment,\npipe-lines, and refineries, to deal with future production. Even in our\ntime the natives collect the oil by rudimentary processes and transport\nit on the backs of camels to the markets of the interior, where it\nserves as an object of exchange. Persia is one of the few countries in\nwhich numerous spontaneous springs and seepages reveal the existence of\noil. In certain valleys it flows along the slopes and pours into the\nrivers, making the water unfit for consumption. The _Anglo-Persian_\nalready ranks among the chief oil-producing companies of the world. It\nis precisely this success, we may believe, which has caused so much\napprehension in the United States on the subject of the rivalry between\nBritish and American producing companies. The _Anglo-Persian_ controls\nan almost unlimited production in Persia, and as soon as there are\nenough pipe-lines and reservoirs, the output will increase in enormous\nproportions. _From 1923 onward, the_ Anglo-Persian, _by itself, will\nbe in a position to supply a large proportion of the needs of Great\nBritain_. It will then be free of the contract which, for more than\nseven years, has bound it to the _Royal Dutch-Shell_, obliging it to\ndispose of a considerable portion of its production through the latter\ncompany.\nWhen its program is completed, the _Anglo-Persian_ will possess a\nfleet, the capacity of which will exceed a million tons. Expenses are\nsmall, because of the great productivity of the wells, which gives\nto Persia a marked superiority over all the other oil-fields of the\nworld, except perhaps Mexico. Its yield of benzine and kerosene is much\nsuperior to that of most of the oil-fields of the United States; it is\nricher than that of Mexico.\nBut for several years, the _Anglo-Persian_ has no longer been content\nwith Persia, rich as it is. Its ambitions now extend to the whole\nworld. It is in process of installing its depots in all the great ports\nof the world. In French territory alone, reservoirs will be constructed\nin the ports of Dunkirk, Le Havre, Rouen, Saint-Nazaire, La Pallice,\nBordeaux, Marseilles, Bizerta, Algiers, Oran, Casablanca, Dakar.\nThrough the agency of its subsidiary, the _d'Arcy Exploration_, it is\nprospecting for oil in every part of the globe. Wherever geological\nconditions appear to indicate the presence of oil in commercial\nquantities, the operations of drilling are undertaken. The activities\nof the _d'Arcy Exploration_ are carried on at present in Great Britain,\nAustralia, New Zealand, Canada, Hungary; and again, quite recently, the\ncompany has concluded arrangements for investigating and prospecting\nin districts of France and her colonies which are likely to produce\noil. A French company, the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Huiles de P\u00e9trole_,\nhas been founded, with an initial capital of 100 million francs,\njointly subscribed by French and British groups, with the object of\nundertaking the refining and distribution of oil in France as well as\nher colonies. According to the agreement signed in London on October\n27, 1920, by Sir Basil Zaharoff for the _Banque de la Seine_, nine\nsubsidiary companies will be founded, each having a different function:\nimportation, refining, distribution, and transport of oil.[24] And this\n\"Franco-British Anglo-Persian\" is even going to build an oil fleet,\nthanks to the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Navale de l'Ouest_.\nOther enterprises are also under consideration. The _Anglo-Persian\nOil_ has acquired important interests in the _British Oil Bunkering_,\nand it has also founded the _Tankers Insurance Company Limited_,\nan insurance company with a capital of \u00a3100,000, for it intends,\nhenceforward, _to do its own insurance_. By means of the _Scottish\nAmerican Oil_, of which it has technical and commercial control, it has\neven succeeded in penetrating into Mexico, thus completing the work\nbegun by Pearson and continued by the _Shell_.\nIts activities, during the month of December 1920 alone, were\nremarkable. It obtained a footing in Spain, founding a company with a\ncapital of 25 million pesetas, of which 55 per cent. was subscribed by\nthe _Anglo-Persian_ and 45 per cent. by a Spanish group having at its\nhead the _Banco Urquijo_ and the _Spanish Credit Bank_. It concluded\na contract _with the Hungarian Government guaranteeing it exclusive\nrights of exploitation on Magyar territory_, in case oil should be\ndiscovered there, which has happened. Deposits have been found near\nLetenye and the quantities which it is hoped to obtain will no doubt be\nmore than sufficient to supply the needs of Hungary.\nThe Hungarian Minister of Finance submitted to the National Assembly,\nin December 1920, a report concerning the cession of rights to prospect\nfor oil to a syndicate controlled by the _d'Arcy Exploration_.\nThe Government at Budapest, not having the necessary capital for\nexploration, was favourably disposed to the offers of the subsidiary of\nthe _Anglo-Persian_. The negotiations were conducted by Dr. Telesky,\na former Minister of Finance, and Dr. von Bockh, Secretary of State.\nAccording to the agreement reached, the _d'Arcy Exploration_ undertook\nto devote at least \u00a3100,000 to prospecting for oil; if the results were\nsatisfactory, the company would exploit one-third of the geological\nproductive units, one-third would be kept in reserve, and the remaining\nthird would revert, free of all expense, to the State. As regards the\nsecond portion, the Hungarian Government reserved complete freedom of\naction. A company was formed with a capital of \u00a31,000,000 sterling, of\nwhich the Hungarian Government subscribed ten per cent.; the company\nhad to deposit with the Government 25 per cent. of the shares, and to\nundertake to hand over to it each year one-tenth of the production, in\nkind or in money.\nThe _Anglo-Persian_ has also obtained possession of the oil-bearing\nterritory of Transylvania, ceded to Rumania. During the War, this was\nseized and exploited by the Austrian military authorities, for it\nbelonged to the _Hungarian National Petroleum Company_. The capital\nof this company was heavily drawn upon for repairs undertaken at\nthe close of hostilities. An appeal for funds became necessary. The\n_Anglo-Persian_ demanded that the technical and commercial management\nof the undertaking should be entrusted to it and that two of its\nnominees should sit on the Board of Directors; it then subscribed\n\u00a3500,000 in preference shares. Each of these shares carried twenty\nvotes against one for an ordinary share: thus the _Anglo-Persian_ has\ncomplete control.\nIn addition to this, it has taken over the share which was reserved for\nBritain in the German interest in the _Steaua Romana_, and disposes of\nnearly 80 per cent. of the shares in the _Turkish Petroleum_, which has\nclaims to oil concessions in Mesopotamia.\nOn October 13, 1921, the _Anglo-Persian_ made an agreement with the\nJapanese company _Tei-Koku_, undertaking to supply it with 350,000\nbarrels of petroleum yearly. Half of this is destined for the Japanese\nNavy.\nOrganizations for the sale of its products are to be found in Belgium,\nDenmark and Norway.\nPart of the famous deposits of Rivadavia, which the Argentine\nGovernment intended to reserve for itself, has fallen under its control.\nIn co-operation with the Australian Government--from which it had\nalready obtained, in May 1920, exclusive rights in the former German\ncolonies of Papua--the _Anglo-Persian_ founded the _Commonwealth Oil\nRefineries_, with a capital of \u00a3500,000. It is prospecting actively\nin Western Australia, and has asked the Government of Perth for a\nconcession of 100,000 acres.\nIn New Zealand it has offered to subscribe 50 per cent. towards the\nformation of a capital of \u00a3100,000 for prospecting purposes.\nAnd the _Anglo-Persian_ is, at the present moment, building vast\nworks in New Brunswick, for the distillation of oil from shale. The\noil produced will be used for heating the boilers of British ships.\nThe oil-bearing lands in this region are rich and extensive, and the\nshale of which it is composed has been found twice as rich in oil as\nthe Scottish shale, the first from which the precious \"rock-oil\" was\ndistilled.[25] As in Wyoming, Colorado and Utah, there are enormous\nlaminate rocks, stretching in beds below the valleys, of a thickness\nof eight to ten metres; when distilled they may produce up to 240\nlitres of oil to the ton. When the Mormons, fleeing from persecution\nin 1846, took refuge in the Far West and discovered these oil shales,\nthey never suspected the service they would render half a century later\nto the British and American Navies.[26] They found themselves held up\nin their march across the desert for want of fuel, but one of their\nleaders announced that Providence would soon supply their needs. The\nprophecy came true that very day: a Mormon was surprised to notice\nthat the stones on which he placed his saucepan took fire. Since then,\nhunters and prospectors venturing into these desolate regions use no\nother fuel than these rocks.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 24: The _Anglo-Persian_ will subscribe 45 per cent., France\n55 per cent. of the capital of each of these companies. The Agreement\nof October 27, 1920, was the occasion of very sharp attacks from\ncertain short-sighted members of the House of Commons, who did not\nunderstand that the British Government was about to lay hands, in\nconcert with the _Royal Dutch_, upon the oil wealth of France, and\nreproached the Government with dispersing its efforts.]\n[Footnote 25: The Scottish factories treat three million tons of shale\nannually, from which the average yield is only 122.5 litres of oil to\nthe ton, half the yield of the Canadian and American rocks. Apart from\nthis bituminous shale, it seems unlikely that Great Britain, which\ncontrols 90 per cent. of the future production of the globe, would have\nsucceeded in finding oil-deposits in her own soil.]\n[Footnote 26: Anticipating the time when the oil-fields of the United\nStates will be exhausted, the American Government has taken possession\nof millions of hectares of land containing bituminous rock, in order to\nensure the fuelling of its Navy.]\nCHAPTER XII\nAN AMERICAN BALKANISM\nThe British Controlled Oil-fields\nThe _Anglo-Persian Oil_ is no longer sufficient for Great Britain,\nwhich founded a new company in 1918, the _British Controlled\nOil-fields_, specially commissioned to fight the _Standard Oil_.\nEstablished under Canadian law with an initial capital of \u00a312,000,000,\nincreased later to \u00a340,000,000, and capable of a further increase up\nto \u00a3159,000,000, the _British Controlled Oil-fields_ will be one of\nthe greatest financial powers of the world. Like the _Anglo-Persian_,\nit is entirely in the hands of the British Government under the system\nof the voting trust. It seems that an immense tract of oil-bearing\nterritory exists from Mexico to the Argentine, a continuation of that\nof the United States. Already Mexico has become the second greatest\nproducing State in the world; and oil has been found in almost all\nthe South American States, even in Brazil and on the plateaux of\nBolivia. Of these immense deposits the _British Controlled Oil-fields_\nwishes to gain possession on behalf of the British Government, thus\ncompleting the work of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ in Venezuela and in the\nneighbourhood of the Panama Canal. It possesses properties of very\ngreat value from Mexico to Brazil, in Trinidad, Venezuela and Costa\nRica. In 1920 it began operations in Ecuador, and it is at present\nprospecting in Brazil, in the State of Bahia, where bituminous seepages\nand traces of asphalt abound. Its concessions actually surround\ntwo-thirds of the Caribbean Sea: they are situated in the States of\nGuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, British Guiana,\nColombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and the island of Trinidad. The\nconcessions of the _British Controlled Oil-fields_ are nearly always\non the sea coast--or rather in close proximity to the sea--which is\na considerable advantage. It has expressly chosen them, on both the\nAtlantic and the Pacific, as a precaution _in case war should break out\nbetween Britain and the United States_; for, even with the help of the\nJapanese fleet, the British Navy might not be able to seize the Panama\nCanal. And its units must be in a position to replenish their stores\nof fuel without being obliged to make a long detour round the Magellan\nStraits.\nThe _British Controlled Oil-fields_ is at present negotiating for the\ncontrol of important concessions in Panama and Nicaragua. It controls\nall those of British Guiana, nearly all those of Honduras, but I\nfear it is about to lose those it had in Costa Rica. In order to\nobtain them, Great Britain did not hesitate to foment revolution in\nthis little Republic. Unable to obtain anything from the established\nGovernment, it helped to place in power the revolutionary President\nTinoco, from whom it got all it wanted: more than 6,000 square miles\ngranted to the _British Controlled Oil-fields_. Unfortunately Tinoco\nhas been overthrown: the regular Government, restored to power,\nhastened to annul these concessions. Great Britain, to compel it to\nratify these concessions, stirred up a war between Costa Rica and\nPanama, while she sent the cruiser _Cambrian_ to the coast of Costa\nRica in order to increase the pressure. Events went against her. Costa\nRican troops invaded Panama. A landing took place on February 28, 1921,\non the Pacific coast, south of the Dulce Gulf, the eastern shore of\nwhich is common to both countries, and another less important one on\nthe Atlantic, towards Bocas del Toro. Panama lost the territory of Coto.\nMr. Alves, Chairman of the _British Controlled Oil-fields_, set out\nin March 1921 for Costa Rica, to study the question at issue. But the\nUnited States stepped in; and Judge White, as arbitrator, pronounced in\nfavour of Costa Rica. On August 26, 1921, an American naval detachment\nassisted the Costa Rican forces to take definite possession of\nthe contested territory, in spite of the indignant protests of the\nGovernment of Panama against the violent measures of which it was the\nvictim.\nThere is continual warfare among the little republics of Central\nAmerica. The imbroglio of British and American affairs around the Gulf\nof Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (_British Controlled Oil-fields_,\n_Mexican Eagle_, _Royal Dutch Shell_, _Mexican Petroleum_, _Standard\nOil_) makes this region _the Balkans of the oil world_.\nThe _British Controlled Oil-fields_, the board of which includes a\nBritish admiral and a Member of Parliament, is the result of long\ninvestigations pursued by Lord Fisher on behalf of the Admiralty. The\nresults of these studies are being methodically turned to account in\norder to ensure to Great Britain the supremacy of the sea by means of\nthe supremacy of oil.\nCHAPTER XIII\nPOLITICAL TENDENCIES OF THE _ROYAL DUTCH_\nThe British Oil Empire\nUntil 1914, the British Government seemed to resist the formidable\nextension of the _Royal Dutch_ throughout the world. Under the pretext\nof ensuring reserves for itself, it got possession of outlets which\nthis company had not yet touched, taking control of the _Anglo-Persian_\nand in 1918 founding the _British Controlled Oil-fields_. The reason\nwas that they were not yet allied. But since the War an event of\nconsiderable importance has taken place: Deterding has thrown in the\nfortunes of his trust with those of the greatest empire in the world,\nthe British Empire, whose policy at present dominates the world.\nAt the beginning of its history, the _Royal Dutch_ was a Dutch company.\nIf the _Royal Dutch_ became British by its union with the _Shell_, it\nwas German through its Rumanian share in the _Deutsche Petroleum_,\nwhich united the petroleum interests of the _Deutsche Bank_, _Steaua_,\n_European Petroleum_, and the _Deutsche Mineratal Industrie_. The first\nimportant capital of this powerful consortium was furnished by German\nbanks: the _Deutsche Bank_, the _Disconto Gesellschaft_, and the firm\nof _Bleichr\u00f6der_ are, as it were, the fundamental tripod supporting\nthe edifice. It has been justly said that if Germany had not the most\nimportant place in the _Royal Dutch_, it is because Mr. Deterding was\nmore concerned with British interests. He uses the power of nations\nas he uses money. Great Britain being mistress of the seas, he has\ngiven to British capital the most important part in his undertakings.\nBut the Rothschild family is international. There are branches in\nLondon, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Mr. Deterding had safe places to\nanchor while waiting for the wind. During the retreat of the Rumanian\narmy, the wells controlled by the _Royal Dutch_ were partly destroyed.\nWhether this destruction was the work of Rumanian or of German soldiers\nis not important. The _Deutsche Bank_ was associated with Mr. Deterding\nin Rumania. Whatever was the result of the War, the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\nhad to be compensated....\nIt would have been just the same as far as Bagdad. If Germany had\ngained Asia Minor, the property of the _Royal Dutch_ would still have\nbeen saved by the _Deutsche Bank_. As the Allies have the upper hand,\nMr. Deterding has nothing to fear. He is in close touch with France\nand Britain. He is in opposition only to America. And this coalition\nof the oil powers is a very curious one, in which enemy nations agree\nat certain times and disagree at others, all of them being led by a\nsuperior power to unsuspected ends, just as they were in the world race\nfor armaments. An important fact which may puzzle the simple-minded, is\nthat, during the War, Mr. Deterding made his flag respected.\nHis cleverness was such that, _whichever side was victorious_, he was\nbound to come out unscathed from the conflict.\nSince Great Britain has conquered Germany, he has thrown in his\nfortunes with hers.\nIt was a master-stroke for British policy. Allied to this powerful\ntrust, Great Britain now possesses an oil empire extending throughout\nthe world:--\nEurope\n Russia        _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Rumania       _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Hungary       _Anglo-Persian_\n Jugo-Slavia   _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Albania       _Anglo-Persian_\nAmerica\n Newfoundland            _Anglo-Persian_\n New Brunswick           _Anglo-Persian_\n California              _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Oklahoma                _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Texas, Louisiana        _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Mexico                  _Royal Dutch-Shell_ (_Mexican Eagle_)\n Central America         _British Controlled Oil-fields_\n Trinidad                _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Venezuela               _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Guiana                  _British Controlled Oil-fields_\n Brazil                  _British Controlled Oil-fields_\n Colombia                _British Controlled Oil-fields_\n Ecuador                 _British Controlled Oil-fields_\n Argentine               _Anglo-Persian_\nAsia\n Caucasus               _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Persia                 _Anglo-Persian_\n Mesopotamia            _Turkish Petroleum_\n Dutch Indies           _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Straits Settlements    _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n China                  _Royal Dutch-Shell_\nOceania\n Australia               _Anglo-Persian_\n New Zealand             _Anglo-Persian_\n Papua                   _Anglo-Persian_\nAfrica\n Egypt                   _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Madagascar              _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n South Africa            _Royal Dutch-Shell_\n Morocco                 _Anglo-Persian_\nCHAPTER XIV\nHOW THE UNITED STATES LOST SUPREMACY OVER OIL\nThe Americans themselves realize that they are about to lose their\nsupremacy over oil. \"While we were basking in a false security, lulled\nby the knowledge of our resources,\" the American _Nation_ wrote\nrecently, \"foreign companies silently and energetically took possession\nof the unexploited oil-fields.\" The _Mexican Eagle_, a British company,\nreceived vast concessions in Mexico. The _Shell_, another British\ngroup, established itself in many places. The _Royal Dutch_, which,\nin appearance at least, was originally a Dutch company, was founded\nto exploit the oil of the East Indies. Later, a fusion of the _Royal\nDutch_ and the _Shell_ took place, and the _Mexican Eagle_ sheltered\nunder the wings of the new company. The _Anglo-Persian_ was created\nto exploit Persia and the East, and the British Government subscribed\n\u00a32,000,000, reserving the control for itself in order to supply the\nneeds of the navy.[27] This company was for years closely connected\nwith the _Royal Dutch_.[28] This gigantic aggregation of British\ninterests, at the present time, owns or controls a great part of the\noil of California, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Mexico, Trinidad, Venezuela,\nColombia, Rumania, Russia, Persia, Egypt, India, and the East Indies.\nExcept in North America, many of the concessions are so vast that\nthey exclude American companies from the most profitable oil-fields.\nHowever, adds the _Nation_, the experts of the United States Geological\nSurvey were making disturbing discoveries that 40 per cent. of American\noil was exhausted, and that, at the present rate of production, the\nexploitation would be complete in fifteen or twenty years, for home\nrequirements were becoming so great that more oil would have to be\nimported than was being exported. In 1920, the imports exceeded the\nexports by 100 million barrels. And _British companies, closely\nconnected with the British Government, are now in exclusive possession\nof 90 to 97 per cent. of the future world production_. What a change in\nthe situation!\nTen years ago, Britain possessed no oil, to-day she is independent,\nto-morrow she will be mistress. The feat has been accomplished by the\nsilent efforts of a few men such as Sir Marcus Samuel, chairman of the\n_Shell_, Lord Cowdray (Pearson), Lord Curzon, formerly Viceroy of\nIndia, Sir John Cadman, technical adviser to the British Government,\nProfessor in the University of Birmingham, and Chairman of the\nInter-Allied Petroleum Conference during the War, Lord Strathcona,\ncreator of the Canadian railways, who played a great part in the\n_Anglo-Persian_, and, above all, Admiral Lord Fisher.\nThese men acted _even without the knowledge of the British people and\nits parliamentary representatives_. Their fellow-countrymen and their\nopponents only heard of their activities _when they had endowed their\ncountry with a world-wide oil empire_.\nThere was veritable amazement in the House of Commons when it was\ninformed of what Lord Fisher and Lord Strathcona had done with the\n_Anglo-Persian_. Their work narrowly escaped undoing. Lord Fisher\nhimself described, in September 1919, the opposition he met with, even\namong his colleagues. \"I was dubbed 'an oil maniac' when I was at the\nAdmiralty in 1885. Lord Ripon, the First Lord, sent for me and told me\nI was called a Radical enthusiast and nicknamed 'Gambetta,' and said he\nmeant to make me a member of the Board of Admiralty. I told him all the\nrest of the Board would leave. He saw me a week after and confessed it\nwas so; but, thank God! I was spared to be Director of Naval Ordnance\ninstead.\"\nLord Fisher experienced the same difficulties when he wished to\nequip the British Navy with submarines. It is to him, and to the\nBethlehem Steel Works (United States), that the Allies owed the prompt\ncompletion of the special type of submarines which \"went, unconvoyed\nfrom America to the Dardanelles and acted there prodigiously.\" A few\nof these submarines which succeeded in passing through the wire nets\nof Chanak-Nagara, for a long time controlled the Sea of Marmora and\nprevented the Turks from taking supplies by sea to their fortifications\non the Straits. Oil supremacy and naval supremacy go hand-in-hand. When\nhe wished to give his country empire over oil, Lord Fisher's principal\nobject was to preserve her dominion over the seas. For that fleet will\nbe victorious which has at its disposal the most abundant sources of\noil. Ships using oil have driven out those burning coal, just as the\nlatter replaced sailing ships.\nWhen we compare the results obtained by France and by Britain, on whose\nsoil it seems that no deposits of mineral oil have yet been discovered\n(a fact which rendered Lord Fisher's task none the easier); and when we\nsee Britain mistress of nearly all the oil remaining in the world, we\nstand confounded with admiration before the genius of those to whom she\nowes such an empire.\nBritish Oil Policy\nHaving been obliged to allow the first place to America, the country\nwhich first discovered oil, and which until recently produced 70 per\ncent. of the world's output, Great Britain began to gain upon her by\nkeeping command of oil-carrying ships. Whoever transports a commodity\ncontrols it, and is master of it up to a certain point, for he is the\nindispensable intermediary for those who wish to obtain it. Should any\ndifficulty arise, the transporter, according as he fulfils his office\nor not, grants or withholds supplies for the markets, as he pleases.\nThe British genius has always sought to compensate, by maritime\nsuperiority, for the inferiority of Great Britain in certain respects.\nIf the United States occupied the first place among producers of oil,\nthey ranked second to Great Britain as transporters. Great Britain,\nunderstanding that oil \"is destined to play the same part in the world\nas coal, cotton or steel,\" made a special point of retaining control of\noil-carrying ships. It was a thrilling duel.\nThe world tonnage of tank-steamers rose by June 30, 1919, to 2,616,000,\ntons, of which 1,500,000 tons sailed under the British flag, 1,000,000\ntons under the American. In June, 1920, the United States had gained\nthe first position. They had 308 tank-steamers, amounting to 1,734,843\ntons, or 51 per cent. of the whole (3,386,091 tons). On January\n1, 1921, the supremacy of Great Britain was restored. Of the 524\noil-steamers afloat, 252 belonged to her, the United States having only\n191. But she lost this position again six months later.\nMistress of one of the foremost oil-carrying fleets, Britain next\nsought, until 1922, to monopolize almost all the remaining resources of\nthe world. The _Royal Dutch-Shell_, _British Controlled Oil-fields_,\nand _Anglo-Persian Oil_ were valuable auxiliaries of the Foreign Office\nfor this object. According to Dr. David White, one of the members of\nthe American Geological Survey, this is what Great Britain possesses\nto-day:--\n Canada: the whole of the deposits are reserved for\n Persia, Mesopotamia: 75 per cent.                   4,365\n S.E. Russia, S.W. Siberia, Caucasus: 50 per cent. 2,925\n Rumania, Galicia, Europe: 50 per cent.              1,567.5\n New Russia and Sakhaline: 50 per cent.                462.5\nIn Peru alone have the United States triumphed over Great Britain.\nThe discovery of oil there is due to the English. But, thanks to the\npower of its capital, the _Standard Oil_, through the medium of the\n_International Petroleum Company_, managed to acquire the shares of the\nfour most important British companies. And the United States at present\ncontrols 70 per cent. of the output there, the British retaining only\n27 per cent. and Italy 3 per cent. The Peruvian production, however, is\nnot very high; it does not yet reach 3 million barrels.\nThe need for oil has grown so great that the deposits containing this\nprecious liquid fuel are greedily coveted by the various governments\nwhich take shelter behind financial groups. _There is a shortage of 250\nmillion tons of coal on this planet, and it produces only 98 million\ntons of oil._ But no Government can boast, in this matter, of having\nshown a foresight equal to that of Great Britain.\nThe British Government is no longer content to-day to encourage, favour\nand defend its own nationals. Better than this, it makes conquests or\nestablishes protectorates having as essential object the reservation\nexclusively for its nationals of new oil-bearing territories, such\nas Persia and Mesopotamia. The treaty recently imposed on Persia was\nnothing but a disguised protectorate. Fortunately for Britain, the\nSoviet Government has voluntarily given up its advance into that\ncountry since it concluded a trade agreement with London. And it is\nsufficient to read the Treaty of S\u00e8vres to see the underlying motives\nof the British negotiators: the desire to monopolize the oil of Asia,\nand anxiety to keep out the United States, all the oil-fields left to\nFrance being in particular granted to her with the idea of a future\nBritish participation.\nThe British Government is so jealous of its position in Mesopotamia\nthat it will not even tolerate American prospectors there, and certain\nincidents have happened in connection with which the disappointed\nYankees have asked the State Department at Washington to demand\nsatisfaction.\nThe British oil policy is not uniform. Sometimes, when it seems\npossible, she gets possession of proved oil-fields. Sometimes, in the\ncase of a country which would hold its own, she negotiates for an\nadvantageous share in the profits--this is what happened with France\nby the San Remo Agreement--or she makes contracts ensuring abundant\nsupplies of the precious mineral oil.\nWhen a State does not fall in with her views sufficiently quickly,\nBritain does not recoil from any means of pressure. This is what led\nAdmiral Degouy, in April 1920, to write: \"As a corollary to well-known\nnegotiations with one of the richest countries in oil in the Near East,\nthe British Admiralty has organized and is maintaining on the Danube a\nnumerous flotilla of gunboats and river monitors.\" The reason is easy\nto guess.\nFrom 1918 to 1920 an unofficial squadron of small Russian steamers,\nrequisitioned and armed by Great Britain, dominated the Caspian Sea,\nso that Batum, the port of embarkation for oil on the Black Sea, and\nBaku, its place of production, were both in the hands of the British.\nThey disposed of the petroleum and mazut there at their own pleasure,\npermitting no control over their purchases. Britain first took as\nmuch as she could; it was only afterwards that she allowed France to\nreplenish her stores in turn, provided there was any petroleum left.[29]\nThus ends the work of Lord Fisher, who applied himself for more than\nthirty years to the problems of oil. Thus end the experiments and\nobservations conducted modestly and quietly for so long at Portsmouth.\nHenceforward the British Navy is sure of its supplies of oil for a\ncentury. But the position is such that the United States can avoid war\nonly at the price of industrial servitude.\nHemming-in of the United States\nWhile Great Britain was pouncing upon nearly all the oil remaining in\nthe world, the United States basked in a false security. Had they not\nsupplied 80 per cent. of the needs of the Allies during the War? It is\ntrue that if the War had continued the United States would not have\nbeen able to satisfy those needs. \"In September and October 1918,\"\ndeclared Mr. Deen, who played such an important part in the alliance\nof the _Royal Dutch_ with the _Shell_ and who now directs the oil\nindustry of Oklahoma, \"the Allies were taking each day 194,000 barrels\nof petrol, while the average daily output was 191,000. Adding together\nthe consignments sent to Europe by Mexico and the United States, we\nreach the figure of 1,200,000 barrels a day, while the United States\nwas producing only 960,000 and Mexico 140,000. The daily deficit was\nthus 300,000 barrels.\"\nThe United States sacrificed themselves in the cause of the Allies\nduring the War.[30] Great Britain has shown no gratitude. They had\nalready reached the point at which they could not supply their home\nconsumption, since 25 per cent. of the petroleum consumed in the States\nused to come from Mexico, and they sent the Allies more than their own\nproduction. The War contributed not a little to placing them in their\npresent position.\nAccording to Walter Teagle, the new chairman of the _Standard Oil_,\nif their consumption continues to increase at the present rate they\nwill consume, in a few years, 630 million barrels, or double what they\nproduced in 1919. Since 1914 alone the number of motor-cars in the\nUnited States has increased from 1,700,000 to 8,000,000 (Ford cars\nswarm there). These alone absorb 85 per cent. of the national output,\nleaving only 15 per cent. for the railways, shipping, manufactures and\nexport.\nThe American companies have made a great effort. They have speeded up\nproduction, raising it from 376 million barrels in 1919 to 443 million\nin 1920. New exploratory work has been carried on, especially in\nTexas and Kansas. But will not this hasten yet more the time when the\nresources of the United States will be exhausted?\nAt the word of command from the United States Government, \"Draw more\nand more on the oil in foreign countries,\" the _Standard_ sent out\nprospectors all over the world. But everywhere they ran up against\nan unforeseen obstacle. An American prospector had the misfortune\nto appear on the shores of the Dead Sea in October 1919. Without\nhesitation the British General who was Governor of Palestine had him\narrested in Jerusalem. To the indignant protests of President Wilson\nBritain simply replied that it was not a question of measures aimed\nspecially against the Americans, but that all prospecting in Palestine\nwas forbidden until a new order. The same thing happened in Mesopotamia.\nEverywhere in the world, except possibly Canada, in which country\nthey have considerable influence on account of their geographical\nproximity, the Americans for two years found the \"closed door.\"[31]\nGenerally they were either completely excluded from oil-bearing\nconcessions situated in the territory, the colonies, or even the sphere\nof influence of Great Britain, Japan and the Netherlands; or else they\nwere authorized to establish themselves only under such conditions\nthat they would lose the effective control of their undertakings.\nForeigners are forbidden to prospect for oil in Burma, India, Persia,\nUganda and the United Kingdom. A policy which _excludes foreigners from\nthe control_ of petroleum products is followed in Algeria, Australia,\nBarbados, Kenya Colony, British Guiana, France, French West Africa,\nGuatemala, Japan, Formosa, Saghalien, Madagascar, Mexico, New Guinea,\nand probably in the Union of South Africa. Venezuela and Uganda are\nconsidering a similar policy.\nThe _right to exploit mineral wealth_ cannot be granted to foreigners\nin Australia, Barbados, Kenya Colony, New Guinea, the Dutch Indies,\nFrance, French West Africa, Guatemala, India (probably), Great Britain,\nJapan (practically), Trinidad (in part), Venezuela, Madagascar, and,\nexcept for rights already acquired, in Rumania and Slovakia. Temporary\nrestrictions have been placed on the acquisition of oil concessions\nby foreigners in two districts of Colombia and in the new Rumanian\nterritory.\nThe ownership of oil deposits belongs to the Government in Bolivia,\nCosta Rica, Slovakia, South Africa, Uganda, Venezuela, Great Britain,\nand partly so in the Argentine, Australia, British Guiana, Ecuador,\nIndia, Trinidad, Canada and Colombia. The Dominican Republic, Mexico,\nRumania and Russia are considering the possibility of following the\nsame course. But the United States have pledged themselves not to\nrecognize the new Mexican Government unless it renounces this measure.\nIn France the Government has regalian rights over the riches of the\nsubsoil; it grants them at its discretion.\nIn face of this situation, Senator Gore of Oklahoma, on March 10, 1920,\ndemanded of the Federal Government a report upon the measures taken by\nforeign Governments to exclude Americans from oil-fields. Two months\nlater, on May 17th, President Wilson transmitted to the Senate the\nreport of the Secretary of State.\n\"The policy of the British Empire,\" wrote the Acting Secretary of\nState, Frank L. Polk, \"is reported to be to bring about the exclusion\nof foreigners from the control of the petroleum supplies of the Empire,\nand to endeavour to secure some measure of control over oil properties\nin other countries. This policy appears to be developing along the\nfollowing lines, which are directly or indirectly restrictive on\ncitizens of the United States:--\n\"1. By debarring foreigners and foreign nationals from owning or\noperating oil-producing properties in the British Isles, colonies and\nprotectorates.\n\"2. By direct participation in ownership and control of petroleum\nproperties.\n\"3. By arrangements to prevent British oil companies from selling their\nproperties to foreign-owned or controlled companies.\n\"4. By Orders in Council that prohibit the transfer of shares in\nBritish oil companies to other than British subjects or nationals.\"\nThese measures have led to the control of the _Shell_, by agreement\nwith the _Royal Dutch_, which holds 60 per cent. of its shares. \"It\nis understood that the British Government has a controlling interest\nin the _Anglo-Persian Oil Company_, and that it has also assisted in\nthe development of the Papuan oil-fields by bearing one-half of the\nexpense and contributing experts....\" All prospecting for oil in the\nUnited Kingdom must be authorized by the Board of Trade. In fact, the\nonly borings carried out in the country are by _S. Pearson and Son,\nLtd._, acting as petroleum development managers to the Government. In\nTrinidad no one may acquire oil-bearing land without the authorization\nin writing of the Governor, subject to the approval of the Secretary\nof State for the colonies. Now the latter requires of every British\ncompany that not more than 25 per cent. of its capital is to be held by\naliens and that the majority of the directors shall be British.\nThe Polk Report goes on to prove that almost all other countries, even\nthe smallest, close the door to Americans. Only Bolivia, Colombia and\nCosta Rica, which has recently annulled the concessions granted to the\n_British Controlled Oil-fields_ place Americans and their own nationals\non the same footing. The case is different in Guatemala, in Ecuador,\nand, above all, in Mexico, \"only Mexicans by birth or naturalization\nand Mexican companies have the right to acquire ownership in lands,\nwaters and their appurtenances, or to obtain concessions to develop\nmines, waters, or mineral fuels in the Republic of Mexico. The nation\nmay grant the same rights to foreigners provided they agree before the\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs to be considered Mexicans in respect of\nsuch property and accordingly not to invoke the protection of their\nGovernments in respect to the same, under penalty, in case of breach,\nof forfeiture to the nation of property so acquired. Within a zone of\n100 kilometres (62.14 miles) from the frontiers and of 50 kilometres\n(31.07 miles) from the sea-coast, no foreigner shall under any\nconditions acquire direct ownership of lands and waters.\"\nMeantime the San Remo Agreement had been signed, by which the French\nGovernment--voluntarily or no--associated itself with Great Britain\nin order to drive out America from the Asiatic centres of petroleum\nproduction, and delivered over to her the resources which might be\ndiscovered in the zones of influence reserved for France. The French\nGovernment was so embarrassed about this agreement that for three\nmonths it dared not publish it.\nWhen it made up its mind to do so, the publication aroused grave\nanxiety in the United States.\nThe Struggle for Mesopotamia\nHowever, public opinion and American official circles followed the\nprogress of the struggle with passionate interest. The situation became\neven more strained in consequence of an article in _Sperling's Journal_\nby Sir Edward Mackay Edgar, which constituted a literal defiance.\nGreat Britain openly boasted of her triumph. \"I should say,\" wrote\nSir Edward, \"that two-thirds of the oil-fields exploited in Central\nand South America are in British hands. In the states of Guatemala,\nHonduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and\nEcuador, the great majority of the concessions are in the hands of\nBritish subjects and will be developed by our capital.\n\"The Alves group (_British Controlled Oil-fields_) whose properties\nextend two-thirds round the Caribbean Sea is entirely British; and the\nregulations controlling it ensure the absolute perpetuity of direction\nin the interests of Great Britain. No citizen, no American group,\nhas attained, or will ever attain, in Central America a position ...\nlike that of Mr. Alves. If we consider the greatest of all petroleum\norganizations, the _Shell_ group, it possesses or controls undertakings\nin every oil-producing country of the world, including the United\nStates, Russia, Mexico, the Dutch Indies, Rumania, Egypt, Venezuela,\nTrinidad, India, Ceylon, the Malay States, China, Siam, the Straits\nSettlements and the Philippines.\n\"No doubt we shall have to wait some years before the benefits of this\nposition can be reaped; but there is no doubt that the harvest will be\nmagnificent. Before long America will be obliged to buy from British\ncompanies, at the rate of millions of pounds every year and to pay in\ndollars, in increasing quantities the oil she cannot do without, and\nwhich she can no longer obtain from her own reserves.\n\"I estimate that if their consumption continues to increase at the\npresent rate, in _ten years the Americans will be obliged to import 500\nmillion barrels_, which, at the very low price of two dollars a barrel,\nmeans an annual paying out of a thousand million dollars, of which\nthe greater part will fall into British pockets. With the exception\nof Mexico and a small part of Central America, _the whole world is\nsolidly barricaded against an attack in force by the United States_.\nThe British position is impregnable.\"\nOne year after the peace the struggle between Great Britain and America\nreached its bitterest phase. The United States wished to obtain, at\nany price, part of the oil deposits of Mesopotamia and of the new\noil-bearing territory which had just been discovered at Djambi in the\nSunda Islands. Consequently, on November 20, 1920, Mr. Colby, Secretary\nof State, addressed a Note to Lord Curzon, which the American Press\npublished on the 24th, in which he protested against the exclusion of\nAmericans from Mesopotamia and claimed equality of treatment for all\nnations.\nThe British Government made, at the time, only a vague reply to the\nColby Note. The English Press published the complete text.[32] Lord\nCurzon then declared that the existing British rights in Mesopotamia\nwere only the confirmation of those acquired before the War by\nthe _Turkish Petroleum Company_, the control of which the British\nGovernment holds in common with the _Royal Dutch_, for it has\nbought 200,000 ordinary shares in this company. But for the War the\nexploitation of the oil deposits of Mosul and Baghdad would long since\nhave begun. The rights acquired by the French Government under the San\nRemo Agreement represent only the German share, and they were granted\nin return for facilities given for the dispatch to the Mediterranean of\nthe petroleum produced. Neither the rights of the _Turkish Petroleum\nCompany_, nor the San Remo Agreement will preclude the Arab State of\nIraq from enjoying the full benefit of ownership or from prescribing\nthe conditions upon which the oil-fields shall be developed. The\nBritish Government has no desire whatever to deny the United States a\nshare in the expansion of the petroleum industry of Mesopotamia. And\nthe British Note draws attention to the fact that London by no means\nagrees with Washington on the estimate of the petroleum resources\nof the various nations. While the potentialities of the future are\nnecessarily problematical, the undisputed fact remains that at present\nUnited States soil produces 70 per cent. of the oil production of the\nworld.[33] It is not easy, therefore, to justify the United States\nGovernment's insistence that American control should now be extended to\nresources which may be developed in mandated territories. The British\nGovernment, nevertheless, is in general agreement with the contention\nof the United States Government that the world's oil resources should\nbe thrown open for development without reference to nationality.\nThis somewhat hypocritical reply did not satisfy the Federal\nGovernment. Great Britain might be in agreement with its contention\nthat \"oil resources should be thrown open for development without\nreference to nationality,\" but that did not make her open up\nMesopotamia to Americans. And on the occasion of a meeting of the\nCouncil of the League of Nations at Paris, to examine in detail the\nproblem of mandates, Washington, to annoy London, sent a Note on\nFebruary 1, 1921, demanding that the question of mandates over former\nGerman colonies should be reconsidered. In the end America won her\npoint, for during the negotiations which were conducted in London\nat the end of July 1922, Walter Teagle asked that the shares in the\n_Turkish Petroleum_ granted to the _Anglo-Persian_ (50 per cent.), to\nthe _Royal Dutch_ (25 per cent.), and to France (25 per cent.) should\nbe reduced in order to make room for American interests. Deterding\nprotested, but finally accepted. The British Government gave way\nimmediately. It is a doubtful victory for the United States, for who\nknows when this region will be pacified? And France will do her utmost\nto avoid the diminution of her share. The Angora Government showed\nitself at Lausanne determined to resume possession of the Mosul region,\nwhich is so rich in oil and which M. Clemenceau gave up to Britain with\nso little resistance.\nThe Struggle for Djambi\nMeanwhile the _Royal Dutch_, which, in agreement with the\n_Anglo-Persian_, had asked the British Government to reserve for it the\nexploitation of Mesopotamian deposits, was endeavouring to monopolize\nthe new deposits discovered at Djambi in the Sunda Islands.\nDjambi is the last great territory to be exploited in the Dutch Indies;\nthe oil-fields in this district cover four million acres. At first the\ndesigns of the _Royal Dutch_ met with no opposition, and it obtained\nfrom the Dutch Lower Chamber the grant of these deposits for its\nsubsidiary, the _Bataafsche Petroleum_. But two representatives of the\nStandard brought a communication to the Dutch Chamber and Ministers at\nThe Hague. The _Standard_ offered to found a company in partnership\nwith the Dutch Government, which would hold half the territories of\nDjambi on the same terms as the _Royal Dutch_. It recalled the fact\nthat in the United States the Dutch had been given every facility, and\ncounted on reciprocal treatment.\nThis unexpected communication caused great disturbance in the financial\nand political world of the Netherlands. A deputy asked if the note\nfrom the _Standard_ came from the American Government. The Prime\nMinister replied that he did not know, but that in any case this note\nmust express the views of Washington. A Socialist member proposed\nexploitation of the whole field by the State; this was defeated by 55\nvotes to 24. The Liberals, fearing international complications, were\nopposed to the Government plan. Finally, the Second Chamber adopted\nthis plan by 49 votes to 30.\nThereupon a vigorous Note arrived at The Hague from Mr. Hughes, the\nSecretary of State, who nearly defeated Wilson on the occasion of his\nre-election to the Presidency and who holds to-day the most important\npost in Mr. Coolidge's Cabinet. Mr. Hughes ordered the United States\nAmbassador to insist vigorously that the Dutch Government should\ngrant the same facilities in the Dutch Indies to American as to other\ncompanies. For, he said, the nationals of all countries have an equal\nright to vital natural resources, and one cannot forbid access to one\nparticular nation. \"We do not seek preference over other countries, but\nwe do not wish other countries to obtain advantages to our detriment.\nAnd concerning oil, the solution of the problem is to give equal rights\nto all the companies of all nations.\"\nThe Government of the Netherlands sent to Washington its reply to the\nAmerican Note. It drew special attention to the disinterestedness shown\nby the Americans at the time when competition was free, a time chosen\nby the _Royal Dutch_ to make a much more advantageous offer than those\nof its rivals. In 1915 the exploitation of the deposits in the Sumatra\nregions was granted to the State; but in 1918 this ruling was modified,\nand it was decided that exploitation might take place directly by the\nState, or through the agency of a company, or under the system of a\nState-controlled monopoly.\nAt this time no American protest had reached the Dutch Government,\nand none was sent until after the signing of the contract between the\n_Royal Dutch_ and the Government.\nHowever, added the Note, there still remain numerous valuable\noil-fields in the East Indies, and the Dutch Government would be\nprepared to grant concessions to American capital.\nThis affair seems to have been by no means settled by the vote of the\nDutch Lower Chamber. The polemic continued between Washington and The\nHague. In May 1921 the American Government demanded the publication of\nits Note of April 19th, which The Hague was determined to keep secret.\nAnd in Holland the Colonial Secretary was violently reproached for\nhaving concealed from the Chamber the details of the correspondence\nexchanged with the United States. I have been able to procure the text\nof the letter submitted by the _Standard_:\n\"The development of petroleum deposits is at present a vital question\nfor every country, and increasing attention must be devoted to it by\nthe whole world. The Dutch colonies have the good fortune to possess\nextremely rich petroleum deposits, especially in the Djambi region. The\n_Standard Oil_, an American limited liability petroleum company, asks\nto be allowed to share in the development of the deposits at Djambi,\nand a decision must shortly be taken on the matter. Considering the\ngreat extent of the oil-fields of Djambi, the Dutch Government will\ncertainly not consider it to the interest of the country and people to\nallow them to be exploited by a single company.\n\"The _Standard Oil_ submits for the approval of the Dutch Government\na scheme for founding a Dutch company under the mining legislation of\nthe Dutch Indies, according to which part of the Djambi region would be\nexploited on the basis of the native law. This project would have to be\nsubmitted to the Second Chamber of the States-General. The _Standard\nOil_ declares itself ready to furnish all necessary guarantees for the\nexploitation of the said territory.\n\"The _Standard Oil_ is convinced that the Dutch Government will readily\nadmit that the United States, which are and always have been the\ngreatest producers of petroleum, could bring as much profit to Dutch\ninterests as they have done for their own citizens.[34] We American\ncompanies, therefore, believe that we have a right to share in the\ndevelopment of the petroleum fields of Djambi, and we are sure that\nthis participation would serve the interests of Holland equally with\nthose of the United States, and would help to strengthen the bonds of\nfriendship which exist between the two countries.\"\nThis did not have a soothing effect on public opinion in Great Britain.\nSince the War, wrote _The Times_, the question of petroleum had become\nan international question of the first order. Great Britain took an\nespecial interest in it; its security depended, more than that of\nother countries, on power over sea and air. Up to Trafalgar, when the\nessential thing was to have ships of stout oak, she watched carefully\nover her forests.... She could not do the same with oil, for she\npossessed so little in the Empire.\nThe United States desire equality of treatment. Britain denies the\njustice of this claim. \"United States soil,\" wrote Lord Curzon,\n\"produces 70 per cent., and American interests in adjoining territory\ncontrol a further 12 per cent. of the oil production of the world.\"\nGreat Britain, he pointed out, had only 40 per cent., and that in\ndistant territories.\nThe United States replied that eighteen years from now all their oil\nwould be exhausted, and they would not even be able to satisfy their\nhome consumption. The orders for 1920 exceeded the output. \"Not so!\"\nreplied the British. The excessive demand caused the price of oil\nto rise, and the demand then diminished in reaction. You have even\nbeen obliged to lower the price. The price of Pennsylvanian crude oil\nfell from 6.10 to 3.00 dollars a barrel between December 1920 and\nApril 1921. And as Mexico is developed the swing of the pendulum will\ncontinue in the same direction. But you need not fear the exhaustion of\nAmerican petroleum. Read the reports of your experts. Mr. David White,\nof the United States Geological Survey, has given his opinion that the\nAmerican fields will have passed maximum production in a few years'\ntime. Mr. Lane, formerly Secretary of the Interior, has gone even\nfurther, and has estimated the percentages of exhaustion of the main\noil-fields as follows:--\n Lima, Indiana      93 per cent.\n Appalachian        70 per cent.\n Colorado           65 per cent.\n Illinois           51 per cent.\nBut Mr. White himself admits that there are in the United States many\noil-fields insufficiently exploited or even still unknown. As for\nMexican petroleum, which is said to be threatened by salt water, there\nis no need for uneasiness. Exploitation there is only just beginning\nand will produce many pleasant surprises.\nLord Curzon, moreover, sweeps aside all statistics with a disdainful\ngesture. We cannot trust their accuracy, he says. But this gesture\ndid not impress the United States; they were determined to obtain\nsatisfaction at any price.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 27: This amount has since been more than doubled.]\n[Footnote 28: By the contract already mentioned which expired in 1922.]\n[Footnote 29: _Revue Universelle_, October 15, 1920.]\n[Footnote 30: They did not sacrifice themselves for nothing!]\n[Footnote 31: Report of the American Director of the Bureau of Mines,\nVan H. Manning, to the Secretary of State for the Interior.]\n[Footnote 32: _Times_, April 6, 1921.]\n[Footnote 33: In reality, at the date of this Note, the United States\nwere only producing 64 per cent., and a great part of this output is in\nBritish hands (_Royal Dutch-Shell_).]\n[Footnote 34: The question, however, has not been settled as they\ndesired.]\nCHAPTER XV\nTHE AMERICAN RETORT\nThe United States began to retort by feverishly carrying out a naval\nprogram which aimed at depriving Great Britain of the supremacy of the\nsea. They built an immense merchant marine, which already numbered, on\nJune 30, 1920, more than 28,000 ships. And their dockyards were busy\nconstructing battleships more powerful than those of Britain. At the\nWashington Conference, Great Britain was obliged to renounce her claim\nto the sole naval supremacy. Besides, she could not have continued to\nstruggle for it. The United States can devote hundreds of millions of\npounds to their fleet without inconvenience, but Great Britain, who has\nsuffered more from the War, and whose budget--if we are to believe her\nstatesmen--is balanced with difficulty, could not do so. The British\npeople are so over-burdened with taxation that it would be impossible\nto obtain more from them.\nIf Great Britain is no longer sole mistress of the seas, what use,\nin case of war, would be the enormous oil-deposits of which she has\nsecured the possession in Central America, Mexico, and on both sides\nof South America? What would be the use of all the work of the _British\nControlled Oil-fields_?\nBut if Great Britain still possessed naval supremacy _in the same\nproportions as in 1914_, it would be sufficient for America to have _a\nfleet equal to the former German fleet_ in order to prevent her access\nto the Caribbean Sea. The British fleet would never dare to venture\nthere. It would do as it did from 1914 to 1919!\nNow, if the American fleet is in a position to prevent access to the\nAmerican coast and to the Gulf of Mexico, its adversaries may have the\nmost powerful battleships in their naval bases and the most imposing\nreserves of motor-lorries and aeroplanes in their depots, yet all these\nforces, in the present state of oil production, run the risk of being\nparalysed for want of sufficient supplies.[35]\nBut the United States are not content with wanting to deprive Britain\nof her naval supremacy. By threatening reprisals on their territory\nagainst the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ and British companies, they compelled\nthe British Government to give way on questions concerning Palestine\nand Mesopotamia. The Americans were all the more furious to see their\nprospectors arrested in Palestine, because they had obtained the right\nto make borings there, before the War, from the Turkish Government.\nThe whole of the valley of Yarmak, the neighbourhood of Bethlehem\n(Vebi Musa), the south of the Dead Sea, and the east of the Jordan,\nwere to be prospected by the _Standard_.[36] Moreover, by the General\nLeasing Act of 1920, the Federal Government obtained authority to\nexact from every oil company operating in the United States, that it\nshould number none but American citizens among its shareholders. A\njudicial decision has just been given, refusing to British citizens the\nright to become shareholders in a company of this kind. Moreover, Mr.\nDaniels, Secretary of the Navy, wished to get a Bill passed through\nCongress, authorizing the President to place an embargo on the export\nof petroleum. The _Royal Dutch-Shell_, which now draws 43 per cent. of\nits output from the United States, would thus be unable to transport it\nto Great Britain. But on this point he is in conflict with Mr. Payne,\nthe new Secretary of the Interior, who thinks the above-mentioned Bill\na sufficient protection for the United States. This Bill forbids the\nleasing of wells by a corporation of foreign shareholders, unless these\nlatter belong to a country which grants reciprocal treatment; the\ncorporation, besides, must have a majority of foreign shareholders.\nThe system of reciprocity was inaugurated by President Harding.\nGovernments which allow free competition to American companies receive\nthe like treatment.\nThe permits solicited by the _Royal Dutch_ will therefore probably be\nrefused, while those sought by Canadian companies, such as the _Midland\nOil_, are much more likely to be granted; it will be enough that their\nBritish shareholders become Canadians. For Canada has always allowed\nthe _Standard Oil_ very great liberty on her territory. In April 1919,\nshe even refused the association of interests proposed by the _Shell_,\nfor fear of offending Washington. If ever war broke out between Great\nBritain and the United States, Canada would almost certainly proclaim\nher independence and break away from the British Empire.\nThe General Leasing Act may become a dangerous weapon in the hands of\nthe _Standard_, and will perhaps be used by it to bring pressure on\nthe _Royal Dutch_, which has several times refused its co-operation.\nMany Californian companies, subsidiaries of the _Shell_, have already\nbeen called upon to prove that their shareholders are really American\ncitizens as required by Congress.\nThus, the threats uttered by Walter Teagle at the meeting of the\nAmerican Petroleum Institute in 1920 are beginning to be put into\nexecution: \"If foreign Governments insist on carrying out their policy\nof nationalizing oil-bearing territory, if they insist on keeping\npetroleum deposits for their own future profit, at the same time\ndemanding from the United States the satisfaction of their present\nneeds, then there is no alternative for us but to take note of their\nattitude and, as a means of self-protection, to examine the methods of\npreserving our own oil for our own needs. Given their position in the\nworld's commerce and the economic and financial weapons they have in\ntheir hands, the United States could certainly compel other countries\nto a redistribution of oil-bearing land, so as to obtain a part of\nthose territories which these countries wish to keep for themselves.\"\n\"_Great Britain_,\" Senator Phelan pointed out, \"_holds one half the\nworld's oil and produces only a quarter, while the United States,\nowning one-sixth, produce three-quarters._ In the possible conflicts\nof to-morrow, she desires, by means of oil, not only to have all the\nchances of success on her own side, but also to take from her future\nrivals, although they may be her friends of to-day, these same chances\nof triumph. She tries deliberately to diminish the resources of\nAmerica, which will be exhausted in eighteen years, as things go at\npresent.\"\nShortly afterwards, in 1920, the former Secretary of the Interior, Mr.\nFranklin K. Lane, anxiously wondered whether Great Britain was acting\nin this way to prevent the growth of the American Navy. \"_Now, do such\nproceedings lead to peace or war?_ Is it admissible that Britain--not\nmerely British capitalists, but the State or Government of Great\nBritain, that is, a political entity--should take possession of a\nmarket of such importance and keep the rest of the world out of it? It\nis surely obvious that if not only nationals, but States themselves,\nrepresented by Governments, take part in economic competition, and\nturn themselves into business houses or manufacturing firms, there is\nno hope of appeasing the conflicts which will constantly arise from\ncommercial rivalry.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 35: _Producteur_, January 1921, _Les Grands Programmes\nNationaux_.]\n[Footnote 36: It took America three years to obtain satisfaction as\nregards Palestine. On April 9, 1922, the British Government notified\nthe State Department at Washington that it granted, at last, to the\n_Standard Oil_ the prospecting rights which this company claimed,\nand conceded the same rights to Americans as to the nationals of all\nGovernments signing the Treaty of Versailles.]\nCHAPTER XVI\nFROM WASHINGTON TO GENOA\nThe Struggle for the Oil-fields of Russia\nA period of calm followed the Washington Conference. On his way to\nthe United States, Sir John Cadman, the Grand Master of British Oil\nPolicy, was lavish with protestations of peace and good will. He\naffirmed that British policy in no way aimed at eliminating Americans\nfrom the oil-bearing regions of the world, and he even declared himself\nin favour of co-operation between British and American capital in the\nexploitation of oil. \"If,\" he added, \"there are restrictions in certain\nDominions and Colonies, it is because the home Government could not\nresist the demand for them. Besides, in Canada, the biggest company,\nthe _Imperial Oil_, is American. In Trinidad there is a law excluding\nall but British companies from oil concessions upon Crown lands, but no\nrestriction exists upon other lands in the colony. In Burma also the\nparticipation of foreign capital is forbidden, but this prohibition is\nof long standing; it goes back 35 or 40 years, and there is reason to\nbelieve that it may soon be repealed.\"\nSir John Cadman went so far as to declare that he categorically\nrepudiated all governmental intervention in the oil question. In the\nmouth of one of the directors of the _Anglo-Persian_, this statement is\nsomewhat amusing.\nBut undoubtedly, the British Government, feeling that it had gone\ntoo far, realized the necessity of dropping some ballast. During the\nWashington Conference, on the fringe of the main naval agreement, an\noil truce was secretly negotiated. Britain even consented to allow the\n_Standard Oil_ to establish itself in the five provinces of Northern\nPersia which had formerly been reserved for Russian interests. In\norder to obtain concessions form the Persian Government, in spite of\nthe initial opposition of the _Anglo-Persian_, the _Standard_ had not\nhesitated to make use of the American minister at Teheran.[37] _The\nsupport which the representatives of Washington never refused has\nalways been one of the principal causes of its triumphs._\nBut the struggle between Britain and the United States was not long\nin breaking out again with renewed intensity, this time for the\nconquest of the remaining oil lands, now escheat, from the Caucasus\nto the Urals and Turkestan. The Genoa Conference will be regarded\nby history, not so much as a great effort towards world peace, as a\n\"Conference on Oil,\" at which the immense riches of the old Tsarist\nEmpire were offered by Tchitcherin to the appetites of the Powers. I\nhave developed this point in the preface to the Russian edition of\nthis book, which has recently been translated under the direction\nof M. Melik-Noubaroff, formerly President of the Imperial Technical\nCommission of Baku and chief engineer of the Nobel Company: \"Though\nRussia, which held first place in the world's production for a few\nyears at the beginning of the twentieth century, has now dropped back\nto third place, the reserves contained in her soil still exceed 1,000\nmillion cubic metres, almost equalling those of the United States and\nAlaska together (1,113 million cubic metres). Persia and Mesopotamia,\nMexico itself, as well as the north of South America, rank after her.\nAll other countries are far behind. The time will come, perhaps in less\nthan twenty years (exceptional circumstances apart) in view of the\nterrific rate of consumption, when the reserves of the United States\nwill be exhausted; then Russia will play a big part in the world.\"\nThe developed areas throughout Russia, Siberia, and the Caucasus are\nmuch smaller than the extent of the proved deposits, which themselves\nare but a small fraction of those whose existence has been indicated\nwith certainty by preliminary surveys. The oil resources of Russia\nrepresent alone _one-sixth of the reserves of the world_. Hence the\ngreed and covetousness with which they were regarded at Genoa.\nThe question of oil is the primary political question of the present\nage, but in this Conference at which the future of Europe was to be\nenacted, France was the only nation which seemed not to notice the fact.\nThe Quai d'Orsay had not deigned to appoint a single oil expert to\nGenoa.[38] More than that, I am in a position to state that the only\none of the French delegates who was acquainted with the oil question\nhad received precise instructions before his departure to keep strictly\naloof from all discussions about oil. It was, of course, manifestly\nimpossible to expect to settle the question of Russia's oil at Genoa\nin the absence of any representative of the United States. The French\ndelegation therefore held only a watching brief.\nBy this self-denial France at any rate earned the distinction of taking\nno part in the scandalous concession-hunting which went on behind the\nscenes at Genoa while the Soviet delegates were discussing the great\nprinciples of international morality with the official representatives\nof the Powers. Into this feverish atmosphere the news dropped like\na bomb-shell that Krassin had signed a contract conferring upon the\n_Royal Dutch-Shell_ a monopoly of the oil in the Caucasus. The news\ncaused a great sensation, and immediately provoked solemn denials,\nwhich were more resounding than convincing. The few oil magnates and\ntheir satellites who were not already at Genoa hurried thither prepared\nfor battle. The French Government at once dispatched M. Laurent Eynac.\nThe Cabinet, however, had decided that he alone should be attached\nto the delegation in an official capacity. And it was not until\nthe afternoon of the day upon which it made this decision that it\nrecognized the necessity of adding M. Pincan, the very able director of\nthe Oil and Petrol Department of the Ministry of Commerce, on account\nof the fact that M. Eynac for over a year had been out of touch with\nhis former colleagues.\nThe French delegation adopted the Belgian point of view upon the\nrestitution of private property, and energetically defended French\npre-War interests in Russian oil, which, in December 1920, represented\na value of 200 million francs. A common policy was elaborated in\nconjunction with the principal Belgian oil companies, whose importance\nin the Caucasus equalled our own, with a view to the defence of rights\nacquired before and after the nationalization of mines and factories\nby the Soviets. In order to obtain absolute equality of treatment for\nFrench interests in the Caucasus, M. Laurent Eynac very pointedly\ncalled the British Government's attention to the stipulations of the\nSan Remo Agreement. He relied upon Article 2 of the Agreement, based\nupon the principle of cordial co-operation and reciprocity in all\ncountries where the oil interests of France and Britain can in practice\nbe combined, and upon Article 6, which runs thus:\n  In the territories which belonged to the late Russian Empire the\n  two Governments will give their joint support to their respective\n  nationals in their joint efforts to obtain petroleum concessions and\n  facilities to export and to arrange delivery of petroleum supplies.\nThe British Government, anxious not to obstruct the private\nnegotiations of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ and the Soviets, got out\nof the difficulty very skilfully by giving to this latter clause a\nrestricted interpretation. On May 15, 1922, in the House of Commons,\nMr. Chamberlain went so far as to declare that Article 6 and the other\nanalogous provisions of the San Remo Agreement would only become\neffective if French and British nationals decided jointly to acquire\nspecific concessions. Nationals of a single country, like the British\ntrusts, would therefore retain complete liberty of action.\nIf, in the light of these explanations, one appreciates the threat of\nmonopoly contained in the insertion, at the instance of the British\ndelegation, of Clause 7 in the Memorandum of May 2, 1922, stipulating\nthat in cases where the exploitation of property formerly belonging to\nforeigners could be assured only by incorporating them in a general\ngroup, the preferential right to the restitution of the property should\nnot apply, one is driven to wonder what in such circumstances has\nbecome of the cordial \"Franco-British co-operation\" spoken of in the\nSan Remo preamble. Would it not be merely an empty formula?\nFor a long time past, the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ had been striving to\nobtain a grasp of the oil deposits in Russia, and thus to realize, by\narrangement with the British Government, its dream of world hegemony\nin oil. Its only reason for not amalgamating with the _Anglo-Persian_\nand the _Burmah Oil_ at the beginning of 1922 was fear of American\nreprisals. The question was much debated, but after considerable\nhesitation Mr. Lloyd George refused to give his consent; so soon after\nthe Naval Pact of Washington it would have caused something approaching\na sensation in the United States and would have appeared intentionally\nprovocative.\nAs soon as Britain had signed the trade agreement with Moscow, the\n_Royal Dutch_ opened negotiations with the Soviet representatives, and\nit was not long before these relations bore fruit in the sale of 10,000\ntons of oil to the _Asiatic Petroleum_, one of the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\nsubsidiaries.\nI may mention here that the signatories on behalf of the co-operatives\nof Russian producers were Krassin, Rakovsky, Mrs. Varvara Polovtsef,\nVictor Nogin, and Basil Krysin. The notorious agreement between the\n_Shell_ and the Soviets, which agitated the Press of the whole world\nand produced a scandal which almost wrecked the Conference, was not\nconcluded at Genoa; it was drafted in London during February in the\nfollowing form:--\n  The Russian Soviet Government is prepared to give consideration to a\n  proposal by which the sale of all oil products available for export\n  from the various oil-fields of Russia would be placed in the hands of\n  a syndicate formed upon the following basis:--\n  The initial capital will be provided by equal contributions from the\n  Russian Government and the foreign group.\n  The management of the syndicate will have control of all sales\n  and will be entrusted to a Council composed of an equal number of\n  representatives of the Russian Government and the foreign group.\n  The syndicate will be responsible to the Russian Government for\n  the most favourable sale of oil products possible. In order to\n  derive the maximum advantage from such sale, the syndicate will\n  provide or within an agreed period create the necessary distributive\n  organization, which will entail a certain capital expenditure.\n  It is suggested that the capital thus required be raised by the issue\n  of bonds bearing a fixed rate of interest.\n  Payment of the interest upon these bonds will be guaranteed by the\n  foreign group.\n  The syndicate will receive, as remuneration for its activities, a\n  certain commission upon all sales, which commission will be fixed\n  upon a sliding scale according to the quantities sold.\n  For quantities not exceeding 100,000 tons 5 per cent. is suggested;\n  for larger quantities a proportionate rate will be arranged by mutual\n  agreement. Furthermore, it is understood that any surplus realized\n  by the sale of Russian oil over and above the export price of the\n  American market will belong entirely to the syndicate.\n  After meeting working expenses, the profits thus realized will be\n  applied in the first place to the payment of the interest upon any\n  bonds which the syndicate may issue, and the balance will be divided\n  equally between the two parties to the syndicate, i.e., the Russian\n  Government and the foreign group.\n  These arrangements will hold good for five years certain, after which\n  period the Russian Government will have the right to redeem the bonds\n  at the price of issue or upon such other terms as may be stipulated\n  at the time of issue, and to terminate the agreement. The Russian\n  Government, however, will be obliged to give one year's notice at\n  the end of the fourth year if it desires to terminate the agreement.\n  In default of such notice, the agreement will hold good for another\n  period of five years.\n  It is understood that the Russian Government reserves the right at\n  any time to sell oil products directly to foreign Governments, but\n  such sales will in no case exceed 50 per cent. of the total quantity\n  available for export in any year.\n  The success of the syndicate will depend entirely in the early stages\n  upon transport facilities between the places where the stocks of oil\n  products are available and the ports of embarkation. Unfortunately,\n  at the present time these facilities are in some measure lacking,\n  and with a view to remedying the situation, the foreign party to\n  the syndicate will be required to invest at least \u00a3500,000 in the\n  transport system. This sum, as well as all other sums mentioned\n  below, will be guaranteed by the Russian Government, and in case of\n  necessity will be secured upon the stocks of Russian oil.\n  This money will be used for the purchase of the necessary rolling\n  stock, for the maintenance of pipe-lines, and, if required, for the\n  installation of new pipe-lines for the various products.\n  Against the sums thus employed, transport bonds will be issued\n  bearing interest at the rate of 8 per cent.; furthermore, these\n  bonds will carry the right to a bonus, the amount of which will be\n  determined by the quantity of oil products transported over and above\n  a pre-arranged quantity.\n  The amount of this bonus will be fixed by mutual agreement, and\n  will take the form of an agreed tax upon each pool of oil products\n  transported in Russia over and above a pre-arranged quantity.\n  Payment of the interest upon these bonds will be guaranteed by the\n  Russian Government, and in case of necessity will be secured upon the\n  existing stocks of oil.\n  The transport organization thus formed by the rolling stock to be\n  acquired and by that which is at present available will be under the\n  management of a Council composed of an equal number of delegates of\n  the Russian and the foreign group.\n  All rolling stock and everything belonging to this joint undertaking\n  will be exempt from requisition or confiscation whether by the\n  Central Government or by local authorities.\n  The Council of the undertaking will be free to appeal for qualified\n  foreign workmen, and in general to administer and manage the business\n  in the best interests of the enterprise and the objects it has in\n  view.\n  Any additional capital which may be required will be provided by\n  equal contributions from the Russian Government and the foreign group.\n  Such additional capital will be raised by the issue of bonds bearing\n  interest at a rate to be fixed by mutual agreement at the time of\n  issue, the Russian Government being responsible for the subscription\n  of one-half of the issue and the foreign group for the subscription\n  of the other half.\n  These bonds will carry the right to a bonus in the same way as the\n  bonds mentioned above.\n  The activities of the Council of the joint undertaking will be\n  subject to all laws and decrees of the Russian Socialist Federal\n  Soviet Republic and to all regulations which may be in force.\n  Of all the employ\u00e9s of the syndicate in Russia, 50 per cent. only may\n  be non-Russian.\n  If an agreement upon this basis is deemed possible, the foreign group\n  will have the right to appoint representatives in Russia to examine\n  conditions of transport, to take samples of existing stocks, etc.\n  After the expiry of ten years the Russian Government will be free to\n  redeem the transport bonds at the price of issue or upon such other\n  terms as may be stipulated at the time of issue.\n  It is clearly understood that these terms will provide for certain\n  bonuses at the time of redemption to be calculated upon the average\n  profits of the joint enterprise during the last two years of its\n  operations.\n  The Russian Government will signify its intention to redeem these\n  bonds by the end of the ninth year at latest.\nI am aware that serious changes in this contract were contemplated by\nthe two parties in the course of the negotiations. _They were only to\nbe introduced if Mr. Lloyd George succeeded in bringing about the_ de\njure _recognition of the Federal Soviet Republic_. This agreement,\nwhich was duly initialled, _but not signed_, at Genoa, referred only\nto concessions for deposits not hitherto exploited. But the Soviet\nGovernment had given an oral promise to hand over to the English the\nfields which were already developed and which had been nationalized\nfor the past four years. Moreover, during this winter, British groups,\nthrough Krassin as intermediary, had entered into relations with the\nformer owners and had negotiated with them for the resumption of their\nconcessions. The Bolshevik Government has always urged foreign Powers\nseeking to acquire a share of Russian oil to deal separately with the\ndispossessed owners in order to protect themselves against all possible\nclaims in the future.\nFrom the very beginning of 1922, the _Royal Dutch_ spread a rumour\nin France that it was experiencing difficulties with the British\nGovernment and must rely upon the support of the French Government.\nThis manoeuvre succeeded so well that, when the French representatives\nat Genoa were given precise information about the impending conclusion\nof the agreement between the _Shell_ and the Soviets, they shrugged\ntheir shoulders and smiled contemptuously; the rivalry between the\n_Royal Dutch_ and Great Britain was unquestionable. If the great trust\nobtained certain advantages, France would benefit; it was best to let\nit carry on. Their disillusionment was bitter.\nNow the British Government, in conjunction with the _Royal\nDutch-Shell_, has been seeking to obtain for itself the products of the\noil wells of the Caucasus, not since 1922, but since 1919. The early\nnegotiations proceeded slowly. Mr. Lloyd George had then but little\nconfidence in the permanence of the Bolshevik r\u00e9gime. He did not even\ncontemplate negotiations with its representatives. The financiers of\nthe _Royal Dutch-Shell_ approached only the most important of the\ndispossessed Russian oil magnates. On July 27, 1920, one of the most\npowerful subsidiaries of the trust, the _Bataafsche Petroleum_, bought\na large quantity of the shares in Caucasian companies owned by MM.\nMantasheff, Lianosoff and Pitoieff. For the celebrated Russian actor,\nPitoieff, is also a great oil proprietor. The purchase price was fixed\nat \u00a311,042,000, of which \u00a3645,000 was paid in cash. The balance was to\nbe paid by instalments, but the Russian proprietors have not received\neven the first.\nEvents had moved quickly. Mr. Lloyd George had developed a sudden\nand violent sympathy with the Government of Moscow. He now saw in it\na saviour who would secure for dormant British industry the work of\nreconstructing the immense devastated empire. He had decided to bestow\nupon it his official blessing, to obtain that of all Europe, and to\napprove its theories and practices, in particular nationalization.\nHenceforward, the _Shell_ considered it had no further concern with\nthe proprietors of the old r\u00e9gime. And Colonel Boyle, one of its most\nactive agents, entered into relations with Krassin, who _promised\nto reserve to the_ Royal Dutch-Shell _the monopoly of the export of\nRussian oil_.\nKrassin promised everything he was asked, and allowed the contract to\nbe drafted. But as soon as there was talk of signing it at Genoa, he\ngave the project such publicity that the general diplomatic hue-and-cry\nwhich resulted prevented its signature. _It was the Soviets themselves\nwhich divulged their agreement with the_ Shell. They have no wish to\nplace the greatest riches of Russia in the hands of a single people,\nand especially a people so successful and ambitious as the British.\nThe British Government just failed to realize its greatest dream; the\nconquest of the remaining oil deposits throughout the world--a conquest\nwhich would have assured its supremacy in the future and would have\nmade all other peoples its tributaries.\nBut, in spite of everything, I believe in the future of the British\npeople, one of whose leaders was not afraid to say, twenty years before\nGermany had begun to dream of European hegemony: \"I believe in this\nrace, one of the greatest governing races the world has ever known,\nthis Anglo-Saxon race, proud, tenacious, self-confident, resolute,\nwhich no climate and no vicissitude can corrupt, and which will\ninfallibly be the predominant force in future history.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 37: I believe that the exploitation of these deposits will\nshortly be placed in the hands of the Sinclair Company, one of the most\npowerful American concerns after the _Standard_. A large number of\nshares in this company have recently been bought by the _Standard_.]\n[Footnote 38: Nevertheless, it had been warned as early as the previous\nMarch of the agreement which was afoot between the _Shell_ and the\nSoviets, and it had seen the text of the contract.]\nPART IV\nFRANCE'S PART IN THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED\nSTATES\nCHAPTER XVII\nTHE CARTEL OF TEN\nIn this bitter struggle between Britain and the United States for\ndominion over the world's oil, what is France's position? France as yet\npossesses very little oil, although petroleum has been found in various\nparts of her colonial empire and that of Alsace has been restored to\nher; but on account of her political importance, she is a \"second\"\nwho may decide the victory. Hence the efforts made by the two great\nAnglo-Saxon nations for her alliance.\nAfter 1870, there was no free competition in petroleum in France. The\nindustry fell into the hands of the great firms which, sheltered behind\nthe customs barriers established by the National Assembly at Versailles\nimmediately after the Commune, formed a cartel enjoying a veritable\nmonopoly, and apportioning the different regions of France. These\nten firms did not compete. They fixed their prices in agreement and\nshared among themselves the quantities to be sold. It would have been\nimpossible for an eleventh to establish itself in France without their\nconsent. In the original cartel of 1885 there were only three members;\nround these the other existing refineries grouped themselves in 1893.\nThus the Cartel of Ten was formed:--\n _Fenaille et Despeaux._\n _D\u00e9smarais fr\u00e8res._\n _Fils de A. Deutsch._\n _Compagnie Industrielle des P\u00e9troles._\n _Raffinerie du Midi._\n _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Lille-Bonni\u00e8res et Colombes_ (_L.B.C._).\n _Paix et Cie._\n _G. Lesieur et ses fils._\n _Compagnie G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des P\u00e9troles._\n _Raffinerie de P\u00e9trole du Nord._\nThese were the ten firms which, protected by the ridiculously high\ncustoms tariff fixed on July 8, 1871, had monopolized for their own\nprofit the sale of the petroleum brought in by the then all-powerful\n_Standard_. With a total capital not exceeding 100 million francs,\n_they made for the ten of them a profit of 50 million francs a\nyear_.[39] Thus, France paid more for her oil than any other country\nin Europe. Protected by its agreement with the trusts by which it\nguaranteed them the monopoly of its supplies, the cartel did not exert\nitself. We had only 400 tank-wagons, 54 ill-organized depots, and 17\nrefineries. The process of refining in France has never employed more\nthan 300 to 400 men, of whom just over a third were specialists.[40]\nTheir fleet of tankers in 1914 comprised only 14 small boats of 3,000\nto 6,000 tons, of which only three sailed under the French flag. The\nothers were under the British flag \"in order to profit by the less\nburdensome shipping regulations.\" It was a veritable humiliation for\nFrance, when, at the beginning of the War, she had to beg Great Britain\nto be good enough to return them. Britain had requisitioned them. If\nthe two countries had not been allied, France would have been disarmed\nfrom the very first day! Eight of these ships were sunk during the War,\nand when the cartel was asked to build new ones it refused, \"so as not\nto give offence\" to the great trusts.\nExcept for Charles Paix, who made a disastrous attempt to the south of\nCheliff in Algeria, none of the \"oil men\" tried to discover petroleum\nin France or her colonial empire, and so to endow the country with a\nreal independent petroleum industry. They much preferred, with the\naid of the _Standard_, to draw large profits without running any\nrisks. A remark of M. Deutsch de la Meurthe on this subject has become\nfamous: \"The greatest misfortune that could happen to us would be to\ndiscover petroleum deposits.\" M. Barthe well remarked in the course\nof a comprehensive indictment: \"Our oil magnates have been neither\nproducers nor transporters of oil, and they have not even continued to\nbe refiners.\" For, since the law of 1893, which lowered the import duty\nfrom 20 francs to 9 francs a metric quintal[41] for crude oil, and from\n32 francs to 13.50 francs for refined oil, thus reducing the incredible\ndifference of 120 francs a ton between the two, the Cartel of Ten has\narranged with the _Standard Oil_ to bring into France refined American\noil with 7 or 8 per cent. of residual impurities, _which it passes\nas crude oil_, so frustrating the fiscal duty and realizing enormous\ngains. The understanding with the _Standard_ was changed about 1904\nto a close dependence; the Ten became nothing more than Rockefeller's\nrepresentatives in France, his _oil importers. The_ Standard _fixed the\nquantities to be sold by each one and made them sign an undertaking\nto sell at the prices fixed by it at the beginning of each week_. In\nthe old refineries of Paris, Rouen, Bordeaux, etc., the agents of the\n_Standard_ carried on a simple process of distillation, a mere pretence\nof refining, well-known under the name of \"cracking.\" They imported a\nmixture of mineral spirit and petroleum, oil manufactured in America,\na mixture which they had only to heat slightly in order to separate\nthe volatile spirit (petrol) from the heavy constituents (petroleum\noils). This fiction has always been admitted by the State officials. It\nhas allowed really refined oils to come into the country as crude oil,\npaying the minimum duty. Millions have thus been lost by the State to\nthe profit of a few privileged individuals.\nLater on, when the cartel made an arrangement with _Andr\u00e9 et Cie._ that\nthey should deliver Russian oil to it alone, the _Standard_ wanted the\nagreement submitted to it for ratification, and laid down the condition\nthat _Andr\u00e9 et Cie._ should only make deliveries in the proportions it\ndecided upon.\nThus, the _Standard_ was dominant in France up to the War, fixing\nprices and eliminating other importers. But, in spite of the lowering\nof the customs duties in 1893 they still remained so high that the\n_Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur de Navigation Maritime_, at its meeting of May 15,\n1913, complained of the difficulties of procuring petroleum in France\nat \"reasonable terms.\" Mazut, the price of which is very low, could\nnot enter the country on account of the 9 francs duty, with which the\nlegislature had burdened it without discriminating between various\nkinds of crude oil of greater or lesser value. In 1918, the world as a\nwhole was consuming 30 million tons of mazut, France not one quintal.\nAnd her shipping was very much behind that of other nations with regard\nto the use of the Diesel engine. Very few of her vessels burned oil.\n\"What absolutely prevents the fitting up of our ships\" wrote the\nUnder-Secretary of State for the Merchant Marine, in a letter to the\nMinister for Commerce on June 2, 1913, \"is the exaggerated price of\nliquid fuel caused by the fiscal exactions.\" On July 21st, M. Charles\nRoux, president of the _Comit\u00e9 Central des Armateurs_, took steps to\nobtain a lowering of these tariffs. They were without result until\n1919, the year in which M. Clemenceau got the Chamber to pass the law\nof August 7th, which lowered the import duties on mazut from 9 francs\nto 0.40 francs. At last the prohibitive customs barrier was broken\ndown. The tax on coal was then 1.10 francs a ton. A ton of liquid fuel\npaid duties _one hundred times as high_ (90 to 120 francs). From the\nfiscal point of view, this tax brought in nothing to the Treasury. _It\nwas so high that it prevented all importation._ And thanks to that,\nalso, France was left behind by all her rivals.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 39: Henry B\u00e9renger, _Le P\u00e9trole et la France_, p. 280.]\n[Footnote 40: Le Page, _L'Imp\u00e9rialisme du P\u00e9trole_.]\n[Footnote 41: 220 lb.]\nCHAPTER XVIII\nTHE PETROLEUM CONSORTIUM\nAt the beginning of the War, the French State possessed no reserves\nof petrol or petroleum: a new example of the unpreparedness so often\nremarked!\nThe \"refineries\" disposed of a stock amounting at the end of July 1914,\naccording to the Customs statistics, to:--\n 408,200 quintals of crude oil,\n 433,560 quintals of refined oil,\n 342,090 quintals of petrol.\nTo meet the earliest needs, these were requisitioned. But, from the\nmonth of September, this method was changed for that of contracts with\nthe \"Ten.\" The cartel undertook to meet the needs of France; it made\nitself responsible for purchases from abroad. The State was thus a mere\ncustomer enjoying the rights of priority over other customers.\nThe consumption was then unimportant. At the time of the first battle\nof the Marne, France had 22 squadrons of 6 aeroplanes (= 132), with\nengines of 80 or 100 horse-power; 110 motor-lorries and 50 tractors (=\nAt the time of the battle of Champagne, France had 4,000 aeroplanes\nand 8,500 motor-lorries; that compelled her to increase her reserves\nof oil from 22,000 to 40,000 tons. But the crisis as regards supplies\nbegan in April 1916. Payments to foreign countries were more than could\nbe met by the cartel, which, having just paid an account of a hundred\nmillion francs for purchases made by the State, could advance no more\nmoney. The position grew steadily worse and reached its culminating\npoint after the United States came into the War in November 1917. The\noriginal little fleet of tankers quickly proved as inadequate as the\nsize of the docks provided in our ports, which were intended for boats\nof 4,000 to 5,000 tons while the American tank-steamers were of 10,000\nto 15,000 tons. On December 5, 1917, the Cartel of Ten had to confess\nits impotence and resign to the State a task which was too much for its\npowers. The stocks ran grave risk of becoming too completely exhausted\non March 1, 1918. It was imperative \"to effect a reorganization\nwhich history will record as one of the most substantial triumphs of\nthe Entente at the decisive moment, and which resulted--thanks to\nthe pressure on behalf of France which President Wilson put on the\n_Standard_--in doubling the figures of our importations of oil and\npetrol\" (Report addressed to M. Cl\u00e9mentel, Minister of Commerce, in\nApril 1918). Mr. Wilson, as soon as he received M. Clemenceau's moving\nappeal, summoned Bedford and W. Teagle to his room, and insisted that\na certain number of their ships should be taken off their usual routes\nand sent to France. Eight days later, three magnificent tank-steamers\nentered a French port, bringing 30,000 tons of petrol. And since then,\nthanks to a new system of rotation of ships, France was enabled to\nreceive annually a quantity which, finally, exceeded a million tons.\n(Each boat was made to do one extra voyage a year; that gave a gain of\n160,000 tons.) Consumption steadily increased; the requirements at the\nfront rose, at certain times, to 1,800 tons _a day_. France consumed:--\n 1914 (second half-year: war)  276,000 }\n_87-1/2 per cent. of this oil was supplied by the American continent_,\nthe United States, Mexico, Trinidad, South America, etc.; _12-1/2 per\ncent. only by the Old World. That is why, in case of a new war, it\nwould be impossible for any Power whatever to gain the victory if its\ntank-steamers could be barred from access to the New World._\nDuring the month of October 1918, alone, the consumption of the Allied\narmies was:--\n French      39,000 tons\n American    20,000 tons\n British     32,000 tons\nThe _Shell_ could scarcely cope with the task of supplying the British\nArmy. But for the help of the _Royal Dutch_ and the _Standard Oil_, \"we\nshould have had to cease hostilities to our disadvantage, in the fifth\nmonth of the War.\"[43]\nAfter the Cartel of Ten was obliged to confess its impotence in the\nmidst of a crisis which nearly lost the War, its work was limited to\nputting into good condition the products bought and stored by the\nState. Its r\u00f4le had become singularly unimportant when the Minister of\nCommerce transformed it into a consortium.\nThe petroleum consortium was born of the necessities of war, like the\nconsortium of cotton and the consortium of oils. In the midst of these\ngreat conflicts, powerful economic associations, controlled by the\nState, can alone save national manufactures and commerce from perishing\nfor want of materials, and can supply the enormous requirements created\nby the war. When, through fear of other countries, the French Republic\ntook the form of an absolute monarchy, it inaugurated, under the guise\nof a protective State socialism, a system of intense exploitation\nof the nation's economic forces and of its products, which were\nmonopolized, seized, or requisitioned. The Government was, in fact,\nreduced to a society of consortiums, which, each in its own domain,\nwere the sole buyers and distributors of wealth. There was the _Comit\u00e9\ndes forges_ to deal with metallurgy; there was another for oil.\nBecause of the difficulties of importation, manual labour, raw\nmaterials, freightage, and exchange, the simple liberty of the merchant\nor the isolated manufacturer is no more than an empty word, perhaps\neven a dangerous illusion.\nThe system of the consortium was urged by the United State Government.\nHaving created centralized organizations for its exports, it desired\nthat these organizations should come into contact, not with scattered\nmerchants, but with the Allied States themselves. The important\ninter-allied agreements made in Paris and London, in November 1916\nand December 1917, on the initiative of M. Cl\u00e9mentel, confirmed the\nprinciple of these industrial and commercial syndicates, financially\nresponsible to the State, which becomes a direct buyer. Besides, the\nFrench State was not anxious to see the incredible profits which were\ngoing to result from the doubling of oil imports--imports of a value\nof a thousand million francs yearly--fall into the hands of the Cartel\nof Ten. It therefore imposed upon it, on March 29, 1918, after three\nmonths of inquiries and hesitations, a curious contract.\nThe State reserved to itself the monopoly of the purchase and import\nof oils, and sold them to a special organization (the consortium),\nconstituted under the form of a limited company with a capital of\nthirty million francs, of which half was to be paid up immediately.\nThis company undertook delivery of the commodity, reimbursed the State\nfor its expenditure (cost, insurance, freight), itself met the charges\nfor unloading and storage, and re-sold the oil to the ten members\nof the cartel at prices fixed for each variety by the Ministers of\nCommerce and Supply. _The distributive trade within the country was\nleft free._ Each of the Ten subscribed towards the formation of the\ncapital in the following proportions:--\n                                 |Nominal Capital| Paid-up  | Percentage.\nAs the consortium was founded in the general interest, they agreed to\ntake interest at the rate of only 6 per cent. on the capital they had\nprovided. Beyond that, all profits were to go to the State. They were\nfairly high, for on July 1, 1919, they amounted to 67 million francs.\nThis organization constituted a first monopoly of importation by\nthe State, under the financial management of the consortium, which\narranged for the reception and storage of the products and their sale\nto refiners. Under the system which prevailed before that of the\nconsortium, the Ten pocketed the supplementary profits arising from\nbuying and transport. These were retained by the consortium for the\nbenefit of the community.\nThe oil magnates will never forgive the State for interfering with\ntheir affairs. According to M. Henry B\u00e9renger, \"although the State left\nto the cartel a large share in the management and the profits--more\nthan 100 million francs--the latter never consented with a good grace\nto the intervention of their country's Government in matters concerning\noil. They never freely accepted the principle of collaboration with the\npublic authorities.\" In August, 1918, at the height of Marshal Foch's\noffensive, a grave crisis arose from the extraordinary particularism\nof the oil magnates. For fear of losing an additional profit of 15\ncentimes a litre, they refused to pool their cans, as the French High\nCommand required of them. The reports sent in at this time by General\nHead-quarters are categorical in tone. The resistance from private\ninterests became so strong that the Government decided, in the critical\ndays of the great advance, to create a Commissioner-General for Petrol\nwith full executive powers to subordinate rigorously all private\ncommerce in oil to the requirements of the public safety.\nM. Andr\u00e9 Tardieu, the High Commissioner at Washington, was sometimes\nalso greatly impeded in his negotiations by the Ten. From the end of\n1917, he made direct purchases of oil from the _Standard Oil_, the\n_Atlantic Refining_, and the _Texas Oil_, because of the difficulties\nthat had been made for him by the rivalry and manoeuvring which he\ndenounced in his telegrams. While the French Government was trying\nto buy at \u00a35, the oil dealers were offering \u00a37 10s. Their clumsy and\ninopportune intervention furnished the _Standard Oil_ in many cases\nwith an instrument of pressure.[44]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 42: Report placed before the Chamber on March 20, 1919, by\nthe Duc de la Tr\u00e9mo\u00eflle.]\n[Footnote 43: Statement by M. Henry B\u00e9renger in the Senate, June 2,\n[Footnote 44: Affairs of the _Archbold_, the _Goldshell_, and the\n_Muskogee_. Andr\u00e9 Tardieu's reply to the oil magnates when challenged\nby them to state exactly when and how his mission was impeded by their\nproceedings.\nThe oil-men revenged themselves for the State collaboration which was\nimposed upon them by a bitter criticism of the system of the consortium\nin the _Revue Politique et Parlementaire_: accounts badly kept; profits\narising from the State's arbitrary allowances for working expenses;\nships arriving in ports where they were not expected, and without bills\nof lading (hence no means of control), etc....]\nCHAPTER XIX\nHOW GREAT BRITAIN WON OVER FRANCE TO HER SIDE IN THE STRUGGLE WITH THE\nUNITED STATES\nI. Activities of the Royal Dutch and the Anglo-Persian.\nOn the morrow of the Armistice, on November 21, 1918, Lord Curzon\ngathered together all the members of the Inter-Allied Petroleum\nConference at a great banquet, and there uttered the famous saying:\n\"The Allies floated to victory on a wave of oil.\" M. Henry B\u00e9renger,\nthe French Commissioner for Petrol, proposed to retain the great\ninter-allied organizations for the distribution of oil, wheat, coal,\netc. The _Standard Oil_ refused. Besides, Sir John Cadman, Sir Marcus\nSamuel and Lord Curzon were not sorry to regain their freedom. They had\nonly one idea--to bring to a successful conclusion their vast scheme,\nfollowed up for ten years with such admirable tenacity, in every\ncountry of the globe, for the acquisition of oil-bearing territories.\nFrance, in compensation for the great damage she had suffered during\nthe War, was to receive important rights for the development of\nconcessions in Galicia, Rumania, and Turkey, formerly belonging to\nGermany. The great thing was to keep out the American rival. To attain\nthis end, as M. Delaisi pointed out, the task was rather complex.\nSeveral things were necessary:--\n1. To negotiate directly with the Quai d'Orsay in order to get the\nprinciple admitted of an _exclusive association_ between France and\nGreat Britain, for the exploitation of French concessions throughout\nthe world;\n2. To create Franco-British companies to carry out this agreement;\n3. To establish a State monopoly in France, which, under pressure of\ndiplomatic conventions, would be bound to keep off American competitors.\nOn January 21, 1919, although the War was over, the mandate of the\nPetrol Commission was extended for another six months. The State\nretained the monopoly of buying oil and the system of the consortium.\nThat prevented our oil-men from working hand in hand with the _Standard\nOil_ as they did before the War.\nThen, on January 30th, M. Clemenceau granted diplomatic powers to M.\nHenry B\u00e9renger. He immediately sent commissions of inquiry into every\ncountry in which France might have petroleum interests, to London,\nWarsaw, Bukarest, Constantinople, Baku, and Mesopotamia. M. B\u00e9renger\nwas all in favour of a great scheme for founding an inter-allied\ncompany in which the French State, bringing as its share the German\nconcessions which would be ceded to her by the treaty of peace, should\nenter into association with Great Britain and the _Royal Dutch_. On\nMarch 7th, the Walter Long-B\u00e9renger agreement was signed, fixing the\nbroad outlines of a common oil policy in Mesopotamia, Rumania, and\neventually in Galicia and Russia. It was a preliminary sketch of the\nSan Remo Agreement. It remained only to prepare for its realization.\nEighteen days later, without losing any time, the _Royal Dutch_\noffered to co-operate in the plans of the French Government in\nmatters concerning the management and exploitation of the various oil\ninterests which might be reserved to France as a consequence of the\ntreaty of peace. It proposed, moreover, to place at France's disposal\n\"all its world-wide technical, industrial, commercial and financial\norganization, not only in the countries mentioned, but also _in all\nother countries_\" in which she might need its co-operation. And it\noffered to supply France by priority, in time of peace as in time of\nwar.\nM. Clemenceau welcomed the proposal. In order not to offend Parliament\nand public opinion, which was tending more and more in favour of a\nnational oil policy, the _Royal Dutch_ entered into partnership with\none of the great commercial banks, the _Union Parisienne_, in order to\ncreate with its concurrence companies of which the nationality, if not\nthe capital, should be French.\nIn this manner were created the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour l'Exploitation des\nP\u00e9troles_ in July, and the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Maritime des P\u00e9troles_ in August\n1919, the former with a capital of 20 million francs, and the\nlatter of 10 million francs. In the first of these companies five\nout of nine of the directors bear names well-known in the _Royal\nDutch_: Deterding, Gulbenkian (the Talleyrand of oil), Colijn, who\nat one time nearly succeeded Deterding and who has been Minister\nof War in the Netherlands, Cohen, Jonckheer, Hugo. France has only\na minority on the Board of this \"French\" company, for M. Deutsch\nde la Meurthe, whose influence brought over the Cartel of Ten from\nthe side of the _Standard_ to that of the _Royal Dutch_, is little\nmore than the mouthpiece of London and The Hague. The _Royal Dutch_,\nbesides, subscribed 60 per cent. of the capital of the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour\nl'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles_, though it now holds only 49 per cent.\nIn the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Maritime des P\u00e9troles_, the disproportion is still\ngreater; out of seven directors, two only are French, and have played\nan important part in French politics during the last few years. It is\nto them, in particular, and to the skill of Gulbenkian, who conducted\nthe negotiations very cleverly, that the _Royal Dutch_ owes its triumph\nin French official circles.[45]\nBut the British Government is not content with these two companies\nfounded by the _Royal Dutch_, (The second is so little French\nthat 19,600 out of the 20,000 shares of its capital belong to the\nAnglo-Dutch trust, and 400 only have been subscribed by the two French\nmembers of its council.) In spite of the opposition of Parliament, it\nauthorized the _Anglo-Persian_ to found a company much more important\nthan the other two put together, a company with a capital of 227\nmillion, the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Huiles de P\u00e9trole_. This Franco-British\n_Anglo-Persian_ was created by one of the most powerful personalities\nof the financial world in Eastern, Southern, and Western Europe,[46] to\nwhom Great Britain owed the policy she was then following against the\nTurkish Empire.[47]\nThrough the agency of Sir Basil Zaharoff, who is interested both in the\n_Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Navale de l'Ouest_ and in the _Banque de la Seine_, and holds\n70 per cent. of the capital of Vickers, this British firm undertook to\nconstruct immediately, giving preference over the other trusts, the\nwhole of the tank-boats, of 10,000 tons on an average, destined to\nensure to the new \"French\" company the monopoly of the transport of oil\nfor the French market. France will depend for its future supplies, in\ngreat part, on this Franco-British _Anglo-Persian_. Its stations will\nbe found on all her coasts, as well as in her African possessions. The\n_Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Huiles de P\u00e9trole_ will erect vast reservoirs\nat Dunkirk, Le Havre, Rouen, Saint-Nazaire, La Pallice, Bordeaux,\nMarseilles, Bizerta, Algiers, Oran, Casablanca, and Dakar (Senegal).\nAs the United States will probably still have the advantage for another\ndozen years as regards oil supplies--for it is not very likely that\nthey will exhaust their reserves so soon as 1927, as the Smithsonian\nInstitute pretends--, the new enterprise set out to gain immediate\ncontrol in the matter of tank-steamers.\nEverything being thus prepared in the banks and chancelleries, it\nonly remained to drive out the _Standard Oil_ from the French market\nand to establish firmly the monopoly of purchase and importation\ngranted provisionally to the Petrol Commission. On May 6, 1919, M.\nHenry B\u00e9renger announced in the Chamber the profits which remained\nfor the State under the consortium system--profits not paid into the\nTreasury, but devoted to a special object, the development of the\npetroleum industry; and on June 17th, M. Klotz brought forward a Bill\nto establish this monopoly permanently.\nThe _Standard_, which, since the Armistice, had been impatiently\nwaiting for the time when restrictions upon trade in France would be\nremoved, no longer had any illusions about the desire of the Commission\nto expel it from that country. Although the _Standard_ had resumed\nits freedom from the conclusion of hostilities, it had none the less\ncontinued its supplies of oil to France, and knowing the Treasury was\nin difficulties, had accepted 5 per cent. bonds in payment. Now, in\nself-defence, it declared that it refused all credit.\nThe Oil Commission, in thus breaking free, had taken precautions\nagainst being caught unprovided. Three days after the rupture with\nthe _Standard_, on November 25th, it obtained a credit of \u00a32,000,000\nfrom the _Royal Dutch_, which was increased on January 5, 1920, to\n\u00a35,000,000. The _Standard Oil_ was ejected and the great Franco-British\ntrust established in its place, thanks to this long-date contract.\nBut shortly after the fall of the Clemenceau Cabinet, this success\ncame near to being undone. No new commissioner had been appointed in\nplace of Henry B\u00e9renger: a high official of the Exchequer was given the\ntitle of Director-General. The politics of oil, when we needed a real\nPetroleum Department, as in Britain, were reduced to the common level\nof current events.\nFor more than a month (February-March, 1920), what remained of\nthe Petrol Commission was left at a loose end, only indispensable\ndeliveries were made. A state of anarchy ruled. The stocks, which\nhad, until then, been laid in four months in advance, fell to almost\nnothing. The _Standard Oil_ took advantage of this to regain its\nfooting.\nIn spite of its promises, the _Royal Dutch_ did not succeed in\ndelivering sufficient quantities of oil. By March 13, 1920, the\nreserves had fallen below the danger-line, to less than 75,000 tons.\nThe Director-General, anxious about supplies, decided to resort to the\nAmericans. And as the powers of the Petrol Commission had been legally\nextinct since April 26th, and its provisional monopoly at an end since\nApril 21st, he established the system of authorizing imports, and\ngranted licences to several companies which had made contracts with the\n_Standard Oil_. Would the _Standard Oil_ succeed in re-entering France?\nIt was not given the time, for the San Remo Agreement had just been\nsigned (April 24, 1920). A few days later, the French Government\nresumed control of oil, and M. Laurent Eynac, the new Commissioner,\ntaking the view that what had happened during the interregnum had no\nlegal existence, hastened to annul the licences to import granted to\nthe _Standard_.\nThe great American trust found once more in France, as it had so often\nfound since the War in other parts of the world, the \"closed door.\"\nII. Diplomatic Negotiations\n\"The diplomatic history of the Franco-British negotiations concerning\nMosul will, when it is made known, constitute the most eloquent\ndocument upon British policy towards France.\"[48] According to the\nagreements of 1916, Mosul was in the French zone of influence in\nArabia. Great Britain began by obtaining the cession of our territorial\nrights, as recognized by this treaty. The French Government gave way\nto her desires in spite of the opposition of its Foreign Minister. But\nwhen, later on, we demanded in compensation that 50 per cent. of the\noil of Mosul should be reserved for us, Great Britain produced at the\npropitious moment the difficulty, unsuspected by our negotiators, of\nthe _Turkish Petroleum_, a company which she had opportunely created\nin collaboration with the _Royal Dutch_ a few months before the\ndeclaration of War in 1914. Now the _Turkish Petroleum_ had obtained\nfrom the Turkish Government the grant of all the naphtha of the\nvilayets that we lost in renouncing the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916.\nSo, having abandoned Mosul, all we were to receive in exchange was the\noil with which Britain consented, as a special favour, to supply us.\n\"When one knows England well,\" wrote M. Le Page, with justice, \"one is\nnot surprised that, when, with the help of France she has driven out\nAmerica from the territory she covets, she should strive to throw over\nher helper, having got rid of her rival.\"\nThe petroliferous basin, which extends from Persia to Mesopotamia, is\none of the most extensive as yet discovered in the whole world. The\ngreat deposits reach as far as twenty miles to the north of Mosul. In\nthe valley of the Naphat, the oil flows naturally into the river. At\nHit, on the Euphrates, there are asphalt deposits which have long been\nexploited by the natives. And it is probable that this petroleum basin,\nwhich also includes Palestine,[49] continues through Syria right to the\nshores of the Mediterranean. Near Latakia (Laodice) there are asphalt\nbeds, which the _Latakia Oil_, a British company, has been exploiting\nsince 1915. On the eastern side of the Gulf of Alexandretta, the\nstreams which flow down from Mount Alma bear traces of oil. Thus, it is\nnot surprising that this region has aroused, and still arouses, so much\ncovetousness among the Powers. As early as 1903, the _Imperial Ottoman\nBagdad Railway Company_, the famous _Bagdad Bahn_, obtained the grant\nof the right of exclusive exploitation of all deposits found within a\ndistance of fifty kilometres from its lines. Germany transferred this\nright to the _Turkish Petroleum_ when the latter company was created.\nThe capital of the _Turkish Petroleum_ was, to begin with,\n 50 per cent. British;\n 25 per cent. German (_Deutsche Bank_);\n 25 per cent. Dutch (_Royal Dutch_).\nGermany's share has been handed over to France by Great Britain in\norder to obtain her support in the struggle against the United States.\nAs the War broke out almost at once, the _Turkish Petroleum_ had not\ntime to begin the exploitation of the oils of Mesopotamia. After the\nnew King of Iraq has decided definitely what is to happen to them, it\nwill take nearly five years to develop them fully.\nIn 1914, an Anglo-German agreement had expressly recognized the rights\nof France in Asia Minor. These rights, moreover, were respected in all\nessentials in the agreements between France, Russia, and Great Britain,\nin 1915 and 1916, for the partition of Asia Minor. This latter, in\nMarch 1916, defined French and British zones and French and British\nspheres of influence. \"In a letter of May 15th,\" wrote the reporter\nof the Public Works Commission, \"Sir Edward Grey requested that, in\nthe zone which was to become French under the Sykes-Picot Agreement,\nit should be understood that _all existing concessions_, navigation\nrights, and the rights and privileges of all British religious,\neducational and medical establishments would be maintained.\"\nIn a letter of the same date, M. Cambon agreed. By these means France\nwas tricked, for doubtless M. Cambon was not aware at the time that,\nfrom June 26, 1914, a British firm, the _Turkish Petroleum Company_,\nhad obtained from the Turkish Minister of Finance, Sa\u00efd Halim, the\nconcession of all rights over oil discovered or to be discovered in the\nvilayets of Mosul, Basra, and Bagdad.[50] Now, it was just from these\nthree vilayets that the oil in the French zone came; so much so that,\nby the interpretation of the Franco-British Agreement of May, 1916,\nFrance was completely ousted from the oil production of Mesopotamia.\nThanks to Henry B\u00e9renger, a new agreement was concluded between him and\nMr. Walter Long in March and April, 1919. Henry B\u00e9renger recalled the\nagreement made before 1914 between Sa\u00efd Halim and the _Bagdad Bahn_,\nthe railway company which had passed into French and British hands\nsince the German defeat. The _Turkish Petroleum Company_ was subject\nto this agreement, because the railway passed through its oil-fields.\nRights had been reserved for the Germans over half the production of\nMesopotamia. \"Thus, France obtained 25 per cent. as her half-share of\nthe German rights.\" Unfortunately, this agreement met with a certain\nopposition at the Quai d'Orsay. It was held up, and M. Clemenceau did\nnot sign it, \"because, on February 8, 1919, after we had ceded Mosul\nand Palestine at the request of Mr. Lloyd George upon the threefold\ncondition of the oil agreement--whole-hearted British support of the\nFrench point of view in the event of American objections--and finally\nthe exact fulfilment of the 1916 treaty concerning the frontiers of\nSyria, Mosul excepted, our British friends presented to us a map which\ndeprived us of one-third of Syria in addition.\"\nSuch was the explanation given to the Chamber by Andr\u00e9 Tardieu! A\ncertainty was sacrificed for a possibility. M. Henry B\u00e9renger strove\nto have the treaty revived, and on December 21st signed a new contract\nwith Sir Hamar Greenwood, the British Minister in charge of oil\nquestions, very similar to the Long-B\u00e9renger Agreement, except in the\nmatter of native interests. This time, however, Lloyd George, not\nconsidering it advantageous enough to Britain, refused to sign it.\nSuch was the situation when France went to the Conference of San Remo.\nThe San Remo Agreement\nIt was not merely the oil deposits of Mesopotamia that France, in\nreturn for a lowly and subordinate participation in British control,\nwas abandoning to Britain--as they would have had the Chamber believe\nat the time of the noisy debate upon Mosul--but the whole of French\noil interests, present and future, whether in the colonies or abroad.\nThe first article of the agreement which Mr. Lloyd George and the real\n\"Grand Master\" of British oil policy, Sir John Cadman, presented for\nsignature, stipulated, it is true, that \"this memorandum relates to the\nfollowing States or countries: Rumania, Asia Minor, territories of the\nold Russian Empire, Galicia, French Colonies,\" and that the agreement\nmight be extended to other countries by mutual consent; but, of British\nterritories, only \"British Crown Colonies\" were opened to French\nco-operation, and then only \"so far as existing regulations allow.\"\nThus, London kept an easy method of evasion in reserve. Now, though the\nBritish Empire counts many \"Dominions,\" there is not nowadays a large\nnumber of \"Crown Colonies.\" The former German Colonies themselves, with\none exception, have been handed over to the Commonwealth of Australia,\nor to New Zealand, or to the Union of South Africa. Thus, apart from\nformer German East Africa and a small strip of the Cameroons which\nFrance ceded to Nigeria, these will not be open to \"Franco-British\nco-operation.\"\nThere is but a single country in which the San Remo Agreement has\nprovided equal treatment for France and Britain, at least in theory;\nthat country is Rumania.\nRumania is the State in which French interests were the most important;\nthey would be increased still more by the spoils of the _Deutsche Bank_\nand the _Disconto-Gesellschaft_. Accordingly, the two Governments\npledged themselves to support each other in acquiring concessions\nwhich belonged to sequestrated companies, such as the _Steaua Romana_,\n_Concordia_, and _Vega_, and in obtaining fresh concessions. \"All\nshares belonging to former enemy concessions which can be secured and\nall other advantages derived from these negotiations shall be divided,\n50 per cent. to British interests and 50 per cent. to French interests.\nIt is understood that in the company or companies to be formed to\nundertake the management and the exploitation of the said shares,\nconcessions, and other advantages, the two countries shall have the\nsame proportion of 50 per cent. in all capital subscribed, as well as\nin representatives on the board, and voting power.\"\nThis equality was not a favour, for the French capital invested in\nRumanian oil was at least as important as that of Britain.\nIn the territories of the old Russian Empire, where French interests\nare much less important than British interests, an equal distribution\nis not provided for: it would have been to the advantage of France.\nBut it is stated that the two Governments will give their \"joint\nsupport\" to those of their nationals who make \"joint efforts\" to\nobtain concessions, and to export and deliver oil. Now, at the present\nmoment, such efforts are being made by the _Royal Dutch-Shell_\nalone, which is even going to the length of proposing to the Soviet\nGovernment to restore the oil industry of Russia, if it is granted\nextra-territoriality for its concessions.\nIn Mesopotamia, \"the British Government undertake to grant to the\nFrench Government 25 per cent. of the net output\" if the Mesopotamian\noil-fields are developed by Government action. If a private company is\nused, the British Government will place at the disposal of the French\nGovernment a share of 25 per cent. in such company. Thus, in the one\ncase France will be simply a consumer of oil, or in the other she will\nbe both a producer and a consumer. The negotiators took care to have\ninserted that \"the price to be paid for such participation shall be no\nmore than that paid by any of the other participants.\" They remembered\nthe price at which British coal had been sold them!\n\"It is also understood that the said petroleum company shall be _under\npermanent British control_.\" Should a private company be constituted,\n\"the native Government or other native interests shall be allowed, if\nthey so desire, to participate up to a maximum of 20 per cent. of the\nshare capital of the said company, the French contributing one-half of\nthe first 10 per cent. of such native participation.\" With this system,\nas M. Delaisi has observed, France would subscribe a _third_ of the\ncapital, upon which condition she would have a right to a _quarter_ of\nthe oil produced.\nIf Britain consented to give France this share of the Mesopotamian oil,\nwhen, according to the document which Sir Edward Grey had got M. Paul\nCambon to sign on May 15, 1915, she was _under no obligation_ to give\nanything at all--the more so because France had given up Mosul without\npreviously laying down any conditions about the oil[51]--it was because\nthe present carried with it as a counterpart privileges and exemptions\ngranted by France to the _Anglo-Persian_, which will have access, if it\nso desires, to the Mediterranean by pipe-lines across Syria. It will\neven be able to build railways, refineries, and reservoirs there, and\nFrance is pledged to guarantee the security of its installations in her\nzone without levying any tolls. No export or transit dues are to be\nlevied upon the oil which it sends through French ports.\nFinally, while the British Government only opens its \"Crown Colonies\"\nto French penetration, and in these restricts the favour to the\n\"territories of the Crown,\"[52] with the further condition that the\nconcessions in question are not already the subject of negotiations\ninitiated by private interests, the French Government threw open the\nwhole of its great colonial empire, and undertook to facilitate the\nacquisition of concessions by \"any Franco-British group or groups of\ngood standing.\" It simply called attention to the fact that Parliament\nhad resolved that, in companies formed for the exploitation of colonial\ndeposits, French interests should be represented in the proportion\nof 67 per cent. But the French Parliament was under an illusion: in\norder to have control of a business, it is not sufficient to hold\none-half or three-quarters of the shares. Every one knows that, in\nFrance, shareholders rarely attend the general meetings which appoint\nthe directors. Still less will they undertake the journey to London,\nwhere the head office will almost always be located. They do not\neven go to The Hague; this explains why they have no influence in the\n_Royal Dutch_, although they hold more than half its capital. The last\nincrease of capital of the _Royal Dutch_ was voted by _forty-four\npersons_, representing 218 votes. People did not allow their private\narrangements to be disturbed by an event which might have notable\nresults upon the world-future of this trust: not one share in 1,110 was\nrepresented.\nHowever, Britain did not wait till the San Remo Agreement was signed\nbefore grasping the oil-fields of the French colonial empire: she\ngained possession of them while the War was being fought!\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 45: These facts are still too recent and too controversial\nfor me to be able to make any more detailed reference to them.]\n[Footnote 46: Agreement signed in London, October 27, 1920. Cp. chap.\nxi, _A State-subsidized Company (the Anglo-Persian)_.]\n[Footnote 47: Policy of the \"Auxiliary Greek Empire.\"]\n[Footnote 48: _Revue Universelle_, October 15, 1920, Le Page,\n_L'Imp\u00e9rialisme du P\u00e9trole_.]\n[Footnote 49: The _Standard Oil_ obtained the grant of seven\nconcessions there, to the south of the Dead Sea, which the British are\npreventing it from exploiting.]\n[Footnote 50: If he knew of it, there can never have been so serious a\ndiplomatic blunder.]\n[Footnote 51: One of two things should have been done: either Mosul\nshould only have been given up against the promise of a large share\nof its production, or Upper Mesopotamia should have been retained,\nbecause, even if its deposits had been exploited by British companies,\nthe presence of France would have forced them to reckon with her.]\n[Footnote 52: This phrase does not appear in the official English text\nof the San Remo Agreement.--Translator's Note.]\nCHAPTER XX\nGREAT BRITAIN AND THE OIL-FIELDS OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL EMPIRE\nAs early as July 10, 1914, M. Cl\u00e9mentel had appealed to the French\nGovernment to prevent foreign Powers from laying their hands upon the\noil deposits of Northern Africa. \"At a time when Britain is pursuing in\nPersia a policy which is well known to you, and when oil concessions\nare, at bottom, the chief cause of the troubles in Mexico,\" he\nexclaimed, \"the French Government cannot permit its representatives in\nAlgeria, or in Morocco, to give deposits of oil to all comers.\"\nThe Government paid no attention to this, for, two years later, Lord\nCowdray (Pearson) had obtained a concession of 730,000 hectares for\nprospecting, and 101,000 for immediate exploitation. These extensive\nterritories were bounded on the east by the railway from T\u00e9n\u00e8s to\nOrl\u00e9ansville, on the south by the railway from Orl\u00e9ansville to Relizane\nand thence to Saint-Lucien, on the west by the lines from Saint-Lucien\nto Saint-Barbe and from Trelat to Oran, and on the north by the sea\nbetween Oran and T\u00e9n\u00e8s. And when, on November 9, 1916, M. Ernest\nOutrey submitted to the Chamber documents demonstrating how the French\nGovernment had proceeded to hand over the oil riches of Algeria without\nconsulting Parliament, M. Marcel Sembat, the Minister for Public Works,\ndeemed the following reply a complete justification:\n\"If you are dealing with lands where the presence of oil is doubtful\nand where, according to technical experts, you would have to spend many\nmillions upon prospecting, and if a company says to you 'Here are our\nguarantees; we have competent technicians, and we are prepared, under\nGovernment control, to spend four million francs upon prospecting,'\nwhat are you to do?\"\nWhen the Pearson firm addressed its request for a concession to the\nFrench Government, on January 18, 1915, the Minister, in forwarding\nit to the Governor of Algeria, did not hesitate to write that \"the\nquestion would have to be submitted to Parliament.\"[53]\nBut he was not long in changing his opinion, and, in order to dispense\nwith Parliament, it was decided to deal with the request \"by decree\nenacted by the Council of State.\"[54]\nOn August 18, 1916, before any final decision had been taken upon the\nmatter, M. Marcel Sembat instructed the Governor of Algeria \"to give\nthe petitioning company every facility for the sale of oil obtained as\na result of the investigations which it may undertake.\" And, on October\n11th, M. Lutaud forwarded to him the following letter from the Prefect\nof Oran, which pointed out an ingenious method of _evading the law upon\nconcessions_:\n\"In conclusion, M. Dussert (Engineer-in-Chief for Mines at Algiers)\nproposes, if the Administration should decide not to present a Bill to\nParliament, a different solution from that contemplated by the Minister\nfor Public Works. He suggests that an immense mining concession,\ncovering the whole of Dahra, the Bel-Hacel range, and the forest of\nMouley-Sma\u00efl, should be granted to Algeria, leaving the colony, from\nthe date of this concession, to give the oil company a three years'\nlease, renewable for two years, which could be made permanent as soon\nas the company had selected the lands which it wished to retain.\"\nThere followed a report by M. Dussert upon the petition: \"This petition\nis formulated upon entirely abnormal conditions; _the boundaries to\nwhich it would apply would enclose an area fifteen times as great as\nthe concessions which are usually granted_.\"\nWhat the English desired above everything was to get a grip on\nthese vast lands so as to keep off their American rivals, should\nimportant sources of oil be found there later on. The production of\noil in Algeria is still insignificant, though it increased almost\ntenfold between 1914 and 1917. Henceforward, the majority of companies\noperating there, the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 co-int\u00e9ress\u00e9e des P\u00e9troles alg\u00e9riens_,\nthe _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne des P\u00e9troles de Tiliouanet_, the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\nd'\u00c9tudes, de Recherches et d'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles en Alg\u00e9rie_, are\ninvariably British. Lord Murray has even been ingenious enough to have\ninserted in the articles of association of the last-mentioned company\na clause which nullifies all the precautions taken by the legislature:\ntwo-thirds of the directors are to be French, as the law requires;\nthe managing director is to be French; but \"the Board may in addition\nby special resolution confer powers upon such persons as it deems\nfit and for such purpose or purposes as it may determine.\"[55] This\nlittle paragraph alone changes the whole aspect of these articles of\nassociation, which, on the surface, appear to conform so closely with\nthe requirements of Parliament. The company will entrust its interests\nto whomsoever it wishes.\nBut Britain has not been content with seizing the deposits in\nAlgeria.[56] She has also installed herself in Madagascar. Since June,\n1921, the _Royal Dutch_ has been making a minute inspection of the\nfields of Sakalava.[57]\nAnd if the hope to which M. Launay gave expression at the Academy of\nSciences is realized, and oil is found in Indo-China, Laos, Tonkin, and\nAnnam, the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ will probably waste no time in gaining\npossession of deposits so near its base.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 53: Letter from the Minister to M. Lutaud, Governor of\nAlgeria, January 27, 1915.]\n[Footnote 54: _Ibid._, June 26, 1916.]\n[Footnote 55: Article 27 of the articles of association of the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\nd'\u00c9tudes, de Recherches, et d'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles en Alg\u00e9rie_,\nregistered at Algiers, December 18, 1918.]\n[Footnote 56: The majority of firms operating in Algeria are British\ncompanies registered under French law, just as the _Mexican Eagle_ (_El\nAguila_) is a British company registered under Mexican law. The most\nimportant is the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 co-int\u00e9ress\u00e9e des P\u00e9troles alg\u00e9riens_, which\nPearson founded with a capital of ten million francs, and in which he\nhas retained a considerable interest. But the one which has given the\nbest results is the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne des P\u00e9troles, de Tiliouanet_,\nwhose oil yields 15 per cent. of petrol, 65 per cent. of illuminating\noil, and 20 per cent. of paraffin residues.]\n[Footnote 57: The _Royal Dutch-Shell_ contemplates the formation of a\nFrench company with a capital of twenty-five million francs for the\nexploitation of the oil deposits of Madagascar. This company would take\nover the concessions of the _Sakalava Proprietary Oil-fields_, which is\nalready working there.]\nCHAPTER XXI\nTHE _STANDARD_ AND FRANCE\nOn May 17, 1921, Mr. Hughes Wallace, the United States Ambassador,\nhanded to France an official statement of his Government's grievances.\nHe pointed out all the obstacles which American companies encountered\nin France, and asserted that _British companies did not meet with the\nsame difficulties_.\nNow, as Mr. Hughes Wallace observed, France needed ten times the\nquantity of mazut that she was getting, and many French factories were\nidle for want of fuel. Thus there was room in the French market for\nboth British and American firms. Mr. Wallace therefore asked that they\nshould be treated on an equal footing.\nM. Laurent Eynac, under whom the Commissariat for Petrol had been\nre-established, without mentioning the Agreement which bound him to the\nBritish, replied by putting all the blame on the inevitable delays of\nofficial inquiries, which were \"the same for everybody.\"\nBut a few days afterwards, _Le Temps_ published an incomplete summary\nof the San Remo Agreement; it did not give the official text till July\n25th.\nThe United States now understood the reasons for the attitude of\nsilent hostility which France had adopted towards American oil\ncompanies. The San Remo Agreement aroused grave anxiety in Washington.\nPresident Harding displayed very clearly his intention not to tolerate\nsuch a policy. He made representations to the British and French\nGovernments and protested against the exclusion of America from the\nFranco-British partition of the oil of Asia; he declared firmly that\nthe British monopoly countersigned by France at San Remo was not to\nbe tolerated, and that United States citizens were not to be ousted\nthrough the complacency of France towards the imperialism of London.\nThe _Washington Post_ wrote as follows: \"Oil is indispensable to\nAmerica, and American companies only provide inadequate quantities at\nexcessive prices. The complacent arrangement between France and Britain\nfor the partition of the oil resources of lands which are not in their\npossession is subject to revision upon the request of the United\nStates, intent on the pursuit of their naval policy.\"\nBy subservience to British policy in the East, France was to reap\nthe enmity of the United States. Its effects were soon felt, for, at\nthe Brussels Conference in the following October, the \"unofficial\"\ndelegate of the American Government declared that his country would\nnot participate in any international loan for the capitalization of the\nGerman indemnity. This was one hope definitely lost, upon which France\nhad long been relying. The same thing happened with the repayment of\nthe French debt to the United States: France fondly hoped that the\nAmericans would renounce what they had lent her during the War, just\nas Louis XVI renounced the millions which he advanced to their infant\nRepublic, but when President Harding was sounded indirectly upon the\nsubject, he returned a pointed refusal.\nThe French Government recognized somewhat tardily the mistakes which\nit had committed, and, when Mr. Bedford came to Paris in the autumn\nto found the _Standard Franco-Am\u00e9ricaine_, it allowed M. Jules Cambon\nto accept the presidency. To get round the eviction order which has\nbeen served upon them in the Near East and the French colonial empire,\nthe United States adopted the ingenious method of founding a French\ncompany, which will have just as good a right as the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour\nl'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles_ to share in any concessions reserved to\nFrance. Abandoning the high-handed policy, which played the game of its\nopponents, the _Standard_, upon the advice of Walter Teagle, decided\nto employ the insinuating methods of the Anglo-Dutch trust. In France,\nthe _Royal Dutch_ relied upon the _Banque de l'Union Parisienne_, the\n_Banque B\u00e9nard_, the _Banque Rothschild_, and also, it is said, the\n_Cr\u00e9dit Lyonnais_. The _Anglo-Persian_ had the support of the _Banque\nTransatlantique_ and the _Banque de la Seine_. The _Standard_ now\nallied itself with the _Banque de Paris_, the most powerful of the\ncommercial banks in Europe.\n51 per cent. of the capital of the _Standard Franco-Am\u00e9ricaine_\n(20 million francs) was subscribed by the _Banque de Paris et des\nPays-Bas_, and 49 per cent. by the American Trust. And in the\nconstitution of the Board, the _Standard_ acted much more prudently\nthan the _Royal Dutch_: five out of eight directors were French.\nMr. Bedford, the actual head of the _Standard Oil_, went so far as to\ncontent himself with the vice-presidency, leaving the first place to a\nFrenchman.\nThe establishment of the _Standard Franco-Am\u00e9ricaine_ at this time\nwas the more hazardous because M. Laurent Eynac, taking up the former\nKlotz-B\u00e9renger program, was working for a definite State monopoly of\nthe purchase and importation of oil. But the French market is of such\nimportance to the _Standard Oil_ in its struggle with the _Royal Dutch_\nthat it preferred to take all the risks. \"France,\" Mr. Bedford said,\n\"on account of its geographical situation, is naturally a field for\ncompetition among all great companies.\" The _Standard_ desires to have\nits place there. It proposes to resuscitate the refining industry,\nwhich has almost passed out of existence, and set up great warehouses\nin the ports to receive the crude oil; and it would even go to the\nlength of installing special reservoirs of petrol for supplying motor\nvehicles in the neighbourhood of the municipal toll-houses.\nEvents have turned in its favour, for the idea of monopoly is to-day\nthoroughly discredited in France. M. Laurent Eynac was obliged\nhurriedly to withdraw his proposal owing to the commotion which it\naroused. An extremely violent Press campaign broke out, and the\npolitical and diplomatic dangers of the San Remo Agreement became plain\nto every eye.\nThe present diplomatic situation is strangely like that of Fashoda. In\n1905, France was at one of the turning-points of her history: she had\nto choose between the two Powers which had hitherto been her hereditary\nenemies. She decided to follow the British, and not the German, policy.\nWill she have to choose between the British policy and the American\npolicy--between the two countries which helped her to emerge victorious\nfrom the great world conflict?\nCHAPTER XXII\nCONCLUSION\nThe World in 1923\nThe political independence of a people may sometimes be nothing but a\nsham. France, having neglected to obtain her share in the division of\nthe world's oil, is to-day in a position of dependence upon Britain\nand America. If, to-morrow, she had to defend herself against a fresh\nattack, her tanks, her aeroplanes, her submarines, and the whole of her\nsupply services could only function by consent of her Allies. Even with\nthe first army in the world, France could be victorious only if Britain\nand the United States permitted.[58]\nAlready in time of peace, nations without oil were in a position of\nconsiderable inferiority, in view of the hundreds of uses to which\noil is put in industry, and especially in the important sphere of\nthe transport and distribution of commodities. There is no true\nindependence for a people but that which is assured economically and\nfinancially. Military supremacy is only the happy result of proper\nefforts undertaken to attain it. During the War, such independence was\nto be desired for France even more than during peace: it would have\navoided the heavy debts which she incurred to her Allies, and it would\nhave enabled her to exploit herself the resources at home and in the\ncolonies which she has been compelled to hand over to foreigners.\nBefore the War, France consumed more than 400,000 tons of oil a year.\nTo-day, she requires 1,500,000, and the oil wells of Alsace, which the\nTreaty of Versailles has restored to her, produce only 60,000 tons, and\nAlgeria 3,000-4,000 tons.[59] Thus, she is obliged to pay the foreigner\nnearly 2,000 million francs a year in order to obtain the oil which she\nlacks.\nNevertheless, there is almost certainly oil in France, in the Ain\nvalley, the Jura Mountains, Auvergne, and the Landes; there is oil in\nthe French possessions in Northern Africa and in Madagascar; there\nmust be some in the Cameroons, in Indo-China, and in New Caledonia.\nIs it not abnormal that the West Indies and Guiana, when in British\nor American hands, produce oil, but when in French hands never yield\nanything? The same applies to Oceania. But there is no reason to be\nastonished at this; for, under the legislation which was in force\nsince 1810, no Frenchman had any inducement to search for oil. This\nexplains the epigram of one of the most important members of the French\ncartel, when he declared that \"the greatest misfortune that could\nhappen to an oil magnate in France would be to discover a spring of\noil.\" Happily, on March 22, 1922, the Chamber altered this state of\naffairs by granting, as was suggested in the first edition of this\nbook, the guarantees which are indispensable to prospectors. Till that\nyear, the exploitation of deposits which a prospector had discovered\nmight be conceded to any foreign company which came on the scene at\nthe right moment to reap the fruits of his labours. Repayment of money\nlaid out was highly problematical, for the local authorities used to\ngrant this only to those responsible for the final investigations\nleading directly to the discovery of oil. Now, hunting for a \"wild\ncat\"--the American term for a boring--is a very risky operation,\nwhich entails considerable expenditure. In a protest submitted to the\nMinistry of Public Works by five Algerian colonists, who had carried\nout explorations and borings upon land for which a concession was now\nasked by a company of foreign origin, the colonists stated by affidavit\nthat they had spent 870,000 francs upon 14 borings and 85 wells, of\nwhich seven alone were actually producing a few tons of petroleum.\nEven so, the proportion of seven successful wells out of 85 is rather\nhigh. O'Donnell, the president of the American Petroleum Institute,\nestimates that, out of every hundred borings made, 98 are unprofitable.\nBut for fifty years the 2 per cent. which succeeded sufficed for the\nconsumption of the world.\nThe policy of France in the Near East since the War has been simply\none long suicide. Little by little, French diplomacy has abandoned\neverything that was promised by the agreements of London. While the\nSan Remo Agreement marked the complete downfall of France in Asia, it\nconsiderably strengthened the position of Britain: not only does it\nrecognize all rights acquired by Great Britain, including those which,\nas in Mesopotamia, rested upon a highly insecure foundation, but it\ngives British capitalists an important opening in French colonies which\nare still almost untouched, whereas the corresponding advantages which\nit confers upon France in some (not all) British colonies apply to\nterritories where the most desirable fields are already being exploited.\nFrance is paying for her past inertia.\nIf the Allies have to thank the two great trusts for enabling them to\nget their supplies of oil during the War, the latter in return have\nnotably increased their power. The defeat of the Central Empires has\nbrought about the ruin of their rival, the _Europeanische Petroleum\nUnion_, and the destruction of the network of interests which Germany\nhad succeeded in spreading over Galicia, Rumania, Russia, and Turkey.\nThe ambition of the _Royal Dutch_ since it linked its fortunes with\nthose of the British Empire knows no bounds. Its latest success at\nDjambi has now spurred it to ask the Netherlands Government for a\nmonopoly of exploitation in all the Sunda Islands. It has almost\nreached the point of eliminating its American rival completely from the\nFar East.\nThe _Standard_ retaliates, and sends prospectors wherever they are\nadmitted--to Abyssinia (January 1921), Peru, Colombia, the Philippines,\nBolivia. It has gained a footing in the Azores, and in July 1922\nwas trying in Ecuador to acquire control of the _Lobitos_ from the\n_Anglo-Ecuadorian_. It is actively cultivating the Government of\nCzecho-Slovakia for the grant of exclusive rights of exploitation, and\nit has obtained from the Italian Government a concession for the oil\ndeposits of San Saba, near Trieste. But the Chinese Government has\nrefused the permanent agreement which it proposed.\nWalter Teagle wishes the _Standard_, like the _Royal Dutch-Shell_,\nto become a producer of oil and not to content itself with the mere\ncontrol of refining and distribution. But the time is long past when\nRockefeller controlled 95 per cent. of the sales of oil in the United\nStates. Although the _Standard's_ capital has risen to $1,310,000,000\nand the number of its subsidiaries to 62 it now refines only 49 per\ncent. of American oil. In the United States there are forty-four\nindependent companies, representing a capital of two thousand\nmillion dollars, which carry on, not only the extraction, but also\nthe transport, refining, and sale of oil. Still more serious, the\nAnglo-Dutch trust has succeeded in establishing itself on the territory\nof the Union itself; at a recent congress of the American Petroleum\nInstitute, Walter Teagle showed that the _Royal Dutch-Shell_ drew 43\nper cent. of its total production from the United States. Be that as\nit may, the _Standard_, in America, is always regarded as the great\nnational champion, upon which falls the task of fighting the _Royal\nDutch_ and the British Empire, which have laid plans for depriving the\nUnited States of their supremacy in oil. _Who attacks the_ Standard\n_attacks the Washington Government directly_. And in Europe it still\noccupies a strong position through its various subsidiary companies.\n_The struggle for oil is no longer a rivalry between great trusts; it\nis a struggle between nations._\nFOOTNOTES:\n[Footnote 58: Herein lies the explanation of the undecided policy of\nFrance since the signature of the Treaty of Versailles.]\n[Footnote 59: But she also possesses at Les Telets, near Autun,\nbituminous shale which, in 1917, produced 103,400 tons, yielding 75\nlitres of oil per cubic metre.]\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nFRANCE\n  _Agence \u00c9conomique et Financi\u00e8re_ (1920-21).\n  _Annales Franco-Hell\u00e9niques_ (1920).\n  B\u00e9renger, Henry, _Le P\u00e9trole et la France_ (1920). _La Politique du\n  _Br\u00e9sil_ (1920, \"Le P\u00e9trole en Am\u00e9rique latine\").\n  _Courrier des P\u00e9troles._\n  Delaisi, Francis, _Oil: Its Influence on Politics_ (1920: English\n  translation, 1922).\n  _\u00c9conomiste Europ\u00e9en_ (1906-21).\n  _Europe Nouvelle_ (1921).\n  Financial Bulletins of the _Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale_.\n  _France \u00c9conomique et Financi\u00e8re._\n  _Illustration \u00c9conomique et Financi\u00e8re._\n  _Information_ (1906-21).\n  Le Page, _L'Imp\u00e9rialisme du P\u00e9trole_ (1921).\n  _Messager de Paris_ (1919-20).\n  _Moniteur \u00c9conomique et Financier._\n  _Mouvement Financier_ (1909).\n  _Nouvelles \u00c9conomiques et Financi\u00e8res._\n  Parliamentary publications: Reports presented for the Customs\n  Commission by the Duc de la Tr\u00e9mo\u00eflle (March 1919), and Senator Jean\n  Morel (June 1919).\n  Report presented for the Finance Commission by M. Charles Leboucq\n  Documents submitted to the Sub-Committee on Oil of the Chamber of\n  Deputies (1920).\n_Producteur_ (1921).\n_Revue des Deux Mondes_ (1st April, 1920, Contre-Amiral Degouy, \"Le\nP\u00e9trole et la Marine\").\n_Revue Financi\u00e8re_ (1911-21).\n_Revue Politique et Parlementaire_ (August 1920).\n_Revue Universelle_ (October-December 1920).\n_Vie Financi\u00e8re_ (1914-21).\n_Vie \u00c9conomique et Financi\u00e8re_ (1912).\nGERMANY\n  Ludendorff, _My Memoirs_.\n  Potonie, _Entstehung der Steinkohle, des Petroleum, u.s.w._ (Berlin,\n  _Vossische Zeitung_ (1913, \"The Troubles in Mexico\").\nBELGIUM\n  _Revue Belgo-Roumaine_ (1920, \"Le P\u00e9trole en Roumaine\").\n  _Revue \u00c9conomique Internationale_ (1921).\nGREAT BRITAIN\n  _Daily Graphic_ (1913, \"The Troubles in Mexico\").\n  _Daily Mail_ (1920).\n  _Engineering and Mining Journal._\n  _Financial News_ (1912-21).\n  _Financial Times_ (1921).\n  _Financier._\n  Lord Fisher's Letters to the _Times_ (September 1919).\n  _Manchester Guardian_ (1921).\n  _Petroleum Review_ (1910-21).\n  _Petroleum Times_ (1920).\nUNITED STATES\n  Barnes, _The Romance of Persian Oil_. _The Standard Oil Companies_\n  _Brooklyn Eagle_ (1920-21).\n  _Petroleum Magazine_ (1921).\n  _Public Ledger_ (Philadelphia).\nReports of the State Department for Foreign Affairs.\n  Hepburn Committee.\n  Inter-State Commerce Commission.\n  Director of the Bureau of Mines to the Secretary of State for the\n  Interior.\nStatistics of the Geological Survey.\n  Smithsonian Institute.\n  Independent Oil Producers' Agency.\n  American Chamber of Commerce in Paris.\n  _National Bank of Commerce_ of New York.\n_Washington Post_ (1919-20).\n_World's Work_ (1920).\nMEXICO\n  _Boletin del Petroleo_ (1920-21).\n  Statistics of the Technical Commission on Petroleum of the Ministry\n  of Commerce, Industry and Labour.\n  Abyssinia, 248\n  Aktien Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Petroleum Industrie, 73, 74\n  Alaska, 40\n  Algeria, 234\n  Alleghanies, 28\n  Alpine Railways, 35\n  American Navy, 19, 40\n  American Petroleum, 51\n  Anglo-American Oil Co., 51\n  Anglo-Egyptian Oil-fields, 74\n  Anglo-Persian Oil Co., 87, 93, 151 _et passim_\n  Anglo-Saxon Petroleum, 62, 74\n  Anglo-Swedish Oil Co., 73, 74\n  Antipodes, 72\n  Apsheron, 26\n  Aquila Franco-Romana, 98\n  Arizona, 69\n  Asia, 72\n  Asia Minor, 225\n  Asiatic Petroleum Co., 74\n  Associated Oil, 80\n  Astra Romana, 75, 98\n  Australia, 42, 140\n  Austria, 35\n  Automobilism, 34\n  Aviation, 34\n  Bagdad, 26\n  Banks Interested in Oil, 97, 98, 241, 242\n  Batavia, 85\n  Batavian Oil Company, 62, 74\n  Bibliography, 251\n  Bituminous Shale, 40\n  Black Sea, 72\n  Black Sea Co., 98\n  Bolivia, 248\n  Brazil, 144\n  British Controlled Oil-fields, 11, 143, 166\n  British Crown Colonies, 232\n  British Imperial Oil Co., 75\n  British Pearson Syndicate, 80\n  British Petroleum Co., 75\n  British Tanker Co., 75\n  Burlington Investment Co., 76, 90, 130\n  California, 68, 152\n  Californian Oil-fields, 76\n  Cape Verde Islands, 72\n  Carib Syndicate, 129\n  Caribbean Petroleum, 75\n  Carpathians, 98\n  Caspian Sea, 72\n  Central Refining Co. of Pittsburg, 49\n  Ceram Oil Syndicate, 75\n  Ceram Petroleum, 75\n  Colby Note, 168\n  Colon Development Co., 90, 129\n  Colorado, 40, 69\n  Commercial and Industrial Companies of Caspian and Black Seas, 75\n  Companies Controlled by Royal Dutch, 73\n  Companies forming Standard Oil Trust, 49\n  Concordia Co., 229\n  Control of the Seas, 11, 18, 178\n  Costa Rica, 129, 144\n  Cura\u00e7ao, 71\n  Cura\u00e7ao Petroleum, 76\n  Czecho-Slovakia, 248\n  Dakota, 69\n  Danske Petroleum Altieselskabet, 51\n  Danube Navigation Co., 99\n  D'Arcy Exploration, 137\n  Deutsche Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft, 51\n  Deutsche Bergin A.G., 73, 74\n  Deutsche Erdol Aktien Gesellschaft, 98\n  Deutsche Petroleum Verkaufs Gesellschaft, 98\n  Diesel Engine, 14, 34\n  Dissolution of Standard Oil, 54\n  Distribution of Oil in Europe, 41\n  Distribution of Oil in New World, 40\n  Doheny Interests, 45, 80\n  Dordesche Petroleum Company, 75\n  Dordesche Petroleum Industrie, 75\n  Dutch Indies, 13, 77\n  Eagle Oil Transport, 76\n  East Indies, 152\n  Ecuador, 144\n  Empire Refining Company, 49\n  Erdol Industrie Anlagen Gesellschaft, 103\n  Erdol und Kohle Ver\u00e4nderung Aktien Gesellschaft, 73, 74\n  Europeanische Petroleum Union, 79\n  Exhaustion of Oil-fields, 176\n  Financial Groups, 78\n  Galicia, 51, 78\n  Galician Companies, 99\n  General Asphalt Company, 71, 76\n  General Leasing Act, 180, 181\n  Genoa Conference, 185\n  German Battleships, 19\n  German Submarines, 15\n  Grosny Sundja Oil-fields, 75\n  Hague Conference, 93\n  Home Light Oil Company, 75\n  Hungarian National Petroleum Co., 139\n  Hungary, 137\n  Imperial Oil Co., 184\n  Increase in Consumption of Oil, 33, 34\n  Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference, 107, 153\n  Internal Combustion Engine, 14, 15\n  International Oil Company, 51\n  Italian Company for the Import of Oil, 75\n  Jugo-Slav Petroleum, 77\n  Jugo-Slavia, 73\n  Keystone Refining Company, 49\n  Konzern Group, 99\n  Kotoku Oil-fields Syndicate, 76\n  La Corona, 76\n  Latakia Oil, 224\n  Lianosoff, 72, 76\n  Limanowa, 98\n  Lobitos, 248\n  Louisiana, 70, 152\n  Mantasheff, 72, 75, 197\n  Market-price of Oil, 36\n  Mazut Company, 75\n  Mineral Rights, 162\n  Moebi Hid, 75\n  Monopoly in Oil, 98, etc.\n  Monroe Doctrine, 129\n  Montana, 69\n  Moreni, Region of, 30\n  Mormons, 141\n  Motor-traction, 38\n  National Transit Company, 49\n  Nederlandsche Indische Tanks Troomboat, 75\n  Nevada, 69\n  New Mexico, 69\n  New Russian Standard Company, 72\n  New Shiba\u00efeff Petroleum Corporation, 75, 88\n  New Zealand, 42, 141\n  Nobel Properties, 73, etc.\n  Norsk Encelska Mineralojeanie Colaget, 75\n  North Caucasian, 75\n  Oceania, 42\n  Oil Borings, 21, etc.\n  Oil Lamp, Invention of, 28\n  Oil Policy, 9\n  Oil Springs, 21, etc.\n  Oil Union of Oklahoma, 80\n  Oklahoma, 80, 152, etc.\n  Orleans Refining Company, 76\n  Ownership of Land and Minerals, 116, 129\n  Ozark Pipe-Line Corporation, 77\n  Palestine, 161, 179\n  Panama Canal Storage Co., 76\n  Panuco, 70\n  Philippines, 248\n  Photogen, 77\n  Poland, 45\n  Polk Report, 163\n  Producers' Associated Oil Company, 50\n  Protective Tariff, 89, etc.\n  Railways, 35\n  Royal Dutch, 45, 68, 77\n  Roxana Petroleum Company, 69, 76\n  Roxana Petroleum Corporation, 77\n  Roxana Petroleum Maatschappij, 76\n    Revolution of 1905, 30\n    Bolshevik Revolution, 13\n  Russia, Soviets, 73, 157\n    Agreement between Shell and Soviets, 191\n  Russian Standard, 75\n  Salt Water in Oil Wells, 20, 122\n  Sandstone, 23\n  Shell Co. of California, 76\n  Shell Group, 167\n  Shell Marketing Co., 75\n  Shell Transport & Trading Co., 35, 61, 74\n  Sherman Anti-Trust Law, 56\n  Simplex Refining Co., 76\n  Sinclair Oil Co., 45\n  Societa Italo-Americana per Petrollo, 51\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Bnito, 75\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Huiles de P\u00e9trole, 137\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Maritime des P\u00e9troles, 73, 77, 218\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Navale de l'Ouest, 137, 219\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour l'Exploitation des P\u00e9troles, 74, 218\n  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour le Vente du P\u00e9trole, 51\n  Spain, 74\n  Standard Franco-Am\u00e9ricaine, 241\n  239 _et passim_\n  Standard Oil Trust, 48\n  Steaua Romana, 99, 140\n  Suez Canal, 72\n  Sumatra, 63\n  Sumatra Palembang, 75\n  Sunda Islands, 59, 248\n  Swenska Petroleum Altiebolage, 51\n  Tampico, 70\n  Tampico-Tanuco Petroleum, 76\n  Tank Steamers, 155, 209\n  Tei-Koku (Japanese), 140\n  Telegram from Clemenceau to Wilson, 104\n  Texas, 69\n  Tierra del Fuego, 40\n  Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 103\n  Treaty of Bukarest, 103\n  Trinidad, 144, 152\n  Trusts, 79\n  Tsatouroff, 72, 76\n  Turkey, 45\n  Turkish Petroleum, 76, 98, 99, 140, 223, etc.\n  Union Oil of Delaware, 77\n  United British Oil-fields of Trinidad, 76\n  United British Refineries, 76\n  United States Pipe-Line Co., 50\n  Ural Caspian Co., 75\n  Vacuum Oil, 51\n  Vega Co., 229\n  Venezuelan Concessions Co., 76\n  Vereinigte Benzinwerke, 75\n  Virginia, 70\n  Volley Pipe-Line Co., 76\n  Wages of Coolies, 13\n  Washington Conference, 184, 185, etc.\n  World-consumption of Oil, 39, etc.\n  World-production of Coal, 36, etc.\n  World-production of Oil, 32, etc.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The World-Struggle for Oil\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1929, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available\nby The Internet Archive.\nTranscriber Note\nText emphasis is denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. Whole and fractional\nparts of numbers a s 12-3/4.\n                  _Underretting and Overretting_        11\n                  _Testing the End Point of the Ret_    12\n              _Picking Up the Retted Stalks_            14\n              _Extra Care Insures Extra Profits_        15\n_Caution_\nThe HEMP PLANT contains the drug marihuana. Any farmer planning to grow\nhemp must comply with certain regulations of the Marihuana Tax Act of\n1937. This involves registration with the farmer's nearest Internal\nRevenue Collector and the payment of a fee of $1. Although the fee is\nsmall, the registration is mandatory and should not be neglected, as\nthe penalty provisions for not complying with the regulations are very\nsevere. The registration must be renewed each year beginning July 1.\nThis so-called \"license\" permits a farmer to obtain viable hempseed from\na registered firm dealing in hemp, to plant and grow the crop, and to\ndeliver mature, retted hemp stalks to a hemp mill.\n                 By B. B. Robinson, _Senior Agrononmist_\n _Division of Cotton and Other Fiber Crops and Diseases Bureau of Plant\n   Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering Agricultural Research\nHEMP is a fiber used in making twines and light cordage. It is also used\nas an extender for imported cordage fibers, particularly abaca, sisal,\nand henequen, when supplies of these are not adequate to meet domestic\ndemands. The size of the hemp industry, therefore, is greatly influenced\nby the availability of imported cordage fibers.\nHemp is not a hard crop to grow. It should be planted on the most\nproductive land on the farm--land that would make 50 to 70 bushels of\ncorn per acre.\nThe crop is planted with a grain drill and harvested with special\nmachinery rented from hemp mills.\nIt is allowed to lie on the ground until the outer part of the stalks has\nrotted, freeing the fibers. This process is called dew retting.\nThe most important step in hemp farming is to stop the retting process at\nthe proper time. (See pp. 12 and 13.)\nThis bulletin tells how to grow and harvest hemp. For more information\nwrite to the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural\nEngineering, United States Department of Agriculture, or to your State\nexperiment station, or consult your county agent.\n_What it is_\nHemp is an annual plant that grows from seed each year, and therefore it\ncan be brought readily into production. It produces twice as much fiber\nper acre as flax, the only other fiber that is its equal in strength and\ndurability and that is known to be suitable for culture and preparation\non machinery in this country.\nWhen hempseed is sown thickly for fiber production, the plants usually\ngrow from 5 to 8 feet tall. However, when the plants are thinly spaced in\nrows for seed production, they may, under favorable conditions, reach a\nheight of 12 to 16 feet. If the plants are not crowded, they become much\nbranched and are bushy. Uniform stems approximately 3/8 inch in diameter\nand 5 to 8 feet long are especially desired for fiber production, because\nthey can be handled well by the harvesting and processing machinery\navailable in this country.\n[Illustration]\nHemp is a dioecious plant, that is, the staminate (male) and pistillate\n(female) flowers are borne on separate plants, rather than both on one\nplant. The flowers of the two types of plants are different, but the male\nplant is easily distinguished from the female, as the anthers are about\nthe size of a wheat kernel. The male plants die soon after discharging\ntheir pollen; this is usually about 3 to 5 weeks before the female plants\nmature seed and die.\nThe fiber of commerce ranges from 4 to 8 feet in length and has the\nappearance of a flat, fine ribbon. It lies very close to the epidermis or\nskin of the plant. Spinners desire the fiber ribbon 1/16 inch or less in\nwidth. The long strands of fiber are called \"line\" fiber to distinguish\nthem from \"tow\" fiber, which consists of shorter, broken, tangled pieces.\n_It grows well in the Corn Belt_\nHemp is recommended as a good crop for the Corn Belt States, because of\ntheir favorable climatic and soil conditions.\nMost fiber-producing varieties of hemp require a frost-free growing\nseason of 5 months or longer to produce seed and approximately 4 months\nfor fiber production. Hemp will endure light frosts in the spring and\nsurvive frosts in the fall better than corn. It grows best when well\nsupplied with moisture throughout its growling season and especially in\nits early stages of growth. Drought conditions, if accompanied by high\ntemperatures, appear to hasten maturity before the plants are fully grown.\nThe vegetative growth of hemp should be uniform. This growth is\nnoticeably affected if the soil is flooded or saturated with moisture for\ntoo long a period. The leaves turn yellow, and the plants die. Rainfall,\nwell distributed during the growing season, is, therefore, desirable for\nuniform vegetative growth. Hemp should be planted only on well-drained\nsoils and not on flat, heavy, impervious soils.\nClimate is important not only in the growth of the plant but also in the\npreparation of the crop after harvest. It influences the method used in\nhandling the crop and the labor requirements, which determine the cost\nof production. In the United States the common practice (known as dew\nretting) is to cut the crop and let it lie on the ground. Exposure to the\nweather causes the fiber in the outer part of the stem to separate. Light\nsnows and alternate freezing and thawing seem to improve or make the\nretting more uniform.\n_How to grow it_\n=Soils and Fertilizers=\nHemp should not be grown on poor soils. To obtain good yields and fiber\nof high-quality, it is necessary to have a growth of uniform stalks 6 to\n8 feet long. Short stalks, from poor nonfertile soils, seldom produce a\nhigh-quality fiber.\nFiber hemp grows successfully on soils of the Clarion, Tama, Carrington,\nMaury, Hagerstown, and Miami series, which, in general, are deep,\nmedium-heavy loams, well-drained, and high in organic matter.\nArtificially drained areas of the Webster, Brookston, and Maumee series\nalso give satisfactory yields. These soils are among the most productive\nsoils of the Corn Belt. They produce average yields of 50 to 70 bushels\nor more of corn per acre. If land will not produce from 50 to 70 bushels\nof corn per acre, it should not be planted to hemp for fiber production.\nMuck or peat soils are not recommended for the production of high-quality\nhemp fiber. The quantity of fiber produced per acre on these soils may be\nvery high, but experience has demonstrated that the fiber lacks strength,\nwhich is the first requirement of hemp fiber for good cordage.\nThe inexperienced farmer usually gets advice from an experienced\nhemp-mill superintendent in the selection of the right soil. In fact, the\nfarmer's contract to grow hemp usually specifies the exact field that it\nhas been mutually agreed should be used for the hemp crop. This type of\nsupervision by the company contracting for hemp has helped to prevent\nmany crop failures.\nHemp should not be grown continuously on the same soil, for the same\nreasons that many other crops are not adapted to such practices. In\nWisconsin, fields previously used for a cultivated crop are selected\nfor hemp planting in preference to ones upon which small grains have\nbeen grown. In Kentucky, bluegrass sod, if obtainable, is selected. Old\npastures plowed up are well suited for hemp culture. Fields previously\ncropped to soybeans, alfalfa, and clover are excellent for hemp. A good\nrotation is to follow corn with hemp, and in Kentucky a fall cereal may\nfollow the hemp.\nAlthough hemp requires a rich soil, it does not remove from the farm an\nexcess of plant-food material. Nearly all the leaves on the hemp plants,\ncontaining much of the plant nutrients removed from the soil, fall\noff during the growth and maturing of the plant. The remaining leaves\nmay drop off in the field during the process of retting. Further, the\nplant stems lose about 20 percent in weight of soluble and decomposed\nmaterials, which leach out upon the fields, and the stubble may be plowed\nunder. The plant in this manner returns to the land a large part of the\nplant nutrients that it removes during its growth.\nCommercial fertilizers may be used to advantage on soils that are not\nwell supplied with organic matter. Ordinarily, the best fertilizer\nfor hemp is barnyard manure, but commercial fertilizer can be used to\nadvantage to supplement manure. Lime applications may be supplied on acid\nsoils to advantage. Consult your county agent for recommendations as to\namounts of fertilizer and lime to apply.\n=Seed=\nThe period of flowering of the hemp plant may extend over several weeks,\nand as a result the seed does not all mature at one time. Hemp seed\nfor sowing frequently contains some immature green to yellowish-green\nseeds that may not germinate well. Good hempseed for sowing should be\nrelatively free of such seeds and should germinate 90 percent or better.\nAs the oil content of hempseed usually ranges between 29 and 34 percent,\nthe seed should be kept cool and dry, as it spoils rapidly under warm\nand damp conditions. Hemp seed seldom retains its germinating power well\nenough to be used for seed after 2-years' storage.\n=When to Plant=\nHemp should be planted in the spring just before corn. In a program\ncalling for small spring grains and corn, the farmer should plan to plant\nhis hemp between the time he plants his small grains and the corn.\n=Seeding=\nHemp grown for seed production should be sown in rows or hills. The hills\nare commonly spaced 5 by 5 feet, with 6 to 10 seeds to the hill, planted\nnot more than 1/2 inch deep. The plants are thinned to 3 to 5 to a hill.\nIf care is taken to save seed, about 1-1/2 pounds wall sow an acre. Most\nfarmers use more seed, and frequently the crop is replanted because of\nlate floods or failure to obtain good stands.\nHemp grown for fiber should be sown with a broadcast seeder or with a\ngrain drill. A drill with 4 inches between drill tubes is preferred to\none with 6 inches or more. The seed should not be planted deeper than 1\ninch, and a depth of 1/2 inch is preferred. If the seed is planted deep,\nthe hemp seedling is not capable of pushing its way to the surface of the\nground. A slight crust on the ground frequently results in a poor stand.\nIf the seedbed is loose, disks on a seed drill may cut too deep into the\nsoil and the seed will be sown more than 1 inch deep. In such cases, to\nmake certain that the disks do not cut too deep into the seedbed, they\nshould be tied to the seed box.\nA standard bushel of hempseed weighs 44 pounds. The rate of seeding hemp\nfor fiber production ranges between 3 and 5 pecks of seed per acre. In\nKentucky, where hemp is hand-broken, it has been the practice to sow 3\npecks (33 pounds) per acre. However, when the hemp is to go to the mill,\n1 bushel per acre gives a product that is better suited to milling.\nWisconsin and other Corn Belt farmers have commonly sown 5 pecks per\nacre. The lighter rate of seeding in Kentucky produces larger stalks.\nThese stalks are easily broken, and the fiber is easily prepared by the\nhand-breaking methods that have been used there since colonial days.\nMachine methods of breaking and scutching to prepare the fiber are used\nin Wisconsin, and recently to some extent in Kentucky. The machines will\nhandle finer stems, and the sowing of 5 pecks is advisable where hemp is\nto be prepared by machine.\n[Illustration]\nA good practice in planting hemp for fiber production is to sow around\nthe edge of the field next to the fence a 16- to 18-foot width of small\ngrains, which may be harvested before the hemp. Space is thus provided\nfor the harvester to enter the field and begin cutting without injuring\nthe hemp. It also prevents hemp plants at the edge from growing too rank.\nUniform plants are necessary for uniform fiber quality.\n=Culture=\nFall plowing in Wisconsin gives better results with hemp than spring\nplowing.\nHemp for fiber production requires little or no cultivation or care\nafter planting until the harvest; but if, after seeding and before the\nseedlings emerge, the ground crusts badly it may be advisable to roll the\nfield to break the crust. Hemp for seed production should be cultivated\nthe same as corn; that is, sufficiently to keep back the weeds. Spudding\nout Canada thistles where they appear in dense stands in hemp fields\nshould be done when the hemp is only a few inches high. In most cases\nhemp will compete well with weeds, if the hemp gets off to a good start.\n_Varieties to grow_\nThe fiber hemp grown in the United States by the early colonists was of\nEuropean origin; but our present hemp, commonly known as Kentucky or\ndomestic hemp, is of Chinese origin. Few importations of hempseed have\nbeen made in recent years for commercial plantings, as imported seed has\nnot proved as productive under domestic conditions as Kentucky hemp.\n_Enemies_\nIn the United States there are no hemp diseases of economic importance,\nand hemp has not been seriously attacked by insects. The European corn\nborer and similar stem-boring insects occasionally kill a hemp stem.\nHowever, they have not proved important, perhaps because hemp has not\nbeen grown to any extent in the sections of the United States where the\nEuropean corn borer is a serious pest. Seedling plants are frequently\nattacked by cutworms and white grubs after spring plowing of sod land.\nBroom rape is a small weed 6 to 15 inches high that is parasitic on the\nroots of hemp, tobacco, and tomatoes, it usually grows in clumps and has\npurple flowers, which produce many very small seeds. These adhere to the\nwaxy flower parts surrounding the hempseed and are distributed in this\nmanner. Broom rape can be very serious on hemp if proper control measures\nare not followed. Only well-cleaned hempseed and seed from fields\ncontaining no broom rape should be sown.\nHemp has been recommended as a weed-control crop. Its dense, tall\ngrowth helps to kill out many common weeds. The noxious bindweed, a\nmember of the morning-glory family, is checked to some extent by hemp.\nUnfortunately, bindweed and several other species of morning-glory\nhave seeds so near the same size and weight of hempseed that mixtures\nobtained in producing hempseed are carried to the field planted for fiber\nproduction. In growing hemp for seed all vine weeds of this type found on\nthe hemp stalks should be removed before the hemp plants begin to produce\nseed.\n[Illustration]\n_Harvesting_\n=Time to Harvest=\nHemp is harvested for seed production when the plant on being shaken\nsheds most of its seed. This occurs when the seeds are fully mature on\nthe middle branches. The seeds will mature on the lower branches first\nand on the top of the plant last. The common method of harvesting hemp\nfor seed production is to cut it by hand and shock it to permit more seed\nto mature and cure before threshing. The harvesting should be in the\nearly morning or on damp days when the seeds do not shatter so much as\nthey do in the warmer and drier part of the day. Threshing of the seed\nhemp should be done on dry afternoons. In threshing, the seed shocks\nshould be placed on large canvas cloths 24 by 24 feet and then be beaten\nwith long sticks to remove the seed.\nHemp is harvested for fiber production when the male plants are in full\nflower and are shedding pollen. By harvesting before the male plants die,\nthe retting of both male and female plants is more uniform, as both types\nof plants are still green and growing. The harvesting period may extend\nfor 2 weeks or longer. Very early harvested hemp may produce a finer and\nsofter fiber than that harvested later, but it is usually weaker. The\nfiber from hemp that has been harvested so late that many seeds have\nmatured does not possess so good cordage and textile characteristics\nas fiber from hemp harvested earlier. Hemp stalks should be relatively\nfree of leaves except a few at the very top before harvesting. This is\nimportant when hemp is shocked after harvest, as it makes the top of the\nshock smaller so that less rain can enter the shock.\n[Illustration]\n=Machinery=\nHarvesting methods vary with locality and climate. In Kentucky, hemp may\ngrow to a height of 15 feet or more. These long stalks are difficult to\nhandle with machinery. Self-rake reapers (see below) have been used in\nharvesting hemp for many years, and they probably do better work with\nvery tall hemp than any other machine now available. A modified rice\nbinder, which cuts and binds the hemp into bundles, is also available,\nalthough difficulty in handling the very tall hemp may be experienced.\nThis latter type of machine can be used for short hemp in areas, such as\nKentucky, where hemp must be shocked within a few days after harvest to\navoid sunburn.\n[Illustration]\nIn the northern part of the Corn Belt the hemp usually does not grow so\ntall and therefore can be handled more easily with machines. During the\nfirst World War hemp-harvesting machinery was developed. These harvesters\n(see above) in one operation cut an 8- or 9-foot swath and elevate the\nstalks to a quarter-circle platform where they are turned automatically\nand dropped or spread on the ground for retting. The butts of the stems\nall lie in the same direction and are relatively even. The thickness of\nthe layer of stalks in the swath influences the speed and uniformity of\nthe dew retting. Machines of this type, because of their labor economy,\nare recommended for use in the Northern States, where hemp can be safely\nspread for retting when harvested.\nHemp harvesters are usually owned by the hemp mills. They are rented to\nthe individual farmers, who usually furnish the motive power and the\nlabor to run the harvesters.\n_Retting_\nRetting is the partial rotting of the hemp stalk. It permits the fiber\nin the stalk to separate easily in long strands from the woody core. The\nfiber strands break if unretted stems are bent or broken.\nIn this country the usual practice is to ret hemp by allowing it to lie\non the ground, where it is exposed to rain and dew. This method is called\ndew retting.\nDew retting is dependent upon dews and rains to furnish the moist\nconditions necessary for the growth of the molds that cause the retting.\nIn warm, moist weather the retting may require 1 to 2 weeks, but usually\n4 to 5 weeks is required for retting in Kentucky and Wisconsin. Hemp has\nremained spread under snow in Wisconsin until spring without serious\ninjury, but more often hemp left under snow all winter is overretted and\nruined.\n=Underretting and Overretting=\nIf hemp stalks are lifted from the ground before they are sufficiently\nretted, the fiber will not separate easily from the woody hurds (small\npieces of the woody core of the plant) in milling. However, if the\nretting is permitted to go too far, the fiber separates very readily\nfrom the core, but the adhesive substance between the individual fiber\ncells in the long strand breaks down and the fiber is weak. Hemp further\noverretted produces mostly short broken strands of fiber called tow\nfiber, which is less valuable than the long parallel strands of fiber\ncalled line fiber.\nNowhere in the growing or processing of hemp is good judgment more needed\nthan in determining the time to end the ret. Experience and good judgment\nare necessary to determine just when the hemp stalks should be lifted\nfrom the field and bundled. The lifting and shocking stops the retting\naction. The value of the fiber can be cut in half or entirely lost by\nseveral days' overretting in warm weather.\n=Sunburning=\nIn Kentucky, hemp spread immediately to ret after harvest is apt to\nsunburn, or sunscald. It is common belief that the hot, bright days in\nAugust and September in some way cause deterioration of the fiber if\nspread for retting. Sunburned fiber is uneven in color, usually has\nless strength, and possibly is drier and more harsh than fiber not\nsunburned. In order to avoid sunscalding, the hemp is shocked after being\nharvested and not spread for retting until the cooler days of November.\nIn locations having climatic conditions similar to those prevailing in\nWisconsin, sunscald of hemp is rare.\n[Illustration]\n=Turning Stalks=\nIn dew retting the spread stalks should be turned once or more during the\nretting period. This aids in bleaching the stalks and results in fiber\nof more uniform color and quality. The turning is done by workmen using\nbent poles approximately 8 to 10 feet in length. The poles are pushed\nunder the head ends of stalks in the swath, and the stalks are turned\nover without moving the butt ends.\n[Illustration]\nIn turning the straw the workmen start in the middle of the field,\nturning the first swath into vacant center space. The second swath will\nbe turned to lie where the first swath had been, and so on.\nCare should be exercised in turning to prevent the stalks from tangling.\nThe more hemp is handled, the more tangled the stalks may become. Tangled\nhemp is more difficult to process and produces a high proportion of\ntangled, short, tow fiber.\n=Testing the End Point of the Ret=\nA few days too long in the field may make the difference between retting\nand rotting. Therefore, it is most important that inexperienced farmers\nobtain the assistance of the hemp-mill superintendent or an experienced\ngrower in determining when to stop the retting.\nDry hemp stalks should be tested when possible to determine the degree of\nretting. Three to six stalks are taken in both hands and bent back and\nforth to perform the break test. If properly retted, the fiber should not\nbreak when the woody core breaks. The hurds should fall free of the fiber\nin the breaking and shaking between one's hands. If the hemp is only\npartly retted, some hurds will adhere to the loosened fiber. Unretted\nhemp fiber is usually green or light yellow. Dew-retted hemp is usually\nslate gray or black.\nAfter the fiber is broken free, its strength should be tested by\nbreaking a small strand between the fingers. A small strand of fiber\nnot twisted and about 3/32 inch wide should break with great difficulty\nand with a decided snap. If it is very weak and breaks with little or no\nsnap the hemp is probably badly overretted or may have been grown under\nunfavorable cultural conditions. (See p. 5.)\n[Illustration]\nAll indication that the retting end point is near is that the hemp makes\n\"bowstrings.\" In a small percentage of the stems, less than 1 to 5\npercent under certain conditions, the middle of the stalks appears to ret\nfirst. The fiber comes free from the middle and forms a string fastened\nat the top and bottom of the stem, not unlike a bowstring. If bowstring\nstems are found, a sample of the hemp should be taken to the hemp-mill\nsuperintendent as soon as possible for verification of the retting end\npoint. The bowstring condition is only a supplementary aid in determining\nwhen to stop the retting, and it may or may not occur in properly\ndew-retted hemp.\nSome experienced hemp producers use the peeling test for determining the\ndegree of retting. This is accomplished by peeling the fiber away from\nthe butt ends of the stems. If properly retted, the fiber should peel\nfreely from the woody core of the stem. If the hemp is not sufficiently\nretted, the fiber will break after a few inches have been peeled. This\nfree-peeling stage is desirable for breaking hemp on hand breaks. Where\nhemp is to be processed by machinery the retting need not progress quite\nso far as is necessary for hand breaking.\n[Illustration]\n_Picking Up the Retted Stalks_\nHemp stalks may be picked up by hand. This method has been used from\nearly times and is satisfactory where labor is plentiful. However, in\nthis country it is being replaced by machine pick-up binders.\nIn picking up the straw by hand, small sticks about 3 feet long with a\nsingle steel or wooden hook on the end are used. The hemp is raked into\nbunches with these implements, and usually tied. Hemp-fiber bands are\nused in tying the bundles. An inexpensive \"buck\" (see above) may be used\nto bunch the hemp, or it may be bunched with a pitchfork.\n[Illustration]\nThe most efficient method is to use the pick-up binder. These machines,\ndrawn by tractors, cover about an acre an hour. They pick up the retted\nhemp stalks and tie them into bundles in one operation. The machines are\npart of the modern hemp-mill equipment and are rented to farmers.\nDew-retted hemp is usually shocked after being picked up. The hemp\nremains in the shock until it is transported to the mill.\n[Illustration]\n_Extra Care Insures Extra Profits_\nThe farmer's job is done when he delivers the hemp to the mill. All\nfurther processing to prepare the fiber is part of the milling operation.\nHowever, it is of interest to both farmers and mill operators to attempt\nto keep the hemp stalks and fiber well butted. This means keeping the\nbutt ends of the stalks or fiber in a bundle all even. Every time the\nhemp stalks are handled, care should be taken to see that this is done.\nIf the hemp stalks are well butted in the bundle when processed, the\nmilling operations can be carried out more economically. Tangled, uneven\nbundles are more difficult and require more time to handle. The yield of\nhigh-value long-life fiber is much greater if the stalks are well butted.\nHemp stalks are considered most desirable if they are less than half\nan inch in diameter. The thickness of a pencil is frequently used to\nillustrate the size of desirable stalks. The larger diameter stalks have\na lower percentage of fiber than finer stems, are harder to break, and\nproduce more tow fiber.\nHemp stalks grown on unproductive soil usually contain a lower percentage\nof fiber, and this fiber may be coarse, harsh, and of low strength, so\nthat it breaks into tow in milling.\nStalks underretted frequently must be run through the mill breaker a\nsecond or third time to remove the remaining hurds. This increases the\nmilling labor costs, and the resultant fiber may be reduced to a low\ngrade. On the other hand, overretted hemp must be milled as little as\npossible, with less pressure exerted on the rollers and a slower speed of\nthe scutcher wheel to keep from making an excess amount of tow fiber.\n_Yields_\nHemp yields have been extremely variable when this crop has been planted\nin new areas by inexperienced farmers. In Wisconsin and Kentucky, where\nonly experienced farmers have grown the crop in recent years, the yields\nhave not varied a great deal. The crop has been reasonably dependable and\nhas not often been injured by storms or droughts.\nThe average yields per acre for experienced farmers are approximately\n2-1/4 to 2-1/2 tons of air-dry retted hemp stalks; 850 pounds total\nfiber. Under the Wisconsin machine-milling system the yields may average\n450 pounds line fiber and 400 pounds tow fiber; under the Kentucky\nhand-breaking system they may average 775 pounds Kentucky rough and 75\npounds tow.\nIf hemp is planted for seed production, the average yields per acre are\napproximately 15 bushels or 660 pounds, on bottom land, and 12 bushels on\nuplands.\nU. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1952\n              For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,\n                    U. S. Government Printing Office\nTranscriber Note\nIllustrations were moved so as to not split paragraphs. Minor errors were\ncorrected. The Contents was added for ease of locating sections of interest.\nThis file was produced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Hemp\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1929, "culture": " English\n", "content": "METHODS ***\n                     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\n                     To Remove Stains Successfully\n  TREAT THE STAIN while it is fresh.\n  KNOW YOUR CLOTH\u2014What is it made of? Does it wash well?\n  WORK CAREFULLY but quickly.\n  TRY SIMPLE METHODS FIRST.\n    For a nongreasy stain, sponge with cold water.\n    For a greasy stain, try carbon tetrachloride.\n  AVOID HOT WATER on an unknown stain. Hot water sets many stains.\n  TEST FOR COLOR CHANGE on a sample of the cloth before using any stain\n  USE REMOVERS SPARINGLY. Many brief applications are better than one\n  USE LIGHT, BRUSHING MOTIONS\u2014never rub a remover into the stain.\n  NEUTRALIZE acids with alkalies; alkalies with acids.\n  RINSE WELL\u2014never let a chemical dry on the cloth.\n  SPREAD a liquid remover unevenly into the cloth around the stain.\n  DRY RAPIDLY to help prevent rings.\n  Washington, D. C.\n                       STAIN REMOVAL FROM FABRICS\n              MARGARET S. FURRY, Assistant Textile Chemist\nOff with stains! Keep clothes and home fabrics spotlessly clean. It is\nsmart and thrifty to take best care of your clothing and household\nfabrics so they will look well and last as long as possible.\nMany stained and spotted articles are needlessly thrown away each year.\nMany others are needlessly ruined by unsuccessful attempts to remove\nstains. It is possible to remove practically any stain at home by\nfollowing a few simple rules. To take proper care of your fabrics, you\nwill find it worthwhile to learn enough of the \u201cknow-how\u201d skill so that\nyou can do a good job.\nOne of the most important rules is to remove the stain promptly. Stains\nthat become old usually require a remover so strong that it sometimes\ninjures the cloth.\nAnother important rule is to select a remover that will not harm the\ncloth. If you can find out what caused the stain, this also will guide\nyou in choosing the remover best suited for the job.\nWork carefully, patiently, quickly. Often the way in which cleaning is\ndone is as important as the kind of cleaning materials used, in getting\ngood final results.\nThe following pages not only tell how to remove many kinds of stains but\ndescribe as well the general principles of stain removal.\n                   Steps to Success in Stain Removal\nTreat Stains Promptly\nFirst rule for success in removing a stain is to start while it is\nfresh, even before it dries if possible. Hot soapsuds or the heat of an\niron sets some stains too, so that it takes strong treatment to loosen\nthem. The professional cleaner always \u201cspots-out\u201d stains before he gives\na garment a general cleaning or pressing.\nSuit the Remover to the Cloth\nBefore starting to treat a stain, be sure you know what the cloth is\nmade of\u2014whether cotton, wool, silk, rayon, or a mixture. A stain remover\nsuccessful on one kind of cloth may ruin another. Naturally, you want\nthe method that will do the least possible damage to the cloth.\nStrong acid removers destroy cotton and linen cloth; even mild acids,\nsuch as lemon juice and vinegar, may injure cotton and linen if allowed\nto remain too long on the cloth. If you use a mild acid to remove a\nstain, apply a weak alkali such as ammonia water or washing or baking\nsoda immediately to stop the action of the acid. Wash the material in\nwater after the treatment. (See p. 10.) Strong alkalies harm these\nmaterials also, but weak alkalies are safe to use if you rinse the\narticle well in water afterwards.\nAll bleaches will rot cotton and linen if allowed to remain on the stain\nfor more than a minute or two and will remove the color, too. Sodium\nperborate and hydrogen peroxide are the safest bleaches to use.\nStrong acids and alkalies destroy wool or silk materials. Mild acids,\nexcept nitric, which weakens the material and turns it yellow, are safe\nto use. Even mild alkalies such as weak solutions of ammonia water,\nborax, or washing soda, must be used with care on wool. Bleaches that\ncontain chlorine, such as ordinary bleaching powder, also destroy wool\nand silk. Sodium perborate is a good bleach to use, particularly on\nwool. Use lukewarm water\u2014hot water turns both wool and silk yellow,\nshrinks wool, and injures the finish of silk.\nHere are a few safety rules to follow in removing stains from rayon\nmaterial. Never use strong acids or alkalies; they injure the material.\nMild acids or alkalies usually do not harm it if properly rinsed. Water\nweakens rayon; do not pull or twist it when it is wet. Sodium perborate\nand hydrogen peroxide are the safest bleaches to use, but mild chlorine\nones can be used with success.\nThree kinds of rayon are made in this country\u2014viscose, cuprammonium, and\nacetate. In removing stains from viscose and cuprammonium rayon, treat\nthe material like cotton or linen. But acetate rayon is different. It\ndissolves in acetone, alcohol, or chloroform, so test a sample of any\nrayon material before using these liquids to remove a stain. Mixtures of\nalcohol and ether, or alcohol and benzene also are unsafe to use on\nacetate rayon or on colored material. Always mix alcohol with 2 or 3\nparts of water before using it. Pressing with a hot iron may melt\nacetate rayon.\nSynthetic materials, such as nylon and vinyon, are not harmed by either\nacids or alkalies. Water does not weaken them, as it does the rayon.\nThey take up very little moisture, and as a result, stains such as\ncoffee, tea, and fruit juice, remain on the surface and wash off easily.\nYou may use bleaches safely on nylon or vinyon. But vinyon, like acetate\nrayon, dissolves in acetone and chloroform, so test a sample of the\nmaterial before using either of these to remove a stain. Press nylon\nwith a warm (not hot) iron.\nOther synthetic materials are made from peanut, corn, soybean, milk\ncasein, and fish protein, but as yet they are not common and are not\ngenerally recognized. Treat them as you would silk and wool in removing\nstains.\nSuit the Remover to the Stain\nFind out what the stain is, if possible, before trying to remove it. The\nwrong treatment may set a stain so that it is impossible to take it out.\nAlways test water or any chemical stain remover on a sample of the cloth\nor on a hidden part of the garment (seam or hem) to be sure it will not\nchange the color. You may have to choose between the stain and a faded\nspot.\nIf the stain is not greasy, first try to remove it with cold water. Hot\nwater sets many stains and makes them harder to remove. Always test a\nsample of the cloth to see if water spots it. If not, place a pad of\nclean cloth underneath the stain, with the stain face down. To sponge,\nuse a soft cloth, dampen it with cold water, and cover with a layer of\ndry cloth so that it is not too moist. Then sponge the stain with light,\nbrushing motions, working from outside of stain to the center. Spread\nthe moisture into the cloth around stain to keep a ring from forming.\nThe trick is to spread, or \u201cfeather out,\u201d the liquid around the stain\nuntil there is no definite edge when the material dries. It may help to\ngo over the spot with a cloth wet with alcohol mixed with 2 parts water.\nAs alcohol changes some colors and dissolves acetate rayon, use it\nsparingly. Finally pat the spot with a dry cloth. Dry rapidly to prevent\nwater rings.\n    [Illustration: Sponge a nongreasy stain with water. Work from the\n    outside of the stain to the center. Spread moisture unevenly into\n    the cloth around the stain.]\n    [Illustration: To remove a water ring, rub the cloth between the\n    hands; then scratch with the fingernail.]\nIf a ring has formed, remove it either by sponging the material with\nclean water or by shaking it in the steam from a briskly boiling\nteakettle. Scratching with the fingernail or a stiff brush or rubbing\nthe cloth between the hands will sometimes remove a ring.\nIf a stain seems to be greasy, try a grease solvent, such as carbon\ntetrachloride, Stoddard solvent, gasoline, benzene, turpentine, ether,\nacetone, or alcohol. Most of these do not change the color of fabrics,\nbut ether, acetone, and alcohol are apt to. So use them carefully on\ncolored materials; always mix alcohol with 2 parts water. Either sponge\nthe stain with the solvent or dip into a bowl of the liquid.\nTo sponge a grease spot, lay the stained material, wrong side up, on a\npad of soft cloth. Apply the remover to the back of the cloth, so that\nthe stain is washed from the material without having to pass through it.\nSponge with a clean, soft, lintless cloth. Dip the cloth in the liquid\nand wring out most of the moisture. Sponge with light, brushing motions,\nworking from the outside of the spot to the center. Work rapidly and use\nthe solvent sparingly. It is better to apply the solvent several times\nquickly than to apply it once and leave it on for a long time.\n    [Illustration: Sponge a greasy stain with carbon tetrachloride,\n    gasoline, or benzene. Lay the stain face down on a pad of cloth.]\n    [Illustration: Use light brushing motions, working from the outside\n    of spot to the center. Change the pad as it becomes soiled.]\n    [Illustration: Sprinkle talcum, cornstarch, or chalk on a fresh\n    grease or oil stain. Rub it in well, and let stand until it absorbs\n    the grease; then brush off.]\nAvoid rings by spreading the cleaning fluid into the area around the\nstain and at the same time blowing lightly on the spot to dry it\nquickly. Do not rub\u2014rubbing may cause light and worn-looking spots that\nare as bad as the stain. Change the pad as it becomes soiled. Finally\npat the material with a dry cloth.\nAlways use these solvents out of doors or in a well-ventilated room, as\nit is harmful to breathe the vapors. Gasoline, naphtha, and ether catch\nfire easily and often explode, so never use them near a fire. Sometimes\njust rubbing a garment that is soaked with gasoline will cause it to\nburst into flames. Benzene, turpentine, alcohol, and acetone also are\ninflammable. For this reason, cleaning with large amounts of these\nfluids at home is not recommended. Grease-spot removers made entirely or\nin large part of carbon tetrachloride will not catch on fire.\nAbsorbent powders\u2014chalk, talcum, corn meal, cornstarch\u2014work well on\nlight, freshly made stains such as grease spots or splatters of salad\noil. Also such powders brush off readily and are safe to use on all\nmaterials. This method is not always successful, however, if the stain\nis very large or has become set or dry. To remove a stain with an\nabsorbent powder, lay the stained article on a table and sprinkle a\nlayer of the powder over the stain. Spread the powder around, and when\nit becomes gummy, shake or brush it off. Repeat this several times or\nuntil the stain disappears. If after several treatments the stain still\nshows, place the stain between clean blotting papers and apply a warm\n(not hot) iron for several minutes. Stains made by solid fats, such as\nbutter, must be melted before the blotters can absorb them.\n    [Illustration: Use Javelle water to bleach stains from uncolored\n    cotton or linen. Apply with a medicine dropper; rinse quickly in\n    water. Apply a few drops of \u201chypo,\u201d vinegar, or oxalic acid to stop\n    the action of the chlorine.]\n    [Illustration: uncaptioned]\nUse bleaching chemicals carefully because most bleaches remove the color\nas well as the stain, besides weakening the cloth. Colored material in\nparticular must be treated rapidly and rinsed well in water afterwards.\nJavelle water and other chlorine bleaches (sodium hypochlorite\nsolutions) remove certain stains from uncolored cotton, linen, or rayon\ncloth. Do not use them on colored materials or on silk or wool.\nTo prepare Javelle water: Mix \u00bd pound washing soda in 1 quart of cold\nwater. Add \u00bc pound of bleaching powder (commonly called chloride of\nlime). Strain this liquid through a piece of muslin and store in a\nbottle with a tight cork or stopper ready for use.\nTo remove a stain with Javelle water, stretch the stained part of the\ncloth over a bowl filled with cold water and drop the Javelle water on\nthe stain with a medicine dropper. (If the stain is large, dip the\nentire garment in the Javelle water). Never let the Javelle water remain\non the stain for more than 1 minute; it rots even linen and cotton\nmaterials if allowed to remain on them longer. Rinse quickly by dipping\nin the water.\nNext apply a few drops of a solution made up of \u00bd teaspoon of sodium\nthiosulfate and 1 to 2 teaspoons of vinegar in 1 pint of water. This\nstops the action of the chlorine remaining in the cloth after the\ntreatment with Javelle water. Then rinse the cloth well in clean water.\nYou may use vinegar alone or oxalic acid solution (1 teaspoon oxalic\nacid to 1 pint water) instead of the thiosulfate solution, but they are\nnot so satisfactory. To remove the stain completely you may have to\nrepeat the Javelle water-thiosulfate treatment several times.\nSodium perborate is one of the safest bleaches for all types of\nmaterials. The treatment must be rapid and the sodium perborate well\nrinsed from the material, however, or it will take out the color. It\nwill not remove some ink stains, iron rust, dyes and running color, or\nmetal stains.\nFor small, fresh stains, sponge with a liquid made up of 4 tablespoons\nsodium perborate to 1 pint lukewarm water. Or stretch the stained cloth\nover a bowl of hot water, dampen the stain with water, and dust the\npowdered sodium perborate on it. Let stand a minute or two; then sponge\nor rinse well with water.\nFor a large stain, soak the entire garment for a half hour or longer in\nsodium perborate and soapsuds (4 tablespoons perborate to a pint of\nsoapy water). To remove grass, beverage, mud, scorch, and some perfume\nstains, mix 1 level teaspoon sodium perborate with 1 pint hydrogen\nperoxide. But use this mixture immediately, as it soon loses its\nstrength. Rinse in water.\nSodium perborate is particularly good to use on white woolens; it leaves\nthem soft and fluffy.\nHydrogen peroxide, obtained at drug stores, is a good bleach for light\nscorch stains. The action of hydrogen peroxide is quicker if a few drops\nof ammonia water are added just before use. Or you can add 1 level\nteaspoon of either borax or sodium perborate to 1 pint of peroxide.\nApply it to the stain with a medicine dropper, a glass rod, or sponge\nthe stain with it. Follow by careful sponging or rinsing with water.\nOxalic acid is poisonous and should be handled carefully. Label it\n\u201cPoison\u201d and keep it out of the reach of children. Prepare a solution as\nfollows: Dissolve about 3 tablespoons of the crystals of the acid in a\npint of lukewarm water. Put in a bottle, stopper tightly, and use as\nneeded. Stretch the stained cloth over a bowl of clean water and apply\nthe oxalic acid to the stain with a medicine dropper or glass rod. Allow\nit to remain for a few minutes; then rinse quickly by dipping in the\nwater. Apply a weak solution of ammonia water, borax, or sodium\nperborate to neutralize the action of the acid and rinse again. Never\nuse oxalic acid on weighted silk.\nHydrosulfites are very useful to remove dye stains, iron rust, ink,\nmildew, grass, and fruit stains. Sodium hydrosulfite, the one most often\nused, may be bought at drug stores under many trade names as a dye or\ncolor remover for preparing cloth for redyeing. It should be stored in a\ntightly closed can so it will not become damp. To use, dissolve 2\nteaspoons of the sodium hydrosulfite in 1 pint of warm water and either\nsponge or dip the stained article in it. Or sponge the stain with water\nfirst, sprinkle the powder on the stain, and work it in well with the\nfingers. Rinse quickly. If used on colored material, hydrosulfites are\napt to remove the color; so apply the treatment quickly and rinse well\nin water afterwards. Do not use on weighted silks.\n                        Pepsin and other enzymes\nEnzymes will remove certain stains from all kinds of materials. You can\nbuy pepsin, the best known of the enzymes, at the drug store. It softens\nstains containing albumin (found in blood, gelatin, glues, certain\nmedicines, eggs, milk, and ice cream), so that they wash out in water\neasily. Pepsin will soften these stains, even after they have been set\nby heat or alcohol. First be sure there is no soap or other alkali on\nthe stain, or the enzyme will not react. Then dampen the stain with\nlukewarm water and sprinkle with pepsin powder. Let it stand for half an\nhour, keeping the spot damp. Or mix the pepsin with water (2 teaspoons\nto 1 pint lukewarm water) and sponge the stain with it. Sponge or rinse\nwell with water.\n                     Soaps and synthetic detergents\nSoaps and synthetic detergents (nonsoap cleaners) are helpful in\nremoving grease and food spots, blood, and many other stains. For\nwashing silks and woolens, select a mild soap. One with added alkaline\nsalts may cause the colors to run and the cloth to become stiff and\nharsh. Also use a mild soap on all other delicate materials and on\ncotton, especially on those that are not guaranteed colorfast. If you\nare washing in hard water, add a water softener such as one of the\nspecial phosphates\u2014sodium hexametaphosphate or tetrasodium pyrophosphate\n(sold under brand names)\u2014which prevent the formation of hard-water scum.\nThis scum is caused by the reaction of the soap and the calcium and\nmagnesium compounds in the water. It settles on the clothes in gray or\nbrown specks that are hard to remove.\nSynthetic detergents come in powder, paste, and liquid form. Most of\nthem suds and lather well, although a few clean without sudsing. They do\nnot make a scum with hard water.\nSynthetic detergents, like soaps, may be mild or alkaline. The mild\nsynthetics are excellent for washing silks and fine fabrics, blankets,\nand sweaters. They are relatively safe for colors. The alkaline\nsynthetics, which contain alkaline salts to aid in soil removal, are\nall-purpose washing agents for washing heavily soiled garments.\nThe nonalkaline detergents can be used in place of glycerine to loosen\nfresh tannin stains made by soft drinks and some fresh fruits. The other\ntype should not be used because alkali tends to set tannin stains. Soap,\neven the mild type, is also alkaline enough to set these stains.\nThere are also special dry-cleaning soaps or benzene soaps, which, added\nto dry-cleaning fluid, aid in softening the stain and removing the dirt.\nOr, to soften a heavy grease or wax stain, put these soaps directly on\nthe stain, especially on silk and wool cloth. Then rinse well in carbon\ntetrachloride, Stoddard solvent, gasoline, or benzene.\n                         Stain-Removal Supplies\nKeep all stain removers together on a handy shelf, but out of the reach\nof children. Label all the jars and bottles; be sure to mark \u201c_Poison_\u201d\nplainly on the poisonous ones. To have a complete shelf, you will need\nto keep at least three kinds of cleaning agents\u2014bleaches, absorbent\npowders, grease solvents.\n  Absorbent powders\u2014for grease spots or ink stains.\n    Chalk, corn meal, talcum powder, or cornstarch.\n  Acetic acid\u201410-percent solution. (Vinegar is about 5 percent acetic\n          acid and can be used to remove alkalis, to stop the action of\n          Javelle water, and to restore some colors.)\n  Ammonia water\u201410-percent solution.\n  Bleaches\n    JAVELLE WATER\u2014for white cotton, linen, or rayon only.\n    SODIUM PERBORATE\u2014for any material, particularly good on white\n    HYDROGEN PEROXIDE\u2014a mild bleach for any material.\n    OXALIC ACID\u2014never use on weighted silk. Label \u201cPoison\u201d.\n    HYDROSULFITES\u2014never use on weighted silks.\n  Pepsin\u2014stain softener available at drug stores.\n  Sodium thiosulfate, or photographer\u2019s \u201chypo\u201d\u2014removes iodine stain; use\n          with Javelle water to remove chlorine from cloth.\n  Solvents\n    TURPENTINE\u2014for paint stains.\n    DENATURED ALCOHOL\u2014be sure to mix alcohol with 2 parts water when\n          using on acetate rayon or colored material.\n    CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, GASOLINE, OR BENZENE\u2014for grease and oil\n    ACETONE OR FINGERNAIL-POLISH REMOVER\u2014for fingernail-polish stains.\n          Never use on acetate rayon or vinyon.\n    GLYCERINE\u2014for tannin stains; also to loosen or soften other stains.\n  Washing agents\n    SOAP.\n    SYNTHETIC DETERGENT\u2014powder, paste, or liquid.\n    DRY-CLEANING SOAP\u2014to use with dry-cleaning fluid.\n    WASHING SODA.\n  Equipment\n    Cloth, white blotting paper, or cleansing tissues; medicine dropper;\n          glass rod; bowls.\n                       Removing Individual Stains\nAct quickly when an acid has been spilled, for it may damage the cloth\nor destroy the color. First, wash the stain with cold water to stop the\naction of the acid. Rinse several times in cold water; then apply\nammonia water or baking soda. Water alone will not restore color, but\nammonia water may.\nBaking soda.\u2014Sprinkle soda on both sides of the stain, moisten with\nwater, and allow to stand until the bubbling stops. Rinse well with\nwater.\nAmmonia water.\u2014Hold the dampened stain over an open bottle of strong\nammonia water; or if the material doesn\u2019t water-spot, put a few drops of\nammonia water, diluted to half strength on the stain. Since ammonia\nwater affects some dyes, have white vinegar ready to apply quickly if\nthe color changes. Rinse well with water.\nSponge or soak the stain in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, or kerosene.\nKerosene will make the cloth oily, so wash in warm suds after the\ntreatment.\n                  Alcoholic Beverages and Soft Drinks\nAlcoholic beverages and soft drinks may cause tannin stains. Fresh\ntannin stains are almost colorless, but if they are allowed to stand or\nare washed in soap and water or heated as in ironing and pressing, they\nturn brown and are almost impossible to remove. Fresh stains can be\nremoved as follows:\nCold water and glycerine.\u2014Sponge the stain with water or with a mixture\nof equal parts alcohol and water. Then pour glycerine on the stain and\nrub between the hands. Let stand for a half hour and rinse with water.\nAcetic acid.\u2014If the above treatment does not remove the stain, apply a\n10-percent solution of acetic acid with a medicine dropper and let stand\na few seconds. Rinse and repeat if necessary. Stop the action of the\nacid with baking soda or ammonia (see above) and spread the garment in\nthe sun.\nBleaches.\u2014The last traces of stains on white materials can sometimes be\nremoved by bleaching. Use one of the following:\n_Hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge lightly with hydrogen\nperoxide or with a mixture of 1 level teaspoon sodium perborate to 1\npint hydrogen peroxide. If this does not remove stain, cover dampened\nspot with powdered sodium perborate and let stand an hour. Rinse in\nwater.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored cotton or linen material, dip\nin Javelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water to remove\nstains from colored materials or from silk or wool.\nRemove alkali spots at once; they may destroy not only the color but the\nmaterial as well. First sponge or rinse the spot thoroughly with cold\nwater. This generally is sufficient for mild alkalies such as washing\nsoda and weak ammonia water. But to be on the safe side and to help\nrestore color, apply an acid\u2014this stops the action of the alkali. Then\nrinse or sponge the spot thoroughly with water. Use any of the following\nmild acids:\nLemon juice.\u2014Squeeze the juice on the stain, and allow it to remain\nuntil the juice loses its bright yellow color. Sponge or rinse well with\nwater.\nVinegar.\u2014Sponge with vinegar; then rinse in cold water.\nAcetic acid.\u2014Apply a few drops of a 10-percent solution of acetic acid\nwith a medicine dropper or a glass rod and remove the excess by rinsing\nor sponging with water.\nArgyrol stains must be treated while still fresh. Proceed as follows:\nPepsin.\u2014Sponge with warm water to remove any argyrol that has not soaked\ninto the cloth. Then sprinkle powdered pepsin over the dampened stain.\nWork it well into the cloth, let stand a half hour or longer, then\nsponge with water.\nIodine and sodium thiosulfate (\u201chypo\u201d).\u2014After the above treatment, put a\nfew drops of tincture of iodine on the dampened stain with a glass rod.\nLet stand for 10 or 15 minutes; then sponge with a solution prepared by\ndissolving several crystals of sodium thiosulfate in \u00bd cup of water.\nRinse well in water.\n    [Illustration: To bring back the color changed by an acid, hold the\n    dampened stain in the fumes from an open bottle of ammonia water.]\nBlood stains will usually come out if sponged or washed in cold or\nlukewarm water first. Never use hot water; it sets the stain.\nCold or lukewarm water.\u2014For stains on silk or wool, sponge with cold or\nlukewarm water. For washable material, soak the stains in cold water\nuntil they turn light brown in color; then wash in warm soapy water. If\nthe stain is an old one and has dried, it may help to add 2 tablespoons\nof ammonia water to each gallon of water used for soaking. Strong salt\nwater (about 2 cups of salt to 1 gallon water) is also good to loosen\nthe stain.\nHydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate.\u2014If the above treatment does not\ncompletely remove the stain, sponge with hydrogen peroxide. Or sponge\nwith a mixture of 1 level teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint hydrogen\nperoxide. If the stain still shows, cover the dampened spot with\npowdered sodium perborate and let stand an hour. Rinse thoroughly. These\nbleaches will not harm the cloth, but before using test for\ncolorfastness on a sample of cloth or on an inner seam of the garment.\nIf the color fades, do not use the bleaches; just dampen the stain and\nspread in the sun to bleach.\nStarch.\u2014Use a starch paste to remove stains on thick materials, such as\nflannel and blankets, which cannot be soaked in water. Mix raw starch to\na paste with cold water, apply the paste thickly to the stain, and brush\nit away when it dries. Repeat the treatment until the stain disappears.\nSoak fresh stains or rinse them in cold water. Or wash the stained\narticle with plenty of warm soapy water, rubbing thoroughly.\nScrape away as much wax as possible with a dull knife. Then treat as\nfollows:\nBlotting paper.\u2014Place the stain between clean white blotters, cleansing\ntissues, or paper towels, and press with a warm iron, changing the\nblotters as they become soiled. Then sponge with carbon tetrachloride or\nother grease solvent.\nDenatured alcohol.\u2014If a color stain remains, sponge with liquid made up\nof 1 cup denatured alcohol and 2 cups water.\nLaunder in warm soapy water if the material is washable. Otherwise,\nsponge with clear warm water.\nIf dye or chocolate stains remain, follow instructions given under Dyes\nand Running Colors, page 14, or Chocolate and Cocoa, page 13.\nCarbon-paper stains usually can be removed by washing in a heavy suds of\nsoap and water. Sponge unwashable materials with a liquid of 1 cup\nalcohol and 2 cups water; then sponge with cold water.\nUse one of the following methods:\nIce.\u2014If the material will not water-spot, rub the gum stain with ice.\nThen scrape and rub the hardened gum out of the cloth. This method is\nparticularly good for rugs and other heavy materials.\nEgg white.\u2014If the material is washable, soften the gum stain with egg\nwhite and then wash.\nCarbon tetrachloride, kerosene, or turpentine.\u2014Soak the stain in carbon\ntetrachloride, kerosene, or turpentine. If kerosene is used, wash in\nwarm soapy water afterwards.\nIt may be necessary to try more than one method to remove chocolate and\ncocoa stains, since they usually contain other substances such as fat,\nmilk, starch, and sugar. First scrape off as much of the stain as\npossible with a dull knife; then try one of the following:\nSoap and warm water.\u2014If the material is washable the regular laundering\nin warm soapy water will often remove this stain.\nHydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate.\u2014Sponge stubborn stains with\nhydrogen peroxide. Or use a mixture of 1 level teaspoon sodium perborate\nto 1 pint hydrogen peroxide. If the stain still shows, cover the\ndampened spot with powdered sodium perborate and let stand an hour.\nRinse thoroughly. Be sure to test for color change on a sample of the\ncloth or on the inside of hem or seam of the garment before using these\nbleaches on the stain.\nCarbon tetrachloride and pepsin.\u2014If the cloth is not washable sponge\nwith carbon tetrachloride to dissolve the grease. Dry thoroughly, then\nsponge with warm water, and dust with pepsin powder. Work the powder\ninto the cloth, let stand for 30 minutes or longer, then sponge with\nwater.\nFresh cod-liver oil stains are almost colorless and are easy to remove.\nBut old stains, especially if the material has been washed or ironed,\nare a light brown and are almost impossible to remove, even with\nbleaches. Treat fresh stains with either of the following:\nGrease solvents.\u2014Sponge or dip fresh cod-liver oil stains in carbon\ntetrachloride, benzene, Stoddard solvent, or gasoline. When the\ncod-liver oil has been removed, sponge with warm soapy water.\nGlycerine.\u2014For washable materials, pour either glycerine or one of the\nsoapless shampoos on the fresh stain. Rub lightly between the hands to\nloosen the stain, rinse well in water, and then wash in warm soapsuds.\nWater and glycerine.\u2014If the stains are on wool or silk, sponge with\nlukewarm water. Then apply glycerine and rub lightly between the hands.\nLet stand for half an hour and rinse thoroughly with water. If a grease\nspot from cream remains, sponge with carbon tetrachloride.\nBoiling water.\u2014Remove fresh stains from washable materials by pouring\nboiling water on the stain from a height of 2 or 3 feet, then wash in\nwarm soapy water. If a trace of stain remains, dry in the sun or bleach\nwith hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate.\nHydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate.\u2014Sponge with clear water and then\nwith a solution of 1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint hydrogen\nperoxide. If the stain still shows, sprinkle powdered sodium perborate\non the stain and let stand half an hour. Rinse well with water.\n                        Dyes and Running Colors\nAs there are many different kinds of dyes, no one remover will\nsuccessfully take out all dye stains. In fact, it may be impossible to\nremove some of these stains completely. Proceed as follows:\nWater and sunlight.\u2014If the material is washable, rinse the stains in\ncold or lukewarm water (soak for 10 to 12 hours if necessary), wash in\nheavy soapsuds, and then dry in the sun. Spots on wool or silk materials\nsometimes come out by soaking or washing in cold water.\nBleaches.\u2014If a stain remains, try one of the following:\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Apply one of the hydrosulfites available at drug stores\nas a color remover. Follow directions on the package.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored linen, cotton, or rayon, dip in\nJavelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water to remove\nstains from silk or wool.\n_Hydrogen peroxide._\u2014For stains on any white material, add a few drops\nof ammonia water to hydrogen peroxide. Soak the stains until they\ndisappear and rinse thoroughly in water. One teaspoon sodium perborate\nadded to 1 pint hydrogen peroxide makes a good bleach, but it must be\nmade fresh, as it soon loses its strength.\nScrape away as much of the stain as possible with a blunt knife. Then\nsponge with cold water. Never use hot water\u2014heat makes egg stains harder\nto remove.\nPepsin.\u2014If cold water does not remove the stain completely, sprinkle\npepsin powder over the spot. Work it in well and let stand for half an\nhour. Rinse well.\nGrease solvents.\u2014For nonwashable materials, sponge first with cold\nwater. Let dry and then sponge with carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, or\nother grease solvent.\nAcetone or nail-polish removers.\u2014On any material except acetate rayon or\nvinyon, sponge the stain with acetone or a commercial nail-polish\nremover.\nGrease solvent and banana oil (amyl acetate).\u2014Use this treatment on any\nmaterial including acetate rayon and vinyon. First wet the stain well\nwith carbon tetrachloride or gasoline; then apply a drop of banana oil\nto the stain. Brush lightly with a soft cloth, using an upward motion to\npick up the dissolved polish. For heavy stains use dry-cleaning soap\nwith the banana oil.\nBleaches.\u2014To remove any color remaining after the polish itself has been\ndissolved, apply a bleach. Test the cloth for change in color first.\n_Hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge with clear water and\nthen with a solution of 1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint hydrogen\nperoxide. If the stain still shows, sprinkle powdered sodium perborate\non the stain and let stand half an hour. Rinse well with clear water.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Apply one of the hydrosulfites available at drug stores\nas a color remover. Follow directions on the package.\nSoak or sponge the stain with a solution made of \u00bd cup salt and 1 cup\nvinegar in 2 quarts of water. Rinse well in water; then wash in warm\nsoapsuds.\nSponge the stain with carbon tetrachloride or benzene. If the material\nis washable, soak in kerosene and then wash in warm soapy water.\nTreat fruit and berry stains immediately, if possible; they are hard to\nremove after they dry. Boiling water (if it does not harm the cloth) or\nsometimes even warm water will remove most fruit stains. It is better\nnot to use soap, as alkalies set some fruit and berry stains. Use the\nsame methods for removing stains from cooked fruits and berries as from\nfresh.\nWashing in warm soapy water sometimes removes stains from citrus fruits,\nsuch as grapefruit and lemon. But if the stain is old or the cloth has\nbeen pressed before washing, use one of the bleaches described below. If\nthe acid in citrus fruit changes the color of the cloth, restore it with\nammonia water or baking soda. (See Acids, p. 10.)\nCold water and glycerine.\u2014For fresh peach, pear, cherry, and plum stains\non cotton and linen and for any fruit stain on wool or silk materials\n(either white or colored), first sponge the stain well with cool water;\nthen work glycerine or a soapless shampoo into the stain, rubbing\nlightly between the hands. Do not use soap, as soap sets the stain. Let\nstand several hours, then apply a few drops of vinegar or oxalic acid,\nallow to remain for a minute or two, then rinse thoroughly in water.\nBoiling water.\u2014Boiling water removes from cotton and linen most fruit\nstains except peach, pear, plum, and cherry. Never use boiling water on\nsilk or wool. Stretch the stained part over a bowl, fasten it with\nstring, and pour boiling water on it from a teakettle held at a height\nof 3 or 4 feet so that the water strikes the stain with force. Rubbing\nalternated with the boiling water is also helpful. If a stain remains,\nsqueeze a little lemon juice on it and place in the sun to dry, or use\none of the chemical bleaches.\nBleaches.\u2014If a stain remains, try one of the following:\n_Hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge with hydrogen\nperoxide-sodium perborate mixture (1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint\nperoxide). Rinse thoroughly. If the stain persists, sprinkle powdered\nsodium perborate on the dampened area and let stand for half an hour.\nFinally rinse well. Always test for change of color on the inside of a\nhem or seam before using these bleaches. If the color fades, do not use\nthem\u2014just dampen the stain with water and spread in the sun to bleach.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Hydrosulfites available at drug stores as dye removers\nare satisfactory for removing fruit stains from any white material.\nFollow directions on package.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored linen or cotton material, dip\nin Javelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or\nwool.\nWater.\u2014If the material is washable, soak the spot in warm water, or if\nit is a stubborn stain you may have to boil it. If the stain is known to\nbe casein glue, soak it in cold water.\nAcetic acid.\u2014For nonwashable materials, sponge the spot with water, then\nwith acetic acid (10-percent solution) or white vinegar. Rinse well.\n                  Grass and Other Fresh Garden Foliage\nHot water and soap.\u2014If the material is washable, use hot water and soap,\nrubbing the stain well. If this does not completely remove the stain,\nuse a bleach.\nBleaches.\u2014Try one of the following:\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored linen, cotton, or rayon, dip in\nJavelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water to remove\nstains from silk or wool.\n_Hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge with clear water and\nthen with a solution of 1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint hydrogen\nperoxide. If the stain still shows, sprinkle powdered sodium perborate\non the stain and let stand half an hour. Rinse well with clear water.\nAlways test for change of color on a sample of the cloth before using\nthese bleaches.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Hydrosulfites available at drug stores as dye removers\nare satisfactory in removing grass stains from any white materials.\nFollow directions on the package.\nBenzene or denatured alcohol.\u2014On materials that soap and water might\ninjure, sponge the stains with benzene or alcohol. Test them first to be\nsure they do not change the color of the material. Do not use alcohol on\nacetate rayon or vinyon unless you dilute it\u20141 cup denatured alcohol\nwith 2 cups water.\nFresh grease spots usually are the pure fat or oil. Old grease spots or\nstains from automobile, wheel, or machine greases usually contain also\nmore or less dust, dirt, or fine bits of metal. (For road oil and axle\ngrease, see p. 27.) First scrape or wipe off as much of the grease as\npossible; then treat the stain by one of the following methods:\nSoap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, wash in warm sudsy water.\nBe sure to use plenty of soap on the stained part and rub well between\nthe hands. The soaplike washing agents (soapless shampoos, oils, and\nlathers) are good to soften grease stains.\n    [Illustration: Place a grease or oil stain between paper towels or\n    cleansing tissues and press with a warm iron.]\nAbsorbents.\u2014Use cornstarch, French chalk, or white talcum powder for\nfine materials; corn meal or salt for carpets, rugs, and other coarse\nmaterials. Dust the powder or salt over the spot, let stand until it\nabsorbs the grease or oil, then brush off. Another method is to place\nthe stained part between blotting papers and press lightly with a warm\niron. Change the blotting paper as it becomes soiled. Or use cleansing\ntissues or paper towels in the same way. The advantage of using\nabsorbents is that they do not wet the material or leave rings as water\nor grease solvents are apt to do.\nGrease solvents.\u2014Remove common grease and oils with carbon\ntetrachloride, gasoline, or benzene. Place a pad of clean cloth or a\nwhite blotter beneath the stain and sponge with a clean cloth, moistened\nwith the grease solvent. Work from the wrong side of the material in\norder to push the dirt and grease out rather than to rub it into the\nmaterial. Use light, brushing motions, work from the outside of the spot\ntoward the center and spread or \u201cfeather out\u201d the solvent into the cloth\naround the stain until there is no definite edge. Then pat dry with a\nclean, dry cloth.\nIf the grease spot contains dirt or fine bits of metal, first loosen the\nstain by rubbing a little lard, petroleum jelly, or dry-cleaning soap\ninto it. Then sponge with the grease solvent or dip the stain into a\nsmall bowl of the solvent.\nAnother method is to make a paste by mixing cornstarch or talcum with\ncarbon tetrachloride or other dry-cleaning fluid. Spread the paste over\nthe spot; when dry brush it off. Repeat if necessary. The solvent does\nnot spread and is less likely to form a ring if used in this way.\nIce cream stains contain milk or cream, sugar, sometimes egg, and often\ncoloring. If after trying the following methods, a fruit or chocolate\nstain remains, follow instructions under Fruits and Berries, page 15, or\nunder Chocolate and Cocoa, page 13.\nCold or lukewarm water.\u2014If the material is washable and the stain\ncontains no highly colored fruit or chocolate, sponge with cold or\nlukewarm water; then wash in warm soapsuds.\nCarbon tetrachloride.\u2014For nonwashable materials, sponge with carbon\ntetrachloride to remove the greasy part of the stain. Let it dry; then\nsponge with cold water to remove any stains from the egg and sugar in\nthe ice cream. If this does not remove the stain completely, follow with\na pepsin treatment.\nPepsin.\u2014First sponge the stain with cold water, then sprinkle pepsin on\nthe dampened stain, and let it stand half an hour. Brush it off and\nrinse the spot well. For best results, be sure the material is free from\nsoap or other alkali before applying the pepsin.\nBecause inks differ in composition, it is impossible to find removers\nthat are equally effective for all types of ink spots. Each of the\nmethods mentioned below is satisfactory with some type of ink. For most\nink spots, it is necessary to try several methods, beginning always with\nthe simplest and that least likely to harm the cloth.\nDenatured alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene.\u2014Place a pad of\ncloth or blotter under the stain and sponge with one of these solvents.\nThen rub glycerine (use glycerine only with alcohol) or a dry-cleaning\nsoap into the stain and finally rinse out with the solvent. If this does\nnot remove the stain, let the stain dry; then wet with water and rub in\na synthetic detergent (nonsoap cleaner) to help soften the stain. Or use\nstrong soapsuds to which a few drops of ammonia water have been added.\nAlcohol must not be used on acetate rayon or colored materials.\nUse one of the following agents for removing printing-ink stains:\nLard or petroleum jelly.\u2014Rub the stain with lard or petroleum jelly;\nwork it into the cloth. If material is washable, wash with soap and\nwater; otherwise sponge with carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, or other\ngrease solvent.\nTurpentine.\u2014Soak the stain for a few minutes in turpentine and then\nsponge with carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, or other dry-cleaning fluid.\nDo not use alcohol on acetate rayon or colored materials.\nKerosene.\u2014To remove printing from flour bags and other bags, soak in\nkerosene for several hours. Then wash thoroughly in soap and hot water\nand spread on the grass in the sun to dry.\nIn removing writing-ink stains it usually is necessary to try various\nmethods. Always start with the simplest method and the one least likely\nto harm the cloth.\nAbsorbents.\u2014If the stain is still wet, spread corn meal, salt, French\nchalk, cornstarch, or talcum powder on the stain to remove any excess\nink and to keep it from spreading. Work the powder into the stain. Shake\nit off as it becomes soiled and repeat the process. When the dry\nabsorbent fails to take up more ink, make the absorbent into a paste\nwith water or with a mixture of 1 part water and 1 part alcohol and\napply again. Let dry and brush off.\nGlycerine and water or soap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, pour\neither glycerine or one of the soapless shampoos on the fresh stain. Rub\nlightly between the hands, rinse, and apply glycerine again as long as\nany ink comes from the stain. Rinse with clear water. Washing with soap\nand warm water will remove some types of ink.\nBleaches.\u2014If the above treatments do not remove the stain, try a bleach.\nBut use bleaches sparingly on colored materials.\n_Oxalic acid._\u2014Soak the stain for a few seconds in a solution of oxalic\nacid (3 tablespoons of the crystals of the acid to a pint of water). Or\nsponge the stain well with cold water, then stretch the stain over a\nbowl of hot water, and apply crystals of oxalic acid directly to the\nstain. Rinse by dipping in the hot water and finally in water to which a\nfew drops of ammonia water have been added. Do not use on weighted silk.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Sponge with a hydrosulfite solution and rinse quickly.\nSoap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, soap and water will often\nremove a fresh stain. Or moisten with water and place either in the sun,\nover a warm radiator, or hold in the steam from a boiling teakettle.\nDenatured alcohol.\u2014On materials that water would injure, sponge with\nalcohol. On acetate rayon and colored materials be sure to dilute the\nalcohol\u20141 cup denatured alcohol to 2 cups water.\nSodium thiosulfate (\u201chypo\u201d).\u2014Sponge the stain or dip in a solution of 1\ntablespoon of the \u201chypo\u201d to 1 pint of water. Rinse well in water.\nUse any of the methods given below to remove iron-rust stains from white\nmaterials. Test remover on sample of cloth before using on colored\nmaterials.\nLemon juice.\u2014Spread the stain over a pan of boiling water and then\nsqueeze lemon juice on it. After a few minutes rinse; then repeat the\nprocess. This method is rather slow, but does not harm delicate white\ncottons or linens. Another method is to sprinkle the stain with salt,\nsqueeze lemon juice on it, and spread in the sun to dry. Add more lemon\njuice if the stain still shows. Rinse well.\nOxalic acid.\u2014Spread the stained article over a bowl of hot water and\napply a few drops of oxalic acid solution (3 tablespoons of the crystals\nto 1 pint of water). Or put the crystals of acid directly on the stain\nand moisten with hot water. Rinse in hot water, and repeat until the\nstain disappears. Do not use on weighted silk.\nCream of tartar.\u2014Boil the stained article in a liquid made up of 4\nteaspoons of cream of tartar to 1 pint of water. Rinse thoroughly.\nHydrosulfite.\u2014Hydrosulfites available at drug stores as color removers\nor dye-stripping agents also will remove rust stains. Follow directions\ngiven on the package. Do not use on weighted silks.\nSponge with carbon tetrachloride or benzene. Treat as for cod-liver oil\nstains.\nPetroleum jelly and carbon tetrachloride.\u2014If water spots the cloth, work\npetroleum jelly or lard into the stain. Then either sponge with carbon\ntetrachloride or dip the stained part in a bowl of the solvent. If a\ntrace of color remains, sponge with denatured alcohol. On acetate rayon\nand colored materials, dilute the alcohol\u20141 cup of denatured alcohol to\n2 cups water.\nGlycerine, soap, and water.\u2014If the material is washable, first loosen\nthe stain as above with glycerine or petroleum jelly. Then launder. If\nsoap or other alkalies are applied before the stain is loosened, they\nare apt to set it.\nHydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate.\u2014Sponge with sodium\nperborate-hydrogen peroxide mixture (1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1\npint peroxide). Rinse thoroughly. If the stain persists, sprinkle\npowdered sodium perborate on the dampened area and let stand for half an\nhour. Finally rinse well. Be sure to test the cloth for colorfastness\nbefore using these bleaches.\nSponge meat-juice or gravy stains with cold or lukewarm water. Never use\nhot water; it sets the stain. If a grease spot remains, launder washable\nmaterials in warm soapy water. If the cloth is not washable, use an\nabsorbent powder or a grease solvent.\nAbsorbents.\u2014Dust the powder over the stain, let it stand until it\nabsorbs the grease, then brush off.\nSolvents.\u2014Sponge with carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, or benzene.\nBecause of the great number and variety of substances used in medicines,\nit is not possible to give methods for removing all such stains. If you\nknow what the medicine is made of, it will aid in choosing the remover.\nFor instance, a tarry or gummy medicine can be treated in the same way\nas a tar spot (see p. 27); a medicine containing much iron can be\nremoved in the same way as iron rust (see p. 20). Medicines in a sugar\nsirup usually can be washed out with water; those dissolved in alcohol\nsometimes can be removed by sponging the stain with alcohol. Many of the\nmedicines used in swabbing sore throats contain silver nitrate and\nshould be sponged with a solution of sodium thiosulfate (\u201chypo\u201d)\u20141\nteaspoon of the crystals in 1 cup of water.\nIf you cannot find out what kind of medicine caused the stain, you may\nhave to try several methods to find one that will do the job. Each of\nthe following methods will remove certain medicine stains.\nBoiling water.\u2014For washable materials, pour boiling water on the stain\nfrom a height of 3 or 4 feet, as for fruit stains, or launder in warm\nsoapy water.\nDenatured alcohol or carbon tetrachloride.\u2014Some color stains can be\nsponged or soaked out with alcohol. Sponge greasy stains with carbon\ntetrachloride. A dry-cleaning soap helps to loosen them. Finally sponge\nwith fresh carbon tetrachloride.\nBleaches.\u2014Use bleaches only on white materials. Try one of the\nfollowing:\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Use one of the hydrosulfite dye-stripping agents\navailable at drug stores. Follow instructions on the package.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on linen, cotton, or rayon, dip in Javelle\nwater for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the cloth with\na sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6 for more\ndetailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or wool.\nMercurochrome stains are very hard to remove unless you treat them\npromptly. Proceed as follows:\nDenatured alcohol, glycerine, and laundering.\u2014First sponge the stain\nwell with a liquid made of equal parts of alcohol and water. (On acetate\nrayon and colored materials use 1 part alcohol and 2 parts water). Next\nwork glycerine into the cloth to help loosen the stain, and continue\nusing as long as any color bleeds from the stain. Then wash well in\nsoapsuds, and rinse with water to which a few drops of ammonia water\nhave been added.\nAcetic acid.\u2014If a stain remains after the above treatment, apply\n10-percent acetic acid with a medicine dropper; then rinse well in\nwater.\nBleaches.\u2014If the above treatments do not completely remove the stain,\nuse a bleach.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored linen, cotton, or rayon, dip in\nJavelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or\nwool.\n_Sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge with a sodium perborate solution (4\ntablespoons of the perborate in a pint of lukewarm water) or dampen the\nstain with water and dust the powdered sodium perborate on it. Rinse\nthoroughly. Always test for the effect on the color of the cloth before\nusing bleaches.\n_Sodium hydrosulfite._\u2014This color remover is available at drug stores.\nIt may be used safely on most white materials. Follow directions on the\npackage.\nThe tarnish of copper, brass, tin, and other metals often stains\ntextiles. To remove, apply vinegar, lemon juice, or a 10-percent\nsolution of acetic acid. Rinse well as soon as the stain has dissolved.\nDo not use chlorine bleaches or sodium perborate to remove these stains.\nMercury or quicksilver removes lead or solder stains from rugs or\nclothing. First scrape off as much of the lead as possible with a dull\nknife. Then pour mercury on the stain and work with a stick until the\nmercury absorbs the stains.\nMildew spots must be treated when fresh, before the mold growth has a\nchance to weaken the cloth.\nSoap and water.\u2014On washable material, soap and water will remove very\nfresh stains. Drying on the grass in the sun helps to bleach the spots.\nBleaches.\u2014Try a bleaching agent if soap and water do not remove the\nstain. Be sure to test for colorfastness on a hidden part of the\ngarment.\n_Lemon juice._\u2014Moisten the stain with lemon juice and salt and place in\nthe sun. This often removes slight stains.\n_Javelle water._\u2014Old stains on cotton, linen, or rayon may be bleached\nout with Javelle water. Dip the stain in the Javelle water for 1 minute\n(no longer), remove the chlorine from the cloth with a sodium\nthiosulphate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6 for more detailed\ninstructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or wool.\n_Sodium perborate._\u2014Soak the stain in a sodium perborate solution (4\ntablespoons perborate to 1 pint lukewarm water). Or dampen the stain\nwith water and sprinkle the perborate powder directly on the stain.\nRinse after either treatment.\nSee Ice Cream, p. 18.\n                      Mimeograph-Correction Fluid\nFollow instructions given under Fingernail Polish, page 15.\nSoak in lukewarm salt water (about 2 cups salt to 1 gallon water) or in\nweak ammonia water (2 tablespoons ammonia water to each gallon water).\nRinse well with cold water and launder as usual.\nLet the mud stain dry, then brush well. Sponge with clear water, or use\nsoap and water if it will not harm the cloth. Sponging with alcohol will\nhelp to remove the last traces of the stain. On colored materials and\nacetate rayon dilute the alcohol\u20141 cup denatured alcohol to 2 cups\nwater.\nGlycerine and soap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, work\nglycerine into the stain, rub lightly between the hands, and then wash\nthe article in soap and water.\nDenatured alcohol.\u2014If water spots the cloth, sponge the stain with\nalcohol. Since alcohol makes some colors run, test a sample of the cloth\nto be sure it does not harm the color. On acetate rayon sponge with\ndilute alcohol\u20141 cup denatured alcohol to 2 cups water.\nBleaches.\u2014Try one of the following, but use sparingly on colored\nmaterials and do not use on weighted silks.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Sponge with a hydrosulfite solution (2 teaspoons in 1\npint of warm water) and rinse quickly.\n_Oxalic acid._\u2014Apply oxalic acid solution with a medicine dropper (see\np. 7) and rinse well with clear water. Sponge with weak ammonia water,\nborax or sodium perborate solution, to neutralize the acid.\n                 Paints\u2014Oil Paints, Varnishes, Enamels\nTreat oil paint, varnish, and enamel stains quickly, since a dried or\nhardened paint stain is almost impossible to remove. Scrape off as much\nof the paint or varnish as possible before using any remover. If the\nstain has hardened, apply a solvent on both sides and give time for it\nto soften. Do not rub too hard; rubbing roughens the cloth. Use one of\nthe following methods:\nSoap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, remove fresh stains by\nwashing with plenty of soap. If the stain has dried, soften it first by\nrubbing oil, lard, or petroleum jelly into it.\nTurpentine or other solvents.\u2014Sponge the stain with pure turpentine or,\nif the spots are large or scattered, wash the whole article in it. Or\nsoak in a liquid of equal parts ammonia water and turpentine, rinse\nseveral times in fresh turpentine, wash in soapy water. Carbon\ntetrachloride, kerosene, alcohol, or benzene may be applied in the same\nway as turpentine. Benzene is good for the usual type of spar varnish.\nAlcohol will remove stains of shellac varnish, but never use alcohol on\nacetate rayon or vinyon.\nPaint and varnish remover.\u2014Equal parts of benzene, carbon tetrachloride,\nand amyl acetate (banana oil) make a very good paint remover. Apply the\nremover and rub in a dry-cleaning soap to help loosen the stain. Finally\nrinse out with carbon tetrachloride.\nDo not use water on indelible pencil marks as this spreads the dye and\nmakes the stain harder to remove. Use one of the following:\nDenatured alcohol.\u2014Soak the stain in alcohol. If carbon marks remain,\nsponge with soap and water. Do not use alcohol on acetate rayon. Test\nall dyed cloth for colorfastness.\nBleaches.\u2014Remove the dye with a bleaching agent.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on uncolored cotton, linen, or rayon, dip in\nJavelle water for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the\ncloth with a sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6\nfor more detailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or\nwool.\n_Hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate._\u2014For other materials sponge\nwith a mixture of 1 teaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint peroxide. Rinse\nwell.\nA soft eraser sometimes will remove the marks, especially on stiff or\nstarched materials. If the material is washable, rub soapsuds into the\nstain and launder as usual. Sponge woolen materials with clear water or\nwith a solution of equal parts alcohol and water.\n                          Perspiration Stains\nPerspiration of the body is usually acid, so you can sometimes restore\ncolors changed by a perspiration stain by treating with an alkali.\nDampen the stain with water and hold it over the fumes from an open\nammonia water bottle. (See Acids, p. 10.) Old stains may be alkaline;\nthen try vinegar. (See Alkalies, p. 11.) However, colors changed by\nperspiration cannot always be restored, particularly if the stain is an\nold one.\nTo remove perspiration odors, sponge the stained part with warm water to\nwhich a few drops of vinegar have been added, sprinkle powdered pepsin\nover the stain, work it well into the cloth, and let stand 1 to 2 hours,\nkeeping the spot moist. Then brush off the powder and rinse well.\nYellowish perspiration stains on white material can be removed by:\nSoap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, bleach in the sun after\nwashing in soap and water.\nBleaches.\u2014For a stubborn stain, try a bleach.\n_Hydrogen peroxide._\u2014Sponge with hydrogen peroxide or a mixture of 1\nteaspoon sodium perborate to 1 pint peroxide. Rinse with water.\n_Sodium hydrosulfite._\u2014Quickly dip the stain into a sodium hydrosulfite\nsolution (2 teaspoons sodium hydrosulfite to 1 pint water). Rinse\nimmediately. First test the colorfastness of the cloth to this bleach.\nTo remove rubber cement either sponge or dip the cloth in carbon\ntetrachloride, Stoddard solvent, gasoline, or benzene. If the stain has\ndried, rub in petroleum jelly or dry-cleaning soap to loosen it. Then\napply the carbon tetrachloride or other solvent.\nThe acid of the vinegar or lemon juice in salad dressings may injure the\ncolor of the material. Apply a mild alkali such as baking soda or weak\nammonia water immediately to restore the color. (See Acids, p. 10.) Then\nuse one of the following to remove the stain:\nSoap and water.\u2014Sponge delicate, washable materials with lukewarm water.\nDo not use hot water if egg or cream was used in making the salad\ndressing. Use soap if it will not harm the cloth.\nGrease solvents.\u2014Sponge the stain with lukewarm water, let dry, and then\nsponge with carbon tetrachloride, Stoddard solvent, gasoline, or\nbenzene.\nAbsorbents.\u2014Absorbent powders are particularly good for splatters of\nsalad oil. Dust cornstarch or talcum powder over the spot, allow it to\nabsorb the oil or grease, then brush off. Or make a thick paste by\nmixing the powder with carbon tetrachloride or other grease solvent,\nspread it on the spot, let dry, and brush off. Repeat if necessary.\nAnother method is to put the stained cloth between cleansing tissues and\npress with a warm iron.\nYou can usually remove light scorch stains from cotton and linen\nmaterials, but wool and silk can seldom be restored to their original\ncondition. Brushing with emery paper may improve wool, however. Try the\nfollowing:\nSoap and water.\u2014If the cloth is washable, soap and water will remove\nvery slight stains. After washing, place the article in the sun for a\nday or two; it may bleach out any remaining traces of the stain.\nHydrogen peroxide.\u2014If the stained material is white, use hydrogen\nperoxide. Dampen a white cotton cloth with the peroxide and lay it on\nthe stain. Cover with a clean dry cloth; then press with a medium warm\niron. If the hydrogen peroxide soaks through the top cloth, replace with\na dry one. Ironing directly on the cloth moistened with peroxide or on\nthe dampened stain itself, after the cloth has been removed, will cause\nrust stains on the garment. Repeat the treatment, until the stain is\ncompletely removed. Rinse well.\nLight scorch stains may be removed also by sponging with hydrogen\nperoxide to which sodium perborate has been added (1 teaspoon sodium\nperborate to 1 pint peroxide). Rinse well with water.\nSoap and water.\u2014If the material is washable, remove fresh stains from\none of the paste dressings by sponging or washing thoroughly with plenty\nof soap. For spots caused by white dressings, sponge first with water,\nthen with soap and water.\nSolvents.\u2014Sponge well with carbon tetrachloride or turpentine.\nGlycerine, lard, or petroleum jelly worked into the stain first helps to\nloosen it. For liquid dressings and for stains on wool, sponge with\ndenatured alcohol. Do not use alcohol on acetate rayon or colored cloth.\nBleaches.\u2014If a dye stain remains, remove with a bleaching agent.\n_Hydrosulfite._\u2014Apply one of the hydrosulfites available at drug stores\nas a color remover. Follow directions on the package.\n_Hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge the stain with hydrogen\nperoxide or with a sodium perborate solution (p. 7) or sprinkle sodium\nperborate powder on the moistened stain directly. Rinse well.\nIroning material from which the soap has not been well rinsed may cause\na stain much like iron rust. Washing with soap and water usually removes\nit. Be sure to rinse well. Bleaching in the sun afterwards is sometimes\nhelpful.\nAbsorbents with solvents.\u2014First brush the stain; then sprinkle with an\nabsorbent powder\u2014French chalk, cornstarch, corn meal, or salt. Work the\npowder around until soiled and brush it off. Then if the material is\nwashable, sponge or wash with soap and water. If water harms the cloth,\nfirst use an absorbent; then sponge the stain with one of the grease\nsolvents\u2014carbon tetrachloride, Stoddard solvent, or gasoline.\nAnother method is to make a paste by mixing an absorbent powder with\ncarbon tetrachloride or other solvent, spread it on the stain, then\nbrush it off when dry.\nTo remove the odor of smoke from a garment, have it dry-cleaned.\nIf the material is washable, wash out sugar-sirup stains with soap and\nwater. For more delicate materials, sponge with clean water.\n               Tar, Road Oil, Asphalt, Axle Grease, Pitch\nStains made by tarlike substances are hard to remove, especially from\ncotton material. First rub in petroleum jelly or lard to soften the\nstain, then sponge with one of the grease solvents\u2014carbon tetrachloride,\nStoddard solvent, gasoline, benzene\u2014or dip the article in the liquid and\nrub lightly between the hands. Repeat the treatment until the stain is\nremoved. If the material is washable, use warm soapy water after rubbing\nin the petroleum jelly or lard.\nFor stains on carpets or rugs, scrape off as much as possible with a\ndull knife. Then sponge with the grease solvent, using a brushing motion\nso that you do not rub the stain into the carpet.\nTreat stains from the tarry substances in the stem of a pipe in the same\nway as tar. Use one of the following methods to remove tobacco juice\nstains:\nCold water and glycerine.\u2014Sponge with cold water; then work warm\nglycerine into the stain. Let stand for half an hour, and wash with soap\nand water. If the stain cannot be completely removed by washing, bleach\nit in the sun. Moistening it with lemon juice makes it disappear more\nquickly.\nWood or denatured alcohol.\u2014To remove traces of color remaining on wool\nmaterials after the above treatment, sponge with alcohol.\nBleaches.\u2014Try one of the following to remove remaining tobacco stains:\n_Hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate._\u2014Sponge with hydrogen peroxide\nor with sodium perborate solution (4 tablespoons to a pint of water). Or\nsprinkle powdered sodium perborate on the moistened stain. Rinse\nthoroughly.\n_Javelle water._\u2014For stains on cotton or linen, dip the stain in Javelle\nwater for 1 minute (no longer), remove the chlorine from the cloth with\na sodium thiosulfate solution, rinse well in water. (See p. 6 for more\ndetailed instructions.) Do not use Javelle water on silk or wool\nmaterials. Be sure to test the cloth for colorfastness before applying\nthis bleach.\n                        Tomato Juice and Catsup\nCold water and glycerine.\u2014Sponge the stain thoroughly with cold water to\nremove all the loose foodstuff. Next work glycerine into the stain, and\nlet stand for half an hour. Then wash with soap and water.\nHydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate.\u2014Remove any remaining stain by\nsponging with hydrogen peroxide or with sodium perborate solution (4\ntablespoons to 1 pint of water). Sponge or rinse with cold water.\nThese stains differ so in composition that it is impossible to give\nmethods which will be successful in all cases. If the color of the cloth\nis not destroyed but only changed, it may be restored. Normal human\nurine is usually acid, as is also that of all meat-eating animals.\nTherefore sponge such stains with a weak ammonia or soda solution. (See\nAcids, p. 10.) If the stain is alkaline, sponge with lemon juice or\nvinegar. (See Alkalies, p. 11.)\nWarm water followed by salt and water.\u2014Sponge with warm water. Warm salt\nwater may be used (about \u00bd cup salt to 1 quart water). Apply and let\nstand 15 minutes; then sponge with clear water.\nHydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate.\u2014Apply a few drops of hydrogen\nperoxide (see p. 7) or sponge with a mixture of 1 level teaspoon sodium\nperborate to 1 pint peroxide. Powdered sodium perborate may be sprinkled\non the dampened stain. Rinse thoroughly in water.\nSoap solution.\u2014Boil washable materials in soapy water (a half-inch cube\nof laundry soap to each cup of water). This will completely remove fresh\nstains on cotton or linen. If this treatment leaves a gray color, as it\nsometimes does with an old stain, treat with Javelle water as follows:\nJavelle water.\u2014Mix Javelle water with an equal amount of hot water. Soak\nthe stained place for 1\u00bd hours in this solution, and rinse thoroughly.\nThen treat with oxalic acid solution (1 teaspoon oxalic acid to 1 pint\nwater), and rinse again. This will remove a week-old stain and will not\nseriously injure the material. Soaking the stain in Javelle water of\nfull strength, however, rots the material. Do not use Javelle water on\nsilk or wool.\nSome silks, rayons, and wools are spotted by water. To remove such\nspots, dampen the entire material evenly, either by sponging with clean\nwater or by shaking in the steam from a briskly boiling teakettle. Then\npress it while still damp. Scratching with the fingernail or a stiff\nbrush or rubbing the cloth between the hands will sometimes remove the\nspot.\n                       White Sauces, Cream Soups\nIf the material is washable, laundering in warm soap and water will\nremove these spots. For nonwashable materials, sponge with warm water,\nlet dry, then sponge with a grease solvent\u2014carbon tetrachloride,\ngasoline, or benzene.\n  Page\n  Beer. _See_ Alcoholic beverages.\n  Beverages. _See_ Alcoholic beverages; Chocolate; Coffee.\n  Cherry. _See_ Fruits.\n  Cream. _See_ Ice cream.\n  Fish oil. _See_ Cod-liver oil.\n  Grapefruit. _See_ Fruits.\n  Lemon. _See_ Fruits.\n  Liquor. _See_ Alcoholic beverages.\n  Mayonnaise. _See_ Salad dressings.\n      _See_ also Argyrol; Mercurochrome.\n  Milk. _See_ Ice cream.\n  Mimeograph-correction fluid. _See_ Fingernail polish.\n      _See_ also Cod-liver oil; Linseed oil; Road oil.\n  Orange. _See_ Fruits.\n  Paraffin. _See_ Candle wax, colored.\n  Peach. _See_ Fruits.\n  Pear. _See_ Fruits.\n  Petroleum jelly. _See_ Grease; Oils.\n  Plum. _See_ Fruits.\n  Silver nitrate. _See_ Medicines.\n  Tannin. _See_ Alcoholic beverages; Coffee; Fruits.\n  Vinegar. _See_ Acids.\n  Wine. _See_ Alcoholic beverages.\n           * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1955 O-337590\n For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing\n                  Washington 25, D. C.\u2014Price 15 cents\n\u2014Silently corrected a few typos.\n\u2014Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook\n  is public-domain in the country of publication.\n\u2014In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by\n  _underscores_.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Stain Removal from Fabrics"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1929, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed\n                    The Candid Confessions of Leona\n                   Canwick + Censored Indiscreetly by\n                    J. H. SEARS & CO., INCORPORATED\n                    Second Printing, November, 1928\n                    Third Printing, December, 1928\n                    Fourth Printing, February, 1929\n                    Sixth Printing, September, 1929\n                        United States of America\n                       THE BULL OF THE BOULEVARDS\n              \u201cThere weren\u2019t enough medals to go \u2019round!\u201d\n                    2 CORRESPONDENCE FROM HEAVEN\n                    3 APPLE-SAUCE FOR THE GANDER\n                    5 A MAIDEN SLEEPS WITH AN ARMY\n                   10 THE BATTLE OF LE CHIEN ROUGE\n                   11 FAIR ENOUGH IN LOVE AND WAR\n                   12 MADEMOISELLE FROM GAY PAREE\n                   14 IT TAKES A WOMAN TO CATCH A WOMAN\n                   19 THE COST OF CURIOSITY\nThere was a party up in Heaven the night that I was born and my mother\u2019s\nGuardian Angel was playing one of those now-you-see-it-and-now-you-don\u2019t\nshell games with the Court Jester while the Head-Man so far forgot\nhimself, under the influence of the chorus of angelic yessers, as to do\nsleight-of-hand tricks with the Vital Statistics and the Orders of the\nDay. The whole court laughed to see such sport and even my mother\u2019s\nGuardian Angel must have thought it was a good joke on my father.\nI heard the angels laughing as I came into the world and I cried out, as\nsoon as I could, that it certainly didn\u2019t take much to entertain some\npeople. Angels have no sense of humor, anyway; I\u2019ve since discovered\nthat you have to go in the other direction if you want to appreciate\ngood jokes. Why, up there in Heaven, the whole court thought this was a\nwow, judging by the celestial thunder-peals of glee which accompanied\nthe parlor tricks, but if you can see anything funny in playing a trick\nlike that on an unsuspecting couple of innocent young lovers who thought\nBirth Control was a pullman porter, then I hope you go to hell where\nred-hot jokes are the devil\u2019s own sport!\nFurthermore, the joke was not only on my parents, but also on us\u2014for,\nyou see, it happened that not only was I twins but also the other half\nof the consignment was a boy who should have been a girl while I was a\ngirl who should have been a boy. The Head-Man certainly proved himself a\nmagician; he scrambled our souls and temperaments and everything else so\nthoroughly that it would have required a better man than the Court\nPhysician to put us together again as the Creator intended us to be,\nbefore that weak moment of kittenishness.\nEven so, you\u2019d think the Shipping Clerk would have hesitated at sending\nout a boy in a girl\u2019s body and vice versa. Of course, the two bodies did\nlook very much alike, but we were unashamedly naked at the time and\nyou\u2019d think that even a government clerk would notice something funny in\nsuch a parcel. Perhaps my Guardian Angel matched pennies or shot craps\nwith the Clerk, and the latter may have rolled a natural for my brother\nand an even number for me. After seeing some of the other shipments that\nwent out on my birthday, I\u2019ll believe anything\u2019s possible. I recently\nmet a man, born on that same day, who sniffs like a rabbit, eats like a\npig, walks like a woman and brays like an ass; and I know a woman who\nwould be a cat if she had a tail. The Clerk must have been on the party,\ntoo, and maybe had a little too much nectar besides. Anyway, the\nHead-Man scrambled everything from frogs to elephants and nobody else\nunscrambled them, so if your birthday was mine you probably decided long\nago that Heaven isn\u2019t the most efficiently operated production plant\nthat can be imagined. Even on good days, the service is rotten: nine\ntimes out of ten when you place an order for a boy you get a girl or\nvice versa\u2014no wonder a lot of the circus freaks were born on my\nbirthday!\nMy brother and I looked exactly alike. Indeed we were quite a biological\nachievement, because we even had identical moles in identical positions\non our left cheeks. Father was actually quite proud of us and I think\nthe burden of having twins was really responsible for his economic\nsuccess, for he proceeded to accumulate more than enough money after we\nmade our d\u00e9but in 1899. In fact, he became so successful that he never\nstayed long enough in any one city for us to become conspicuously\nfamiliar to even our nearest neighbors. He was always on the move,\norganizing new projects, developing new enterprises, rescuing his own\nand others\u2019 investments and turning everything to profit. He was a\nhard-working man and he loved to keep busy, but I think that all that\nhustling around year after year had a lot to do with mother\u2019s untimely\ndeath when we were only ten years old. She succumbed to typhoid fever,\nbut that was only the last straw, for she had never really had a chance\nto get strong and healthy after we appeared on the scene.\nAfter her death, the head of the house didn\u2019t know what to do with us,\nit being obvious that he could not give us any care or attention and\nstill keep up his program of industry; but he finally settled the\nproblem by arranging a plan with our Aunt Elinor Canwick, his spinster\nsister, under the terms of which he provided liberally for us and for\nher on condition that she take charge of us and supervise our education.\nHe gave Aunt Elinor carte blanche in all matters except one: he\nstipulated that we must receive, aside from whatever cultural finish she\nmight provide, a thorough training in some practical occupation, in\norder that we might be able to earn a respectable living should our\ngoing to work become necessary through unfortunate circumstances. More\nspecifically, he strongly advised that \u201cthey be trained in secretarial\nwork, because such work will give them the best opportunities for\nimproving their positions and for keeping in touch with the better class\nof people.\u201d\nSo we went to live in Wakeham with Aunt Elinor and I had even less\nchance to be as boyish as I felt because our dear Aunt had certain\nrather definite ideas about the limits of a young lady\u2019s sphere of\nactivity. Also she was a confirmed art enthusiast and just as soon as\nshe saw any signs of talent in either of us, she promptly did everything\nin her power to encourage us in the direction of artistic careers. We\nwent to the best schools and had the best tutors obtainable; we traveled\nabroad and absorbed culture in many lands; we developed a certain amount\nof artistic creativeness and appreciativeness. And yet Aunt Elinor did\nnot neglect the kind of training which Dad advised: indeed, I think he\nwas rather proud of us, for we really did become quite proficient after\nstudying stenography, typewriting, business English, commercial law,\nfiling, and lots of other purely commercial subjects and had made them\nstill more valuable by having mastered three foreign languages; so that\nat the age when most American boys and girls are completing high school\nwith a smattering knowledge of half a hundred subjects, we were both\ncapable of speaking and writing French, Italian or German, and taking\ndictation in any of them or in English. Aunt Elinor was proud of us,\ntoo. The last time I saw our father, before his accidental death in\n1916, he and Aunt Elinor were indulging in mutual admiration exercises,\ncongratulating each other on the results obtained. And we twins were the\nnicest, meekest, most harmless and un-regular kids that ever existed\u2014at\nleast, so we must have seemed.\nBut from the day of Dad\u2019s funeral, Aunt Elinor made a radical about-face\nand bent all her energies toward cultivating our artistic talents. No\nmore commercial stuff now. She thought that Leon had distinctive poetic\nability, so she saw to it that he became acquainted with all the\nliterature and literary people that could possibly help him develop,\nwhile Leona, the big \u201cI,\u201d being somewhat of a dancer and having been\nremarked upon by some really competent theatrical people, was promptly\ngiven over to the best dancing master available, after which my life was\njust one pirouette and kick after another\u2014which really wasn\u2019t so bad\nbecause it was physical work and that was what I needed to keep me\nhappy. We lived in Wakeham, one of the Big City\u2019s most fashionable\nsuburbs, and moved in a very exclusive, art-loving and -fostering\ncircle.\nLife rolled away in its customary monotony and gradually the curtains of\nour horizon were drawn back to reveal new interests and new hopes. Leon\nand I seemed to grow more similar in appearance and more dissimilar in\nnature as we grew up. Aunt Elinor used to say that our sexes were all\nmixed up, that our natures were diametrically opposite to our respective\nphysiques, and for once she was really near the truth, since I was very\nmuch of a tomboy while Leon was an ethereal-spirited, effeminate, poetic\nsoul who cringed from all physical matters and even resented having to\nbe near my dog Esky, who worshiped the very ground I walked on and\nevinced not uncertainly his suspicions of people who were too nasty nice\nto play with a pup now and then. Leon wasted no love on Esky and once\ndeclared that the pup\u2019s mother must have been promiscuous. Well, Esky\nwas nothing but a mongrel, to be sure, although Aunt Elinor said his\nmother was a thoroughbred Eskimo dog, but even thoroughbreds have been\nknown to have cuckold husbands; mongrel or not, a dog instinctively\nattaches himself to the man of the house\u2014but not so with Esky. He\nhadn\u2019t any use for Leon at all, probably because Leon high-hatted him,\nwhereas I liked nothing better than a chance to romp and wrestle with\nhim.\nYou can readily understand how I looked upon my sweet brother. He did\nnone of the things that regular boys do. Sports and games and any kind\nof exercise that was the least bit rough did not appeal to him at all. I\neven suspected that he was too damned nice to be interested in\ngirls\u2014but on this point I was mistaken, for I discovered that Vyvy\nMartin, one of Wakeham\u2019s deep-eyed d\u00e9butante beauties, was more or less\nLeon\u2019s soul mate. One was about as dizzy as the other, so they made a\nperfect couple, entirely sufficient unto themselves\u2014a condition which\nmust, I suppose, be called Love. But you can imagine how I looked upon\nLeon when every impulse in me was toward the very kind of living which\nhe shunned. It seemed that not a day went by without my wishing I were\nin his shoes so that I could chase off and enjoy myself as he should\nenjoy himself. Truly in mental and emotional equipment, we were as\ndissimilar as Tom Thumb and the Fat Lady.\nThe more fed up I became with our \u201ccultured\u201d friends and interests, the\nmore Leon became absorbed in them. He was a thorough-going \u00e6sthete and\nthe more \u00e6sthetic he grew, the more discontented I became, until it\nseemed that life held absolutely nothing of interest for me. For days\nand weeks at a time I carried a grouch and consoled myself by making the\naforementioned complaints to the Creator. Every time Aunt Elinor\nentertained, I had to perform for the benefit of the guests, and\nafterwards everyone would feed her a lot of slush about my \u201cremarkable\ntalent for the dance.\u201d You might have thought I was some kind of\nthoroughbred dog, the way they studied me and passed comments on my body\nand brains. My Aunt should have known long before that time that her\nniece had a beautiful body and enough brains to know how to use it, but\nshe continued to gather in the same old line of flattery and flowery\ncompliments until you\u2019d have thought it was her own body people were\ntalking about.\nOf course, not all of her parties were utter bores. Now and then a few\ngenuine people appeared on the scene and once in a while someone\nactually interesting would be present. It was at one of her soir\u00e9es that\nI met Jay-Jay Marfield, the rather attractively ebullient son of one of\nBroadway\u2019s most successful producers. Jay-Jay (from his initials, J. J.)\nwas about twenty-six when I first met him and rather handsome in a sort\nof romantic fashion. My Aunt fell in love with him at first\nsight\u2014principally because she thought that if I cultivated his\nfriendship he could help me along in my career. My Aunt was not exactly\na hand-shaker; she just had rather continental ideas about matrimony:\nmarriage was a material affair to her. She would have been in ecstasies\nif I had married Jay-Jay and she used to tell him the most awful lies\nabout my habits and disposition, et cetera. She tried all the\ntraditional tricks of the match-maker, but I had my doubts about\nJay-Jay\u2019s falling for her ensnaring line. As for me, I was willing\nenough to let him show me a good time\u2014the which he certainly tried to\ndo, with everything from the Russian Ballet to opium dens thrown in. He\nknew all the celebrities of the stage and was always on the verge of\nintroducing me to So-and-So sometime\u2014while in the meantime he\nintroduced me to a crowd of artistic flat tires who indulged in attic\nart and garret orgies which were more asinine than sinful.\nJay-Jay and I got along famously, but from the start of our friendship I\nfelt that I would never want to trust him very far. Perhaps I am\nnaturally suspicious, but this Jay-Jay was one of the kind that you\nimmediately suspect. Free and easy about everything, always immaculate,\nalways flush and always conniving something that was neither good for\nhimself nor good for me, he made me feel that I had always to be on\nguard or he would promptly connive against me.\nYet I enjoyed myself in his company\u2014as who wouldn\u2019t if her only friends\nwere so sappy they could be guilty of thinking a cockade was a kind of\nchicken broth! There are only two kinds of aristocratic boys: the\ndevil-may-care variety like Jay-Jay and the sweet God-fearing innocents\nwho make worms look like express trains. When the son sinks in the best\nof regulated families, he\u2019s usually reverting to the type of his pioneer\nancestors who had to take both life and love in their two fists. Most\nblue blood was originally red of flaming hue, and when families begin to\nforget that fact, you can lay odds that the deep old roots of the family\nmaple aren\u2019t sending sap enough up to supply the high and mighty\nbranches of to-day. When family trees get too high they wither at the\ntop, and such dry sticks are only useful as fertilizer for younger\ntrees. That\u2019s why the worst high-hats are invariably worn by people who\nare really low-brow.\nNaturally, I enjoyed Jay-Jay\u2019s company at that time and not the least of\nthe reasons for this lay in the fact that he kept me on edge and on the\ndefensive most of the time. When a girl suspects that a man is about to\nassault her on the least provocation, she naturally gets a thrill out of\nthe dare, and I was normal in that respect even though all the rigmarole\nof infatuation and love were utterly foreign to my nature. Jay-Jay knew\nI was a tomboy at heart and he played his cards accordingly. I fell\nheadlong into the trap by responding to his dare.\nPlease don\u2019t imagine for a moment that anything melodramatic happened so\nsoon as this. Jay-Jay was a perfectly nice young man\u2014for quite a while.\nHe could usually be depended upon to get intoxicated and he always took\nadvantage of every opportunity for making love to me, but all this was\ndirect and above the board\u2014like romantic gestures, as it were. He\ndidn\u2019t resort to underhand violence until quite some time later in our\naffair.\nA few incidents that I recall off-hand will serve to indicate how we\nbehaved ourselves during this more or less casual, but always\nthreatening, romance. On one occasion he took us\u2014Leon, Vyvy and me\u2014to\na masquerade in the Big Town, a huge affair that was given annually for\nthe benefit of indigent members of the theatrical profession. It was\nAunt Elinor\u2019s suggestion that Leon and I dress in identical costumes,\ntherefore it was really her fault that Jay-Jay and Vyvy had a difficult\ntime distinguishing us from each other, because my hair was tucked up\nand completely concealed under a grotesque hat so that Leon and I looked\nexactly alike. When Aunt Elinor inspected us before we set off, she\nexclaimed prophetically, \u201cYou\u2019ll catch your escort courting your\nbrother!\u201d And her laughter at this thought is sufficient evidence of her\natrocious sense of humor.\nThe party proved to be a riotous success from my point of view, in spite\nof a few embarrassing moments, as when Vyvy saw Jay-Jay take possession\nof one of us and immediately assumed that the one he chose was I. She\npromptly pounced upon the other\u2014and it really was I. Before I could\nquite recover from the shock, she had swirled me into the crowd of\ndancers and I decided I might as well play up to my r\u00f4le. It was really\nfunny, so funny that I dared not trust my voice. Anyway, she did enough\ntalking for the two of us.\nAnd what things she said! It was a revelation to me\u2014a revelation, I\nmean, of my sweet and innocent brother\u2019s poetic nature. She just poured\nsweet nothings into my ear and clung to me as if she were hanging from\nthe gates of paradise and feared to let go for even a second. It was \u201cO\nLeon, love!\u201d or \u201cO Leon, darling!\u201d or \u201cYou exquisite thing!\u201d or\nsomething equally romantic and foolishly sentimental, every step we\ntook. I was congenially amused at first, particularly because my mind\nkept wandering to Jay-Jay and wondering how he, in his\nsemi-intoxication, was managing my dear twin.\nBefore the dance was half done, I began to feel acutely uncomfortable. I\nbegan to realize that it\u2019s one thing to have a man whispering sweet\nnothings in your ear, but quite another to have another girl do the\nwhispering even though she doesn\u2019t know you are a girl, too. However, I\nfought a good fight and was carrying on like a good trooper when\nsuddenly the strain was broken by Jay-Jay pouncing unceremoniously upon\nus, with Leon trailing in the rear. Both were rather fussed up over the\nincident, although Leon appeared to feel that the joke was really on\nJay-Jay. We all laughed over it, but Jay-Jay didn\u2019t think it was so\nfunny. At first he claimed that he knew it was Leon from the start, but\nI could tell from the look on my brother\u2019s face that this was not so\u2014or\nrather, that Jay-Jay hadn\u2019t acted as if he knew his dancing partner was\na boy. And incidentally I never did learn just exactly how Jay-Jay\nhappened to discover his mistake; knowing that he was capable of doing\nalmost anything when half set, I neglected to ask for specific details\neven from my twin brother.\nThroughout the remainder of the evening, Jay-Jay took no chances of\nbeing fooled again and even on the way home when there was nothing much\nto do but be friendly, he continued to be safely cool and distant\u2014which\nsuited me well enough, but didn\u2019t have the same effect upon Vyvy and\nLeon. I thought the two love birds had had a tiff about something, they\nwere so chilly, but I soon discovered that Vyvy wasn\u2019t any more certain\nthan Jay-Jay as to which of us was which. The discovery came when\nJay-Jay suddenly declared, \u201cIf I pull off your hat and you\u2019ve got short\nhair, you\u2019re not the one I think you are,\u201d and he promptly jerked Leon\u2019s\nhat from his head.... That settled that. He turned to me and I couldn\u2019t\nvery well object to his attentions, as long as they remained mild,\nparticularly since Leon and Vyvy immediately fell into a clinch that\nmust have made their hearts beat as one for a couple of seconds at\nleast.\nBy the time we reached Wakeham, Jay-Jay\u2019s accumulation of liquor was\ngetting the better of his head and he ceased to remain mild in his\nlove-making. I remember distinctly that the change was a terrible shock\nto me at the time and resulted in a wrestling match which assumed such\nproportions that the chauffeur so far forgot himself as to imitate Lot\u2019s\nwife. We weren\u2019t on speaking terms when we reached our house, and I\ndidn\u2019t hear his apologies (nor any word from him at all) for a fortnight\nor more. I was momentarily furious\u2014I couldn\u2019t imagine what the man\nexpected of a girl like me.\nParties of this sort were a regular feature of the program for a year or\nmore, but there were other features, also. We attended Bohemian studio\nparties which were more usually than not complete washouts from my point\nof view and led me to ask Jay-Jay why, with so many well-known and\ninteresting people on his list of acquaintances, he persisted in messing\nhimself up by associating with this deluded drivel of humanity. He just\nlaughed and replied that \u201cvariety is still the spice of life\u2014there\u2019s a\ntime and place for everything, including dizzy artists.\u201d\nAfter one of these garret endurance contests, I told him that he should\nhave brought Leon instead of me, \u201cbecause Leon would have reveled in\nthis stuff.\u201d I had heard so much utter blah about \u201cexpressing one\u2019s\nsoul\u201d that I contemplated resolving never to dance again except on a\nballroom floor. All this divine artistry stuff always has given me\nanatomical discomfort and there never was anyone interesting in those\ncrowds of hairy-jawed winebibbers. They all talked and acted as if they\nknew better but preferred to be asinine, and to increase my disgust\nJay-Jay invariably went to such places when he was in a drinking mood,\nwhich meant that I was in for a scrap before we got home.\nIf there\u2019s one thing I couldn\u2019t relish it was a man forever putting on a\nwhisky flush, but I refrained from objecting too strenuously, because,\nafter all, I was only seventeen and I had an idea that perhaps that was\nthe way you were supposed to act when you\u2019re twenty-seven. I know that I\nfrequently consoled myself with the thought that if I were a man, just\nfor a night, I\u2019d go out and deliberately drink Jay-Jay under the table,\nor even a chair. I used to imagine how enjoyable such a feat would be,\nand also how much good it might have done my gay courtier. I knew it\nwould do my heart immense good.\nYou can see that there were at least nine out of ten traits of Jay-Jay\u2019s\ncharacter of which I disapproved. He was everything that I didn\u2019t desire\nin a man. He was terribly vain. He acted as if, just because his father\nwas prominent in the show business, he himself was something very\nspecial and deserved respect from everyone. He was neither brilliant nor\nexceptional in any way and I doubt if he had ever done a single thing\nworth mentioning, except play around with a telephone directory full of\ngirls. Still he thought the world was his private oyster and that every\ngirl was receptive.\nOf course, you can easily see how he got that way. He was used to having\ngirls make a lot of him because they thought he could and would help\nthem to a stage career. However, that phase of the matter meant\nabsolutely nothing to me. I refused to make a hand-shaker of myself,\neven for Art\u2019s sake\u2014which refusal prompted Aunt Elinor to observe, \u201cI\nsometimes wonder whether you and Art are really suited, Leona.\u201d And I\nreplied that the wondering was mutual.\nBut in spite of all his faults and his damnable self-assurance in regard\nto my capitulation (\u201ceventually, why not now\u201d) I continued to play\naround with Jay-Jay. With all his shortcomings, he continued to be\nardent and attentive\u2014and a virtue like that naturally takes precedence\nin the mind of any girl in my position. As long as he wanted to keep up\nthe chase, I was willing to be chased. There was a very clear\ndistinction, according to my precocious maidenly philosophy, between\ngirls who let themselves be pursued and those who allowed themselves to\nbe apprehended: the same distinction, I have since learned, exists in\nevery young girl\u2019s head, with certain slight concessions to individual\ncircumstances. I was at that age: the age when you think you have living\nand loving figured out on a blue print.\nMy education went forward by leaps and bounds under the guidance of\nJay-Jay and his friends and I must have changed considerably in a very\nshort time, because Aunt Elinor soon got into the habit of remarking\nupon the fact that my language wasn\u2019t all that it should be and that I\nused it to express ideas which I certainly never thought up under her\nroof. I must admit that Jay-Jay had a broadening influence upon me: he\nintroduced me to risqu\u00e9 anecdotes and bedroom ballads; I heard all the\nconventional off-color jokes that are in existence and a few that were\nquite unconventionally original; I became sophisticated in a certain\nway, after discovering that when some man tried to tell you that \u201cevery\nbowlegged girl is pleasure bent\u201d or some other such bit of drivel, he\nwas not necessarily insulting you by the very act of telling you such\nthings; I became so wise that I could listen unblushingly to even such a\nstory as the one about the good wife who assaulted the minister for\nsaying, \u201cThere is no balm in Gilead\u201d and explained her resentment by\ndeclaring, \u201c\u2019Tain\u2019t Gil\u2019s fault nohow. Nuther of us wants brats to\nbother with!\u201d\nI was still a tomboy at heart but my outlook had changed considerably;\nor rather, I had begun to be resigned to the fate of being a girl. I had\nthe feeling most of the time that I might as well make the best of\nit\u2014and Jay-Jay happened to be the best at the moment.\nBut to show what influence will do to a person: I even harbored hopes of\ntaking Aunt Elinor on one of our parties for the sole purpose of getting\nher plastered\u2014just for something to do that would be different. The\nonly thing that kept me from doing it was the certainty that if she ever\nsaw how disgustingly unsteady her \u201cchoice\u201d could be, that would be the\nend of my affair with Jay-Jay, because her Puritan prudishness would\noverride any momentary ambitions as a matchmaker.\nSo I contented myself by getting Jay-Jay to take Leon with us to one of\nhis studio jamborees. I hoped the twin would drink more than he could\nhandle. I wanted to see him completely piffed\u2014I figured that if he once\ngot utterly pickled it might cure him of being so obnoxiously poetic. Of\nthe two\u2014being pickled or being poetic\u2014I much preferred the briny\nstate.\nBut the attic party was a fizzle for me. I didn\u2019t have the pleasure of\nseeing Leon take even one too many. Furthermore my disappointment was\nincreased by the fact that all those imitation artists actually went\nwild over Leon\u2019s poetry and the more they praised him the more he read\nto them. He didn\u2019t have time to take a drink. It was a terrible evening\nfor me. I wouldn\u2019t have minded being proud of him, if the facts\nwarranted it; but how anyone could feel other than ashamed of a brother\nwho would read the stuff he read\u2014and then boasted of writing\u2014was\nbeyond me. The only good thing he read to them they immediately\nsquelched because they said it sounded too conventional, too formalized.\nJust because it made sense and was almost rhythmic!... I think my\ncomplete loss of hopes for my dear brother dated from that evening with\nthose asses of the arts.\nFurthermore I was beginning to be depressed again, because Jay-Jay was\nnot the sort of fellow one could put up with forever. I mean, he was the\nkind you either had to submit to or fight with; there could be no happy\nmedium of friendship for very long. I remember that we went to a\nChristmas blow-out in town and the entire party was well ossified, so\nnaturally Jay-Jay was in his element, the more so because all the people\nwere of the theater and knew him as his father\u2019s son. That one evening\nconvinced me that show people are worse handshakers than politicians and\nmy escort gave me acute shooting pains with his self-satisfied manner.\nHe simply exuded manly confidence. He looked and acted as if he could\ntake any girl he wanted, and then on the way home he was deeply grieved\nand insulted, not to say dumfounded, because I wouldn\u2019t let him\nmanhandle me. Said I, \u201cIt would take a better man than you, I\u2019m sure.\u201d\nTo which the simple fool merely said, \u201cKeep on hoping, honey; I\u2019m\nimproving all the time!\u201d\nA week later, at a New Year\u2019s affair, he changed his tactics completely\nand made really decent and ardent love to me, just like a movie hero. He\ndid everything except ask me to marry him. I was so surprised at his\nchange of attack that I almost forgot myself. But then I remembered that\nyou have to fight for anything you want to keep and it also occurred to\nme to wonder why he never had asked me to marry him.... Thinking it over\nafterwards, I concluded that it was his idea that one marries only as a\nlast resort, after all other attempts have failed.... And I concluded\nalso that the chief reason he was so eager in pursuit of me lay in the\nfact that he was beginning to doubt that he would ever have me. You\u2019d\nhave thought, with all the women in New York available for him, that he\nwouldn\u2019t have bothered with me. But I suspected then, and have since\nconfirmed my suspicions, that the old wheeze about denial engendering\ndesire may be a chestnut but at least its kernel is good....\nAs I said before, my education was going forward in spasms. Not long\nafter that New Year\u2019s party, he threw caution to the winds, forgot his\nnew plan of attack and resorted to the well-known cave-man methods. It\nwas a veritable trial by combat. I wasn\u2019t mad\u2014I just simply knew that I\ncouldn\u2019t possibly give up anything to him. I wanted to be chased, but\nI\u2019d be damned before I\u2019d be caught. When I got home I looked as if I had\nbeen through a wringer, and that devil actually laughed at me and had\nthe nerve to observe, \u201cNow, I know you\u2019re the real thing, Leona!\u201d... I\nstayed awake all night trying to figure out what he meant and I must\nadmit that it was a year or so before I realized the exact meaning.\nHowever, I was disgusted with him and didn\u2019t care if I never saw him\nagain. At least I felt that way for several days. Then when I happened\nto overhear Leon and Vyvy discussing their future love nest, with Leon\nsaying that his idea of heaven would be to work hard all day thinking up\nbeautiful verses to read to a pajamaed Vyvy in bed at night, the whole\nbusiness of love and love-making struck me so funny that I could laugh\nat my own little difficulties and regain some of my customary\nindifference. A few days later when Jay-Jay called again, I let him\napologize\u2014even let him get away with exclaiming, \u201cMy God, Leona, you\ncan\u2019t expect a man to love you forever without any encouragement! Your\ndevilish coolness is exasperating!\u201d... Well, little children love to\nplay with fire and no girl ever expects to burn her fingers. I agreed to\ngo with him once more, if he promised to behave himself.\nThis party turned out to be more or less interesting, although Jay-Jay\ndidn\u2019t keep his promise and most of the crowd were washouts. But there\nwas a Canadian war veteran there who had just returned from France where\nhe served with an aviation unit. It was thrilling to listen to his\ndescriptions of the War. He couldn\u2019t dance because of a game leg, so I\ngladly did my bit by sitting out with him and letting him talk. He\npositively stirred me all up inside and I think that if we had been\nalone somewhere, I would have fallen into his arms. That\u2019s how he\naffected me\u2014which was mighty strange, considering how I felt toward\nother men. This chap seemed different somehow\u2014like a real he-man in\ncomparison with such papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9 imitations as Jay-Jay and Leon and\nothers of my acquaintance. However, the impulse was but momentary and my\nheart only pounded for a few minutes; during which I felt more panicky\nthan thrilled.\nThat man left an indelible impression on my mind. I went home that night\ndisgusted with Jay-Jay and disgusted with Leon. Jay-Jay said that if the\nUnited States went into the War, he\u2019d be glad he could help his father\nrun the show business (in which case there would have been a deluge of\nrotten shows on Broadway) and Leon suffered the tortures of hell every\ntime the World War was mentioned. They both seemed like worms to me. I\ncouldn\u2019t understand their attitude at all. And I once more cried out\nagainst the fate which had made me a girl instead of a boy. I sent up\nprayer after prayer and called on the Lord to do something about it all.\nIt seemed to me that if Leon were more of a man I would automatically\nbecome more of a girl and I told the Lord as much, but I also suggested\nthat if he couldn\u2019t do anything about Leon he could at least make\nsomething happen that would give me a chance to break out and get a\nlittle of the adventurous poison out of my system.\nWell, all of a sudden it appeared that a couple of Yankees had finally\ngot into Heaven: my prayers were answered!\n                       CORRESPONDENCE FROM HEAVEN\nIt never rains but it pours. Here I had worried through seventeen years\nwithout any answers at all to my prayers and now in a few short months\nthere were more answers than there were prayers\u2014I mean, it was just\nlike having your mail lost somewhere and then getting it all in a bunch.\nIt seemed to me that the Lord must have just returned from a holiday\nplaying golf with the planets and found all my pleas and prayers\nawaiting his attention, so he set about clearing his desk immediately\nand thoroughly. Things came so thick that the year 1917 remains in my\nmind a jumbled nightmare.\nNot that everything happened as quickly at all that: the sequence was\nspread over several months but I had become so accustomed to monotony\nand so resigned to my fate, that so many things in even so many months\nwas a terrific shock to my nervous system.\nThe first thing that happened was not strictly my own private affair.\nThe United States went to war when Germany added insult to injury. I was\noverjoyed, because it seemed to me that surely here was an opportunity\nfor excitement and adventure.... And again I was disappointed. Girls of\neighteen are good for only one thing in a war, and you don\u2019t get medals\nand service stripes for that kind of duty!\nJay-Jay went to work for his father, hoping to get out of going, and\nthen when he saw he would be caught in the draft he managed to secure a\nsoft job supervising the entertainment provisions of the eastern\ntraining camps. My hero! A man\u2019s man!\nThen I went on the stage, because Jay-Jay offered to get me a place in a\nnew show that was being thrown together up in Connecticut, and because I\nsuspected that he was entertaining the hope that the atmosphere of the\nshow business would help to break down my Puritanical resistance to his\nSatanic charms. I had to dance almost naked to get the job, but I made a\nbull\u2019s-eye from the start. The only trouble was that I had to keep\nthinking that Jay-Jay had practically dared me to join this show and I\nwas so afraid I\u2019d be contaminated by the traditional immorality of show\npeople that I scarcely drew a normal breath while the show lasted. And\nevery time I saw Jay-Jay the old battle was revived. He said he\u2019d do\nanything to get me\u2014and I believed him implicitly. I wouldn\u2019t have put\nanything beyond him. He\u2019d try any possible way of skinning the cat, and\nmy part in Love Lights was just another possibility. He was very\ncircumspect in his love-making at the time, probably trying to induce a\ncalm to precede the storm: as he said, \u201cMy love for you is so intensely\nhot that even an iceberg would melt sooner or later!\u201d\nLove Lights lasted three months, but I was ready to quit long before\nthat. I had proved that I could stand the gaff and Jay-Jay had given up\nhopes of skinning the cat by that method. Now he wanted to marry me!\nSaid he\u2019d even marry me if that was the only way he could get me! Can\nyou imagine such a proposal?\nBut I couldn\u2019t be bothered with it then, so he broached the subject to\nAunt Elinor and I found her putting bugs in my ears every time I got\nnear her. However, I stalled for time. I was in no mood to make any\nentangling alliances.\nAlso there was something far more important to think about. A miracle\nwas happening before my very eyes! Vyvy contracted a severe case of\nheroitis and fell in love with the color of khaki, with the logical\nresult that Leon was miserable. He actually lost weight trying to figure\nout some way of satisfying her demands that he make a hero of himself.\nThe poor fellow hated the thought of war and fighting, loathed the idea\nof being thrown in with an uncouth gang of comparatively indelicate men,\nbut he couldn\u2019t stand the sight of Vyvy going out with men in uniform\nand he suspected that a man with a Sam Browne belt could do most\nanything with her. He talked with her, remonstrated and pleaded, called\nher hysterical and a lot of worse things\u2014but Vyvy was adamant. \u201cI won\u2019t\nhave a man I can\u2019t be proud of!\u201d she told him, at the height of their\nlast argument on the subject.\nSomething had to give. It was a real crisis to them. And the next thing\nI knew Leon was making inquiries at recruiting stations as to the\nvarious branches of the service in which he could enlist. It was all\nvery painful for him, but he was between the frying pan and a very hot\nfire; he had to make a decision of some kind\u2014and he did, although I\nsuspect that somebody dragged him in for examination and made him sign a\npaper before he realized what he was doing. Anyway, he enlisted\u2014which\nproves something or other about girls like Vyvy. He came home actually\nproud of himself over the fact that he had passed the initial physical\nexamination, but I noticed that he didn\u2019t eat much for dinner that\nevening. And Vyvy very promptly indicated that she would throw over all\nher soldier friends, now that he had done the trick like a hero. She was\nnot dizzy, after all; she knew that jealousy is a woman\u2019s best weapon.\nBut poor Leon! He was suffering the torments of hell just thinking about\nbeing a soldier. I wished we could exchange places. I knew I would love\nit all\u2014the coarseness, the roughness, the absolute hellishness of being\na soldier appealed to me.... Instead of such a prospect, what I got was\nanother, more importunate proposal of marriage from my hound. I thought\nthis life was certainly a mixture of sweets and bitters, but I guess I\nwas happy enough over the streak of manhood showing in my previously\nimpossible twin.\nI was so happy, indeed, that I agreed to dance for \u201cthe nice people\u201d\nwhom Aunt Elinor invited for a farewell party to Leon. She was all upset\nover her favorite relative\u2019s impending departure for the War and she\nwanted to send him away in an unforgettable blaze of glory, so she\nplanned this lavish entertainment at the house the night before he was\nto leave. And to make certain that people would remember the occasion\nshe conceived the idea of my dancing in the nude behind a shadow screen\nto the accompaniment of Leon\u2019s readings from his own verses.... It is\napparent that I must have been happy over his enlistment to agree to any\nsuch thing: not the nudity but the poetic accompaniment\u2014that, I knew,\nwould be terrible!\nAnd it was\u2014so terrible that in the very midst of it poor Esky exploded\nin a howl that made everyone jump and almost disrupted the performance;\nand someone laughed rather equinely, which was still worse from my point\nof view. But we finally got through with it and I rushed into the house\nto dress and later to accept the usual bread-and-butter compliments from\nthe assembled guests. There was nothing to do but dance the evening away\nand I proceeded to do this with whoever came my way, which was chiefly\nJay-Jay, until Aunt Elinor sneaked up behind me and said she had a young\nman in tow who wanted to apologize to me. From that point on, life\nbecame steadily more interesting and Jay-Jay didn\u2019t get all the dances,\nfor the young man was the handsomest thing I had ever seen and his broad\ngrin was just broad enough and yet refined enough to be infectious. My\nwhole body underwent a quiver of excitement as soon as my eyes rested\nupon him. I smiled inside as well as out and was unconscious of\neverything except a mumbling from my aunt to the effect that \u201cCaptain\nWinstead has had me pursuing you for ages....\u201d\nHe didn\u2019t say anything and I couldn\u2019t, so we just danced away and I felt\nas if I belonged nowhere else in the world so surely as there in his\narms. That dance was unforgettable, a marvelous experience which thrills\nme even to this day. I was actually serenely blissfully ignorant of time\nand surroundings. I know such a statement sounds foolish and affected,\nbut I certainly should know how I felt. Heaven knows, I never have felt\nlike that more than once, so I surely should remember it.\nWe even danced two numbers in silence before the spell was broken by his\nmaking a belated apology for laughing so rudely during my dance. And he\nended it by saying, \u201cOf course, it was utterly damn foolish on my part!\u201d\nThe way he said \u201cdamn\u201d was to other men\u2019s damns as a soothing melody is\nto a baby squawker\u2019s music. From that point on, we were acquainted; it\nwas just as if we had known each other for ages; he said that my dancing\nwas just like a dream, that ... oh, I couldn\u2019t begin to reproduce that\nevening in print: he was just wonderful and he told me the most\nenchanting things ... we went into the garden and I learned for the\nfirst time how short a time it requires to become intimately acquainted\nwith a man, if you like him.... I never was the kind to believe in this\nlove-at-first-sight stuff, but I know that I felt at once that Captain\nClark Winstead meant all the world to me\u2014and this in spite of the fact\nthat I hadn\u2019t completely lost my head; I had a sneaking suspicion that\nhe might not mean all the wonderful things he said to me.... Yet even\nwith such suspicions, I simply reveled in his presence. Say what you\nwill about being made love to\u2014it certainly is an indescribably\ndelicious experience if you have the right man, and I did.\nBut, of course, there had to be a joker, and it finally appeared when he\nbegan to tell me how sorry he was that we had not met sooner, \u201cFor I\u2019m\nleaving for Washington in the morning and probably will be sent to\nEngland immediately.\u201d\nWell, the best we could do was exchange addresses and since he didn\u2019t\nknow where he would be, he wrote mine on a scrap of paper and stuck it\nin his tunic, saying that I could write to him after I heard from him.\nThen he kissed my hands and naturally he didn\u2019t have to use force to get\nme into his arms.... In fact, I was clinging to him fearfully when\neverything went smash with the sudden appearance of Jay-Jay, looking\ndaggers and so mad that all he could do was stutter.\nI remembered then that I had told Jay-Jay we\u2019d dance together again\nbefore the finale, so I escaped from the very embarrassing situation by\nsqueezing the Captain\u2019s arm significantly and joining my pursuer, but\nnot before the Captain said, \u201cI hope we can have another before I go.\u201d\nJay-Jay danced as if this were a painful duty that had to be performed.\nI mean, he danced ferociously and in a silence which was broken only by\na grunt now and then. Oh, but he was mad! And the madder he seemed, the\nbetter I felt, because this was really the first time I had ever seen\nhim at all off guard or off poise and it does give a girl a thrill of\nsatisfaction to see a proud and self-assured man take a tumble into\njealousy.\nWhen he finally did speak, he said the obvious things about cheating and\nnot playing fair and ended with a sarcastic, \u201cYou know how I\u2019ve wanted\nyou, and all the time you\u2019ve tried to make me believe that you loathed\nhaving a man touch you, not to mention kissing and caressing you. And\nnow\u2014\u2014\u201d\n\u201cAnd now is there any law against a woman changing her mind?\u201d I\ndemanded.\n\u201cBut why treat me as if I were black, if you\u2019ve changed your mind about\nsuch things? That\u2019s what I mean! Am I black?\u201d\nWell, since he had come down to earth, I relented and told him, \u201cNo, I\nguess your ancestors were Caucasians. In fact, I was almost ready to\naccept your proposal, but\u2014\u2014\u201d\n\u201cBut this fly-by-night interloper comes along and you act like a grammar\nschool kid over him!\u201d he exclaimed in disgust.\nThe argument continued through another dance and I gathered from his\nremarks that he wanted me to consider his proposal as still intended. He\nwas, I think, really baffled: the incident had hurt his pride so that\nnow he was more determined than ever to win me at all costs. And so it\nwas that when Captain Winstead appeared to claim a last dance before he\nleft, Jay-Jay didn\u2019t confine his voice to a polite whisper when he\nobserved, \u201cThank God, he\u2019s going!\u201d\nThe Captain and I said nothing at all while we danced. It was so divine\nthat words would merely have bothered and when it had ended we both\nbreathed a deep sigh of regret and somehow or other found ourselves on\nthe veranda. His friends were already in their car waiting for him, but\nhe didn\u2019t hurry. We stood there, my hand in his; his other arm went\naround my shoulders, and I tried to put into that last kiss all the\ntremulous fearful affection, all the sickening despair and exalting\nhope, all the really heart-breaking infatuation that was at once\nsmothering and exhilarating me. No other kiss could ever be like that. I\nknew it and I think he did, because he didn\u2019t linger for another\u2014just\nmumbled some sweet nothing and was gone.\nJay-Jay found me there staring out across the moonlit drive, feeling all\nweak and sad and utterly miserable, trying to convince myself that this\nknight of the night had really meant everything he said and that I\nhonestly did mean something more than a passing fancy to him. I couldn\u2019t\nbanish the thought that perhaps I was just a foolish school kid, had\nbeen just another night and another girl in the Captain\u2019s crowded life.\nIt was such a feeling that makes anyone feel sad and understanding: when\nyou know you love someone and can\u2019t tell whether your love is returned\nor merely accepted\u2014why, it\u2019s a terrible feeling. It made me understand\nhow Jay-Jay must have felt all along, and I honestly tried to be nice to\nhim the rest of the evening.\nJay-Jay blustered and fussed at first, then indulged in sarcastic\nremarks about the other man and prophesied that I would never hear from\nhim again. Then when he saw that I wouldn\u2019t argue with him about\nanything at all, he quieted down and returned to the attack with his\neternal proposals.\nThe fact was that I didn\u2019t pay any attention to his arguments; I\ncouldn\u2019t even spare the time to think up answers to them: all I could\nthink of was the Captain. I knew I should never experience such a\nfeeling again if I lived to be a thousand: there isn\u2019t room in one\nlifetime to feel like that twice. And I kept telling myself that no man\ncould have a woman thinking of him and dreaming of him every minute\nwithout trying to do something about it\u2014or if he would, he\u2019d be an\nawful fool. And I was sure that I had communicated to him some idea of\nhow he affected me\u2014or again he\u2019d be a fool. And I knew he wasn\u2019t that.\nHowever, the days passed and I heard just nothing at all from him.\nJay-Jay had a few more days of leave and he hung around like a carrion\ncrow with an I-told-you-so look in his eyes every time we met. And the\nnight before he left to return to Washington, he popped a novel proposal\nthat I could have an interesting job entertaining in the camps, if I\nwould marry him. \u201cI\u2019ll do anything for you,\u201d he declared, \u201cprovided I\nknow you belong to me.\u201d\n\u201cBut why not get me that job anyway?\u201d I asked.\nHe just laughed at that suggestion. \u201cDo you think I\u2019d be instrumental in\nturning you loose like that?\u201d he demanded. \u201cNot unless you were\nmine\u2014then I\u2019d know you\u2019d behave!\u201d\nJust like that! Well, you had to admit that Mr. Marfield was persistent\nand persevering and I had to take his proposal seriously, because I\nhadn\u2019t heard from the Captain, and that hurt tremendously, and after all\nit occurred to me that I really might be quite happy as Mrs. Marfield,\neven though I knew I could never love him as storybook heroines are\nsupposed to love their husbands. I guess my Aunt\u2019s continental ideas had\nbegun to sink into my mind, for I was beginning to admit to myself that\nmarriages are seldom one long-drawn-out love affair and that I was\nprobably childishly optimistic when I thought that mine would be one of\nthe exceptional cases.\nI told him I would think it over, and for the next few weeks I did\nlittle else but that. All I did was think\u2014about these two men: the one\nwho wanted me and the one I wanted, and whom I hadn\u2019t seen or heard from\nsince the night we met. There didn\u2019t seem to be any excuse for his\nsilence and yet I kept thinking up reasons for it and hoping against\nhope that each next mail would bring at least a post card.\nThat\u2019s what love does to you: makes you go crazy with hopes and wants\nand at the same time makes you capable of callously letting another go\ncrazy wanting you. The whole triangular affair had me dizzy and I\ncouldn\u2019t sleep nights for thinking about it.\nSo that\u2019s what I mean when I say that it never rains but it pours, even\nin the matter of having prayers answered. I prayed that the Lord would\ndo something to change conditions and what did he do but bring in a man\nwho made me change into a thoroughly girlish girl in one short evening!\nMy prayers were answered, even in the matter of making Leon more of a\nman\u2014but here I was more miserable than ever and I didn\u2019t know whether\nto thank the Almighty or send up another complaint.\n                       APPLE-SAUCE FOR THE GANDER\nThe only thing that kept me from going crazy or doing something rash\nduring this time was the problem of the would-be hero of the family, my\ndear twin. From the first day in camp all he did was complain and not a\nweek passed without a long letter full of nothing but kicks and regrets\nand weeping words. Even his letters to Vyvy, who was walking around with\nher head in the clouds of pride, carried an obvious undercurrent of\npessimism and dejection, which he tried to explain away to her by saying\nthat it was caused by his being away from her \u201cbeautiful presence.\u201d\nFor a kid of his nature, it must have been a terrible experience from\nthe beginning, which was a thorough physical examination in a roomful of\nnaked men, not one of whom would ever suffer from inability to perspire,\nand during which poor Leon would have fainted dead away if the man next\nto him hadn\u2019t noticed his deathly pallor and pushed him to the one and\nonly window in the room. He didn\u2019t actually pass out, but it seemed to\nhim that from that moment on he was a marked weakling in the camp and\nthere was none to give him a shred of sympathy.\nWhen he went to get his uniform and equipment, the clerk took one look\nat him and threw a complete assortment of everything from underwear to\nblankets at him and when he came to array himself in these duds, he\ncouldn\u2019t bear to look at himself, because the uniform billowed about him\nlike the costume of a Turkish dancer with the sleeves of the blouse\ninches too short and the neckband two sizes too large. There must have\nbeen tears lurking behind his gentle eyes when he approached his\nsergeant and asked meekly, \u201cWould it be possible to exchange these\nthings for others of my size?\u201d\nAnd imagine how he felt when that hard-boiled individual rapped back,\n\u201cListen, Pretty Boy, who in hell do you think you are? In this man\u2019s\narmy you take what they give ya and keep yer trap damn well shut! You\nain\u2019t goin\u2019 to no swell tea party at the Waldorf-Astoria, ya know\u2014ya\u2019re\ngoin\u2019 to a first-class war, sweetie, so make up yer mind to it and don\u2019t\nbother me again with any damfool complaints about it. I ain\u2019t runnin\u2019\nthis war!\u201d And he smiled sourly as if he had conferred a favor on the\ncringing recruit. Everyone else in the barracks laughed with the\nsergeant, as common soldiers naturally would do until the sergeant\u2019s\nback was turned, so Leon felt pretty small.... But he fooled them on the\nsuit. He discovered there was a tailor shop in the camp and he was the\nfirst in his barracks to put himself in the tailor\u2019s hands. He really\nlooked quite military when he finally got fitted correctly, but that\ndidn\u2019t make him feel much better.\nThen there was an obnoxious bunkmate by the name of Lowery who did his\nbit toward making life miserable for Leon. The very first night, when\nthe twin was feeling blue anyway, this Lowery began to perform certain\nexceedingly unpleasant operations upon his feet, and when he noticed the\nlook of anguish on Leon\u2019s face, he said, \u201cI\u2019ve walked so damn far in my\ntime, buddy, that I got some kind o\u2019 trench foot. I get a new crop o\u2019\nskin on my toes every bloody day and when it\u2019s hot they damn near drive\nme nuts.\u201d And to one toe he gave a yank that looked vicious enough to\namputate it. \u201cThey itch like hell, believe me, fellow!\u201d\nLeon harbored thoughts of murder every time he saw Lowery start his\nnightly ceremony of rubbing and pinching, and there wasn\u2019t any way of\navoiding it, because the afflicted man never turned in until last call\nand the sergeant would have blasted Leon\u2019s soul to seven vari-colored\nhells if he weren\u2019t in his blankets when the lights went out. \u201cIt\u2019s a\nterrible thing, young feller!\u201d Lowery informed him after they had slept\nside by side for some days, but the information didn\u2019t make Leon feel\nany more sympathetic nor less sickened.\nYet Lowery\u2019s toes were nothing in comparison with the sergeant, who\nseemed from the first to have his evil eye on Leon. \u201cCanwick,\u201d he would\nbegin, as if he were about to confer a great honor, \u201csomebody has got to\ngo an\u2019 help take care o\u2019 the bathhouse to-day, and seein\u2019 the drillin\u2019\nwears ya out so, I guess you\u2019d better take to-day off and report over\nthere. Ya see, we try to make everything as easy as possible fer\neverybody and also we try to teach every man somethin\u2019 worth while so\nthat when ya get out ya can get a decent livin\u2019. Now this bathhouse\ndetail will teach ya so you can get a job in a Turkish bath when ya get\nout o\u2019 the army.... You\u2019d go big in a Turkish bath fer women\u2014ya know,\nthey gotta have somebody\u2019s perfectly safe and harmless.\u201d\nEveryone laughed at the insinuation and Leon hurried away to the new\nassignment, thinking that perhaps after all this work would be a little\neasier, only to discover that his duties were anything but pleasant for\na tender-spirited person, what with having to scour pipes and scrub the\nconcrete, pick up dirty discarded towels and other unclean things,\ndistribute soap and collect slimy cakes, and watch the conglomerate mass\nof male humanity perform its ablutions amid a veritable barrage of dirty\nlanguage and foul wit.... He was glad to be relieved and to let his legs\nache the next day when an apparently indefatigable officer drilled them\nfor hours and hours. His back and legs groaned in agony at every step\nand when he went to bed at night he wasn\u2019t at all sure he would be able\nto get up in the morning.\nHe had another honor conferred on him when the humorous sergeant\nextended a polite invitation to him to join the Kitchen Police for a few\ndays o\u2019 rest. Leon told us that until that day he never had the least\nconception of how many potatoes there were in the world. He peeled and\npeeled and peeled until he felt certain there couldn\u2019t be any more\npotatoes in the country\u2014but the next morning there was a brand-new\nbatch even larger than the one he had done. His fingers got so numb that\nhe couldn\u2019t feel the thousand and one cuts and scratches, and his wrists\nached unmercifully while his back had a kink that seemed irremovable.\nAfter two days of this he returned to his bunk to find Lowery working on\nhis toes and he prayed, not for Lowery\u2019s toes, but that he might be\nlucky enough to draw the dishwashing detail on the morrow.\nHe said he must have had a clear line to Heaven, for sure enough the\nnext morning he moved to the tubs and spent the day keeping the water\nclean and washing out the serving pans. After looking at the refuse in\nsome thousands of mess kits three times a day, he was unable to eat\nanything himself. That night he didn\u2019t know what to pray for and before\nhe could make up his mind he went to sleep.\nA few days later he was promoted to the garbage detail, the sergeant\ntelling him, \u201cYou\u2019ll never make a real soldier anyway, so you might as\nwell get some kind of training and be earnin\u2019 yer thirty bucks a month.\u201d\nOn the garbage wagon he did less but more nauseating work, emptying huge\nG.I. cans of vari-odored swill, cleaning the cans, and then riding to\nthe disposal plant on the cargo, where the wagon had to be swept and\nwashed with infinite care against possible inspections. He didn\u2019t eat\nmuch that day either, nor the day after; and when he was returned to the\nmess hall, he was glad enough to tend the tubs. He managed to serve out\nthe week, but he swore he lost ten pounds during that time, just from\ninability to eat.\nThe sergeant welcomed him back to the company and for two weeks appeared\nto have forgotten his existence. Then one morning he delegated him a\nspecial emissary to the latrines, and the poor kid, just recovering his\nappetite, lost it in the course of a single day\u2019s work with mop and\nbroom and disinfectant can. Nor could he see anything humorous in the\nsong which the other members of the detail persisted in singing to cheer\nthem at their tasks, for it was a very dirty ditty, an ode to Latrina,\nthe patron saint of that particular place. Leon said he knew the words\nby heart but had never sung the song because the words wouldn\u2019t pass his\nlips. The Ode to Latrina must have been a ghastly thing\u2014but I wanted to\nhear it as soon as I heard it existed. Some such things are funny\nbecause they are so foul; there is such a thing as \u201cshocking\u201d humor.\nHowever, Leon thought he had endured about as much agony and misery as\nwas possible without passing out and he was just wondering if there\ncould be anything worse befall him when an opportunity to escape\npresented itself. The sergeant called for volunteers who could\n\u201cparley-voo frog,\u201d and Leon couldn\u2019t report to him fast enough. About a\ndozen others also declared they could speak French. Leon went them all\none better by adding, \u201cI can read and write German and Italian, too.\u201d\n\u201cWho in hell cares if ya can talk Wop?\u201d demanded the sergeant. \u201cPretty\nsoon you\u2019ll be tellin\u2019 me you invented the laundry checks the Chinks\nuse. What I ask was, \u2018Can ya parley the Frog\u2019?\u201d\n\u201cYes\u2014fluently,\u201d replied Leon stubbornly.\nThe non-com laughed. \u201cThat\u2019s a good word\u2014maybe if ya pull that on them,\nyou\u2019ll get the job, Grace. And it\u2019s a damn sight better job than a\nfly-weight like you deserves in this man\u2019s army.\u201d Whereupon he sallied\nforth for regimental headquarters, with all who had answered\nsatisfactorily, in tow. Arrived there he reported to a Captain who took\nthe men in charge and after a lot of hemming and hawing and crazy\nquestioning, Leon found himself chosen for the job\u2014whatever it might\nprove to be.\nHe discovered that he now had the laugh on his former comrades, who had\nmade him the butt of their jokes, for while they were laboriously\nattending to latrines, garbage cans, kitchen work and drilling, he was\nin comparative comfort attending the clerical wants of a Colonel who was\nfarsighted enough to equip himself with a French-speaking clerk before\nthe necessity arose for one. When Lowery heard of the nature of the new\njob, he frankly observed, \u201cDog-robbin\u2019 is a hell of a good job fer an\nole woman like you.\u201d But dog-robbing or not, Leon knew a good thing when\nhe saw it and he determined to make himself indispensable to his\nColonel.\nIt was just after his promotion that Aunt Elinor, Vyvy and I dropped in\nfor a week-end visit and made him show us everything in and about the\ncamp. He took us to his \u201coffice\u201d and even pointed out the Colonel who\nwas getting into a car just as we came up, which made it possible for\nLeon to take us in and show us all about his work. It really wasn\u2019t very\nintricate. I told him, afterwards, that as far as I could see, I could\ndo his work as well if not better than he, and he retorted, \u201cYou\u2019d\nprobably make a better soldier than I am, anyway.\u201d\nBut he didn\u2019t feel so badly that day, what with Vyvy there and this new\nwork so comparatively easy. The only fly in his ointment was that he\nfeared this Colonel would be going overseas soon and that meant he\u2019d go\nalong. Leon was seriously worried about this. As he said, \u201cColonels have\nbeen known to get killed and anyone that\u2019s with one might more easily\nget hit. Now Generals hardly ever get up in the lines, so I\u2019m looking\naround for a convenient General to attach myself to.\u201d His idea of\nunadulterated bliss (if such were possible in the army) was to be\ndog-robber to General Pershing. And he was so shameless about admitting\nit! However, I was glad he was making some kind of progress because the\nordinary soldiers looked like a pretty dumb lot of cattle, not half so\nintelligent as the officers. Yet I would have been glad to be even a\ndumb private if I only could, which shows that my experience with\nCaptain Winstead hadn\u2019t really changed me completely inside for I was\nstill interested in men\u2019s affairs more than women\u2019s.\nI thought we had cheered the twin by our visit, but if we did its\neffects disappeared as soon as we left him, for his letters continued to\nbe full of complaints and regrets. He wasn\u2019t satisfied at all and his\nletters betrayed a yellow streak the width of his back. Apparently every\nmoment he wasn\u2019t busy, his mind was filled with gory imaginings and\nhorrible visions of shell-torn bodies, stinking carcasses, burning\nflesh, blood, muck and god-awful corruption; and at night his dreams\ncontained more gruesome details of his fate than fancies about his Vyvy.\nEach such night of mental anguish served to spur him on to work for\npromotion. His one consuming desire at the time was to go up, because he\nthought that safety lay in getting way up in the organization.... I was\nacutely ashamed of him because I realized that his ambition was prompted\nsolely by cowardly fear. Such a man surely couldn\u2019t get very far in the\narmy.\nAnother thing which disturbed him considerably was the dirty army songs\nand rank stories. He thought it was incredible that officers who looked\nlike gentlemen could enjoy passing along a rotten joke or a shady\nanecdote. He couldn\u2019t possibly see that a little dirt now and then is\nrelished by the best of men. He thought it was all very unnecessary and\ndepressing, almost as bad as the foul ditties about the mademoiselles\nand their odd ways of loving or the legend of the Alsatian maiden who\nwelcomed the invading Germans with the remark, \u201cWell, officer, when do\nthe atrocities begin?\u201d\nI really began to hate the thought of his going overseas because no one\ncould tell what he might do in a pinch. He was scared to death already\nand although he had to act interested when his Colonel talked about\ngoing across, he actually was shivering in his boots and praying that\nsomething would happen to delay them.\nBut weeks passed and in doing so rather induced a lull in my worries\nabout him because it seemed that they were never really going. Vyvy\nplanned a big party for Leon, to take place whenever he could get away,\nand he made inquiries and told her to go ahead and plan on a certain\nweek-end, at which time he felt sure he could get a leave. So Vyvy sent\nout invitations and had all her arrangements made\u2014when on the Friday\nbefore the day of the affair, a letter came from him carrying the awful\nnews that his outfit had received waiting orders and all leaves had been\ncanceled. What a monkey wrench that was! And I had a note from Jay-Jay\nsaying that he wasn\u2019t sure whether or not he could be present but asking\nme again if I would marry him on any condition at all. I answered\nimmediately to the effect that I wouldn\u2019t even consider it unless he\nmade an effort to go overseas. Now that Leon was going, poor specimen\nthat he was, I had no patience with such a patriotic flat tire as\nJay-Jay, in his soft and easy berth supervising \u201centertainments for the\nsoldiers.\u201d\nBy this time I had lost all hopes of hearing from the Captain. I often\nthought of him and worried my poor brains trying to imagine what had\nhappened to him; I kicked myself for not telling him flatly that night\nhow much I loved him, because then I would have known by his silence\nthat he wasn\u2019t interested at all. But this ignorant suspense was\nbewildering and devastating and I escaped from it all by reverting to my\nprevious type\u2014I projected myself into Leon\u2019s place and revived my\nnever-dead tomboyish attitude and its interests.\nThat was the frame of mind I was nourishing when the news of Leon\u2019s\nconfinement to camp arrived. I sympathized with Vyvy and tried to cheer\nup Auntie, who thought that going to France meant going to certain\ndeath, and my efforts were helped considerably that night when a second\nletter came from Leon, saying that he couldn\u2019t possibly get away because\n\u201corders are orders in this damnable place, although we surely won\u2019t go\nfor a good many days yet and I\u2019ll be lying around here all the week-end\ndoing nothing at all when I could just as easily be enjoying myself in\nWakeham!\u201d\nYou see, as soon as we learned that he probably wouldn\u2019t be going\noverseas yet, we all began to wonder how his getting away could possibly\nbe arranged, if only for a few hours. I felt sorry for the poor kid, and\nfor Vyvy, with her party all planned for the next night and both of them\nso eager for this last farewell meeting. It didn\u2019t seem reasonable to me\nthat he could be only a hundred miles away and still be unable to spend\njust one evening in Wakeham with his Vyvy. She had got him into the War\nand now he couldn\u2019t even get away long enough to collect a farewell kiss\nin reward. I decided that there had to be some way out.... Leon had to\nget to that party, if someone had to die for it!\nThe next morning I drove down to the camp, carrying a suitcase\ncontaining one of his suits of civies, with cap, socks, shoes, shirts\nand everything. I planned to get there by noontime, find out what could\nbe done and if worst came to worst, put my brilliant \u201clast resort\u201d idea\ninto action, at the cost of my curly locks and perhaps my personal\nfreedom. I would have had the haircut in Wakeham, but I decided that it\nwould be bad luck: if I had it cut, Leon would manage to get a pass of\nsome kind just to make my sacrifice in vain, for that was my luck. Not\nthat I really wanted to carry out my great idea\u2014I just entertained\nsneaking hopes. And besides I had to work very circumspectly in order\nthat Aunt Elinor wouldn\u2019t get suspicious, for I figured that although\nshe could be depended upon after the deed was done, she wouldn\u2019t approve\nof it beforehand. As it was, she thought I was insane to drive down\nthere in a snowstorm on what had every indication of being a wild-goose\nchase.\nI said prayers again as Esky and I sped along the snow-covered\nroads\u2014and the prayers had nothing to do with the snow, nor were they\nexactly complaints this time. I prayed for a sporting chance, for just a\n\u201cbreak,\u201d and I was in such excitement that I quite forgot about Captain\nWinstead as well as Jay-Jay Marfield and his proposals, for I was on the\nthreshold of adventure\u2014an adventure that would beat anything the\nfiction writers could offer for a heroine.\nI was confident that, if my sneaking hopes materialized, I would learn\nto my own satisfaction that what was apple-sauce for the gander could\nstill be sauce for the goose.\nEsky and I left Wakeham at eight o\u2019clock that morning and arrived at the\nCamp at eleven thirty to find Leon in the slough of despond because he\ncouldn\u2019t get a pass for love nor money. We talked over the situation and\nevery other remark of his had to do with how much he wanted to see Vyvy\n\u201cjust once more.\u201d Well, I got sick of hearing it, and, although the\nsight of this vast military establishment had rather weakened my desire\nto go through with my last resort plans, I did finally suggest it to\nhim.\n\u201cYou\u2019re insane!\u201d was his first comment, and then he added, rather\nhuffily, too, \u201cThis is no time for jokes.\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019m not joking at all,\u201d I told him. \u201cI mean it. Isn\u2019t it perfectly\npossible? I\u2019ve got a suit of your civies in the car; we can go outside\nand exchange clothes; you take Esky and go home, and I\u2019ll come in here\nand make myself at home until you get back. What\u2019s wrong with that? You\nsaid yourself that there\u2019s never anything to do on Saturday and Sunday,\nand you can be back here to-morrow afternoon. So what\u2019s wrong with that\npicture?\u201d\nStill he didn\u2019t seem to take me seriously. \u201cI\u2019d as leave go A.W.O.L.,\u201d\nhe said.\n\u201cYes? And maybe get caught and sent to Atlanta because you ducked out\nwhen the outfit was expecting travel orders? And you wouldn\u2019t want to\nthrow up a chance to go overseas anyway. God, I should think you\u2019d be so\nexcited you couldn\u2019t think straight.\u201d\nI could see that he was beginning to weaken, but he promptly thought of\nanother objection. \u201cWhat about your hair? You don\u2019t suppose anyone would\nbe foolish enough to think I had grown hair that long, do you?\u201d He\nthought that objection was insurmountable.\nBut I jumped it at once. \u201cI\u2019d just as leave have my hair cut boy\nfashion,\u201d I told him. \u201cCan get it done somewhere in a few minutes\u2019 time.\nWhat do you say?\u201d\nWell, he didn\u2019t know what to say. He always was a slower thinker than I\nand it took him several minutes to digest the whole idea.\n\u201cThere isn\u2019t anything that might come up during your absence, is there?\nI mean, anything that I couldn\u2019t do?\u201d I asked, before he had time to\nanswer.\nHe considered the possibilities for a moment and answered a rather dumb\n\u201cNo\u2014I guess not. I could show you where everything is anyway.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d I said. \u201cThen it\u2019s all settled. Let\u2019s start.\u201d\n\u201cBut your hair!\u201d he objected again, as if he were reaching for straws of\nargument for support, \u201cAunt Elinor will throw a fit when she sees you\nminus your hair.\u201d\n\u201cPooh\u2014what do I care for Aunt Elinor? And anyway, it\u2019ll grow out again.\nI can have typhoid fever or something for an excuse. Come on!\u201d\n\u201cBut, gosh, Leona\u2014you don\u2019t know what you\u2019re getting into.\u201d He was just\narguing for the sake of having something to say. \u201cThere\u2019s an awful gang\nin that headquarters barracks\u2014swearing all the time, smoking and\nchewing, telling dirty rotten stories that\u2019ll make your stomach turn\nsomersaults. Really, we\u2019d better not\u2014\u2014\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014hush!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cMy stomach\u2019s stronger than yours, old dear, so\nif you can stand it, I guess I can for a couple of days anyway. Besides,\nI think it will be kinda fun, hearing a lot of things a girl never has a\nchance to hear when she\u2019s in dresses.\u201d\nHe capitulated. \u201cWell, I would like to see Vyvy, and it does sound\nfool-proof.\u201d\n\u201cCome on, then!\u201d\n\u201cWell, you\u2019re making the bed, remember!\u201d\nSo we set off for his barracks, where he showed me his bunk and\nexplained about the rules. Then we proceeded to his Colonel\u2019s office\nwhere he obtained a two-hour pass to leave the camp. It was while he was\ngetting this that I had my first worry. And I didn\u2019t know just how to\nask about it, either, since it\u2019s one of those things that even brother\nand sister wouldn\u2019t ordinarily discuss. Finally, however, I said,\n\u201cYou\u2019re sure there\u2019s nothing that could embarrass me?\u201d\n\u201cNot a thing, as long as you use your head and stay out of trouble.\u201d\nThat didn\u2019t satisfy my curiosity, so I had to blurt out exactly what I\nmeant. \u201cHow about those \u2018inspections\u2019 you have to go through every now\nand then?\u201d\n\u201cWhat inspections?\u201d he wanted to know. Which convinced me that he is\ndumber than I am.\n\u201cWhy\u2014don\u2019t you have some kind of physical exam every few weeks?\u201d I\ninsisted.\nI was really surprised that he could laugh at such a thing, but he did.\nHe thought it was a huge joke and kept on smiling about it even after he\ntold me that there was nothing to worry about from that quarter as they\nhad just had one of those intimate inspections two days before. I was\nvery much relieved\u2014and the idea is rather funny, at that, when you stop\nto think of it: just imagine me standing in line with a bunch of men and\nstepping up to let a doctor look me over! And imagine the look on the\ndoctor\u2019s face when he saw before him a woman instead of a man! I guess\nLeon has a sense of humor after all.\nAnyway, we went out to the car then and left the camp, driving way over\nto the other side of town to find a little barber shop where no one\u2019s\nsuspicions might be aroused. I went in, and I admit that I felt rather\nfoolish for a moment. But there was only one barber there and he was an\nItalian that could only understand English when it was accompanied by\nvery clear gestures. And I told him I had had typhoid fever and\ntherefore wanted my hair cut short like a boy\u2019s.\nHe was dumfounded, and acted as if he wouldn\u2019t believe me, so I plopped\ninto the chair and explained with my hands just how I wanted it cut, so\nit would resemble Leon\u2019s as much as possible. Leon, being poetic, never\nhad his hair cut awfully short anyway, so it really didn\u2019t seem so\nstrange.\nFrom there we went to a hotel, Leon driving while I tried to make my hat\nand the collar of my coat combine to offset the odd effect of the\nhaircut. Just as we were getting out of the car, another hitch presented\nitself to my mind, and I said to Leon, \u201cWe can\u2019t change clothes in\nthere!\u201d\n\u201cWhy not?\u201d he demanded, his voice sounding as if I had scared the life\nout of him.\n\u201cNow, wouldn\u2019t it look funny to anyone who noticed us going in\u2014a man\nand a girl\u2014and then saw two men come out? If there happened to be\nanyone about who recognizes you, he\u2019d smell a mouse immediately.\u201d\nI can see now that my fears were practically groundless, but at the time\nit seemed as if someone would appear at any moment to divine our\npurpose, and Leon finally agreed that perhaps we\u2019d better make our quick\nchange somewhere else. \u201cBut where?\u201d\nI had to think hard. We couldn\u2019t go to a private house, for then whoever\nsaw us would naturally wonder how a man and woman could change to two\nmen all at once, and particularly a soldier and a girl to begin with. We\ncouldn\u2019t go anywhere where there would be people. That was apparent at\nonce, so I finally suggested, \u201cLet\u2019s ride out into the country and find\na nice secluded forest.\u201d\nWe did this, but didn\u2019t find a woods that could be used for a dressing\nroom until we had driven more than fifteen miles from the camp. Finally\nwe spied one, a sort of brush-covered little hill, and Leon went in\nfirst to change into his civies. When he returned, I took his clothes\nand came back a few minutes later with my dress, undies, shoes, hat and\ncoat, in the suit case which I had used to bring down his clothes. We\nlooked each other over and decided that everything checked. I complained\nabout the army underwear\u2014I must say that it isn\u2019t any too comfortable\non a girl\u2014but that was a small matter, in view of the fun it was to be.\nThen back to camp and in to the Colonel\u2019s office, so that Leon could\nshow me where all the different \u201cforms\u201d and papers are kept, and what\neach was for. That took about half an hour, and just as we were coming\nout of the building Leon gave a start of fear and whispered, \u201cHere comes\nthe Sergeant Major!\u201d\nI began to shiver all over. I hadn\u2019t the least idea what I was supposed\nto do to a Sergeant Major. I started to salute but for once Leon thought\nfaster than I; when he jammed his elbow into my ribs, I managed a\nfoolish grin.\nBut the Sergeant Major was staring at us and before we had passed him,\nhe said, in a very friendly tone of voice, \u201cSorry as hell about the\npass, Canwick. I know you wanted it pretty badly.\u201d\nI waited for Leon to say something, then suddenly\u2014realized that it was\nI he was addressing, so I spoke up, saying with a grin of thanks,\n\u201cOh\u2014that\u2019s all right, Sergeant. Guess I\u2019ll live through it.\u201d I stopped\nand looked at Leon, who had turned his face away. \u201cBy the way,\nSergeant,\u201d I offered, \u201cI\u2019d like to introduce you to my twin brother.\u201d\n\u201cSurely\u2014glad to meet you.\u201d And he shook hands with Leon before the\nother could realize what was going on. Then he added with a laugh, \u201cI\nthought you looked a lot alike.\u201d\nWe all smiled then and I finally tore us away after remarking that my\ntwin had come down to drive me home, not knowing that I couldn\u2019t get\naway. The sergeant-major said \u201cSorry\u201d again and we separated\u2014I, with a\nhuge sigh of relief and not a little pride in my ability as a mime.\nWell, we didn\u2019t lose any more time, but hurried to the car and out of\nthe camp. About a quarter of a mile away, I got out, said good-by to\nEsky, told Leon not to fail to get back by to-morrow evening, and waved\nafter them as they rolled away toward Wakeham. Esky acted as if he were\ngoing crazy. He barked and squirmed and yapped, and I guess he had Leon\nabout crazy by the time they got home.\nWhile walking back to the camp gate, I tried every kind of mental\nexercise to make myself think and act like Private Canwick, U.S.A. By\nthe time I got to the man who took my pass, I was stepping along like a\nregular soldier, although my heart skipped about a dozen beats when the\nguard looked me up and down as he took my pass.\nOnce within, however, my self-confidence came back and I wandered\naimlessly around the camp for an hour or more, familiarizing myself with\nthe location of the main buildings. I visited the Camp Headquarters and\nstopped at the Y.M.C.A. Hut, where I purchased some of the stationery\nfor a souvenir of this unusual adventure. I enjoyed my tour of\ninspection immensely and took real delight in saluting every officer I\nmet. This was certainly a pleasure; every time I saluted, I looked\nstraight at the officer and said, under my breath, \u201cO Mister, if you\nonly knew!\u201d It was great fun.\nThe whole situation struck me as being exceedingly comical\u2014and\nexceedingly unique. I have heard and read of many kinds of disguises, of\nroyalty incognito, of masked heroes and heroines in many kinds of\nromance and adventure. I\u2019ve read somewhere, in French and Italian\nliterature, about lovers who carried on their amours in disguise, and\nabout men and women who figured prominently in war and politics under\nassumed names and behind disguised faces. Medieval legends come to mind,\nfanciful tales of heroism by knights in deceiving armor, and of fair\nladies who entertained paramours behind mysterious masks. Joan of Arc\nslept with an army, but she was known as a girl by all her soldier\ncomrades. They say that there was a fighting outfit composed of Russian\nwomen and known as The Battalion of Death, but these soldiers were known\nas women also. There have been any number of modern stories and plays\nwith plots depending upon the use of masks, veils, disguises and\naliases; duels have been fought by women in men\u2019s clothing; and there\nwas a famous duelist named Chevalier d\u2019Eon, who dressed as a woman every\ntime he appeared in Paris\u2014because the King had banished him from\nParis\u2014and he had been the recipient of love favors from many courtiers,\nwho thought he really was a woman. There has from time immemorial been\nsomething very alluring and intriguing about masks and disguises. They\nhave been used for every conceivable purpose.\nYet I can\u2019t think of a single situation similar to the one in which I\nfound myself. It is one thing for a man to dress as a woman\u2014nothing\nvery dangerous in that. It\u2019s not unusual for women to join with men in\nthe army, as long as they remain women and are known as women. But it\u2019s\nquite another thing, a very different and very unusual thing for a girl\nto be in the United States Army without anyone knowing about it. In this\nparticular case, of course, there wasn\u2019t any real danger; but the\nsituation remained very intriguing. On the face of it, my position was\nfar more perilous than that of a woman soldier who is known as a\nwoman\u2014but, at the same time, far more enjoyable, for to be a woman\namong men without the men\u2019s knowing it is decidedly interesting, and has\nmany intriguing possibilities. I thought this about the nearest I\u2019d ever\ncome to being able to enjoy the liberties and privileges of men, and I\ntried to exercise my mind appreciatively.\nI had thought of all this during my walk around the camp and was still\nsmiling inwardly when I returned to the barracks. Several men were\nlounging about the door; they offered a matter-of-fact greeting and I\nreturned their perfunctory hellos with a smile and a nod. I wasn\u2019t quite\nsure of my voice. But no one paid particular attention to me, so I\nwalked on down to my bunk and began a casual investigation of the\nassortment of odds and ends that Leon had collected.\nHung at the rear end of the bunk, with his slicker, haversack and\nembroidered ditty bag, I found his ukulele and, since I couldn\u2019t think\nof anything else to do, I flopped on the bed and began strumming the uke\nas accompaniment to my idle dreams about the oddity of the situation. It\noccurred to me that if anything should happen to cause my discovery, the\nnewspapers would make a front-page story of it. The \u201cyellow sheets\u201d\nwould pay almost any price for my story of the affair, giving all the\nlurid details of what I heard and did during these two days of\nsoldiering. I could visualize the headlines, in big black letters,\ncarrying to all parts of the country the story of the daring girl who\ntook her brother\u2019s place in the army so that he could attend a farewell\nparty with his beloved. After which, wouldn\u2019t it be nice to have golden\noffers from half a dozen theatrical producers; it\u2019d be a marvelous way\nto break into the lime-lit ranks. What a publicity stunt!\nWhen my thoughts arrived at this point, my fingers were strumming the\nuke rather excitedly\u2014sort of muscular sympathy, I guess. Anyway, my\nreverie was abruptly ended at this point, for I heard a voice behind me\ncall \u201cCanwick!\u201d And I rolled out with a start to stare dumbly at a\nsoldier who appeared to be no higher nor lower than myself. He didn\u2019t\nwait for me to say anything, just rattled out his message and\ndisappeared. He said\u2014I recall it distinctly because I said it over and\nover about a dozen times before I could decide what to do about\nit\u2014\u201cCanwick, Colonel Davison is at Regimental Headquarters. You\u2019re to\nreport to him there at once.\u201d\nThose words marked the end of my brief spell of dreamy pleasure. The\nhitherto comic lark promptly developed into a very serious series of\ndisturbing developments. After digesting the orderly\u2019s message, I\ndecided that there was nothing to do but report to Colonel Davison\u2014the\nwhich I proceeded to do, and came into his presence with my heart in my\nthroat and my knees feeling rather unstable. It was lucky that I knew\nwhere the headquarters were and what the Colonel looked like; but I\nwasn\u2019t counting any blessings or naming them one by one at that moment\nwhen I wavered into his presence, and offered a weak \u201cYes, sir,\u201d after a\ncomic opera salute.\n\u201cCanwick,\u201d the Colonel said abruptly, \u201cI\u2019ve praised you so much that now\nI have to pay for the praise by losing your services.\u201d\n\u201cOh, no, sir!\u201d I exclaimed, entirely at sea.\n\u201cYes,\u201d he insisted. \u201cGeneral Backett has decided that he needs your\nservices more than I do, so you and I must part. You\u2019ve worked yourself\ninto an enviable place, and I\u2019m sure you will like General Backett.\u201d He\nstopped, looked at me a moment then added, \u201cAre you sorry?\u201d\nWell, he didn\u2019t sound any more like a hard-boiled regular army officer\nthan nothing at all and when he asked me that question, I was still so\ndumfounded that all I could manage was, \u201cUh-h\u2014yes, sir, I am, sir.\u201d\nAt that he laughed and continued, \u201cWell, I\u2019m sorry to lose you. You were\nthe ideal man for my work.... But then I wouldn\u2019t want to hold you back\non that account. Doubtless General Backett will show his appreciation by\na promotion.\u201d\n\u201cIs this\u2014is this effective at once?\u201d I inquired, hoping that he would\nsay \u201cMonday.\u201d\nBut he didn\u2019t. He said, \u201cYes, to-day. It happens that General Backett\u2019s\nspecial clerk has been down with blood poisoning for a week and that\nnone of the men who have been tried as substitutes have satisfied the\nGeneral. It seems now that the special clerk will not be able to go\noverseas with the organization and General Backett has taken my word for\nthe fact that you can fill the bill. So you report to him at once and\nthen come back to my office and straighten up the papers for your\nsuccessor.\u201d He arose then and extended his hand, \u201cAnd if I don\u2019t see you\nagain, be assured of my best wishes, Canwick.\u201d\nI shook hands and stumbled out of the place. I was sorry to leave him. I\nmean, it seemed a shame to leave such a nice officer on such short\nnotice.\nUpon inquiry of an orderly I learned that General Backett\u2019s office was\nin the next building and I proceeded there at once, despite my chills\nand shivers of apprehension. I didn\u2019t know whether Leon was supposed to\nhave met this General man before or not, but since introductions don\u2019t\ncount for much in the army anyway, I decided to act very stiff and\nformal and see which way the wind bloweth. So I waltzed in and told the\norderly what I wanted and who I was and who sent me, and a few minutes\nlater I was escorted into the General\u2019s sanctum sanctorum. I took one\ngood look at him and would have beat a retreat because he looked so\ngruff and hard, but when he spoke his voice showed that he wasn\u2019t that\nway at all.\n\u201cYou\u2019re Canwick, eh?\u201d he asked, in a tone that made me like him at once.\n\u201cYes, sir,\u201d said I, smiling a little, because at the moment I noticed\nhow big and awkward he seemed for a man who had spent his life in the\narmy.\n\u201cWell, Canwick, you\u2019ve been invited to accompany me on a long hard\njourney, and the work begins at once. My man is down with blood\npoisoning and I must leave before he can get out of the hospital. I\u2019ve\ntried a dozen clerks, but none have satisfied me and I\u2019m taking Colonel\nDavison\u2019s word for it that you will. So you see you have a reputation to\nuphold.\u201d He smiled encouragingly.\nI was shaking inside but I managed to say, \u201cI\u2019ll do my best, sir.\u201d\nHe smiled again and continued, \u201cIn taking you, I am looking to the\nfuture, to a certain extent, because I believe I will need someone who\nis able to interpret French and at the same time take dictation and help\nin compiling reports. None of that will come now, of course, but will\nprobably come sometime after we arrive in France. For the time being\nthere are merely routine forms and letters to be done, and since there\nare about a million of these to be cleaned up before we go, you\u2019d better\ndo whatever you have to do and come back ready for work.\u201d\nWell, I didn\u2019t have anything to do that I knew of, and I intimated as\nmuch, whereupon he said, \u201cYour transfer papers\u2014get your personnel\nofficer to see to that. Also get your equipment and replace everything\nthat can\u2019t stand inspection. By the time you return, I\u2019ll have these\nmatters in order and we\u2019ll go to work.\u201d\nSo I said \u201cYes, sir\u201d and left. It seemed to me he was in a terrible\nhurry and I hadn\u2019t the least idea who this \u201cpersonnel officer\u201d might be.\nI started to think the thing out, but then I remembered that everyone\nalways said that a private wasn\u2019t supposed to think, so I just proceeded\nto do the only thing I could do\u2014namely, find the Sergeant Major and\ntell him what was what and ask how.\nI found him in the Y.M.C.A. listening to a phonograph record of the\nMarine Band, but when I told him what had happened, he promptly came\nalong with me to the headquarters, spoke to an officer about me and told\nme he\u2019d have the transfer fixed up at once. I asked him what I should do\nnext and he laughed and told me to pack up my junk and have it ready to\nmove to the Divisional Headquarters barracks when he came back. So I did\nand he finally came back, and I then moved\u2014wondering, as I did so, what\nLeon would do if he returned to his old bunk before seeing me and\nlearning about the change.\nThen I reported back to the Colonel and told him what the General had\ntold me. He was very nice about it\u2014I guess all Colonels are always nice\nabout anything a General wants\u2014and he told me not to bother about his\nrecords, that he would get them straightened out without trouble. I\nguess he, too, wanted this fellow Canwick for future rather than present\nwork.\nBack to the General\u2019s office. And when he said he had a million things\nto do, he minimized matters by about that number, for he kept me going\nfor three hours, and left more to be done in the morning. He dictated at\nleast a million letters\u2014and poor me just by luck seeing an old letter\nwith the form FROM: TO: SUBJECT: on it, which just saved me from\naddressing the first letter to \u201cMy dear Secretary of War.\u201d There was\nanother million of blank forms to be filled out and half the things I\ndidn\u2019t know beans about, but he was awfully nice about everything and\nseemed to think it was perfectly natural that I should be ignorant about\nsome of them. Anyway, I worked until I was dizzy. And the General smoked\nthe vilest cigars I ever smelled. I bought a package of cigarettes\u2014I\njust had to practice up smoking\u2014in self-defense.\nI wrote to Leon by Special Delivery. He\u2019d have to get back by next\nafternoon, because from the way this General man talked, they were\nleaving that night, and I\u2019d have to see Leon for long enough to explain\nabout some of those things. And he\u2019d have to know this General on sight.\nWell, he ought to be happy: he\u2019d wanted to get in with a General.\nWhew\u2014if it were me, I\u2019d rather be a real soldier, than have to work\nthis hard all the time. I was actually dizzy.\nI hoped Leon didn\u2019t tell Vyvy about me. I didn\u2019t want her blabbing it\nall over the place. It didn\u2019t seem like such a grand experience just\nnow. And I hoped he was enjoying her party; if all this were in vain,\nI\u2019d swoon like an olden heroine. I knew Auntie was having all kinds of\nfits about now!\nOho, for the life of a soldier!... I know I haven\u2019t mentioned every\ndetail of interest in this adventure\u2014and especially some of the\nfunniest ones, like the cave-manly form of the man in the next bunk and\nthe discussion of social diseases which was going on up in the other end\nof the barracks, not to mention certain problems of nature which had to\nbe solved at the expense of distinct concessions on the part of a\nmaiden\u2019s modesty. But then, I can remember these things, if I think hard\nenough. I certainly had never experienced anything like this before, nor\nprobably ever would again. I only hoped nothing would happen to make me\nregret this escapade, for it was fun to be in with a crowd of men and\nhave them think you\u2019re a man, too. My education went forward by leaps\nand bounds that day!\nNever again would I pity myself for being tired: I was so all in by\nnight that I could giggle into hysterics without the slightest\nprovocation. For safety\u2019s sake I turned in but you can rest assured that\nI didn\u2019t remove as much of my clothes as the man in the next bunk did.\nThis was a case of the proverbial shoe: it makes all the difference in\nthe world which foot it\u2019s on.\n                      A MAIDEN SLEEPS WITH AN ARMY\nIf there\u2019s one kind of scenery I like more than anything, it\u2019s a winter\nlandscape of rolling hills and evergreen trees laden with snow. Usually\nthe sight of a snowy outdoors is very comforting\u2014but not so that day.\nEvery time I noticed the snow\u2014and it had been falling thick and fast\nsince early Sunday morning\u2014it reminded me that Leon had to get back\nhere that afternoon, and between Vyvy and the snowstorm, there was\nabsolutely no telling whether he\u2019d show up or not. So there was nothing\nvery comfy about that snowstorm. Of course, it would do something like\nthis at just this time. My luck again!\nI was on the go all morning. General Backett certainly did believe in\nkeeping busy. I discovered that morning that he was too old for regular\nduty and no doubt that was why he worked so hard: he evidently wanted to\ndemonstrate his ability to stand the wear and tear, in the hope that he\nwould get some kind of an active command after we reached France. \u201cWe,\u201d\ndid I say? Which just goes to prove how easy it is to lose one\u2019s\nidentity: I kept thinking that I was going with the General, instead of\nLeon. It seemed perfectly natural, as if I had been expecting it for\nmonths.\nWell, I wasn\u2019t going, so what was the sense of these foolish visions?\nAnd yet, it did seem perfectly natural for me to be chasing around\ngetting my equipment checked and replenished and then leaving it spread\nout for inspection. Even that morning at first call, I rolled out as\npretty as you please, grabbed a towel and rushed for the water-trough,\nscrubbed my teeth, washed my face in the cold water, emitted a few\ncurses just to keep up with the other fellows, rushed back, combed my\nhair (that was rather awkward, I imagine) and ran out with the rest of\nthem to the mess hall. That much was good fun, even though I already had\nnoticed the snowstorm.\nFrom breakfast on, however, my worries piled up just about as fast as\nthe snow heaped up outside. On the go every minute, doing a lot of\nthings that I knew nothing whatever about, chasing errands, reporting\nthis to that officer and that to this officer and running all over the\nplace like a chicken sans head. All of which I would have enjoyed, if it\nweren\u2019t for this doubt about Leon.\nThis doubt increased steadily, for some inexplicable reason. I could\njust see him at home there with Vyvy, hating like the very devil to\nthink of going back. He probably watched that snowstorm with\nfascination, and kept putting off and putting off the moment of his\ndeparture. I could understand how he felt: he hated the camp and he\nhated to leave his Vyvy, and I knew he spent all morning trying to\ndecide whether the outfit really would leave that night. I finally\ndecided to telephone him, if he hadn\u2019t come by noon, but when noon came\nI found that I couldn\u2019t get out until later and had to put off that\nproject.\nMeanwhile, I had the shock of my life, for who should appear but Jay-Jay\nhimself. I tried to duck\u2014it was just my damned luck to bump into him\nanyway, for he didn\u2019t know where Leon was supposed to be in this\ncamp\u2014but he spied me and called, so I had to face him. Believe me, I\ndid some tall trembling at that moment, although I realized that if\nworse came to worst and he did recognize me, I could make him see the\njoke of it and keep his mouth shut about me. I just waited to see what\nhe would do.\n\u201cHow are you, Leon?\u201d he asked, sticking out his hand to be shaken.\n\u201cThought you would be in Wakeham this week-end.\u201d\nWell, what was I to say? I thought fast, believe me. I couldn\u2019t say I\nhadn\u2019t gone, because then later he would go home and perhaps run into\nVyvy or Auntie or someone else who was at Vyvy\u2019s party and then he\u2019d\nprobably learn that Leon was there. While I pondered frantically, my eye\nfell on his wrist watch and noted that it was just a little before two\no\u2019clock.\n\u201cWhy\u2014,\u201d I stammered, \u201cI did go home\u2014just got back about half an hour\nago.\u201d\nHe looked at me kinda funny. \u201cYour voice has changed, hasn\u2019t it?\u201d he\ninquired abruptly.\nI laughed. \u201cGod, yes\u2014everything about me\u2019s changed,\u201d I declared. \u201cThis\ndamned army life changes you so you hardly recognize yourself.\u201d I\ngrimaced as if disgusted with the whole business.\n\u201cYou must have had a skiddy trip down,\u201d he observed then. \u201cRather rotten\nfor driving, eh?\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t mention it!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cIt was one hell of a trip! Leona came\nwith me, in spite of Aunt Elinor\u2019s objections, and she started right\nback. God only knows when or how she\u2019ll get there in this weather.\u201d\n\u201cShe did?\u201d he repeated. \u201cDammit, I wish I had known that. I\u2019d like to\nhave seen her. Don\u2019t know when I\u2019ll get to New York again. This is the\nnearest I\u2019ve been for several weeks.\u201d\n\u201cBeen transferred, or something?\u201d I asked, and offered him a cigarette,\nwhich he accepted before replying. \u201cGot a match?\u201d I certainly did try my\nbest to sound matter-of-fact, despite the fact that this was the first\ntime in my life I ever asked a man for a match.\n\u201cSure\u2014\u201d And he produced a box, gave me a light, served himself, and\ncontinued, \u201cWhy, no, no transfer\u2014just a rearrangement of the work we\u2019re\ndoing. Means a lot of jumping around for me. Been down South the past\nthree weeks, came over here from Washington yesterday and will be here\nuntil the middle of the week, when I move again.\u201d\n\u201cInteresting work?\u201d I inquired.\n\u201cNot very\u2014I\u2019m getting fed up on it. I\u2019m even considering applying for a\ntransfer so I can go over. After all, a man might as well be in the\nmiddle of this business.\u201d\nI nodded, and smiled\u2014this didn\u2019t sound like Jay-Jay. I wondered if my\nultimatum to him had had this effect.\n\u201cI say,\u201d he suddenly interrupted. \u201cWhy don\u2019t we have dinner together\nthis evening, or to-morrow evening?\u201d\nI almost blurted out \u201cI\u2019d love to\u201d\u2014which was the natural thing to\nsay\u2014but I caught myself and said instead, \u201cGosh, I\u2019d like to, but it\ncan\u2019t be done to-night because I\u2019m so busy I don\u2019t know when I\u2019ll be\nfree, and it can\u2019t be done to-morrow because we\u2019re leaving, I think,\nto-night. Thanks a lot, though.\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re leaving? Really?\u201d he seemed completely astounded at this, but he\ncame back quickly, \u201cWell\u2014\u201d He extended his hand again, \u201cGood luck,\nLeon. Be careful what you do with those mademoiselles and don\u2019t drink\ntoo much cognac on an empty stomach!\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t worry about the mademoiselles!\u201d I replied with a laugh. \u201cAnd good\nluck to you. Hope we\u2019ll meet over there.\u201d\nWe parted and I breathed a mile-long sigh of relief. But after I reached\nthe office, I could smile at the thought of this odd meeting, and\nparticularly at the idea of Jay-Jay\u2019s being so utterly dumb. I was sure\nthat if I saw my Captain in dresses and black paint, I\u2019d recognize him\nwithout any trouble at all\u2014and I only saw him once in my life. Jay-Jay\ncertainly must have been stupid.\nAbout fifteen minutes after this meeting, luck came my way for once. The\nGeneral decided suddenly that I could do some purchasing for him in\ntown. \u201cGet a pass for an hour and pick up these things for me,\u201d he said,\nhanding me a list of half a dozen things. I needed no urging; got the\npass from the non-com in charge, and departed at once.\nYou can guess what the first thing I did was: hunt up a telephone booth\nthat was secluded enough to allow me to say all I wanted to say. I found\none in a lunch room and put in a rush call to Wakeham.\nI spent fifteen hectic minutes waiting for the call to come through and\nwhen it did, I almost died of shock, for who answered the phone but my\ndear darling twin!\nI was speechless for a moment. Adequate words for my feelings could not\nbe spoken over the telephone, but I did try to give him a general idea\nof what I really thought of him for not leaving very early that morning.\n\u201cBut your Special Delivery just came, about five minutes ago,\u201d he\ndeclared. \u201cI\u2019ll leave in another five minutes.... But how am I going to\nget in there again? How are we going to change back?\u201d\n\u201cHow the devil do I know? You get here! The rest can wait. I\u2019ll wait for\nyou at the headquarters building.\u201d\nAunt Elinor got on the line long enough to hear my voice. She sounded\nrather shaky when she said, \u201cI feel better after hearing your voice,\nLeona dear.\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ll see you in the morning, Auntie. Don\u2019t worry.\u201d And that was the end\nof that.\nAnd this was the end of this. I\u2019d been gone much more than an hour and\nmy General was having forty fits by this time.\nSeveral hours elapsed and my little adventure ceased to be interesting;\neven though I talked to Auntie by phone again it didn\u2019t make me feel any\nbrighter. Somehow or other, I felt damned pessimistic. I wished I had\nkept my bright idea to myself, instead of getting into this\nnerve-racking mess. Leon should have been there by this time, but he\nwasn\u2019t, and no one knew where he was. Auntie said he left before three\no\u2019clock and had chains on the car, and he surely should be able to make\nit in six hours, even in a snowstorm.\nAuntie was on the verge of hysterics, I guess. \u201cWhat can you do? What\ncan you do?\u201d she kept asking.\n\u201cWhy, I can\u2019t do anything unless and until he gets here,\u201d I told her.\n\u201cWhat do you expect me to do, go out hunting for him?\u201d It struck me that\nprobably he had headed in the opposite direction. I suppose I really\nshouldn\u2019t say such rotten things about my brother, but I just couldn\u2019t\nhelp thinking things, knowing him as I did.\nAnd then Auntie said something that gave me more to worry about. \u201cLeon\ncouldn\u2019t find Esky anywhere,\u201d she declared weakly. \u201cWe haven\u2019t seen him\nsince last night.\u201d\nI supposed the poor pup stayed out all night and would probably be down\nwith distemper when I got home. Of course, no one would think of looking\nfor him!\nAuntie was enough to give anyone the willies when she got excited. \u201cBut,\nLeona, you must do something! What if Leon has an accident and can\u2019t get\nthere this evening? What will you do?\u201d\nAs if there was anything I could do!\n\u201cYou listen to me, Leona! If he doesn\u2019t come pretty soon, you go right\nup to that General and confess the whole business! I\u2019m not going to be\nworried like this!\u201d\nI had to laugh at that. She wasn\u2019t going to be worried like this! And I\nshould tell the General! Why, they\u2019d probably crucify me and send Leon\nto Atlanta for life! I told her to sit tight and not to\nworry\u2014everything would straighten out sooner or later. \u201cAnd I\u2019m all\nright, anyway,\u201d I added for good measure. \u201cNothing to worry about.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014you call me the minute he arrives,\u201d she insisted.\n\u201cSurely,\u201d I agreed. \u201cAnd if he doesn\u2019t arrive\u2014I mean if he calls you\nand says he can\u2019t get here, tell him to lie low until you hear from me.\nIf he doesn\u2019t show up in time, I\u2019ll send a letter to you for him. He\u2019ll\nhave to stay out of sight if he doesn\u2019t show up here.\u201d\nWell, I finally got away from that phone and back to my bunk. We were\ngoing to Hoboken that night, as sure as my name was Leona Canwick. That\nis, somebody was going\u2014was it me?\nBut I couldn\u2019t help wondering what I\u2019d do if Leon didn\u2019t arrive. I\ncouldn\u2019t think of a thing to do except do what he would do if he were\nhere. I\u2019d be in for one sweet time! If I got caught in this thing, thank\nGod I wouldn\u2019t have to worry about one of those inspections for probably\na month. Perhaps I could figure out some way of evading it by that time.\nBut, oh, I did wish Leon would come! And I went back to the headquarters\nbuilding again to wait for him.\nSomething told me that he wasn\u2019t anywhere near the camp! Any other man\nwould have got there, if he had to break both legs and a couple of ribs.\nBut not my dear sweet concaveman of a brother!\nBut as long as I was there, there was hope. When I left this camp,\nsometime before midnight\u2014or rather, if I had not left it before\nthat\u2014the die would be cast, and there would certainly be hell to pay in\nmore ways than one.\nWhat a wonderful adventure this had turned out to be!!!\nIt was late Sunday night. Leon had not arrived. It was what you might\ncall the eleventh hour and the fifty-ninth minute of this affair, and I\nwas taking it for granted that I was in the soup up to my ears. The die\napparently was cast. The Canwick blood seemed to have turned a sour\nyellow in at least one spot. I didn\u2019t know where Leon was, but I should\nhave assumed hours ago that he would not be there. I don\u2019t know what I\ncould have done about it anyway, except confess and get us both in a\nstew, but it got my goat to think that I forced myself into this\nmartyrdom. But I was in it\u2014and that\u2019s all there was to it.\nO Leon, thou personification of courage, thou dear brave considerate\nbrother, I really felt more sorry for you than for myself. A man as\nyellow as you was a fit object for the world\u2019s pity! I offered to help\nyou with no idea that such consequences could be possible and with, I\nnow realized, a mistaken conception of my brother\u2019s love and gratitude.\nThis situation ceased to be funny a long time ago and if I did not pity\nhim more than I hated him, I\u2019d have given the whole show away before\nthis. And the joke of it was that no doubt he felt confident that I\nwould never do that.\nAnd he was quite right: I would go through with my end of this thing in\nspite of him and his yellow streak. No future day in this man\u2019s army\ncould be any worse than the one I had just put in\u2014and which was not\nended yet, so I felt sure that, barring accidents and given any lucky\nbreaks at all, I\u2019d be better able to stand what was coming than he\nwould. If things ever got too bad, I\u2019d throw up my part and let him take\nthe consequences. After all, if I got caught in this, he was the one\nthat would suffer. I doubt if he realized that!\nHowever, being a generous and loving sister, I continued to give him the\nbenefit of every possible doubt; I continued to hope that he hadn\u2019t\ndeliberately deserted me in this predicament. And I took it for granted\nthat he would at least be willing to do everything he could to protect\nme, and later get me out of it. If he did as I told him in my letter,\nwithout regard to his petty prejudices and silly comforts, he probably\nwould save me from all sorts of embarrassment and himself from any\namount of trouble and worry\u2014for I could get along safely, if I was at\nall lucky. I\u2019d made up my mind to get along\u2014to lick this game if I had\nto kill off the general staff man by man.\nI didn\u2019t know where he was now, but he\u2019d surely get in touch with Auntie\nsometime soon, no matter where he was, and then she\u2019d tell him what he\nmust do\u2014unless she passed out from the shock before that. Leon must\nstay away from Wakeham; even Vyvy must think he\u2019d gone overseas. In my\nletter to him I promised to send her a few lines of love and kisses now\nand then to keep her happy.\nI told him I\u2019d write to him at Booneville\u2014that was far enough away from\nhome and far enough back in the woods to be a safe place for him to\nrusticate and hide for a while, until he could do something about me. He\ncould lose himself in New York easily enough, but then he might get\npicked up somehow and made to enlist or do something. I suggested that\nhe take the name of Leonard Lane, and stay at Booneville for a while.\nAuntie would have to let it leak out that I was down South or out West,\ndoing war work of some kind, like entertaining in the camps. Anyone who\nknew me would accept that story easily. My letters to her would, of\ncourse, be censored\u2014unless I could manage to get them okayed by the\nGeneral. If censored, I\u2019d have to send instructions to Leon in onion\njuice: write a letter and interline it with other sentences written in\nonion juice, then when he or she held it near heat, the invisible\nonion-juice letters would be made visible. I knew it worked: we used to\ndo it when we were kids.\nSo far so good: but how was I going to get out of this? There was the\nbig problem, and the only answer I could see from here was for Leon to\nget a passport, if necessary, and get over to France by hook or crook,\neven if he had to work on a cattle boat or an oil tanker\u2014anyway to get\nthere. The rest would be easy: we would switch and I\u2019d come back in his\nplace.... Sounds reasonable in theory; I only hoped it would work out in\npractice. It depended, of course, upon how eager Leon was to get\nthere\u2014but\u2014oh, hell, when that factor entered in, I might as well give\nup, for he never was eager to do anything that might be hard work or\nuncomfortable.\nAs far as I could see now, with everyone all packed up and waiting for\nthe C. O. to appear with the final word, my fate was lying helpless in\nthe lap of the gods. Which reminds me that I just by grace of God\nremembered what Mark Twain or somebody like him said about telling the\ndifference between a girl and a boy: the General tossed a packet of\npapers to me and I instinctively spread my legs to catch it in my\nlap\u2014and there wasn\u2019t any lap there; but I saved the day by catching it\nwith my hand instead. I don\u2019t suppose the General would have noticed\nsuch a thing anyway. No reason why he should\u2014but then I couldn\u2019t be too\ncareful. I certainly had to watch my step.\nI tried all evening to get away long enough so I could step out to a\nhotel and have a decent bath. Those army clothes were kinda itchy and\nuncomfortable when you were not used to them, and a bath would feel\nfine\u2014but how could I take a bath in camp? Or on the boat. Or when I got\nto France? This was getting serious! And there were certain other things\nthat were bound to happen in due time, and from time to time, and would\nhave to be taken care of, regardless of soldiers, sailors, marines,\nnurses and generals and in spite of war and hell. I could see from here\nthat I was going to have some very unpleasant moments in this man\u2019s\narmy. I was certainly in a no-maid\u2019s land!\nWell\u2014such is war! For Leon\u2019s sake, as well as my own, I sincerely hoped\nthat he wasn\u2019t foolish enough to appear there in the morning looking for\nme: that would certainly be fatal. However, I wasn\u2019t going to worry\nabout that\u2014there was little or no danger of him being near there even\nto-morrow. I told Auntie to tell him to stay away from there if he\ncouldn\u2019t make it that night. And also for him to send me some money,\naddressed to Divisional Headquarters. I didn\u2019t have much more than the\nprice of a bath, and there was a lot of things I\u2019d got to have before\nmany days elapsed.\nAll packed up, from tooth brush to absorbent cotton. Bring on your\ndamned old war!\nNo sooner said than done: came the C.O. His voice was like the bell that\nsummoned me to heaven or to hell.\nAnd, my God, what was this I saw before me?\nI had a moment of renewed hope when Esky appeared just as the C. O., a\npussyfooting lieutenant named Blaines, was giving the final\ninstructions. I thought for the moment that perhaps the pup\u2019s presence\nmeant that Leon was about. But I recalled, next moment, that Auntie had\nsaid the dog was nowhere to be found when Leon left, so apparently Esky\nhad padded along through all that snow and hadn\u2019t seen Leon at all.\nThe poor pup was all in. He dragged himself up on the bunk and put his\nhead in my lap, perfectly happy to be there and have me rub his ears. I\ntried to get him off the bunk before the Lieutenant saw him, but Esky\ncould be stubborn when he wanted to be, and refused to move, with the\nresult that a few moments later this Lieutenant Blaines came along and\nspied him.\n\u201cWhose dog is that?\u201d he demanded of me.\n\u201cMine, sir,\u201d I replied. The very tone of his voice grated on my nerves.\nI had met him before: he was some kind of an aide to General Backett,\nand he was in and out several times the day before. His full name was\nChilton Blaines, and I didn\u2019t think the General had a great deal of use\nfor either his intelligence or his personality.\nSo I didn\u2019t attempt any evasion about Esky, knowing at once what to\nexpect from this snippy little shave-tail. He fulfilled my expectations\nat once. \u201cGet rid of him, and immediately. You know as well as I,\nCanwick, that no pets or mascots are to be taken aboard. This is no old\nladies\u2019 home.\u201d And he strode pompously down the line.\nAfter he had disappeared and we settled down for another quarter hour\nwait, a big homely man across the aisle spoke up in a voice that carried\nto all corners of the shed. \u201cDat\u2019s why dat bird don\u2019t belong here\u2014dis\nain\u2019t no old ladies\u2019 home.\u201d\n\u201cYou mean the dog?\u201d I asked stupidly, fascinated by his booming voice\nand his ugliness.\nThe big fellow grinned toothily. \u201cNaw\u2014dat Chilblaines, the God damn\nlittle sawed-off piece of punk.\u201d\nWhew! What an earful! But I managed to laugh at his description of the\nshrimp louie, and in a moment the big fellow and I became fast friends,\nfor he promptly offered his assistance in the matter of Esky\u2019s disposal.\nI gathered from his conversation that he not only liked dogs but that he\nloathed the sight of this snoopy \u201cChilblaines\u201d as he called him, and\nthat he would like nothing better than to slip one over on the aforesaid\nChilblaines.\n\u201cWe\u2019ll trim de little squirt!\u201d he declared. \u201cSay, buddy, ain\u2019t you\nworkin\u2019 fer de Gen?\u201d\n\u201cGeneral Backett,\u201d I replied.\n\u201cSure thing! Just the racket!\u201d he exclaimed. \u201cNothin\u2019 to it atall!\u201d And\nhe proceeded to enlarge upon his brilliant idea. \u201cI been waitin\u2019 fer a\nchance to get dat guy alone somewhere, and when I do, I\u2019m gonna put his\nknees in his face so fast they\u2019ll have to blast to get \u2019em out!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014I wish you luck,\u201d I told him, although I didn\u2019t want to encourage\nhim too much because I figured this Chilblaines was just the sort of a\nfellow who\u2019d go out of his way to make life miserable for anyone he\nsuspected of being antagonistic to him. However, I hadn\u2019t the least idea\nas to what could be done with Esky and I did hate to leave him for\nsomeone to ship home.\nThe big fellow, I later learned, knew some things that I didn\u2019t, one\nthing in particular: namely that, as clerical dog-robber to General\nBackett, I could get away with a great many little sins of commission\nand omission that no common soldier could dare contemplate with\nimpunity. This fellow had been in the army long enough to know the\nnecessity of humility on his part, and he therefore got that much more\npleasure from the idea of my slipping one over on his pet superior.\nIndeed, he was all wrapped up in the idea of getting Esky through the\ngangplank inspection and on board our transport.\n\u201cAll we gotta do,\u201d he repeated, \u201cis get that pup into somethin\u2019 \u2019at\nlooks official. The top-kicker\u2019ll probably be the only man \u2019at can\nsuspect anything funny and he\u2019s too damned scared of his job to say\nanythin\u2019 if you tell \u2019im it\u2019s somethin\u2019 of the Gen\u2019s.\u201d\n\u201cBut what if someone should insist on investigating?\u201d I objected,\nhopeful but still in doubt as to the feasibility of the scheme.\n\u201cAw hell, buddy!\u201d he exclaimed impatiently. \u201cDon\u2019t you know there ain\u2019t\nno river so wide it can\u2019t be crossed somehow or other? It\u2019s a million to\none that we can walk right through without a hitch\u2014why, there\u2019s a whole\ng\u2014\u2014 damned army got to get on that boat and they ain\u2019t gonna lose no\ntime over nobody.\u201d His reasoning convinced himself but not me.\n\u201cAnd what happens after we\u2019re on board? What if the dog gets loose? What\nif we\u2019re caught in an inspection on the ship?\u201d I was convinced that it\nwas too risky. \u201cI\u2019d rather arrange to have someone here ship him home\nto-morrow than take a chance on his being put out of the way in the\nmiddle of the Atlantic Ocean.\u201d\n\u201cFergit it! Fergit it! Act yer age, buddy!\u201d His booming voice was\ncertainly persuasive. He sounded as if the scheme were all worked out\nand carried to successful conclusion. \u201cWhy, after we once get on that\nold scow, we can\u2019t get off, even if we want to. And nobody\u2019s gonna say\nanything anyway as long as we keep outa that dirty rotten little\nstinker\u2019s way.\u201d\nAt this point he demonstrated that he was chewing tobacco. When he spit,\nyou expected the building to shake. It was really a fascinating sight: I\nnever had seen anything quite like it: he gave his face a twist, aimed\nat a sawdust box about ten yards away, heaved a huge sigh and let fly in\na long arch that usually ended in the sawdust box. The feat fascinated\nmy sleepy mind so that I followed his argument in a sort of daze of\nadmiration.\n\u201cWhy, buddy,\u201d he continued, \u201cthere ain\u2019t nothin\u2019 to it atall! Not a\nworry! Not a wrinkle! If we get caught, your Gen\u2019ll fix it up\u2014and\nanyway, what can anyone do out in the middle of the ocean? If\nChilblaines threatened to throw de pup overboard, you know damn well the\nGen\u2019d put a stop to that! So what\u2019d they do? Huh? Turn round and come\nback to let de dog off?... Why, buddy [Spit. Spit.] it\u2019s a set-up!\u201d\nI was convinced, or rather I let him go ahead with his plans. He\nprocured a barracks bag and cut a little hole in the bottom of it. Then\nwe tried various ways of carrying Esky in it. The poor pup didn\u2019t know\nwhat it was all about but I patted his head and told him it was all\nright, and the way he behaved proved to me that dogs have intelligence\njust like human beings. First we put the dog in head first; then we\ndecided that he\u2019d probably wriggle less if we put his head up so he\ncould see and smell me and thus know he was all right. We tried this and\nI tried lifting it\u2014it was no go. I couldn\u2019t have lugged it any distance\nat all.\n\u201cLet me have him,\u201d ordered my co-conspirator. And he took the bag, put a\npiece of board in it, stuck Esky in so his nose came at the drawstring,\nand picked up the bundle to carry it under his arm instead of over his\nshoulder as is the customary way of carrying a barracks bag. \u201cYou see,\nbuddy, you\u2019ll be behind me and he can see ya and know it\u2019s all right.\nSee?\u201d\nJust then the top-kicker\u2019s whistle blew and I had to submit to the plan.\nWe started off, with the big fellow carrying Esky, besides all his own\nkit. Thank God we didn\u2019t have to walk far. We rode to the train in\ntrucks. Nobody molested us and Esky behaved admirably, aside from a\nlittle stretching and wiggling which ceased as soon as I began to pet\nhim.\nWhen we boarded the ship in the morning, the big boy stepped lively up\nthe gangplank with a smirking laugh, all prepared for Lieutenant\nBlaines, in case he happened to be around. But that gentleman was\nnowhere in sight. The officers at the rail gave my overloaded comrade a\nmatter-of-fact glance, the top-kicker accepted his mumbled \u201csome o\u2019\nGeneral Backett\u2019s stuff\u201d and waved us past, and we followed the stream\nof traffic to the hole wherein we were supposed to spend the next\nfortnight or more.\nThe compartment assigned to our company proved to be too small by three\nbunks and the top-kicker finally assigned the big fellow and another odd\nnumber to join me in a little cubby-hole that used to be a paint shop\nand was now a hole just big enough for three bunks. Here we rested.\nI found that the big boy\u2019s name was Ben Garlotz and that he used to be a\nprizefighter, under the ring name of Big Ben Bailey. He certainly had\nall the attributes of a rough, tough, genuine he-man. I liked him\nimmensely and so did Esky, who was doomed to spend the duration of the\ntrip under my bunk. The other bunkmate\u2019s name was Maurice Getterlow, and\nI believe he was some kind of a Semitic. We certainly made up a strange\ntrio of bed-fellows\u2014and Esky made an even stranger fourth member of the\nsquad.\nDawn saw us in the lower harbor\u2014and Private Canwick was en route to\nFrance. God help Leon and preserve Aunt Elinor from hysterics! I hoped\nthey were both praying for me and that for once they might stand in with\nMr. John Q. Headman!\nI have never forgotten the first days on board that boat. \u201cWell,\u201d I said\nto myself, \u201cif I am off to the war: to the war I must go!\u201d And how! That\ntub we were on must have been a poor relation to a river steamer before\nit was commandeered for transport purposes. I don\u2019t see how we kept up\nwith the other ships that made up that squadron\u2014I thought the\ndestroyers or torpedo boats or whatever they were that we saw way off in\nthe distance, hopping around like snake feeders, would lose us in the\nnight. We were just chugging along\u2014and a more monotonous voyage I never\ncould imagine.\nWe sailed down into the lower harbor just after dawn, joined four other\ntransports and set out to sea. Next day we picked up three more ships\nand a flock of these wasp-like naval boats, and now there were ships all\naround us as far as we could see. It was rather a pretty sight: sort of\nmajestic, all these ships loaded with fighting men, plugging along sort\nof irresistibly; I mean, it made you feel so strong and invulnerable, or\nsomething like that. I know what I mean, so it\u2019s all right.\nAs a matter of fact, I didn\u2019t have much time to admire the scenery,\nbecause General Backett continued mercilessly to find things for me to\ndo. Of course, in a way I was glad, because being busy kept me from\nworrying about my predicament and from getting into trouble. Anyway, the\nGeneral never seemed to have a single moment when there wasn\u2019t something\non his mind, and anything that was on his mind automatically fell upon\nmine, for he depended upon little Leona unreservedly. That clerk that\ngot blood poison must have spoiled him: he expected his dog-robber to be\nclerk, adviser, encyclopedia, file cabinet, errand boy, confidant, valet\nand information service, all in one and at once. He said the powers that\nbe played a dirty trick on him, in that the officers who had been\nassigned to attend him were a collection of nitwits who were of no\nearthly good to him except for \u201cshow purposes.\u201d \u201cA staff\u2019s a staff, even\nif for no other reason than that it exists and can be seen and counted,\u201d\nhe said.\nWell, as far as I could see, he was about right. At least this\nChilblaines was a total loss: he was a worse dog-robber than I. He and\nthe others were just a bunch of errand boys and I often wondered if they\nwere heroes in the eyes of their respective friends and families. I\nsuppose they were truly heroic to some people: they say that every man\nis a hero to someone somewhere, but if that is so I don\u2019t see how the\nBible crack about great men being without honor in their own country can\nalso be true. I guess there\u2019s no man living who isn\u2019t great in the eyes\nof somebody. I could even imagine how this Chilblaines was looked up to\nand admired in his home town. Well, he might be Lieutenant Blaines in\nhis home town, but he was just plain \u201cChilblaines\u201d around the ship. Ben\nsaid, \u201cThat snotty little runt could be dropped overboard and nobody\u2019d\nmiss him atall!\u201d\nAnd so, since his staff was sort of null and void for all practical\npurposes, General Backett relied upon little Private Canwick as his\nright-hand man. I certainly did feel important. I wanted to make myself\nindispensable to him, for in his protection lay my hope of safety. As\nLeon said, \u201cOne feels much safer with a general!\u201d\nNow I knew what traveling steerage was like, and I must admit that I\ndidn\u2019t care much for it. I was beginning to feel a little unstable and\nBen was likely to boil over at any time. Getterlow apparently had a\ncast-iron stomach\u2014maybe he had traveled like this before.\nAs Ben said, \u201cIf war is hell, there must be some place worse\u2019n hell, and\nwe\u2019re there!\u201d And I heartily concurred in that opinion. Our little\ncubbyhole opened off of Troop Compartment D-13, and we were extreme aft\nand on the water line, which made it necessary to keep the portholes\nclosed all the time. Being so far aft put us in an enviable position\njust over the propellers and beside the pumping engines that sent the\ndrinking water throughout the ship and the hot salt water to the\nenlisted men\u2019s showers.\nDid I say \u201cenviable?\u201d Where Esky might exist in solitary comfort, in so\nfar as space was concerned, there were three of us, two grown men and\nme, and Esky to boot, all packed in like the proverbial sardines\u2014except\nthat those poor fish are only two-deep whereas we were stacked\nthree-deep, with the bottom bunk resting almost on the floor deck and\nthe man on top, Getterlow, unable to turn over because of the low-lying\ndeck above. Esky could just squirm under my bunk. Ben had the middle\nberth, and probably an ordinary-sized man could be comfortable in it,\nbut not Ben.\nBeside this tier of bunks was less than three feet of space\u2014the\ndressing room for all three of us. A small ventilator came into the\nmiddle of the ceiling, and sent down a little breeze of cold air which\nwas just refreshing enough to keep us alive and aggravate our misery by\nreminding us how cool and nice it was on deck. Of course, if you held\nyour head under the ventilator for any length of time you might begin to\nfeel that living was worth while, but the moment you removed your\nbreathing apparatus from that one spot, your brains went reeling around\nin dizzy contortions and every breath seemed like a gasp.\nSuch a place would be almost untenable at best, with the portholes open,\nbut they had to stay closed and the place was as dark as a potato\ncellar, unlighted except for the thin irritating rays which strayed in\nfrom a solitary blue lamp in the middle of the main troop\ncompartment.... Truly there couldn\u2019t be any more hell in war than there\nwas in this! The close, stifling, itch-producing atmosphere of the place\ndefied description. Damp, heavy heat seemed to close about our heads and\nlungs, taking away all power of resistance, dissipating every desire to\nresist.\nThose water-pumps next door, instead of alleviating the hot, sweaty air,\naugmented it by pouring forth merciless waves of saturated matter which\nconquered and depressed almost without a struggle. We could only get out\nthrough the main compartment, and the only way into or out of that\nequally uninhabitable hole was by a narrow ladder at whose upper end a\nhatch opened into a paint and carpentry shop\u2014a veritable factory of\nfumes and odors that would be sickening enough anyway; if you felt kinda\nsick and started for the open air, you would have to go through this\nfinal chamber of destruction, and when a man\u2019s sick he don\u2019t feel well\nenough to endure that.\nIf you weren\u2019t sick when you started, you\u2019d be sick by the time you got\non deck, so you might just as well stay there and suffer.... It sure was\none hell of a place. The only consolation I found in the situation lay\nin the realization that it would be so much more terrible if the\noccupants of this hell-hole were women instead of men: if a hundred\nwomen were jammed into a sweaty, stuffy place like that, there\u2019d be no\nliving there at all.\nAnd yet we were not so bad off as some others. Indeed we were rather\nlucky, because, whereas each troop unit was allowed on deck only during\ncertain hours of the day and never after dusk, we were able to grab off\na little air now and then in the course of our travels about our duties,\nfor Ben was an orderly and Getterlow managed somehow to disappear\nwhenever it came time for drills or other routine company rules. He was\na wagoner\u2014in other words, a chauffeur, so I didn\u2019t see what excuse he\ncould have for being absent from the company get-togethers. There\ncouldn\u2019t be much chauffeuring aboard a ship. However, leave it to a Jew\nto get away with murder. You have to hand it to them, as Ben said.\nI don\u2019t mean to say that we didn\u2019t suffer. Just one night was a lifetime\nof suffering, believe me. And during most of the day, this little\nhot-air pot was our chief domain and, except for our stolen and\nin-line-of-duty liberties, we remained there and suffered the trip as\nbest we could\u2014which was not very well, in the case of Esky, who found\nit rather close quarters for a healthy he-man of a dog. He was satisfied\nto stay put for a couple of days; that snowy journey to Camp about\nfinished him; but soon he was full of pep and would have been on deck\npronto if he hadn\u2019t been so well trained that he didn\u2019t know how to\ndisobey my orders that he stay where he was.\nHe sure was one fine pup. Everybody liked him and anyone who couldn\u2019t\nfinish his eats brought whatever he could carry back to Esky. Ben took a\nvery paternal interest in him and a fiendish delight in hoodwinking the\ninspecting officers during the morning tour. As I was usually out at the\ntime, Ben had to do the dirty work and take the risks. He would tuck\nEsky under my blanket roll when he heard the officers coming down the\nladder into the compartment, and Esky stayed there without a wiggle, no\nmatter how long he had to hold this uncomfortable position. It was so\ndark in there that the inspectors had to carry flash lights, and after\nthe second morning, they didn\u2019t bother to do more than look in the door,\nso Esky was safe. It would have been safe enough now to leave him under\nthe bunk, but Ben said that as sure as we did, Chilblaines would come\nalong on inspecting detail and \u201cDat rat\u2019ll want to look in yer ears\neven!\u201d So far, Chilblaines had failed to appear.\nBen was lying in his bunk trying to decide whether to make an effort to\njoin the crap game outside, Esky was panting so hard underneath me that\nthe head of my bunk was quivering, and I was about wilted. I\u2019d have\ngiven my right eye for a bath\u2014even considered surrendering my honor for\none. I tried Christian Science to see if I could make my imagination\ncontrol my body: if faith can move mountains, it certainly ought to be\ngood for a little spell of comfort even in this god-awful sweatshop.\nOho, for the life of a soldier in this man\u2019s war! What a dumb-bell I was\nto imagine there was anything glorious or exciting about this business!\nOne morning I came back to the bunk hole, found Ben there and told him,\n\u201cThe General says Chilblaines is sicker\u2019n a dog and has lost everything\nhe ever ate in his life. Isn\u2019t that good news?\u201d\nBen just took one look at me and made a dive for the G.I. can that was\nset, for this very purpose, in the middle of the compartment. He was\nengaged there for some little time and the sounds he emitted could be\nheard above the monotonous hum of pumps and engines. When he finally\nstumbled back to his berth, he looked as if he had lost twenty pounds,\nbut he managed a hollow-eyed grin and observed, \u201cI hope he\u2019s unconscious\nthe rest o\u2019 the trip! Might o\u2019 known somethin\u2019 was wrong when he didn\u2019t\ncome snoopin\u2019 around all this time. Serves him damn well right.\u201d And he\nflopped into his bunk\u2014or rather, his huge frame flopped, his legs\nhanging awry over the edge. He didn\u2019t have strength enough to lift them\nup, too.\nI said that I thought Chilblaines\u2019 attack of seasickness was an act of\nProvidence intended to safeguard Esky\u2019s passage. \u201cOr maybe the vengeance\nof the Lord,\u201d I added.\n\u201cUgh\u2014\u201d he groaned. \u201cWhat the hell did I ever do to be treated like\nthis?\u201d He opened his eyes and stared at me. \u201cLeony\u2014be a good kid and\nget me a wet towel or somethin\u2019.\u201d\nSo I got him a wet towel and a couple of lemons, and just as I was\nleaving, I discovered the remains of a plug of chewing tobacco on the\ndeck. \u201cHere\u2019s your tobacco, Ben,\u201d I said, laying it on his berth in\nfront of his face.\n\u201cAw, my God!\u201d he cried out. \u201cDon\u2019t ya know I\u2019m sick! Christ, I think I\u2019m\ngonna die!\u201d\nI had to laugh. \u201cThat\u2019s what everyone thinks, Ben, when they get\nseasick. I know what it is.\u201d\nHe just moaned and began sucking one of the lemons. I got out\u2014looking\nat him made me feel unsteady, too, and both of us couldn\u2019t be sick at\nonce.\nI spent that day running back and forth between Ben and the General, and\nI must say that being with the General was like recreation compared to\nwhat I had to endure there. Ben wasn\u2019t the only one that was sick. About\nhalf the compartment was on the trot to the G.I. can and up on deck\nevery other man was sucking a lemon. The mess hall was doing a very,\nvery dull business: you didn\u2019t have to stand in line very long now to\nget your chow.\nAnd what an education I was receiving! Every man around me had a\ndifferent way of swearing and it seemed that each one was trying to\noutdo every other one in the matter of thinking up the dirtiest, vilest,\nrottenest expressions. And since Ben was no slouch when it came to\ncussing, I got more than my share of earfuls.\nIf Auntie could only see her \u201cLeona dear\u201d now! I knew I was in the army.\n\u201cGangway for a bucket o\u2019 slop!\u201d\nWell, in spite of the salt-water soap that don\u2019t soap worth a damn, in\nspite of my tummy playing funny tricks that threatened seasickness, in\nspite of Esky having joined Ben in le mal de mer, in spite of the fact\nthat we couldn\u2019t see our convoy any longer and that we were in the\nmiddle of the Atlantic and fair game for submarines, and in spite of\nhell itself, I felt pretty good that night! And that\u2019s saying a mouthful\nwithout a single promise for the morrow\u2014for to-morrow I was planning to\nget a bath, in fresh water! I\u2019d itched and squirmed and sweated and\nsuffered as long as I could: to-morrow I was going to take the leap\u2014if\nI got caught, I\u2019d just have to get caught, that\u2019s all. I had to have a\nbath.\nBut that night I was happy anyway, because that afternoon I received a\nnice little surprise from the General.\nHe had sent me out with some papers for the Divisional Adjutant and when\nI reported back to his stateroom, I found him reading a paper-covered\nFrench novel which a colonel had given him the day before. I knew he\ncould read French and I was surprised, not to say a little suspicious,\nwhen he asked me to translate several lines of the text for him.\n\u201cI can fuddle through the ordinary stuff and manage to get the general\nsense of a passage,\u201d he explained, \u201cbut now and then I find something\nthat is too idiomatic for my limited knowledge and just don\u2019t make sense\nat all.\u201d\nHe handed the book to me and I glanced hurriedly at the title and the\npage which he indicated. Apparently the story was just another piece of\nFrench frankness: the French adore risqu\u00e9 situations and subtly dirty\nd\u00e9nouements, but most of their novels and stories are false alarms. I\nmean, you expect something very exceptionally shocking, and it isn\u2019t at\nall. Well, that\u2019s the kind of a story my General was reading\u2014with\nenjoyment.\nI read the passage that had stumped him and we both smiled at the subtle\nsuggestions in it. \u201cStuff like this,\u201d he remarked, as I returned the\nbook to him, \u201cis not good literary diet, but I find it refreshing if\nused sparingly.\u201d\n\u201cHarmless, I guess, sir,\u201d I observed.\nHe nodded in agreement, then continued, \u201cBy the way, Canwick, I\u2019ve\nrequested the personnel officer to find a vacant sergeancy for you\u2014I\nbelieve in rewarding ability and industry.\u201d\nI hesitated for a moment, then said very sincerely, \u201cI appreciate your\ngood opinion very much, sir. And thank you for the promotion, sir.\u201d\nI was ready to depart then and there, but he made no gesture or remark\nof dismissal, so I shifted uneasily to the other foot and waited.\nFinally he spoke. \u201cIt just occurs to me, Canwick, that perhaps you might\nlike to make application for appointment as a field clerk. Better pay\nand more conveniences and privileges, of course, but you wouldn\u2019t be in\nthe army. Would a white-collar job suit your ambitions?\u201d\n\u201cWhy\u2014\u201d I commanded the sun of my thoughts to stand still, but it kept\nright on racing around. What should I say? I knew what a field clerk was\nand before I could be one I\u2019d have to be discharged from the army; being\na field clerk would insure my safe progress and let me out of all my\nprospective embarrassments, BUT they don\u2019t give a man a discharge\nwithout giving him a thorough medical examination at the same time!\n\u201cYou suit your own likes,\u201d declared the General. \u201cIf you want a\ncommission as field clerk, I\u2019ll see that you get it. If you don\u2019t, I\u2019ll\ntry to keep you happy as long as you\u2019re with me.\u201d\n\u201cI think, sir,\u201d I replied, sure enough of the choice now, \u201cthat I\u2019d\nrather serve my enlistment and take my chances on promotions. I would\nrather remain in the army. Thank you just the same, sir.\u201d\nHe laughed. \u201cOh\u2014don\u2019t mention it. Just occurred to me, that\u2019s all. I\nwant to see you go as far as possible, because I think your training and\nability deserve it.... Thanks for the help with the French, and I\nbelieve that\u2019s all for the present.\u201d\nI eased out of his stateroom and hurried back to Ben. I found him\nstretched out on his bunk. He emitted a moan when he saw me, but when I\ntold him the good news he raised himself on an elbow and exclaimed,\nalmost heartily, \u201cSergeant Canwick! Well, I\u2019ll be g\u2014\u2014 d\u2014\u2014!\u201d\nThis certainly was a funny war. Big Ben Bailey was a fighter; he could\nwhip a dozen men my size; and he didn\u2019t know what fear meant\u2014yet a\nlittle shrimp like me gets to be a sergeant and he remains a private. It\nwasn\u2019t as if we were going to do battle with our minds: we were going to\nwar, to fight other men, and yet little me was worth more pay as a\nsoldier than Big Ben was. It seems funny when you stop to think of it.\nBut Ben made a crack that also made me think. He said, \u201cYou enlisted in\nthe Medical Corps, but you ain\u2019t gonna see the world through the same\nhole the rest o\u2019 the pill-rollers see it through.\u201d He seemed to think\nthat was a joke, so I laughed with him, but damned if I could see\nanything funny in it. Some of the things I heard were utterly\nunintelligible to me\u2014I was not up on the terminology of vulgarity yet.\nThe seventh day being Sunday I had to put off my bath\u2014for various\nreasons. I swore to get it to-morrow, though, or die in the attempt. I\nwas feeling fine, if it weren\u2019t for being so dirty and uncomfortable. I\nmean, my tummy had decided to be good and the cold sea air gave me all\nthe life necessary to make one feel good.\nI saw Ben take a chew of tobacco, so I guessed he was feeling better. In\nfact, I knew he was, for he spent the morning teaching me how to shoot\ncraps. He insisted that I learn. I said I didn\u2019t have any money to\ngamble with, but he says, \u201cDon\u2019t worry about that: you\u2019ll gamble with my\nmoney and I\u2019ll split the profits with you. You can\u2019t lose!\u201d\n\u201cWhy not? Why don\u2019t you shoot, if it\u2019s as easy as all that?\u201d\n\u201cGawd, Leony, but you\u2019re dumb!\u201d he declared impatiently. \u201cDon\u2019t you know\nwhat Beginners\u2019 Luck is? You never shot crap, therefore you\u2019ll win.\nSee?\u201d\nSo I learned how to shake \u2019em up and roll \u2019em out; how to bet, how not\nto bet; how to \u201ctalk to \u2019em\u201d and what to do when they obeyed my orders.\nWe were all set for the game which was sure to begin just after noon\nmess.\nWell, I don\u2019t know just how to describe what happened. I was all aquiver\nwith excitement: it was just as if I were going into a battle. We joined\nthe game at the start and we were there at the finish. Between these two\nextremes was much of interest.\nSeveral of the ship\u2019s crew came down to join in the game: sailors are\nsupposed to be deadly crap shooters, I gathered from what I\u2019d heard, and\nBen insisted on betting against the dice for several rounds, \u201cjust to\nsee what goes on here.\u201d We just about broke even in this kind of play.\nThe fourth time the dice came to me, Ben throws out a two-dollar bill\nand declares, \u201cCanwick\u2019ll shoot this time. Two bones.\u201d\nNobody swooped down on it at first, but finally a sailor flips out two\none-dollar bills, saying, \u201cTwo dollar bills must be lucky for you guys.\u201d\nWell, I shook up the dice very nonchalantly and let \u2019em fly across the\nmoney. The sailor laughed. It was a crap: a one and a one.\n\u201cThere\u2019s your two, big boy,\u201d said the sailor, pointing to the dice with\nthe two up and gathering in the four dollars.\nA five spot fluttered by my face and Ben said, \u201cTry a five and see if a\nfive comes for us.\u201d\nThe sailor took two dollars of it and another soldier took the remaining\nthree. I shook them up and rolled again. A four! Everybody started\nmaking side-bets on whether I\u2019d seven or four or \u201con the next roll.\u201d I\nrolled those damned dice until I was blue in the face. Roll \u2019em and go\nafter \u2019em; roll \u2019em and go after \u2019em; over and over and over again,\nuntil I was sweating like a stuck pig. Side-bets were won and lost and\neverybody seemed to be making or losing or doing something one way or\nthe other, except me. Ben placed bets, won and lost on the rolls. And\nthen at last I rolled out a beautiful seven.\nOur five dollars were gone. Seven dollars in all. I felt rather hectic\nand turned to Ben, ready to quit. \u201cGet back there!\u201d he commanded. \u201cDon\u2019t\nyou know it\u2019s never good luck to win right off?\u201d\nSo I returned to the game and followed his instructions. On my next\nroll, we lost three dollars. Ben won a little against the dice. Then I\nlost five dollars more on my roll, and Ben won one against. Then Ben got\nmad and slapped down all we had; thirteen dollars. \u201cShoot the works!\u201d he\ndeclared. And I was promptly covered.\nThat time I rolled a ten, and it required just three rolls to get from\nthat number down to seven.\nI looked at Ben. He growled and turned away. I followed him up the\nladder and out on deck. When I caught up with him, I asked, \u201cWhere you\ngoing now?\u201d\n\u201cTo borrow ten bucks from a guy I know,\u201d he replied. \u201cYou wait here for\nme.\u201d\nSo I waited and while I hung around the door to the carpentry shop I\nheard the voice of a chaplain preaching to a crowd on the deck right\nover our compartment. It struck me as awfully funny: a preacher upstairs\ngiving a sermon and a gang downstairs gambling!\nPretty soon Ben came back, with a grin on his ugly face. \u201cCome on!\u201d he\ncalled. \u201cWe\u2019ll trim dese guys yet.\u201d\nWhen I got back in my old place in the circle, I noticed that the voice\nof that chaplain upstairs was audible even down here, and I mentioned\nthe fact to the man next to me.\n\u201cThat\u2019s Doc Lumber,\u201d he informed me. \u201cHe has about as much business in\nthe army as I have in a lady\u2019s seminary.\u201d\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the matter with him?\u201d I asked.\n\u201cOh\u2014nothing. He\u2019s all right, you know. Good preacher, but old-fashioned\nand too damned serious and literal-minded for an army chaplain. Nobody\npays any attention to his preaching, anyway.\u201d\nSo I turned my attention to the game. Ben had made a bet against the\ndice and lost a dollar. On the next man\u2019s roll, he won a dollar. The\ndice came to me.\n\u201cWe shoot one buck,\u201d announced Ben, throwing out the dollar.\nIt was no sooner covered than I rolled out a nine and repeated promptly.\n\u201cShoot the two,\u201d said Ben.\nIt was covered and out rolled an eleven.\n\u201cFour bet,\u201d announced Ben, restraining me from picking up part of the\nfour dollars.\n\u201cLet\u2019s play safe,\u201d I argued.\n\u201cYou\u2019re hot, Leony\u2014let it ride!\u201d\nSo I did and we proceeded to run wild, until Ben advised that we could\nnow play safe.\nAfter a while my mind began to wander around and my ears caught up the\nsound of the chaplain\u2019s voice again. I looked up and discovered that a\nventilator shaft opened almost directly over my head, which explained\nhow the chaplain\u2019s voice came down to us so clearly. Then it struck me\nas probable that our noise could be heard up on deck.\nBut up to this point the crap shooters had managed to keep their voices\nmore or less subdued. Gambling was prohibited, of course, and most of\nthese games were very quiet affairs.\nNow, however, the game became rather exciting, due to several wild runs\nof luck to the profit of a corporal and a sailor. The voices began to\nsound a little higher and louder, as the men forgot to be careful. I\ndecided that Sergeant Canwick would be better off up on deck listening\nto the sermon.\nBen didn\u2019t mind, now that he had a surplus to work with. I told him I\u2019d\nbe upstairs if he wanted me, and he slid down into my place in the\ncircle. I scurried up the ladder and ambled around within hearing\ndistance of the Chaplain.\nHe appeared to be very much annoyed at something and I guessed at once\nthat the noise from below had penetrated to him.\n\u201cIt is beyond me, how such people can expect to attain any happiness in\nlife! No self-respecting man would indulge in these wasteful pastimes.\nHow could he, and expect to get anywhere?\u201d Apparently he was talking\nabout the game and the gamblers.\nAlmost immediately came an answer to his question, wafted up through the\nventilator whose mouth was just behind him. \u201cBOX CAR, papa! BOX CAR!\u201d\nwas what the Chaplain and everyone near the ventilator heard.\nSomeone smothered a laugh and there were many wide grins in the\ncongregation, but the good man continued his exhortations, in such a\nloud tone that he almost succeeded in drowning out the cries of \u201cCrap\nhim! Crap him!\u201d which followed in explanation of the strange statement\npreviously rendered from the depths below.\nThe sermon proceeded undisturbed for some minutes then, but a little\nlater when the trend of his talk led into the subject of guarding one\u2019s\nmoral well-being in the face of such temptations as would likely be\nfaced in France, the reverend gentleman was again rewarded by another,\neven louder and better antiphonal chant from below. This time he cried\nout ardently, \u201cWho is there that can afford to risk the whole future\nhappiness of his life for the sake of these momentary pleasures of the\nflesh?\u201d\nI\u2019m sure the voice that rumbled out the answer was Ben\u2019s, for that\n\u201cLITTLE JOE!\u201d sounded as only my bunkmate could make it sound.\nSeveral laughs greeted this phenomenon and the Chaplain was showing\nsigns of losing his temper, but he resolutely continued on the subject\nof lust and the wages of sin. \u201cHow would I feel,\u201d he demanded, \u201cif the\nwoman I wanted to marry should come to me with a sinful, immoral past?\u201d\nAnd Ben\u2019s voice boomed out, as if it were timed for precisely that\nmoment, \u201cNATURAL, papa! NATURAL AGAIN, papa!\u201d\nThat proved to be the last straw. The Chaplain sent a man after the\nOfficer of the Day and I hurried down to warn the gang. The game broke\nup pronto and Ben came with me into our bunk hole, where he counted out\nthe total receipts and figured out our profit. \u201cFifty bucks apiece ain\u2019t\na bad day\u2019s pay, Leony!\u201d he declared, handing me my fifty.\nA few moments later the Officer of the Day appeared in our compartment\nand cast a curious eye around. No one knew anything about any crap game\naround there! Hadn\u2019t seen a pair of dice for months! No, sir, not in\nhere! The officer smiled knowingly and let it go at that. Some officers\nare like that\u2014they have sense enough to know when to act like regular\nfellows.\nAs he departed up the ladder, a Limey who slept just outside our door\nspoke up and said, \u201cAw, the Chaplain\u2019s a blowey bloke hany\u2019ow an\u2019 oo in\n\u2019ell \u2019ankers hafter \u2019earin\u2019 habout \u2019eaven \u2019ere?\u201d He was positively\ndisgusted and I assumed that he had lost money in the game.\nPersonally I was glad the Chaplain did break up the game, because\notherwise, Ben probably would have stuck around there until he\u2019d lost\nall our winnings\u2014and fifty dollars felt pretty good to me just then.\nSo, as Ben said, I had become a crap-shooting fool! Lord, if Auntie\ncould see me now! I was wringing wet that minute from living in this\nhole of agony. That bath couldn\u2019t be put off another day. \u2019Twas better\nto have laved and lost all than never to have laved at all. That\u2019s how I\nlooked at this matter, and barring a sub-scare or a torpedo, I\u2019d be a\nclean woman to-morrow. Thank God!\nWe had been eight days on this deep blue sea and our convoy hadn\u2019t\nappeared yet. The General said we\u2019d probably pick them up to-morrow or\nnext day and in another couple days we\u2019d be wherever we were going.\nNobody knew where that would be, not even the Captain, but probably\neither Brest, St. Nazaire or Bordeaux, since those were the three ports\nthat were taken over by the American Expeditionary Forces. No one could\nbe sure, though: we might end at Le Havre or in England. This was a hell\nof a war: we were just like a shipload of freight: we don\u2019t know where\nwe\u2019re going but we\u2019re on our way!\nHowever, I felt much better now, regardless of the monotony and the\nsuspense, for at last I did the impossible and escaped without being\nsuspected. It was an experience!\nJust around the corner from the General\u2019s stateroom was a lavatory and\nbath with a sign on the door reading FOR OFFICERS ONLY. (Which was\nrather brazenly ironic, because there was an old sign on the door,\nreading GENTLEMEN, and this hadn\u2019t been removed, the black letters had\nonly been painted over: anyone might observe that Officers weren\u2019t\ngentlemen or the old sign would have been good enough for present\npurposes.) Even the General smiled at it.\nHowever, I had decided several days previous to investigate this special\ndomain of the favored, and I found it much more to my liking than the\nenlisted men\u2019s \u201chead.\u201d There were only two or three enlisted men who\nwere very much around that section of the deck, so no one objected to my\ngoing in there, since the officers who used the place knew that I was\nGeneral Backett\u2019s dog-robber. Thus I was able to avoid visiting the more\nembarrassingly un-private \u201cheads\u201d which the enlisted men were supposed\nto use: the nearest one to General Backett\u2019s stateroom was on the deck\nbelow\u2014very inconvenient for a busy individual like me. And besides,\nthere were doors on the boxes: which helped a lot in the matter of\nprivacy, I must say.\nBesides all these advantages, this place had two showers\u2014and private\nones at that. I mean, with doors that latch and everything! Ideal!\nSo this day I waltzed in with a towel and soap tucked under my blouse.\nThere was a Captain in there at the time, so I made believe I had come\nfor another purpose and beat a hasty retreat.\nA little later, I tried again and, not seeing anyone around, concluded\nthat the time was ripe. So I started to undress. You see, there\u2019s no\nplace to undress\u2014I mean, no privacy. And I was just about to pull my\nblouse off when in comes Chilblaines. Well, I about fell over, because\nhe was the one man on this ship whom I hoped never to meet in that\nbathroom.\nI saluted him and began to button up my blouse, as if I had just been\nwashing my face or something. He looked at me a moment after returning\nthe salute, then stepped into one of the boxes and snapped the latch. I\ntucked my towel away again and departed.\nAbout an hour later I got away from the General again and made a third\nattempt. This time I determined to take no chances. I locked myself in\nthe shower and stripped for action.\nThen I couldn\u2019t decide what to do with my clothes. If I left them\ninside, they\u2019d get all wet. If I put them outside, it would arouse\nsuspicion, because the officers who use these showers leave their\nclothes in their staterooms and come down in slickers or overcoats.\nFinally I decided that the only place my clothes could go was up on top\nof the pipes at the back of the box, and there I put them. I didn\u2019t know\nfor sure whether anyone outside could see them there or not, but I\ncouldn\u2019t waste time trying to find out. I just turned on that wonderful\nwarm water and proceeded to revel in its downpour.\nJust as I got myself nicely lathered up, someone rattles the door and\ngives me the scare of my young life. A gruff old voice says, \u201cWho\u2019s\nthere?\u201d And I looked through the crack under the door and saw two\nenormous bare feet.\nWhat in the devil was I supposed to do? Let him come in and share the\nbath?\nThe feet padded around into the next box and I expected any moment to\nsee a head stick up over the partition. But instead I heard him swear at\nsomething and then he said, \u201cHow long will you be in there?\u201d\nI had to say something, so I dropped my voice to as low a pitch as I\ncould manage and still make my words carry. \u201cAbout ten minutes\u2014\u201d I\nalmost said \u201csir\u201d from force of habit.\n\u201cThis other shower\u2019s out of order,\u201d he grumbled and padded away.\nI continued my bath. Rinsed thoroughly. Lathered all over again. Rinsed\nagain. Turned off the water and made a hurry job of drying myself.\nBelieve me, I could pass a fireman\u2019s dressing test after getting into my\nclothes as fast as I did this afternoon. I was proud of myself.\nAnd I was clean! Thank God I was pure again, within and without\u2014and\nanother difficulty had been surmounted, with credit and satisfaction.\nWhen I closed that bathroom door and noticed that sign again, I had to\nlaugh. All one needed in this man\u2019s army in order to get along was a\nlittle intelligence.\nThe day after my bath, we had trouble. I guess it was my own fault, for\nI should have told Ben about meeting Chilblaines in the bath, then he\u2019d\nhave been prepared for his visit the next morning.\nThe result of my negligence was that Esky was resting comfortably under\nthe head of my bunk when the inspecting officers appeared, and when Ben\nsaw Chilblaines it was too late to do anything about the pup. The snooty\nlittle lieut just had to poke his head in our place and look under the\nbunk. As Ben says, he would have looked under there if he didn\u2019t look\nanywhere else all day. And when he saw what was there, he exploded like\na bomb.\n\u201cIs this the way you men were taught to obey orders?\u201d he demanded of\nBen, who glowered at him, although he must have been scared stiff. \u201cHow\ndid that dog get aboard after I explicitly told Canwick to get rid of\nit?\u201d\nBen shrugged his shoulders but didn\u2019t answer.\n\u201cAnswer me! Are you dumb?\u201d\n\u201cNo, sir,\u201d declared Ben promptly. \u201cFirst I know that dog was here\u2014he\nmusta followed us.\u201d\nSuch a brazen, impossible falsehood must have given the lieut chills and\nfever. \u201cFollowed you, eh!\u201d he stormed. \u201cThat\u2019s mighty reasonable, isn\u2019t\nit, when officers were watching everything that came aboard!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d Ben tried to help his explanation by details.\nBut the officer impatiently waved his words away. \u201cKeep still! I don\u2019t\nwant to hear any more of your prevarications. That dog must be got rid\nof at once. Tell Canwick he will hear from this without delay.\u201d And the\npuffy little runt stamped away to finish his tour of inspection.\nAs soon as he left the compartment, Ben hurried out to find me, and a\nfew minutes later I discovered him parked for patient waiting in front\nof the General\u2019s door. He lost no time in recounting what had happened\nand ended his recital with, \u201cSo you just beat this guy to it and tell\nthe Gen. all about the works!\u201d\nWell, I couldn\u2019t decide what to do, but finally came to the conclusion\nthat I could do nothing else but put it up to the General, although I\nwasn\u2019t as confident of his judgment as Ben seemed to be. I don\u2019t know\nhow Ben knew so much about my boss, but he seemed to have implicit faith\nin him. Maybe it was as my partner says, \u201cA man can\u2019t get to be a\nGeneral unless he\u2019s a real human being!\u201d\nSo I interrupted the General\u2019s home work in French and proceeded to tell\nhim how my pet dog had followed me to camp, had been sent home and\nchained, had broken out and come a hundred miles through a snowstorm to\nrejoin me the night we left for Hoboken. \u201cAnd now the Lieutenant has\ndiscovered him under my bunk and threatens to get rid of him.\u201d\n\u201cWell, sergeant, you did disobey orders, didn\u2019t you?\u201d he observed, but\nnot unkindly. Just sort of a paternal reproof.\n\u201cYes, sir.\u201d I replied frankly. \u201cBut I\u2019m willing to do anything,\nsir\u2014anything at all, to get the dog home safely. I\u2019ll ship him back the\nday we land. Or\u2014\u201d I hated to say the rest, but he kept looking at me as\nif waiting for me to finish so I had to go on. \u201cOr, if you say to get\nrid of him,\u2014why\u2014well\u2014I\u2019ll do whatever you say, sir.\u201d My voice must\u2019ve\nsounded rather jerky for a hard-boiled soldier.\nMy heart skipped several beats before he answered, but when he said, \u201cHe\nmust be a pretty good dog to behave himself under such circumstances.\u201d I\nimmediately felt relieved, for I knew then that he wouldn\u2019t uphold\nChilblaines.\n\u201cI should say, \u2018Just forget about this matter, sergeant,\u2019\u201d he advised\nfinally, and turned his attention to his book.\n\u201cAnd keep the dog, sir?\u201d I asked, just to make certain.\n\u201cYes. Yes, of course, you must keep the dog.\u201d He sounded rather\nimpatient, as if he didn\u2019t like to seem too lenient, and I took the\nhint, thanked him and started to go, just as the door opened and\nChilblaines himself reported. I decided to stay until I was sent\nout\u2014which was immediately, for the General said, \u201cYou may go,\nsergeant,\u201d as soon as he saw who his visitor was. I closed the door\nbehind me, but lingered for a few moments in front of it, using an\nunwrapped puttee as a pretext.\nSure enough, Chilblaines promptly reported my dastardly insubordination.\nI stopped breathing in order to hear what the General had to say on the\nmatter, but his speech was so long that I almost choked. \u201cChilton,\u201d I\nheard him say, as if he were talking to a little boy, \u201cI don\u2019t know\nwhether you will ever go to a higher rank than your present one, but I\u2019m\nquite certain that you never will until you\u2019ve altered your attitude\ntoward your environment, and particularly your subordinates. You must\nlearn to look forward instead of backward, upward instead of down, and\nto value morale more than discipline. A martinet seldom if ever makes\nany real success in wartime. Discipline that doesn\u2019t embrace common\nsense will not make a powerful leader. Success is not won by wasting\ntime on past defeats, but by working toward the victories of the\nfuture.... Now this dog matter is a case in point, something in the\npast. It makes no difference how he came aboard. The point is that he is\nhere and, regardless of all the regulations, which are intended in this\ncase to prevent what might develop into a general nuisance, he is doing\nno one any harm whatsoever. If there were a thousand howling, yapping,\nhungry dogs, it would be a different matter entirely\u2014and would come\nunder the ban of regulations. But one single little animal that bothers\nno one and makes practically no impression on the ship\u2019s rations\u2014why,\ncan\u2019t you see, man, how foolish it is to make a mountain of such a\nmolehill?\u201d\nChilblaines didn\u2019t answer, so the General continued, \u201cThere is nothing\nto be gained either for you or for the United States Army by breeding\nill feeling from an incident like this, so let\u2019s just forget about it.\u201d\nWhen I heard that, I beat a hasty retreat. A moment later Chilblaines\nappeared, very flushed in the face and looking rather uncomfortable. I\nchalked up a great big mark to the General\u2019s credit, believe me.\nHe surely was one fine man. Ben said he was a \u201cdamn good guy!\u201d And Esky\nseemed to know something had happened, for he made no bones about\nromping all over the compartment, since Ben ceased to restrain him. He\nmade friends for us all over the place, and I felt pretty good.\nNothing much happened the next day, except a darned good time down in\nour hole, singing barrack-room ballads and telling dirty stories. I\ndidn\u2019t tell any, but I did a good job at listening.\nOh, yes, something else did happen. Ben was fully recovered, eating like\na horse and buying chewing tobacco again\u2014and this last got him into\ntrouble.\nHe was lying on his bunk, having a beautiful spree with his cud when the\ntop-kicker called \u201cattention\u201d for inspection. But the top-kicker was a\nlittle late, and the result was that the inspecting officer had reached\nthe bottom of the ladder by the time Ben rolled out. But Ben didn\u2019t stop\nto see how far down the officer was: he just screwed up his face and\nsent a torrent of tobacco juice in the direction of the G.I. can at the\nfoot of the ladder. It was a beautiful shot and made a bull\u2019s-eye\u2014after\npassing within an inch of the officer\u2019s nose.\nThe officer\u2014he\u2019s a captain\u2014stumbled backwards and sat down on the\nbottom of the ladder. He couldn\u2019t see Ben and Ben couldn\u2019t see him, and\nso when the captain arose to his feet he was favored with another narrow\nescape, this time from a hurtling ball of chewing tobacco. This missile\ndidn\u2019t come quite so close to the captain\u2019s nose, but it made a\nbull\u2019s-eye in the G.I. can just as Ben became aware of the error of his\nways.\nThe officer came to him directly. \u201cChewing tobacco during an inspection,\neh? Didn\u2019t you hear the sergeant call you to attention?\u201d\n\u201cYes, sir.\u201d\n\u201cDidn\u2019t you see me coming down that ladder?\u201d\n\u201cNo, sir\u2014I don\u2019t see how you got there so quick.\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t talk back. I don\u2019t need any of your opinions or thoughts.\u201d\n\u201cYes, sir,\u201d Ben clamped his jaws together and kept his mouth shut\nthroughout the merciless bawling out which the captain felt it his duty\nto give.\nAnd then he noticed Esky. \u201cWhose dog is that?\u201d he demanded, as if he\nwere glad to find something else to kick about.\nBut Ben fooled him. \u201cGeneral Backett\u2019s dog, sir,\u201d he declared. \u201cSergeant\nCanwick just takes care of him, sir.\u201d\nThe captain wheeled about and continued his tour, but Ben was shivering\nfor days for fear the top-kicker would favor him with a detail on\nKitchen Police or \u201chead orderly,\u201d neither of which were very easy on the\nstomach. Ben said, \u201cThis war is just one g\u2014\u2014 d\u2014\u2014 thing after another\nand I ain\u2019t had a whole hour o\u2019 rest since it started!\u201d\nPersonally, I thought we were getting along beautifully. If God would\njust stick with us\u2014that\u2019s all I asked!\nAt last! On the eleventh day, and a damned rough one at that, we picked\nup the destroyers and subchasers that were to escort us through the\ndanger zone and into port. It began to look as if we were getting\nsomewhere at last. I certainly was relieved. I mean, enough is enough of\nthis kind of traveling. If a cattle boat is anything like this, I really\ncouldn\u2019t blame Leon much if he didn\u2019t hop on the next one to come to my\nrescue. Probably the animals on a cattle boat occupy a place just about\nlike our compartment; if so, being valet to the cows and horses can\u2019t be\na very pleasant occupation.\nWe were talking about cattle boats and Ben said he knew a fellow once\nwho took a job on one of them. \u201cAnd he made a mistake and tried to treat\na bull the same way you do a cow and the bull went mad and raised hell\nwith him.\u201d\n\u201cWhat did he do?\u201d I asked. \u201cKill him?\u201d\nBen just laughed. \u201cWell,\u201d he said, \u201che ain\u2019t dead. He can walk and eat\nand do lots o\u2019 other uninteresting things, but he might\u2019s well be dead\nas be the way he is.\u201d\nWell, I couldn\u2019t figure out just what the bull did to his friend.\nApparently it must have been something pretty awful\u2014and I hadn\u2019t nerve\nenough to ask for more particulars. Curiosity wasn\u2019t going to kill this\nkitty.\nAnyway, working on a cattle boat can\u2019t be much fun. And I couldn\u2019t\nimagine Leon in such a place. Funnier still was the idea of me doing\nthat kind of work! However, if Leon came over that way, I\u2019d probably\nhave to go back the same way. I couldn\u2019t decide which would be worse:\nbeing in my present situation or in that one.\nOne hell of a lot of trouble next day! This young lady\u2019s army days\nseemed numbered\u2014and a damned small number, too.\nOf all the unexpected, damn-fool, crazy things that ever happened! It\nwas, for once, my luck to be out when the blow fell, but my absence just\ndelayed the agony. I couldn\u2019t possibly escape being discovered\u2014and just\nwhen I thought everything was going along so nicely. Just my rotten\nluck!\nJust after I left for the General\u2019s the top-kicker announced that the\nC.O. had ordered one of those damnably intimate \u201cinspections\u201d before we\nlanded, and he proceeded to call the roll. When he came to me, he asked\nBen where I was and Ben said, \u201cWith General Backett.\u201d\n\u201cTell him about this when he comes in, Garlotz, and tell him to report\nto me.\u201d And the top-kicker lined them all up and led the way to the\nsick-bay, where they were duly looked over by a captain in the Medical\nCorps.\nI came in after noon mess and Ben told me about it. \u201cThey caught one\nbird,\u201d he informed me. \u201cWonder what they\u2019ll do with him?\u201d\n\u201cWhat do you mean?\u201d I demanded, suppressing my excitement as much as\npossible.\n\u201cWas you born this morning?\u201d inquires Ben sarcastically.\n\u201cBut how in the devil could a man get anything on this ship. Don\u2019t you\nget things like that from women?\u201d\nBen just laughed then. \u201cDon\u2019t you know, Leony, that sometimes it takes\nnine or ten days for it to show up? That\u2019s why they waited until now to\nhave this thing, because they figure that if a guy ain\u2019t got nothin\u2019\nwrong with him now, he won\u2019t have unless he gets something from one o\u2019\nthese passionate mademoiselles.\u201d\nI must have looked pretty scared, for he asked, \u201cWhat the hell\u2019s the\nmatter with you?\u201d\n\u201cOh, nothing,\u201d I replied, catching up my slipping nerves. \u201cThat stuff\ndoesn\u2019t worry me any. I just haven\u2019t got time to chase up there to the\nsick-bay.\u201d\n\u201cWell, you might\u2019s well go and get it over with,\u201d he advised.\nBut I didn\u2019t. I beat it right back to the General\u2019s and believe me I\nmanaged to keep myself busy there all afternoon and part of the evening.\nBut I didn\u2019t know what was going to happen. The top-kicker later came\naround and said, \u201cI\u2019ve been looking all over for you, Canwick. You\u2019re\nthe only one the Doc hasn\u2019t seen, so to-morrow morning, I\u2019ll take you\nup.\u201d\nWell, I was racking my brains, but if the morrow didn\u2019t bring forth any\nmore than my brains had so far, then somebody was in line for a\nscandalous surprise to-morrow morning.\nGod, why did I ever get into such a mess! If I wasn\u2019t sure that they\u2019d\npull me out, I\u2019d have gone over the side straight. The way I felt then,\nI\u2019d rather have died than be discovered. It was awful!\nI found it necessary to hide out the following day: when I wasn\u2019t with\nthe General I managed to find other places to go\u2014any place except the\nhole. And of course I was worried sick all day, and even then I wasn\u2019t\nsure whether I\u2019d escaped or just delayed again the inevitable moment of\ndetection. This suspense certainly was hard on a girl\u2019s nerves.\nWhen I came in at night, Ben welcomed me with, \u201cWell, Leony, you can\nthank me fer savin\u2019 yer stars this time.\u201d\n\u201cWhy?\u201d I inquired, at a loss to know what he was talking about.\n\u201cThe top-kick\u2019s been in here a dozen times lookin\u2019 fer you, and every\ntime I said you were busy as hell with the Gen.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014I have been,\u201d I agreed.\n\u201cAnd I suppose you forgot all about that doctor that\u2019s been waitin\u2019\nspecially to meet ya?\u201d he suggested with a smile.\n\u201cNo\u2014I didn\u2019t,\u201d I declared. \u201cBut I just haven\u2019t had time to chase after\nany doctors. I don\u2019t need a doctor for anything anyway!\u201d\n\u201cYou don\u2019t, eh?\u201d He laughed. \u201cDon\u2019t kid me any more, buddy. I\u2019m yer\nfriend anyway.\u201d\nI began to wonder just what this big galoot had in his head. Did he\nsuspect that I was avoiding the doctor. Apparently he did. What did he\nthink my reason for this? Had he somehow become suspicious of my sex?\nAll at once I felt panicky\u2014actually like running away.\nHe continued to chew and spit, while I looked at him stupidly, trying to\ndivine his thoughts. Finally he said, \u201cYou\u2019re the last man in the world\nI\u2019d think it of.\u201d\n\u201cThink what of? What the hell are you talking about?\u201d\n\u201cYou know what I\u2019m talkin\u2019 about all right. And so do I. And I\u2019m tellin\u2019\nya to thank me fer savin\u2019 yer goose.\u201d\n\u201cHow?\u201d\n\u201cWell, I told the sergeant the last time he came lookin\u2019 fer ya that he\nought to be ashamed of himself thinkin\u2019 that a pure sweet boy like you\nwould ever have anything like that!\u201d\n\u201cAnd what did he say to that?\u201d I asked, relieved at last.\n\u201cSaid he\u2019s gettin\u2019 sick o\u2019 huntin\u2019 you.\u201d Ben indulged in an\nexpectorational feat and smiled at me knowingly. \u201cAn\u2019 so I says, \u2018Y\u2019er\nwastin\u2019 yer time, sergeant. Why\u2019n\u2019t ya just check him off and call it\nsquare?\u2019\u201d\n\u201cWhat did he say to that?\u201d\n\u201cSaid, \u2018How the hell do I know but what he\u2019s got seven varieties of\nvenereal disease?\u2019\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014come on! What did you tell him then? I don\u2019t see how you\u2019ve saved\nme anything.\u201d I was beginning to have fears again.\n\u201cYa know what I said?\u201d Ben demanded rhetorically. \u201cI says, \u2018Why,\nsergeant, that kid ain\u2019t never been with a woman in his life! There\nain\u2019t no more chance o\u2019 his havin\u2019 one o\u2019 them diseases than there is o\u2019\nme bein\u2019 captain o\u2019 this ship!\u2019 And he says, \u2018Is that a fact?\u2019 And I\nsays, \u2018Absolutely\u2014he don\u2019t even know what a woman looks like\nunderneath! He\u2019s the dumbest greenhorn ya ever saw!\u2019 And so the sergeant\nlooks at me a minute and then he says, \u2018Well, I haven\u2019t time to chase\nafter him any more anyway. We\u2019re going to dock to-night and land in the\nmorning, and as far as the C. O. knows Canwick\u2019s been examined just like\nthe rest of us.\u2019\u201d\nI almost fell on the big galoot\u2019s neck, but he had not yet finished his\nrecital. \u201cI says, \u2018Ye\u2019re just savin\u2019 yourself work, sergeant\u2014needless\nwork. I give ya my word o\u2019 honor Canwick ain\u2019t been near a woman an\u2019 he\nain\u2019t got nothin\u2019 the matter with him.\u2019 An\u2019 he says, \u2018All right, to hell\nwith him then.\u2019 And that\u2019s the end o\u2019 that, see!\u201d\nI laughed at his seriousness and told him, \u201cI\u2019m glad you have such faith\nin me, Ben. Thanks a whole lot.\u201d\n\u201cFaith in ya!\u201d he exclaimed, as if I had insulted his intelligence.\n\u201cSay, ya don\u2019t suppose I\u2019m dumb enough to believe that myself, do ya? I\njust lied for ya, that\u2019s all. I don\u2019t wanta see ya get in trouble and\nlose yer stripes.\u201d\n\u201cBut there\u2019s nothing the matter with me, you big goof!\u201d I retorted.\nHe just laughed at me. \u201cI don\u2019t care whether ya have or not\u2014but you see\nthat ya use yer own towel after this!\u201d\nSo we just sat there for a while, neither of us saying anything. I was\nsorry he had that idea in his head, but I was mighty glad to know that\nthe inspection terror was at least temporarily alleviated. Finally I\nthanked him for troubling to lie for me, \u201calthough it really wasn\u2019t\nnecessary, as you think it was.\u201d\nHe apparently had been thinking it over during our silence, for he now\ncame out with this:      \u201cI can\u2019t see how you could be so dumb about\neverything and still be on layin\u2019 terms with any women! You just don\u2019t\nknow nothin\u2019 at all about that kind o\u2019 stuff\u2014so I guess you must be\ntellin\u2019 the truth.\u201d He pondered for a moment, then asked, as if to\nclinch the matter, \u201cHonest\u2014ain\u2019t you ever been with a woman in yer\nlife?\u201d\nI looked straight into his eyes and said, \u201cNo, sir, I\u2019ve never done\nanything like that with a woman!\u201d Which was, after all, entirely true.\n\u201cGawd\u2014what\u2019s the matter with ya?\u201d he demanded.\n\u201cOh\u2014I just haven\u2019t any use for them, that\u2019s all. They just get you into\ntrouble, don\u2019t they?\u201d\nAnd that ended that rather heated discussion, for he just laughed at me,\nand he laughed so hard I almost became worried again for fear he\u2019d\nsuspect me of being myself instead of my brother.... Well, anyway, I had\nescaped the eyes of that doctor. If he wanted to meet me, and if I had\nanything to say about it, he\u2019d have to come back to the United States\nand be introduced to me. Huh\u2014I wasn\u2019t showing all my private property\nto every Tom, Dick and Harry in the Medical Corps of the United States\nArmy!\nThat night we were in the harbor at Brest and everyone was busy getting\npacked up ready to disembark in the morning. Also everyone, or about\nninety per cent of us, were hit all of a sudden with dysentery: it was\nsomething they\u2019d been feeding us on this ship, because almost everyone\nhad it. It was damned inconvenient for me, I know that.\nWell, I was sure \u2019nough in the army now!\nAnd so\u2014This was Brest, France! Two more weeks almost disappeared into\nhistory. I was getting inured to this army life, for it was getting so\nthat I didn\u2019t notice how fast the days flew by. There was something\ndoing every day and I was busy\u2014which probably accounts for the speedy\npassage of time.\nI\u2019d been thinking it over and decided when I got back home I\u2019d write to\nthe Secretary of War and suggest that they put a huge sign up in front\nof the entrance to this man\u2019s war and put on the sign these words: FOR\nMEN ONLY. This business certainly was for men only. It was no place for\na woman\u2014at least, not a nice woman, I mean a decent girl like me. Of\nall the rough-necks\u2014I never imagined there were so many in the Land of\nthe Free and Home of the Brave. I was meeting them here, though. I was\nthrown in with people that I\u2019d never meet in the course of a lifetime at\nhome: I mean, some of these men were specimens such as I would never\nhave an opportunity of knowing in the United States. I guess one never\nknows how the other half lives nor how they think, but I was beginning\nto get a pretty good conception.\nHowever, to get back to the story:\u2014We came ashore on a dirty old\nlighter that must have been a coal barge before the war. The day we\nlanded was one of the three hundred and fifty days of rain in the\ncustomary French year. Up around that part of Brittany, the natives must\nbe thankful that Leap Year doesn\u2019t come every year, because the chances\nare it would be just another rainy day. The usual quota of sunshiny days\nthere is one-per-month. I always recalled France as a land of sunshine\nand sparkle, but the first ten days in Brest sadly disillusioned me. We\nhad only one day that didn\u2019t show a rainfall!\nAnd imagine poor little me tramping through the mud and water in a cold,\ndrizzling downpour\u2014me, who was experiencing the first \u201chike\u201d of this\nkind in my life! Everyone except the high officers had to march from the\ndocks out to the Pontanezan Barracks, a walled camp that was built by\nNapoleon more than a hundred years ago. This place is four miles out of\nBrest, and it wouldn\u2019t have been such a bad walk if there hadn\u2019t been so\nmuch mud and other contributing causes for discomfort. We never had any\nadequate drill on board the transport, most of us were suffering from\nthe effects of that awful dysentery, all of us were weak of legs and\nweaker in the stomach. It was certainly one tough stretch, and I hope I\ndon\u2019t have to go to war like that any more. I\u2019d prefer to ride to my\ndeath in a G.M.C. or a flivver ambulance.\nWhen we were just getting started, Ben let Esky out of his barracks bag\nand observed very sourly, \u201cIf this ain\u2019t a hell of a fine way to welcome\na bunch o\u2019 real heroes, my old man was a priest!\u201d\nA priest by the name of Garlotz! \u201cWas he a priest, Ben?\u201d the man on the\nother side of him inquired, probably for the sake of hearing Ben\u2019s\nprofanity.\n\u201cPriest hell!\u201d declared the big boy. \u201cI don\u2019t think he knew what a\npriest looks like. My old man helped build the subway with a pick and\nshovel!\u201d And he proceeded, between curses anent the weather, the frogs,\nthe officers, the Government, the President, and General Pershing\u2019s\nprogeny even unto the fourth and fifth generations, to tell us about his\n\u201cold man\u201d who, it seems, was a remarkably able man who never got a\nnickel for fighting but could beat the daylights out of his\nprize-fighting son any time he became drunk enough to so desire. Anyone\nwould have to read between the lines of that speech to discern the fact\nthat Ben must really have thought a lot of his father. Personally, it\nnever before occurred to me that he had a father: a man like Ben is so\neye-filling that you just don\u2019t think of him as having a family\nsomewhere, and a father and mother just like ordinary people.\nWell, anyway, the column moved slowly forward, the under-officers\nfeeling the strain every bit as much as the enlisted men and allowing us\nto break ranks and \u201cfall out\u201d with unexpected frequency. I guess we fell\nout at least five times before we reached the gate to the barracks, and\nwhen we arrived there we stood around for more than half an hour waiting\nto be assigned to quarters, while rumors of all kinds were running\naround and considerable confusion arose as a result of someone\u2019s remark\nthat we\u2019d probably have to sleep in pup tents outside the walls because\nthe barracks within were all filled. This rumor threw Ben into a fit of\nprofanity that could not be stopped until orders came to move along. Ben\nhad no use whatever for pup tents. He said, \u201cI can\u2019t get my feet under\ncover in one of those damned pillow cases!\u201d Like most rumors in the\narmy, this one proved false and we finally found ourselves located in a\nwooden shed just off the parade ground of the camp. We were soaked to\nthe skin, but mighty glad to be there.\nEverybody ditched his luggage and made a line for the little corrugated\niron building around the corner. The dysentery was still operative....\nNobody was very hungry that noon, but by nighttime we were all ready for\nchow.\nOne reason for this was that we had no sooner begun to take life easy in\nour new quarters than Chilblaines appeared on the scene without any\nwarning and told the top-kicker he had come over to see that the men got\na work-out. \u201cThey might catch cold if they remain idle now, sergeant.\nGet them out and we\u2019ll warm them up for a half hour or so. Can\u2019t afford\nto leave any of them in the hospital here.\u201d\nWell, everybody was sore. You could see that the top-kicker didn\u2019t like\nthe idea at all, and the rest of us couldn\u2019t begin to express our\nthoughts. Whoever expected a headquarters company to go out and drill\nlike a crew of infantrymen? Some of these fellows couldn\u2019t do much\nbetter than I did, and I had some tall and quick thinking to do to keep\nin line as we marched up and down and back and forth the length and\nbreadth of that parade ground. Chilblaines kept us at it for an hour and\nsome of us almost sat down in our tracks when he finally dismissed us.\nIt was then that someone offered the information that \u201cChilblaines rode\nout with the General\u2014that\u2019s why he felt so fresh and strong.\u201d\nThe chorus of curses and other kindred expressions that greeted this\nannouncement almost made me deaf. Ben\u2019s opinion sounded literary and\nmild compared to the others, and he said, \u201cChilblaines musta been born\nin dog days, cause he\u2019s a son-of-a-b\u2014\u2014 as sure as hell!\u201d\nI said that I thought he had an overdeveloped sense of his own\nimportance in this army and that he probably figured this was a way to\nprove his leadership.\n\u201cLeadership hell!\u201d growls Ben. \u201cThat guy couldn\u2019t lead me nowhere. I\nwouldn\u2019t even let him lead me to a drink of good rye whisky right this\nminute. If we was in the front lines and he told me to go forward I\u2019d\nturn around and knock his teeth down his throat so he couldn\u2019t give\norders.\u201d The thought of such a golden pleasure, however remote as a\npossibility, was a never failing source of enjoyment for Ben. His idea\nof heaven would be to have Chilblaines and himself locked in a room\ntogether.... Well, my opinion of Chilblaines is unprintable, too.\nThat drilling in the rain was a tea party, compared to what happened the\nfollowing morning. At four A.M. we were called up by the top-kick, who\nwas very apparently pretty mad about something. He ordered us all out in\nour slickers\u2014which could mean just one thing: a bath.\nAs soon as Ben heard what was coming, he divined at once the fine\nItalian hand of Chilblaines. \u201cThat b\u2014\u2014! There ain\u2019t a drop of white\nman\u2019s blood in that whorehound\u2019s veins!\u201d He cursed him, between shivers,\nfor all he had around his huge frame was the far too small slicker which\nthe Q.M.C. clerk said was the largest size they had. \u201cJesus Maria!\nGettin\u2019 a guy up at this hour, before daybreak, to take a bath!\u201d\n\u201cPipe down there!\u201d ordered the top-kicker from the front of the shed.\n\u201cThere\u2019s only one bath and this is the only hour we could get. Come\nalong!\u201d\nBut Ben was not to be so quickly calmed. \u201cGod Almighty!\u201d he exclaimed.\n\u201cYou\u2019d think we was criminals in a prison, instead of volunteers in an\narmy!\u201d\nMeantime I was thinking in double time, for this call to the showers\npresented an unexpected problem that had to be solved at once. The\ntop-kick was exhorting them to snap into it and I had to suppose that he\nwould wait at the door to see that everyone went. I waited until Ben\nstarted for the door, then when he was directly between me and the\nsergeant, I ducked under my bunk and pulled Esky down beside me so that,\nwith the blankets hanging down and Esky covering the front, I hoped to\nescape the top-kick\u2019s inquisitive eye.\nSure enough, he came down the line to see that everyone had gone. For a\nbreathless moment I was convinced that he was inspecting my bunk with\nsuspicion. Then suddenly he turned and went away, closing the door\nbehind him. But I waited several minutes, to make sure that he had gone.\nThen I pushed Esky out of the way and threw off the slicker. Down at the\nend of the shed were two fire buckets, and to these I ran. I dowsed my\nhead in one of them and poured the other over my legs. Then I ran back\nto my bunk and pulled off my shirt, and back to the buckets again. I was\nshivering all over, but I made sure that I was wet enough to look it,\nthen I returned to the bunk and got ready for the crucial moment.\nI had to stand there with the towel in my hand for several minutes\nbefore the first of the bathers returned, but as soon as the door opened\nI started a vigorous rubbing, and slipped into my clean shirt. I heard\none of the men swear and another said, \u201cI never saw such cold water in\nmy life!\u201d\nWhen the top-kick appeared I was frantically rubbing my head and neck.\nHe was shivering himself but he made a trip down the aisle and stopped\nrather suspiciously near me. I thought he was going to say something,\nbut I exclaimed, \u201cGod, but that water was cold, sergeant!\u201d And I was\nshivering so genuinely that he was impressed. He looked around our end\nof the shack and went back to his own bunk to dress.\nBen had come in during the inspection and when the sergeant had\nretreated, he leaned across the bunk and said, very confidentially, \u201cHe\nasked me where you was and I said \u2018He\u2019s been here and gone back\nalready.\u2019 It was colder\u2019n a ninety-year-old witch an\u2019 I don\u2019t blame ya a\nbit fer duckin\u2019 it!\u201d\nGood old Ben! He sure was a simple and good-hearted friend to me. He was\nso omnisciently clever about some things, so clever he readily accepted\nthe simplest and plainest explanation and let it go at that. And he took\npleasure in helping to slip anything over on anyone in authority. I\nthanked him sincerely for telling the top-kicker that lie and we\nproceeded to get dressed for what turned out to be a very dismal,\ndreary, hopeless day, the first of a series that were distinguished by\ntheir similarity in the matter of dreariness.\nThere was nothing much for any of us to do these days. Now and then the\nGeneral had something to get out, but he had simply been marking time\nfor the most part and when he marked time I exhibited my ability as a\nlock-stepper. Marking time was the one part of the manual of drill that\nI did best.\nBen and I listened to all the current rumors. We heard that we were\ngoing south from here to train for immediate action; that the Germans\nwere raising hell and we\u2019d be in the trenches in two weeks; that we were\ngoing to Italy to help the wops lick the Austrians; that ... that ...\nthat ... and so on almost ad infinitum. And I knew that all of them were\nentirely false and without foundation. I don\u2019t understand how rumors\ntraveled so well in the army, but they certainly did spring up and cover\nthe camp overnight. The whole army seemed to be just one vast buzz all\nthe time. Every man you met had some inside news to impart. None of this\nbothered me, however, for the General had told me that the division\nwould go to a training area for at least a month before being used for\nanything.\nI went into Brest several times, but there was no particular excitement\nor entertainment to be found down there, because part of the city was\nunder quarantine for cholera and the authorities had restricted all\nplaces of amusement that might interest me. Ben said he hadn\u2019t seen a\nsingle one of these mademoiselles that looked clean enough to be of\ninterest to a man of his tastes, and I quite agreed with him. Most of\nthem were disappointing\u2014nothing like before the war. Now they all\nlooked so hard and worn, and the ones that American soldiers met were\nthe same ones that the English, Australians, Italians, Portuguese and\nFrench Colonials had met before us. An American soldier must be\nconceited indeed if he thinks he could teach these girls anything in the\nway of love and its devices.\nIt seemed to me that the French people were of two minds about us. The\nlower classes seemed to welcome us with open arms, call benedictions\nupon our heads, but they looked upon us as wild specimens of humanity\nfrom the outskirts of civilization. And in this view the upper-class\nFrenchmen concurred, I imagine, for the major portion of all France had\nhad little or no acquaintance with Americans, not even the tourist class\nwhich has always been distinguished traditionally for its ignorance,\nlack of taste and vulgar displayism. As far as I could make out, the\nbetter-class French people were not quite certain whether we were savage\nbarbarians or civilized Indians. They thought that they had nothing in\ncommon with us except this little matter of a war and the fact that we\nboth belonged to the same species of the animal kingdom. They were glad\nof our help\u2014just as they had been glad to use their own varicolored\ncolonials, those half-savages who used knives instead of guns and\nrefused to go into action without bayonets.\nIt struck me that they felt toward us much the same as we would feel\ntoward an army of Russians or Japanese in America: we would rejoice over\ntheir coming to our aid, but we would feel rather condescending toward\nthem and surely would not relish the thought of our daughters mingling\nwith them as social equals. Nice French girls would not have anything to\ndo with American soldiers: any more than nice American girls would\naccept Japanese soldiers without reservations.... From some of the\nfirst-person narratives I\u2019d heard in this camp, I should say that some\nof these Americans were sadly deluded on this point. Their \u201cconquests\u201d\nweren\u2019t much to rave about, if they only knew the truth.\nIt was the lower classes that took us to their hearts. They discovered\nthat Americans were jolly good fellows with pockets full of francs and a\ntremendous fancy for wine, women and excitement. Naturally they weren\u2019t\nso finicky. They weren\u2019t used to being finicky anyway. From the stories\nI heard, it seemed that they were even open-hearted enough to accept our\ncolored soldiers as genuine American Indians: they thought the darkies\nwere real cavemen, noble specimens of virile nature, who looked every\ninch the part and apparently, with a mademoiselle, more than established\nthe fact of their virility. In some camp towns, the street girls didn\u2019t\nhave anything to do with the white soldiers. Obviously they were as\ndeluded as our soldiers were in other places.... Indeed, that was my\nview of the whole works just now: everyone misunderstood everyone else,\nand the result was a sort of not unpleasant but not very congenial\nconfusion.... Of course, the mademoiselle end didn\u2019t interest me, but\nBen said he just found out about a place where he could get a girl for a\ncake of American soap. I told him he\u2019d better swipe a carton from the\ncanteen and start a harem. He said that when the regulars first appeared\nin France it was possible to get the prettiest and most adept girl in\ntown for a tobacco coupon, and he was bemoaning the fact that he had a\nwhole box full of coupons at home that he was too late to use now. It\ncertainly was tough: he should have enlisted a year earlier: he would\nhave had children scattered all over France by now! I\u2019ll bet he was a\nson-of-a-gun with the women: sometimes he reminded me of nothing so much\nas a great animal, a sort of Bull of the Camps, as it were. Of course, I\nknew that he was more than an animal: the things he said very often\nshowed unmistakable signs of intelligence, and he certainly was a good\nfriend to have.\nWe had to drill several times, and every morning we had calisthenics.\nThe setting-up stuff didn\u2019t bother me but the drilling was a little too\nmuch\u2014I guess I wasn\u2019t built for that kind of stuff. My back got a kink\nin it and the muscles of my legs seemed to knot right up after a mile or\nso of walking under the strain of drill. Every morning when I heard the\ncall to \u201cfall in\u201d my mind would start to sing that army ballad about the\nsergeants \u201cwho are the worst of all,\u201d because\n        \u201cHe gets you up in the morning before the bugle call;\n        And it\u2019s Squads Right! Squads Left!\n        Right Front Into Line!\n        Then the dirty son-of-a-b\u2014\u2014, he gives you double time!\u201d\nOf course it really wasn\u2019t the top-kicker\u2019s fault. He didn\u2019t like to\ndrill any more than we, but orders is orders. Even Esky didn\u2019t care for\nthis kind of exercise. He came out with us the first couple of mornings,\nbut very quickly decided that this was not his kind of play. Now he\ndidn\u2019t pay any attention to \u201cfall in\u201d but as soon as he heard \u201cfall out\u201d\nhe was right in the middle of things, begging the fellows to play with\nhim. He got enough exercise. He was the mascot of this Headquarters\nCompany.\nI wrote home twice during the fortnight. Nothing much to tell them\nexcept the events of our last four weeks, and to send my new address\nwith A.P.O. number.\nAt last we received our first mail from the States and I didn\u2019t know\njust what to make of it. There was a gushing letter from\nVyvy\u2014apparently Leon carried out my instructions and told her that he\nwas coming over at once. But the letter from Aunt Elinor was not so\nreassuring, particularly the following parts:\n    \u201cLeonard Lane is at Booneville.... Has a broken arm to show for\n    his wild ride in that snowstorm.... Was lucky to be rescued less\n    than an hour after the accident, but it was in the country and\n    he did not reach me by phone until midnight.... He has not been\n    home since that time.... Left the hospital and went direct to\n    Booneville. But he will not stay here long. As soon as his arm\n    is safely mended he will do something.... Poor boy ... just a\n    bunch of nerves.... And I am very near a breakdown. If anything\n    happens to you I shall never forgive myself.... Why did you have\n    to be so foolish!\n    \u201cVyvy has called several times. She expects to hear from you as\n    soon as you land. She also informs me that your Jay-Jay has been\n    transferred and expects to go to France very soon. I intend to\n    get in touch with him and ask him to look you up.\u201d\nWell, the last man in the world I wanted to meet was Jay-Jay. I\u2019m quite\nsure that I couldn\u2019t be with him very much before he would become\nsuspicious. In fact I thought he suspected something already, because in\nthe other letter which I received from Aunt Elinor, there was this\ndisquieting information:\n    \u201cJay-Jay called, expecting to find you here. I was really sorry\n    to tell him that you had suddenly decided to go out West as a\n    camp entertainer. I don\u2019t think he believed it: he seemed very\n    surprised and said he couldn\u2019t understand that at all. \u2018Why\n    didn\u2019t she let me get her a place?\u2019 he asked, but of course I\n    told him that there was no telling what you might do. He asked\n    about Leon and I gave him your address and asked him to see you\n    and let me know how you are getting along. I\u2019m so worried about\n    you\u2014but then you probably are better able to take care of\n    yourself than your brother. I hope so.\n    \u201cVyvy met Jay-Jay in town. He said he had seen Leon in camp the\n    day after her party, and Vyvy told him he must be mistaken\n    because Leon did not leave here until three o\u2019clock in the\n    afternoon. I don\u2019t know what he thinks, but he must have some\n    ideas of his own.... I think you would do well to tell him the\n    truth and let him help you. He has influence, you know, and\n    might be able to make things easier for you.\n    \u201cAnother week or so and Leonard\u2019s arm will be out of the sling.\n    He is determined to act at once. I don\u2019t know what he will do\n    but will let you know as soon as I hear from him....\u201d\nAuntie was foolish. The idea of my confessing to Jay-Jay and being under\nobligation to him for his silence! I knew him well enough to know that\nhe would be delighted to have something like that on me. He was just the\nkind that would take advantage and I was in no position to defend myself\nunder the circumstances. No, sir\u2014I didn\u2019t want to see Mr. Marfield at\nall, and if I did see him, I didn\u2019t know what I\u2019d say or do. He was\nsuspicious already. If God was really with me, he\u2019d keep us from\nmeeting. I didn\u2019t like his type of officer anyway\u2014and the more I\nthought about him, the less I liked him. I always said there was\nsomething about him I didn\u2019t like: it was that suspiciousness, I guess.\nYou didn\u2019t feel that you could trust him at all, and I certainly did not\nwant to take any chances on a man like that in a time like this!\nMy troubles seemed to be beginning. I hadn\u2019t had a good bath since that\none on board ship and I couldn\u2019t see how I could get one until we moved\nfrom this place: there wasn\u2019t a single public bath in the unrestricted\narea in Brest. And to add to all this my tummy was feeling not so good\nand my back was aching sort of ominously. If it wasn\u2019t one damned thing\nit was another. Armies and war certainly are For Men Only. This was no\nplace for one woman, and I can\u2019t imagine what it would be like if this\ncamp were full of women instead of men. Anyways it would be worse than\nnow. Women just can\u2019t be bunched and crowded in together.\nIt occurred to me that I might try Christian Science. They claim that if\nyou have enough faith and wish hard enough, you can do anything\u2014even\ngrow a new limb where one has been amputated. I guess it would take more\nthan Christian Science to change me into a man now: perhaps if my mother\nand father had used Christian Science, the change could have been made,\nor rather the necessity of change prevented. However, I doubt very much\nif those devilish little ova and those other jiggers, gametes or\nspermatozoa or whatever they call them, pay much attention to what their\nowners think and wish. I guess we are God\u2019s children, after all\u2014more\nthan our parents\u2019 probably.\nAnyway, I wished I were Leonard Lane. I didn\u2019t feel so good. Maybe\n\u201cfightin\u2019 is a lot of fun\u201d but I just didn\u2019t feel kittenish enough to\nenjoy this prelude to battle.\nAnd with that Jay-Jay to think about besides!\nUnexciting days passed until a day came when we learned that we were\nleaving for Le Mans in the morning. Didn\u2019t know how long we\u2019d be there,\nbut from all I could learn Le Mans was a training area and the division\nmight be there for a month or six weeks. The General seemed to think\nthat we would be used as a replacement division. I didn\u2019t know where he\ngot the idea but that was the dope.\nNothing new happened, except that I heard from home again and Aunt\nElinor said Vyvy heard that Jay-Jay had left the United States: if that\nwas the case, he was liable to blow in any time and if he should\ndiscover that my outfit was still here, I didn\u2019t see how I could avoid\nbeing found by him. Naturally I was glad we were moving out in the\nmorning. He wouldn\u2019t be free to hop all over the A.E.F. looking for me\nand it might be a long time before he got to Le Mans, by which time I\nshouldn\u2019t be there. There was still hope.\nBen and I attended a song-fest in the afternoon\u2014one of those affairs\nwhere a professional pep-guy gets up on a platform and leads the\ndrunk-driven cattle in singing and cheering. Well, there was some excuse\nfor cheering, as to-day the sun let us have a glimpse of himself, and\nthat was cause for celebrating around this neck of the land of the franc\nand the plumbingless house. The songs, however, were really not much to\nwrite home about. Ben had learned already that \u201cPack Up Your Troubles\u201d\nand \u201cMadelon\u201d were not army songs at all: they were for dress parade, he\nsaid. The real army songs were too dirty filthy rotten to sing at any\nsanctioned get-together. The real barrack-room ballads were fit only for\nbarrooms and bedrooms and bathrooms\u2014that is, if you sing in your\nbath.... To-day we waited patiently to see if they would sing something\ninteresting, but the best they had to offer was \u201cKeep the Home Fires\nBurning\u201d\u2014and Ben almost choked on his tobacco-quid when they started\nthat. If there was one song that should never have been written, it was\nthat! I quite agreed with Ben on that point. Ben said, \u201cThat song\u2019s a\nlotta bull an\u2019 what a man wants in a time like this is more calves and\nless bull!\u201d Ben was certainly droll: he stood beside the \u201cY\u201d window,\nwaiting for the song leader to pass\u2014I swear he only missed the poor\ndevil\u2019s nose by an inch. When my boy friend hurled the saliva, fond\nmothers shooed their loved ones off the street. A veritable Hawkeye!\nWe\u2019d been in Le Mans a month and nothing very exciting had happened. We\ncame down from Brest in those French box cars that are marked \u201c8 chevaux\n40 hommes\u201d and it took me a week to recover from the ride, after which I\nwent out and found myself a bath\u2014thank God again!\nI was really forced into it, though. The General had been making trips\nall over the surrounding country and Chilblaines and I had usually gone\nalong. We went to Alen\u00e7on to see the place they were fixing up there to\ntake care of horses that were shipped over for the cavalry and\nartillery\u2014although the cavalry didn\u2019t have much to do in a war of this\nkind. We also visited Blois and its hospital center, and Tours, which\nwas the headquarters of the Service of Supply. And we\u2019d seen Orl\u00e9ans and\nAngers and I hoped to see Paris soon.\nHowever, to get back to the bath:\u2014We were on our way back from Tours\nwhen we had two flat tires in a row and Getterlow had to fix the second\none, because we only had one spare. While we were standing around\u2014I was\ntrying to help him\u2014the General noticed that I was doing quite a lot of\nfidgeting and scratching and finally asked me about it. \u201cWhat\u2019s the\nmatter, Sergeant?\u201d he inquired. \u201cReceived your allotment of cooties\nalready?\u201d\nChilblaines laughed and I laughed, too. It wasn\u2019t news to me: I knew I\nhad acquired a family, but I had put off doing anything about it until I\ncould get a bath and a new change of clothes. But when Chilblaines\nlaughed, I determined to do something without further delay.\nThe General didn\u2019t wait for me to reply; he just suggested, \u201cIf you\nhave, Sergeant, for God\u2019s sake get rid of them at once.\u201d\n\u201cI will, sir,\u201d I said then.\nBut Chilblaines had to pipe up and say, \u201cNo use trying to clean them out\nof your clothes. I advise burning them and getting a new outfit\u2014that\nis, if you can afford it.\u201d\nNow, imagine an officer making a crack like that! As if I couldn\u2019t\nafford clothes just as well as he could! The way he said things gave me\nthe willies anyway, and I just looked hard at him and said, \u201cThat\u2019s what\nI\u2019ll do this very afternoon, if I have time.\u201d\n\u201cTake time,\u201d said the General.\nSo when we were back in camp I proceeded to take time. I went into the\ncity in search of a public bath where one could get a private bath. I\ncarried with me a complete change of clothes and two kinds of medicine\nand a bluish ointment that was recommended by Ben and every other man\nwhose advice I sought. I finally found a bath establishment and went in.\nA woman who had the appearance of age but the manner of girlish youth\nwelcomed me at the door and ushered me into the rear of the building,\nwhere there were several little rooms just large enough for a bathtub.\nThe woman chattered glibly as she wiped out the tub I chose and drew the\nwater, and when she brought the towels and soap she made no move toward\nleaving me to take care of myself.\nI started to undress, beginning with my shoes and blouse. She hung up\nthe blouse and pushed the door shut. I didn\u2019t take off anything else,\nbut just sat there on the stool and looked at her. Finally, when she\ndidn\u2019t move, I said, \u201cThat\u2019s all for now, thank you.\u201d\nAll I got for my pains was a stream of French, telling me how nice it\nwas to meet a fine young American boy who could speak such good French.\n\u201cBut I want to bathe,\u201d I told her. \u201cI don\u2019t need you now.\u201d\n\u201cAh\u2014mais non! non! non!\u201d she exclaimed. \u201cI will help you.\u201d She laid her\nhands on my shoulders.\nThis was too much. \u201cNo, thank you!\u201d I told her. \u201cI can get along very\nwell. I wish to be alone.\u201d\nBut she didn\u2019t make a move until I got up and actually pushed her\nthrough the door. I pulled the latch across and proceeded to undress.\nEverything was quiet for several minutes and I was just on the point of\nremoving my cootie-laden underwear\u2014regulation issue, by the way\u2014when I\nhappened to look at the door and noticed a cracked panel through which I\ncould see the old woman\u2019s eye peering in intently. I grabbed my breeches\nand hung them over the peep-hole. Just as I was getting into the tub, a\nknock sounded. \u201cWhat do you want?\u201d I asked.\n\u201cM\u2019sieur desires a cognac for after the bath?\u201d she sounded very eager.\nShe made me mad. \u201cM\u2019sieur wishes you to get the hell outa there! I don\u2019t\nwant anything!\u201d How does a woman get like that: if she were young, I\ncould understand it\u2014but a woman as old as she was made it a mystery to\nme. Apparently my education wasn\u2019t complete yet.\nAnyway, I went on with my bath, and believe me, I scrubbed as I never\nscrubbed before. Then I drained the tub and filled it up again, and as\nsoon as the water started to run, the old woman came back to the door\nwith her jabbering, wanting to know what I was trying to do. I told her\nI\u2019d pay for two baths and for her to shut up and go away. She kept\ntalking but I wouldn\u2019t be bothered answering her.\nAfter I was washed and dry again I applied my lotions and ointment in\ngenerous quantities\u2014too generous, I later discovered, for my skin was\nso sore in some spots that I couldn\u2019t touch it. However, I got rid of\nthe cooties. I dressed and opened the door.\nThe madame was right there waiting for me. She started right off telling\nme what a wonderful American soldat I was, how young and clean, and she\nfinally attempted to taunt me into friendliness by saying that she\u2019d bet\nI was still a virgin.\nI had to laugh, as I told her, \u201cYou\u2019re right, for once.\u201d And, giving her\nten francs, I hurried out of the place. I carried my clothes back to\ncamp and burned them, cooties and all, in the incinerator. Then I felt\nclean again\u2014until the ointment started to burn me up.\nSeveral days later I made another visit to the baths and almost had to\nfight my way out. That woman seemed to be obsessed with the idea of\nmaking love to me. I guess I was not very curious. My next bath would be\nsomewhere else, if there were any other place in town.\nHaving received another letter from Vyvy, I sent her a post card with\nthe following endearing lines:\n    \u201cExcitement all the time. Cooties but no war as yet.\n    Mademoiselles aplenty but all ugly. All my love\u2014all my\n    kisses\u2014and I wish you could be with us.\nA couple of days later I sent a note to Aunt Elinor. It was written on\nY.M.C.A. paper, after I had spent some time visiting post card vendors\nin search of appropriate cards to send home. As all the vendors had\nnothing but photographs suitable only for private collections\u2014some of\nthem actually revolting in the scenes they depicted\u2014I decided that they\ncouldn\u2019t possibly get through the United States Mail. I did buy about a\ndozen of the rarest ones\u2014for no better reason than that the legless\nveteran who had them seemed to take it for granted that an American\nsoldier was interested in such pictures. My education was proceeding\nagain. I wrote to Aunt Elinor:\n    \u201cI bought a wonderful collection of rare prints to-day. Too\n    valuable to send by mail, so I\u2019ll bring them home with me. Every\n    time I look at them I realize that Home was Never like This!\u201d\nAnd it certainly wasn\u2019t!\nA few days later everyone was required to go to the movies in the\nCasino. I had no idea what was coming or I might have tried to escape\nthe ordeal. I fell in with the rest of the outfit and sat in the midst\nof a crowd that was anything but ladylike. The picture was supposed to\nbe educational, was entitled FIT TO FIGHT or something like that, and by\nthe time it was over, I must confess that I wasn\u2019t fit to do anything.\nWhew! And the comments the fellows made anent various familiar details.\nEvery new sequence in the picture recalled some personal experience or\nstory to somebody near me, and between the picture and the stories, I\nwas blushing from my hair to my toes. After we came back, Ben said,\nresentfully, \u201cThey can\u2019t kid me on that stuff! Seein\u2019 a thousand\npictures like that wouldn\u2019t make me lose interest in a good-lookin\u2019\nshank!\u201d I decided that Ben had a cast-iron system.\nI wondered what had become of Leon. Aunt Elinor wrote that his arm was\npractically well again and that he had left Booneville. I wondered what\nhe intended to do. I might have known that he wouldn\u2019t stay there,\nalthough it would be a wonderful place for him to commune with nature\nand let his muse run wild in poetic ecstasies. It just goes to show that\nyou never can tell about anyone. Anyway, I rather wanted to know what to\nexpect of him.\nJay-Jay should have been in France by now. It seemed rather funny that I\ndidn\u2019t hear from him. Perhaps that meant that he didn\u2019t really think I\nwas here. He never did have much liking for Leon, so naturally would not\nbreak his neck to see him. But Jay-Jay was foxy: you couldn\u2019t tell what\nhe thought or was planning. It wouldn\u2019t make me peeved if I never saw\nhim. That\u2019s how much I loved that gentleman.\nAnother short note came from Aunt Elinor to inform me that she had come\nacross an old post card from Lisa Mantour, the darling of a maid who was\nwith us at St. Malo years and years ago. Auntie wrote as soon as she\nfound it, because she thought I must look up Lisa at once and thus be\nable to fall back upon her in case of discovery or trouble of any kind.\nIt was awfully funny, too, because the post card was sent from this very\ncity of Le Mans, and I\u2019d be leaving in another day or so. So I made up\nmy mind to find her, if she was still in the city. I\u2019d have to manage to\nget away without Ben, because I didn\u2019t want to risk his overhearing\nanything about twins that might stir his imagination. He had enough\nfoundation for suspicions as it was.\nI had my second hair-cut for this r\u00f4le. I was a pretty clean-cut young\nfella, believe me.\nThe next day I discovered to my horror that I did the dizziest thing! I\nburned up that letter from Auntie without copying the name of the man\nLisa married. I knew her maiden name but I had one hell of a time trying\nto remember that other name just from reading it once in that letter.\nSo I ditched Ben and went in town to see if I couldn\u2019t see some name\nthat would recall Lisa\u2019s. I walked all over the downtown section,\nlooking at window signs and cards, and repeating over and over all the\npossibilities that came to my mind. I knew the name started with \u201cL\u201d and\nI tried every possible combination of letters beginning with that\nletter, but nothing clicked.\nIt began to rain and I stepped into a corner doorway to escape the\ndownpour. Two Frenchmen under umbrellas were standing in front of me,\ngesticulating so wildly that their hands were all wet, and one of them\nkept referring to some name that finally began to sound familiar. I\nlistened more closely and, sure enough, that was the very name I had\nbeen trying to remember. I grabbed the man\u2019s arm and demanded very\nexcitedly, \u201cDid you say \u2018Lenotier,\u2019 m\u2019sieur?\u201d\n\u201cBut yes,\u201d admitted the startled man. \u201cPierre Lenotier, our friend.\nPourquoi?\u201d\n\u201cThat\u2019s it! Exactly it!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cAnd where does one find this\nPierre Lenotier, m\u2019sieur?\u201d\nThe two natives stared at each other a moment, then stared at me;\nfinally the one who had not spoken yet stepped from beneath his little\nroof long enough to point to the sign over the doorway in which I was\nstanding. \u201cYou do not read, m\u2019sieur?\u201d he asked, with that gentleness\nwhich one affects in humoring a lunatic.\nI stepped out and looked at the old sign over the door. It read\n\u201cMerci, merci, m\u2019sieur.\u201d I laughed at him as I ran beneath the sign and\ninto the caf\u00e9. Then I stopped, for there behind the bar was Lisa\nherself: a little older looking, fatter and perhaps harder faced, but I\nknew her at once. I started to yell across the room to her, but noticed\nthat there were a few French and American soldiers at the tables, so I\nwalked smilingly up to the bar.\nI stopped in front of her and waited for her to say something. But she\njust stared at me, as if I were any other soldier wanting a drink.\n\u201cLisa,\u201d I cried out finally. \u201cDon\u2019t you know me?\u201d\nApparently she didn\u2019t. She had seen too many American soldiers to take\nmuch stock in any of them. I removed my cap and leaned across the bar.\n\u201cLisa, don\u2019t you remember Leon Canwick?\u201d\nHer eyes gleamed at that and she smiled, but you could see that she\ncouldn\u2019t believe me, coming upon her so unexpectedly. Finally her grin\nbroadened and she said, \u201cC\u2019est impossible! Mon petit diable! Leon! Non,\nBut a good survey seemed to persuade her, for she led me then, amid a\ncontinual stream of happy chattering, into a back room which opened off\nthe main room at the end of the little bar. Then she looked me over\nagain, as if she couldn\u2019t possibly believe what she was seeing. \u201cNon ...\nnon ... impossible!\u201d\nI laughed and told her that she was right. \u201cIt is not Leon at all.\u201d\nThis was too much for her. She had to sit down\u2014while she grumbled and\ngave out little explosive phrases of disparagement of these foolish\nAmericans who play tricks on hard-working people. She spluttered and\nfussed and stared at me until I added, \u201cThis is Leona Canwick.\u201d Then she\njust stared open-mouthed at me as if I were some kind of specter.\n\u201cWhat foolishness!\u201d she finally managed to exclaim. \u201cThis is more worse\nyet! You joke: you are Leon!... You should not joke an old woman,\nM\u2019sieur Leon.\u201d\n\u201cBut I\u2019m not Leon,\u201d I insisted. \u201cI am Leona.\u201d\nWell, she refused to be convinced. We argued and I laughed until the\ntears came in my eyes. I\u2019d never had so much real fun since I\u2019d been in\nthe army. She was just too funny, running out to wait on her customers\nand coming back to declare again and again that she had no time for any\njokes. When I was too weak from laughter to argue further, I proved to\nher my identity in the only way in which it could be proved. She was too\ndumfounded to speak, so while she sat silently gaping at me, I tried to\nexplain how I had come here. Finally she understood and believed me. Not\nuntil then did she really welcome me, with an abundance of hugs and\nkisses and much jolly laughter. We talked over the happy days at St.\nMalo and I told her about Leon and Aunt Elinor. Altogether, I must have\nspent an hour there, with her running in and out from the bar to\nentertain me.\nWhen I left, she threw her arms around my neck and kissed me smack on\nthe cheek\u2014just as a short, stocky, bald-headed and walrus-mustached man\nappeared in the doorway and glared daggers at us. I knew at once that\nthis was Pierre, but something told me to keep going\u2014and I went, before\nLisa could introduce us.\nI imagined he would raise Cain before Lisa had a chance to explain to\nhim that I was really a girl. I hoped I wouldn\u2019t have to prove my sex to\nhim in order to avoid his jealous scowl!\nI stopped in to see Lisa again, the day following, and her husband was\nthere. She welcomed me with a smile but, if looks could kill, I\u2019d be a\ndead rabbit right now from the effects of old Pierre\u2019s glances. He was\nmadder than the devil himself.\nI asked Lisa why she didn\u2019t tell him the truth and save herself any\ntrouble. She just laughed at me. \u201cIt is too funny, ch\u00e8re,\u201d she\nexplained. \u201cHe thinks you are a man\u2014and he is so jealous\u2014ou la la!\u201d\n\u201cBut why not tell him I am a girl?\u201d I insisted.\n\u201cBecause,\u201d she said, \u201cPierre, he gets too much of the cognac and talks\noff his head. He speaks everything he knows when he gets beaucoup\nzigzag. Non, ch\u00e8re, I will not tell him. And he is so funny, anyway. It\nwill do him good.\u201d\nWell, I wished she had told him. He threw a dirty wet rag at Esky and\nwouldn\u2019t let him come in at all. He was liable to throw something worse\nthan that at me.\nAnother day at Le Mans and I thanked heaven it would be the last. I\nsuppose we had the Germans to thank, because they started their \u201cbig\npush\u201d about three weeks before and threatened the whole Allied system of\ndefenses by breaking through the British in Flanders. General Backett\nheard reports that didn\u2019t sound very good: apparently the Fritzies were\nputting everything they\u2019d got into this offensive, because they figured\nthat it was now or never. If they couldn\u2019t win now, before the United\nStates poured in another million men, they might as well run up the\nwhite flag. However, everyone on this side seemed to be optimistic over\nthe eventual preponderance of man power and the early end of the war.\nHow all this affected us, I didn\u2019t know, except that American troops\nwere seeing action and the need for replacements was increasing, with\nthe result that our division was designated as a replacement division\nand was soon to join the First Army Corps, the headquarters of which\nwere at Neufch\u00e2teau.\nBut the General wasn\u2019t going with them. He wanted to in the worst way,\nbut had to give way before younger and more physically robust officers.\nHe was rather upset about it, I guess, but he was too old a soldier to\nkick. He said, \u201cThere\u2019s too much to be done, for any one man to complain\nabout the disposition of his ability.\u201d\nIn a way I was sorry not to be going with the outfit, for then I might\nsee some real action; but real action would be dangerous for me, and I\nliked working for the General so well and I got along so easily, that I\nwas glad he was taking me with him. I mean, common sense told me I\u2019d\nhave less to worry about if I stuck with him. This headquarters company\nmight be all broken up before long anyway and I might find myself a cook\nor pick-and-shovel expert\u2014which wouldn\u2019t be so good.\nChilblaines would be with him, too\u2014he was promoted to a captaincy, so\nhe could act as General Backett\u2019s personal aide. And Getterlow was\nassigned to drive for him. Getterlow was a good chauffeur, when he was\nsober\u2014which was seldom.\nI surely did hate to leave Ben. When I told him the news, he was almost\nheart-broken. \u201cCan\u2019t ya get me a job drivin\u2019 er doin\u2019 somethin\u2019?\u201d he\nwanted to know. \u201cI\u2019d give my shirt to get into somethin\u2019 different. This\norderlyin\u2019 an\u2019 doin\u2019 nothing in particular is a hell of a life fer an\nable-bodied soljer like me.\u201d\n\u201cMaybe Getterlow will get the can before long,\u201d I encouraged him.\n\u201cHow in hell did that guy get that job?\u201d he demanded. \u201cHe ain\u2019t no\nchauffeur. He told me hisself he used to work in a jewelry store!\u201d\nI explained that Getterlow had a wagoner\u2019s rating and was assigned to\nthis job by the officer who had charge of such duties.\n\u201cWell, I can\u2019t see it!\u201d Ben maintained. \u201cI used to work in a garage an\u2019\nI know more about wagons than that kike will ever know. But I can\u2019t get\nclose enough to even touch an automobile in this man\u2019s army.\u201d\nI told him I\u2019d do anything I could to get him transferred if anything\nshould happen to Getterlow\u2014\u201cIn fact, I\u2019ll do my best to help something\nhappen to him. I\u2019ll even buy a few drinks for him, if that will help\nany.\u201d\n\u201cI hope he gets the D.T.\u2019s!\u201d Ben meant exactly that, too. \u201cHe\u2019s nothin\u2019\nbut a handshaker! This is a hell of a war an\u2019 a hell of an army: if\nyou\u2019re a good cook, they make a machine gunner outa ya; if ya can run an\nairplane, they put ya to work in a canteen sellin\u2019 cigarettes. I\nsuppose, havin\u2019 been a boxer, I\u2019ll end up as a bugler! I know it ain\u2019t\nyer fault, Leony\u2014but ya do what ya can, will ya?\u201d\nAnd I surely wanted to, for I hated to leave him, more than I would if\nhe were my brother Leon. He certainly was one damned fine egg!\nThat evening I went down to say good-by to Lisa. I didn\u2019t stay long. Her\nhusband was about and he didn\u2019t take his eye off us all the time I was\nthere. I guess Lisa didn\u2019t think the jealousy joke was so funny now. She\nsaid he had accused her of everything from adultery to incest and that\nhe told her he supposed he\u2019d come home sometime and find her in the arms\nof a \u201cbig black American Indian.\u201d\nThat was awful\u2014I mean, for a man to talk that way to his wife. And Lisa\nmust have been a good wife, too. But she wouldn\u2019t tell him the truth.\nSaid she\u2019d manage him all right.\nOld Pierre stopped me as I was leaving and he didn\u2019t mince words at all.\nFrom what he said, I gathered that it was just as well for me that I was\nleaving Le Mans. M. Lenotier didn\u2019t care to sell me any wine and didn\u2019t\nwant me in his caf\u00e9 at all.... Well, I did hope Lisa could manage him.\nI\u2019d hate to think that I had been responsible for making her miserable.\nI went to Chaumont, for the General to report to G.H.Q., which was\nthere. I saw more generals and colonels around there than I ever knew\nexisted. A poor enlisted man might as well have his arm hitched up to\nhis cap: you had to salute every time you turned around, and half the\nofficers didn\u2019t bother to return the compliment. I didn\u2019t much care for\na place that was so lousy with officers and it wasn\u2019t going to make me\nmad to go wherever we were headed.\nThe General informed me in the afternoon as to the nature of our new\nwork. \u201cIf this war had happened ten years earlier,\u201d he said, \u201cI would be\ntaking my command into a zone of action\u2014but that\u2019s the price we pay for\ngrowing old. Now we\u2019ll just work\u2014and mostly far from the Front.\u201d\n\u201cWhat kind of work, sir?\u201d I inquired.\n\u201cInspector General\u2019s Department,\u201d he replied. \u201cGeneral B\u2014\u2014 is\nInspector General of the A.E.F. and I am to operate as a representative\nof his office, although the major portion of our actual work will be in\nthe S.O.S. and under the Headquarters at Tours.... Oh, it will be more\nor less interesting, and besides, somebody has to do it: someone has to\nkeep an eye on these young officers who aren\u2019t dry behind the ears yet,\nand see that some enterprising salesman doesn\u2019t sell the Quartermaster\nDepot to the Spaniards.\u201d\nWell, I never had heard of the Inspector General\u2019s Department, and I\nfrankly admitted my ignorance.\n\u201cIt isn\u2019t the Intelligence Division,\u201d he hastened to inform me. \u201cWe\u2019re\nnot secret service operatives or anything like that. We\u2019re inspectors\nand reporters. We will inspect organizations and administrations and\ninvestigate cases of criminal misconduct and evidences of poor\nco\u00f6rdination between branches of the service. We merely report our\nfindings and suggest corrections or improvements. That\u2019s our job from\nnow on.\u201d\nSo now I supposed we\u2019d go out and inspect something or investigate\nsomebody. Well, it suited me, as long as we got out of Chaumont.\nWe arrived in Tours the next day after a rather hectic trip from\nChaumont via Paris. I didn\u2019t care much for wartime France. Every house\nshut up tight at dusk. No street lights. Military Police every two feet\nasking you where you were going and why and who told you you could go.\nNot so pleasant.\nNew work too, although I hadn\u2019t done much yet, except just enough\nroutine stuff to serve as an introduction to this kind of stuff.\nEntirely different from Divisional paper work, but I\u2019d get it in time.\nJust then I was all excited about something else: and I knew it was\nabsolutely inane, utterly foolish of me, too. However, the fact remained\nthat I did see Captain Winstead in Paris! Just the sight of him was\nenough to make me dizzy.\nI assumed he had something to do with the Intelligence, for it was there\nthat I saw him. He was talking with some officers in the entrance to the\nbuilding, and Getterlow and I were sitting in the General\u2019s car, out of\nthe rain. I had my slicker turned up around my ears and I just couldn\u2019t\nmake my hands pull it down\u2014I couldn\u2019t decide whether I wanted him to\nsee me or not. In the first place, if he had a memory for faces, he\nmight recognize me at once; and I didn\u2019t know whether he\u2019d met Leon in\nWakeham or not\u2014if not, he would be suspicious at once. Besides I didn\u2019t\nthink I could face him without giving myself away: he was handsomer than\never and I could have climbed right on his neck the minute I saw him\nagain.\nAnyway, he finally walked right past us and I saluted him. He didn\u2019t\neven stop to look at me\u2014just saluted and went on his way. I suppose I\nwas foolish to be so excited: probably nobody would be suspicious of\nme\u2014I mean, after all, Captain Winstead would not have any reason to\nsuspect that a girl was in France disguised as a soldier. I wished I had\nspoken to him.... This damned old war: he might not be in Paris the next\ntime we got there!\nMy mail caught up with me in Bourges and brought letters from home and\nfrom Ben.\nPoor Ben: he said he broke out with some kind of rash or measles or\nsomething equally childish and they sent him to the infirmary at Le\nMans. \u201cI\u2019m ashamed of myself for having anything like this, but I\u2019ll\nstay here now until you poison Getterlow and get me out.\u201d I was\nsurprised to find that he could actually write English that you could\nread. He must have gone to school at some time in his lurid past. I\nwrote and told him that Getterlow was coming to the end of his rope.\nThe letter from home inclosed some American Express checks, which would\ncome in handy, and told me that Leon gave up trying to get across any\nother way and finally enlisted in a hospital unit that expected to come\nover very soon. Also someone had heard from Jay-Jay\u2014and he was\nstationed in Paris!\nWasn\u2019t that just my luck! To have the man you love and the man that\nloves you in the same city. After all, Paris was a pretty small place,\nin so far as American soldiers were concerned: there were only half a\ndozen places where they congregated, and if I got to Paris again, I\ncouldn\u2019t try to see Captain Winstead without running the risk of meeting\nJay-Jay.\nAnd pretty soon Leon would be showing up over here, and it\u2019d just be my\nluck to run into him\u2014and further complicate matters. If Jay-Jay ever\nsaw the two of us, he\u2019d know at once there was something wrong.... Well,\nanyway, I had to retract all those horrid things I thought of my fair\nbrother. Of course, he could have started sooner for camp, but then,\nafter all, he started and did try to get there, and now he\u2019d proved his\nmettle by enlisting again. Only I couldn\u2019t for the life of me see where\nI was going to end up. What if he should get killed over here, or lose a\nleg or an arm or something like that? I could never get out of this\nmess! It seemed like everything was going wrong all at once.\nThe General looked over the administration of the organization at\nBourges and kept me busy for two days making out a detailed report of\nthe place, giving reams and reams of statistics on every conceivable\ndetail of the American establishment there. I was afraid the General was\nso full of regulations and knowledge of how organizations should\nfunction that my life from now on was going to be very hectic indeed. A\ncouple of reports like this one and I\u2019d be bleary.\nWe traveled in a big touring car. I had a field desk and a portable\ntypewriter that wasn\u2019t worth two whoops, and which I didn\u2019t use unless I\ncouldn\u2019t find a better one wherever we happened to be. Chilblaines was\nthe boss\u2019s errand boy and Getterlow drove. I guess the General kept\nChilblaines with him for the latter\u2019s protection: the lieutenant\u2019s\nfather or mother or uncle or somebody was a close friend of the\nGeneral\u2019s and I guess he figured the best turn he could do Chilblaines\nwas to keep him away from any outfit that might go near the Front:\nChilblaines wouldn\u2019t last a week up there. Someone would let the sky\nfall on him, probably.\nI saved Getterlow from the consequences of his sins several times, just\nto avoid a scene. I hated to see a fellow get bawled out. But he was\ngetting worse. He got drunk every time we stopped and he thought every\nmademoiselle in France had been waiting for him to arrive. The end was\nnear.\nThe General discussed the possibility of getting rid of Getterlow. I\nwrote to Ben, but didn\u2019t hear from him, so didn\u2019t know where I\u2019d find\nhim when the time came.\nWe were in Tours five days but I was too tired to do anything but work\nwith the General. We had a busy trip from Dijon on, jumping all over\nthis section of France, visiting aviation fields, all kinds of training\nschools, hospitals, ordnance depots, quartermaster depots, motor\ntransport parks, and God only knows what else. We were in all kinds of\ncrazy places, including Cosne, Issoudun, Romorantin, Orl\u00e9ans and Blois,\nand now we were back in the headquarters of the S.O.S.\nFound two letters here. One from Ben informed me that they finally threw\nhim out of the infirmary and put him in a Casuals company. I\u2019d have to\nmove fast now or he\u2019d be getting sent up to some replacement outfit, and\nonce a man got up in that neck of the woods it took a lot of officerial\ninfluence to get him out.\nI also had a letter from Jay-Jay, which gave me something to think\nabout. He said he was asked by Aunt Elinor to look me up and see how I\nwas getting along. Said he hadn\u2019t heard from my sister for months\u2014\u201cDo\nyou know where she is now?\u201d Wanted me to let him know if I ever got near\nParis or Tours or Chaumont, because he was still in the entertainment\nbusiness and those were the centers of activity. Said he\u2019d be glad to\nsee me any time I could get away.\nLet us laugh! Wasn\u2019t he condescending! A sweet chance he had of getting\na letter from this soldier! Why, he\u2019d know my writing at once.\nI suppose he had written to me at home and wondered why I hadn\u2019t\nanswered. But Aunt Elinor hadn\u2019t said anything about a letter from him.\nWell, anyway, he needn\u2019t think he could make me put my foot in it: I\nwould write a letter to him and send it to Aunt Elinor to remail. That\u2019d\ntake over a month but it would throw him off the track. I\u2019d make the\nletter very general and if the censor took the trouble to look at it\nhe\u2019d think it was a letter I\u2019d received from a girl in the States. That\nfor you, Mr. Wise Guy!\nI heard we were going back to Paris soon. I couldn\u2019t decide whether to\nbe glad or sorry, for the Lord only knew what\u2019d happen there. I wanted\nlike the devil to see the Captain, but I\u2019d have hated like hell to meet\nJay-Jay.\nWished I knew where Leon was. He was either here or on his way\nover\u2014wherever he was I didn\u2019t want to be. No one town could be large\nenough for both of us: not in this man\u2019s army.\nWagoner Getterlow ceased to be a wagoner. The General finally decided\nthat our chauffeur couldn\u2019t stand too much freedom.\nOf course, as soon as I knew a change had been decided upon and that a\nnew driver had to be got at once, I suggested Ben.\nNaturally, Chilblaines had to be present at the moment to pipe up, \u201cHas\nhe ever done any driving over here?\u201d\n\u201cOh, yes!\u201d I lied glibly. \u201cDriven a lot, but now he\u2019s just out of the\ninfirmary and is with a Casuals company at Le Mans. He knows all about\ncars.\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t think he is a fit\u2014\u201d Chilblaines began.\nBut the General interrupted to say, \u201cIf you are sure he will prove\nsatisfactory, Sergeant, make out a request for his transfer and speak to\nthe personnel officer about it at once. We mustn\u2019t be bothered too much\nwith a matter of this kind.\u201d\nSo I made out a request and spoke to the officer who had charge of that\nline of stuff\u2014I mean, of personnel and transfers. Private Benjamin\nGarlotz would burst in any time now.\nEsky acted as if he knew something was up. He\u2019d eat Ben alive when he\nsaw him. I thought I could almost kiss the big galoot myself\u2014but\nunfortunately kissing wasn\u2019t in the manual of arms and it wouldn\u2019t be\nvery soldierly. Anyway I knew I\u2019d feel better with him around.\n                      THE BATTLE OF LE CHIEN ROUGE\nCan you beat it? After my going to all that trouble to get Ben\ntransferred, we were informed that the big ape was in the jug at Le\nMans!\nGod alone knew what he\u2019d been up to. I thought of everything, from\ndrunkenness and disorderly conduct to assault upon an officer. When the\npersonnel clerk told me about it, I couldn\u2019t say a word, just vanished\nin order to digest this information. I couldn\u2019t decide whether to tell\nthe General and ask his help or what to do. Finally I marched back to\nthe clerk and told him that the General said that unless Garlotz was\nbeing held on a manslaughter charge, he should be released and\ntransferred here at once. \u201cWill that be much trouble?\u201d I asked\ndisarmingly.\n\u201cI\u2019ll see what can be done,\u201d he said. And that was all I knew about Ben\nfor a while.\nThe General said, \u201cThat new man ought to be here to-day, shouldn\u2019t he,\nSergeant?\u201d\nAll I could say was \u201cYes, sir\u201d and let it go at that.\nThe personnel chap told me they had arranged for Ben\u2019s transfer at once\nand that he was on prison detail, serving out a sentence on which there\nwere several days to go yet.\n\u201cDid they say what he had done?\u201d I asked.\nThe clerk laughed. \u201cIt appears that he ran wild one night not long ago\nand wrecked a caf\u00e9 or something\u2014nothing serious.\u201d\nSo Ben was on the way.\nHe arrived in the morning and was put to work immediately driving us\naround Tours. I think the General wanted to try him out before we\nstarted off on any journeys. Anyway, the result was that I didn\u2019t have\ntwo minutes alone with the new arrival until evening, and I was dying to\nask him for an explanation of his fall from grace. So as soon as we were\nout of earshot of any listeners, I put the question to him: \u201cWhat the\ndevil have you been up to, Big Boy? What\u2019s the sad story about prison\nbars and fines?\u201d\nHe gave me kind of a nasty look and said, \u201cDon\u2019t kid me, Leony. Don\u2019t\nkid me.\u201d\n\u201cWhat do you mean \u2018kid you\u2019?\u201d I insisted. \u201cIt\u2019s right on your record in\nplain writing!\u201d\n\u201cListen\u2014\u201d he ordered, with a wave of his hand, \u201cis that any way to\nthank a guy fer savin\u2019 yer life?\u201d\n\u201cWhose life? When? Where? How?\u201d I demanded, at a loss to divine what he\nwas driving at.\n\u201cSay\u2014don\u2019t ya s\u2019pose I know who I see? What I wanta know is why the\nfrog was lammin\u2019 hell outa ya. What the hell you been doin\u2019 to his wife?\nI gave you credit fer better taste than that\u2014but now I wouldn\u2019t put\nnothin\u2019 past ya!\u201d\nI didn\u2019t know what he was talking about at all, and promptly said so.\n\u201cGee, that\u2019s rich, ain\u2019t it, now?\u201d He laughed kinda sourly. \u201cAnd here I\nbeen picturing you gettin\u2019 down on yer knees to thank me fer rescuin\u2019\nya! Instead o\u2019 which you got the guts to try an tell me ya don\u2019t know\nwhat I\u2019m talkin\u2019 about. Gee, Leony, you\u2019re terrible!\u201d\n\u201cAnd you\u2019re crazy as hell!\u201d I retorted.\n\u201cYeh\u2014but I ain\u2019t so crazy but what I know why ya got me this transfer,\nan\u2019 I\u2019ll accept it as yer thanks.\u201d He laughed again, that same unhealthy\nha-ha. \u201cAll I gotta say is ya musta been pretty hard up to be sidlin\u2019\nafter that greasy bartender\u2019s wife! You, of all people!... Ha-ha\u2014I\nguess appearances is deceivin\u2019, eh?\u201d\n\u201cOh!\u201d I gasped. So that was it! But I still couldn\u2019t understand the\nconnection. I didn\u2019t see how Ben had got mixed into Pierre\u2019s jealousy.\nHe had never been in the place with me and there was no reason for\nPierre to connect us.\n\u201cI should say OH, too, if I was you,\u201d he observed dryly.\n\u201cBut I still don\u2019t understand, Ben,\u201d I told him seriously. \u201cWhat\nbartender and where did this happen?\u201d\nAt first he refused to take me seriously, but I finally goaded him into\nexplaining.\n\u201cJust to put the details fresh in yer mind\u2014which seems to be purty\nfergetful all of a sudden\u2014\u201d he began with grave condescension. \u201cI eased\ninto a buvette in Le Mans one evenin\u2019 an\u2019 saw before me nobody but my\nold bunkee, Sergeant Leon Canwick himself, an\u2019 he was bein\u2019 mauled all\nover the floor by a little runt of a frog wid a bartender\u2019s apern on\n\u2019im. I suppose you don\u2019t remember him at all, eh?\u201d\n\u201cGo on with your story,\u201d I replied, beginning now to suspect the secret\nof the mess.\n\u201cHe was doin\u2019 such a ferocious job on my old friend, Mister Canwick,\nthat I thought I oughta take a hand myself. And while I was hangin\u2019 that\nfrog on the chandyleer and givin\u2019 him back-stretchin\u2019 exercises over a\ncognac keg, my old friend picks himself up and departs toute suite,\nleavin\u2019 me there alone to face about a million gendarmes and twice that\nmany M.P.\u2019s. Nice fella, wasn\u2019t he?\u201d\n\u201cThen what happened.\u201d I insisted, ignoring his query.\n\u201cWell\u2014what could I do? It wasn\u2019t my fight anyhow an\u2019 I didn\u2019t know what\nI was fightin\u2019 for besides, so I just told the boys I\u2019d go along\nquietly. They threw me in the jug fer being drunk an\u2019 disorderly.\u201d\n\u201cAnd is that all that happened?\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014not quite. I figured my friend, Sergeant Canwick, bein\u2019 such a good\nfriend an\u2019 on accounta my savin\u2019 him an\u2019 all that\u2014I figgered he\u2019d be\nonly too glad to come around and explain the argument and get me outa\nthe jug, but instead o\u2019 that I stays there and has to listen to some\nfrog interpreter tellin\u2019 that bartender\u2019s tale o\u2019 woe, an\u2019 in the end\nthey decided, without my consent, that I had to pay fer the damage done\nto his damn old buvette by givin\u2019 up most o\u2019 my pay for four months.\nCourse that struck me as one o\u2019 the funniest things that ever\nhappened.... Besides which I discovered that I was supposed to spend ten\ndays in one o\u2019 them prison gangs, one o\u2019 them heavy labor outfits....\nAn\u2019 it was so funny that I just laughed and laughed every time I thought\nof my good friend, Mister Canwick, an\u2019 how easy he got outa a bad\nlickin\u2019.\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t understand it at all,\u201d I declared.\n\u201cHuh\u2014maybe not, buddy, but I do\u2014an\u2019 if you didn\u2019t have them stripes on\nya and if you was a little bigger than the shrimp ya are, I\u2019d give ya a\nlacin\u2019 right now to make up fer the one you missed.\u201d\nHe looked so grim and serious that I was really scared for a minute, but\nI insisted over and over again that I didn\u2019t know anything about the jam\nat all. \u201cHonest to God, Ben\u2014I haven\u2019t been in Le Mans for a couple of\nmonths\u2014not since I left there with the General! That\u2019s the God\u2019s truth\nand I can prove it by the General! We haven\u2019t been near Le Mans!\u201d\nHe looked at me then and I could see that he was beginning to have\ndoubts. He wanted to believe me, I guess, but it didn\u2019t seem possible\nthat he could be wrong. \u201cIf it wasn\u2019t you, who was it then?\u201d he finally\ndemanded. \u201cI\u2019d swear it was you\u2014looked just like you right this\nminute.\u201d\nWell, I knew who it was. My darling brother had, I thus learned, arrived\nin this land of the fleur-de-lis. But I couldn\u2019t tell Ben that. I\ncouldn\u2019t tell him about Leon, for if we should ever bump into him, Ben\nwould be sure to wonder why his name was Leonard Lane. There was only\none thing for me to say and I said it: \u201cI can\u2019t imagine who the devil it\nwas, Ben. I must have a double running loose over here\u2014did he have a\nsergeant\u2019s chevron on his sleeve?\u201d\nThat stumped him for a moment. \u201cDamned if I know,\u201d he admitted. \u201cI\ndidn\u2019t stop to look. But he looked exactly like you\u2014an\u2019 I still think\nit was you.\u201d\n\u201cWell, you\u2019re wrong. I give you my word of honor and I can prove that I\nhaven\u2019t been in Le Mans since I saw you last.\u201d I insisted, and was\ngratified to see that he was impressed. \u201cAnyway, I\u2019m much obliged to you\nfor saving what you thought was me, and I\u2019ll make up the money end of it\nto show you my heart\u2019s in the right place.\u201d\n\u201cWhat the hell\u2019s the idea?\u201d he demanded. \u201cIf it wasn\u2019t you, why should\nyou wanta pay the bill?\u201d\nBut I didn\u2019t want to argue about it any longer and so I told him,\n\u201cYou\u2019ve got me wrong, Ben. You may never believe it was not me at Le\nMans, but that\u2019s the truth and can be proved. However, I do insist upon\nmaking up to you for the pay you\u2019re losing, merely because I appreciate\nyour trying to help me when you thought I needed help. And that\u2019s all\nthere is to it!\u201d\n\u201cWell, it looks kinda fishy to me,\u201d he contended.\nBut I refused to argue with him. I made him take twenty dollars on\naccount and I determined he\u2019d take the balance as soon as I could get a\ncheck cashed.\nI knew he didn\u2019t know whether to believe me or not, but I just couldn\u2019t\nexplain the thing to him. Lord knows, there were enough loose ends to\nthis affair already. I didn\u2019t know where Leon was or when I was liable\nto meet him. And Jay-Jay was liable to breeze into Tours any day. What\nif he should see Leon and me together? Might the good Lord stick with me\nyet a while!\nI wished I could have seen that scrap in Le Chien Rouge! Poor old\nPierre\u2014Ben must have done an awful job on him. And to think that it was\nall my fault.... I wondered if Lisa saw Leon. Maybe it had been\nexplained to Pierre by now: if so, we had something else to worry about.\nOh, sweet existence!\nGod, but I worked those next two weeks! Believe me, there was a big\nbattle being fought in this S.O.S, regardless of all the current jokes\nabout non-combatants. About twelve hundred years ago a strong-arm\nFrankish hero by the name of Charles Martel turned back the invading\nhordes of Arab Moors that had swept up through Spain and was threatening\nall Western Europe. That Battle of Tours was one of the decisive battles\nof history, and this 1918 Battle of Tours was going to be a decisive\none, too, for this was the very heart and lungs of the American army.\nWe\u2019d just about covered all the nooks and crannies of this vast\norganization, from the base sections at Brest, St. Nazaire and Bordeaux,\nto the great depots of Nevers and the zone of action that began above\nChaumont, but always we had to come back to the headquarters at Tours,\nand the center of this tremendous S.O.S. which constituted in itself one\nof the most expansive battles of the war\u2014for it required three men to\nkeep one man at the Front, and thousands times that three were warriors\nof the S.O.S. It was amazing\u2014like a nation within a nation, a huge\noctopus of an organization embracing everything from hospitals and rest\ncamps and leave areas to quartermaster and ordnance depots. It was all a\ngigantic business, a military government which owned and operated all\nits machinery, materials and human constituents.\nEvery day that passed impressed this realization the more plainly upon\nus. Troops were pouring in from the States. Supplies and equipment were\nbeing rushed along in tremendous quantities. And every ship that landed\nmeant that much more work for us, because as the camps grew larger and\nthe workings of this great government became more and more involved and\nfar-reaching, there was just that much more need of supervision and\nwatchfulness. And that was our job.\nThe system grew from day to day. It developed to such an incredible\nextent that it seemed impossible for any one man, or little group of\nmen, to comprehend its far-flung reaches. Even General Backett, who had\na genuine talent for organization, confessed that he was amazed and\nbewildered by the stupendous sweep of it all. On one occasion he\nobserved that, \u201cPerhaps there is someone somewhere who knows what all is\nhappening in this organization, but there are moments when I seriously\nquestion the existence of any such person.... At times it presents a\nperfect picture of chaos and confusion, but a single word from Tours\nbrings instant response, and undeniable order appears suddenly from the\nconfounding confusion. It is simply amazing! A glorious example of the\nefficiency and co\u00f6rdination which are inherent in Americans!\u201d\nIt was a gargantuan enterprise and I had long since ceased trying to\nenvision the whole works. Napoleon or C\u00e6sar or somebody once said that\nan army travels on its stomach and if that is the case G.H.Q. must have\nbeen planning on going a long, long way\u2014and the food supply was but one\nbranch of this enormous business of supply.\nThe General said that when this war was won, the combat commands would\nget the credit\u2014\u201cbut it will be these laboring devils in the service of\nsupply that will have won the war.\u201d\nAnd he thought that this war couldn\u2019t go on without him. He managed to\nfind more business to attend to than any other five general officers\nthat I\u2019d seen. He worked like a nigger day in and day out\u2014and he was\nreally not any too young any more. I feared that he might break under\nthe strain. He said that there was no limit to a man\u2019s capacity for\nendurance during a time of tension, but I had my doubts about anyone\u2019s\nbeing able to go on and on under an uninterrupted strain. I knew I was\nbeginning to feel kinda dizzy at times, as if everything was in a\nterrible jumble. I was due for a leave af absence, but couldn\u2019t very\nwell take one until the rush was over. There were big things in the wind\nup toward Germany and business was sure picking up.\nWell, of course it was bound to happen sooner or later. I met the enemy\nand for the time being, at least, he was mine, although I had my doubts\nabout his attitude. I refer, of course, to Jay-Jay.\nI ran into him coming out of the headquarters building at Tours. Esky\nwas at my heels and Ben was beside me. When I saw him I was\npanic-stricken and wanted to turn and run\u2014but I couldn\u2019t do that\nbecause we were going out to the car and the General would be along any\nminute.\nHe started to come toward me just as I realized that Esky\u2019s presence\nmight look very suspicious to him. I grabbed Ben\u2019s arm and told him to\nchase along and get Esky into the car, and then I stepped back and\nwaited.\n\u201cHow are you, Leon?\u201d Jay-Jay greeted me, while his eyes made a quick\nsurvey of my person.\nI told him I was getting along all right and asked about his own\nprogress. We managed to talk about this and that for several minutes. He\nasked me why I hadn\u2019t answered his letter and I told him I lost it\nwithout copying the address. Said he hadn\u2019t heard from my sister since\nhe came over here and I said I hadn\u2019t either, but that I thought she was\nstill out West somewhere.\n\u201cWasn\u2019t that her dog I just saw here with you?\u201d he demanded suddenly.\n\u201cDog?\u201d I asked dumbly. \u201cWhen?\u201d\n\u201cWasn\u2019t that dog and the big fellow with you a moment ago?\u201d he insisted.\n\u201cLooked just like Leona\u2019s Esky.\u201d\nI managed to laugh. \u201cOh\u2014that!\u201d I said. \u201cThat\u2019s my boss\u2019s pup. The big\nfellow\u2019s the chauffeur and I\u2019m the General\u2019s special clerk, so the pup\nsticks with us most of the time. He does look like Esky, at that.\u201d\n\u201cYou didn\u2019t care much for Esky, did you?\u201d he inquired with a smile.\n\u201cNo\u2014\u201d I admitted. \u201cHe\u2019s Leona\u2019s and I don\u2019t like dogs anyway.\u201d\nConversation went on then, with ups and downs of critical moments.\nFinally he told me about meeting Vyvy and that she had said I didn\u2019t\nleave Wakeham until three o\u2019clock on the Sunday before I sailed.\n\u201cOh\u2014Vyvy,\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cShe was so excited, you know. So glad to see\nme go. She forgot what day it was, I guess.... Anyway, you ought to\nknow, for I\u2019m damned sure I didn\u2019t dream of seeing you at Camp that\nday.\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014\u201d he admitted. \u201cYou didn\u2019t dream that. You did see me. I just\nwondered, though, when Vyvy insisted that you were in Wakeham that\nnoon.\u201d\nI laughed at him. \u201cDon\u2019t let that worry you,\u201d I told him. \u201cAnd you can\nreport to my aunt that I\u2019m doing very nicely\u2014miles and miles from any\ndanger!\u201d\nWe both laughed at that simple crack and he said something about\n\u201cfighting the battle of Cognac Hill and the Siege of the S.O.S.\u201d\nBut the General appeared at that moment and I was only too glad to use\nthe excuse to break away. Not, however, before he had informed me that\nhe was going from Tours to Le Mans. Wasn\u2019t that sweet fortune for you!\nHe would probably go to Le Mans, bump into Leon, and the beans would be\nspilled for fair. If there were a million men in Le Mans that he could\nsee without hurting me at all, the chances would still be a million to\none he\u2019d meet Leon. That\u2019s the kind of a gink he was\u2014could be depended\nupon to do whatever you least wanted him to do.\nI didn\u2019t like him in the least any more. An able bodied man like him\nmasquerading and dodging danger by supervising the people who entertain\nin the camps and rest areas. He was less of a hero than Leon: the\nlatter, at least had finally come through with a vengeance\u2014though\nwithout regard for my safety. Well, I could only pray that they did not\nmeet. I hadn\u2019t the least idea how to reach Leon. I cussed him for not\nwriting to me. You see, blaming and cussing him was a habit of long\nstanding.\n                      FAIR ENOUGH IN LOVE AND WAR\nAmerican casualties were beginning to come down from the sector around\nCh\u00e2teau Thierry. There had been a bloody battle in progress up there.\nReports had it that the Americans were advancing on Soissons, pushing\nthe enemy back from Paris. At last it began to sound as if we were\nactually doing something.\nIt\u2019s funny how jokes came with wounded men: you\u2019d think of anything but\na joke when you saw one of them, but it\u2019s true that the more the\ncasualties the more jokes about them. Once, I recall, I heard two\nfellows talking in a hospital and one of them was telling about a louie\nasking him questions, and it really was funny.\nThe louie asked him where he was hit at the Front and the doughboy\nreplied that he wasn\u2019t hit at the front at all. The louie thought he was\ntrying to be funny, but the man insisted that he was \u201chit in the rear,\nsir.\u201d\n\u201cWhat do you mean?\u201d demanded the officer. \u201cAn accident? Then you aren\u2019t\nwounded\u2014just injured. Here in the S.O.S.\u201d\n\u201cNo, sir,\u201d replied the man, \u201cI turned around to see where my lieutenant\nwas and the next thing I knew I was in a first aid station.\u201d\nThe officer was puzzled, but thought he saw the light. \u201cCold feet, eh?\nYour commanding officer had to stop you from running away, eh?\u201d\n\u201cSay\u2014\u201d says the man, insulted, \u201cwe was at the Front goin\u2019 across, I\ntell ya\u2014an\u2019 I hear somebody yell something behind me. I thought it was\nthe lieutenant an\u2019 I turned around to see. Just then something hit me in\nthe rear and here I am.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014\u201d says the louie. \u201cYou mean in the back, which was to the front!\u201d\n\u201cSure\u2014in the rear,\u201d repeated the other doggedly.\n\u201cOh!\u201d says the louie and walks away, while the man cursed after him for\nbeing so dumb.\nThat isn\u2019t so funny in print, but it surely did sound funny the way that\nfellow told it.\nI guess the joke that was best known and had the most variations in the\nwhole army was the old one about the man in the hospital being\ninterrogated by a kindly woman visitor who insisted upon knowing where\nhe was wounded. I heard about a hundred variations of this story: every\nman you met had a new twist to it, so I guess it qualifies as the A.E.F.\njoke. Of all the endings, however, I think the best one is that in which\nthe wounded man finally replies, \u201cMadame, if you was hit where I was\nhit, you wouldn\u2019t a\u2019 been hit at all!\u201d Maybe it seemed so funny to me\nbecause I\u2019m a girl myself, but it\u2019s a good story anyway and is\nrepresentative of the brand of Rabelaisian humor that bloomed in this\nman\u2019s army. And the wounded men were the worst ones for telling stories.\nI heard a verse of \u201cParley Vous\u201d from one, about a Mademoiselle from\nBar-le-Duc, which was positively putrid\u2014it was so utterly vile that it\ntook me two days to figure out just what it meant. I couldn\u2019t even write\nit in shorthand!\nThere was not much humor in my personal situation at this time. The\nsuspense was awful! Complications were setting in.\nOne day, Chilblaines came in the office and stared at me as if he had\nseen a ghost. \u201cSergeant,\u201d he demanded, \u201cdidn\u2019t I just meet you on the\nstreet a moment ago?\u201d\n\u201cMe?\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cNo, sir\u2014I haven\u2019t been out of the office for an\nhour or more.\u201d\nHe was plainly worried. \u201cI would swear that I saw you getting out of a\nside car down the street, not more than two minutes ago,\u201d he insisted.\n\u201cWell,\u201d I replied, with a laugh, \u201cyou must have seen my double, sir,\nbecause I\u2019ve been right here all the time.\u201d\nHe wasn\u2019t convinced, but of course he couldn\u2019t argue the point any\nfurther. Finally he observed, \u201cI never knew two people could look so\nmuch alike. There was a mole on his cheek, exactly the same.\u201d\n\u201cGee\u2014that\u2019s funny,\u201d I admitted.\n\u201cVery odd,\u201d he concluded. \u201cStrange and remark- able coincidence, I\nshould say.\u201d And he dropped the subject, although he kept looking at me\nrather annoyingly all day. I hated to think of that dizzy pomme-de-terre\ngetting any funny ideas in his head. He was bad enough as it was\u2014God\nknows what he\u2019d do if he thought I was in any way irregular. It would\nhave been just like him to think I was some kind of a spy or something.\nI mean, if he thought I lied to him about being in that side car, he\u2019d\nbe liable to suspect almost anything.\nAll of which didn\u2019t make me feel very comfortable\u2014with Ben hardly\npacified yet and Jay-Jay looking for trouble, and Leon doing God only\nknew what to make matters worse.\nEverybody seemed to run across that brother of mine except me. Ben saw\nhim once and almost caught him. When he came back and told me about it,\nafter asking if I had been out, I wondered why he wanted to catch him.\n\u201cBecause,\u201d says Ben, \u201cif that wasn\u2019t you, it was the guy that got me in\nthat jam up in Le Mans, and I just wanted to speak to him a minute\u2014just\nlong enough to crown him a coupla times.\u201d\nI couldn\u2019t see what good that would do him but he seemed to think it\nwould do a lot of good. He said he noticed there weren\u2019t any chevrons on\nthe fellow\u2019s sleeve and he made a bee line for him, but Leon apparently\nwas some kind of a dispatch carrier, for he hopped into a motor cycle\nside car and left Ben with a cloud of dust for his pains.\nI wished I could get hold of Leon before he got us both into trouble.\nIf you dream of the devil long enough he\u2019s bound to appear.\nWho should I bump square into one day but my handsome Captain! I saluted\nand started to move on, for I had decided that he probably didn\u2019t know\nLeon\u2014I mean, that Leon probably didn\u2019t know him. But he caught my arm\nand stared into my face very studiously.\n\u201cExcuse me, Sergeant,\u201d he explained, looking straight at me. \u201cI know\nyour name but I can\u2019t think of it. I met your sister one night last\nyear\u2014she danced and you read some poetry.\u201d\nI didn\u2019t know what to say and when I didn\u2019t say anything, he continued,\nas if he were trying to make me remember the party or him. \u201cYour aunt or\ncousin or somebody told me how much alike you and your sister were and I\nremember seeing you\u2014just a glimpse\u2014now what in the dickens is that\nname?\u201d\nWell, you can imagine how I felt! Here I had been dreaming about him all\nthis time and he didn\u2019t even remember my name! I had a good notion not\nto tell him what my name was, but I couldn\u2019t very well avoid it, so I\nfinally helped him out.\n\u201cCanwick! That\u2019s it!\u201d he exclaimed. \u201cOf course. Why can\u2019t I remember\nnames? Well, anyway, I\u2019m certainly glad to see you.\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019ll pardon me, sir,\u201d I interrupted. \u201cBut I still haven\u2019t the\nfaintest idea as to who you are.\u201d I had to call up all my resources to\nkeep my voice in its assumed naturalness.\n\u201cMy name is Winstead,\u201d he hurriedly explained. \u201cAnd your sister made a\ntremendous impression upon me\u2014tremendous!\u201d He hesitated a moment. \u201cSo\ntremendous, I must confess, that I forgot whether I had heard her last\nname or not. You see, I only saw her that one night and all I could\nremember was her first name. It\u2019s Leona, isn\u2019t it?\u201d\nI nodded, and suddenly I began to feel good again. I couldn\u2019t keep from\nsmiling and I had to tell him that I seemed to recall hearing something\nabout him from my sister. \u201cBut why didn\u2019t you write down her name and\nher address?\u201d I inquired, as disinterestedly as I could.\n\u201cI did,\u201d he replied. \u201cWrote it down and stuck it in the pocket of my\nblouse\u2014and that\u2019s the last I saw of it. Must have been thrown out by\nthe tailor or someone, because when I tried to find it, it was nowhere\nto be found. And I was genuinely sorry, for I had told your sister I\nwould write just as soon as I learned where I would be stationed. I\nsuppose she thought I was having a good time with her, eh?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d I tried to say something, but just couldn\u2019t. So that was why he\nhad never written. And he did remember, after all. I did mean something\nto him, judging by the way he acted now.\n\u201cTell me about her,\u201d he pleaded earnestly but with that same engaging\nsmile that made my heart flutter in the garden back home.\nI told him that my sister was very busy, entertaining in the camps.\n\u201cOver here?\u201d he asked eagerly.\n\u201cNo\u2014over in the States,\u201d I told him. \u201cShe tried everything imaginable,\nyou know. She wanted so badly to feel that she was doing something in\nthe War.\u201d\n\u201cBut tell me,\u201d he interrupted, \u201cwhat happened to the young chap, what\u2019s\nhis name? Marfield? I had the idea that he and your sister were more or\nless engaged.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014Marfield\u2019s over here now. Has something to do with providing\nentertainment for the men in camps.\u201d\n\u201cI see.\u201d He seemed very disappointed. \u201cAnd he helped her get in over\nthere, I suppose. Are they married?\u201d\nI had to laugh. \u201cOf course not,\u201d I told him. \u201cHe didn\u2019t have anything to\ndo with her getting into that work. And they\u2019ll never be married as long\nas she has anything to say about it.\u201d\n\u201cAha\u2014\u201d he laughed. \u201cThat\u2019s better. But doesn\u2019t she like him? I\u2019m\ninterested, you see.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d I replied with some hesitation, \u201cI have a hunch that she thinks\nshe would like someone else a lot more. You know how girls are!\u201d\n\u201cUm\u2014yes\u2014surely.\u201d He pulled out a package of cigarettes and I took one.\nWe lit up from one of his matches and I waited for him to ask more\nquestions.\nBut he seemed to have learned what he wished to know about my sister and\nchanged the subject to me: wanted to know what I was doing, if he could\nhelp me along in any way, when I would be in Paris again, and whether\nI\u2019d care to look him up the next time I got there. \u201cWe can find\nsomething to do, no doubt, and I\u2019ll enjoy hearing more about that sister\nof yours.\u201d\nI told him I\u2019d like very much to meet him in Paris, \u201cbut it would look\nrather odd for an enlisted man to be with an officer in a social way.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014just forget that part of it,\u201d he reassured me. \u201cIt happens that I\nam in a position to do just about as I please in anything of that sort,\nand besides I\u2019ll have a good excuse for us: it just occurs to me that\nyou are the very man I\u2019ve been looking for. I\u2019ll put you to work when\nyou come to Paris.\u201d He seemed to think this was an inspiration.\nIt didn\u2019t strike me that way, however, and I told him so. I had enough\nwork already without contracting for any on the side.\n\u201cBut this won\u2019t be work,\u201d he argued. \u201cIndeed, most fellows would\nconsider it a pleasure\u2014for there\u2019s a very lovely lady involved in the\naffair and your work would be to make love to her or let her make love\nto you, if she so desired. Really, it would be a pleasure I\u2019d reserve\nfor myself, if it weren\u2019t for the fact that the lady would be suspicious\nof any attentions I might lavish upon her.... I\u2019ll explain when I see\nyou in Paris. You\u2019re just the type for the job\u2014she plays around with\nmiddle-aged officers so much that a boyish chap like you will just about\ntake her in tow without any effort. By George, this will be good!\u201d\nWell, I didn\u2019t like the sound of it. In the first place he said he\u2019d\nlike to make love to her himself: that was no way for a man to talk, if\nhe really loved somebody else! And the idea of me making love to another\nwoman didn\u2019t arouse any enthusiastic eagerness in my young breast.\nHowever, what could I say, except that I\u2019d be glad to look him up in\nParis.\nBefore we separated, he asked where he could write to Leona and I told\nhim to send it to Wakeham, care of Aunt Elinor, who would forward the\nletter. I said I really couldn\u2019t say just where Leona was now. But just\nafter leaving him I sat myself down and wrote to Auntie, telling her to\nforward at once any letters that came for me.\nThat Captain certainly did get me all excited. I hardly knew what I was\ndoing all day after seeing him. That \u201ctremendous impression\u201d he\nmentioned was mutual.\nNext appeared a surprise in the person of Jay-Jay. He didn\u2019t know where\nto find me, so he parked himself around headquarters and waited.\nNaturally I had to walk right into his arms!\nI divined at once that he had something rotten up his sleeve and as soon\nas he spoke I knew the cat had busted the bag and was out.\nHe didn\u2019t give me time to say anything. Just smiled wisely at me and\nstarted in making sarcastic cracks.\nBut I was in a hurry and told him so. \u201cThe General is waiting for me\nthis minute and I can\u2019t stop to talk now.\u201d I said, drawing away from\nhim.\n\u201cI\u2019ll be here to-night,\u201d he replied. \u201cAnd you\u2019d better see me! I want to\ntalk to you.\u201d\nWell, what could I say? If I could be sure that he didn\u2019t really know\nanything, I\u2019d hide in the cellar all night to avoid seeing him. But that\nI couldn\u2019t know, so I said I\u2019d be at the entrance to the headquarters\nbuilding at seven o\u2019clock.\n\u201cGood enough. That\u2019s the baby!\u201d he declared, grabbing my hand and giving\nit a squeeze to emphasize his meaning.\nAnd just at that moment Ben appeared. He didn\u2019t say anything right away,\nbut a little later when we were alone he observed suddenly, \u201cYou seem to\nbe purty popular with the boys, Leony!... Was that guy tryin\u2019 to make\nya?\u201d\nI laughed at the idea of Jay-Jay being like that. Ben does think of the\nfunniest things\u2014but of course he couldn\u2019t know, and it must have\nsounded funny to him for a man to be calling me \u201cbaby.\u201d Well, anyway, I\nexplained to him that this lieutenant was in the Entertainment Corps and\nhad known me as an amateur performer back in the States. \u201cSo now he\nwants me to help him work up some stuff for an entertainment\u2014a banquet\nsome General\u2019s giving,\u201d I added for good measure. \u201cDon\u2019t get foolish\nabout that \u2018baby\u2019 stuff\u2014that guy calls everyone \u2018baby\u2019 or \u2018sweetheart\u2019\nor something equally inappropriate.\u201d\nHe grinned and said, \u201cWell\u2014it sounded kinda peculiar!\u201d But I could see\nthat he believed me, so I stopped worrying about him. Which didn\u2019t mean\nthat I wasn\u2019t worrying about Jay-Jay and trying to dope out some way of\nstalling him off.\nI didn\u2019t want to make him mad, for then he might get nasty. On the other\nhand, I didn\u2019t want to be so friendly with him that he could begin\ngetting familiar. I wouldn\u2019t put anything past him\u2014and I knew he\u2019d lost\nall desire to marry me. What he wanted now was just what he always\nwanted, and he\u2019d do anything under the sun to get it. That was Jay-Jay\nall over!\nWell, I hadn\u2019t determined upon any course of action when I started out\nto meet him that evening. Ben said he was going out and take a walk and\nI told him I might run into him later. \u201cWatch yer step!\u201d he admonished,\nwith a laugh.\nWhen I arrived at the appointed place, Jay-Jay was waiting. I saluted\nhim, but instead of returning the salute he just laughed and told me to\n\u201cForget it.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014what\u2019s on your mind?\u201d I inquired casually.\nHe laughed again before saying, \u201cI\u2019ll give you three guesses!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014you want to borrow some money?\u201d I suggested.\n\u201cDon\u2019t be absurd,\u201d he retorted. \u201cYou know as well as I why I\u2019m here!\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014I\u2019m afraid you have the advantage in that respect. I can\u2019t imagine\nwhy you were so anxious to see me. I\u2019m not my sister, you know.\u201d\nHe seemed to think that was a huge joke, too, but he calmed down too\nquickly to let me think his laughter was genuine. \u201cWhy, Sergeant, I came\nall the way from Paris just to tell you that I have written to your Aunt\nto inform her how well you are getting along.\u201d\n\u201cThat was good of you, I\u2019m sure.\u201d\n\u201cBut, of course, I didn\u2019t tell her that both of you are getting along\nall right\u2014although I could have said as much, I suppose.\u201d\n\u201cThen you\u2019ve heard from Leona?\u201d I suggested with feigned eagerness.\n\u201cYes\u2014heard from her, saw her, and also saw Leon.\u201d\nI managed to laugh at that. \u201cThat\u2019s not very hard,\u201d I said. \u201cIt\u2019s still\nlight and he\u2019s right in front of you.\u201d\n\u201cYeh?\u201d he inquired sarcastically. \u201cWell, well\u2014it all certainly is\ninteresting. Almost like a piece of fiction or a melodramatic play. If I\nweren\u2019t so sure, I\u2019d say it was impossible\u2014if I didn\u2019t know you so\nwell....\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t get you at all,\u201d I declared.\nHe lit a cigarette, then offered me one. \u201cYou didn\u2019t smoke when I last\nsaw you,\u201d he observed.\nI took one of his cigarettes and lit it, not bothering to answer him.\n\u201cLet\u2019s take a walk down by the river front,\u201d he suggested.\nI didn\u2019t want to walk anywhere out of the way. Night was coming on and I\nmade up my mind that we two were not going to be together anywhere in\nthe dark. But I couldn\u2019t object to taking a walk, so we started out.\nHe did practically all the talking as we stepped along toward the river,\nalong its bank for a short distance, and turned back toward the\nbarracks. It was dark by the time we reached the entrance and I was\ntrying to make up my mind whether he really did have anything on me or\nwas just acting on suspicion. He had talked so much and really said so\nlittle of actual fact that I was becoming more confident of my position.\n\u201cNow, Leona,\u201d he began finally, as we were standing in the dark beside\nthe doorway into the barracks. \u201cThere\u2019s no sense in your trying to bluff\nme on this. I know it\u2019s you and I don\u2019t see any reason for your being so\nhigh and mighty about it. Why not take me into the secret and not have\nso much to worry about?\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re crazy as hell!\u201d I exclaimed impulsively, although while he had\nbeen talking I had been trying to decide whether or not it would be wise\nto take him into my confidence, as Aunt Elinor suggested. My impulsive\nanswer settled the matter, and I continued on that line. \u201cI don\u2019t know\nwhere you got this foolish idea, but I certainly don\u2019t relish the\nsituation in the least. Your suggestion is positively absurd! You must\nbe insane to think of such a thing!\u201d\n\u201cYou won\u2019t admit it then?\u201d he demanded.\n\u201cAdmit something that isn\u2019t true?\u201d I exclaimed, with indignation.\n\u201cHonestly, are you crazy?\u201d I put as much contempt into this last\nquestion as I could muster. I knew it would make him furious.\nAnd it did. \u201cI suppose it was you I saw in Le Mans a couple of days\nafter I saw you here!\u201d he declared with a sarcastic pitch of his voice.\n\u201cWhy, I suppose it was,\u201d I replied evenly. \u201cI was in Le Mans not long\nago, and it is very possible that you saw me there.\u201d Oh, what a lie!\nHe laughed. \u201cYeh\u2014but it just happens that I noticed there were no\nchevrons on Leon\u2019s sleeve\u2014and you\u2019re a sergeant.\u201d He laid his hand on\nmy arm. \u201cLaugh that off now!\u201d he invited.\nAnd I did try to laugh it off, ending with another little lie, to the\neffect that on the day referred to I happened to have on a new blouse\nwhich I had to take before the tailor got through with it.\n\u201cSay\u2014do I look that dumb?\u201d he demanded.\n\u201cNo\u2014you don\u2019t look very dumb,\u201d I admitted, \u201cbut you sure do talk dumb\nas hell.\u201d\nJust then I caught the sound of a whistle\u2014a familiar whistle, and sure\nenough, a moment later Esky bounded into view, followed by Ben.\nI was scared stiff lest my tormentor say something so loud that Ben\nwould hear it, but while I was entertaining this worry I felt myself\nseized in Jay-Jay\u2019s arms and I knew at once that the fight was on. I\nscratched and bit and kicked and did everything possible to prevent him\nfrom putting his hands where he wanted to put them: at the moment it\nseemed to me that the whole world depended upon my keeping him from\nsatisfying himself that his suspicions were correct. He was terribly mad\nand some of his curses weren\u2019t very nice, but I was mad, too, and hated\nhim from the bottom of my heart. I was so mad I could have burst into\ntears\u2014but before that could happen, my assailant was suddenly removed\nfrom my vicinity and the next thing I heard was a dull thud as he hit\nthe sidewalk some six or eight feet distant. Ben stood glowering beside\nme and Esky was dancing around as if he were having the time of his\nlife.\nJay-Jay picked himself up and started to come back, but Ben told him to\nbe on his way and \u201cshut up.\u201d\nJay-Jay stopped, brushed himself off, and called Ben a vile name,\nadding, \u201cYou know what happens to men who assault an officer!\u201d\n\u201cHoly Christ!\u201d exclaimed Ben to me, but to Jay-Jay he kept up the bold\nfront, saying, \u201cI just showed ya what happens to officers who assault\nmen, too. Guess there ain\u2019t much danger of a ladybird like you makin\u2019\nany complaint fer gettin\u2019 what you deserve. Now, beat it!\u201d And he\nstepped out as if he would crown him again.\nJay-Jay moved away then, but not before he sent an ominous speech to me.\nHe said: \u201cSergeant Canwick will pay a good price for this\u2014and that\u2019s a\npromise!\u201d\nIf Ben hadn\u2019t been there I\u2019d have told him that there\u2019s only one thing I\ncould pay and I\u2019d be damned in hell before I\u2019d ever pay it to him!\nBut Ben was there, saying, \u201cChrist\u2019s sake, Leony, didn\u2019t I tell ya not\nto have anythin\u2019 to do with them guys! I knew he was a lily the minute I\nlaid eyes on him.\u201d\nI started to tell him that his ideas were all wrong this time, but then\nI realized that it didn\u2019t make any difference what he thought of\nJay-Jay: and I could laugh at the idea anyway!\nWhat worried me was what Jay-Jay would do: he could tell on me, if he\nwas sure I was Leona\u2014but he couldn\u2019t be sure, for apparently he didn\u2019t\ntalk to Leon in Le Mans, and he didn\u2019t succeed in finding out anything\nto-night. I had a hunch, based upon my knowledge of his make-up, that\nJay-Jay would not say anything to anyone. He\u2019d rather try again. He was\nmad now and he knew that I knew what to expect if he did get wise to the\nsecret. No\u2014Jay-Jay wouldn\u2019t squeal. What I had to worry about now was\nkeeping out of his way\u2014if he found out the truth and I still refused to\nplay with him: then, and not until then, would he squeal.... I\u2019d have\nlet him squeal before I\u2019d give in to him. I always knew he was like\nthat: nothing but a beast.\nIn a way I was relieved. Better be war between us than a long drawn out\nfriendship that would be a constant strain on my ability to keep on good\nterms with him to prevent his telling. The more I thought of him, the\nbetter I liked Esky. And Ben was a veritable saint and jewel in\ncomparison with him.\nJay-Jay didn\u2019t show up next day, so I concluded that he was only in town\nfor that night. Or Ben may have given him a black eye which required\nnursing. Anyway, I was free again for the time being, and we were going\nto Paris next day, with stops at Blois and Orl\u00e9ans, and even if Jay-Jay\nwas back in Paris, I might be lucky enough to miss him. I was glad in\nspite of the danger: for the first thing I wanted was to hunt up Captain\nWinstead.\n                      MADEMOISELLE FROM GAY PAREE\nFor several days I couldn\u2019t seem to keep from thinking about poor old\nLisa and her jealous husband and wondering whether or not they had made\npeace yet. It was a shame for them to have hard feelings, just because I\nhappened to stop in to see my old nurse. I hoped Lisa told him the\ntruth\u2014if she hadn\u2019t before I got to Le Mans again, he\u2019d hear it from\nme.\nI was hoping that the General might change his plans and go to Le Mans\nthis trip\u2014much as I wanted to see the Captain\u2014because I had to see\nLeon soon and find out what kind of a game he thought he was playing. If\nhe had left Le Mans, there would be no other way of proving to Pierre\nthat I was not a regular soldier except by, well, some kind of a vulgar\ndisplay: if Leon was still there when I got there, then it shouldn\u2019t be\nvery difficult to make the old buzzard believe our story.\nNow, however, we were en route to Paris and I didn\u2019t know what was going\nto happen. The General was very irritable and jumpy and complained of\nheadaches and nervousness. I thought he was about ready to cave in\u2014and\nif so, what would become of us?\nA few days in Paris and I knew very well that General Backett was\nweakening under the strain. The doctors told him he ought to take a rest\ntrip down to the South or over to England, but he positively refused. He\nfinally had to give up work for a while and went to the hospital way\nover on the other side of the city from where Ben and I had to stay. I\ndidn\u2019t know what we would do with ourselves. He\u2019d probably be there a\ncouple of weeks anyway and there was nothing I could do, outside of a\nfew routine things that didn\u2019t amount to anything. Ben and I had to\nreport to the Intelligence every day, just to satisfy some crazy\nregulation, but outside of that we had the time to ourselves. And it was\njust my luck that Captain Winstead was out of the city and wouldn\u2019t\nreturn for two or three days yet.\nThe General didn\u2019t have any more faith in Chilblaines, for he had him\nassigned to temporary duty at Intelligence. Of course, he couldn\u2019t be of\nany help over there\u2014no more help there than he was to the General\u2014but\nthe General wouldn\u2019t think of intrusting any, even very routine,\ninspections to him and he had to do something with him. It was the same\nas a leave of absence.\nMaybe we\u2019d have the laugh on Chilblaines, though, for they were liable\nto put him to work over there, not because he was a good man, but\nbecause, when good officers are scarce, any officer at all must do. And\ngood officers were scarce just now, due to the heavy activity all over\nthe A.E.F.\nI arranged to have flowers sent out to the General every day during his\nstay at the hospital. I didn\u2019t tell Ben a word about the flowers, but\nnext morning when we visited the General to pay our respects and see if\nthere was anything we could do to make him more comfortable, the nurse\ntold Ben the flowers had come from a florist\u2019s and that the card had an\nenlisted man\u2019s name on it. I might have known it.\nAs soon as we were outside again, he began. \u201cWho in hell ever heard of\nenlisted men takin\u2019 flowers to a General?\u201d he demanded in disgust.\n\u201c\u2019Course we want the Gen. to be comfortable and happy\u2014but let him stay\nthere! We don\u2019t want him to get well too fast\u2014the longer he stays the\nmore time we have for enjoyin\u2019 the sights of this beautiful city!\u201d\n\u201cOh, we\u2019ll have plenty of time,\u201d I reassured him.\n\u201cDon\u2019t make no difference,\u201d he insisted. \u201cNobody ever heard of an\nenlisted man sendin\u2019 flowers to a General! You must be crazy.... But\nwhat the hell do I care\u2014it\u2019s your funeral!\u201d\nI had to laugh.\n\u201cNow what the hell are ya laughin\u2019 at?\u201d he demanded. \u201c\u2019Course I gotta\nadmit that some o\u2019 the things you do sure are funny! Funny as hell!\nSometimes ya act just like a woman!\u201d\nI continued to laugh at him, and it got his goat.\n\u201cWhat the hell are ya laughin\u2019 at, ya little shrimp?\u201d he exploded. \u201cI\u2019m\nthe one that oughta laugh\u2014I oughta laugh at you fer bein\u2019 such a damn\nfool as to send flowers to a General! The joke\u2019s on you, ya poor toad!\u201d\nAnd he started to laugh.\nWell, when he laughed, I had to laugh some more, and the more I laughed\nthe harder he laughed. It developed into a contest and I was gasping for\nbreath.\nFinally he stopped long enough to say, \u201cBy Gosh, Leony, ya must have a\ngood sense o\u2019 humor to be able to laugh at a joke on yerself!\u201d And he\nburst into a guffaw again.\nI was doubled up by this time, but I managed to gasp out, \u201cI\u2019m not\nlaughing at that, you big goof! I\u2019m laughing because I put on all the\ncards to go with those flowers,\n                  \u201c\u2018From Private Garlotz and Sergeant\n              Canwick, with hopes for a speedy recovery.\u2019\nNow laugh that off!\u201d\n\u201cWhat!\u201d he demanded.\nI repeated the text of the cards and added, \u201cAnd I ordered flowers to be\ndelivered every morning for the next ten days!\u201d\n\u201cO God Almighty!\u201d he groaned.\nHe couldn\u2019t see anything to laugh at now.\nWar-time Paris was supposed to be rather a wild place, but so far we\nhadn\u2019t struck anything very terrible. Perhaps we didn\u2019t know where to\nlook. Anyway, I got quite a kick out of taking Ben around and showing\nhim the historic sights of the city. Nothing exciting about such things\nas famous \u201crues\u201d and boulevards, cathedrals, theaters, parks and\nmonuments, and Ben was obviously bored. We even went to see the railroad\nstations\u2014that\u2019s how hard up we were for something to do.\nBen\u2019s idea of a good time would be to visit all the dives up Montmarte\nway, the House of Nations and peep-hole palaces that we\u2019d heard so much\nabout. When I got my courage screwed up, I intended to go with him on a\ntour of those joints. For the time being, though, stuff like that didn\u2019t\ninterest me: my education had gone along pretty fast and I wanted to\nsave something for later. Not that seeing those things would hurt\nme\u2014Lord knows, just looking at dirty things won\u2019t soil anyone\u2019s soul. I\njust didn\u2019t see anything very interesting in the sights we\u2019d probably\nsee in those places.\nBen had heard all kinds of stories about some of these places. He told\nme some things that I just couldn\u2019t believe. Ugh! I didn\u2019t think they\nreally did such things anywhere\u2014and if I went to one of those joints\nit\u2019d probably be out of curiosity, just to find out for sure whether\nthey did or not. I was tired of hearing about impossible things and not\nknowing whether to believe or not. However, curiosity wouldn\u2019t kill the\nkitty.\nOne day Ben and I were standing on the comer of two avenues, which Ben\nsaid no white man could name, wondering what we could do to kill a\ncouple of hours, when a pretty little drably clad mademoiselle parked\nherself beside me and remained there until I paid attention to her.\nI nudged Ben and said, \u201cHere\u2019s a chance for you, Ben.\u201d\nHe looked her over and decided that she would suit his taste. \u201cBut she\npicked you out,\u201d he objected. \u201cGo ahead, Leony\u2014she\u2019s a cutie. I\u2019ll\nmooch along and see you later.\u201d\nHe started to do this very thing, but I caught his arm before he could\ntake a step. \u201cAs you were, Gibraltar!\u201d I commanded. \u201cI don\u2019t want\nit\u2014you take it.\u201d\nWell, he thought it over, gave the little lady another scrutiny, decided\nto stay. \u201cWell, if you ain\u2019t specially interested, maybe she\u2019d like to\npush along with a good man.\u201d So we switched places and he addressed\nhimself to the girl. \u201cA-hem ... er ... bon jour, mam\u2019selle.\u201d\nVery engaging and cheerful, I thought, very much astonished at the\nvibrant timbre of Ben\u2019s love-making voice. I decided not to run away\nyet. This sounded interesting, and I wanted to hear just how one goes\nabout making a trade with one of these wild women of the boulevards.\n\u201cB\u2019jour, m\u2019sieu.\u201d She sounded very sweet and tender. I was really\nsurprised, for I had expected to hear a tough voice that would shame a\nfoghorn.\n\u201cParley-vous Anglais?\u201d inquired Ben.\n\u201cUne petite peu.\u201d\n\u201cHuh?\u201d\nNo answer.\n\u201cI said \u2018Comment?\u2019\u201d insisted Ben.\nShe turned to him then and said, while she looked at me, \u201cI said I speak\nAnglaish juste a little.\u201d\n\u201cNow, ain\u2019t that grand!\u201d exclaimed Ben, expanding with relief. The\nmademoiselle smiled at him. \u201cWhat\u2019s on yer mind? Whatta ya got on fer\nto-night, this evening, this afternoon, right now?\u201d he inquired, leaning\non one foot very nonchalantly\u2014about as nonchalantly as a cow would look\nleaning on one foot.\n\u201cMe? For you?\u201d The mademoiselle laughed. \u201cOu la la!\u201d\nBen laughed, too, but retorted, \u201cSure! Who\u2019d you think I\u2019m tryin\u2019 to fix\nup\u2014General Pershing?\u201d\n\u201cOu la la!\u201d she exclaimed. \u201cYou want to keel me?\u201d\nBen was getting uneasy. In an aside to me he said something about a\nhorse collar and then returned to the attack with a forceful \u201cFerget it!\nDon\u2019t make me burst into hysterics laughin\u2019. What\u2019s the dope? How about\nit?\u201d\n\u201cO non, non, non,\u201d she told him sweetly. \u201cC\u2019est impossible! Such a beeg\nstrong man! Ou la la ... non, non!... But your frien\u2019, is he int\u2019rest?\u201d\n\u201cNaw, he don\u2019t like women\u2014he\u2019s a cherry tree,\u201d says my sidekicker\ndeprecatingly.\n\u201cNevaire wis a woman? Nevaire?... Ou la la!\u201d She stared at me as if I\nwere some kind of a strange animal that she had heard stories about but\nhad never seen. \u201cOh\u2014I sink he ees grand.... I like heem tr\u00e9s bon.\u201d\n\u201cHe won\u2019t go,\u201d declared Ben, beginning to get insulted. \u201cFerget it now!\nDon\u2019t be annoyin\u2019 my friend. What about me?\u201d\n\u201cNevaire ... nevaire ...\u201d she told him. \u201cBut I have zis frien\u2019 ... she\nwill like you.\u201d\n\u201cWhere is she?\u201d demanded Ben. \u201cIs she as good lookin\u2019 as you?\u201d\n\u201cYes ... tr\u00e9s chic.... But your frien\u2019?\u201d\n\u201cWhatta ya say, Leony? This looks pretty good to me.\u201d\n\u201cNothing doing here,\u201d I replied with a laugh.\n\u201cAw, come on an\u2019 oblige the young lady, won\u2019t ya?\u201d he pleaded.\nI wished then that I had left when this intercourse began, but it was\ntoo late now. \u201cNo,\u201d I repeated. \u201cI don\u2019t want to go, Ben. Can\u2019t spare\nthe money now anyway.\u201d\n\u201cAw, maybe they won\u2019t want anything but a coupla drinks o\u2019 vin rouge,\u201d\nhe argued. Then he turned to her. \u201cCombien?\u201d\n\u201cOo ... vingt-cinq francs ... fine, yes?\u201d\nBen exploded. \u201cTwenty-five francs! Fine, hell! Say, do ya think we look\nlike generals?\u201d\nI thought this was my way out, so I joined in the protest. \u201cWe haven\u2019t\nseen that many francs for a month. You\u2019re too high-priced for us,\nmam\u2019selle.\u201d\nBut the mademoiselle had allowed for a possible reduction and\nimmediately disclosed that fact when she faced me to say, \u201cWell, for you\nmay-be, I make special price. Ten francs?\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014no\u2014and again no!\u201d I told her. \u201cIt\u2019s not worth that much to me. I\nwouldn\u2019t give ten francs for the best woman in the world!\u201d I thought\nthis was a pretty convincing bit of hard-boiledness.\n\u201cNo?\u201d she expressed her disbelief, and looked almost hungrily into my\neyes. \u201cAh, but you do not know!... It ees worth plenty more than\nthat!... You see ... you do not like, I geeve you ten francs, yes?\u201d\n\u201cHoly Jemima!\u201d exclaimed Ben. \u201cWhere the hell are we? Am I hearin\u2019\nthings?\u201d\n\u201cTen francs,\u201d repeated the sister of the streets.\n\u201cNow ye\u2019re talking, baby,\u201d Ben burst in again. \u201cI wouldn\u2019t give\ntwenty-five francs to the Queen of Sheba, but ten francs ain\u2019t so bad\nfer a queen like you.\u201d\n\u201cToo much money for me,\u201d I reiterated. \u201cWhat do you do with all your\nmoney, mam\u2019selle?\u201d\n\u201cOo la la ... must pay my room ... must eat, buy clothes.\u201d\n\u201cHuh\u2014\u201d observed Ben, \u201cchargin\u2019 prices like that you must sleep in the\nTuileries, eat all the time an\u2019 not wear nothing but diamond studded\ngold pants.\u201d\nThe mademoiselle didn\u2019t like the sarcasm. \u201cYou make jokes wis me!\u201d she\ntold him. \u201cYou make jokes wis my business!\u201d I think she began to suspect\nthat she hadn\u2019t made a trade.\nAnyway, Ben piped up promptly and told her, \u201cBusiness? Say, you ain\u2019t no\nbusiness\u2014you\u2019re a whole damned industry!... Now, if ya got any business\nsense atall, which maybe you ain\u2019t, you\u2019ll take my small contribution to\nthe cause and let the next man pay the rent.\u201d\n\u201cWhat zis?\u201d\n\u201cI said, why not take me and be satisfied for once in your life. You\ncan\u2019t go wrong, sister: fifty thousand women can\u2019t be wrong!\u201d\nShe didn\u2019t get him, but I did. What a boast!\nAll she said was, \u201cI don\u2019t like beeg men! I like your frien\u2019.\u201d\n\u201cWill ya take five francs and be happy?\u201d Ben again.\nShe looked at me. \u201cOoo la la\u2014I like heem ... yes.\u201d\nBen was discouraged. \u201cGo ahead, Leony. I\u2019ll see you later.\u201d\n\u201cBut, my frien\u2019 weel like you ... she likes beeg mans!\u201d\n\u201cCombien?\u201d\n\u201cCinq francs ... if I esplain to her.\u201d\nBen beamed again. \u201cShe better be good lookin\u2019 an\u2019 young, mam\u2019selle, or\nI\u2019ll take it outa yer hide!\u201d Gee, the abuse these women stand! He was\nall ready to accompany the solicitous young thing, but I was\npanic-stricken and wouldn\u2019t budge.\n\u201cCome, Leony. That\u2019s fair enough fer a good lookin\u2019 girl like her.\u201d\n\u201cNaw\u2014you go ahead, Ben. I wouldn\u2019t spend even five francs for that!\u201d I\nhad to say something strong.\nThat did the trick. She was really insulted now. \u201cYou piker!\u201d she spit\nat me. \u201cWhat you want ... I should pay you anyway?... Nevaire wis a\nwoman in your life! Bah!\u201d\nAnd she turned away, shook her head emphatically when Ben asked again,\n\u201cHow about me?\u201d and flounced around the corner out of sight.\nBen looked after her for a moment, shook his head sadly. Then he\nremembered what had happened and turned to glare and growl at me. \u201cWhat\nthe hell\u2019s the matter with you, Leony? God almighty, ya can\u2019t expect to\nget anythin\u2019 decent fer nothin\u2019 in a place like this!\u201d\n\u201cAw, Ben, I don\u2019t care anything about going with a woman like that,\u201d I\ntold him.\n\u201cWell, I don\u2019t know what kind of a woman you would go with, if you don\u2019t\nlike that!\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t either,\u201d I admitted frankly.\n\u201cAnd she liked you, too.... Gosh, but you\u2019re an awful damn fool\nsometimes!\u201d\nI didn\u2019t say anything so he continued to meditate and think aloud,\nending with a huge sigh and a fatalistic, \u201cWell, we know what this\nMademoiselle from Gay Paree is anyway! After hearin\u2019 so much about her,\nit\u2019s a surprise to find her livin\u2019 up to expectations. She was a red hot\ncutie, alright alright.\u201d\nWe spent an uncomfortable afternoon. Ben\u2019s appetite had been aroused and\nhe wanted to chase after every woman we met. Two or three accosted us\nopenly, and Ben would try half-heartedly to make a trade, but knowing\nthat I wouldn\u2019t go with him, he didn\u2019t work up much zeal over any of\nthem. None were as pretty as the first, anyway.\nBen was disgusted with me. Hardly spoke to me that night. Said he didn\u2019t\nknow what to think of me: \u201cTakin\u2019 flowers to the General an\u2019 refusin\u2019 to\ngo with the prettiest mademoiselle in Paris even when she offered to\nreturn your money if ya wasn\u2019t satisfied! Holy cripes! You act just like\na woman\u2014damned if ya don\u2019t.\u201d\nSo that\u2019s how matters stood between us.... To-morrow I expected to see\nthe Captain. Ben would have a little freedom to chase the elusive\nchickens about the boulevards, and perhaps he\u2019d calm down a little if he\nhad any success.\nAfter stopping at the Captain\u2019s rooms next afternoon and not finding\nhim, I was beginning to feel sort of depressed, because I couldn\u2019t be\nrunning in there every hour or so and his man didn\u2019t know just what time\nhe would be back; but that evening, just as Ben and I were trying to\ndecide what to do for excitement, there comes a call for me and I go\ndownstairs to find the Captain himself, in civilian clothes, waiting for\nme. I was surprised, of course: why the civilian clothes and why should\nhe take the trouble to find me? For a moment I thought he must be wise\nto the game.\nBut he wasn\u2019t, for he explained his coming quickly enough.\n\u201cIf you are free this evening,\u201d he told me, without wasting many words,\n\u201ceverything will be perfect. There\u2019s a party at Madame Gedouin\u2019s and it\nwill be the ideal time to introduce you casually and unsuspiciously. All\nright?\u201d\nI said \u201csurely\u201d and added that we were free all the time for the\npresent, because the General was in the hospital.\n\u201cFine!\u201d he exclaimed. \u201cI don\u2019t mean about the General: he\u2019s a great\nfellow, only he works too hard, I hear. But if you can just give your\ntime to this matter for a few days, I feel confident that we can get\nsome worth-while results.\u201d\nHe sounded too darned enthusiastic over this project. I immediately\nbegan to wonder just what he expected me to do with this Madame Gedouin\nwho \u201cmight like to be loved a little now and then.\u201d Then, too, I\nwondered about Ben\u2014it suddenly occurred to me that it might be a good\nthing to have Ben along: he had proved his ability to disrupt\nthreatening d\u00e9nouements several times previously, and probably could be\ndepended upon in a pinch again. But how could I explain the necessity to\nthe Captain. I couldn\u2019t, so I merely asked if I could bring my\nsidekicker along.\n\u201cThe General\u2019s chauffeur?\u201d he asked, and when I nodded, he promptly\nnegatived the suggestion, explaining, \u201cYou see, this is more or less a\ndelicate matter and we will need to be very good actors to avoid\narousing any suspicions. The lady in question knows that I am connected\nwith the Intelligence: that\u2019s one reason why she keeps on good terms\nwith me, and the same reason for my not trying to play her myself....\nBut I believe we can introduce you perfectly, easily, naturally, in\nfact, because I shall say frankly that you are the brother of the young\nlady to whom I am engaged.... If I say that, your presence will seem\nperfectly natural, but to make matters better, I\u2019ll let it be known that\nyou are very close to a prominent general: that will help, I\u2019m sure....\nSo you run along up and make some excuses to your friend. I\u2019ve a car\noutside and will wait for you.\u201d\nI returned to our room and told Ben that my sister\u2019s beau wanted me to\ngo somewhere with him, so I wouldn\u2019t be able to go out looking for\nexcitement. Ben didn\u2019t seem to mind. In fact, he frankly stated that at\nlast he was going to have an opportunity to pick up a woman without\nstopping to ask me whether I\u2019d go or not. I wished him luck and left.\nDuring the ride across the city with the Captain\u2014for this woman lived\nin the Avenue Cartier, across the river\u2014I was further informed as to\nwhat I might expect and what I was expected to do. \u201cThis Ada Gedouin,\u201d\nhe told me, just as a taxicab missed us by inches, \u201cis a very clever\nwoman.... Nothing ordinary about her at all.... Pretty, vivacious,\naltogether charming ... about thirty ... originally an American but she\nmarried a Captain in the French army and has been a resident of Paris\never since.\u201d\n\u201cWhere\u2019s the Captain?\u201d I inquired suspiciously.\n\u201cDead,\u201d he continued. \u201cKilled in action two years ago. No question about\nthe Captain, you understand. In fact, the woman may be all right,\ntoo\u2014but I don\u2019t think so. She\u2019s too gay, too hospitable and generous\nfor the benefit of officers who may possess valuable military or naval\ninformation!... However, our theory is that this woman, whose maiden\nname was Smith (which might have come from Schmidt) has been an\noperative of the German intelligence service for a long period of\nyears\u2014I mean, that she may have married Captain Gedouin for the very\ndefinite purpose of establishing herself safely here in the event of\nwar, and of making the necessary connections for the obtaining of\ndesired information about troop movements and concentrations and large\nscale operations plans.... You see, Canwick, her position is perfect for\nthe purpose. Through Captain Gedouin she has friends scattered all\nthrough the backbone of the French Army and being an American it is\nreasonable for her to enjoy the company of American officers in and\nabout Paris. She can pick up information without the least trouble or\neffort, and we are powerless to stop her unless we can find out how she\ndisposes of this information. We\u2019ve made inquiries among officers who\nhave been friendly with her, but you can\u2019t find any man who will admit\ndiscussing important military matters in the presence of unmilitary\npeople. No man would admit that he had just happened to mention this\nfact or that fact, by way of conversation, and entirely without\nsuspicion.... We can\u2019t isolate her and forbid her friends to see her.\nWhat we must do is connect her, if there is a connection, with some\navenue which we know leads to German information.\u201d\n\u201cI understand that,\u201d I remarked, when he stopped for breath.\n\u201cWell, I\u2019m taking you completely into my confidence,\u201d he went on,\n\u201cbecause I\u2019m sure you will keep the information strictly to yourself.\nYou must act the part of an unsuspecting, more or less unsophisticated\nand uninformed enlisted man. You needn\u2019t drop any hints about General\nBackett\u2014it will be enough that she knows of the connection. In fact,\nthe less you say the better, because your reticence may lead her to\nbelieve that you are worth cultivating. You understand, I\u2019m sure.\u201d\nWe rode some distance in silence, but my mind was laboring hard and I\nfinally managed to ask the question that had been bothering me all the\ntime. \u201cJust what am I supposed to do\u2014how far should I go with this\nwoman?\u201d\nHe laughed. \u201cGo the limit, if the opportunity presents itself.... When\nyou see her, you\u2019ll agree that no good soldier would be reluctant....\nShe\u2019s a beauty, and if she decides to cultivate your friendship, you can\ndepend upon having a beautiful time.... But don\u2019t get it into your head\nthat you have made a conquest, because ten chances to one she\u2019ll just be\nplaying you for some ulterior purpose. Just keep your head and let your\nears pick up as much as they can.... If things go as I hope they will,\nshe\u2019ll try to make you feel perfectly at home in her apartment ...\nprobably let you sleep there now and then ... she seems to think it\u2019s an\nhonor to get fellows drunk and have them put to bed in her home: which\nis, of course, suspicious, because when a man\u2019s drunk he\u2019s liable to say\nanything and after he\u2019s asleep he can\u2019t know who goes through his\nclothes or reads his pocket notebooks.... Oh, it\u2019s all jolly and cheery\nand appears natural enough, but it\u2019s up to you to see if it is so\nnatural as it seems.... It\u2019s a wonderful opportunity: she can\u2019t have any\nknowledge of you, since you\u2019ve never been connected with the\nIntelligence, and you\u2019re just young enough and clean looking enough to\nappeal to her\u2014at least, that\u2019s the way I dope it out. We\u2019ll see how\nclose I come to the truth.... And here we are.\u201d\nThe house was a dark stone edifice, in appearance somewhat like an\nAmerican apartment house except that this looked too old to be like any\nAmerican dwelling house. I guessed at once that it had been a studio\nbuilding before the war: this side of the Seine is full of old houses\nlike that, used by art students because of the low rents and other\nadvantages. American visitors in Paris used to use such places, too,\nbecause of their inexpensiveness and privacy.\nMadame Gedouin\u2019s apartment, though, surprised me, for it was spacious\nand well decorated\u2014not at all what one would expect from seeing the\noutside of the building. Very obviously the Madame didn\u2019t live here just\nto save money, for the furnishings and decorations and bric-a-brac were\nall obviously expensive. The whole atmosphere of the place spoke of\nplenty of money and hospitality.\nThere were a dozen or more people there when we arrived and I noted at\nonce that the men were all officers above the rank of Captain. And the\nwomen did not include a single one without beauty or charm in one way or\nanother.\nMadame Gedouin came forward to welcome us and I would have said that she\nwas genuinely happy to see my companion. Taking his hand, she exclaimed,\nin a vibrant, thrilling voice, \u201cI\u2019m so happy that you could come,\nCaptain Winstead! You are such a busy man that I feel highly honored\nwhenever you spare a few moments to us care-free creatures.\u201d\nThe Captain smiled that engaging smile of his and told her that he\nsincerely appreciated her flattering opinion. Then he turned to me and\nsaid, \u201cI hope you won\u2019t mind my bringing this chap with me, Mrs.\nGedouin.... He happens to be my best girl\u2019s brother and is dependent\nupon me to show him a good time during his short stay in Paris....\nSergeant Canwick ... Madame Gedouin.\u201d And he stepped back to permit us\nto acknowledge the introduction, then observed pleasantly, \u201cI felt that\nI couldn\u2019t go wrong in bringing him here, ... you always have such\nperfectly delightful times here, you know.\u201d\n\u201cNow\u2014\u201d she indulged in a little silvery laugh, like the sound of\nChinese bells. \u201cNo flattery, Captain.... Just enjoy yourselves.... We\u2019ve\nany amount of excellent champagne, there\u2019s wine in abundance, and I\nshouldn\u2019t wonder if there were a sip of cognac for you, if you wished\nAnd that\u2019s how I met Madame Gedouin. We made ourselves at home. The\nCaptain introduced me to the officers and women whom he knew and the\nhostess made me acquainted with the others. I said frankly that I felt\nrather uncomfortable in the presence of so many bars, maple leaves and\nstars, and a hard-boiled-looking colonel stepped up and shook hands with\nme and said, \u201cThere\u2019s no war on in here, Sergeant. Just imagine we\nhaven\u2019t any clothes on\u2014we\u2019re all human beings, you know.\u201d\nA major who apparently had been imbibing too freely burst out with a\nloud laugh that made everyone else warm up to me, and very soon I found\nmyself being plied with champagne\u2014far more than I would ever dare\ntouch.... Altogether it was a good party and I enjoyed myself.\nBut the Captain\u2019s fond hopes didn\u2019t seem to be coming true, for the lady\nof the house spent more time with that hard-boiled colonel and a young\ncaptain than she did with me\u2014in fact, she was just nice to me\nthroughout the evening of drinking, dancing and telling risqu\u00e9\nanecdotes. The party broke up into couples and I found myself paired off\nwith a pretty woman by the name of Fernande Something-or-other. The\nCaptain\u2014and I could have pulled his hair out when I saw him\u2014very early\nengaged the attention of a very dark, very seductively attractive girl\nand disappeared with her into another part of the apartment. I could\nhardly talk straight during their absence\u2014but I guess it wasn\u2019t as bad\nas it looked for they kept running in and out during the rest of the\nentertainment.... Anyway, in so far as the Captain\u2019s plans were\nconcerned, the evening was a total loss\u2014or perhaps not quite, for\nMadame Gedouin did invite the Captain and me to join a foursome for\nd\u00e9jeuner on the morrow. But I suspected she liked the Captain himself.\nCouldn\u2019t blame her: he was a handsome devil, and what a man with the\nwomen! There wasn\u2019t anything he couldn\u2019t discuss in a nice way with\nanyone: and he could talk to generals as easily and as convincingly as\nwith the women. I must say that I think I had good taste when it comes\nto men.\nWhen I rolled in at an ungodly hour in the morning, Ben was nowhere to\nbe seen. Past breakfast and there was only one thing that could keep him\naway from his meals: well, maybe he\u2019d quiet down for a while now. I\nhoped he wouldn\u2019t come back before I got away to-day: I hated to make\nexcuses for running out without him. However, there was no book of\netiquette when it came to war.\nThe luncheon engagement went off on schedule and there was a lot of\ndrinking and talking, but I didn\u2019t drink much and there wasn\u2019t a great\ndeal that I could talk about, so I just played the bashful boy and let\nthe Captain do the vocal work.\nOur hostess did ask me if I was enjoying my stay in Paris, to which I\nreplied, as sincerely as possible, \u201cI\u2019ve really enjoyed meeting you and\nyour friends far more than anything else.\u201d\n\u201cIsn\u2019t that sweet of you?\u201d she said. \u201cYou do say the nicest things. I\u2019m\nafraid you are understudying that gallant gentleman across from me,\u201d\nindicating the Captain. \u201cIs that not so, Captain?\u201d\n\u201cNot a very good example,\u201d laughed the Captain.\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d she went on, smiling at us in turn, \u201cI feel it my duty to say\nthat if he follows in your footsteps in this city, he won\u2019t for long be\nthe sweet innocent boy that he is now.... You know, Sergeant, the\nCaptain is really notorious.... He\u2019s responsible for more than half the\nfemale suicides in the Seine!\u201d\n\u201cBarking dogs seldom bite,\u201d I observed, with a smile, although I didn\u2019t\nfeel like smiling. \u201cPerhaps the Captain doesn\u2019t do as much damage as it\nseems he should.... Some of the greatest swordsmen very seldom really\nfight, you know.\u201d\n\u201cBravo!\u201d exclaimed the Madame. \u201cI guess you\u2019re not as innocent as you\nlook. Perhaps we\u2019d better wait until you have demonstrated before we\nreach any conclusions. Yes, Captain?\u201d\n\u201cIt\u2019s these quiet little devils who are the real devils,\u201d declared my\ncompanion, winking at me. \u201cI can think of any number of men who are\nperfectly devastating in a drawing-room but\u2014\u2014\u201d\n\u201cYes...?\u201d she encouraged him, laughing that tinkling silver laugh that\nwas so delightful.\n\u201cWhy\u2014in a boudoir, it\u2019s a different matter,\u201d the Captain finished\nlamely.\n\u201cI think you need another little stimulant,\u201d declared the Madame\npromptly. \u201cYour conversational courage is not up to scratch....\u201d She\nprocured another bottle of something and set it at his elbow. Then while\nhe opened it, she remarked, \u201cWhat you meant to say, I believe, Captain,\nwas the same as General Bargrave said the other evening: that you can\u2019t\njudge a man\u2019s bed manners by his table manners.\u201d\nWe all laughed at that frank bon mot and the Captain replied in kind,\n\u201cI\u2019ve known lovely ladies to prove false alarms, too.\u201d\n\u201cTouch\u00e9!\u201d cried the lady\u2014and I fell to wondering whether she meant that\nhe meant her or was just acknowledging a good thrust at women in\ngeneral. From what he told me, he had never investigated this woman\npersonally; she couldn\u2019t be much of a false alarm, if he still would\nlike to gain her favor.\nWell, anyway, that\u2019s the kind of a party it was: harmless and pleasant\nand, so far as I could see, marking no progress toward our goal.\nHowever, the Captain didn\u2019t seem to be very downhearted about it. He\nsaid for me to keep at it\u2014and we\u2019d call again day after to-morrow.\nBen returned to the land of the living that day and we went out to see\nthe General in the afternoon. He said he had a wonderful time:   \u201cWhen\nyou ain\u2019t around to cramp my style, I just bowl over the mademoiselles\nlike tin soldiers! There\u2019s about ten thousand women in this burg that\nhave been just waitin\u2019 fer me to appear!\u201d\n\u201cGosh\u2014you\u2019ll have to work pretty fast, won\u2019t you?\u201d I observed.\n\u201cBoy,\u201d he retorted, \u201cI\u2019m built for it! It\u2019ll be hard work, but I ain\u2019t\nthe kind to disappoint the ladies. I can stand it, don\u2019t worry.\u201d\nThat man certainly had confidence in himself. I told him I guessed he\nwas the \u201cbull\u201d in boulevard.\nHe said, \u201cNo wise cracks! I\u2019m God\u2019s answer to these mademoiselles\u2019\nprayers.\u201d\nWhat an answer! \u201cSpecial delivery,\u201d as it were! Not the message, but the\nmessenger that counts ... but Ben couldn\u2019t see any joke in that crack.\nI didn\u2019t have to make excuses to Ben on the third day of the chase; he\njust ambled away to begin his efforts toward making the demand for women\nmeet the supply, and I joined Captain Winstead at a corner about two\nblocks away\u2014as he suggested.\nHe was in civilian clothes and I was glad, because, after all, an\nenlisted man doesn\u2019t feel entirely comfortable with an officer,\nregardless of how congenial the officer may try to be. He suggested that\nwe try to find a little vulgar entertainment, and I suspected\nimmediately that he meant go looking for women. But I was wrong: he\nmeant that he wanted to show me some of the \u201cshow places.\u201d \u201cThere\u2019s a\ncouple of more or less ribald dives we might visit, just to get away\nfrom what we are accustomed to,\u201d he explained.\nSo I followed him and we came at last to a cellar caf\u00e9, dimly lit and\napparently very popular with American soldiers and their women. We found\na table, not too conspicuous, and ordered some sweet drinks, because I\nsaid I preferred grenadine to anything else. We didn\u2019t talk much while\nthese lasted, but spent our time looking over the crowd in the place. A\ngaudily clad woman, with one breast threatening any moment to pop out,\nwas singing a French version of a popular American song and some\nhalf-drunk Americans were trying to sing with her. The place reeked with\nstale tobacco smoke and the smell of cheap perfume, but the grenadine\ntasted good.\n\u201cLet\u2019s try a cognac citron now,\u201d suggested my companion, when the\ngrenadine had disappeared and the gar\u00e7on stood again at our side.\nSo we had cognac citron and the Captain began to talk, in a low voice\nand with quick apprehensive glances here and there at our neighbors.\n\u201cWe\u2019ve got to hurry matters a little,\u201d he informed me. \u201cTo-morrow I will\nnot go with you to the Madame\u2019s. I will telephone her and beg off, but\nI\u2019ll ask her if she would mind entertaining you while I am engaged\nelsewhere. She knows you are close to General Backett and she knows\nenough about him to know that he\u2019s the kind of hard-working devil that\nwould keep track of everything that\u2019s going on\u2014so I haven\u2019t any doubt\nabout her willingness to entertain you.\u201d\n\u201cBut she doesn\u2019t seem to be very crazy about me,\u201d I objected. \u201cShe likes\nyou.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014don\u2019t let her mislead you. She\u2019s nice to me because it\u2019s part of\nher job\u2014if she\u2019s what I think she is. And as far as you\u2019re concerned,\njust take it easy and let her entertain you. Just wait for the breaks.\nPlay with her if she wants to play, stay with her if she wants you to\nstay, sleep with her, do anything at all that will give you an\nopportunity of seeing or hearing something.\u201d\nHe offered me a cigarette and I accepted as I nodded understanding. This\njob didn\u2019t appeal to me at all, but I couldn\u2019t very well get out of it\nnow. I mean, I hadn\u2019t any excuse that I could give.\nI accepted a light and he continued, \u201cIf you can, try to get an idea of\nwhere her money comes from. She has a bank account down town, but her\ndeposits are very erratic and the checks she gets from the States very\nseldom tally with the amounts deposited. We have traced the checks to a\nharmless-looking lawyer in New York, but we haven\u2019t questioned him\nbecause we don\u2019t want to give away our hand. We figure that she gets\nfunds from someone here in Paris also, and if we can discover who that\nparty is, we\u2019ll be on the track of real evidence.\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t you suppose some of these officers tickle the kitty?\u201d I asked,\nadopting the slang phrase for contributing.\nHe laughed at that and gave me his reasons for believing that she was\nnot that wanton. \u201cShe\u2019s too high brow, too much the social woman, to let\nherself be under obligations to any man. It would cramp her style and\nsooner or later ruin her. Anyway, if she were selling it, she\u2019d\nconcentrate on one at a time for better results: but you see she is on\ngood terms with dozens of men all at once.... No, that\u2019s not the\nexplanation. There\u2019s some other source of income. And that source of\nincome is doubtless the outlet for her information, so if you get any\nhint of a connection of any kind, we\u2019ll play our hunch and follow it to\nthe end. Beginning to-morrow, it\u2019s up to you. You can tell her how busy\nI am and so forth, just to keep the story straight. And I\u2019ll get in\ntouch with you around noontime each day.\u201d\n\u201cAll right,\u201d I agreed, and we turned our attention to a group of\nsoldiers at a near-by table who were beginning to warm up for a song.\nThey were singing verses from the famous \u201cParley Vous\u201d song. I can only\nrepeat a few\u2014but then, you probably know the rest, anyway:\n           \u201cMademoiselle from Aix-la-bains,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Aix-la-bains,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Aix-la-bains,\n           She gave the Yankees shootin\u2019 pains!\n           Hinky dinky parley-vous?\n           \u201cMademoiselle from Neufch\u00e2teau,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Neufch\u00e2teau,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Neufch\u00e2teau,\n           Would kiss you thus and so and so ...\n           Hinky dinky parley-vous?\n           \u201cMademoiselle from Biarritz,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Biarritz,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Biarritz,\n           If you loved her too much, it made her have fits!\n           Hinky dinky parley-vous?\n           \u201cMademoiselle from Bar-le-duc,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Bar-le-duc,\n           Parley-vous?\n           Mademoiselle from Bar-le-duc,\n           The names of her lovers would fill a big book.\n           Hinky dinky parley-vous?\u201d\nThe way they sang this song was for one man to solo the verse part and\neveryone join in the \u201cparley-vous\u201d part. When it once got going, it went\non forever, the crowd joined in to swell the chanting \u201cparley-vous\u201d and\nas soon as one soloist ran out of verses, someone else took over the\nlead, and on it went. There was something about it that got you: you\ncouldn\u2019t help but hum along with the melody, and if it continued long\nenough you found your eyes closing and your senses slipping off into a\nlull of sleep.\nSo it was this evening. The Captain broke in once to remark that he had\nheard at least a hundred verses to that song and I replied that I\nguessed there was a verse for every town in France and a few extra; then\nwe just had another drink and were content to listen to this Song of the\nCities of France.\nI couldn\u2019t begin to remember all the variations that we heard that\nnight, but here are some of them:\n            \u201cMademoiselle from the city of Vichy,\n            Just like the liquor that makes you feel itchy!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from the C\u00f4te d\u2019Or\u2014\n            The Old Gray Mare ain\u2019t the same no more!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Ch\u00e2teauroux\u2014\n            Enough for her is too much for you!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Chamonix,\n            An Alpine maid with a bag full of tricks.\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Armenti\u00e8res,\n            She hadn\u2019t been loved for fifteen years.\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Neufch\u00e2tel\n            A chest like a barn, a leg like a bell.\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from S.O.S.\n            A bottle of wine and she says \u2018Yes.\u2019\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Monte Carlo\u2014\n            Out the window you must go!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from old Toulouse,\n            A beautiful lady, but O how loose!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from old Bordeaux\n            Takes your francs and growls \u2018Let\u2019s go!\u2019\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from the city of Toul\u2014\n            It ain\u2019t no place for an innocent fool!\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from the city of Blois\u2014\n            She took one look and said \u2018Ou la la!\u2019\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from St. Nazaire,\n            A virgin, she claims, till we got there.\u201d\n            \u201cMademoiselle from Romorantin\n            Took your breath and left ya pantin\u2019.\u201d\nI had heard some of these before, and a lot of others, but I never heard\nso many verses all at one time. They bade fair to continue all night,\nfor as soon as one singer lost his wits or his voice, another popped up\nto carry on. Someone started the series, relating the sad story of one\nyoung mademoiselle, which starts with\n              \u201cFarmer, have you a daughter fine,\n              Fit for a soldier just out of the line?\n              \u201cYes, I have a daughter fine\n              But she\u2019s too damned young for your design!\nAnd this tragic tale ends with telling how the mademoiselle\u2019s son\u2014\n                 \u201cThe little devil he grew and he grew,\n                 He\u2019ll grow up to be a soldier, too!\u201d\nIt was just at this point that I suddenly became aware of someone\u2019s\npresence at my shoulder and I looked up to find Jay-Jay Marfield\nstudying me rather contemptuously. I decided, as soon as I recovered\nfrom the shock, to take desperate measures at once, obeying the military\nrule that the best defense is a good offense. I stuck out my hand and\nexclaimed, \u201cHello, Jay-Jay, you old hellion\u2014how the hell are you?\u201d\nThe look on his face changed as much as it would if I had hit him. And\nbefore he could recover, I continued with a half-drunken effort to\nintroduce him to my table companion. \u201cLieutenant Marfield, shake hands\nwith an officer and a gentleman and a judge of good liquor\u2014Captain\nWinstead!\u201d\nThe Captain smiled and extended his hand, which Jay-Jay mechanically\naccepted and shook as the Captain said pleasantly, \u201cWon\u2019t you join us,\nLieutenant?\u201d\nJay-Jay hesitated, mumbling something about \u201ca party down the line,\u201d but\nhe finally sat down and explained his presence by saying, \u201cI thought I\nrecognized ... er ... the Sergeant here.\u201d\nCaptain Winstead saved me from speaking by observing, \u201cYes\u2014he looks so\nmuch like his sister, I imagine it makes you homesick just to look at\nhim.\u201d\n\u201cI beg pardon!\u201d Jay-Jay was flustered.\nBut the Captain was either deliberately malicious, or else the drinks\nhad really affected him, for he proceeded very unconcernedly, \u201cShe\u2019s\nsuch a beautiful girl and he looks so much like her\u2014and you were so\nfond of her, you know\u2014or were you\u2014\u2014?\u201d\n\u201cBut\u2014\u201d Jay-Jay was stumped. For the first time since I\u2019d known him he\ncouldn\u2019t talk. I couldn\u2019t decide whether he was mad or just flustered:\nhis appearance indicated both or either. Finally he managed to ask, \u201cHow\ndo you happen to know so much about me, Captain?\u201d\n\u201cIt\u2019s my business,\u201d laughed the Captain. \u201cI remember meeting you, or\nrather seeing you, in a garden, and later indoors, with this charming\nyoung lady who is Canwick\u2019s sister.\u201d\n\u201cO-o-h!\u201d says Jay-Jay, beginning to see the light. \u201cI remember you\nnow\u2014you had me going for a moment.\u201d And he managed to smile more\ncongenially, now that he knew whom he faced. \u201cEver hear from Leona,\nCaptain?\u201d he inquired suddenly, and I could feel his mind\u2019s eye\ntwinkling sardonically at me.\nAll I could do was stare helplessly at the Captain, wondering what in\nthe devil he would say\u2014not that there should have been any doubt, for\nof course he hadn\u2019t heard from Leona. Nevertheless, it was just one of\nthose moments when you hope against hope for something unreasonable.\nThere must be something in mental telepathy. Anyway, I thought I was\ndrunk when I heard that chuckling voice of the Captain\u2019s saying, \u201cOh,\nsurely\u2014now and then. Of course, she\u2019s rather busy now and having the\ntime of her life out there. You knew she has been helping the boys keep\nup their morale in the training camps, didn\u2019t you\u2014or did that come off\nsince you left the States?\u201d\nYou could have felled me with a feather. Just what was the idea anyway?\nWhy should the Captain be talking like that and twinkling his eyes so\namusedly. My God, did he suspect me, too?\nBut I wasn\u2019t the only one who was dumfounded and shivery. I noticed that\nJay-Jay gave me a surprised look and fumbled rather awkwardly with the\nglass which the gar\u00e7on had just served him.\nAnd the crazy Captain continued his unconcerned monologue about my\nclever and bewitching sister, telling the most impossible lies and\ndescribing incidents and letters and everything in such convincing\ndetail that I was beginning to be sure he was having a good time at my\nexpense.\nAnyway, he got rid of Jay-Jay very shortly and turned his amused glance\nat me. The more I stared at him the more amused he became, until finally\nhe indulged in outright laughter.\n\u201cReally,\u201d I demanded, somewhat falteringly, \u201chave you heard from Leona?\u201d\n\u201cOf course not,\u201d he replied promptly. \u201cBut you didn\u2019t suppose I was\ngoing to let that fellow get away with any uncomfortable remarks, did\nyou?... When you welcomed him so hilariously, I assumed something was\nup.... And, besides I don\u2019t like the fellow: he\u2019s one of those\npossessive, proprietary imps, and, remembering your remark about your\nsister not wanting to marry him, I just indulged in a little embroidery\nof the truth for my own enjoyment.... You really don\u2019t mind, do you,\nCanwick?\u201d he asked solicitously. \u201cYou know, of course, that I meant no\nreflection of any sort upon Leona.\u201d\nA great sigh of relief came up from the bottommost depths of my lungs.\nWhew! I burst out laughing and told him he \u201cdid it so perfectly, it even\nconvinced me.\u201d\nHe laughed with me\u2014but I think, rather I hoped, we were laughing at\ndifferent things.\nWe had another grenadine apiece and decided to call it an evening, but\njust before we arose to go, I saw Jay-Jay starting up the stairs to the\nstreet. He had a girl with him but he looked across at me very\nperplexedly. When I caught his eye I burst out laughing and held up my\nhand \u201cthumb down.\u201d He slapped his cap on the side of his head and pushed\nhis baby roughly up the stairs and out of sight. Even a brave man can\u2019t\nstand ridicule: Jay-Jay would think twice about being laughed at before\nhe tried any more tricks with me. This mademoiselle was too far away to\neven think about having to pay: hinky dinky parley-vous? Vive le Cognac!\n                   IT TAKES A WOMAN TO CATCH A WOMAN\nOne day Ben was singing and an intellectual sort of chap in the next\nroom piped up to tell him that his voice sounded \u201clike two skeletons\ndancing on a tin roof and a pregnant bullfrog singing jazz.\u201d\nI was reminded of this the next night when I got home and found him\nthere. He wasn\u2019t singing, yet; he was just dying to explode about his\nadventure of the day.\n\u201cI been out with the sweetest little woman ya ever saw! An\u2019 she talks\nEnglish!\u201d he declared enthusiastically.\n\u201cNo lovin\u2019 party to-night?\u201d I inquired.\n\u201cSure!\u201d he exclaimed as if I had insulted him. \u201cI\u2019m tellin\u2019 ya: this\ncaptain knew all the tricks an\u2019 she didn\u2019t skip any on my account! Boy,\nthat captain made me forget home, mother, religion and all the wars that\never was fought! Why, Leony, that captain....\u201d\n\u201cHey! Hey! Just a minute!\u201d I cried. \u201cWhat were you telling me about\nstaying clear of men like that?\u201d\n\u201cHuh?\u201d\n\u201cWhat\u2019s this captain stuff. How the devil could you have a lovin\u2019 party\nwith a captain?... You\u2019re drunk!\u201d\n\u201cThe hell I am!... I was in bed with the prettiest little captain you\never saw, not more\u2019n two hours ago! Whatta ya think o\u2019 that?\u201d\n\u201cI think you\u2019re drunk!\u201d And he was slightly so.\n\u201cIt\u2019s a fact,\u201d he insisted.\nI had to laugh. The big blister preaching sermons to me about letting\nladybirds get fresh and then he turns around and boasts about being in\nbed with a captain!\n\u201cI met her in a gin mill,\u201d he continued, after a moment, \u201can\u2019 she looked\nat me an\u2019 gave me just one look\u2014that was all this baby needed. I had\nher number pronto and in fifteen minutes\u2019 time and three drinks we was\non our way to heaven! She told me she came from Salisbury and I says I\nhail from New York\u2014and she said she liked big men\u2014and, well, I did the\nrest.\u201d\n\u201cShe?\u201d I stopped in my undressing long enough to ask. \u201cWhere do you get\nthat \u2018she\u2019 stuff? I thought your playmate was a captain.\u201d\n\u201cShe is!\u201d he insisted. \u201cShe\u2019s a captain in the Women\u2019s Auxiliary Army\nCorps, and she comes from Salisbury\u2014wherever the hell that\nis\u2014somewhere in England.\u201d\nThe light fell upon me and I exclaimed, \u201cOh\u2014she\u2019s a W.A.A.C. captain?\u201d\n\u201cSay!\u201d he bawls out. \u201cWhat\u2019d ya think I mean\u2014an artillery captain? Ya\ndumb little runt!\u201d\nBut I laughed at him. The idea of a buck private making love to a\ncaptain just struck me funny. He didn\u2019t mind, though, and the first\nthing I knew he was launching into song\u2014and what a song! Except for the\nfirst verse, it was the dirtiest, rottenest thing I\u2019d heard yet. It was\nso bad I couldn\u2019t even think it in shorthand!\n\u201cWhere in the name of God did you pick that up?\u201d I inquired between\nabout the fifth and sixth verses.\n\u201cCaptain taught me,\u201d he replied glibly. \u201cThat\u2019s called The Salisbury\nMaiden, an\u2019 it\u2019s a damned fine song, if I do say so myself.\u201d\nI let him finish it, but managed to get him undressed enough to roll\ninto bed by the time he had ended that rotten ballad: and it was a\nwonder to me the man next door didn\u2019t pipe up with another wise crack\nabout my partner\u2019s voice. When he sang, your stomach turned over and\nyour heart played leap frog with your throat and you saw little purple\nstars in the pink firmament about you. The two skeletons and the\npregnant frog didn\u2019t begin to parallel the noise Ben made when he felt\nthe lyric urge.\nHe picked up a couple of other dirty ditties that I refused to have\nanything to do with. One of them was that Cafusalem\u2014The Harlot of\nJerusalem: he said he learned it from an Australian in a house of ill\nfame. The other was a Limey marching song that starts off \u201cEyes right!\nLegs up tight!\u201d My shorthand won\u2019t stand those, either.\nBen\u2019s singing occurred after my return from a large evening at Madame\nGedouin\u2019s, with whom I had made slight progress: Ada was beginning to\nact interested. She said I was such a nice boy and so attentive and\ngallant to her that she really would have to be nice to me and see that\nI had a good time.\nI was not sure what she meant but she was the kind of a woman who means\nabout umpsteen times what she says: I mean that the things she said\nalways suggested a lot more: she didn\u2019t denote an awful lot in her\nspeech, but she sure did connote a mouthful.\nNext day I was going shopping with her. But before I met her, I decided\nto play safe and buy myself a couple of cast-iron brassi\u00e8res: made out\nof canvas or flannel or something. I was glad I had sort of a boyish\nfigure and was kinda flat chested. It\u2019d be rather funny for a wild woman\nto start going over you and bump into anything like that.... I heard two\nsoldiers talking about some kind of a contrivance that was used by women\nperverts. Now a woman like that wouldn\u2019t feel worried at all in my\npredicament. However, I preferred to be myself. Nothing like that for\nme!\nBen was talking in his sleep. He was courting that captain again. I\nwished he were going into the lioness\u2019 den instead of me.\nWell, I went shopping in the afternoon with Madame Ada Gedouin, and I\nmust say that that woman knew how to spend money. She didn\u2019t curb her\ntastes and fancies at all, and unless she got darned big checks from New\nYork, the Captain was right.... She was a gay companion, though. Men\nturned around to look at her and I\u2019ll bet more than one of them envied\nme. And me nothing but a poor enlisted man! Why, it was almost a crime\nfor a gink like me to promenade down the boulevards with a woman that\nwas as pretty and richly dressed as the Madame! I wanted to run every\ntime we passed an M.P.\nApparently business went on here in spite of the war. It was only at\nnight that you could see the difference, for then there were no lights\nand the houses were all boarded up and shuttered to prevent any light\nfrom escaping. In the daytime the shops were open and doing a lively\nbusiness, too, with all those Americans there ready and willing to buy\nthis and that to send home to the \u201clittle woman.\u201d\nThis afternoon, after we finished our tour of the stores, I felt it my\nduty to take my companion somewhere to eat and when I suggested it, she\nadmitted that she was about famished. \u201cYou\u2019re a dear sweet boy,\u201d she\ntold me. \u201cAnd I\u2019ll let you take me to Cuvier\u2019s.\u201d\nNot knowing where this guy Cuvier tended bar, I had to ask for\ndirections, which she gave, with that silvery little laugh, much as if I\nwere some child whose innocence and ignorance were in inverse proportion\nto its age.\nWell, Cuvier\u2019s proved to be something more or less special, but the\nmajor-domo, or whatever he was, very quickly found a secluded table for\nus and I extended myself in trying to please milady\u2019s palate. And\neverything I\u2019d do or say, she\u2019d come out with that \u201cdear sweet boy\u201d\nstuff and I felt like two cents. Enough of anything like that is too\nmuch to begin with.\nBefore the repast was finished we had consumed several shallow glasses\nof very stimulating wine, and the Madame had reached the point where she\npunctuated her flatteries by caresses and chummy little pats and finger\nkisses. If I hadn\u2019t had the wine, I\u2019d have felt uncomfortable.\nAnyway, as we were coming out of the place, I spied a familiar figure\nabout ten yards away and promptly had shivers of apprehension\u2014for the\nsight of Jay-Jay didn\u2019t make me feel very calm, even after the other\nnight.\nAt just that moment the Madame breathed another one of those little\necstasies and gave my cheek not only a pat but also a very sweet\nkiss.... The shock was so great that I had all I could do to keep from\nstumbling. I managed somehow to bear up\u2014even clutched her hand more\ntightly and stamped a vigorous kiss upon it by way of my other hand.\nThen I looked up, as if I had not seen Jay-Jay before\u2014and the\nson-of-a-gun was right in our way, cap off, as if he expected me to stop\nand introduce him to this stunning creature. Perhaps if he hadn\u2019t been\nso damned nervy about it, I might have taken the trouble, but I didn\u2019t.\nI just saluted sharply and said \u201cHello, Lieutenant.\u201d The Madame favored\nhim with a disdainful glance and we marched past him and into a cab,\nfrom the depths of which I peeked out to see him still standing stupidly\nin the middle of the pavement, looking as if he expected the world to\nfall on him in just a minute.\nHe apparently didn\u2019t know whether he was going or coming!... Now, if\nLeon would just keep himself out of sight, perhaps I\u2019d have peace for a\nwhile.\nBack at Madame\u2019s apartment, she busied herself about the place, telling\nthe maid to do this and that and about a million other things, while I\njust plumped myself down and almost went to sleep.\nAbout eight o\u2019clock a frock-coated Frenchman with a kaiserish mustache\nand a two-point beard dropped in, and I was introduced to him. He was\nsome kind of minister or other in the French government. He spoke to me\nin English and I answered in my own language. The Madame brought in some\nchampagne and Whiskers had several. They began to chatter away in\nFrench, only now and then turning a few commonplace remarks in English\nupon me.\nSince they didn\u2019t expect me to understand or talk French, I just kept\nquiet and listened. As far as I could make out, they didn\u2019t really have\nmuch to say to each other: they just talked a hell of a lot, but in the\nend it seemed to be agreed that the Madame would be delighted to meet\nhim somewhere in Fontainebleau at eleven. I didn\u2019t know whether she\nmeant eleven that night or next day, but I decided to stick around as\nlong as she let me.\nThe Frenchman finally left and she returned to me. \u201cO\u2014I am so tired!\u201d\nshe exclaimed, arranging the pillows on the divan and motioning to me to\ncome over. \u201cShopping invariably wears me to a frazzle.... Now, you sit\nright there like a nice boy and let your grandmother lie across your lap\n... like this.\u201d\nWhich was a very nice position\u2014at least, it must have been comfortable\nfor her, with a whole stack of pillows under her head. She closed her\neyes and threw her arm over my shoulder.... Then she began to play her\nfingers about the back of my neck and in my hair.... I thought turn\nabout ought to be fair play, so I tickled her neck and ran my fingers\nlightly up and down her spine\u2014or at least, where her spine ought to\nbe.... She surely was a marvelously constructed piece of anatomy!\nNow and then she crooned some damned fool thing to me.... I rubbed her\ntemples.... She kissed the palms of my hands and called me a \u201clittle\njewel.\u201d\nAfter a while she began asking questions, in a sort of lazy, unconcerned\nmanner, about my work, about General Backett, my sister, Captain\nWinstead....\n\u201cYou rather like the Captain, n\u2019est-ce pas?\u201d I said.\n\u201cI think he is too dear to be true,\u201d she said, and it sounded very\ngenuine to me. \u201cHe is very charming, and very clever.... Your sister\nnever need envy anyone else.\u201d\n\u201cI think he\u2019s a peach of a fellow,\u201d I said, trying to sound sort of\nfraternal about it. \u201cHe\u2019s been very good to me since I came to Paris ...\nand I certainly owe him something for introducing me to you and your\ncircle of jolly friends.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014you dear kid.\u201d And she laid herself snugly against me, then pulled\nmy face down to be kissed. \u201cYou\u2019re the most comfortable and attentive\nthing to have about.... Do come often and stay late.\u201d\n... Yet, somehow or other she succeeded in separating me from that divan\na half hour before eleven!\nI found myself at home, waiting for Ben to come\u2014probably with all\nsheets in the wind.\nSaw my Captain next day at noon and told him about the Frenchman. He\nknew about him already. \u201cShe\u2019s been playing around with him for several\nweeks,\u201d he told me. \u201cHowever, keep your eyes open\u2014you may hear her pass\non some remark that old Poiquerre makes.\u201d\nSo I called up the Madame that evening and asked if she minded my\ndropping in. \u201cThe Captain is still busy and I\u2019m at a loss to know what\nto do with myself.\u201d\n\u201cDidn\u2019t I tell you to come any time and stay late,\u201d she replied\nlaughingly. \u201cDo come over\u2014by all means, you charming baby.\u201d\nI hung up without much respect for the telephone. All this sweet\nflattery and cooing condescension wasn\u2019t getting me anywhere.... But I\nwent over and there was a little crowd there, dancing and talking about\neverything from military tactics to the Legion of Honor and funerals.\nI found myself paired off with a little blond girl by the name of\nGermaine. She was jolly and talkative and not quite so beaucoup pashe as\nmost of Madame\u2019s friends. We had a pleasant time of it, and she\ncomplimented me upon my dancing and even went so far as to tell Madame\nshe \u201creally should dance with him. He\u2019s marvelous, Ada!\u201d\nSo Ada and I danced\u2014very nicely, too, and afterwards she pressed my arm\nand told me it was \u201cdivine!\u2014I\u2019m afraid the captain was right in what he\nsaid about \u2018these quiet little devils.\u2019... Some woman will love you to\nshreds if you aren\u2019t careful.\u201d And she laughed that enchanting silvery\nchuckle that I\u2019d been simply fascinated by time and again.\nWhen the party broke up, I contrived to hang around for a little while.\nShe came back to me tucking a piece of paper into her bosom with a\nlaughing deprecation anent \u201cthese lovesick boys who insist upon writing\nwhat they fear to say!\u201d But I had my doubts about the contents of that\nnote, although my doubts arose from no actual reasons except suspicion.\nI made a list of all the people who were there that night to show to the\nCaptain. I had decided to keep my eyes open whenever any one of them was\npresent again.\nNext day the Captain would be back on duty by special invitation. Madame\nGedouin was taking a party down in the country for bathing.\nWhich got a laugh out of one little lady. We couldn\u2019t use the old\nfamiliar excuse this time\u2014but it\u2019d take more than a team of horses and\na couple of tanks to get this chicken into any bathing suit! What a\nfarce that would be!... I hoped the Captain didn\u2019t begin entertaining\nany funny ideas\u2014but this was one case where it couldn\u2019t be helped. As\nBen would say, \u201cHere\u2019s one poor fish that don\u2019t like the water.\u201d\nIf the Captain hadn\u2019t been so insistent, I would have found some excuse\nfor staying away from that bathing party, but he refused to listen to\nany excuses and kept repeating his demand that I do everything possible\nto pick up the information that was so desired. So I went.\nI dropped into the Madame\u2019s and had lunch with her before the other\nmembers of the party arrived. While she was getting ready to depart I\nwandered around the apartment, ostensibly surveying the many trick\ndecorations and objets d\u2019art, but actually studying every wall and floor\nfor possible evidences of something secret or suspicious. But there was\nnothing of the kind and I finally accepted her invitation to come into\nher boudoir, where her maid was helping her put the finishing touches to\nher toilette.... I began to suspect that the Madame was trying to\ntorment or tempt me, and there was a bare possibility that my reluctance\nto make any real kind of love to her had aroused her interest. Sometimes\nit must be true that lack of evidence of desire engenders desire: I mean\nif a woman thinks a man doesn\u2019t want her, very often she will go out of\nher way to make him want her.... At least, so I gathered from personal\nexperiences that I had heard.\nAnyway, I sat there beside her dressing table and watched the dressing\nproceed, the while she chattered gayly about this and that and every\nother thing of little or much importance.... Finally, before she had\nquite finished, the first of the visitors arrived and I adjourned to the\nreception room, where I found my friend Germaine and a bespectacled\nAmerican major who very apparently didn\u2019t relish the idea of being\nintroduced to an enlisted man.... Then Captain Winstead breezed in and\nsmoothed the air a little by his friendliness to me.... In the space of\nfifteen minutes the entire party was assembled, ten in all, and we set\noff for the country in two cars, one an American service car and the\nother of French make and belonging to one of the ladies.\nMadame Gedouin promised that we should see a most charming place and\nthat we all would have a delightful evening, and I had to admit that I\nwas glad I came, because this country estate, about twenty-five miles\nfrom the center of the city, was really the most comfortable and\ninviting place I\u2019d seen in France. The Madame told us about its owner,\nan official in the French government.... If it hadn\u2019t been for the\nprospect of the bathing, I should have enjoyed myself immensely.\nAs soon as we had been served with refreshments, the Madame suggested\nthat everyone find a place to change clothes. \u201cAnd let\u2019s be off while\nthe sun shines.\u201d\n\u201cEveryone going in?\u201d I asked.\n\u201cAll but Marie,\u201d she replied. \u201cShe\u2019s too French. I think that swimming\nis more appreciated by Americans than by any other race the world over.\nEvery healthy American loves swimming.\u201d\n\u201cHere\u2019s one that don\u2019t,\u201d I told her.\n\u201cYou little prevaricator!\u201d she exclaimed. \u201cRun right along and slip into\nyour suit.\u201d\n\u201cI didn\u2019t bring one,\u201d I confessed.\n\u201cYou didn\u2019t?\u201d She sounded as if she really felt bad about it. \u201cWell,\nwe\u2019ll see if we can\u2019t find one that will fit you. You\u2019re so petit, I\nimagine you could wear a girl\u2019s suit.\u201d\n\u201cAbsolutely not!\u201d I declared. \u201cMy mother didn\u2019t raise me to be laughed\nat.\u201d\n\u201cWhy, you dear sweet kid,\u201d she laughed, \u201cI have to laugh at you all the\ntime: you\u2019re so terribly unique!\u201d\n\u201cVirtue in all things,\u201d I told her, smiling. \u201cBut swimming isn\u2019t one of\nmy points of virtue\u2014I regret to say. I never liked the water and I was\nactually uneasy on the trip coming over, because I really can\u2019t swim a\nstroke.\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019d love to teach you\u2014I think that would be just loads of fun.... And\nit isn\u2019t every man I\u2019d bother that much about, you know.\u201d\nI laughed and let her kiss me, but remained firm in my stand. \u201cYou chase\nalong and have your fun,\u201d I insisted. \u201cI\u2019ll toddle about and feast my\neyes upon the sights.\u201d\nShe finally gave up trying and flew upstairs to change. But I had no\nsooner ducked her than the Captain appeared and I had to go through it\nall again.\n\u201cMrs. Gedouin might not like it if you don\u2019t go in after coming on the\nparty,\u201d he argued.\n\u201cCan\u2019t help that,\u201d I replied. \u201cI\u2019ve explained it to her and I don\u2019t\nthink she minds terribly.... Anyway, if Marie can do her swimming on the\nbank, I guess I can, too.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014of course\u2014a woman might have a legitimate excuse, you know.\u201d\nI laughed at that and told him, \u201cI haven\u2019t any excuse like that, but\nI\u2019ve got one that\u2019s just as good: I just don\u2019t swim, that\u2019s all!...\nDon\u2019t worry about me\u2014I\u2019ll square myself with the Madame.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014it\u2019s not a matter of life and death,\u201d he reassured me laughingly.\n\u201cJust seems sort of odd for a healthy little devil like you to hate the\nwater.\u201d\n\u201cI guess so,\u201d I agreed smilingly. \u201cBut then the Madame says that\u2019s what\nshe likes about me: I\u2019m so \u2018terribly unique\u2019!\u201d\n\u201cCut yourself a piece of cake!\u201d he retorted cheerfully and emphasized\nhis jolliness by slapping me on the back with such force that I coughed\nand spluttered and almost fell over.... I watched him depart: he was\nhandsome, even in a bathing suit. My God, wasn\u2019t there anything wrong\nwith that man? No man could be as perfect as he seemed to be\u2014and if he\ncould, he surely wouldn\u2019t fall in love with a little insignificant thing\nlike me. Maybe that was the flaw\u2014if he were perfect, he wouldn\u2019t do it.\nAlso maybe he hadn\u2019t done it. Maybe I was kidding myself.\nWhen the party went down over the hill to the pool, I wandered along and\ndropped easily into a conversation with the other noncombatant, Marie.\nWe didn\u2019t have much to say to each other, but we managed to pass the\ntime in comments upon the dexterity of this one or the diving of that,\nand an interesting discussion of the surroundings which ended in Marie\u2019s\ninforming me that it had cost M. Dagnier a pretty fortune to keep this\nestate intact during the war, because there were so many purposes to\nwhich it could be turned due to its nearness to Paris and its many other\nobvious advantages.\nIt was at this point that someone asked me for a cigarette and I\ndiscovered that I had left mine in my tunic, in the house. \u201cBut I\u2019ll go\nget them,\u201d I offered.\n\u201cOh\u2014don\u2019t bother,\u201d said the young lady. \u201cAda has gone to the house and\ndoubtless she will bring some back with her.\u201d\nNevertheless, I went to get my own and when I had gone but a few steps\nthe Captain called out, \u201cI don\u2019t like your cheap cigarettes, Canwick.\nBring down the pack that\u2019s in my pocket, will you?\u201d\nI proceeded to the house and entered as quietly as possible, found my\nblouse and extracted my cigarettes, then continued upstairs to get the\nCaptain\u2019s. I had no idea which room he had used and while I stood\nsilently debating with myself at the top of the stairs, I became\nconscious of a very rapid and strange dialogue going on somewhere near\nat hand. My ears caught words that were unmistakably German and I\ndistinguished one of the voices by its silvery tinkle. I tried to place\nthe sounds, but could not and, fearing to make a noise if I tried to get\nnearer, I satisfied myself by attempting to catch the content of their\nconversation. I caught such words as \u201cpapers,\u201d \u201cnumbers,\u201d \u201carmy corps,\u201d\n\u201caviation\u201d and \u201cmoney,\u201d but the rest was an indistinguishable blur of\nsounds. Then I heard what sounded like someone moving and I ducked\nquickly into the first door I came to.\nI held my breath and listened again. The voices were even plainer here\nand I guessed that they must be in the very next room to the one I was\nin. I heard the Madame tell her companion that \u201cthe money will be safe\nin the apartment\u201d and then something about \u201ca chaplain on Tuesday.\u201d\nTheir voices became inaudible then. A motor started up somewhere outside\nand I decided that the best thing I could do was take advantage of the\nnoise to make my exit. I got downstairs and out of the house without\nanyone seeing me, and when I appeared again at Marie\u2019s side, with a\ncigarette hanging from the corner of my mouth, the Captain piped up to\nask if I had brought his smokes.\n\u201cHow the devil did I know where your clothes were!\u201d I retorted. \u201cYou\u2019ll\nhave to get along with one of my cheap fags.\u201d\nHe came up to get one and, although he continued the joke of bawling me\nout, I knew that he understood the slight wink that I gave him. He lit\nhis cigarette from mine and observed to Marie, \u201cDon\u2019t ever have anything\nto do with these enlisted men, Mam\u2019selle.... If this fellow didn\u2019t have\na perfectly marvelous sister I wouldn\u2019t even smoke one of his\ncigarettes.\u201d With which he returned to his place near the diving board\nto continue his engaging chatter with the others, and a moment later the\nMadame reappeared, with cigarettes, matches, and a huge cocktail shaker,\nthe top of which contained four small cups which were promptly\nappropriated. \u201cI thought something like this would help the gayety of\nnations,\u201d she remarked cheerily, as the Captain took the shaker and\nbegan a Pipes-of-Pan dance with it.\nWhen he came back to her, he observed lightly, \u201cThe perfect hostess\nalways does the right thing at the right moment!... If this continues, I\nshall fall under the spell and propose to you myself!\u201d\n\u201cOu la la!\u201d cried the Madame. \u201cAfter all these years of yearning, I am\nto be rewarded?\u201d She laughed with him as she filled his cup.\n\u201cMay I never feel worse!\u201d offered the Captain, raising the cup to his\nlips.\n\u201cWhich might mean either of two very different things,\u201d laughed his\ncompanion. \u201cDon\u2019t commit yourself, even in jest.\u201d\n\u201cBut I do!\u201d he insisted. \u201cI mean that if I never feel worse than I do\nnow, I shall have an exceedingly happy life.\u201d\nThe Madame turned to me to say, \u201cYou see what you are coming to, my\nyoung gallant?\u201d\nI forced a smile and replied that \u201cafter all, he does intrigue you....\nI\u2019m willing to come to that myself.\u201d\nShe glanced questioningly at me, as if she could not decide whether I\nwas jealous of the Captain or just indulging in a flirtatious remark for\nher benefit. She dropped a hand upon my head and rumpled my hair as she\nsaid, with a light little laugh, \u201cYou need not envy him in that respect,\nmon enfant.\u201d\n\u201cEncore?\u201d inquired the Captain, holding out the cup again and remarking\nfurther, as she filled it, \u201cI might have known he would succumb to your\nenchantments, Circe.\u201d\n\u201cThe truth has eluded you again, my dear Captain,\u201d she replied. \u201cThe\npleasure of succumbing seems to be all mine.\u201d\n\u201cSo?\u201d exclaimed my friend in mock surprise. \u201cWell, I will confess,\nMadame: I warned him to beware\u2014and besides he is naturally bashful....\nWhy, do you know, Madame, they had to tie his grandfather in bed on his\nwedding night!... You see, it is inherent.\u201d\n\u201cYou sinner!\u201d the Madame called after his departing laughter.\n\u201cIt\u2019s nice to hear yourself so frankly dissected,\u201d I observed, when she\nturned her attention again to me and my hair.\n\u201cMon enfant,\u201d she said, leaning over to place a kiss in my ear, and\nhanding me the cocktail shaker, \u201chold this while grandma takes one more\ndip, then she\u2019ll find something more interesting for you to hold.\u201d...\nAnother tinkling laugh and away she went, leaving me to pour out a drink\nfor Marie, and a moment later several for the Major and Germaine.\nThe Madame didn\u2019t stay in very long and when she came back, dripping and\nshivering, she took my hand and said, \u201cCome along, little one... We must\nfind something for your idle hands to do.\u201d\n\u201cThe devil\u2019s supposed to do that,\u201d I said, but I arose and followed her\nto the house, where she led the way upstairs and into the very room\nwhence I had heard the conversation in German.\n\u201cJust one more minute and I\u2019ll be with you,\u201d she told me as she took a\ntowel and a kimono and stepped into a dressing closet.... And she wasn\u2019t\ngone more than a minute, either. I don\u2019t see how she could remove her\nbathing suit and dry herself in such a short time. However, there she\nwas\u2014and no bones about it. She gave me a fervent kiss in passing and\nthen asked me to hand her the chemise which lay on the chair beside me.\nShe put it on, without getting up from the seat on which she had\nsettled. \u201cNow that long affair, please, baby,\u201d she went on, and I passed\nher the brassi\u00e8re. \u201cYou might assist me, honey,\u201d she suggested; so I\nwent over and hooked the brassi\u00e8re\u2014but when that was done she threw her\narms up and around my neck and pulled my head over her shoulder so she\ncould kiss me.... I began to get a different view of things right then,\nfor that one embrace was so mad, so fervent, that I understood\nimmediately that she meant business.... I felt rather panicky, but I\nstubbornly stuck it out, and when she released me, I offered to help\nwith her hose and shoes.... Between the operations there had to be a\ncertain amount of caresses, but I managed to keep busy, even going so\nfar as to help with her hair, for which I was rewarded by a terrific\nkiss and the following testimony as to my character: \u201cYou\u2019re the\ndearest, sweetest, darlingest man I\u2019ve ever known!\u201d\n\u201cRather a large order,\u201d I reminded her.\n\u201cBut you are, honey!\u201d She busied her gaze with the mirror as she\ncontinued, \u201cYou see, I get so sick of being nice to old men and\nmiddle-aged men and men who have lost all the touches of youth!...\nSometimes I feel as if I had never had any youth myself ... as if I had\nalways been grown-up and in the company of grown-ups.... You can\nunderstand, can\u2019t you? You understand everything, I believe.\u201d\n\u201cThe Captain isn\u2019t an old man,\u201d I observed maliciously.\n\u201cCaptain Winstead?\u201d she exclaimed with a laugh. \u201cNo\u2014he\u2019s not so old,\nbut loving him would be just like loving a matin\u00e9e idol. He\u2019s clever,\ndashing, fascinating, everything desirable\u2014and that\u2019s just why I am not\ninterested in him. You can\u2019t trust a man who is too perfect.... But, you\nare just ideal, you darling boy!... And you\u2019ve been so nice, so\nattentive, so deferential and considerate ... well, it\u2019s a relief, to\nsay the least.\u201d\nIt seemed to me that her ardor had cooled. Perhaps she thought she had\nsaid too much. At any rate, the dressing was finished without any\namorous threats that I could fear, and by the time the others began\ndrifting in from the pool, we were ready to appear below. She was\nputting the finishing touches on her face when the sounds of their\ncoming reached us, and she hurriedly completed the task while I jumped\nto obey her \u201cFind me a cigarette, like a good boy.\u201d\nWell, that was just the beginning of an interesting evening. Madame was,\nI guessed, a special friend of this M. Dagnier, for she seemed to have\ncarte blanche possession of the place. There were only two servants in\nthe house, and only one of these was a house servant, but we had a very\ncomplete dinner, minus the service. And M. Dagnier\u2019s wine cellar\ncertainly suffered from the repeated assaults made upon it....\nAltogether it was a very jolly time and everyone enjoyed it to the\nextent of their capacity.\nOff and on during the evening, I found myself alone with the hostess and\nI did my duty\u2014in so far as it was possible to do it. I suppose she\nwondered why I made no serious advances to her: I\u2019m sure she thought I\nwas infatuated, and the combination of the two things had obviously\naroused her interest, for she made no bones about liking me.... It\nseemed awfully funny. Now and then I felt like some kind of an unworthy\nthing: I mean, she really was so nice, so generous and so utterly\nsincere to me, that it didn\u2019t seem honest or right for me to deceive her\nthis way. I think she was telling the truth when she said I was a\ntremendous relief from the men she had had to play with. But she was an\nenemy and her operations might be taking the lives of countless\nthousands of American boys and men, so, of course, when I remembered\nthis point, I had no compunction about deceiving her.\nWe got back to Paris about midnight. Everyone was feeling happy and I\nexpected the Madame to invite them all in for a few good night drinks,\nbut she didn\u2019t.... I was dropped at the barracks door, without having\nhad a chance to report my discovery to the Captain.\nCaptain Winstead sent an orderly over in the morning to tell me that he\nwould meet me at one o\u2019clock and take me out to see General Backett, so\nI told Ben I had to take an officer out to see the General and that he\ndid not need bother about going out unless he wanted to.\n\u201cI guess the Gen\u2019ll get along just as well without my good wishes,\u201d was\nhis reply, so at one I met the Captain and we talked as we rode along\nacross the city.\nHe listened intently to my account of the conversation which I overheard\nyesterday afternoon, and when I had finished he said, \u201cI don\u2019t recall\never seeing any chaplain with her, but he might very easily see her\nevery week or every few days without arousing any suspicions. However,\nwe\u2019ll manage somehow to keep track of the Madame all day Tuesday and see\nif any chaplain shows up.... As far as that German goes, it only serves\nto strengthen our suspicions: we can\u2019t take her on suspicion, because\nthat would definitely sacrifice the chance of getting the other party\nand tracing the line of information\u2014and, after all, that\u2019s what we\nwant. The Madame is just one cog in a machine, and we want to wreck the\nmachine itself....\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ll keep at it,\u201d I assured him.\n\u201cBy all means,\u201d he continued. \u201cShe\u2019s interested in you now and I think\nyou can get away with murder because she has put you down as being\nperfectly harmless and very innocent. You play your part to perfection.\u201d\nHe drove on in silence until we were almost at the gates of the\nhospital, then he remarked, quite suddenly, \u201cWhy didn\u2019t you tell me you\ncan speak and read German?\u201d\n\u201cHow should I know you\u2019d be interested?\u201d\n\u201cQuite right,\u201d he admitted quickly. \u201cOnly it just occurs to me that\nyou\u2019re wasting your time working for General Backett. We could use you\nin our line very well. Speaking both French and German as fluently as\nyou do is no mean accomplishment, I can tell you.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014I use both of them now and then,\u201d I told him. \u201cNot long ago we\ninspected a prison camp and I talked with several Deutschers for the\nGeneral, and we\u2019re always bumping into Frenchmen who can\u2019t speak English\nworth a nickel.\u201d\n\u201cYes, but we could use you,\u201d he insisted. \u201cAfter we see how this affair\nturns out, I\u2019ll see about getting you shifted to Paris Intelligence. I\u2019d\nlike to have you around, anyway. And besides, the work would be easy and\ninteresting.\u201d\nI didn\u2019t say anything: what could be sweeter than having to work with\nhim all the time?... But it would take a very influential Captain to\npersuade the General that such a transfer would be for the best\ninterests of the service.\nWhen we were shown into the General\u2019s room, the Captain introduced\nhimself at once and said, \u201cI just wanted to meet you, General, and say\nthat I hope you will not consider this Paris stay as a leave-of-absence\nfor Sergeant Canwick, because I have put him to work in a very important\ncase and it would hardly be fair to him to have it count as a leave.\u201d\n\u201cHe\u2019ll get a vacation some day,\u201d replied the General.\n\u201cI\u2019m sure he will earn it,\u201d declared the Captain. \u201cI hope you don\u2019t mind\nmy making use of his services while you are resting up.\u201d\nThe General chuckled good-naturedly. \u201cPerhaps you are doing him a good\nturn, Captain. A busy man doesn\u2019t get into trouble, you know.\u201d He looked\nat me then and added, \u201cIt wouldn\u2019t do any harm to put Garlotz to work,\ntoo. He\u2019s looking a little the worse for wear. I should have known\nenough not to turn a man like him loose in Paris.\u201d\n\u201cHe\u2019s having the time of his life, sir,\u201d I hastened to assure him, for\nBen\u2019s sake. \u201cHe won\u2019t get into any trouble, I\u2019m sure.\u201d\n\u201cAll right,\u201d he assented. \u201cI\u2019ll be out of here before long now, so you\nwill all do best to make hay while the sun shines.\u201d He looked at me\nagain, and asked, \u201cWhere\u2019s our mascot to-day?\u201d\nI told him Esky was at home with Ben.\n\u201cBy George, I never thought I\u2019d get so used to a dog that I\u2019d really\nmiss him when he fails to appear.\u201d\nThus the talk drifted away from anything very interesting and the two\nofficers discussed various subjects of common interest to them, while I\njust sat and waited for the Captain to disengage himself.... When we\nfinally got back to our barracks, it was after four o\u2019clock. We arranged\nto meet next day and I promised to do my damnedest with the Madame.\nSo that night I went up there and found the Madame alone. She suggested\nthat we take a long walk for our health and this we did\u2014so long in fact\nthat when we returned, she almost immediately declared her intention of\nretiring and added, \u201cBut I don\u2019t mind if you stay and keep me company\nfor a while.\u201d\nI stayed. She went to bed and I went in and lay on the bed beside\nher.... Finally she dozed off, only to awaken a few minutes later with a\nstart.... \u201cYou can just as well stay here to-night, cher enfant\u2014if\nyou\u2019ll be good.\u201d\nBut I didn\u2019t want to stay there, and I told her, as I kissed her good\nnight, that \u201cI might be good if I stayed here, but I\u2019ll probably be\nbetter if I go home.\u201d\nShe laughed and made me kiss her again.... She wanted me to stay.... But\nLeona wasn\u2019t going to stay with any woman unless she had to\u2014and there\nwas nothing to be gained by staying that night: there was no one else\nthere except the maid.... I finally got away, but not without an\nargument which ended abruptly when she suddenly exclaimed that she was\nashamed for making such a fool of herself over a mere boy. When she\nthought of that, she regained control of herself and of the situation,\nfor she dismissed me with a laugh and kiss and told me to \u201clet me see\nyou again to-morrow.\u201d\nSo I went home and found Ben trying to read a French newspaper upside\ndown.... He did look kinda peaked, now that the General mentioned it.\nPerhaps ten thousand women were too much for the bull of the boulevards\nafter all!\nI stayed almost all the next night at Madame\u2019s, because she had a party\non, and two of the guests passed out and had to be put to bed. One of\nthem was a Major from Chaumont and the other a Captain who was liaison\nofficer between the French and American commands north of Paris. There\nwas much discussion of military affairs during the evening and there\nseemed to be no question about big things scheduled for the first week\nof September. The Allies had something big under way, and I caught the\nMadame paying close attention to some of the information that was being\nthrown about so freely.\nSo I stayed, on the pretext of helping take care of the indisposed\nofficers, and even went so far as to plead sleepiness myself. But\nnothing untoward happened, so far as I could see, although the Madame\nand the maid were up and around until very late and I\u2019m quite sure that\nI heard the maid go into the room where the Major was sleeping, while\nthe Madame was playing with me on the divan in the reception room.\nBut you can\u2019t hang anyone on suspicion.\nAnother night at Madame\u2019s and I had my first glimpse of her when she was\nunder the influence of liquor. She got mad at me for some reason or\nother\u2014I guess it was because I wouldn\u2019t manifest any evidences of a\ndesire to love her. So she proceeded to drink up everything in sight,\nand she had a remarkable capacity, I must say, although she finally\nbegan to show the effects. She didn\u2019t pass out, but she did go to sleep\nfor a little while and when she awoke, she must have thought I had gone\nfor she burst into some of the choicest German profanity I ever hope to\nhear, but the maid came running in at once and contrived to let her see\nthat I was still there.\nShe just laughed, however, and declared, \u201cI wouldn\u2019t exchange my baby\nsergeant for ten generals!\u201d\nBut before she could begin \u201cloving me to shreds\u201d as she had promised\nearlier in the evening, I hastened to tell her I was feeling kinda\nunstable and wanted to go home.\nShe really thought I was the funniest young kid she ever met: no doubt I\nwas, but not in the way she thought.\nThe next day was a busy one. I mean, quite a lot had happened in the\nmatter of France and America versus Madame Ada Gedouin.\nIn the first place, I went over to her apartment just after noon and\nparked myself for the day. About two o\u2019clock she decided that we\u2019d\nbetter go out for a stroll and a peep in some of the shops, so we set\noff, after she told the maid she might go out also.\nWe went to a dozen places and were gone altogether about two hours. When\nwe returned the maid was there, but I wandered into the boudoir with the\nMadame and made myself useful. She sat down before her dressing table\nand I stood behind her, playing with the curls at the nape of her neck\nand talking of this and that.... I saw a long envelope on the corner of\nthe table and I knew at once that it had been put there since we left\nthe apartment, for I had been in there before we went out and there had\nbeen no envelope there then.... I didn\u2019t show, by even so much as a\nsecond glance at it, that I had noticed the envelope especially, but the\nMadame finally picked it up and said something about the maid collecting\na loan for her. Whereupon she opened the packet and removed its\ncontents. All I could see was that it was paper money of large\ndenominations; she folded them quickly and tucked the batch into her\nhand bag, handing me the envelope and saying, \u201cBe a good boy and put\nthat in the fireplace in the other room.\u201d\nI went into the other room and called back, \u201cShall I burn it up? There\u2019s\nnothing else here to burn.\u201d\n\u201cYou may as well,\u201d she replied and I drew a piece of note paper from my\npocket, crumpled it in my hand and touched a match to it. The envelope\nwent into my breeches, inside, because I didn\u2019t have time to fold it and\nput it in one of the buttoned pockets.\nWhen I went back to the boudoir I asked her why she burned everything\nup, even in hot weather. \u201cWhy don\u2019t you have a wastebasket instead of a\nfireplace?\u201d I asked.\n\u201cI\u2019ve always loathed the sight of a wastebasket,\u201d she replied. \u201cBesides\nthe fireplace is handy and the ashes are so much less for the maid to\ncarry out than papers would be....\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re very considerate of others, aren\u2019t you?\u201d I observed, placing my\nhands on her shoulders and leaning over for a kiss.\n\u201cI\u2019m too considerate sometimes,\u201d she murmured into my ear. And she made\nthat kiss speak worlds and worlds. Then she pushed me away and laughed,\nnot too pleasantly, as she said, \u201cDammit, young one, you\u2019re making me\nperfectly miserable!... Sometimes I wish Captain Winstead had wished you\nupon someone else.\u201d\n\u201cWould you rather I didn\u2019t come?\u201d I asked quickly, trying to sound very\nhurt.\n\u201cGod, no, honey!\u201d she answered, and her voice was thrillingly vibrant.\n\u201cI wish you would come and stay\u2014and I mustn\u2019t be wishing such things!\u201d\n\u201cWhy not?\u201d I inquired ingeniously. \u201cThey say if you wish hard enough,\nanything will come true.\u201d\nShe turned to me then and took my hand, saying, \u201cSuch wishing isn\u2019t good\nfor me.... And what I would wish could never possibly come true.\u201d She\nturned back to the dressing table with a flourish and raised her voice\nto say, \u201cDon\u2019t bother me, now, little one. You know you get me all\nupset.... I think you derive some diabolical delight from tormenting\nme.\u201d\nI laughed and let it go at that, and the rest of the afternoon and\nevening passed without anything further of great interest, although\nduring the evening, when several of her friends dropped in to talk and\ndrink, I caught her more than once studying me in an interested but\ndetached sort of way. I really felt a little uncomfortable and began to\nwonder if she suspected anything, or if the maid had seen me stick that\nenvelope down my breeches.\nLater, when I was about to leave, she asked me if I were never going to\nplease her by staying there instead of traveling the long distance\nacross the river to my barracks. \u201cYou\u2019ll be leaving Paris some day soon,\nmy dear, and perhaps we might never meet again\u2014who can tell?\u201d\nAll I could do was squeeze her hand and blink my eyes. For the life of\nme, I couldn\u2019t help but feel sorry for her. She was really so sincere,\nand her position must have been anything but comfortable there in an\nenemy city. She was a spy, of course, but one couldn\u2019t help but admire a\nwoman as remarkable as she was. Nor could you blame her for being so\nbrazen about a pleasure which she thought would be genuine\u2014she dealt in\ncounterfeit interest and love and passion so much that it seemed a shame\nthat she could not consummate just once at least her desire for\nsomething she really wanted.\nI knew it wasn\u2019t a very nice thing to think about, but if Leon showed\nhis face in Paris while I was there, his dear sweet sister would do\nsomething that seemed utterly impossible for her or anyone else like her\nto do.... I guess this job was getting under my skin. I wasn\u2019t built for\nbeing hard-boiled.\nThe Captain got the envelope and examined it carefully under a\nmicroscope. There were faint finger imprints on it and it would be\nphotographed and the prints compared with those in the police archives.\nHe said, \u201cIf they aren\u2019t the Madame\u2019s\u2014and I doubt if they are, since\nshe hardly touched the envelope\u2014then they may check with someone whom\nthe police already know.\u201d\n\u201cHow about the chaplain?\u201d I asked him, remembering that I had been with\nthe Madame practically all day and that his operatives were supposed to\nkeep an eye on the place every minute of the day and night.\n\u201cBusiness picks up,\u201d he replied cryptically.\n\u201cWhat do you mean?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014the maid was shadowed. She met an army chaplain whose name is\nKeith and who comes from Louisville, Kentucky. We don\u2019t know what passed\nbetween them, but it is possible that the money came from that\nchaplain.... I wasn\u2019t going to tell you the whole story until we finish,\nbut you may as well know it, I suppose.\u201d\nI couldn\u2019t help feeling an aching hurt, but I didn\u2019t say anything.\nHe noticed my change, however, and promptly explained it all away by\nsaying, \u201cWe just wanted you to go ahead with the Madame as if nothing\nhad happened and we thought you could do it better if you had no idea of\nwhat had happened. However, now that you know it, you\u2019ve just got to act\nyour part in spite of the knowledge. We can\u2019t close in on her yet: we\ncan\u2019t take this chaplain in for questioning just yet, because we want to\nkeep our eyes on him and see what he does with his days and nights. And\nmeantime, you\u2019ve got to go through with your part. You\u2019re doing\nfine\u2014better than anyone could have done with a woman like her. And\nsooner or later, we\u2019ll nab her. It\u2019s only a question of time now. So\nkeep up the good work, and don\u2019t let her get suspicious, for that would\nspoil the whole plan.\u201d\nSo back to the Madame\u2019s that night. Ben and I went to see the General\nlate in the afternoon and then he dropped me at the Madame\u2019s.\n\u201cWant me to call fer ya, General?\u201d he mocked as I stepped out.\n\u201cAfter all, why not?\u201d I replied. \u201cSay, about ten o\u2019clock to-night?\u201d\nBen was surprised but he went through with it gamely. \u201cAll right,\nGeneral, sir\u2014only if I get in trouble fer runnin\u2019 around in this car,\nyou\u2019ll have to take the blame, General, sir!\u201d\nI never expected him to show up, but he did just that and in typical\nBen-like fashion, opening the door without knocking and walking right\ninto one of the most mixed up lovin\u2019 scenes that ever happened. The\nMadame and I had finally come to a show-down and I was having the time\nof my life trying to keep her away from the secret sections of my\nanatomy. God, how that woman could make love! I learned about women from\nher all right\u2014but I couldn\u2019t see any fun in it at all and was just\nabout ready to start throwing things when Ben appeared. I mean, I had\ngone as far as I could, and I couldn\u2019t go any further because if I had\nthe Madame would have found out the truth and then she\u2019d have been\nsuspicious of my motives immediately\u2014and then the Captain\u2019s plans for a\ncoup would be all ruined. And anyone who thinks it isn\u2019t a delicate\nproblem to keep a woman from finding out that you\u2019re a woman and at the\nsame time keep her from getting mad at you\u2014well, a trial will\nillustrate how I felt.\nShe didn\u2019t see Ben at first and he was treated to a choice line of\nendearing terms and brazen invitations. He stood dumfounded for a\nmoment, as if he couldn\u2019t quite get the drift of the situation, but when\nhe started to tiptoe out again I yelled and the Madame saw him. And\nmaybe she wasn\u2019t mad!\nShe pulled herself together in just one movement and lit on him in a\nveritable fit of denunciations and deprecatory explosions. She didn\u2019t\ngive him a chance to explain his presence, and when she acted like that\nI couldn\u2019t say anything because I was afraid she was near the limit as\nit was.\nSo I just let Ben take it while I slipped into my slicker and found my\ncap. When she pushed him out the door, I was right behind her, ready to\nhop after him.\nShe calmed down quickly and asked me again if I wouldn\u2019t please her\n\u201cjust this once!\u201d\nBut I hugged her and rubbed her neck and caressed her and kissed her and\ntold her we\u2019d better make it some other night. By that time I had\nmanaged to get around her and as soon as she let me go, I slid through\nthe door and ran down the stairs, where I found Ben waiting in a\ndilapidated old taxi.\n\u201cGeneral,\u201d he saluted me, \u201cyour car.\u201d But after we were seated and on\nour way, he turned to me in disgust. \u201cNow, Leony, I\u2019m gonna break yer\nhead fer ya if ya don\u2019t perk up and act like a man!\u201d he declared\nearnestly. \u201cWhat\u2019ya suppose the Lord built ya that way for?... If I ever\nhear of ya throwin\u2019 away a lovin\u2019 party like that one again, I\u2019m gonna\nstep right in an\u2019 take it away from ya!... Why, she\u2019s the best lookin\u2019\nwoman I\u2019ve ever seen in my whole damned life! Are ya crazy?... I\u2019d give\nten years o\u2019 my life to put my shoes under her bed just once!\u201d\nI got mad. \u201cAll right,\u201d I told him. \u201cTo-morrow I\u2019ll take you over there\nand you can help yourself. You\u2019re welcome to all of her lovin\u2019 you can\nget!\u201d\nHe was quiet for a while then, but he finally burst out with \u201cHere I am\nworkin\u2019 myself skinny tryin\u2019 to satisfy these Parisian women, an\u2019 you,\nya little shrimp, actually run away from the best lookin\u2019 and most\ndeservin\u2019 one in the whole pack! Ain\u2019t ya ashamed of yourself?\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ll take you over there to-morrow,\u201d I promised.\nAll he would say after that was \u201cSeems damned funny to me ... damned\nfunny....\u201d\nWhich was just two damns funnier than it seemed to me.\nWell, I took Ben to the Madame\u2019s on the pretext that he wanted to\napologize for breaking in so unceremoniously last night. She accepted\nthe apology graciously and I think she expected him to leave.\nBut Ben had no intention of leaving and, as I had told him I would leave\nthem alone, I began to wonder how I could manage to get out without\ntaking him with me. As a starter I turned on the phonograph and put on a\npeppy record. As the Madame likes to dance, I was not surprised when she\nsubmitted to Ben\u2019s invitation to dance with him.\nHowever, Ben wasn\u2019t much when it came to tripping the light fantastic\nand the Madame could not be blamed for suggesting that they call it\nenough after but a few steps.\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the matter?\u201d inquired Ben, naturally suspicious and belligerent.\nThe Madame laughed and told him that she \u201cnever could dance very well\nwith big men.... I don\u2019t like such tremendously big men half as much as\nI do little fellows like the sergeant.\u201d\nIf she had said anything but that, the evening might have gone along\nwithout any exceptional disturbances, but the declaration of preference\nwas to Ben like the proverbial red flag to the bull, and he arose to the\noccasion promptly to demand, \u201cWhat the devil\u2019s the matter with these\nParisian dames?... Don\u2019t like beeg men!... Huh! When a woman says that\nto me I just make up my mind that if she an\u2019 I ever get alone together,\nI\u2019ll make her like me or mangle her!\u201d\n\u201cOu la la!\u201d laughed the Madame. \u201cA genuine cave man, eh?... Such a droll\nfriend for Sergeant Canwick!\u201d And she laughed again.\nWell, I knew Ben was going to get rough, regardless of my presence, and\nI was wondering how in the devil I could get him out of there, because\nI\u2019d be in a pretty pickle if the Madame got all torn up, and with me\nstanding right there. I mean, she\u2019d naturally expect me to act like a\nman and crown Ben or something\u2014but I could just see myself trying to\ncrown that big blister.\nBen was starting to amble across to the divan on which she was sitting\nwhen we were all startled and relieved by a knock on the door.\n\u201cBerta!\u201d the Madame called, and the maid promptly appeared, answered the\nknock and announced that Major Fergus and a friend were there.\nJust the mention of a major was enough to quiet my bulldozing friend. He\nretired to a secluded corner where he would not have to face the officer\nand I took advantage of the moment to tell the Madame I had to step out\nfor ten or fifteen minutes.\n\u201cIs your battling friend staying?\u201d she inquired with a very wise smile.\n\u201cOh\u2014he\u2019ll be all right,\u201d I told her. \u201cAnd I\u2019ll be right back anyway.\u201d\nShe laughed and I hurried past the major and his mademoiselle and went\nout for the air.\nI thought I walked around for at least a half hour, but when I came back\nto the house I realized that I hadn\u2019t been gone more than fifteen or\ntwenty minutes. I made as little noise as possible ascending the stairs\nand when I stopped in front of her door, unmistakable sounds of a\nstruggle and argument came to my ears. It sounded desperate and I was on\nthe point of knocking, when I heard the Madame suddenly laugh. Then she\nsaid, \u201cAll right, you wild man\u2014but let\u2019s have a little champagne first\nto help matters along.\u201d\nWell, if that\u2019s the way she felt about it, it was none of my business,\nso I removed myself to the air again. I don\u2019t know why, but I actually\nfelt disappointed. I never really believed the Madame would give in like\nthat to just any man who fought hard enough to overpower her. I was\ndisgusted with her, I guess.\nFifteen minutes later I returned again\u2014and all was so very quiet that I\nconcluded my presence would be rather superfluous. So out to the air\nagain.\nWhen I returned the next time, about twenty minutes later, I walked\nboldly up to the door and knocked. The Madame herself let me in. She\nsmiled queerly at me, and I could not meet her eyes. I glanced around\nthe room and spotted Ben stretched out on the divan, apparently sleeping\nthe sleep of the righteous.... I couldn\u2019t figure it out.\nWhen she noted my bewilderment, she laughed lightly and said, \u201cYour\nfriend, the giant, is like all giants, little one: he met his Jack.\u201d\n\u201cMeaning?\u201d\n\u201cHe can\u2019t stand his liquor.\u201d\nThat seemed funny, but I didn\u2019t say anything and when she said, \u201cCome in\nthe other room and we\u2019ll have some wine,\u201d I followed her dumbly and\ndrank the wine she offered me.\nAside from the fact that her hair was somewhat mussed and her neck\nshowed several red streaks and unnatural marks, she didn\u2019t look as if\nshe had undergone any titanic struggle\u2014or anything else titanic. I was\nbeginning to wonder just what the devil had happened. I mean, I couldn\u2019t\nquite figure out what Ben had taken while I was taking the air.\nBut the Madame interrupted my wonderings to suggest that I take my\nfriend out for a little walk and come back later. \u201cHe\u2019s in a stupor now\nand I don\u2019t feel comfortable with a man like that around. He\u2019ll be all\nright in a little while.\u201d\nSo I roused Ben as best I could\u2014which was not very much. He didn\u2019t pay\nany attention to my shaking and pulling and commanding. But when the\nMadame began slapping his face and jerking his head back and forth, he\nopened his eyes and began to come to life. The Madame dropped out of\nsight and I had no difficulty in getting him out of the place. We walked\naround for ten or fifteen minutes, Ben\u2019s head clearing a little with\nevery step, and I finally decided that he was presentable again, so we\nreturned to the apartment ... and found the door locked, and there was\nno answer to my knocking. Ben was all for breaking down the heavy old\ndoor, but I dissuaded him and finally got him out and into a rat-trap of\na taxi that must have been one of those that helped save Paris a couple\nof years before.\nAs we bounced away toward the barracks, I asked him what had happened\nand \u201cAre you satisfied now?\u201d\nFor answer he called me seven different kinds of an unmentionable\nprogeny.\nSo I asked him again, and added, \u201cWhat became of the major and where did\nthe maid go to?\u201d\n\u201cThe maple leaf only stayed a few minutes, him an\u2019 his broad.\u201d\n\u201cAnd the maid?\u201d\n\u201cShe came in and said she was supposed to meet some guy named Keith an\u2019\nthe boss told her to bring us some champagne before she went.\u201d\n\u201cAnd then what happened?\u201d For an innocent girl my curiosity about such\nsituations was unspeakable.\n\u201cWhy\u2014she gave me a big goblet o\u2019 champagne an\u2019 I downs it at a gulp....\nIt tasted damn funny but she had me all worked up so I couldn\u2019t think\nstraight anyway, the little b\u2014\u2014!\u201d\n\u201cWhat you kicking about?\u201d I asked in surprise. It didn\u2019t seem to me that\na man should talk that way about a woman after she\u2019s been good to him.\n\u201cKickin\u2019 about?\u201d he demanded. \u201cAn\u2019 you bouncin\u2019 in about two minutes\nlater! That\u2019s what I\u2019m kickin\u2019 about!\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re crazy,\u201d I told him. \u201cI stayed away almost an hour. What were you\ndoing all that time?\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014fer Christ\u2019s sake!\u201d He was mad\u2014at me, I assumed, but I was wrong.\n\u201cWhat a dumb b\u2014\u2014 I am!\u201d\nSo I didn\u2019t know yet what had happened.\nThis affair was ended, in so far as I was concerned. The General came\nout of the hospital finally, full of pep and ambition and said he wanted\nto leave Paris next morning. \u201cWe\u2019ve had a good rest and now we\u2019ll get\nback to the business of winning the war,\u201d he told me. \u201cThere\u2019s much to\ndo right around here, but I want to get away from the city for a while,\nso we\u2019ll drop down to Le Mans and Orl\u00e9ans and then come back here in a\nweek or so.\u201d\nI reported this to the Captain at once. He was keenly disappointed. Also\nconfessed about taking Ben over, and about the maid and the man named\nKeith. He blamed me for taking Ben, and also for not hanging around so I\ncould follow the maid when she went out to meet the chaplain....\n\u201cHowever,\u201d he said, \u201cyou\u2019ve helped a lot, and I\u2019m going to see about\nhaving you transferred, after the General has cleaned up some of his\nwork.\u201d He made me promise to look him up as soon as I got back to Paris.\nUpon his suggestion I called upon the Madame to say good-by. She\nwelcomed me as usual but rebuked me for bringing \u201cthat woman-eating\nanimal to see me.\u201d\nI told her I was sorry. That I didn\u2019t think he would act like that.\n\u201cDon\u2019t worry, youngster,\u201d she informed me. \u201cAda doesn\u2019t give in to any\nman unless she wants to\u2014and, to be frank with you, there\u2019s only one man\nin Paris whom I would favor in that way....\u201d\n\u201cYes?\u201d\n\u201c... and he is here at this minute,\u201d she finished, ending with that\nfunny little laugh.\n\u201cYou\u2019re a good joker,\u201d I replied with a smile.\n\u201cNo, I\u2019m not joking, little one,\u201d she insisted. \u201cI know what you\nthink\u2014or, at least, I assume I know. But you have the wrong conception\nentirely.... I believe in being free and generous and in having a good\ntime with my friends ... but of all the men whom you have met here,\nthere\u2019s not one who can boast of a real conquest here.... You see ...\noh, there are many things you can\u2019t understand, youngster.... And now\nyou\u2019re leaving.\u201d She caressed my cheeks with her lips and fingers, and\ncontinued, pleasantly and sincerely, \u201cI\u2019ll miss you, cher enfant....\nIt\u2019s been so nice, having you around.... Promise grandma you\u2019ll be a\ngood boy and stay away from the mademoiselles until you come back to\nme?\u201d\n\u201cI promise faithfully,\u201d I told her.\nShe kissed me with a smothering fervor, and as she closed the door\nbehind me, murmured, \u201cHurry back, youngster, like a good boy!\u201d\nI forgot to ask her why she wouldn\u2019t let us in last night, when we came\nback; but I assumed it was on account of Ben.... Well, I did feel sorry\nfor her. She was perfectly able to take care of herself, but sooner or\nlater she\u2019d be caught and then\u2014well, they shot Mata Hari. It didn\u2019t\nseem that any good could come from killing a woman who was as game, as\nclever, as altogether interesting as she was.... You see, I loathed\nhaving to put up with her caresses and her kisses, but I could\nunderstand how a man must feel, if she liked him ... and I couldn\u2019t help\nliking her and feeling sorry for her.... However, there was a war on: at\nleast, so I\u2019d heard, and to-morrow it was back to the grind for us.\nOn Saturday afternoon a few days later, the mail from Paris brought me a\nshort note from Captain Winstead to tell me that:\n    \u201cYour friend Marfield found me at the office this afternoon and\n    I gathered that he is hunting for you. I took the liberty of\n    telling him you had already left Paris for parts\n    unknown\u2014although, of course, I knew you planned to leave\n    to-morrow morning. He wanted to know where you were going from\n    here, but I professed a colossal ignorance of your plans....\n    Just wanted to let you know about him, in case you should want\n    to see him or get in touch with him. He didn\u2019t say what was on\n    his mind.\u201d\nLord only knew what was on his mind. Knowing him, I knew that it was\nimpossible to predict anything in regard to him. All I hoped was that he\nhadn\u2019t been investigating my whereabouts at home, and that Leon hadn\u2019t\nbumped into him.... Why did a man have to be like that? He could just as\neasily forget about me and mind his own business\u2014but I knew he wouldn\u2019t\nbe satisfied until he\u2019d either got me where he wanted me or forced me to\na showdown, with all its embarrassments.\nHowever, I was not worrying so much about him just now as I was about\nLeon. I mean, if I could find my brother and put him wise to what had\nhappened, perhaps he could be on guard against Jay-Jay and do his part\ntoward insuring my safety. Also, I wanted to straighten out the tangle\nin which my visit involved Lisa. I was determined to risk any\nconsequence at all to make up for what trouble I\u2019d caused her, and her\nhusband had to be informed of the truth. It would help matters a lot if\nLeon were with me when I called there.... I hadn\u2019t the least idea where\nto look for him, but I decided to go on a hunt which I hoped would\nresult in finding him.\nThe mail from Tours brought a letter from Aunt Elinor and one from Vyvy.\nAunt Elinor\u2019s note was brief but she inclosed something else that was an\nentirely different matter: a letter from Captain Winstead which began\nwith explaining his loss of my address and begging for my forgiveness\nand ended with veiled but sincere protestations of love. He said he\nwanted me to believe that that night in the garden \u201cwas not just another\nnight and nothing more.\u201d I was perfectly willing to believe him, after\nthe way he\u2019d talked to me about my sister\u2014but I didn\u2019t much care for\nthe way he fell in love with all these pretty mademoiselles he met. This\nletter was apparently written just after he met me in Tours. I had to\nanswer it toute de suite and send it to Auntie.... Poor Auntie: I\nguessed she was about distracted by this old war.\nThe most interesting part of Vyvy\u2019s letter follows, because it is worth\npreserving and I saved it to give to Leon when I saw him:\n    \u201cYour attitude, my dear Leon, is beyond me. I can only surmise\n    as to what has happened to you and to the burning world-moving\n    passion which you once professed so eloquently, but I am\n    convinced at last that you have succumbed to the vulgar charms\n    of some petite mademoiselle and that the love-loving creature\n    has estranged you completely from me.\n    \u201cPlease tell me frankly if this is true. Your matter-of-fact\n    \u2018duty\u2019 cards do not begin to appease the hunger of my heart, but\n    rather would I go without their incredible meagerness and empty\n    promise than feel continually, insistently, day after day, that\n    you are\u2014the real you that I loved\u2014no longer wholly mine....\n    You must know what you mean to me: why do you act this way? I\n    want to understand, so please explain and try to remember how\n    much you once said you loved\nI didn\u2019t realize, until I read this, that I had not written to the poor\ngirl for over a month. She had a right to be wild by this time. I could\nhear her calling Leon every bad name she knew, and she was not ignorant\nby any means. So I supposed I\u2019d have to sit down and pen her a long and\nworshipful epistle, telling her all about it.\nNo, on second thought, I wouldn\u2019t. I was sick of writing love letters to\na girl. Why couldn\u2019t Leon write his own love letters? I\u2019d wait until I\nsaw if he was still in Le Mans and if he was, he could just sit right\ndown and do his stuff for the sake of his velvety Vyvy. And he could\njust keep on writing to her.... That\u2019s one thing that would be off my\nmind.... Then I had a haircut: that was another thing off my mind.\nPretty soon there wouldn\u2019t be anything on it except my own business.\nGod, but that would be a beautiful day for me!\nBen and I were promenading with Esky the following afternoon when we\nbumped smack into Leon, just about a block from Le Chien Rouge. If I had\nseen him first, I would have managed somehow to divert Ben\u2019s attention\nso that I could see Leon without Ben\u2019s knowing about it, but the way it\nhappened, Ben noticed Esky was acting funny and when he looked across\nthe street he saw something that made him roar out impulsively, \u201cHey,\nyou!... You\u2019re the guy that got me in the jug! Come over here!\u201d\nThat was the first I knew of Leon\u2019s proximity and I turned to see him\nstepping across the thoroughfare in compliance with Ben\u2019s command.\nBefore I thought, I cried out, \u201cHello, Leon. Lord, but I\u2019ve been wanting\nto see you!\u201d\nBen turned about and faced me, but before I could say anything to him,\nLeon was with us, greeting me with a rather doubtful \u201cHello.\u201d He kept\neying my companion suspiciously, as if he expected to see him draw back\nfor a lusty swing any minute. And I was trying to think fast: Ben had\nheard me call him by my own name, and some explanation would have to be\ngiven for that. Also, he\u2019d wonder why I said I couldn\u2019t imagine who this\ndouble of mine was. Yes, Mr. Ben was bound to get some explanations, but\nnot just now.\n\u201cBen,\u201d I said, taking his arm and giving him a push, \u201cdo me a big favor\nand take a drink for yourself somewhere, will you?... I\u2019ll explain\neverything to you later, but just now I\u2019ve got to talk turkey to this\nman.\u201d I waited until he agreed with a grunt and started away with Esky\nat his heels, then I called after him, \u201cThat\u2019s a good sport, Big Boy.\u201d\nThen I turned to my brother. He just smiled at me and said, \u201cI suppose\nyou\u2019re happy now, eh?\u201d\n\u201cSay!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cIf you don\u2019t want to be killed on the spot, don\u2019t\ntalk to me about being happy.... There have been times since I last saw\nyou when I could have murdered you in cold blood! Where in the name of\nGod have you been and why didn\u2019t you get in touch with me?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d he began, placatingly. \u201cFor a long time, I couldn\u2019t see any\nadvantage in writing to you. In the first place, it isn\u2019t good for us to\nbe seen together. In the second place, I don\u2019t see how I can help you\nany. I tried every way possible to get across here without enlisting,\nbut there wasn\u2019t a prayer, so I finally got mad and enlisted and here I\nam.\u201d\n\u201cBut what do you expect me to do?\u201d I demanded. \u201cHow am I going to get\nout of this man\u2019s army?\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ve doped it all out,\u201d he replied easily. \u201cIf worse comes to worst,\nI\u2019ll desert and take your place. You resume your proper attire, no one\nwill be the wiser.\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re as brilliant as ever, aren\u2019t you?\u201d I observed after a momentary\ndigestion of this idea. \u201cI suppose you aren\u2019t aware that Jay-Jay\nMarfield is over here and is dogging me for a show-down already. Also,\nwhat would I do in dresses over here? How could I get a passport to get\nout of France when I couldn\u2019t show any record of having legitimately\nentered the country?... Perhaps the scheme might work after the war is\nover, but that may be a couple of years yet\u2014and I\u2019m sure I can\u2019t stand\neven one more year of it. I\u2019ve got one service stripe already and I\ndon\u2019t crave for any more.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014we\u2019ll have to dope out something,\u201d he admitted. \u201cHowever, for the\ntime being, what\u2019s on your mind?\u201d\n\u201cPlenty!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cFor one thing I\u2019m in a jamb with Lisa Mantour\u2019s\nhusband\u2014you know, Lisa, at St. Malo? Her husband runs this caf\u00e9 on the\nnext corner, Le Chien Rouge, and he threatened to shoot me for coming to\nsee his wife. Lisa wouldn\u2019t tell him that I\u2019m a girl because she\u2019s\nafraid he\u2019ll talk when he\u2019s drunk, and I guess he\u2019s been raising Cain\nwith her on my account. So now I\u2019m going to tell him the truth and in\norder that he\u2019ll believe it more readily, you\u2019ve got to come along and\nface him, too.\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t want to face that man again!\u201d he declared stubbornly. \u201cI\nwandered in there about two months ago and he lit on me with a\nbung-stopper. I didn\u2019t know he had a wife, much less that she was Lisa,\nand I didn\u2019t know what he was jabbering about until that big fellow\nthere came along and flew into the scrap\u2014and then I ducked.\u201d\n\u201cYes, I know about that. He thought it was me\u2014in fact, he\u2019s had his\ndoubts about it up until just recently. Now he knows it wasn\u2019t me, but\nI\u2019ve got to explain us to him some way.\u201d\n\u201cTell him we\u2019re twin brothers,\u201d he suggested.\n\u201cI guess I\u2019ll have to,\u201d I agreed. \u201cBut I told him before that I couldn\u2019t\nimagine who you were. And calling you \u2018Leon\u2019\u2014that will call for an\nexplanation, too. But I\u2019ll settle him. He can wait. The important thing\nis to get old Pierre fixed up. How about it?\u201d\nHe started to smile as he replied, \u201cBut his place isn\u2019t open to-day and\nI\u2019m going on leave to Paris in the morning. I don\u2019t see how we can make\nit now.\u201d\n\u201cWhen you coming back?\u201d\n\u201cTen days\u2014but my outfit will be moving out of here then, if not sooner.\nWe\u2019re going up to take over a hospital near Toul.\u201d\n\u201cThen we\u2019re going to see Lisa and Pierre before you go. What time you\ngoing in the morning?\u201d\n\u201cToo early to get down here first.\u201d\n\u201cThen come on.... We\u2019ll find them somewhere.\u201d And I took his arm and\nmarched him up the street to the corner where Le Chien Rouge is located.\nI tried the front door and found it locked and barred, but around the\ncorner there was another door which I assumed led to their living\nquarters and on which I knocked loudly and long.\nFinally the door was opened a crack and Lisa looked out. When she saw\nwho it was, she threw the door open and welcomed us both with open arms\nand many kisses, and to Leon she said, \u201cI would not beleeve she was not\nyou onteel she prove it!\u201d\nLeon laughed in embarrassment, but just at that moment I spied Ben and\nEsky coming around the corner, so I pushed Leon in and called to Ben\nthat I\u2019d be with him in a few minutes.\nInside I quickly told Lisa that she had to explain everything to her\nhusband. \u201cIt makes no difference about his talking. We must risk that.\u201d\n\u201cDo not fret, ch\u00e8re!\u201d she argued. \u201cIt is but words that open his mouth.\nI weel feex him.\u201d\nWe argued back and forth until she finally consented, and I suggested\nthat she call her husband so that we could prove everything to him at\nonce.\n\u201cBut he is not here,\u201d declared Lisa.\n\u201cThen to-night?\u201d I asked. She nodded. \u201cCan you meet me here at eight,\nLeon?\u201d He reluctantly agreed to come.\n\u201cHe will be here sure at that hour,\u201d Lisa told us as we departed.\nLeon walked past Ben\u2019s glaring eyes without a blink of recognition, but\nI came along a moment later and promptly began explaining the mystery to\nhim. \u201cYou see, Ben,\u201d I told him, \u201cI\u2019ve got to trust you to keep this to\nyourself\u2014I know you will, because it means a devil of a lot to me....\nThe truth is that the fellow you just saw is my twin brother. His name\nis Leonard, but we always called each other either Leon or Leonard\u2014you\nknow, just a kid trick we never got over.... I didn\u2019t say anything about\nhim before because I didn\u2019t know he was in France. You see, he got into\na scrape back home and disappeared; now he\u2019s serving under a different\nname. That\u2019s why we can\u2019t be together much, because we look so much\nalike that anyone would notice the difference in names and be\nsuspicious.... You see how it is, Ben. I suspected, when you told me\nabout that fight, that it was my brother, but I could not quite bring\nmyself to tell you the secret then. However, now it\u2019s all right and I\nknow you\u2019ll keep it to yourself, won\u2019t you?\u201d\nHe was grinning good-naturedly. \u201cAw, hell, yes!\u201d he replied. \u201cI knew\nthere was somethin\u2019 cockeyed goin\u2019 on, but I wouldn\u2019t \u2019a\u2019 said nothing\nabout it, anyway.\u201d... So that was that.\nWe wandered around then and finally had dinner and wine in a little\nplace that stayed open on Sunday, but you had to enter by the back door.\nI paid for the grub and the wine. Indeed I bought plenty of wine and let\nBen drink his fill, for I was anxious to get rid of him before eight\no\u2019clock. I suppose I could have asked him to chase along alone, but I\ndidn\u2019t, and the result was that he came back to Le Chien Rouge with me,\nalthough he was feeling so sleepy that I doubt if he knew exactly where\nhe was at first.\nLeon didn\u2019t appear on the dot, so we had to hang around the corner for\nsome few minutes. Ben sat down on the doorstep and Esky went prowling\naround looking for something to interest him\u2014or maybe he recognized the\nplace because of the bar rag that was thrown at him when we were there\nlast.... Just as Leon appeared, Ben grabbed my leg and said, \u201cLeony,\nthat bald-headed pirate in there is givin\u2019 Esky a chunk o\u2019 meat.\u201d I\nlooked down, and there was Ben, leaning against the side of the doorway,\npeering into the darkened barroom through a crack beneath the shutters.\n\u201cI guess he knows it\u2019s all right now,\u201d I said, thinking at once that\nLisa had explained to her husband and that now he was trying to make up\nwith the pup. \u201cYou wait here for me, Ben,\u201d I told him, as I went around\nthe corner with Leon.\nLisa welcomed us happily and exclaimed, \u201cI have just tell him and he do\nnot beleeve it!\u201d Then she turned and called, \u201cPierre! Venez ici!\u201d\nThe old man came, saw, and was convinced. \u201cWhich is ze jeune fille?\u201d he\nasked, grinning cheerfully.\nHe looked me over for a moment and muttered, \u201cTr\u00e9s bien ... tr\u00e9s bien\n... I t\u2019ought you make cooked-up lie before zis.\u201d He admitted that he\nbelieved us now, but still he did not seem to be entirely happy over the\ndiscovery of his error. He left us with Lisa and I heard him moving\naround, first in the barroom and then outdoors, as if he were looking\nfor something.\nWe had been there perhaps ten minutes when Ben appeared in the door,\nasking stupidly if we had seen the pup. \u201cHe ain\u2019t outside,\u201d he declared,\nas if that were news. \u201cHe ain\u2019t outside.\u201d\nI whistled and called and finally Esky appeared from within, lapping his\njaws from the feast he had just had. Old Pierre tried to get him to come\nto him, but he wouldn\u2019t have anything to do with him, just got behind\nBen\u2019s legs and looked at Pierre sort of queerly, so much as to say,\n\u201cI\u2019ll eat your meat, but I don\u2019t want to have anything to do with you.\u201d\nBen took him out. A moment later we bade good-by to the Lenotiers and\njoined Ben at the corner. As it was early yet, I suggested that we take\na walk to the park and give Ben a chance to get some air. So we walked\naway and found a bench, whereon Ben flopped down and promptly began to\ndoze off, with the result that Leon and I had an opportunity to talk\nabout ourselves to a certain extent.\nI gathered a lot from what Leon told me and now I could better\nunderstand the change that had come over him: for he certainly was a\ndifferent man altogether. It seems that the mood in which he went to\nBooneville passed away as soon as his arm began to heal, and he had\nnothing to do but think about how rotten he was. The solitude\u2014of whose\nvirtues and beauties he had sung so often\u2014closed about him depressingly\nand even the sounds of his own voice came back at him with echoes and\nre\u00ebchoes from the hills. He had never been sociable nor friendly, and\nthe natives of Booneville cast suspicious glances at him upon the\ninfrequent occasions of his visits to the post office. He discovered\nthat the torments of loneliness, of strange-noised nights and uneventful\ndays, were far worse than any of the fancied or real horrors of war. I\nguess he made up his mind then that the army was a better place for him\nthan Booneville, and I don\u2019t think he cared a great deal whether he\nsucceeded in getting across to rescue me: his idea was simply to go out\nand do something that would revive his self-respect and prove to himself\nthat he was no weakling or coward.\nIt may be that he feared my being detected, in which case he would have\nbeen found and sent up for desertion, no doubt. He may have figured that\nhe was safer in the army than he would be out of it\u2014should anything\nhappen to me. And after he was in again, he found it was just as easy to\nmake the best of army life as it was to make the worst of it. He was\nthrown into a company that showed in its personnel an exceptional cross\nsection of American citizenry, and he stuck out his chin, determined to\ntake what was given him, made no effort to shirk his duties, however\nunpleasant they happened to be. He discovered that the noncoms thought\nhim a clever and promising man, and his comrades called him a good\nfellow. It must have seemed awfully easy to him now that he didn\u2019t fight\nagainst it.\nHe served his soldier\u2019s apprenticeship over again, with all the\nunpleasantness of kitchen police, garbage detail, latrine duty, grounds\npolice; took the unpolite commands of the drill and training field with\nactual zest; learned to wash his clothes and sew on buttons and do any\nnumber of other things which he once thought were utterly, unspeakably,\nimpossible for a person of his \u00e6sthetic plane. And he filled out in the\nchest, so that he looked as big across the front as I did.\nI told him about Vyvy\u2019s letters and showed him the one I just received.\nHe laughed as he read it and said, \u201cThe nearest thing to a mademoiselle\nI\u2019ve touched is a dirty smelly old G.I. can.\u201d\nI looked at him in surprise. That sounded like a dirty crack to me\u2014and\ndirty cracks were the last thing I would expect from my brother....\nThere was no question about his being a changed man.\nWell, I guess he had learned a lot, and it had done him a world of good.\nHe found that the army was not made up entirely of fools, cowards,\nroughnecks and knaves, and that there was something to the business\nbesides quarreling, getting drunk, swearing inordinately, indulging\nindiscriminately in sexual pursuits, plotting against superiors,\nhand-shaking and pulling political strings, and going A.W.O.L.\nHe said his outfit contained men of all types and kinds. Men from\ncolleges who could discuss literature and the fine arts as well as the\narts of war. Men who looked upon the adventure at hand with an\noptimistic philosophy that reassured all who knew them. Men from the\nslums who swore and cursed disgustingly but would give the shirts from\ntheir backs if you happened to need them more than they. Men who told\ndirty stories and sang rotten songs about unmentionable obscenities one\nminute, and the next conversed in language that would do justice to a\nLadies\u2019 Aid meeting. Men who read books and wrote many letters, who\nshowed you pictures of their best girls at home and told you stories\nabout their families and their friends and their former occupations. Men\nwho could work in muck and mud all day, and were able at night to talk\nintelligently and sincerely of the finer things of life. He even had\nsome buddies who liked poetry as much as he did, but they had adapted\nthemselves to the rimeless rhythm of the life about them.\nHe had found that the noncoms were not all bullies to their subordinates\nand kotowing toadies to their superiors. Some were like this, but more\noften they were hard-working, serious-minded fellows, eager to carry on,\nget the ugly business finished as soon as possible, and return home.\nTo men and officers alike this war was the great adventure. Its\ndiscomforts and sufferings and dangers were just things to be taken as\npart of the day\u2019s work. A man put up with anything to be able to say\nsome day, \u201cI was there.\u201d\nHe had found, as I had found, that all this business of being at war was\nnot a mess of corruption, beastliness and brutality. There were other\nfeatures to this life than those that are so cried about and proclaimed.\nIt was a glorious adventure! I don\u2019t mean to pollyanna the grimy\nbusiness, this drab and dreary affair in which men walked blindly into\nalmost certain death or injury\u2014what I mean is that there unquestionably\nwas a fine, an ideal, a truly noble side to the thing. Like beautiful\nflowers growing out of a bed of filth and rot. Like the lovely poppies\nthat they say grew on the graves filled with the rotting bodies of men\nin the battlefields.... That isn\u2019t exactly what I mean, but the idea is\nthere, and I was glad to learn that Leon had come to feel toward it all\nmuch as I was feeling. It seemed to me that through coming to an\nunderstanding of and sympathy for other men, Leon had himself become a\nman. I doubted if Vyvy could realize the change, even if he wrote to\nher, but she had nevertheless been the real maker of this man whose name\nshe didn\u2019t know.\nI told Leon he could write his own love letters now, but he said \u201cThe\nman who censors my mail would wonder what the idea was if I signed my\nreal name, and Vyvy would be wondering if I signed my alias.... You\u2019d\nbetter keep on as you are.\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t want to,\u201d I told him. \u201cI can\u2019t do justice to the subject and\nVyvy is entitled to hear from you herself.... I\u2019ll tell you: you put\nyour name and rank and everything at the top of the first page, don\u2019t\nyou?\u201d\n\u201cSurely.\u201d\n\u201cWell, you write to Auntie and inclose a letter to Vyvy. I\u2019ll write to\nAuntie and tell her to cut the top from the first page of your letter,\nthen forward the rest to Vyvy. My mail isn\u2019t inspected half the time and\nno one would think anything anyway.\u201d\n\u201cNope,\u201d he insisted. \u201cVyvy\u2019d wonder why the letter didn\u2019t come direct.\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014then\u2014you can write to me without having your letters censored.\nSend your letters to Vyvy via me. What\u2019s wrong with that?\u201d\n\u201cNothing, I guess. I\u2019ll do it.\u201d\nSo now that was off my hands and my head felt a little easier on all\nscores, for I told Leon all about the Captain and Jay-Jay and the Madame\nand everything and he was prepared for whatever might happen now. I\nalmost told him to look up the Madame\u2014but I just couldn\u2019t do it: it\ndidn\u2019t seem decent to fix up a loving party for your own brother.... He\nwould write to me from Paris, and we\u2019d meet again as soon as possible.\nBen and I didn\u2019t get back to our barracks till ten and it was twelve\nbefore we turned in. Esky was sick. We didn\u2019t know what was the matter\nwith him, so didn\u2019t know what to do for him. Probably be all right by\nmorning, but I hated to see him sick. He looked and acted too pitiful: I\ncouldn\u2019t sleep all night if he was going to be prowling around and\nsticking his nose into my ear every few minutes. But that was just what\nhe did when he felt funny.\nBen was asleep. Esky stuck his nose into his ear and Ben must have been\ndreaming, for he mumbled something about \u201cyou know my weak spot, honey.\u201d\nMaybe he thought it was that Captain of W.A.A.C.\u2019s.\nMonday was a terrible day. The General worked me like a nigger. Esky was\nsick and Ben said he\u2019d been poisoned by that meat Pierre gave him\nyesterday. When I told the General about it, he told Ben to take the pup\nand cart him out to a veterinary in the car. Pretty special for a dog to\nride to a veterinary in a General\u2019s car. Ben came back to report that\nthe vet didn\u2019t know whether he could pull him through or not, said he\nwas probably poisoned, that he might go blind.... I felt too terrible to\nthink about it. We got some medicine and Ben and I took turns all night\ngetting up to give it to him. The poor pup! He just lay around and\nlooked miserable and threw up everything he ate and a lot of blood, too.\nThe next day it looked as if Esky couldn\u2019t possibly get well again. He\ndidn\u2019t walk around at all\u2014just lay there on his side and breathed so\nawfully hard that it made me want to cry just to watch him. When I\npatted his head he opened his eyes lazily and gave his tail a couple of\nfeeble wags.\nIn the night he kept coming to my bunk and sticking his nose up to me.\nHe\u2019d always been taken care of before this and I suppose he couldn\u2019t\nunderstand why I didn\u2019t help him when he felt so awful. It was terrible\nto have a dumb animal depend upon you like that\u2014and you not knowing\nanything to do to help him.\nThe medicine was getting the poison out of him, but it had weakened him\nso that he was nothing but bones already. I was patting his head that\nafternoon and I just couldn\u2019t keep from crying when I realized that he\nwould probably die. I was crying and sniffling like a little kid when\nBen came in and saw me there acting like that. He didn\u2019t feel very well\nhimself, but of course he wouldn\u2019t cry about anything. But I couldn\u2019t\nstop, and everything he said made me cry harder and harder, because I\nkept recalling things Esky had done in his short life and everything\nlike that just made me think my heart would break open any minute.\nBen said, \u201cAw, hell, Leony, don\u2019t do that!\u201d He put his arm around my\nshoulder and patted my back roughly, trying to make me feel better, and\nwhen I kept on crying, he said, \u201cIf I didn\u2019t know what a good pup he is,\nI\u2019d swear you was a woman by the way ya act.... Come on, now, Leony....\nCut it out!\u201d\nI finally regained control of myself but I must have looked pretty\nmiserable, for Ben suddenly got up and went out without saying anything.\nI thought he had gone because he couldn\u2019t stand any more of my foolish\ncrying.\nBut that was not the whole reason. He came back about an hour later and\nsaid he\u2019d been to see the veterinary again. \u201cAn\u2019 I told him what was in\nthat meat an\u2019 he gave me this stuff.\u201d He lifted Esky\u2019s head and almost\nemptied the bottle down his throat.\n\u201cHow\u2019d you know what was in that meat?\u201d I asked him, suddenly realizing\nthat he must be keeping something back.\n\u201cOh\u2014I found out,\u201d he evaded.\n\u201cHow?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014I went down to The Red Dog and wrapped my fist around the old\nman\u2019s neck an\u2019 wouldn\u2019t let go until he confessed.\u201d\n\u201cOh, God, Ben\u2014you didn\u2019t!\u201d I exclaimed, thinking at once of the\npossible trouble that might come, if Pierre got mad.\n\u201cYes, I did,\u201d he insisted. \u201cAnd I gave him a punch in the jaw for good\nmeasure, the dirty b\u2014\u2014!\u201d\nWell, Esky was still alive, but he hadn\u2019t showed any signs of\nimprovement.... I was just sick all over.... Probably Esky would die and\nPierre would be mad and tell on us, and everything would be ruined....\nAnd poor Ben couldn\u2019t understand why I was sorry he punched Pierre\u2019s\nhead.\nAt last the vet said Esky was going to pull through, with any luck at\nall, and Ben and the General, and even Chilblaines, were all happy as\nkids. So was I.\nBut I stopped at Lisa\u2019s in the evening and Pierre lit into me for all\nhis troubles. He had a black eye and he was mad through at all of us....\nLisa said she wished we hadn\u2019t told him the truth yet, and I suppose it\nwould have been better if we had stayed away from the place altogether.\nWell, everything seemed to go wrong at once.... I was working like a\nnigger. My head ached from taking dictation and my fingers ached from\npunching the typewriter. But thank heavens, we were about done here....\nWe\u2019d move over to Orl\u00e9ans in an other day or so.\nAnd then back to Paris\u2014to Captain Winstead\u2014to Jay-Jay\u2014to God knows\nwhat else.\nAt Orl\u00e9ans a letter came from Leon. The contents tell the story as well\nas I could:\n    \u201cWhy didn\u2019t you give me the low-down on this wild woman of\n    Paris? I wasn\u2019t at all prepared for the shock. She is too\n    beautiful for words: but the language she uses!\n    \u201cI was walking along in front of the Louvre yesterday when a cab\n    stopped beside me and a woman commanded me to get in. Not having\n    anything better to do, I hastened to comply, but as soon as I\n    got in, she threw her arms around my neck and kissed me as I\n    have never been kissed before. And she kept at me to explain why\n    I hadn\u2019t let her know I was in Paris again. She kept calling me\n    \u2018youngster\u2019 and \u2018my little home companion\u2019 and \u2018baby face,\u2019 but\n    I didn\u2019t mind that as long as she did the other things she did.\n    Why, if Vyvy ever imagined that I had been with a woman that\n    beautiful and that love-loving, she\u2019d never speak to me again.\n    \u201cI didn\u2019t know what to tell her, so I just didn\u2019t say anything,\n    but kept her busy doing other and more interesting things than\n    talking. I assure you, we had a delightful ride, across the\n    river and up to a studio building.\n    \u201cBut as we entered the building, three men who apparently were\n    officers of the Parisian police, stepped out from their\n    concealment behind the ornamental doorway and seized my\n    beautiful companion very unceremoniously and none too gently.\n    \u201cShe was furious and highly insulted, but one of the men said\n    something to her about \u2018Keith\u2019 and \u2018Berta\u2019 and then she turned\n    on me. She started to swear in German and the officers laughed\n    at her, so she turned her tongue upon them.\n    \u201cThe officers apparently thought I was the one who had brought\n    about her arrest, for they grabbed me in turn and kissed me\n    hither and yon while deluging me with congratulations on all\n    sorts of impossible achievements. I backed away in confusion,\n    and the last I heard of or from the lady came as they led her up\n    the steps to go to her apartment. Then she turned and actually\n    smiled at me and said, \u2018When the heart ignores the head,\n    youngster\u2014I admit you deceived me.\u2019\n    \u201c\u2018I\u2019m sorry\u2014,\u2019 I said, because I couldn\u2019t help it. I hated to\n    see her go like that.\n    \u201cBut the point is: what in the name of heavens have you been\n    doing to get a woman like that?\u201d\nAnd I\u2019m sure I couldn\u2019t answer that question, for I didn\u2019t know myself.\nIt just came about, that\u2019s all.... And so the Madame, the charming,\nbeautiful Ada Gedouin, had gone. I couldn\u2019t say that I was glad\u2014I just\ncouldn\u2019t.\nIn Tours another letter came from Leon. That man was likely to have us\nboth hung before another month was out! What did he do now but run right\ninto Jay-Jay, and the latter welcomed him with open arms:\u2014\n    \u201cI told him he must have the wrong man, because I had never seen\n    him before in my life, but that didn\u2019t impress him at all. He\n    insisted that I show him my pass and then that I accompany him.\n    I didn\u2019t know where he was going\u2014I thought at first he was\n    taking me to an M.P., but we walked past a million M.P.\u2019s and\n    finally ended in a dirty flat in a dirty building, and he told\n    me to make myself at home.\n    \u201cWe had a smoke and then he said, \u2018Now, listen to me.... I know\n    there\u2019s a pair of twins by the name of Canwick running around\n    loose through the A.E.F. and I\u2019m going to find out which of them\n    is which. One of them\u2019s a girl, and that\u2019s the one I want\u2014get\n    \u201cI just laughed at him and repeated that \u2018My name isn\u2019t\n    Canwick\u2014it\u2019s Lane.\u2019\n    \u201c\u2018I don\u2019t care a damn what you say your name is: I know you two\n    are twins and one of you is a girl.... Now, which one is it?\u2019\n    \u201c\u2018Pardon me, sir,\u2019 I said, \u2018but you haven\u2019t been around where\n    the big guns go off, have you?... I mean, is it the kind of\n    shell-shock that makes them violent?\u2019\n    \u201cOh, but he was mad, and the madder he got the more I laughed at\n    him, the prime egg!\n    \u201cHe said a lot of nasty things and finally went into another\n    room and came out with a gun in his hand. \u2018Now,\u2019 he commands.\n    \u2018You strip!\u2019\n    \u201cI naturally indulged in laughter. This impossible affair\n    sounded like some kind of a comic opera.\n    \u201cBut he meant business and said so. I honestly think he\u2019s a\n    little bit off in the cockloft.\n    \u201cFearing that he might get really careless with the firearm, I\n    decided to humor him\u2014so I stripped, but by the time I had\n    removed my blouse and shirt, he was beginning to lose his\n    confidence. I asked him if that was enough, but he insisted that\n    I should strip.\n    \u201cWell, you can imagine how I felt\u2014although it really struck me\n    as a huge joke on him.\n    \u201cInstead of being disappointed, however, he seemed to be\n    reassured for he said, \u2018I knew it! I knew that sergeant was\n    her.... I should have known as soon as I saw her with that\n    Captain....\u2019\n    \u201cI stopped in my dressing to laugh at him\u2014which made him mad\n    again. \u2018Your sister will laugh, too!\u2019 he stormed at me. \u2018She\n    thinks she\u2019s pretty wise, but she\u2019s not fooling me again!... And\n    I can make it rather pleasant for that Captain, too!\u2019 The\n    son-of-a-gun actually smiled. He surely thinks he\u2019s going to do\n    something wonderful for somebody\u2014and I don\u2019t think it\u2019s you.\n    \u201cSo it appears that we are in a fix. He\u2019s obviously a little\n    cracked, but we can\u2019t take advantage of that fact without giving\n    ourselves away. I don\u2019t know what we can do\u2014do you? I told him\n    I was leaving Paris to-morrow and going to Toul\u2014which, of\n    course, is not true. I\u2019ll be here almost a week, and I only hope\n    we don\u2019t meet again.\n    \u201cBut what will we do? If he finds you again, the jig will surely\n    be up.... I\u2019ll do anything I can to help: I\u2019m even considering\n    the desirability of bashing him over the head with a bottle\u2014but\n    then he\u2019d doubtless recover.... So what\u2019ll I do?\nWell, what in the devil could be done? It seemed that sooner or later\nsomeone was bound to find out about me. Old Pierre had probably told\nsomeone about me already\u2014although there was just a chance that no one\nwould believe him anyway. Jay-Jay, however, could do anything he liked.\nIf we met and I did not talk turkey to him, he\u2019d probably go straight to\nthe General or somebody in authority and have me dragged up on the\ncarpet. And if there was anything that would look funny, it would be me,\nposing in the nude before the General.... Once more\u2014I wished to Gawd\nI\u2019d stayed at home and let this damned old war take care of itself. I\nwas dizzy from thinking about it.... And I knew exactly what that\nevil-minded devil thought: that the Captain was in on the secret and\nthat it naturally followed that we were having a good time by ourselves.\nThe dirty envious skunk!\nWell, anyway, we were off to Paris again next day\u2014and nature and fate\nwould just have to take their courses. I was about ready to give up.\nI didn\u2019t have a chance to find Leon, but Ben and I bumped into Captain\nWinstead outside the Intelligence office, while we were waiting for the\nGeneral.\nYou could have knocked Ben over with a feather when the Captain rushed\nup to me and gave me a real warm greeting. I introduced my companion and\nthe Captain laughed, \u201cYes, I\u2019ve heard about you, I believe.... You\nhaven\u2019t tried ravishing any more beautiful Parisians, have you?\u201d The\nCaptain smiled at him sympathetically.\nBen grimaced, but admitted that \u201cThat woman sure did set me on fire!\u201d\n\u201cShe set them all on fire,\u201d declared the Captain. \u201cIt was a cinch. These\nAmerican officers just toppled over like stalks of grain before a mowing\nmachine.... But she won\u2019t cut down any more of them for a while.\u201d\n\u201cWhy not?\u201d demanded Ben. \u201cSomebody beat her up?\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014no\u2014\u201d And the Captain explained about the Madame then. \u201cShe had\nbeen operating here in Paris for more than three years and the French\nhad been unable to get a thing on her.... We tried and found enough to\narouse our suspicions, but she was too clever to fall for any of our\ndecoys. She ruined one of our best men: we set him on her trail and\ndamned if he didn\u2019t come back ten days later to report that he was\nconvinced she was on the level and that he intended to marry her! We\nsent him away for a rest.... Then we set up the sergeant here, hoping\nthat his boyishness would intrigue her\u2014and it did.... On the basis of\ninformation the sergeant obtained, we built up a case against her,\nlocated and identified her accomplice who was masquerading as an army\nchaplain, even to taking the name of a chaplain from Kentucky who has\nnever been in Paris at all but is on the books as being in France....\nAnd we gave the facts to the French and let them put her away.... She is\nnot an American, although she must have spent a good many years there.\nShe\u2019s a German by birth and her maid is probably German. The chaplain is\nknown to the French service and was identified by the finger prints on\nan envelope which the sergeant managed to acquire. The money was coming\nto this chaplain from England and Holland and being turned over to the\nMadame through the maid, who was supposed to be in love with this\nchaplain.... A very pretty mess altogether, and we\u2019re obliged to this\nyoung fellow for our success in catching them.\u201d\n\u201cWhat will happen to them?\u201d I asked. \u201cWill they shoot the Madame?\u201d\n\u201cNobody knows,\u201d he replied. \u201cBut I doubt if they do. The Allies are on\nthe go now. We\u2019ve a preponderance of man power and equipment. It\u2019s just\na matter of time before Hindenburg and Ludendorff will be beaten\nunder.... So perhaps our friend, the Madame, will be spared. If she had\nbeen caught a year ago, there\u2019d be no question about her end. It makes\nall the difference in the world who\u2019s winning the war, you know.\u201d\nJust then the General appeared and the Captain said, \u201cWhat\u2019s on for\nto-night? Why don\u2019t the two of you come along over to my place and we\u2019ll\nhunt up some excitement. I\u2019ve been working hard and need a little\nrelaxation\u2014and besides, you haven\u2019t told me anything about your\nsister.\u201d\nI said, \u201cAll right\u2014at seven, then,\u201d and he saluted and left us, just as\nthe General got in the car.\nChilblaines wanted to know if that was the man who was supposed to be so\nclever and the General told him it was. \u201cOne of the best men we\u2019ve got\nin France,\u201d explained the General. \u201cAnd a good looking, upstanding\nofficer at that.\u201d\nWhen we were alone, Ben wanted to know how come: \u201cWhat\u2019s the idea of a\nCaptain wantin\u2019 to go on a party with two common bums like us?\u201d\n\u201cHe\u2019s a friend of my sister\u2019s,\u201d I explained. \u201cAnd a darned good\nsport.... He\u2019ll be in civies probably, so we won\u2019t feel\nuncomfortable.... And he knows all the dives in Paris, Ben.\u201d\nThat of course was good news to Ben, and he was all shaved and brushed\nup, ready to go long before I was.\nThe Captain liked his wine and his women\u2014and I can\u2019t say that I\nappreciated the latter. He wanted to make love to every good looking\nwoman that came along\u2014and I could dig their eyes out!... To-night we\nwere sitting in a buvette, just starting the evening, and after he and\nBen had consumed about a dozen drinks, they got really friendly and the\nCaptain began to rave to him about me.\n\u201cHave you ever seen Canwick\u2019s sister, Ben?\u201d he asked. \u201cBoy, she\u2019s a\nwhole art museum! Perfectly beautiful, Ben\u2014perfectly beautiful!... And\nshe looks enough like Canwick to let anyone know they\u2019re twins.... Why,\nanyone that didn\u2019t know them couldn\u2019t tell the difference between\nthem.... How about that, Sergeant: I\u2019ll wager your nurse used to have to\nlift your dresses to make sure which was which.\u201d\nBen looked kinda funny for a moment, but he was feeling too good to be\nvery suspicious about anything, and when I laughed at the Captain\u2019s\ncrazy remarks, he joined in and socked me on the back so hard I almost\nswallowed my teeth.... I was thinking fast, however, because I knew Ben\nwould have to be told something sometime soon, and as soon as I had an\nopportunity I explained him to hurriedly, \u201cWe\u2019re not twins at all,\nBen\u2014we\u2019re triplets: Leonard and I and the girl he\u2019s been raving about,\nbut he doesn\u2019t know anything about Leonard, so please don\u2019t say anything\nabout him.\u201d... He winked understandingly and I told myself that I had\nsuccessfully crossed another bridge.\nAfter this when the Captain got going on his favorite subject, I just\nwinked at Ben and didn\u2019t worry.... God, I hoped nothing else happened:\npretty soon we\u2019d be a sextet!\nAnother party with the Captain. He thought Ben\u2019s the best entertainment\nhe\u2019d had in a long time, and Ben just lapped up appreciation. The two of\nthem got plastered to the eyes and thought they owned the city.\nThis night we went to what was supposed to be the wildest show in Paris\nand I was forced to sit between those two and listen to Ben\u2019s barbaric\ncomments being echoed and approved by the Captain, who approved not only\nbecause of Ben\u2019s funny cracks, but also because he liked some of those\nsensuous looking creatures who paraded across the stage in their\nbirthday suits.\nWhen a big-tummied blonde made her appearance, Ben piped up, \u201cPull in\nyer belt there, Blondy!\u201d and everyone laughed at him, so he added, \u201cThis\nis a burlesque show, not a baby farm!\u201d\nPeople all over the house heard him and applauded, and the Captain said,\n\u201cYou tell \u2019em, Ben.... We want to see a few little ones.\u201d\n\u201cLook at the hips on \u2019at one with the black hair\u2014the second one from\nthe end!\u201d Ben observed a little later. \u201cLooks just like a lollypop to\nme, Captain!\u201d\n\u201cBuilt for comfort and speed,\u201d laughed the Captain. \u201cHow much you bid\nfor it, Ben?\u201d\n\u201cIf ye\u2019re sure she\u2019s in first class runnin\u2019 order, Captain, I\u2019d \u2019low\nabout ten sous fer that on a good night!\u201d\n\u201cHow much on the one in the middle of the second row?\u201d\n\u201cAw, I wouldn\u2019t give her standin\u2019 room in a bed!\u201d declared Ben.\n\u201cBreastworks like the defenses of Verdun ... too big fer this boy. I\ndon\u2019t like beeg women!... Eh, Leony?\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ve never seen one yet you wouldn\u2019t take!\u201d I told him dryly.\nBut he missed the crack and continued his raving. He spied a little\nred-headed pony and went into ecstasies, ending with, \u201cHome was never\nlike this!\u201d\nI had to laugh with them. Home surely never was like this. Why, you\ncould be arrested in America for just thinking about seeing a show like\nthis.\nIt all got my goat. Captain Winstead was too darned adaptable: he could\nmake himself at home in the rottenest places, just as easily as he did\nin the best of society.\nWe ended the evening at a cabaret where the cigarette girls wore nothing\nbut loin cloths and the entertainers wore nothing at all and came right\ndown beside our table to dance and make eyes at my companions and me....\nI hadn\u2019t any liking for that kind of stuff. If the women were beautiful\nit would be different. But they weren\u2019t: most of them were homely as\nsin, with breasts that could whack on their knees or tummies that hung\ndown like big bags of meal. They all looked the worse for wear\u2014I guess\nit was too much to expect anything different from women who\u2019d had to\nentertain a half dozen different visiting armies since this war started.\nI didn\u2019t see how they could have any shape or kick or anything else\nleft.\nThe Captain said Ben was too drunk to think about women when they\nfinally got around to dating up any, so I got them out and took them\nhome. The Captain said I was a good man to have around, just for that\npurpose.\nHe must have been working terribly hard, for he hadn\u2019t relaxed enough\nyet. For the next night we planned going on an apartment party with some\nhalf-decent mademoiselles. I wasn\u2019t very crazy about it, but I thought\nI\u2019d better go to look after them. So far the Captain had just\ntalked\u2014maybe if I was around he\u2019d manage to stay inside the line. I\nhoped so.... It would utterly disgust me to find him really going with\nany of those dirty women. Those mademoiselles were community property,\nand I should think a man would feel about as happy over using one of\nthem as he would over using a toothbrush that had been used by a\nthousand other men. I could understand Ben: he was just an animal when\nit came to that. But I should think a man like the Captain would be\ninterested only in exclusive, more or less virginal women.\nWell, we had a fiasco that evening, and bad news next morning, for\nJay-Jay called upon Captain Winstead and made a lot of insinuations when\nthe Captain told him he didn\u2019t know where I was or would be. The Captain\nasked me why \u201cthat fellow Marfield is so anxious to find you,\u201d but I got\nout of it by saying that my sister had thrown him over and he was mad\n\u201cbecause she won\u2019t write to him.\u201d\nThen at night that crazy devil suggested a strip poker game and the\nwomen who were there readily agreed to go through with it\u2014much to the\ndelight of Ben. There were five girls there, and just us three to\nentertain them, so the Captain thought strip poker was as good a way of\ndoing it as any other\u2014or that\u2019s what he said.\nI didn\u2019t have any difficulty making bets, for two of the women promptly\ndecided to make me their prey and every time they had a chance to bet,\nthey insisted upon betting with me. Maybe there isn\u2019t any such thing as\nlove at first sight, but I know for sure that there is such a thing as\nlove-loving women loving to love at first sight. They didn\u2019t make any\nbones about it at all, and before the game had progressed far these two\nwere actually scrapping about which one was to have me.\nAnd I couldn\u2019t seem to keep out of that game.... I did win several\ntimes, and had one of the women down to her chemise, but all the time I\nwas losing, too, first my shoes, then my blouse (when I thanked God for\nhaving put on my cast-iron brassi\u00e8re) and then my puttees.\nAt this point I tried to escape. I told them I didn\u2019t like the game and\nwouldn\u2019t play any more. But the two birds of prey got a strangle hold on\nme and I couldn\u2019t get away.\nAt the very next hand, I lost my breeches, and the two of them sprang to\ncollect their winnings. But I was frantic now and I made a mad lunge\nthrough them, grabbed up my shoes and blouse and dashed into the next\nroom, snapping the door lock behind me.\nWhen I was dressed again I listened to their arguments and pleas, but I\nwouldn\u2019t come out until they promised to count me out of the game. I\nthought I was all set then.\nBut such was not the case, for apparently my boyish modesty had just\nserved to arouse some longing in the hearts of these thrill-hardened\nwomen. I was taken possession of at once and thereafter throughout the\nevening I didn\u2019t have a moment to myself: always there was at least one\npair of arms around my neck and I was being kissed and caressed until I\ncould have yelled out in an agony of disgust. The party broke up finally\nwhen I had to resort to physical force to extricate myself from the very\nunladylike and intimate embrace of one of my passion-ridden females. I\nhad to do it. If I hadn\u2019t hit her, she\u2019d have known as much about me as\nI do myself.\nBen gave me hell on the way home. \u201cWhat\u2019n \u2019ell\u2019s a matter \u2019th ya?...\nThem was all good girls.... What th\u2019ell ya wanta fight for?\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t like that kind of parties,\u201d I explained.\n\u201cDamfidontave my doubts about ya sometimes, Leony,\u201d he declared thickly.\n\u201cYa act just like a woman sometimes.\u201d\nI didn\u2019t argue with him because I knew he was drunk enough and had had\nsuch a good time that he would not let my sad case bother him for long.\nSaw Leon for a few minutes next day and talked over our predicament.\nNeither of us had anything to offer, so we didn\u2019t come to any decision.\nHe was leaving Paris in a couple of days, but I\u2019d see him again before\nhe went.\nIn view of what happened later, I was glad I was going to see him again,\nbecause we simply had to do something. I ran into Jay-Jay and had to\nduck down an alley and through a haberdashery in order to elude him. He\nwas just like a bad tooth: you forgot about him until he began to hurt\nagain.... Now that he knew I was in Paris he\u2019d be on the watch for\nme.... I didn\u2019t know what to do. The only thing that I could do, as far\nas I could see, was tell my troubles to Captain Winstead and let him\ndevise some means of getting rid of Jay-Jay. I was sure the Captain\nwould not try to take advantage of my predicament\u2014but of course I hated\nto tell him the truth.\nHowever, I made up my mind to do it the first chance I had, so that\nevening before Ben joined us I tried to lead up to the subject by asking\nthe Captain if he thought it was possible for a woman to disguise\nherself as a man and get away with it for very long.\nHe said promptly that it would be exceedingly difficult. \u201cA man can\ndisguise as a woman and go on forever, or until he reaches the morgues,\nbut a woman ... why, you can tell a woman every time. With any\ncleverness at all, a man can take a wig and a few rags and practice with\nhis voice a while and come out a woman that can pass in any crowd. But a\nwoman is entirely different. You never heard of a great male\nimpersonator, did you? I mean, a woman who became famous because she\ncould make up as a man? No\u2014because, well, you can spot a woman every\ntime, in spite of the most masculine of clothes and manners.\u201d\nI had to laugh. This was the man whom General Backett said was one of\nthe \u201ccleverest in France.\u201d But I didn\u2019t forget what I was aiming at,\nalthough I couldn\u2019t, for the life of me, see how I could tell him. I\njust continued the conversation by asking, \u201cWhat sense would you rely\nupon to detect a woman in disguise?... Sight, hearing, taste, smell, or\ntouch?\u201d\nWe both laughed. I guess we were thinking of the same thing. Anyway, he\nanswered me. \u201cWell, of course, I wouldn\u2019t recommend the use of the sense\nof taste or smell, although doubtless either would prove effective means\nof discovery. You could not depend upon the sound of the voice. No doubt\nthe sense of touch could be relied upon as the surest method, but then\nit would be rather a delicate problem to bring about a situation in\nwhich you could try out the sense of touch. I mean, if a woman were in\ndisguise she certainly would be careful not to let anyone feel around\nlooking for evidence that would promptly give her away.... I guess the\nbest way\u2014well, you can usually tell a woman by looking at her. I guess\nthe sense of sight is the one we\u2019d have to use.\u201d\n\u201cBut you couldn\u2019t be sure, just from looking at a woman, could you?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014it\u2019s a case of the little things counting,\u201d he replied, with a\nsmile. \u201cSooner or later she would give herself away. We\u2019d just keep our\neyes open and see what we would see.\u201d\nWe didn\u2019t have a chance to continue the discussion nearer the real\nsubject that was on my mind, for at this point Ben appeared and we set\noff to visit a woman named Fernande, whom the Captain described as\nsecond only to Ada Gedouin when it came to \u201cthat sensuous loveliness.\u201d\nHe told Ben to be on his good conduct to-night, \u201cbecause we can\u2019t tell\nwho is liable to be there. She has some very hoity-toity friends.\u201d\nBen behaved for a while\u2014until the drinks began to function in his\nanatomy and his brain. I tried all evening to get a few minutes alone\nwith the Captain, but between his fervent attentions to the rather\nbeautiful Fernande and Ben\u2019s disorderly conduct about the place, I\ndidn\u2019t have a chance until we were on our way home, by which time he was\nthe container of such a variety of wines and beverages that he dozed off\nbefore I could even begin to talk to him.\nBen finally decided that some sparkling water would revive all of us, so\nhe stopped the cab and went in search of a bottle.... I found the\nCaptain\u2019s head slipping onto my shoulder, and I momentarily forgot what\nan unpleasant evening I had had. His hair brushed against my cheek and\nit seemed so natural, such a little thing, that I just couldn\u2019t resist\nthe impulse to brush my lips ever so lightly across his mouth.\n\u201cAh, Fernande!\u201d sighed the Captain, and I could have choked him.\n\u201cLEONY!\u201d\nI almost fainted dead away from the shock, for there was Ben, back again\nand with a bottle. He had certainly seen me kiss the Captain.\nHe climbed into the cab and growled thickly, \u201cGood thing we\u2019re goin\u2019\nhome. You\u2019re drunker\u2019n a cow\u2019s tail!\u201d\nThe Captain opened his eyes stupidly and said, \u201cI thought that Fernande\nwas making love to me.\u201d\n\u201cFernande, hell, Cap!\u201d exclaimed Ben. \u201cThat was Leony tryin\u2019 to wake ya\nup.... He\u2019s drunk, an\u2019 ye\u2019re drunk ... an\u2019 I guess I\u2019m the only sober\nman in the party.\u201d\nI saw my way out then, so I began to laugh uproariously, trying to sound\nas cockeyed drunk as I could. I laughed at Ben when he told the Captain\n\u201cLeony\u2019s drunker\u2019n a soupbean!\u201d And I laughed when the Captain surveyed\nme, mockly critical, and voiced his opinion of people \u201cthat get drunk\nall of a sudden without giving any warning.\u201d And I laughed again when\nBen bawled me out, saying, \u201cI\u2019m ashamed of ya, Leony. Damfyever thought\nI\u2019d live to see you in this condishun.\u201d\nI laughed so much that the Captain told Ben, as the former was leaving\nus at his door, \u201cWe can\u2019t stand that laugh, Ben. Have to leave him at\nhome after this, I guess.\u201d\nOn the way home then Ben told me \u201cA man \u2019t can\u2019t carry his likker like a\ngentleman ain\u2019t got no business in the comp\u2019ny o\u2019 gentlemen.\u201d\nBut I didn\u2019t bother to answer him. My throat was dry from the strain of\nso much laughter and I had had a miserable evening. Ben fell asleep in\nthe cab and I had to slap his face to wake him up when we reached the\nenlisted men\u2019s hotel where we were stopping.\nAnd now I couldn\u2019t decide whether to tell the Captain or not.... Maybe\nhe\u2019d not love me at all if he knew it was me in these drab O.D. breeches\nand with the haircut. If I told him, it might spoil everything between\nus.... And if I didn\u2019t tell him, Jay-Jay would probably spoil me....\nThe next had certainly been an exciting day, although nothing exciting\nhappened prior to five o\u2019clock, at which hour the General dismissed me\nfor the day. Ben had to wait for the boss, so I set off on foot to go\nhome\u2014and I didn\u2019t get there until eleven at night. What happened\nbetween the hours of five and eleven is a story in itself.\nIt all started with Jay-Jay appearing from nowhere and catching up with\nme before I even knew he was anywhere around. I couldn\u2019t get away, so I\nmade the best of it and greeted him matter-of-factly.\n\u201cI knew I would meet you again, L-e-o-n-a,\u201d he said pleasantly.\n\u201cFor God\u2019s sake!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cAre you still out of your head on that\nsubject?\u201d\n\u201cNot at all,\u201d he replied cheerfully. \u201cIn fact, I\u2019m sure I never was\nwrong about it. So now, sweetness, what do you intend to do about it?\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t intend to do anything, you simpleton.\u201d I tried to walk away,\nbut he stuck to me like a leech.\n\u201cYou may as well stop and talk to me,\u201d he said, \u201cbecause this time\nyou\u2019re not going to get away.\u201d\nI stopped and faced him. \u201cWhat do you want?\u201d I demanded. \u201cHaven\u2019t you\nany conscience or shame or anything that normal men have?\u201d\nHe just smiled superiorly. \u201cMy conscience doesn\u2019t bother me in the\nleast, simply because you lied to me and wouldn\u2019t let me in on the\nsecret\u2014for reasons that are now obvious to me.... If you had played\nsquare with me, I would have done the same with you, but you preferred\nto play your game with that tin soldier captain, so now my conscience\ndoesn\u2019t give even a twinge.\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t know what you\u2019re talking about,\u201d I insisted. \u201cWhat do you\nexpect me to do? What do you want?\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014nothing much,\u201d he replied with that wise smile that I hated.\n\u201cLittle enough to ask in return for my silence.\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019re crazy, Jay-Jay. Honestly, are you shell-shocked or something?\u201d\n\u201cNot crazy at all.... I just don\u2019t like these French women, that\u2019s\nall.... And since you are obliging the Captain you may as well oblige\nme: do your duty by your country, you know....\u201d\nI was furious. I was so mad my mouth chattered and I couldn\u2019t speak at\nall. If I knew how to hit a man real hard, I\u2019d have killed him on the\nspot.... The dirty rotten bum!\nHe knew I was mad, and he, too, lost his temper. \u201cNo more evasions or\nbeating around the bush!\u201d he declared. \u201cAre you or are you not coming\nwith me?\u201d\nI saw a taxi coming slowly along the street, apparently looking for a\nfare. I decided to make a break.\n\u201cI\u2019ll call an M.P. and have you taken in, if you don\u2019t come,\u201d he was\nsaying.\nThere was an M.P. not more than a hundred yards away. I couldn\u2019t wait\nany longer. I drew back and spit in his face as an answer and ducked\ninto the street just in time to get on the running board of the taxi as\nJay-Jay called to the M.P. and they started in pursuit.\nA few minutes later I landed at the Captain\u2019s and rushed into his\nroom.... And what happened after that can best be told from another\npoint of view.\nAbout five minutes later Jay-Jay appeared at the Captain\u2019s door with an\nM.P. behind him.\n\u201cWhat\u2019s on your mind?\u201d inquired the Captain pleasantly, looking up from\nthe table on which he was playing rummy with Sergeant Canwick.\n\u201cThat girl is under arrest,\u201d spluttered Jay-Jay, marching up to the\nsergeant and seizing his shoulder.\n\u201cWhat girl?\u201d demanded the Captain, in surprise.\n\u201cThis girl!\u201d retorted Jay-Jay. \u201cWe saw her come up here. She\u2019s the one\nwe\u2019re after.\u201d\n\u201cJust a minute.... Just a minute, Lieutenant,\u201d the Captain crooned,\ngetting up from his chair and walking around the table. He grasped the\nhand that held Sergeant Canwick\u2019s shoulder and the hand was removed\ninstantly. \u201cNow ... if you will explain this intrusion in some sensible\nmanner, I will listen. The sergeant happens to be a friend of mine and I\nfeel certain that he has not broken any rules or regulations.... Now,\nwhat\u2019s on your mind?\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t make me laugh, Captain,\u201d replied Jay-Jay with a snarl. \u201cI hate to\nspoil your little fun.... I believe I could mention a few violations on\nyour own part, if it becomes necessary.\u201d\nThe Captain laughed. \u201cI pay for the wine I drink, Lieutenant.\u201d Then he\nturned to the M.P. and asked, in a pleasant voice, \u201cCan you tell me what\nyou\u2019re looking for?\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t know anything about it, sir,\u201d replied the M.P. \u201cThe Lieutenant\ncalled me to help chase a man who hopped a taxi and came here. That\u2019s\nall I know about it, sir.\u201d\n\u201cIs this the man?\u201d asked the Captain, indicating the sergeant.\n\u201cCan\u2019t prove it by me, sir,\u201d replied the M.P. \u201cAll I saw was his back.\u201d\n\u201cOf course it\u2019s the man!\u201d Jay-Jay broke in impatiently. \u201cI ought to\nknow. It won\u2019t do any good to equivocate, Captain! You know as well as I\nwhat the situation is, and I\u2019m going to see the end of it.\u201d\n\u201cJust what is the situation that so needs to be put to an end?\u201d inquired\nthe Captain. \u201cThat is, I\u2019d like to know, if you think you can tell me\nwithout indulging in any more unpleasant insinuations.... You know,\nLieutenant, there\u2019s no court-martial for hitting a man who insults you.\u201d\nHe smiled meaningly at the Lieutenant. \u201cNow, the situation is what?\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t talk to me about insults and courts-martial, Captain.... You know\nas well as I\u2014better, no doubt!\u2014that Sergeant Canwick, your very dear\nfriend, is a girl!\u201d\nThe Captain seemed surprised as he turned his attention to the sergeant\nand asked, very seriously, \u201cSergeant, have you been deceiving me all\nthese years?\u201d\n\u201cEnough of this!\u201d stammered Jay-Jay. \u201cI didn\u2019t come here to fool around\nlike this. The sergeant is under arrest.\u201d\n\u201cWhat for?\u201d inquired the Captain. \u201cFor being a girl?\u201d\n\u201cFor enough!\u201d retorted Jay-Jay, apparently at a loss to know just what\nthe sergeant could be accused of. \u201cAnyway, he\u2019s under arrest. Take him\nalong, Corporal. I\u2019ll be responsible.\u201d\nThe M.P. stepped hesitatingly into the center then, but before he could\ntouch Canwick, the Captain spoke up again, and this time his voice had\nnone of that mellow sarcasm that had marked it before. \u201cWe\u2019ve had enough\nof this!\u201d he stated incisively. \u201cWhat kind of damned fool nonsense is\nthis?... You burst into my room and try to tell me that a boy I knew in\nAmerica and have known intimately over here is not a boy at all, but a\ngirl. What kind of damned nonsense is that?\u201d\nThe M.P. stopped. Jay-Jay was momentarily taken back by the obvious\nsincerity in the Captain\u2019s words, but he quickly recovered his pose of\ndomination. \u201cI suppose you want me to believe that you are not aware of\nthe sergeant\u2019s sex, Captain?\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t give two damns in hell what you believe, Lieutenant!\u201d replied\nthe Captain. \u201cWhat you think or conceive in your stumbling stupidity\ndoesn\u2019t concern me in the least. But you have seen fit to crash into my\nrooms without any invitation from me, and I demand an explanation at\nonce ... and a sensible one.\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t you believe that that is Leona Canwick sitting there?\u201d Jay-Jay\u2019s\nvoice was almost screaming.\nThe Captain laughed. \u201cIs this a joke, Lieutenant?\u201d\n\u201cDammit all, Captain, that is Leona Canwick!\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019m afraid you have been sleeping in a distillery, Lieutenant.... Of\ncourse that isn\u2019t Leona ... why, I had a letter from Leona just this\nmorning, mailed in New York two weeks ago, and this chap has been over\nhere for seven or eight months at least.\u201d\n\u201cLet\u2019s see the letter, Captain.\u201d\n\u201cI have half a mind to pitch you through the window for your\nimpertinence, Lieutenant.... You are an insufferable pup!...\nNevertheless, to show you how foolish, how utterly foolish your\nsuggestions are, I will let you see that letter.\u201d\nHe went to his trunk and returned quickly with a letter, addressed to\nhim in handwriting that looked very much like Leona Canwick\u2019s and\npostmarked New York. \u201cWould you like to see the signature also,\nLieutenant?\u201d he asked, flipping over the page to show the end of the\nletter. \u201cAre you convinced now? Do you believe me?\u201d\nJay-Jay didn\u2019t reply at once, but finally he said boldly, \u201cThere\u2019s only\none way you can convince me: let the sergeant strip right here and now.\u201d\n\u201cYou are insulting,\u201d declared the Captain. \u201cThat\u2019s a hell of a thing to\nask any man to do\u2014regardless of what you think.\u201d\n\u201cThere you are!\u201d taunted the other. \u201cIf he has nothing to fear, why\nshould he mind undressing?... He\u2019ll undress here or come to police\nheadquarters and do it\u2014I can promise you that!\u201d\n\u201cYou aren\u2019t making any threats, are you, Lieutenant?\u201d the Captain\ninquired mildly.\n\u201cI\u2019m making nothing!\u201d stormed Jay-Jay. \u201cThis nonsense has gone far\nenough, sir.... I insist that Sergeant Canwick strip, either here and\nnow or at police headquarters. Which will it be?\u201d\n\u201cSergeant,\u201d said the Captain, \u201cdo you mind humoring this lunatic?\u201d But\nbefore the sergeant could answer, he continued, \u201cNo\u2014as you say,\nLieutenant, this nonsense has gone far\u2014so far, indeed, that I insist\nthat we go further, go the limit.... We will go to police headquarters\nat once.\u201d\nWhile he put on his tunic, Jay-Jay walked around the room and even\ncontrived to steal a glance into the adjoining bedroom. \u201cWould you like\nto see if I have anything concealed up my sleeves, Lieutenant?\u201d inquired\nthe Captain humorously. He took off his cap shook it violently. \u201cYou\nsee, nothing in the hat.... Shall I empty my pockets for your scrutiny?\u201d\nHe was not very gentle in shoving the visitors through the door\u2014and the\nparty set off for police headquarters.\nArrived there, Captain Winstead insisted upon seeing the Provost\nMarshal, and when that officer appeared, shook hands with him and\nbriefly explained the purpose of the visit. The provost smiled and led\nthem into his office, where he asked Jay-Jay for an explanation of his\nattitude and his reasons for wanting the sergeant arrested. The whole\nmatter was threshed over again and finally the provost turned to the\nsergeant and asked him if he had anything to say on the matter.\n\u201cNot a thing, sir,\u201d replied the sergeant, \u201cexcept that this man has been\nhounding me at every opportunity, even going so far as to try to tear my\nclothes off me.\u201d\n\u201cWhere was that?\u201d inquired the provost.\n\u201cIn Tours.\u201d\n\u201cAnd does General Backett know about this?\u201d\n\u201cNo, sir\u2014I didn\u2019t need to tell him. The General\u2019s chauffeur came along\nand knocked the Lieutenant into the street.\u201d\nJay-Jay flushed to the roots of his hair.\nThe provost said, \u201cWell, we will settle this matter for once and all. If\nthe Lieutenant\u2019s charges are true, it will be a case outside my\njurisdiction but you will be in a difficult position at best. If what he\nsays is proved untrue, then that is an end to it and any further\nmolestations from him will call for severe action.... I\u2019ll ask you to\nremove your clothes, sergeant, without leaving the room.\u201d\nThe sergeant went over into the corner and while he removed his clothes,\npiece by piece, and with his back to the officers, the Captain observed\nto the Lieutenant, \u201cIf what you say is proved untrue, Lieutenant, I\nshall expect you never to bother me again with any foolish insinuations.\nDo you understand?\u201d\nBut the provost interrupted to say, \u201cYou needn\u2019t worry about that,\nCaptain Winstead, if the sergeant is really a man.\u201d\nAt that moment Sergeant Canwick stood up and turned to face the\nassembled inspectors.\nThe M.P. who had accompanied the Lieutenant to the Captain\u2019s rooms was\nthe first to laugh\u2014for which the provost promptly rewarded him with a\nscowl.\nThen the Captain began to chuckle.\nAnd then the provost himself had to laugh\u2014for the look on Jay-Jay\u2019s\nface was enough to make even the General Staff burst into guffaws.\n\u201cYou may go, Lieutenant,\u201d suggested the provost.\nSergeant Canwick stood with his breeches in one hand and his shirt in\nthe other, laughing so hard that he couldn\u2019t begin to get into either.\nIt was fifteen minutes before he managed to get dressed and he and the\nCaptain saluted the provost, thanked him, and returned to the Captain\u2019s\nrooms.\nWhen the door had shut, the sergeant began to remove the blouse with the\nsergeant\u2019s chevrons on it, as he observed smilingly, \u201cThat\u2019s the\nfunniest thing I ever went through!... You sure are a brick, Captain.\u201d\nThe Captain was still laughing when he went into the bedroom and opened\nthe closet door to permit its occupant to come out.\n\u201cLordy lord!\u201d I exclaimed. \u201cI\u2019m almost suffocated!\u201d\n\u201cWell, get your breath,\u201d said the Captain, \u201cand then explain how come\nthis masquerade, young lady\u2014now you are saved from the villain\u2019s\nclutches.\u201d\n\u201cIf you don\u2019t mind,\u201d interrupted Leon, getting into the blouse which I\ngave him, \u201cI\u2019ve got a lot to do and not much time in which to do it, so\nI\u2019d better run along. I\u2019m leaving Paris in the morning.\u201d\n\u201cYou be sure to write to me!\u201d I told him. \u201cAnd for heaven\u2019s sake, stay\nout of trouble and don\u2019t get yourself killed, or I\u2019ll never get out of\nthis army.\u201d\nHe laughed. \u201cStay out of trouble yourself, sweetie. You\u2019re the one that\ncauses all the difficulties.... I\u2019ll leave her in your hands, Captain,\nand if anything comes up that requires my help, I\u2019ll go A.W.O.L. any\ntime to oblige.... So long....\u201d And out the door he went, with us\nsmiling after him.\n\u201cWell, I\u2019ll be damned,\u201d declared the Captain, after he had gone. \u201cThis\nbeats anything I ever heard of.... And you and I have been on some funny\nparties together ... some very funny parties....\u201d And he burst into\nlaughter that kept up so long I had to laugh, too, for after all the\nmemory of such things as that strip poker game, and the Madame Gedouin\naffair were enough to make anyone laugh.\n\u201cNo wonder the Madame complained about your being so cold to her!\u201d\nexclaimed my friend. \u201cOh\u2014oh\u2014oh\u2014this is rich!\u201d\n\u201cWell, what do you intend to do about it?\u201d I asked.\nHe sobered up long enough to say, \u201cApparently I\u2019ve demonstrated what I\nwill do, haven\u2019t I?\u201d\nWe just sat there and looked at each other then. He couldn\u2019t seem to get\nused to me as a girl and I couldn\u2019t seem to feel like a girl, except\nthat I felt happy and safe for the first time in months. Just before Ben\narrived, he came over as if he would take me in his arms, but he stopped\nand said, very frankly, \u201cGosh, I can\u2019t even kiss you\u2014it doesn\u2019t seem\nright at all.\u201d\n\u201cYou\u2019d better not be kissing me,\u201d I told him. \u201cYou\u2019d forget yourself\nsometime and then Ben would be sure we were crazy. Ben doesn\u2019t know\nanything about the secret except that my twin brother is in the army\nunder an assumed name.\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t worry about that ten-minute egg,\u201d he told me. \u201cWe\u2019ll negotiate\nsome way of keeping you safe and worryless.... I\u2019ll try to get a\ntransfer. Get you in with me!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014I don\u2019t know,\u201d I admitted doubtfully. \u201cIt would be lots of fun,\nbut ... well, I don\u2019t know.\u201d\nThen Ben arrived and we started out on a party that turned out to be\nloads of fun because the Captain could not make love to any of the women\nand none of the women could make love to me\u2014because whenever anyone\ntried it, he just burst out laughing so hard that I had to laugh, too.\nWe were just like a couple of kids, and Ben thought we were crazy.\nMaybe we were, but the Captain seemed to be very happy. And I\u2019m damned\nsure I was!\nAlthough the Captain hadn\u2019t had any chance to make love to me, we became\nbetter acquainted and everything was going along smoothly. He didn\u2019t pay\nany attention to the pretty mam\u2019selles any more and he didn\u2019t drink but\nonly a little now and then, and Ben said, \u201cDamfidont believe you guys is\nwhat they calls satiated! Grog shops and ladies parlors don\u2019t appeal to\nya atall any more.... Well, it takes a strong he-man to stand the gaff\nin this burg\u2014which bein\u2019 so, I\u2019ll see ya later!\u201d\nWe were glad to be alone for a while\u2014and if another Intelligence man\nhadn\u2019t come in, I think we both might have forgotten that I was in a\nman\u2019s uniform.... Oh, I loved that man so terribly much: so much it\nalmost hurt sometimes!\nHe was a wild man! He wanted us to be married just as soon as possible!\nBut we were leaving Paris next day for a trip down the coast, to look\nover the bases at Brest, St. Nazaire and Bordeaux, so I wouldn\u2019t become\nthe secret bride of Captain Clark Winstead for at least a few more\nweeks\u2014all I hoped was that nothing happened now to ruin everything.\nBut, of course, it would be my luck.... Well, we couldn\u2019t cross a river\nuntil we got to it, and then maybe we\u2019d find a bridge. I hadn\u2019t fully\nrecovered from the shock of the last good luck I had: I mean about\nJay-Jay, for it was just luck and nothing else that the Captain ran into\nLeon and mistaking him for me insisted upon taking him to his rooms. It\nwas just dumb luck: if it had happened the day before, or the day after\nor an hour later, it wouldn\u2019t have done me the least bit of good, and I\ndon\u2019t know what the Captain would have done under the circumstances, if\nLeon hadn\u2019t been there to take my place in the ordeal.... As I say, I\ncouldn\u2019t expect too much luck\u2014but I did hope that Jay-Jay was finished,\nonce and for all.... As for marrying Captain Winstead, well, that was\nsomething we\u2019d just have to worry about for a while.\nUpon his suggestion I sent a hundred francs to Pierre Lenotier to square\nup for the black eye Ben gave him, so perhaps that worry was off my mind\nat last, too.... It\u2019s remarkable what a few nights in Paris can do for\none, if you happen to be lucky!\nThe Captain said he was going to try to get me transferred to his\noffice. We could be together almost all the time ... and then what would\nhappen? Frankly I didn\u2019t trust myself very far! Even with the best\nmorale, army life was demoralizing!\nWe had to go down to Brest by train because our wagon broke down just\noutside of Paris and when the General heard that it would take perhaps\ntwo days to fix it, he told Ben to stay there and bring it down, and the\nrest of us took a train.\nIt was sure one long tiresome journey even in a half-decent French\ntrain\u2014which corresponds to a third-rate American railroad bus.\nAnd then to cap it all, when we arrived in the station, a sergeant\nrushed up and took our baggage, threw it on a truck and drove away\nbefore we could even begin to wonder at such actions. The General had\nwired for a reservation at the H\u00f4tel Continentale, so we proceeded\nthither at once. The ma\u00eetre bowed us in and told the General that his\nbags had already arrived and were in his suite.\nWe went up and almost immediately the General thought of something he\nwanted from his trunk. I went over to get it, the trunk opened easily\nenough, but there on the very top of the contents was a pair of very\nfancy garters, a pair of silk bloomers, a shimmy and a pair of silk\nhose, all more or less mussed, as if they had been worn. I took so long\ngetting what he wanted that the General finally came over, and when he\nsaw the assortment of ladies\u2019 wear he exploded like an H.E.\n\u201cWhat in the devil is this?\u201d he demanded. \u201cIs this a joke Sergeant?\u201d\nI said that I didn\u2019t know anything about it.\nHe was dumfounded. Chilblaines was smiling behind his hand and I was\nhaving a hard time controlling myself, for the very idea of the General\ntaking such souvenirs from a woman was utterly ludicrous.\nThen he took a look at the end of the trunk and he, too, began to laugh.\n\u201cHuh\u2014that\u2019s not my trunk!\u201d he declared, reaching down to read the tag\non it. \u201cColonel Everard Clark, Base Headquarters, Brest, Finistere....\nWell, Colonel, this is very illuminating, indeed!\u201d He stopped and looked\nat me, saying with a broad smile, \u201cThe Colonel must be running a\nlaundry.\u201d\nWell, I thought the General was a good sport to take it like that. Even\nwhen I suggested that it was all probably due to a mistake on the part\nof the non-com who brought up the luggage, he just smiled and said,\n\u201cWe\u2019ll just leave it open like that and wait for the Colonel to come for\nit.\u201d\nSure enough, not many minutes elapsed before the Colonel appeared, very\nmuch winded, to ask if we had his luggage. \u201cThat fool sergeant brought\nyour kits to my room.\u201d\n\u201cIs this your trunk?\u201d inquired the General, indicating the open trunk\nwith the underthings gleaming from the top.\nThe Colonel was very much embarrassed but he admitted that it was his,\nexplaining hastily, \u201cSome things I bought to send home.\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014\u201d exclaimed the General. \u201cBought them from a living model, eh?...\nOr did you just try them on to see if they would fit?\u201d\n\u201cI\u2014er\u2014that is\u2014you see,\u201d the Colonel tried to explain. \u201cI bought\nthem\u2014\u2014\u201d\n\u201cI don\u2019t doubt it at all, Colonel,\u201d declared the General, laughing, \u201cand\nI\u2019ll wager you paid a high price for them, too!\u201d\n\u201cRather expensive,\u201d admitted the Colonel lamely.\n\u201cI\u2019m sure your wife will be glad to get them,\u201d the General observed\ncheerfully. \u201cWives always appreciate such things, I believe.\u201d\nThe Colonel was very embarrassed. He tried to smile but couldn\u2019t. He\ntried to speak, but couldn\u2019t. Finally he just slammed down the lid and\nseized the handle of the trunk. On his way to the door he saluted and\nsaid, \u201cI\u2019ll send your things right down, sir.\u201d\nAfter he had gone the General shook his head and smiled broadly, saying\nagain, \u201cI\u2019m sure his wife would be glad to get her hands on those\nthings!\u201d\nIt was all very funny and it made me think of a verse of Parley-Vous\nthat I had heard many times, about\n                  The Colonel got the Croix de Guerre\n                  And nobody knows what he got it for!\n                    Hinky dinky parley-vous?\nBen finally arrived in Brest, about four days late. Said the roads were\nterrible\u2014but I knew Benny had a pretty good time along the route.\nAnyway, we went on down to St. Nazaire and went traveling around after\nwe got here, looking over everything from wharfs to warehouses and\nhospitals.\nNaturally, if there was anything going on anywhere, we would be just in\ntime to get in on it: and that\u2019s what happened at St. Nazaire, about the\nthird day we were there, for the \u201cflu\u201d hit the place and just naturally\nknocked all the red tape and organization into a cocked hat. That whole\narea was a huge madhouse for more than a week, and I doubt if anyone\nknew really whether he was going or coming. I felt sick just from\nthinking about it.\nThe terrible plague swept into St. Nazaire on the ships that came from\nthe States and swept its way across the whole area within two days\u2019\ntime. It was awful. Death must have grinned in glee as he counted the\nthousands of strong young bodies turned purple and black, falling into\nhis lap.... Coming with the suddenness of a Brittany storm, the epidemic\nspread its net of conquest, virtually unopposed, and it seemed as if the\ngrinning skeleton behind it knew that the victims were helpless, stupid\nas dumb beasts, bewildered and terrified but utterly helpless to cope\nwith this onrush of sickening death.\nThe worst of it came with the arrival of two great transports, loaded\nwith thousands of cases, dead and alive, of this mystifying plague. As\nsoon as General Backett heard of the seriousness of the situation and\nlearned how inadequate were the facilities for handling this burden, he\npromptly insisted that he be allowed to go to work and that his car and\nhis assistants be used wherever necessary. He himself undertook duties\nfrom which he graduated thirty years before, and Chilblaines, made\nuseful in various capacities by the General and other superiors, very\nsoon felt that he had done his bit for one war.\nBen and I worked like niggers, after converting the car into an\nambulance. We made so many trips between the docks and the hospitals\nthat it seemed impossible that the ships could carry any cargo besides\nthis one of dead and dying.\n\u201cThey ought to be flying black flags,\u201d I told Ben, as we helped an\nambulance driver slide a stretcher bearing a dying man into his car.\n\u201cShut up!\u201d he retorted. \u201cYa gotta laugh at \u2019em an\u2019 tell \u2019em they\u2019ll be\nall well in a coupla days.... Don\u2019t kill \u2019em with talkin\u2019 if they ain\u2019t\ndead already.\u201d\nBut cheer was out of the question. We arrived at the hospital just after\nthe ambulance and the man we had helped to lift in was dead and turned\npurple. \u201cHe died sometime on the road,\u201d whispered the driver. \u201cDamned\nnear scared me pink when I opened the door an\u2019 saw that in front o\u2019\nme!... He didn\u2019t look so bad when we put him in here, did he?\u201d\n\u201cBoy,\u201d muttered Ben, \u201cya can\u2019t tell anything by looks in this stuff!...\nThey look all right\u2014ya turn yer back a minute\u2014and when ya look again\nthey\u2019re deader\u2019n hell an\u2019 turnin\u2019 all colors o\u2019 the rainbow.\u201d\nOnce, some days later, while helping to unload a hospital train, Ben was\ncarrying the forward end of a stretcher and in stepping down from the\ntrain onto the platform he gave the burden a twist in an effort to avoid\nslipping. He turned around and smiled at the poor chap whose\nnever-to-be-worn shoes hung over the bar of the stretcher, but the smile\ndidn\u2019t get a smile in return. Instead, the man launched into a stream of\nvile invectives that made my listening ears burn with shame.\n\u201cDon\u2019t be grinnin\u2019 at me, ya big slop-eared bastard!\u201d he cried out. \u201cI\ndon\u2019t want any o\u2019 your God damn smiles!... An\u2019 handle that careful, ya\nleather headed cow! Whatta ya tryin\u2019 to do, ya thickhead!... Tryin\u2019 ta\ndump me outa here?... Just try an\u2019 shake me up! Any lip from anyone o\u2019\nya an\u2019 I\u2019ll get up an\u2019 knock the brains outa yer head!\u201d\nBen tried at first to smile away the legless man\u2019s curses, but I could\nsee that he was having a hard job of it. I don\u2019t think Ben ever took\nthat kind of talk from any man in his life, so I expected him to drop\nhis end at any minute or at least turn around and blast hell out of the\nfellow in terms as good as he gave. But Ben plodded on, while the man\ncontinued his profane yelling.\n\u201cWhat the hell ya doin\u2019 in France anyway? You dirty slackers with yer\nyella bellies.... Why don\u2019t ya go up an\u2019 fight instead o\u2019 layin around\nhere, three hundred miles from the front!... Why? Cause yer a bunch o\u2019\nGod damn cowards!... Don\u2019t laugh at me, ya big pill-roller!... Put me\ndown!... Put me down, ya God damn slacker....\u201d\nBut Ben went on while I followed in more or less fear lest the\nshell-shock case suddenly heave himself out of the stretcher. We reached\nthe ambulance in safety, however, and after the canvassed poles and\ntheir burden had been deposited in the racks, Ben bawls out, \u201cThere\nya\u2019re, big boy! Sorry I can\u2019t stay an\u2019 talk to ya.\u201d I closed the doors\nand the car bounced away over the cobblestones.\n\u201cGee, couldn\u2019t that guy cuss!\u201d exclaimed my comrade as we walked back\nfor the next cripple. \u201cI never was talked to like that since I was a kid\nan\u2019 dropped a hammer on the old man\u2019s head.... If that guy\u2019d had two\nfeet, I\u2019d a socked him galleywest right there!\u201d\nSome of the men standing around were smiling, as if the incident had\nbeen a good joke on the big fellow. What utter damn fools some people\nare! I gripped Ben\u2019s arm and told him \u201cI\u2019m glad you controlled yourself,\nBen.... It would have made a fine fool out of you if you had told him\nwhere to get off.\u201d\nHe just laughed. \u201cWhat the hell could a guy do with a bird like that?...\nThe poor bastard\u2019s had enough trouble to make any man cuss.\u201d\n\u201cYes\u2014he\u2019s entitled to be called a hero, I suppose.\u201d\n\u201cWell, he sure sounded like the genuine article alright,\u201d he agreed.\nI told the General about the incident the next day and he surprised me\nby saying, \u201cWe\u2019ll give him a surprise, Sergeant.... Garlotz has been a\ngood man all the way through, and anyway we shouldn\u2019t be riding around\nbehind an ordinary private: I think we can find a little extra pay for\nhim before long.\u201d\nSo I didn\u2019t say anything to Ben about the matter, but soon after the\nGeneral broke the news to him and told him it was a reward for good\nbehavior and especially for his decency to the legless man.\nBen thanked him and I expected him to thank me when we were alone, but\nwhen that moment came he appeared to be genuinely distressed over the\nbusiness. \u201cIf I fight I get throwed in the jug and stay a private,\u201d he\nargued. \u201cIf I don\u2019t fight, I get congratulations and stripes. What the\nhell kind of a war is this, anyway?\u201d\nWell, there was no explaining such things to a man like that, so I just\nlet him argue.\nWell, we got to Paris again and now I was Sergeant Major Canwick and the\npromotion came about as a result of Captain Winstead\u2019s trying to get me\na transfer. He discovered that he would have to talk to General Backett\nabout it and the General promptly and irrevocably declared that he\ncouldn\u2019t get along without me. \u201cIsn\u2019t an old soldier entitled to any\nconsideration in this army?\u201d he asked the Captain. \u201cIf I didn\u2019t have\nCanwick, I wouldn\u2019t have any staff at all.\u201d\nAnd the upshot of it was that I received a boost, in appreciation of my\nservices. The General told me, \u201cI had forgot about you, Sergeant, until\nthat Captain came around suggesting that I could get along without you.\u201d\nSo I suppose I had to thank the Captain for it.... Besides, I didn\u2019t\nknow whether I would be any safer with him anyway. No doubt I wouldn\u2019t\nget caught up by any inspections or anything like that, but when you\u2019re\nwith a man all the time, and you love him as terribly much as I loved\nthe Captain, and there isn\u2019t much to do except love him and let him love\nyou\u2014well, I didn\u2019t think it would be the safest thing in the world.\nThe best thing for us was to get married: but we hadn\u2019t been able to\nfigure out a means of doing it. There were all sorts of obstacles: the\narmy regulations required a lot of information about the girl and the\nFrench had a lot of red tape that you had to go through. It looked\nrather out of the question at present, but the Captain said he\u2019d dope\nout some way\u2014and I hoped he would, for he was \u201cmon homme\u201d or I was\ncrazy as a bedbug.\nBig things were in the wind. Everyone there in Paris had the spirit of\nvictory now. No more pessimism. No more kicks and complaints and passing\nthe buck. Allied hopes were running strong at last and it looked as if\nthe Germans were on the run. The Allied armies were driving ahead\nrelentlessly from the Rhine to the sea. It was just as if the\nproverbially slow grinding mills of the gods were at last beginning to\ngrind into the promised and inevitable dust the selfish ambitions of\nthat predatory Prussian gang.... All about us was activity and renewed\nenthusiasm. A new spirit seemed to permeate the atmosphere of the French\ncapital, and even the General was moved to comment upon it.\n\u201cIt looks as if the fireworks would end without our getting even a\nglimpse of them!\u201d he said regretfully. \u201cGod knows I want the business\nover, but I\u2019m going to get up there where the action is just once, for\nat least one glimpse, if I die in the attempt!\u201d\nI didn\u2019t know what we could be doing up there, but I was just as curious\nto see it at first-hand as the General was. It wouldn\u2019t make me mad if\nhe managed to go up.... Which reminded me that Leon was up there\nsomewhere. I hadn\u2019t heard from him. Didn\u2019t know where he was. Wouldn\u2019t\nknow if he were dead. If anything happened to him, I\u2019d be in a beautiful\nmess, to be sure!\nYet, somehow, for some unaccountable reason, I just couldn\u2019t picture\nLeon getting himself killed. I couldn\u2019t imagine him in any field of\ndanger, regardless of the great change that had come over him. My memory\nof the old Leon was too keen to permit me to worry much about him\nthrowing his life away. So I wasn\u2019t reading the casualty lists very\nanxiously. I did wonder sometimes if he was in danger and if he\u2019d found\nit possible to obey the admonition that was the motif of that marching\nsong he so hated: I mean the one about \u201cKeep Your Britches Dry.\u201d\nI\u2019d ceased to worry about him, though. What I wanted now was to get\nmarried\u2014and how! The Captain was a changed man: honestly, I hardly knew\nhim, he was so different. No more wild parties. No more women. No more\nanything, but me. He had managed to get the soldier part out of his head\nand now he thought of me only as a girl. He called me Canwick when Ben\nor anyone else was around, but the minute we were alone it was \u201cLeona\u201d\nthis and \u201cLeona\u201d that. If he had called me Canwick or Sergeant then, I\u2019d\nhave passed out from the shock: I mean, if nobody was around. We sure\nwere a funny Damon-Pythias combination, and I\u2019ll bet there was more than\none man in this man\u2019s army making dirty cracks about us behind our\nbacks.\nMy r\u00f4le now was in many respects more difficult than it was before the\nCaptain learned of my identity. Then I was a man all the time and to\neveryone. Now I was a man one minute and a woman the next. I had to\nchange character so quickly sometimes and with such little warning that\nit was a wonder I hadn\u2019t given myself away before this. It was really\nvery trying on the nerves to be feeling nice and comfy with the man you\nlove and then have to effect a sudden transformation into a\nsemihard-boiled egg of a sergeant just because somebody else blew in.\nAnd I could see that it was trying on the Captain\u2019s nerves, too.\nWell, part of the difficulties were solved. The Captain hit upon the\nidea of calling me by the same name \u201cLeony\u201d under all circumstances, in\norder not to keep him on the jump all the time. Well, I didn\u2019t mind, but\nI couldn\u2019t retaliate: I mean, I couldn\u2019t call him Clark all the time. I\nhad to hop around between Clark one minute and Captain Winstead the\nnext. However, we were progressing.\nBen was kinda shocked the first time he heard the Captain call me Leony\ninstead of Sergeant or Canwick, but the Captain said, \u201cWhat the hell\u2019s\nthe matter with you? Haven\u2019t I as much right to call him Leony as you\nhave?... And I call you Ben, don\u2019t I?\u201d\n\u201cSure\u2014sure,\u201d agreed Ben. \u201cIt just seems funny to hear an officer\ncallin\u2019 the kid here Leony, that\u2019s all.\u201d\n\u201cAw\u2014go take a drink for yourself, Ben,\u201d the Captain told him\nlaughingly.\nSo I guess Ben didn\u2019t suspect anything funny. He was so used to being\ncalled Ben that it seemed perfectly natural for anyone to call him that.\nIf General Pershing ever happened to mention the name in his hearing,\nBen would have assumed at once that the Commander in Chief meant Ben\nGarlotz, and would have promptly reported to the General.... Ben was a\ngood guy all right, but he didn\u2019t need to get funny ideas just because\npeople used my nickname as well as his. My nickname was as good as his,\neven if it did sound sort of effeminate and odd. But then there was a\nlot of odder things in the world than that.\nWe were in the army yet: but nobody would know it to judge by the way I\nfelt most of the time. \u201cIn the clouds\u201d would be more appropriate as a\ndescriptive phrase.\nWell, we were working pretty hard those days and the General was pulling\nstrings in an effort to take a trip up to the active sectors.\nBen was determined we should all go out for a celebration one night and\nthe Captain had a devil of a time convincing him that he was \u201coff the\nwine and women.\u201d We finally did get rid of him, however, and we spent\nthe rest of the evening trying to dope out some way of getting married.\nIt certainly was a problem. In the first place, the very idea of two\nsoldiers getting married, to each other, was enough to make anyone\nlaugh. How could we explain to any priest, minister or chaplain that one\nof us was a woman? Who could say which was the bride and which the\ngroom? And who would be crazy enough to perform a ceremony for such a\npair of obvious jokers?... The end of the evening found us exactly where\nwe started: I didn\u2019t see how we were ever going to get married until\nafter this war was over. But Clark insisted that we do it, somehow.\nWell, I wasn\u2019t going to worry any more about it. If he could think up\nsome means of getting us married without me getting into trouble, all\nwell and good. Otherwise\u2014well, I did want to marry him as soon as\npossible.\nWhen Ben came home that night he was lit to the ears and insisted upon\nsinging. I gathered that he had just mastered the words to that\nFranco-American ditty that runs like this:\n                Comment allez-vous?\n                Voulez-vous jig-a-jig avec moi ce soir?\n                Donnez moi, ch\u00e8re, ici\n                Une baiser toute de suite!\n                Et si vous jig-a-jig avec moi ce soir\u2014\nAnd when Ben bellowed in French, he slid over or mispronounced all the\nwords he didn\u2019t know and emphasized with a roar such unmistakable things\nas \u201cjig-a-jig\u201d and \u201ctoute de suite.\u201d His music was atrocious!\nHe had picked up another ballad that\u2019s crude but rather cute:\n               Sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom!\n               La mademoiselle she wouldn\u2019t come\u2014\n               He offered her francs, he offered her rum\u2014\n               But mademoiselle she wouldn\u2019t come.\n               Her grandm\u00e8re cried \u201cO nom de nom!\u201d\n               He said \u201cShe\u2019s pretty but beaucoup dumb!\u201d\n               O sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom\n                 de nom de nom de nom de nom!\u2014\n               La, mademoiselle\u2019s too dumb to come!\n               Sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom de nom\nIndeed, my bunkmate was so busy learning additions to his repertoire\nthat he really couldn\u2019t have much time left to get suspicious of me....\nHe was mumbling that \u201cnom de nom\u201d thing even after he got in bed, and I\nthink he must have sung himself to sleep: at least he was still crooning\nit when I dropped off to keep my date with Morpheus.\nA few nights later we had a close call. It was such a close call that I\nhad the shivers. That dumb-bell Ben comes tramping into the Captain\u2019s,\nopening the door even as he knocked, and for about five seconds I was\nparalyzed, for I didn\u2019t have enough time to think, let alone extricate\nmyself from Clark\u2019s arms.\nJust by grace of God the only light in the place was what came in from\nthe bedroom, so Ben really couldn\u2019t tell exactly what he was seeing. He\nstood there stupidly staring at us for a minute or so, then the Captain\nsays, \u201cWhere\u2019s your sidekicker, Ben?\u201d And Ben was so flustered, he just\nsaid \u201c\u2019Scuse me, Captain\u2014I\u2019ll go find him.\u201d And out he went, closing\nthe door behind him.\nHe didn\u2019t find me, however, and when he came back an hour later, I was\nstill there. He looked rather funny at me but started in to kid the\nCaptain about his \u201clovin\u2019 party\u201d saying, \u201cYa oughta lock yer door when\nya\u2019re plannin\u2019 anything like that, Captain! The broad\u2019s husband might\nwalk in on ya, ya know.\u201d\nI guess the Captain thought we\u2019d better treat him well, under the\ncircumstances, for he hauled out a bottle and three glasses and we had\nseveral shots of refreshment.\nFinally Ben recalled that he had been looking for me. \u201cWhere the hell\nyou been, Leony?\u201d he demanded.\n\u201cI had some errands to do,\u201d I replied. \u201cAnd I figured I\u2019d meet you here\nanyway.\u201d\n\u201cDid ya see the mam\u2019selle the Captain had?\u201d he winked at me behind his\nhand.\n\u201cNo\u2014guess she left before I showed up,\u201d I said.\n\u201cShe usually does,\u201d said the Captain, with a laugh.\nWell, after a couple of drinks, Ben asked the Captain if he wanted to\nhear the new songs he\u2019d just learned, and when nobody offered any\nobjections he entertained us for half an hour bellowing out those\nbarbaric ballads, while the Captain kept time for him by clicking a\nsilver pocket-piece against a wine bottle.... There was no getting rid\nof the big boy that night.... And we were no nearer getting married!\nThree days later the General connected and we were going on a jaunt to\nsee the sights. I asked him where we would go and what we would have to\ndo.\n\u201cWe\u2019re going up through Ch\u00e2teau Thierry and Epernay and right along\nuntil we reach Toul and Nancy.... Just a little tour of observation ...\nlook over some hospitals and their subsidiary organizations ... see how\nthis war is being fought ... may even get a glimpse of fireworks and\nhear a few boches groan!\u201d\n\u201cWhen do we go?\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014not for several days yet.\u201d\nSo I reported this news to Clark as soon as I could get in touch with\nhim, and we both just walked the floor and racked our brains for a\nscheme that would enable us to get married.\n\u201cDammit all, Leona!\u201d he said, over and over again, \u201cSomething must be\ndone! You\u2019re the first girl I ever wanted to marry, and here you are\nchasing away off to the woods. God only knows when you\u2019ll get back!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014I\u2019ll be back sometime,\u201d I reminded him, trying to make us both\nfeel better about it.\n\u201cSometime isn\u2019t as good as now!\u201d he declared. \u201cYou\u2019re the first girl I\never wanted to marry, and by the lord chief justice, I\u2019m going to marry\nyou, somehow, somewhere\u2014\u2014!\u201d\n\u201cSometime!\u201d I added, with a kiss for good measure.\n\u201cNot sometime: now!\u201d he insisted. \u201cI want you more than it\u2019s right for\nany man to want a girl without getting her.... And what if something\nshould happen to you? My God, I\u2019d never forgive myself!... I ought to\nget you transferred in spite of General Backett.... I\u2019ll get you a\ncommission.... Or have you made a Field Clerk ... I\u2019ll do something to\nkeep you from going up there!\u201d\n\u201cDon\u2019t be foolish, sweetheart,\u201d I told him. \u201cI really want to go, for\none thing; and also if you made any great effort to get me out of it,\nyou might just get me into trouble.... Better to let well enough alone\n... I\u2019ll be back, safe and sound.... Let\u2019s enjoy what little time we\nhave now....\u201d\nBut he was not to be calmed. He kept pacing back and forth, talking\nimpossible things and swearing politely over the way things were going,\nwhen he suddenly stopped and burst into smiles.\n\u201cComment?\u201d I inquired.\n\u201cI\u2019ve got it!\u201d he cried gleefully. \u201cJust the thing! My God, but we\u2019re\ndumb not to think of such a simple way!\u201d He danced a jig of jubilation.\n\u201cWhat is it?\u201d I asked. \u201cHave you gone crazy?\u201d\n\u201cWe\u2019ve got to get a license before we do anything else,\u201d he finally\nexplained. \u201cWe\u2019ll go to a shop to-morrow and get you outfitted from pate\nto pied in the chicest apparel a mademoiselle can wear. Then we\u2019ll trip\nalong and visit a mairie somewhere outside of Paris.... Tr\u00e9s bien!\u201d\n\u201cBut how can I use my own name?\u201d I objected, trying to find loopholes in\nhis scheme.\n\u201cThat\u2019s just the reason for going outside the city, ch\u00e8re,\u201d he\nexplained. \u201cWe\u2019ll drift out to some little burg and nobody will be the\nwiser about Miss Leona Canwick, born in Wakeham.\u201d\n\u201cI wasn\u2019t born in Wakeham.\u201d\n\u201cWell, wherever you were born\u2014it makes no difference.... And in a few\nshort days from now, we\u2019ll get us hitched tightly together pour la vie!\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014\u201d I tried to think of some other objection, but I couldn\u2019t, so we\nfinally agreed to try his plan next day.\nIn the morning I got away long enough to purchase a frock and everything\nto go with it, from hat to shoes, and had it all sent to the Captain\u2019s\nrooms, in his name. Then in the afternoon I got away early and met\nClark. We had a bite to eat and went to his place, where I made a quick\nchange to the new clothes. He had to run out to get me some rouge and\nlipstick and face powder, but eventually I looked decent enough to\nappear on the street. Clark held me at arm\u2019s length and surveyed me\ncritically; then, when he was satisfied, he insisted upon mussing me all\nup by kissing me and almost crushing me in his arms, so I had to waste\nmore time on my toilette.\nFinally we set off, but we no more than got out of the door before we\nbumped into Ben himself, and the look on his face was enough to make a\nwooden soldier laugh. \u201cUh\u2014uh\u2014uh\u2014\u201d he tried to speak but succeeded\nonly in gulping and staring the harder at me.\nI didn\u2019t know what to do. It occurred to me to laugh and tell him that\nwe were playing a joke on one of the Captain\u2019s friends, but I didn\u2019t\nhave time to carry this inspiration into action, for the Captain spoke\nup, almost without any hesitation at all. \u201cGlad to see you, Ben.... Also\nglad to have you meet Leony\u2019s twin sister.... You\u2019ve heard me speak of\nher, haven\u2019t you?\u201d He turned to me and said, \u201cMiss Canwick, this is your\nbrother\u2019s best friend and dearest enemy, Sergeant Garlotz.\u201d\n\u201cHow do you do, Sergeant Garlotz,\u201d I said, smiling brightly. \u201cI\u2019m\nawfully glad to meet you ... I\u2019ve heard of you through Leon.\u201d\n\u201cGlad to meet you, Miss Canwick,\u201d he mumbled awkwardly, continuing to\nstare at me. \u201cYou\u2019re the livin\u2019 image of your brother ... only nicer\nlookin\u2019, o\u2019 course!\u201d He managed to smile as he gave this final\nobservation.\n\u201cDon\u2019t be flattering my fianc\u00e9e,\u201d interrupted the Captain. \u201cWere you\nlooking for Leon, Ben?\u201d\n\u201cYeh\u2014I thought he\u2019d be here with you, Captain.\u201d\n\u201cHe\u2019s supposed to be, sometime this evening,\u201d my companion informed him.\n\u201cHe hasn\u2019t seen his sister yet.... I saw him, perhaps half an hour ago,\nand he said he had an errand to do.... Let\u2019s see, where was he going?\u201d\n\u201cMaybe I could find him,\u201d Ben observed, willing to say anything that\nwould necessitate his staying a few minutes longer.\n\u201cI\u2019ll tell you what you do, Ben,\u201d said the Captain. \u201cHe was going over\nto see M\u2019sieur ... what the devil was that name?... Oh, yes: M\u2019sieur\nTaureau. You can get him on the phone at Les Abattoirs de la Rive\nGauche, on the ... let\u2019s see ... on the Rue des Morillons.\u201d\n\u201cHuh?\u201d Ben grinned his ignorance. \u201cIf you\u2019ll just write that down,\nCaptain, I\u2019ll try an\u2019 get him.... He\u2019s an awful guy to keep track of,\nain\u2019t he?\u201d\nWe smiled our agreement while the Captain wrote down the address on a\nslip of paper. \u201cThere you are, Ben.... And if you find that rascal, tell\nhim to get over here as soon as possible.\u201d\n\u201cYes, sir,\u201d says Ben, moving away, but turning to tell me that \u201cI\u2019m glad\nto\u2019ve met ya, Miss Canwick.\u201d\n\u201cThe pleasure is mutual, Sergeant Garlotz,\u201d I said, as he disappeared\ninto the stairway.\nWe waited a few minutes then. Time for a few kisses and caresses. Then\nwe set off once more, found a taxi, rode for an hour or more and arrived\nin Corbeil just in time to transact our little business. It was no\ntrouble at all. A few questions. Captain Winstead showed papers to\nidentify himself. We signed some book, and the trick was done. Another\nride and we were back at the Captain\u2019s and I was getting out of that\noutfit and into my O.D.\u2019s. While I dressed I ran over in my mind the\nvarious scenes of this little play and when I came into the other room\nto rejoin Clark, the first thing I said was, \u201cYou\u2019ve got me into a fine\nmess with your jokes? What if Ben tried to phone that address you gave\nhim? He\u2019ll be tearing mad and will suspect right away that I am not what\nyou said I was. Then what will I say?\u201d\n\u201cOh, he probably didn\u2019t even try to phone M\u2019sieur Taureau,\u201d he replied,\nwith a laugh. \u201cAnd if he did, we\u2019ll just say it was a joke, that\u2019s\nall.... Of course, you\u2019ll have to tell him your sister\u2019s in town ...\ntell him she just arrived in Paris from Spain.\u201d\n\u201cBut he\u2019ll want to see us together as sure as I\u2019m standing here,\u201d I\nobjected.\nHe didn\u2019t have any suggestions to make in this regard, until after he\nhad thought it all over again. Then he said, \u201cWell, you\u2019ll have to tell\nhim that your sister is leaving town to-night. Then he won\u2019t wonder why\nhe doesn\u2019t see the two of you together, because you can\u2019t be together if\nshe isn\u2019t here.\u201d He reached for his cap and blouse. \u201cJust the thing! And\nI\u2019ll run over to the hotel now, before you go home. I\u2019ll tell him we\u2019ve\nbeen waiting hours for you to show up and say good-by to your sister\nbefore she leaves ... that you had to go because you\u2019re with a party of\nfriends.... And for him to give you holy hell for not keeping your\nappointment with her.... How\u2019s that for a foolproof story?\u201d\n\u201cSounds all right,\u201d I admitted. \u201cBut what reason have I for not keeping\nthe appointment?\u201d\n\u201cJust say you couldn\u2019t get here and couldn\u2019t get us on the phone.... You\ncan blame anything on the Paris telephone service, you know.\u201d\nSo his plan was carried out. He found Ben at home and told him his story\nbefore Ben had a chance to ask about the joke. Then when he returned to\nthe rooms, I left and went home to receive a verbal trouncing from my\nroommate. He had finished two bottles of wine and was feeling rather\ncocky, so told me in great detail about meeting my sister with the\nCaptain and about the Captain coming to find me \u201cbecause your sister had\nto go on without sayin\u2019 good-by to ya!... Ain\u2019t you a fine specimen of\nAmer\u2019can manhood, with a nice li\u2019l sister like that, an\u2019 you oft\nsomewhere gettin\u2019 cockeyed? Ya oughta be ashamed o\u2019 yourself!\u201d\nI told him I was and tried to act and sound very sorry because I had\nmissed my sister. But as soon as I had him calmed down on that score, he\nchanged to the subject of the telephone address the Captain gave him.\n\u201cWhat the hell\u2019s that guy think I am anyway?\u201d he wanted to know. \u201cI ask\nhim where you was an\u2019 he wrote down this address an\u2019 told me to call ya\nup there. So I went out an\u2019 found a telephone an\u2019 asked a frog to get\nthe number for me, an\u2019 he wouldn\u2019t do it: just stood there and laffed at\nme.\u201d\n\u201cWhat for?\u201d I asked innocently.\n\u201cThat\u2019s what I wanted to know, an\u2019 he says, \u2018You cannot have those\nnumber.\u2019... I says, \u2018How do you know this Monsoor Taureau ain\u2019t got no\nphone?\u2019... He says \u2018Your friend have play joke with you. M\u2019sieur Taureau\nis M\u2019sieur le Bull, comprenez-vous?\u2019... \u2018Whatayamean Bull?\u2019 says I....\n\u2018Eet is\u2014what you say? a place where peegs is killed? what you call\nhim?\u2019... \u2018Slaughterhouse?\u2019 I says.... \u2018Oui\u2014that ees it, M\u2019sieur....\nYour frien\u2019s \u2019ave tole you to call M\u2019sieur le Bull at the slaughterhouse\non the Left Bank ... a joke, non?\u2019... An\u2019 I says it\u2019s a hell of a joke!\u201d\n\u201cDid the Captain do that?\u201d I asked incredulously.\n\u201cCourse he did!... An\u2019 what if I\u2019d gone way the hell and gone over there\nto find ya?... Say, I\u2019d \u2019a\u2019 busted somebody\u2019s head!\u201d\n\u201cAw, don\u2019t get sore about a little joke,\u201d I told him. \u201cYou know the\nCaptain. He knew you wouldn\u2019t go over there....\u2019 Be a sport and laugh at\na joke on yourself!\u201d\nHe was finally pacified and we turned in for the night.... My head was\ngoing round in circles from the strain of the marriage business....\nWe had a marriage license, or its French equivalent, but we were not\nmarried yet, and two days had gone by. The General was working like a\nmadman, trying to clean up everything around there before we went,\nbecause he said we would probably not get to Paris again for six weeks\nor more. I was sweating gumdrops.\nNext evening I expected to be married. I had no trousseau, except a new\npair of breeches. No wedding gown, except the street dress I bought the\nother day, and which was still at Clark\u2019s. I hadn\u2019t even a bridal\nnightie\u2014not even a pair of pajamas: I had had to sleep in my underwear\nand with my shirt on for so long that I\u2019d probably pile in the same way\non my bridal night, just from force of habit. What an unromantic affair\nthis was! No friends to witness the ceremony. No bridal reception. No\nwedding veil. No flowers. No perfumed bed of alluring softness. No\nhoneymoon. No nothing, except the man I loved which was more than a lot\nof women have when they get married.\nI shall never forget any of the details of that last hectic night in\nParis! Trouble began with Ben, as usual, for he showed up at Clark\u2019s and\nrefused to leave. \u201cThis is our last night in Gay Paree, an\u2019 we gotta\ncelebrate to-night if we never do again!\u201d he declared, while Clark and I\nswore under our breaths at the big galoot.\nWe were in a hurry anyway, because we didn\u2019t know how long we had to get\nthis wedding over with and every minute wasted might be a fatal loss. I\nwas just about to change my clothes, when Ben came in, and of course\nthen I had to postpone any changing until we could get rid of him.\nFinally the Captain took him out for a few drinks, thinking I could\nchange while they were out, but I refused to take a chance, because I\nfigured Ben would be suspicious for sure then and would naturally demand\nto know what had become of Sergeant Canwick, now that his sister was\nhere. Clark was surprised when they came back and found me still there\nand in uniform, but I managed to explain my attitude without Ben getting\nwise, so we fell to devising ways and means of getting rid of him.\nBut Ben was determined to be a monkey wrench that night. He wouldn\u2019t\nbudge for love nor money. Clark wanted him to carry a note to a woman\nover on the other side of the city, but Ben just laughed and waved the\nsuggestion aside, saying, \u201cNo, sir, Captain, you don\u2019t think I let guys\nfool me twice in one week, do you?... No, sir! Benny ain\u2019t chasin\u2019 no\nerrands or carryin\u2019 any messages anywhere this fine night!... Where you\nguys go to-night I go also!\u201d\nWell, after about half an hour of this, the Captain said, \u201cLet\u2019s go find\na few drinks for ourselves, since Ben\u2019s so anxious to inflame himself\nto-night.\u201d\nSo we went out and parked in a caf\u00e9 the Captain knew. There were two\nsections to the place and we were in the side where the bar wasn\u2019t.\nAfter several drinks, gladly paid for by Clark, he told Ben to go up to\nthe bar and pick out what he thought was the best stuff they had on the\nshelves. Ben fell for it, and as soon as he disappeared around the\npartition of the place, we ran out the other door and started away down\nthe side street.\nWe hurried as much as possible, hoping to make the rooms before Ben\ncould get there, but, sure enough, when we turned into the Captain\u2019s\nstreet, Ben lumbered up beside us and demanded to know what the big idea\nwas.\n\u201cFor God\u2019s sake!\u201d exclaimed Clark. \u201cWe\u2019re coming right back! What did\nyou think\u2014that we\u2019re trying to give you the slip?... Don\u2019t be\nfoolish\u2014I just happened to remember some papers I left layin\u2019 around my\nroom and we\u2019re going back to get them.... Why don\u2019t you go back and get\nthose drinks ready? We\u2019ll be with you in a few minutes.\u201d\nBut Ben said he\u2019d wait for us to come with him, so we plodded back to\nthe rooms and Ben and I waited downstairs while he made a show of\ngetting those papers he had mentioned.\nWe then went back to the caf\u00e9 and Ben made a gar\u00e7on of himself running\nback and forth between our table and the bar. Between times, Clark and I\ntried to talk over the possible escapes.\n\u201cThe big ape!\u201d muttered my man, behind Ben\u2019s back. \u201cHe\u2019s bound to stick\nwith us.... You can\u2019t wear that rig now, that\u2019s certain. And it\u2019s\ngetting later all the time. We\u2019ve got to ride to Corbeil.... Damn that\nman anyway!\u201d\n\u201cThe General says we may not be in Paris again for six weeks or more,\u201d I\nsaid, just to make us both feel worse.\n\u201cO God!\u201d exclaimed Clark. \u201cIsn\u2019t there any way we can fool that cussed\nBen?\u201d\nBen came back just then so I didn\u2019t have to answer, but by the time he\nleft us again I had an inspiration, and promptly told Clark of it. \u201cIt\nsounds crazy, of course, but Ben expects crazy things of us.... Why\ndon\u2019t you go back to the rooms, rig yourself up in skirts, powder up,\nand come along?\u201d\n\u201cMy God, Leona\u2014are you joking?\u201d\n\u201cNo\u2014really\u2014we can tell Ben you want to play a joke on one of your\nfriends later in the evening.\u201d\n\u201cBut how does that help us any?\u201d\n\u201cWell\u2014maybe we can get him so drunk he\u2019ll go home and go to bed, and\nthen we can slip away to Corbeil and get married.\u201d\nClark smiled doubtfully. \u201cI\u2019ll try anything when it\u2019s necessary,\u201d he\nsaid. \u201cWe\u2019ll have to work pretty fast and we\u2019ll probably go broke buying\ndrinks enough to put that tanker under the table.... But I can do that\nin these clothes\u2014why the masquerade?\u201d\n\u201cBecause then, wherever we are, we can go right along and get married\nwithout having to go back for me to change.\u201d\n\u201cYou mean I\u2019ll be the bride and you the man?\u201d he demanded incredulously.\n\u201cSurely.... You give me the papers and your belt and bars, and I\u2019ll be\nCaptain Winstead for the evening.\u201d\n\u201cIt\u2019s a go!\u201d he agreed. \u201cBut I\u2019ll keep my uniform on underneath, in case\nthere should be any trouble. We can fix you up in the taxi on the way\nout to Corbeil.\u201d\nSo he left us and I set about pouring drinks into Ben while I explained\nabout the Captain\u2019s impending joke on his friends. Ben thought it an\nexcellent joke. Said he\u2019d much rather have a woman on the party than an\nofficer, \u201cbecause bars and badges give me the willies.\u201d\nNote after note came out of my pocket never to return again. Clark came\nback, looking very modish in the outfit he had procured somewhere. We\nset out to let Ben drink the city dry, and I knew from the beginning\nthat it was going to be a long drawn out process, because his capacity\nwas really something to wonder at. I mean, it was just like a bottomless\nwell, and a dozen drinks more or less didn\u2019t make much difference in the\ntotal depth or effect.\nAfter we had visited four places, he began to get suspicious because we\nweren\u2019t drinking with him, so Clark had to join him a few times.... We\nwent on, from one wine shop to another, from caf\u00e9 to buvette, from dive\nto cabaret, on and on through a never ending series of stops for things\nto dull the spirit and an\u00e6sthetize the mind of this persistent \u201cbest\nman.\u201d\nI was beginning to wonder if we hadn\u2019t better tell him the truth and let\nhim be the \u201cbest man,\u201d but when I stopped to think it over carefully, I\nconcluded that this would be most inadvisable. I had to travel with him\nfor months yet and besides when he got drunk he might tell anything he\nhappened to remember.... The game went on.\nBut no results, nor indications of success, rewarded our efforts. We\nplied him with drinks, and it seemed that the more we gave him the more\nsober he grew: it was just one of those nights in his life when he could\nhave drunk every variety and vintage of wine, champagne, cognac, rum and\ngin, and still have stayed on his feet with an air of mastery. He simply\ndefied our dreams of wedded bliss, and as the hours moved slowly by us,\nmy dreams began to tumble into nothingness.\nAt one place he decided that I was entirely too sober for the party and\ninsisted that I join them in at least one good drink \u201cjust to please the\nnice lady\u201d\u2014meaning Clark. I couldn\u2019t escape it, so I drank.\nNow, I\u2019d never tasted cognac straight except down there at St. Nazaire,\nwhen I did succeed in downing a few glasses of it, so it wasn\u2019t any\nwonder to me that I choked and coughed and sputtered when that red hot\nbolt of liquid lightning hit my throat.... Ben socked me on the back so\nhard that I sprawled right across the table\u2014but it did cure the\nchoking, because it knocked the wind completely out of me.\nClark put his arm around me, dried my eyes with his handkerchief and\ncaressed me until I regained my breath.\nBen looked on in dumb wonder and finally exclaimed. \u201cThat\u2019s a fine way\nfer an officer to be treatin\u2019 an inferior!... Why don\u2019t ya give her yer\nsmellin salts?\u201d\n\u201cYou big dumb-bell!\u201d Clark told him. \u201cYou knocked the wind out of\nhim!... And no more of your wise cracks.\u201d\nBut Ben was beginning to feel unconquerable. \u201cYou two soul-mates!\u201d he\nbawled at us. \u201c\u2019Sgood thing yer in those women\u2019s dud er somebody\u2019d think\nthe both of ya\u2019re queer!\u201d\n\u201cShut up and have another drink,\u201d suggested Clark. \u201cWill ya join me,\nLeony?\u201d he asked.\n\u201cNo, thanks\u2014I can\u2019t stand that stuff.\u201d\nHe turned around and called to the waiter. \u201cGar\u00e7on! A bottle of that\npink water ya got on the shelf up there!\u201d And when the gar\u00e7on did not at\nonce obey, he arose majestically, muttering, \u201cSlowest damn butler we\never had!... I\u2019ll get ya a bottle o\u2019 somethin ya can drink, Leony!...\nYou ain\u2019t got hair \u2019nough on yer chest yet to drink cognac!\u201d\nI looked quickly at the Captain: the devil was actually laughing at that\ncrack! But he straightened up to say, \u201cIf we don\u2019t ditch him pretty\nsoon, we may as well kiss our honeymoon good-by, ch\u00e8re.\u201d\nWhen Ben returned with the bottle of wine, we renewed the attack with a\nvengeance. I drank several glasses of wine to get him to drink a dozen\nof other things. Clark had to drink with him half the time, and I could\nsee his eyes getting drowsy. I felt rather sleepy myself, and miserable.\nClark began to get hilarious\u2014and looked too comical for words in that\nwoman\u2019s raiment.\nSuddenly he said, \u201cBenny, I\u2019ll wager you can\u2019t down a bottle of rum and\na bottle of wine in quick succession without stopping!\u201d\n\u201cThe hell I can\u2019t!\u201d retorted Ben. \u201cWhat\u2019s bet?\u201d \u201cTwenty francs and the\ncharges.\u201d\n\u201cYou must be drunk, Captain,\u201d opined Ben. \u201cBut I always say, \u2018Never turn\ndown a bargain\u2019 and \u2018Never count a gift horse\u2019s teeth.\u2019 ... Ya\u2019re on!...\nGar\u00e7on! Gar\u00e7on! Vit! A bottle o\u2019 that Jamaica Niggerhead and another one\no\u2019 that pink ink!... Vit!\u201d\nAs soon as the bottles appeared, the Captain laid twenty francs on the\ntable and told the gar\u00e7on to wait a moment. Ben ups with the rum and\ndrains the bottle, grabs the wine with the other hand and drinks the\nwhole quart as a chaser, while the gar\u00e7on stared at him with a sickly\ngrin. \u201cB-a-a-a-a-a-a-a\u201d bellows Ben, smacking his lips so loudly that\npeople all over the place turned to look at us.\nThe Captain paid for the drinks and Ben pocketed the twenty francs, only\nto pull it out again immediately to order something else. \u201cAnd say, you\nguys!\u201d he says, while the gar\u00e7on is serving us. \u201cDid ya ever see me\nstick pins and needles through my jaws?\u201d Whereupon he pulls a sewing kit\nfrom his pocket, takes half a dozen pins and jams them through his\ncheek. Then he stuck three needles through the other cheek. And he\nopened his mouth and let out a roar that shook the house. He looked\nfantastic, with his cheeks puffed out and the gleaming pins and needles\nsticking out from them.... At last, I said to myself, he\u2019s getting\ndrunk!\nIt was almost closing time now and I decided to make a last break for\nfreedom from the big monkey wrench. I sent him to the bar for a bottle\nof wine, then I seized Clark\u2019s hand and literally dragged him off his\nseat and out the door.\nBut it was no go. Ben saw us and followed, bellowing like a million\ngiants. On the pavement he caught up with us and demanded, \u201cWhere ya\ngoin\u2019? What\u2019s the rush?... Christ A\u2019mighty, anybody\u2019d think you two had\nsomethin\u2019 to do \u2019sides paint this ole burg red, white and blue!... Now I\nsuggest that we go visitin\u2019 in some nice ladies\u2019 parlors, mes amis!\u201d And\nthen he started to sing: \u201cBon soir, ma ch\u00e8re,\u201d etc., in that rattling,\ngrowling, devastating howl of his.\nThen he wanted us to have a drink of his own private concoction, a\nbottle of which he produced from his pocket. The Captain had to drink\nwith him. Once more. Again. Clark was acting rather dizzy on his feet,\nbut he managed to inquire, \u201cMy God, Ben, what is that\u2014liquid dynamite?\u201d\n\u201cTha\u2019s a Devil\u2019s Dream,\u201d Ben informed us. \u201cIn- vented by your own true\nan reliable frien\u2019, Benny Garlotz, now making his last personal\nappearance in this city.... Captain, that stuff\u2019s got everything in it\nthat can be put in bottles, and two drinks of it makes ya a bona fide\nlife member of the Anti-Saloon League!... It\u2019s got a kick like a Mack\ntruck and is guaranteed to make twins turn into quadruplets before yer\neyes. Three drinks of it will make a buck private a General, and four\ndrinks has been known to make a ninety-year-old woman have a litter o\u2019\npups!... Step up, folks\u2014roll up, tumble up, any way to get yer money\nup!... Money back guarantee goes with every bottle! Good for coughs,\ncolds, burns, chills, fever, fallen arches, floatin\u2019 kidneys, exhaust\ntroubles of all kinds. One of the finest lubricants your transmission\nwill ever have! The best oil in God\u2019s world for petcocks, game cocks,\nhaycocks, and all kinds of diseases, by jeeses, by jeeses!... It\u2019s\nstronger\u2019n garlic, onions, dead fish, or a decayed soldier! Used by the\nnatives in South America to make reptiles eat their tails.... Good for\nanything, folks! God\u2019s gift to man! Cures fits an\u2019 kills cockroaches!\nFive drinks\u2019ll make a mademoiselle rape her grandfather!... I\u2019ve used it\nfor years, and to it, ladies and gentlemen, I attribute my virility and\nfertility! Babies cry for it! Virgins die for it! Women lie for it!...\nAnd all for the small cost of one small nickel, half a dime, fifth of a\nquarter.... Hey, you guys, where the hell ya runnin\u2019 off to?\u201d\n\u201cFor God\u2019s sake, Ben, you\u2019ll get us all pinched!\u201d I told him, when he\ncaught up with us.\n\u201cAll right,\u201d he agreed. \u201cI\u2019m drunk and proud of it! You\u2019re drunk an\u2019\nashamed of it! Captain\u2019s drunk an\u2019 don\u2019t know whether he\u2019s shamed or\nnot!... Les go home while we can still get there!\u201d\nAnd he linked arms with us and started away. I gave up. What was the use\nof fighting a man like that? Besides, Clark was obviously too drunk to\neven think about getting married. A fine man to marry\u2014couldn\u2019t even\nstay sober on his wedding night! Ben began to sing:\n             \u201cSacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom,\n             La mademoiselle she wouldn\u2019t come,\n             He offered her francs, he offered her rum,\n             But the damned little fool she wouldn\u2019t come!\n             Her grandm\u00e8re cried \u2018O nom de nom!\u2019\n             I said \u2018She\u2019s pretty but g\u2014\u2014 d\u2014\u2014 dumb!\u2019\n             \u201cO sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom\n             de nom de nom de nom de nom,\n               La mademoiselle\u2019s too dumb to come!\n             Sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom\n               de nom de nom de nom de nom!\u201d\nAnd we marched away in the general direction of home, to the rhythm of\nthat inane ditty that Ben picked up in that terrible city. We must have\nbeen a fantastic spectacle!\nWe finally reached the door that led up to the Captain\u2019s rooms and I\nlooked around for a cab, found one and bundled Ben into it. Then I\nreturned to the doorway to see if Clark was all right. He pulled me into\nthe shadows and asked, \u201cHas he passed out? Is it too late?\u201d\n\u201cAre you drunk or sober?\u201d I demanded, wondering if I had misjudged him.\n\u201cSober as a judge,\u201d he replied. \u201cBut he doesn\u2019t know it. How about that\nmarriage ceremony?\u201d\nI held out my watch for him to see the time, as I said, discouragedly,\n\u201cI guess Fate\u2019s against us!... We\u2019ll have to put it off, that\u2019s all.\u201d\n\u201cThat damn big boozer!\u201d he grumbled. \u201cI\u2019d like to smash his head for\nhim!\u201d\n\u201cOh\u2014he\u2019s blissfully ignorant of our intentions,\u201d I said.\n\u201cDamn him just the same!\u201d And he swept me into his arms and held me\nthere, crushed against him, while he kissed me and kissed me and kissed\nme.... Oh, but I wished then that we were married!\nWe heard Ben stirring so I had to run\u2014and that was the nearest I came\nto being married that night, and the best farewell we could manage. I\ntook Ben home and set him on his bunk. I sat down beside him, undecided\nwhether to undress him or let him sleep with his clothes on; but while I\nwas deciding, he began to undress himself, starting at the bottom.\nMy legs hung down beside his, and every time he made a lunge to capture\none of his own, he caught one of mine instead. But that didn\u2019t make any\ndifference. The first one he got a good grip on was one of mine, and he\nunrolled the puttee, unlaced the shoe, blissfully ignorant of the fact\nthat it wasn\u2019t his own foot at all. Then he dropped it to the floor to\nrest from the exertion.\nA moment later he continued his work, intending to remove the shoe this\ntime, but when he reached for it, he missed and brought up one of his\nown instead. He proceeded calmly to undress that one, but he lost it\nbefore he could pull the shoe off and had to go hunting for it again.\nBut again he got the wrong one: this time the one of mine which was\nalready prepared. He pulled the shoe off and dropped the leg down in its\nplace, heaving a big sigh of satisfaction as he did so.\nOne more to go! He reached down to get it, caught the other one of mine\nand removed the leggings and untied the string, but again he lost it\nbefore he could pull off the shoe. When he tried to get it again, he got\nhis own other one instead. He pulled and pulled and grunted and grunted,\nbut in vain, because, of course, the shoe wasn\u2019t even untied yet. He\nswore then, and dropped the foot to the floor. Then he leaned over and\nlooked down upon the four feet that were dangling there. \u201cBenny,\u201d he\nmumbled with a chuckle, \u201cya\u2019re drunker\u2019n a cow\u2019s tail in flytime!\u201d\nHe reached once more for the foot that appeared to have an untied shoe\non it, but he couldn\u2019t pull it off, so gave up, unwrapped the legging,\nunlaced the shoe, but lost the foot before he could complete the job.\nHe was sweating gumdrops now as he took another long look at the four\nfeet. Making a great effort, he lunged after one of them and brought up\nthe one of mine that he had worked on first. The shoe was untied, so he\npulled it off and solemnly planked it on the floor. He began to chuckle.\n\u201cGuess ya ain\u2019t so drunk, Benny, when ya can take ya\u2019re shoes off!\u201d And\nthen, although neither of his own shoes were off, he fell back across\nthe bunk with a lusty grunt of satisfaction. The poor devil had taken\noff two shoes, and he knew he only had two feet, so his conscience was\nperfectly clear in the matter.... No, he wasn\u2019t drunk!\nWell, I could have laughed or cried. I just felt like being\nhysterical\u2014doing anything crazy! I looked at him, pulled him around so\nhis feet and head were on the bed, looked at him again and said, \u201cWhy in\nthe name of God, didn\u2019t you do that three hours ago, you big\nroughneck!\u201d... Then I crawled into bed and cried myself to sleep,\nbecause I knew he\u2019d never hear me crying, and a girl just has to cry\nonce in a while.\nBy the time we got ready to pull out in the morning, my nerves had\nquieted down and I felt more like myself. After all, why should we worry\nand fret about it\u2014we\u2019d get married later. I told Clark as much when he\ncame down to see us off, but he still felt sore about it and he said,\n\u201cThe next time, we\u2019ll get rid of him if we have to have him arrested!\u201d\nBen appeared just then, and greeted the Captain with a hangover grin.\n\u201cWell, Captain, your honor, sir, I certainly did hate to have to show\nyou to your home, last night, but I was afraid o\u2019 gettin\u2019 pinched for\nbein\u2019 with a disorderly lady.\u201d\nI thought Clark would take a poke at him then, but he didn\u2019t and after a\nminute or so he actually smiled at Ben and said, \u201cYou\u2019re still drunk,\nbut I hope you can sober up before you get up where there\u2019s any\ndanger.... And Ben, Leony\u2019s sister made me promise to take care of him,\nso I\u2019ll have to leave him in your charge. See that he comes back safe\nand sound, will you? His sister\u2019d be off me for life if anything\nhappened to him.\u201d\n\u201cCaptain, sir,\u201d replied Ben, taking his hand so solemnly that I knew at\nonce he was still drunk, \u201cI like you, I like Leony, and I liked his\nsister, and I can tell you that unless Leony begins gettin\u2019 too familiar\nwith me, I\u2019ll bring him back as you mention.... Don\u2019t worry about us,\nCaptain!\u201d He laughed. \u201cThere ain\u2019t no boche got my number! No, sir!\u201d\nAnd just then the General and Chilblaines appeared. Clark saluted them\nand us and walked away.... A few minutes later and we were off to Meaux\nand Ch\u00e2teau Thierry. I guess I was just as happy now that we didn\u2019t get\nmarried, for it occurred to me that it would be just my luck to start\nraising a family the very first thing. I remember that I once said\nBut I was no lady just now and having a baby under the circumstances\nwould have been nothing short of burlesque. Just imagine the headlines\nin The Stars and Stripes, the newspaper of the A.E.F.:\n                     A.E.F. SERGEANT MAJOR A MOTHER\n                      Mother and Child Doing Well\n    Phenomenon complete surprise to even closest friends. General\n    Pershing sends congratulations, but says he does not believe\n    report. Sergeant-mother says boy\u2019s father a secret-service\n    worker. No one can deny it. Authorities promise thorough\n    investigation. Very Special Delivery blamed on stork. General\n    Harbord wonders if Sergeant can produce pigeon from silk\n    handkerchief. Adjutant General threatens court martial of\n    Sergeant for conduct unbecoming a noncommissioned officer....\n    Scandal spreads. Certain ominously rotund general officers under\n    suspicion.... General Staff considering the issuance of manual\n    on Care and Feeding of Infants as part of regular equipment....\n    France offers bounty for children regardless of their source.\n    Doughboys say they can meet the demand. Bull market expected....\nIt wouldn\u2019t sound nice at all, and I\u2019d not only get into trouble with\nthe army authorities, but I\u2019d also be kidded to death about the\nmatter.... Of course I hadn\u2019t had any experience, but I was willing to\nbet that I wouldn\u2019t go very long without starting something; and I was\ncontent to believe that I\u2019d started enough already, without starting any\nbabies!\nWhich just goes to show that there is a bright side to everything. I was\nturning into a regular pollyanna: getting so I could always find\nsomething to be thankful for. And as an expression of my appreciation of\nhis unwitting efforts to save me from an embarrassing fate, I bought Ben\na couple of good solid drinks at our next stop. No one could call me an\ningrate!\nIn order to set down in proper order the incidents which we experienced\nbetween the night of October 31, and November 4 up at the Front, I have\ntried to reconstruct, from the memory of what others have told me as\nwell as what I felt and saw and heard myself, the terrible experience\nthrough which we had come. Some of the scenes I did not witness myself,\nbut I feel now, years later, that I know exactly what happened and what\neach man said at the time. Just thinking of it makes me want to cry.\nOn the 31st of October we stopped at an evacuation hospital and spent\nthe afternoon there, because the General wanted to look around a bit and\nsee just how a medical unit of this kind functions within firing\ndistance of the front lines. It was about dusk when we left the\nhospital, with a borrowed pill-roller as a guide, to show us the more or\nless circuitous route to the next station of centralization, about\ntwelve kilometers to the east.\nI had no idea we were in any danger and I don\u2019t think any of us had any\nfeeling of apprehension as we traveled along in silence over the muddy,\nrutted road, on which other cars were moving in the same direction. But\nthe guide explained to us that this road was a bending connection of\nhighways which dipped close to the lines at its northern bend, and as we\ngot farther and farther along toward that apex, we did begin to feel a\nkind of strain, although all was as quiet as it had been.\nWe had passed several guard posts on the way, each of them waving us on\nafter a perfunctory glance at us and a word of explanation from the\nguide. In between these points, I had been dozing off, due to the\nrhythmic whirr of the engine and the fact that nobody had much to say.\nEven Esky thought it safe enough for him to lie curled up in the tonneau\nat the General\u2019s feet.\nBen was watching the unlit road with squinted eyes, his jaws set as if\nin defiance of the difficult going, his mouth opening only when\nnecessary to acknowledge the directions which the guide, sitting between\nus, gave.\nWe had passed the halfway mark of our journey when suddenly the lulling\nstillness was broken by Ben\u2019s exclamation, \u201cThey\u2019re shootin\u2019 fireworks\nfor us! Suppose they got the band out to welcome us, too?\u201d\nBefore he had spoken, we all saw the sudden change in the sky ahead of\nus. We could see the splurging illumination spread across the skyline a\nfew miles to the front of our position, and in the next moment the\nterrible stillness became a chaos of noises, the booming ear-splitting\nthunder from big guns not far distant punctuated by the rattle-tat-tat\nand z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z of small arms. The road was plain to see now, but\nBen turned for instructions before proceeding. \u201cGeneral, sir, seems like\nwe\u2019re headin\u2019 square into that celebration.... Do we go on?\u201d\n\u201cWhat do you think, young man?\u201d the General demanded of the guide.\n\u201cWhere are we and is the road safely distant all the way?\u201d\n\u201cSafe as anywhere,\u201d replied the guide. \u201cThat probably isn\u2019t much of\nanything, anyway, but the advance going up another hitch.... And even if\nit\u2019s a boche movement, their fire wouldn\u2019t reach this road: our\nartillery will push them back in a jiffy if they\u2019re too close for\ncomfort.... It\u2019s just as safe here as anywhere around this section.\u201d\n\u201cAll right, Sergeant. Go on.\u201d\nBut a few moments later, after the bursting of shells and flare of\nexplosions had become suddenly closer, the Captain said, \u201cThis looks\nmore like a counterattack to me!... It\u2019s coming this way or I\u2019m a fool!\u201d\n\u201cSounds rather interesting,\u201d observed the General, peering out into the\nspasmodic darkness. \u201cSeems to be a general movement for miles around....\nAlso getting more intense.\u201d\nThen we heard a different kind of noise, a whirring, droning, singing,\nmechanical music, that aroused the guide to observe, \u201cAn airplane\nbuzzing up there somewhere, too.\u201d He shrugged his shoulders as if it\ndidn\u2019t bother him at all, but I suspected that his leathery\nnervelessness was only an affectation, a pose for the benefit of us\ntenderfeet from the rear who had never seen any action before. He had\ntold us that he had been in this sector for months, and I imagine it did\nhis heart good to feel that these other men were suffering as he had\nonce suffered himself. \u201cThose airmen aren\u2019t much good any more, anyway,\u201d\nhe added. \u201cThey never do any damage around here.\u201d\nBut even as he finished speaking, Ben jammed on the brakes so hard that\nwe all plunged forward out of the seats. \u201cGodamighty!\u201d declared the big\nboy. \u201cA piece o\u2019 somethin\u2019 went right by us!\u201d\nHe started forward again, but hadn\u2019t shifted into high before the road\nin front erupted into a giant geyser of mud and stones and darts of\nflame. \u201cHoly knock-kneed bishop!\u201d Ben exclaimed, jamming on the brakes\nagain and coming to a stop within a few yards of the new formed crater.\n\u201cThis is war sure \u2019nough!... Go on, General?\u201d\nThe General peered out and around again. \u201cApparently we\u2019re in the middle\nof things here. It\u2019s as bad back there as it is up ahead.\u201d\n\u201cSure,\u201d said the guide. \u201cDrive right around that hole and we\u2019ll probably\nduck right through it all without a scratch.... We can\u2019t go back now.\u201d\n\u201cAll right,\u201d said Ben, and he proceeded to navigate the tour around the\nhole. \u201cGad, but that was a whopper, huh?... Leony, ya better put yer\nprayin\u2019 cap on.\u201d\nWe went slowly on, Ben swerving unconsciously here and there as the\nbursting of shells struck on his nerves. The General was studying the\nsurroundings from one side of the car and Chilblaines peered silently\nfrom the other. I could only sit stiff and rigid, waiting for something\nto happen.\nSuddenly Ben began to chuckle.\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the joke?\u201d inquired the guide.\n\u201cLeony,\u201d said Ben, ignoring the guide\u2019s question. \u201cRemember that song\nthey used to sing in Paris?\u201d He began to mumble:\n                \u201cSacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom,\n                La mademoiselle was pretty but dumb\n                Many are called but few can come\n                O sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom!\n                She refused his francs, refused his rum,\n                Because she said she couldn\u2019t come.\n                Her grandm\u00e8re cried, \u2018O nom de nom!\u2019\n                \u2018Where does she get such dumbness from?\u2019\n                O sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom!\n                O sacr\u00e9 nom de nom!\n\u201cThat damn thing keeps running through my mind all the time!\u201d he told\nus. \u201cEvery step I take, every move I make\u2014it\u2019s \u2018sacre nom de nom de\nnom, the mademoiselle she couldn\u2019t come.\u2019 \u2019Nough to give a guy the\nwillies!\u201d\n\u201cDid you ever hear the one about the Spanish Gentilio?\u201d asked the guide.\nBut before he could sing it, the car was shaken by a tremendous boom\nthat came from an explosion so near it rocked the earth. We came to a\nsudden groaning stop, with the left front corner of the car apparently\nin a hole.\n\u201cWhat happened then?\u201d demanded the General.\nBen got out and investigated. \u201cMusta hit somethin\u2019, General, sir. That\nwheel\u2019s busted all to hell!\u201d\n\u201cCan\u2019t we go on?\u201d\n\u201c\u2019Fraid not, sir; it\u2019s ruined.\u201d Ben turned and stared in the direction\nof Germany. \u201cThe g\u2014\u2014 d\u2014\u2014 Dutch b\u2014\u2014! Probably just waitin\u2019 fer a\nGeneral to appear on this road!\u201d\n\u201cNo,\u201d said the guide, \u201cI\u2019d bet a dollar to a doughnut that the Dutch are\nacting on some misinformation.... I\u2019ll bet they think there\u2019s\nre\u00ebnforcements or supplies comin\u2019 up this road to-night.... That\u2019s the\ndope exactly!\u201d\n\u201cWhy didn\u2019t you say something about it sooner?\u201d demanded the General\nirritably.\n\u201cYeh!\u201d Ben bawls at him. \u201cThis is a fine g\u2014\u2014 d\u2014\u2014 place fer us to be\nif them Dutch c\u2014\u2014 s\u2014\u2014 are gonna shell hell outa this road the rest\no\u2019 the night!... A hell of a lot of help you been to us, guy! We oughta\nput you up in front of a couple speedy bullets, just to teach ya a\nlesson.\u201d\n\u201cHow the hell did I know what those birds were planning to do?\u201d retorted\nthe guide. \u201cI haven\u2019t any way of knowin\u2019 what those Deutschers think is\ngoin\u2019 on this road!\u201d\n\u201cShut up, you two!\u201d commanded the big boss. \u201cWhere do we go from here,\nyoung man? Can you get us out of here without us getting killed?\u201d\n\u201cSure,\u201d the pill-roller replied. \u201cWe can take the next road to the left\nand get back toward where we came from.\u201d\n\u201cRoad!\u201d exclaimed Chilblaines. \u201cWe don\u2019t want to get on any more roads!\nLook at the one we\u2019re on!\u201d\n\u201cYeh\u2014that\u2019s this road,\u201d explained our guide. \u201cBut the other road is\nprobably nice and quiet. You see, this is a loop road, the main\nthoroughfare through this section, feeds the forward stations from both\nsides.\u201d\n\u201cHow far are we from the bend?\u201d asked the General. \u201cAnd does this other\nroad turn off before we get there?\u201d\n\u201cWe\u2019re almost there now,\u201d replied the other. \u201cThere\u2019s a lot of\nparaphernalia up there and a regimental headquarters and aid station.\nNow this other road turns off just before we get there and runs off to\nthe left for about a mile and then turns south again.\u201d\n\u201cWell, let\u2019s go somewhere,\u201d said the old man. \u201cWe can\u2019t do ourselves or\nanyone else any good by staying here.... And it\u2019s starting to rain,\ntoo!\u201d\nSo we set off, the rain coming down in a cold drizzle that served to\nmake more colorful the flaring illumination, but in the intervals it\nrendered the darkness more opaque. Shells were bursting along the road\nwith increasing frequency, and now and then one came very close to us.\nThe heavens above were full of sounds of guns and planes. Between the\nflashes of the flares you couldn\u2019t see your hand before you. The going\nwas exceedingly difficult, through fields and paths of deserted farms\nthat had recently been peopled by shells and soldiers.\nIt seemed that the further we went, the more active things became.\nShrapnel bursts came perilously near and in the darkness between the\nflares we stumbled into holes and picked ourselves up from muddy\nsprawls. Ben cursed the boches and the guide continuously, but the rest\nof us had enough to do to keep on our feet as much as possible.\nAt last we came to the road and the guide said \u201cHere we are!\u201d as if he\nhad done something heroic in leading us there.\nThe General looked around and pondered. \u201cHow far are we from that\nregimental headquarters now?\u201d he asked, wiping the water from his face.\n\u201cOh\u2014not much of a walk,\u201d answered the guide. \u201cBut I\u2019ll bet it\u2019s\nhotter\u2019n hell out there right now.\u201d\n\u201cWhich way is it?\u201d\n\u201cStraight along the main road there.\u201d\nThe old man again looked down the two roads. Then he turned to the guide\nand said, \u201cYoung man, you are free to take that side road if you want\nto. So also are the rest of you men. But I\u2019m going to keep on until I\ncome to that regimental station. I\u2019d rather take a chance of getting hit\nwhere there\u2019s a crowd than out on some dark cowpath that\u2019s blooming with\nshrapnel.\u201d\nThe pill-roller hesitated a moment, then said, \u201cAll right, sir. I would\nrather take the side road, but you can find the station without me easy\nenough.\u201d\n\u201cAny of you men want to go that way?\u201d He looked inquiringly at his wet\nand sorry looking retinue.\n\u201cI\u2019ll stick with you, General, sir, if ya don\u2019t mind,\u201d Ben piped up.\n\u201cI\u2019d rather get killed with a General than get drunk with a guy like\nthat pill-roller.... And I\u2019m sure Esky prefers to stick with you,\nGeneral.\u201d\n\u201cHere, too,\u201d I said, and Chilblaines, who must have wanted to go with\nthe guide, found himself plodding along behind the gray-haired\nold-timer. A queer outfit to be turned loosed in a place like that: four\ntenderfeet and a scared pup, plowing along in mud that sometimes came up\nto your knees!\nWe had not gone very far before it became apparent that the pill-roller\nwas right about the heat of the fray increasing toward the station. The\nair was full of flying bits of metal, rocks, dirt, gases, and blinding\nflashes of light. The rain dropped on us and was not noticed in the\nexcitement of picking our way along a few yards at a time. Injury and\npossible death scraped us close at almost every step.\nYet we probably would have succeeded in reaching the station in safety,\nif we hadn\u2019t become separated as the result of a series of shells\nbursting so near that we had to scatter, and we scattered so wide that\nwe couldn\u2019t get together again because of the shells dropping between\nus.\nI found myself with the General and we figured Chilblaines, Ben and Esky\nmust be about two hundred yards across from us, toward the main road\nagain.\nI found out later that Ben was yelling my name at the top of his voice,\nbut I never heard him at all, and after we waited several minutes in a\nvain hope of rejoining them, we finally set off toward the station with\nthe idea that they had probably gone on also.... We stumbled on and on,\nbut it was a long time before we reached that station, and by that time,\nBen and his party had been there and gone again.\nWe very quickly learned the exact nature of the situation: this station\nwas the apex of a triangle, the connecting point in the rear of two\nwide-flung flanks. So far the enemy fire had been missing the station\nbecause it was concentrated on the front and rear, particularly the\nrear, to prevent any re\u00ebnforcements or assistance from coming up. The\nwhole business was a useless, promiseless dogfight that had done nothing\nbut stir up a lot of trouble, although the left flank of the American\nposition had been forced back some little distance. Officers in the\nstation told us we were lucky to come through that shelling alive.\nAnd they also told us about Ben and Chilblaines and Esky. It seems that\nthey managed to go straight through to the station, where they promptly\ninquired about us. But none had seen us, so Ben set off again with Esky\nat his heels in an effort to find us.... A little later he came back\nlugging a smallish figure, which he planked on a cot and talked to for a\nfew minutes. Then he found Chilblaines and said, \u201cCaptain, you gotta\ncome along! The General\u2019s out there an\u2019 Leony\u2019s out there an\u2019 I can\u2019t\ncarry them both, if they\u2019re hurt!\u201d\nBut Chilblaines refused to budge.\n\u201cCaptain,\u201d cried Ben, so loud that everyone in the place heard him, \u201care\nya comin\u2019 or do I have to drag ya?\u201d\n\u201cSince when do we take orders from you, Garlotz?\u201d demanded the Captain,\nwith a sneer.\n\u201cYere beginnin\u2019 right now, you yella bellied stick!\u201d And Ben seized his\narm and gave it such a wrench that the officer had to follow. \u201cNow, ya\ncome along er I\u2019ll brain ya!\u201d\nIt was just after their departure that we showed up and heard the news\nof them. The General fumed and fretted and talked of going out after\nthem, but before we could get anyone who knew the section to go with us,\nChilblaines came running in, one cheek bloody and an eye starting to\nswell shut. He rushed up to the General and cried out, \u201cGarlotz has gone\nmad! Stark staring mad!... We were out there looking for you ... he\nrushed at me and tried to choke me to death!\u201d\n\u201cWhere is he?\u201d demanded the old man.\n\u201cOut there ... he collapsed or I\u2019d be dead now.\u201d\n\u201cDammit, man!\u201d exclaimed the General, shaking him roughly. \u201cHe must be\nfound! Where were you when this happened?\u201d\nBut Chilblaines could only tell us in a general way where he had been.\nThe General grabbed the first stretcher-bearer that passed and we\nstarted off, but when we had gone a few steps, I turned to him and said,\n\u201cYou don\u2019t need to come, sir. We can find him.\u201d\nBefore he could answer, something touched his hand and he looked down to\nfind Esky there, looking up at us with worried eyes and without wagging\nhis tail.\n\u201cYou\u2019d better not come, sir,\u201d said the man with the stretcher. \u201cWe\u2019ll\nfollow the dog.\u201d\nSo the General went back, and we went on, letting Esky\u2019s trotting lead\nshow us the way.\nWe found him about a quarter of a mile away. He was unconscious when we\npicked him up, and we hurried as fast as we could in getting him back.\nThe General had a cot waiting for him and instead of sending for an\nattendant he rushed off himself to get one.... Ben opened his eyes and\nstared at me. \u201cLeony, damn yer soul!... Where ya been?... I hunted all\nover hell fer ya.\u201d\nThe General and the attendant came up then and Ben groaned from the\nman\u2019s rough examination of his back. But he continued to talk to me.\n\u201cI had a fight, too, Leony,\u201d he said, mumbling some of the words\nindistinctly. \u201cDid ya hear about that yella skunk hittin\u2019 me in the back\nwith a rock when I wasn\u2019t watchin\u2019 him?... The dirty yella bum!... Ya\nshould \u2019a\u2019 seen it, Leony!... I just whaled hell outa him ... then I got\ndizzy.\u201d\n\u201cYou weren\u2019t hit by a rock, big boy,\u201d the pill-roller said, with a\nlaugh. \u201cYou\u2019ve got a piece of shrapnel the size of your fist in your\nback.\u201d\n\u201cHuh?\u201d Ben\u2019s eyes opened in wonder and disbelief. \u201cFelt like a rock when\nit hit.\u201d\nHis breath was coming in short gasps now. His face was a dirty white,\nthe rough texture of his skin standing out like the contour lines on a\ntopographic map.\n\u201cChilblaines didn\u2019t hit me?\u201d he asked after a moment.\nI told him, \u201cNo\u2014a piece of shrapnel. Now lie still and take it easy.\nYou should have stayed in here instead of wandering around all over\nFrance.\u201d\n\u201cHow\u2019d I know ... you were ... safe?\u201d he mumbled. \u201cThe Captain tole me\nto take care of ya.... Say....\u201d He glanced up to see if the General had\ngone. \u201cI found yer twin brother out there, too... Leony ... dog-gone ya\n... why in hell didn\u2019t ya ... tell me the secret before?...\u201d\n\u201cBe quiet, Ben,\u201d I told him, wondering about Leon and about what the\nGeneral might hear.\nBut a surgeon came then, and a nurse. They examined him again, tried\nvarious things, shook their heads and tried other things ... something\nelse ... a shot in the arm when Ben began to moan....\nHe began to talk again, rambling from one thing to another, his speech a\nmumbling almost unintelligible, although I could understand the trend of\nit. \u201cAll that fight for nothin\u2019 ... I\u2019d \u2019ve killed Chilblaines ... like\nto get hold o\u2019 the Dutchman that sent that shell over ... God, I\u2019d like\nto fight somebody ... just fight ... fight.... Gonna fight again when I\nget back home, Leony....\u201d\nThe attendant heard this last and said, with a funny smile on his face,\n\u201cBig boy, there won\u2019t be any fightin\u2019 where you\u2019re goin\u2019.\u201d And he turned\non his heel and went away, the General following him and demanding that\nsomething be done.\n\u201cWhat\u2019d he say, Leony?\u201d Ben asked, and, because I couldn\u2019t answer him, I\ndropped down to my knees and buried my face in his arm. I couldn\u2019t keep\nfrom crying, but I guess Ben was the only one who heard the sobs and\nknew that I was shaking like a leaf in the wind.\nHe tried to lift his hand to pat my shoulder, but he couldn\u2019t.\n\u201cLeony ...\u201d he mumbled. \u201cDamn yer soul ... don\u2019t do that!... Don\u2019t do\nit, I tell ya! Yer brother said you was a girl ... now I know it....\nDon\u2019t do that!... Ya\u2019d be a damned good soljer if ya didn\u2019t cry,\nLeony.... Don\u2019t do it, Leony!... I can hear yer heartbeats.... Member\nthat song.... Sacr\u00e9 nom de nom de nom ... just like heartbeats,\nLeony.... O-o-oh ... don\u2019t ... don\u2019t do that....\u201d He gave a gasp. I felt\nhis muscles twitch. \u201cFunny damned thing ... Leony ... I\u2019ll tell ya bout\nit ... later ... Leony ... the lights ... the lights ... Leony! ... the\nlights ... they\u2019re goin\u2019 out ... O-o-o-o-h, God!\u201d A gasp like a great\nsigh of relief. The arm against my head dropped away.... And Big Ben had\ngone west.\nI drew back and stared dumbly at him. The attendant came back, looked\ncloser, felt the pulse, the heart, pulled the blanket over the strong\nhomely face. I stumbled away, passed the General without a word, and\nwent out into the rainy night. I thought I should burst into tears and I\nwanted to find a secluded dark corner that would let me cry fearlessly.\nBut when I found a place, my grief-ridden eyes stared up into the\nflashing sky, and no tears came. If I could have died that moment, I\nwould have been happy. Esky came to me and snuggled under my arms. He\nknew what had happened, and Ben had been a good friend to him.\nMy mind was dazed, my senses numbed by this awful unexpected,\nunnecessary loss. I could not weep, nor could I speak with any degree of\ncertainty that what I tried to say would be said, but I finally went\nback into the hut, where the General met me.\nI tried to say something. My lips must have quivered, for the General\nput his arm around my shoulders and I heard him telling me, \u201cI know how\nyou feel, boy.... Terrible to lose your best friend like that ...\nterrible!... Did he have any folks, do you know?\u201d\nI shook my head. Ben had told me once that he didn\u2019t have anyone who\ncared whether he lived or died.\n\u201cBut surely there must be someone somewhere in this world to mourn for a\nman who would do a thing like that!\u201d argued the General. \u201cWhy, he went\nout there to get us, Sergeant!\u201d\n\u201cI\u2019ll miss him,\u201d I managed to say, my lips trembling.\n\u201cSo will we all, Sergeant.... I\u2019m sorry ... very sorry!\u201d And he walked\naway from me. I knew what he meant: it was his curiosity that took us up\nthere, that cost us Ben\u2019s life. I knew what he meant, and I knew he\nmeant it when he said he was sorry. I knew by the way he talked and\nacted that he was really damned sorry. That\u2019s what made it worse: a man\nlike the General feeling that he was responsible for a fellow\u2019s death!\nIf it were some officer you could swear at and hate for it, you could\nget rid of your pent-up feelings by swearing at him and hating him. But,\nGod\u2014you couldn\u2019t hate a man like the General.... Ben wasn\u2019t\nhere\u2014that\u2019s all there was to it\u2014and nobody was to blame for a thing\nlike that. All you could do was feel terrible and keep it to yourself.\nAfter a while, when I had calmed down a little, I went in search of my\nbrother and found him resting comfortably in an adjoining shed. He was\nvery weak and couldn\u2019t talk much. He had lost a lot of blood, but the\nwound was only a leg wound and would heal all right in time. I asked him\nhow he happened to be out there and learned that he had been on his way\nback to the Evacuation Hospital to get medical supplies for the aid\nstation, was forced to abandon the road and his motorcycle, got lost in\nthe darkness and walked into a piece of shrapnel.\nI told him about Ben and that the General might get a medal for him.\n\u201cGood!\u201d he exclaimed weakly. \u201cHe was a brick. But you\u2019d never take him\nfor a hero.\u201d\n\u201cI guess heroes are born, not made,\u201d I said. \u201cThey only show up by\naccident, when heroism is least expected of them or anyone else.\u201d\nI couldn\u2019t talk to him any more. I told him to get in touch with me\nafter he landed in a base hospital. He promised he would. I went outside\nagain; Esky and I sat there watching the fireworks.... After a while\nthey ceased.... Ambulances appeared.... The General called me and we\npiled into a car.... And all I could hear was that \u201cSacr\u00e9 nom de nom de\nnom ... de nom de nom de nom de nom....\u201d Every sound, every noise, every\nmovement, sang it over and over as if all the things about me were\ndetermined to imprint it indelibly upon my consciousness and my memory.\nPerhaps it was lucky for us that we got out that night, for the next\nmorning at 5:30 the American and French artillery began to lay down a\nbarrage to cover the advance of troops all along the line. The Germans\ncounterattacked in spots to cover their retreat. The battle was on to\nwhat looked like the end, for two days had seen the steady retreat of\nthe Germans and the capture of enormous quantities of men and supplies.\nWe got our car back, with a new wheel, and a new driver. We stopped at\nSt. Mihiel and then at Bar-le-Duc. Next day we\u2019d go on to Toul.\nI could hardly think. My brain was in a dizzy whirl. I wished my Captain\nwere there. I wanted so much to talk to someone\u2014anyone that could\nunderstand.... I missed Ben so damned much. I didn\u2019t know anything about\ndeath. What is it? Can it be that a man dies and that is the end of him?\nI didn\u2019t believe it. There is such a thing as immortality. Ben was dead,\nbut he lived on in my memory, he\u2019d never be really dead to me. I even\ncaught myself looking around sometimes, expecting to see him standing\nthere at my shoulder, swearing his beautiful profanity, dreaming of\nunconquered women and unvisited caf\u00e9s, offering to give you the shirt\nfrom his back if you needed it. A real honest-to-God man like that could\nnot be gone forever: I think he\u2019ll always be with me. The best part of\nhim will always live in my memory: and if the best part of you means\nyour soul, then it\u2019s true that the soul never dies.\nAt Nancy we heard that the Rainbow Division had occupied Sedan and the\nGermans were suing for peace.\nA letter from Clark caught up with me here. He had been promoted. It was\nMajor Clark Winstead now. But he was worried lest he be sent away on\nsome mission of some kind that would keep us from meeting again over\nhere.... That would be the last straw. Leon in the hospital and Clark\naway off somewhere, and Ben not here to stick by me.... I was sick of it\nall: just sick and discouraged and homesick and lovesick and just sick.\nAnd I couldn\u2019t get rid of that crazy tune Ben used to sing: Sacr\u00e9 nom de\nnom de nom. I couldn\u2019t walk around the block without my head ringing\nfrom it. It had a rhythm that wouldn\u2019t be stilled.\nThe War was over, and I was glad. There was no fun in this army game now\nthat Ben was not here. I didn\u2019t know what to do with myself. The new man\nwas a good fellow, I guess, but it didn\u2019t seem natural for him to be in\nBen\u2019s place, and I just couldn\u2019t be more than casually friendly to him.\nI\u2019d be glad to go home and get away from all this. I had had enough.\nMore than enough.\nWe were at Nancy when the Armistice was announced. We stood at the\nwindow in the General\u2019s hotel room, overlooking one of the main public\nsquares, and watched the milling crowds stumble around in confusion, as\nif they wanted to celebrate but didn\u2019t know how. At first nobody would\nbelieve that this four-years\u2019 struggle had really ended. Men and women\njust stood about and stared dumbly at one another, wondering if it could\nbe true.\nLater, however, they did begin to celebrate. The caf\u00e9s put the contents\nof their shelves upon the bars, every house door was opened and had\n\u201cWelcome\u201d written all over it, mademoiselles threw their arms around\nevery man they met, strong men drank and wept for pure joy and women\nwept tears of gladness and sorrow all mixed in together. It was a gala\nday by mid-afternoon and I imagine every little village felt the\nexhilaration of the long-hoped-for moment quite as much as did Paris and\nTours, Lyons and Marseilles.\nThat afternoon the General watched the surging mob of men and women of\nvarious nationalities welcoming the news in the square. People were\nbeginning to get hilarious and drunken soldiers were being caressed by\nevery woman that passed. I was feeling aglow with some kind of happiness\nthat I couldn\u2019t quite define: there was a lump in my throat most of the\nday. Chilblaines was obviously tickled to death with the prospect of an\nearly return to his home.... And then the General observed slowly, \u201cLet\nthem celebrate and enjoy themselves while they can! The poor creatures\ndo not realize that the part of this business that\u2019s to come will be\nworse in some ways than what has gone before. It will be years and years\nof toil and confusion and misunderstanding and suspicion and squabbling\nbefore the peace and happiness and security which they are celebrating\nwill be actually in their possession.... After a war like this, the\npeace is usually harder to stand than the war was.... Let them rejoice\nwhen they are assured that there will be no more wars! This war may be\njust the beginning....\u201d\nThis declaration coming from the General served to dampen our spirits a\nlittle, but before the evening had come I slipped away and tried to join\nin the celebrating.... But there was no fun in it for me. I just\ncouldn\u2019t be gay, no matter how hard I tried. I drank wine and even a sip\nof cognac, but the something inside that controls your feelings just\nrefused to click. The more revelry I witnessed and the more hilarity\nthat surged about me, the more poignant came my memories of Ben. How he\nwould have loved this! He would have been in his glory in this mad\nmultitude!\nIt was funny I should feel this way. I didn\u2019t love Ben, in the sense\nthat I loved Clark. My feeling for him was something entirely different\naltogether. Yet I felt the loss of him every minute of the day. I guess\nit was like one of those wonderful friendships between men: I mean, I\ndidn\u2019t look upon Ben from a girl\u2019s point of view at all\u2014he was just my\npal, my buddy, my chum. And I guess it\u2019s as bad to lose your chum as it\nwould be to lose your lover.\nI was back in Tours again on the 1st of December after wandering all\nover that rainy country. Received a letter from Leon saying that he was\nat St. Nazaire in a hospital and expected to be sent home on the next\nship out. He was going to write to me as soon as he arrived, and as soon\nas he was discharged he\u2019d have to do something about getting me out of\nthis army. This was a devil of a predicament to be in: I couldn\u2019t say\nthat I wanted to go home, because I couldn\u2019t be sure I could get out\nwhen I got there. We\u2019d simply got to wait until Leon\u2019s leg was all\nhealed up, otherwise I\u2019d be nabbed when I went up for discharge. I was\nbeginning to get worried about it. The General was talking about asking\nto be sent back to the States. He said there were too many officers over\nthere now and some younger man could do his work just as well as not. He\nasked me why I didn\u2019t get a discharge over here and travel around a\nlittle.... How in the devil could I get a discharge! If I could get one,\nI\u2019d get married.\nI spent Christmas with Clark in Paris, and we managed to have a good\ntime. He told me, for the first time, how sorry he was to hear about\nBen. \u201cThe big galoot was a good man in all the ways that count,\u201d he\nsaid, after I told him the details of the misfortune. \u201cI\u2019ll always be\nthankful to him for his effort in your behalf\u2014it was wonderful!\u201d\nHe wanted us to get married, but I absolutely refused. \u201cIf I were out of\nthe army, I\u2019d marry you in a minute,\u201d I told him. \u201cBut I simply can\u2019t\nnow.... Besides, it just doesn\u2019t seem right or decent, or anything.... I\nwant to be married like all decent people are married. I don\u2019t want to\nbe dodging M.P.s and worrying about babies and having to play two r\u00f4les\nall the time day in and day out. Can\u2019t you understand, dear?\u201d\nHe did understand, but we couldn\u2019t either of us think of any way to\nspeed matters along. And the worst of it was that he expected to be sent\nback to the States within a few weeks on some mission or other. I\nprobably wouldn\u2019t get back over there for months.... But what could we\ndo?\nOur worst fears were realized. Early in January Clark told me that he\nwas going back to Washington, leaving in three days.... And he was mad\nbecause I wouldn\u2019t marry him before he went. But I wouldn\u2019t\u2014that was\nall there was to it. I\u2019d got enough to worry about already without\ntaking on any more worries.\nA letter from Leon carried pleasant news. They took you from the ship\nwhen you landed in U.S.A. and made you take off all your clothes and\ntake a steam bath while your clothes were being deloused. He said he\nhadn\u2019t figured out any way of getting around the delousing plant, and\nI\u2019m sure I didn\u2019t know what I could do when that moment came. It began\nto look as if I was stuck in France for the rest of my life: couldn\u2019t go\nhome for fear of a delousing plant!\nWell, I could stick it out, I suppose, until Leon got well and could\ncome over here to take my place.\nGod, but I hated to see Clark go! I\u2019d be all alone in this man\u2019s army\nafter he left. C\u2019est la guerre, I guess.\nAt the end of January I received some letters from home which told me\nthat Leon had his discharge and was hanging around New York trying to\nfigure out some way of getting back over. He couldn\u2019t get a passport\nunder his own name, because I was using it, and he couldn\u2019t get one\nunder his alias, because he couldn\u2019t show any birth record. I thought\nthat in a pinch he could dress in my clothes and get one in my name\u2014but\nafter the wear and tear of army life he wouldn\u2019t make a very good\nlooking girl, and it would have to be an extremity to make him do it.\nBut what could be done about it? It would certainly be a shame to get\nthis far with the impersonation and get caught\u2014and in a delousing\nplant, at that! Would be like winning medals and then dying of the\nmeasles, as Ben said. Well, I\u2019d got his address in New York and had got\nto tell him to do something pretty soon, because I couldn\u2019t stay over\nthere forever! I was getting sick of it all. I didn\u2019t have any fun or\nexcitement like I used to have with Ben. I never realized before what an\nawful difference a friend\u2019s presence or absence could make in anyone\u2019s\ndaily life. The General said I looked as if he were working me too hard,\nbut actually we weren\u2019t working any harder than before the Armistice.\nThe only difference was that now we spent most of our time making\ninvestigations of thefts and property losses and damage suits brought by\nFrench citizens against the army and its members, whereas before we had\na much wider and more varied program of work.\nJust as I feared. I was doomed. The General got himself relieved and\nordered back to the States and he thought he was doing me a good turn by\narranging that I be sent back immediately also, so here we were, ready\nto embark, and I was just chilled through with expectations of what was\nin store for me. I hadn\u2019t the least idea what I was going to do, but\njust to be doing something I sent a cable to Leon to park himself\nwherever this ship docked and be ready for any kind of an emergency. I\nhad to word the message very cryptically and in good terms, but unless\nhe was too dumb to live he\u2019d understand and be there.\nWhat would happen next\u2014God alone knew!... Also I hadn\u2019t heard from\nClark lately. He was kinda peeved when he left Paris and I was wondering\nwhether our little affair weren\u2019t just a brief romance after all. I\u2019d\ncertainly feel terrible if he decided to change his mind about me: he\nwas the only one who knew about us, and if he went back on me now I\u2019d\nfeel ashamed the rest of my life. I mean, if I did get through\nsafely\u2014and I didn\u2019t see how I could!\u2014I really ought to marry him to\nkeep his mouth shut about my ever having been in this man\u2019s army. But I\ncouldn\u2019t make him marry me\u2014after all, I was not a ruined woman or\nanything like that, and I really hadn\u2019t any claim on him, except that I\nloved him a dreadful lot. That ought to be enough\u2014provided he loved me.\nHowever, a fig for that till this mess was cleared up!\nHomeward bound, on board the U.S.S. M\u2014\u2014!\u2014and I knew every hour that\npassed brought me nearer to my doom. I liked sea voyages, but I\u2019d be\ndamned if I could enjoy this one. Just like riding to the guillotine.\nI had a funny experience coming over. Happened to pass the sick bay and\na fellow was lying there near the door so that I couldn\u2019t miss seeing\nhim. I caught him staring at me, and then he smiled. I couldn\u2019t place\nhim at first, but finally I did. It was that Lowery, the fellow with the\ntoes that used to get Leon\u2019s goat back in camp. I went in and spoke to\nhim then. \u201cWhat\u2019s the matter with you?\u201d I asked.\n\u201cGot my foot smashed in a cave-in and they had to take it off,\u201d he\nreplied, much as if the whole thing were a matter of no importance.\n\u201cYou don\u2019t look very sick over it,\u201d I said with a smile.\n\u201cWhy the hell should I be sick over that?\u201d he demanded with a laugh.\n\u201cI\u2019ve only got one set o\u2019 toes to mind now!\u201d And he reached down toward\nhis good foot. \u201cHonest to God, buddy, they itch like hell all the time!\u201d\nI had to laugh. I was a regular pollyanna now. \u201cThere are advantages to\nall things, eh?\u201d I observed, and I reached over and gave the disabled\none\u2019s toes a dozen or so violent rubbings, while he just lay back and\nstared at me in amazement.\n\u201cMy God!\u201d he exclaimed. \u201cI must be beaucoup zigzag!... Boy, war may be\nhell on some fellows, but it sure did you a hell of a lot of good!\u201d\nI pinched his big toe and left him with a laugh.\nThe big day was due to-morrow. I was desperate, and I evolved a\ndesperate scheme. If it worked, I was saved. If it flopped, I was a\nstripped chicken.... Once again I started saying my prayers. There had\nto be some Omnipotent Power above who could spare a few moments in which\nto help me safely by that damned delousing plant! Might he take the\ntime\u2014I was a maiden in distress if there ever was one!\nLeon was on hand at the docks in New York, although I don\u2019t know how he\nmanaged to get so close to the works. He followed me with his eyes and\nsaw which truck I got in, then he hopped in a car, which he must have\njust purchased, and followed closely along.\nWe reached a camp somewhere or other over in Jersey and piled out of the\ntruck.... Well, what happened was that I had five ten dollar bills in my\nhand and it takes a good man to withstand the lure of cold cash. I never\nwent through that damned delouser after all, for I bought my way out on\nthe promise that I\u2019d return in ten minutes\u2014and as far as that bozo\nknows, I returned. However, Sergeant Major Leon Canwick was himself in\nperson this time, and he didn\u2019t mind undressing before anyone now: in\nfact he said he\u2019d just as leave undress before the Queen of England if\nshe asked him to. That\u2019s what the army did to him.\nWell, I went into New York in his clothes, waited to hear from him. As\nsoon as I knew that he was safe, I\u2019d buy some clothes and hop for\nWakeham. \u201cHome, boys, Home, boys, \u2019tis home across the sea! Home, boys,\nHome, to the land of Liberty! We\u2019ll hang Old Glory to the top of the\npole, and we\u2019ll all of us re\u00ebnlist\u2014!\u201d But not this chicken.\nI was still shivering from the nerve strain.... And, I wondered where my\nlover was to-night?\nSpeedy work on Sergeant Major Canwick: he painted his scar with some\nkind of grease paint, took his physical exam without a shiver, and was\nhome again. Vyvy loved him more than ever and actually made me blush\ntelling him about his wonderful letters!\nI wrote to Clark as soon as I got home, but I hadn\u2019t heard anything from\nhim and didn\u2019t know whether he was still in Washington or back in\nFrance\u2014or anything else about him. Frankly, I didn\u2019t feel so good about\nit now. I wanted that man when I wanted him. And I was all dressed up\nnow with no place to go. Auntie said my language was disgraceful but she\ndidn\u2019t mind, so I spent most of my time with her. And poor Esky hadn\u2019t\ngot used to me in dresses yet. He acted really funny: didn\u2019t know half\nthe time whether it was Leon or me that was in front of him.\nOne afternoon Leon was getting ready to go out, when the doorbell rang\nand he was handy, so he answered it. A man in uniform rushed in and\nwrapped his arms around my dear sweet brother and was going to kiss him\nright on the mouth!\nBut Leon hauled off and pasted him one in the jaw, and there was such\nforce in the blow that the visitor promptly desisted.\n\u201cWhat\u2019s the big idea?\u201d demanded Leon, without batting an eye.\n\u201cWhy\u2014uh\u2014er\u2014\u2014\u201d\nBut just then I appeared and fluttered prettily into view. My hair was\ncurled just the least bit at the ends and I was all made up to look my\nprettiest.... I almost fell down the stairs and into his arms, and all I\ncould say was \u201cClark\u2014you darling!\u201d\n\u201cOh ... Leony, you little devil!\u201d\nWe forgot all about Leon. I thought he had gone out, but a few minutes\nlater\u2014about the end of kiss No. 11\u2014the bell rings again and in pops\nVyvy with a book under her arm.\n\u201cLook at it! Look what I\u2019ve got!\u201d she exclaimed. \u201cIt\u2019s the very first\ncopy, too!\u201d\nWell, Clark had never met Vyvy, but before we made any introductions, we\nboth looked over her shoulder to see what kind of a wild animal she had\ncaptured. On the back of the book were the following illuminating lines:\nMy dear sweet love of a brother was a real genuine honest-to-God poet\nafter all! Vive la muck of war!\nWhat Clark and I did the rest of the evening defies description in mere\ncold words. Any remarks on my part would be superfluous.... Really\ntruly, if any girl ever loved a man more than I did him, she belonged in\na nut conservatoire!\nA week later Clark received his new assignment sending him back to\nEurope within a month.... Naturally we were very rushed: one just can\u2019t\npick up one\u2019s hankies and have a wedding!\nThere must be disappointments even in paradise. I mean, everything can\u2019t\nbe just sunshine and roses.... All of which is apropos of a letter I\nreceived from the Bureau of War-Risk Insurance, informing me that\nSergeant Benjamin Garlotz had changed the beneficiary of his compulsory\ninsurance policy on October 20, 1918, and that I was the beneficiary.\nGeneral Backett was the secondary beneficiary. I didn\u2019t know how to feel\nabout it. The letter came to Leon, of course, and when he passed it over\nto me, I just had to cry; good old Ben ... must have changed his policy\njust after that dreadful experience at St. Nazaire and his unexpected\npromotion. And I thought at the time that he didn\u2019t appreciate the\npromotion!... The money would go back to France where Ben\u2019s body was. We\nwould give it decent burial ... put a stone above it that would catch\nthe eye of whosoever should pass ... and all who saw it would read there\nof a hard-boiled guy who had no one at home to mourn his heroic\ndeath.... As General Backett said, in telling me about the medal for\nBen: \u201cThere weren\u2019t enough medals to go round\u2014but he needs no medal to\nmake me proud of him!\u201d\nThe most wonderful things never happen. It would have been so good to\nhave Ben be our best man after all....\nThere was a wedding in Wakeham\u2019s largest church. There were ushers in\nquantity, bridesmaids and flower girls, all the traditional pomp and\nsplendor of a beautiful wedding service ... but there was no best man!\nMy Clark could never in all his life do anything that would make me\nhonor him and love him more than I did because he suggested this fine\nway of honoring the man who was the best of pals to both of us.... A man\nthat could think of a thing like that and do it was almost too fine to\nbe true. It injected a sad note into what would ordinarily have been a\nfestive occasion and we had to explain it by referring to Ben as a dear\nfriend of Major Winstead\u2019s\u2014but we were both glad that we did it. I\nmean, a thing like that makes you feel so warm and good\u2014and it made us\nlove each other all the more ... it was as if Ben\u2019s death bound us the\ncloser and faster together. This was not really so odd, since we owed\nBen such a lot: he was my friend, faithful and good to me; he was my\ntutor in the vulgar arts that make life interesting; to him I was\nindebted for much of a liberal education\u2014an education which was\nblissfully completed during that honeymoon in the very land and among\nthe very scenes of my adventure.\nBack to France on the great adventure, the one and only adventure which\na woman can\u2019t have without a man\u2019s assistance!\u2014 Back to the theater\nthat had been \u201cfor men only\u201d\u2014but now the play was ended, the mask was\noff, the Canwick tomboy was a blushing bride: for I have to report that\nI still could blush!\nAnd that is the Tail of the Tale, for since that first night beyond the\naltar I have conscientiously rendered unto Caesar the things that are\nCaesar\u2019s, and unto the Headman all that\u2019s left\u2014for, after all, my\nprayers were answered. And HOW!\nThe rest is silence.\nMore stories of the sort you like; more, probably, by the author of this\none; more than 500 titles all told by writers of world-wide reputation,\nin the Authors\u2019 Alphabetical List which you will find on the reverse\nside of the wrapper of this book. Look it over before you lay it aside.\nThere are books here you are sure to want\u2014some, possibly, that you have\nalways wanted.\nIt is a selected list; every book in it has achieved a certain measure\nof success.\navailable, it represents in addition a generally accepted Standard of\nValue. It will pay you to\n                 Look on the Other Side of the Wrapper.\n                 In case the wrapper is lost write to\n                 the publishers for a complete catalog\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's A Maid and a Million Men, by James G Dunton\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MAID AND A MILLION MEN ***\n***** This file should be named 45351-0.txt or 45351-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions\nwill be renamed.\nCreating the works from public domain print editions means that no\none owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation\n(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without\npermission and without paying copyright royalties.  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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1929, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Hugh T. Mitten\n[Transcriber's Note: This transcription attempts to follow page\nnumbering and capitalization as closely as possible. Occasionally,\na paragraph spans more than one page with one or more full page\nsized illustrations between the pages, thus splitting the paragraph.\nThis required adjustment to the numbering of some pages.\nThe listing of the Barns Sports Library has been relocated to the\nend of the book in order to improve continuity.\nThe table of \"Standard Dressings Of 334 Flies\" actually has only\n319 dressings.]\nHOW TO TIE FLIES\nHOW\nTO TIE\nFLIES\nBY\nE. C. GREGG\nDRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS\nBY THE AUTHOR\nA. S. BARNES AND COMPANY\nNEW YORK\nCopyright, 1940, A. S. Barnes & Company. Inc\nTHIS BOOK IS FULLY PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND NOTHING THAT APPEARS IN\nIT MAY BE REPRINTED OR REPRODUCED IN ANY MANNER, EITHER WHOLLY OR IN\nPART, FOR ANY USE WHATEVER, WITHOUT SPECIAL WRITTEN PERMISSION BY THE\nCOPYRIGHT OWNER\nPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA\nCONTENTS\n     Tools--Fly-Tier's Vise Hackle Pliers, scissors,\n     Hooks\n     Materials--Quill Bodies, Herl Bodies, Hackles,\n             Tails, Cheeks or Shoulders, Ribbing,\n             Wings, Tying Silk\n  NYMPHS and Their Construction . . . . . . . . . . . .   32\n     Nymphs: Their Construction\n     The Helgramite\n  BASS FLIES AND FEATHER STREAMERS  . . . . . . . . . .   42\n  FAMOUS BUCKTAIL AND FEATHER STREAMERS . . . . . . . .   47\n  FLOATING BUGS and Their Construction  . . . . . . . .   49\n     Cork Bodied Bass Bugs\n  STANDARD DRESSINGS OF 334 FLIES . . . . . . . . . . .   69\n{vi}\n[Illustration: Diagram 1. Page sized drawing of parts of a fly.]\n{vii}\nINTRODUCTION\nThe object of this book will be throughout its entirety to teach in a\npractical manner the art of Fly Tying in all its branches.  The\nprinciples used herein, and the methods of construction employed, are\nthose used by the professional fly-tier who practices fly-making for the\nsake of art, and tries to achieve with each finished fly, a masterpiece.\nNone of the short-cuts employed by those whose business is quantity\nproduction will be attempted. Only the making of flies of the very\nhighest quality and most durable construction will be attempted.\nIn describing the principals of construction with the following\nillustrations, it will be impossible to describe in detail each\nstandard pattern; however, it must be remembered that the fundamentals\napplying to each style of fly will be the principal bases of\nconstruction of all flies of that style, and that the use of different\nbody materials, hackles, wings or size will simply change the pattern\nand not the fundamental points of construction.\nDressings for hundreds of standard patterns will be found fully\ndescribed elsewhere in this book. For clearness {viii} of understanding\nplease note that where a fly is described in this book as having grey\nwings, or red body, etc., and no particular feather or material is\nspecified, it means that any feather or body material may be used. When\na particular feather, body, hackle, tail, etc., must be used it will be\nso stated.\nEach year a steadily increasing number of anglers are learning to tie\ntheir own flies. Not many years ago, there were few in America outside\nof professional tiers who understood the art.  Now on each angling trip,\nat least one is sure to be met, who has discovered the great thrill of\ntaking fish on flies of his own tying.\nTo those who are anticipating the making of their own flies for the\nfirst time, there is the opportunity to exercise one's ingenuity in the\ncreation of new patterns. To prolong your fishing seasons throughout the\nlong winter evenings, in the confines of your own den, where, with a\nsupply of fur, feathers and tinsel, can be enjoyed a profitable,\nartistic and pleasant hobby.  And the thrill of seeing in each finished\nimitation of Ephemeridae, Muscidae and Formicidae, a masterpiece to\nbring the joy of living and dreams of spring to the angler's heart.\nBeginners are requested to reject any inclination to skip over the\nfirst part of this book, nor to attempt the tying of the more delicate\nand difficult dry flies before they have had sufficient preliminary\ntraining. {ix} This book is so written that the easier flies to make are\nthe first encountered. Although you may not expect to use Bucktail\nStreamers, the fundamental principles employed in their construction,\nthe knack of handling fur, feathers and tinsel, will be acquired, and a\nsense of proportion will be realized. I sincerely encourage you to begin\nat the beginning, and by careful and patient study the satisfactory\nresult will be the ability to make flies that are second to none.\nThe illustrations in this book are all drawn to correct proportions\nexcept the tying silk, which is purposely drawn large for clearness\nof illustration. Follow these illustrations, and begin by making a\nvery careful study of Diagram 3, \"Bucktails\" (page 15). Here will\nbe learned how to overcome some of the difficulties encountered by\nbeginners. Many of the fundamentals learned in tying Bucktails are\nused in tying all of the flies to follow. For instance, in putting\nthe wings or tail on a wet fly, the same method of holding the wing\nbetween the thumb and finger and making the loose loop, are explained\nas when putting the hair or tail on a Bucktail. Putting the wings on\na fly correctly seems to be the greatest difficulty encountered by\nthe beginner.  Consequently, the necessity of carefully studying\nFigs. 4, 5, 10, and 11 of Diagram 3 cannot be too greatly emphasized.\nBefore tying any other part of the fly, place a bare hook in the\nvise, and practice tying on the tail, {x} and then the wings, until you\nhave mastered this knack, and have the wings and tail setting straight\non top of the hook, as in Figs. 4, 5, 10 and 11 of Diagram 3.  First\nusing hair and then a section of feather.\nOther faults of the beginner where literal descriptions are followed\nentirely or where illustrations are not drawn to correct proportions or\nfollowed closely are as follows. The wings are usually too large, and\nmuch too long for the size of the hook, and the tail is most always too\nlong, as are the hackles. The bodies seldom have a nicely tapered shape,\nand most always start too far back on the hook shank. The ribbing is\nseldom put on in even tight spirals. The hair on hair flies is always\ntoo long, and too much is used. The head is too large, because the tying\nsilk is not wound tightly and smoothly.  The eye of the hook on the\nfinished fly is filled with hair, tying silk, hackles and cement.\nI do not mean to criticize these common mistakes of the beginner.\nInstead, I merely wish to call them to your mind, and assure you that\nthey are not necessary, and will not happen if you will diligently\nfollow instructions in this book.\n{xi}\n[Illustration: Diagram 2. Page sized drawings of wet flies and feathers.]\n{xii}\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of tools.]\nTOOLS, HOOKS AND\nMATERIALS\nVery few tools are required by the Fly-Tier.   Those that are necessary\nare inexpensive, and most of them can be homemade.  However, as with any\nother craft good tools are an asset. I advise the beginner to procure\nthe following:\nTOOLS\nFly-Tiers' vise. There are many styles of fly-tying vises on the market.\nThe simplest is just a slot cut in a 3/8\" piece of square steel with a\nhacksaw, and a thumb screw to tighten the slot.  This type of vise will\nwork all right, although rather clumsy and hard to tighten enough to\nhold the hook truly. Another simple vise is just a small pin chuck,\nsoldered to one end of a 1/4\" brass rod, bent at the desired angle, and\nthe other end of the rod soldered to a small C clamp. However, I prefer\na vise of the cam lever type.  That is, a vise that has a cam lever for\nopening and closing the jaws. These vises, of which there are\nseveral makes, are {2} adjustable to various angles and hook sizes. They\nwill hold all sizes of hooks very firmly, and are easily and quickly\nopened with a flip of the lever.\nHackle Pliers. These can be purchased for about fifty cents and will\nprove a worthwhile investment, as they are rather difficult to make\nsatisfactorily.\nScissors. One pair with curved blades and sharp points for small flies\nand one pair with small straight blades. A needle pushed into a stick,\nfor picking out hackles that are wound under, and for putting lacquer on\nthe finished head, completes the list of necessary tools.\nHOOKS\nHooks used for fly-tying differ somewhat from those used for bait\nfishing etc., inasmuch as they are usually hollow ground, and tapered\nshank especially those used for dry flies. The tapered shank next to the\neye allows the head of the fly to be tied smaller, and also reduces the\nweight of the hook, an advantage for dry flies.  Of course flies may be\ntied on any style or grade of hook, but considering the work involved in\nmaking the fly, and realizing that with an old razor blade the fly can\nbe quickly removed from the hook should the first attempts prove\nunsatisfactory, you will see the advantage in using good hooks.\n[Illustration: Page sized diagram showing drawings of hooks.]\nMATERIALS\nMaterials used by the Fly-Tier cover an extremely large field.  Although\nonly a few simple and easily obtained items are necessary for a start,\nit is interesting to know that furs, feathers and body materials come\nfrom all parts of the world. There's the jungle cock from India whose\nneck feathers are extensively used on salmon flies and a very large\npercentage of all fancy flies.  The golden pheasant from China, the\nbustard from Africa, the Mandarin wood duck from China, the capercailzie\nfrom Ireland, the game cocks from Spain and the Orient, the teal,\nmallard, grouse, ibis, swan, turkey, and hundreds of others. The polar\nbear, Impala, North and South American deer, seal, black bear, skunk,\nrabbit, squirrel, are a few of the hairs that are used.  The beginner\nneed not worry about the great variety. Some hooks, silk floss and spun\nfur or wool yarn and chenille for bodies, a few sizes of tinsel for\nribbing, bucktails of three or four colors, an assortment of duck and\nturkey wing quills some mallard breast, an assortment of neck and saddle\nhackles, a spool of tying silk, a piece of wax, a bottle of head\nlacquer, and many of the popular patterns can be made. Numerous other\nitems can be added from time to time, and the novice Fly-Tier will soon\nfind himself in possession of a collection of fuzzy furs and feathers\nthat will delight the heart of any professional, and from which any\nconceivable lure can be made to attract the denizens of the shady pools.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of body materials.]\nBODY MATERIAL: Tinsel, Silk Floss, Fur, Chenille, Wool, Quill\nand Cork are used for bodies. The most commonly used for Bucktail\nStreamers is flat tinsel ribbed with oval tinsel or no ribbing at all.\nAbout the easiest body to make is one of chenille ribbed with tinsel.\nSilk floss is mostly used for wet and dry fly bodies.  The domestic silk\nfloss, which is called rope, can be successfully used for the larger\nflies, by untwisting and using a few of the smaller strands. An imported\nfloss of one single strand, with a very slight twist, is especially made\nfor fly-tying; this will work much better on the smaller hooks. Fur for\nfur bodies, which formerly had to be plucked from the hide, dyed the\ndesired color, and spun on the waxed tying silk, can now be obtained in\nall standard fly colors. It is called Spun Fur, and is very convenient\nto use in this manner.\nQUILL BODIES: Quill makes an excellent and very lifelike body,\nespecially on dry flies. The quill from the eyed peacock tail feather is\nmostly used. That taken from the eye of the feather when stripped of its\nfibers has a two tone effect, and when wound upon the hook without\noverlapping makes a very lifelike and delicate appearing body.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feathers.]\nHERL BODIES: Both peacock and ostrich herl is used for bodies.\nThese make a fuzzy body. Tie in one or two strands by the tip end and\nwind on edgewise.\nHACKLES: These are the most important part of the dry fly. Only those\nfrom the neck of a mature cock are satisfactory. Hackles for the dry fly\nmust be stiff with very little or no web. With such hackles a dry fly\ncan be sparsely dressed as it should be and still maintain its natural\nbalance and floating qualities.  On the other hand, a wet fly should\nsink readily, and should be made with very soft webby hackles. These\nabsorb water quickly, and have better action in the water. Contrary to\nthe customary way to tie hackles on the wet fly, as explained in the\nchapter \"Wet Flies\", I find it very convenient and economical to strip\nthe fibers from any size hackle, clip off the butt ends to the desired\nlength and tie them on the bottom of the hook, the same as buck tail is\ntied on. As wet flies should have hackles only on the bottom or\nunderneath side, many hackles that are otherwise too large can be used\nin this way.\nTAILS: A few fibers from a golden or silver pheasant neck tippet, whisks\nfrom a hackle feather, a strip of wing or breast feather, a few hairs,\netc., are used for tails. Many of the standard patterns are tied without\ntails; however, on all of my dry flies, I tie three or four stiff fibers\nor hairs. They balance the fly and help it to float much better.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feathers.]\nCHEEKS OR SHOULDERS: As per Fig. 9, Diagram 1, these are used on a\ngreat many of the fancy flies. These are straps of one or several\nfeathers of contrasting colors. Jungle cock feathers, golden pheasant\ntippets, silver pheasant body feathers, as on the Grey Ghost streamer\nfly, blue chatterer, and many other fancy feathers according to pattern\nand fancy are used for this purpose. A pair of jungle cock tippets often\ncalled eyes, added to a Bucktail Streamer will often take trout, when\nthe same pattern without the jungle cock will not.\nRIBBING: Tinsel, Wool, Silk, Horse Hair, Quill, etc., are used for\nribbing. The tinsel from your Xmas tree will do, but it is much better\nto use tinsel made for the purpose, as it will not tarnish so\nquickly and is much stronger. It is advisable before using tinsel to\nplace a drop of good, clear head lacquer between the thumb and finger\nand draw the tinsel through it. This makes it tarnish-proof, and is\nparticularly advisable with the oval and round tinsel that is wound\nover a silk core. Besides tarnish-proofing it, it will keep the tinsel\nfrom coming apart. Tinsel bodies should be lacquered after they are\nfinished.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feathers.]\nWINGS: Several styles of wings are used, see Diagram 2, page xi, those\non Fig. 1, and are cut from a pair of matched wing quill feathers, like\nFig. 7. Those in Fig. 2 are buzz wings taken from a pair of breast\nfeathers {12} (mallard, wood duck, etc.) shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 3 shows\nhackle tip wings, tips of two hackle feathers, see Fig. 9. Fan wings,\nFig. 4, are a matched pair of small breast feathers, see Fig. 10 (white\nduck, mallard, teal, grouse, etc.). In fact there is hardly a bird that\nflies that does not supply some of its plumage to the Fly-Tier. Flies\nof the order Diptera (land flies), such as the Bee, Cowdung, Blue Bottle,\netc., should be tied with flat wings as in Fig. 5. A Bi-visible is shown\nin Fig. 6. This is a fly without wings, hackle tied palmer (that is hackle\nwound the full length of the hook, usually tied without a body, and the\ndark patterns have a turn or two of white hackle in front).\nAll of the flies on Diagram 2 are shown as dry flies; however, the same\nfeathers are used for wet flies, streamers, etc., the difference being\nthe style in which they are tied, which is explained elsewhere.\nWAX: Use a good grade of wax for fly-tying. The proper wax will work\nmuch better than shoemaker's wax or beeswax. Wax for fly-tying should be\nquite sticky so that when the waxed tying silk is let go of, it will not\nunwind while tying the fly.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feathers.]\nTYING SILK: Ordinary sewing silk is too coarse for ordinary fly-tying\nand it doesn't seem to have the strength. Size 00 is a good size for all\nflies including bucktails and streamers. For dry flies and small wet\nflies a gossamer silk size 000 and 0000 is the best to {14} use.\nAlthough the strength of this fine silk is much less than the size 00,\nit has the advantage that more turns can be used, and the heads can be\nmade much smaller.\nBUCKTAIL STREAMERS\n[Illustration: Diagram 3. Page sized diagram showing drawings of bucktail\nconstruction.]\nPlace a hook in the vise and start waxed tying silk (See Diagram 3, page\n15) (A) 1/8\" from eye of hook Fig. 1. Take five or six turns and cut off\nend (B) Fig. 2. Wind tying silk (A) closely and smoothly down hook shank\nas Fig 3. (A complete understanding of the next step will have a great\ndeal to do with the success of the beginner's greatest difficulty, that\nis, putting on the wings; the procedure is the same for all flies, study\nFig. 4.) Hold tail material (C) between thumb and finger of the left\nhand, slide the fingers down over the hook, so that the tail material\nrests on top of the hook, with the hook held firmly between thumb and\nfinger as Fig. 4. Now loosen grip just enough to allow tying silk (A) to\npass up between thumb and tail material, form a loose loop over\nmaterial, and down, between finger and material on the other side. Now\ntighten grip with thumb and finger and pull loop down tight; repeat once\nmore, see Fig. 5. (This knack of holding the material and hook firmly\ntogether, until the loose loop is drawn down tightly keeps the tail, or\nwings, on top of the {17} hook, and at the same time keeps them from\nsplitting or turning sidewise.) Now that the tail is in place, with two\nturns of the tying silk (A) tie in ribbing (D) Fig. 6. Now take six or\neight close tight turns with the tying silk towards the eye of the hook,\nwith two more turns tie in the body material (E) Fig. 7. IF USING TINSEL\nFOR BODY MATERIAL, BE SURE AND CUT THE END TO A TAPER BEFORE TYING IN as\n(E) Fig. 7; this tends to make a smoother body and prevents a bunch\nwhere the body material is tied in. Next wind tying silk (A) back to the\nstarting point, take a half hitch and let it hang. Now wind body\nmaterial (E) clockwise (all windings are clockwise) tightly and smoothly\nback towards the barb, to the extreme rear end of the body, pull tight\nand wind forward to within 1/8\" of the eye, wind back and forth to form\nsmooth tapered body as Fig. 8 (tinsel bodies are not tapered).  (If\nusing silk floss, untwist the floss and use only one half or one third\nof the strands, do not let it twist, wind tight, and it will make a nice\nsmooth body.) Take two turns and a half hatch with the tying silk, and\ncut off end of the material (F) Fig. 8. Take one tight turn with ribbing\n(D) over butt of tail close to rear end of the body, also one turn\nunder the tail if tail is to be cocked. Wind ribbing spirally around the\nbody and tie off with two turns and a half hitch of tying silk as Fig.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of bucktail streamers tied by the\nauthor.]\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of bucktails.]\nTake about three dozen hairs of colored bucktail, cut off butt ends to\nthe length wanted for the finished fly, not more than one half again as\nlong as the hook, place these on top of the hook as Fig. 10 with butt\nends about 1/16\" back of the eye (this is held the same as when putting\non the tail, Fig. 4).  Pull down two or three loops, Fig. 11. Now take\nabout 175 hairs of other colored bucktail, place this on top of the\nfirst colored bucktail the  same as Fig. 10. Repeat the same operation\nas Fig. 11. Before finishing the head put a drop of head lacquer on the\nbutt ends of the hairs to cement  them in place, finish by making a\nsmooth tapered head with the tying silk, take three or four half\nhitches, paint the head with two or three coats of lacquer and the job\nis complete, unless you wish  to add jungle cock cheeks, or other\ncombinations of feathers. This of course is done before the head is\ncompleted.\n[Illustration: Diagram 4. Page sized diagram showing drawings of wet\nflys.]\nWET FLIES\nStart the waxed tying silk (See Diagram 4, page 21) 1/8\" from eye of\nhook, Fig. 1. Wind tying silk (A) down shank of hook, and with last two\nturns tie in tag material (B) Fig. 2. Tags (see diagram 1) usually\nrepresent the egg sac on the female of the species. Chenille, wool,\ngold, silver, silk, herl, or various other materials are used for tags.\n(Ribbing, if used, is tied in just before the tag material.) Tie in tail\n(C) Fig. 3 (see Fig. 4 Bucktail, Diagram 3, page 15, for directions, how\nto hold the tail.  Take from one to four turns with the Tag Material (B)\naround the hook, take a couple of turns with tying silk (A) around the\nloose end of (B) and cut off (B) as Fig. 4. Take about three or four\nturns towards the eye of the hook with (A), with two more turns tie in\nthe body material (D) Fig. 4. Wind (A) back to the starting point, take\na half hitch and let hang. Wind body material (D) to where (A) was left\nhanging. Wind (D) back and forth several times to form a tapered body,\nfasten with two or three turns and a half hitch with (A) Fig. 5. Next\ntake hackle (E), and strip off soft web fibers on dotted line, Fig. E.\nHold hackle {23} (E) by the tip with thumb and finger of the left hand,\nwith the shiny side of the hackle to the right, place the butt\ndiagonally under the hook and take four or five tight turns and a half\nhitch with (A) Fig. 6. Be sure that the hackle is tied on edgewise with\nthe shiny side to the front. Now grasp the tip of the hackle with the\nhackle pliers and wind four or five turns clockwise around the hook. If\nthe hackle starts winding edgewise it will go on without any trouble, if\nnot better take it off and try again until you get the knack of tying\nthe butt in at just the right angle. Take three or four turns over the\nhackle tip with (A) and clip off the tip close as Fig. 7. With the thumb\nand finger of the left hand, reach from under the hook and pull all the\nfibers down to the bottom, take three or four turns over them with (A)\ntowards the barb of the hook, to hold them in place, and to keep them\npointing well back, as Fig. 8. Next take a pair of matched (one right\nand one left) turkey, goose, or other wing feathers, Fig. A, and cut a\nsection from each about 1/4\" wide, place the two sections with tips even\nand concave sides together as Fig. B. Cut off the butt ends to the right\nlength, that is so that the tips come even, or a little beyond the bend\nof the hook. Place on top of hook as Fig. 9 and tie on the same as\npreviously explained in tying hair on Bucktails (Diagram 3, page 15,\nFigs. 4 and 10). Finish off with a smooth tapered head, two or\nthree half hitches {24} and a couple of coats of good head lacquer,\nFig. 10. Many patterns are tied palmer, that is the hackle is wound the\nwhole length of the body. Many of the dry flies are tied this way,\nespecially the Bi-visibles. To tie a palmer hackle, prepare the hackle\nby holding the tip of the hackle between the thumb and finger of the left\nhand, and with the thumb and finger of the right hand, stroke the fibers\nback so that they point towards the butt, instead of towards the tip, Fig.\nC, Diagram 4. With the shiny side of the hackle up, strip off the fibers\nfrom the bottom side as Fig. D. Now tie the hackle in by the tip as\nFig. 11. Make the body the same as before. Wind the hackle spirally around\nthe body and tie off the butt, Fig. 12. To make the hackle more full near\nthe head, one or more hackles are tied in at the same time as Figs. 6\nand 7, the palmer hackle is wound to within 1/8\" of the eye and the butt\ntied in and cut off the same as the tip was cut off Fig. 7.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of wet flies tied by the author.]\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feathers.]\nDRY FLIES\nStart winding waxed tying silk (See Diagram 5, page 28) (A) about 1/8\"\nfrom the eye of the hook, take three or four turns towards the bend of\nthe hook and cut off end, Fig. 1, Diagram 5. Cut a section about 1/4\"\nwide from a right and one from a left wing feather, as Fig. A Diagram 4,\npage 21 (duck wings are best for dry flies). Place convex sides together\n(just the reverse of Fig. B, Diagram 4). Do not cut off the butt ends,\ninstead straddle the hook as Fig. 2, Diagram 5. Hold between the thumb\nand finger of the left hand as already explained in Figs. 4 and 10,\nDiagram 3, page 15. Tip the wings (B) forward so that they stand about\nperpendicular to the shank, and pull down loop, Fig. 3, as explained in\nDiagram 3, Fig. 4. Take one more turn with (A) around the wings (B) in\nfront as Fig. 4 and before loosening the grip with the left hand take\ntwo turns around the hook close in back of the wings (B), Fig. 5. Next\npull the butt ends back tightly as Fig. 6, take two tight turns around\nthem with (A) and cut off on dotted line as Fig. 6. Cross (A) between\nwings (B) to spread them, and wind tying silk (A) down shank of the hook\nas Fig. 7.\n[Illustration: Diagram 5. Page sized diagram showing drawings of dry fly\nconstruction.]\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of Fan Wings, Dry Flies, and Nymphs\ntied by the author.]\nFrom now on the body is made as previously explained, so for the sake of\nvariation we will tie a band in the centre, the same as a Royal\nCoachman. Tie in tail (C) Fig. 8. Tie in two or three strands of peacock\nherl (D) Fig. 9 with (A) and wind (A) four or five turns towards the eye\nof the hook. Take three or four turns with herl (D). Tie in two strands\nof silk floss (E) Fig. 10, take a few more turns with (A) over the loose\nends of (D) towards the eye of the hook. Wind silk floss (E) over the\nherl about half way up the hook. Take a turn or two around silk floss\n(E) with (A) and cut off end of (E) as Fig. 11. Carry (A) up to the\nfront of the wings. Finish body with herl (D) wound tight against the\nback of the wings. (This helps to push the wings forward and to hold\nthem in place.) Tie off herl (D) with (A) Fig. 12. The next step of\nputting on the hackle (F) is done the same as Fig. 6, Diagram 4, page\n21.  But here the hackle is much more important than on the wet fly. The\nfloating qualities of a dry fly depend entirely upon stiff neck hackle\nof the proper size. (Use Hackle Chart.) Sometimes two hackles are used,\nthese are laid together, and both butts tied in at the same time. One\nhackle of the proper size and stiffness is usually enough, so we will\nuse one tied in as Fig. 13 and explained in Fig. 6, Diagram 4, page\n21. Clip the hackle pliers to the tip of hackle (F) and wind\nabout two turns edgewise in front of the wings, wind two turns close\n{31} in back  of the wings. Take two or three more turns in front of the\nwings, all the while keeping the hackle edgewise, with the shiny side\ntowards the eye of the hook. Wind the hackle close so as not to fill up\nthe eye of the hook and to leave room for the head. Tie in the tip with\na couple of turns of (A) Fig. 14. The hackle should now be standing\nstraight out from the hook, with the most of it in front of the wings.\nShape a tapered head with (A). (Head should be about 1/16\" long on a\nsize 12 hook.) Finish with two or three half hitches and a drop\nof head lacquer, Fig. 15.\nVarious feathers are used for wings of dry flies, such as breast\nfeathers from mallard, teal; partridge, grouse, black duck, wood duck.\nHackle tips, starling, duck, turkey, goose, pheasant, wing feathers,\netc.\nTwo whole feathers of the proper size, with the natural curve are used\nfor fan wings. The tips of two feathers, or a section may be cut from\ntwo matched feathers. All of these wings are tied on in the same manner\nas previously explained. See Diagram 2 for flies tied with different\nstyle wings.\n[Illustration: Drawing of hackle size chart at bottom of page.]\nNYMPHS AND THEIR\nCONSTRUCTION\nNYMPHS\nNymphs are larvae of all aquatic insects. Together with minnows,\ncrawfish, etc., they represent about ninety per cent of the trout's\nregular diet. Considering this fact, it is obvious that nymphs will take\ntrout throughout the entire season. It will greatly surprise the novice\nto learn of the great amount of underwater insect life present in any\nstream. Next time you go fishing, hold your landing net close to the\nbottom, in a foot or so of fast water.  Reach upstream and loosen the\nstones and gravel. Raise your landing net, and notice the numerous\nnymphs that have been washed from under the stones, and have attached\nthemselves to your net. Better still, make a screen about two feet\nsquare, from regular 14 mesh window screening. Hold this in the water,\nand have your fishing partner go upstream, and with a regular garden\nrake, or some such tool, rake up the bottom, turning over the stones and\ngravel.  This way you can capture many nymphs. Put them in glass\nbottles, take them home, and make copies of them. When next you {33} go\nfishing open the first trout you catch, examine the contents of its\nstomach, and determine which of the copies you have made is the proper\nnymph or fly for the occasion. To fish with an imitation of the fly or\nnymph upon which they are feeding, will result in a heavier creel.\nWhen nymph fishing it is important to use a long, finely tapered leader.\nA 4x is about right. Fish in the same waters, and very much the same way\nas with a dry fly except that the nymph is allowed to sink. Fish\nupstream, or up and across the current. In the ripples. Around boulders.\nAt the edge of fast water. Let the nymph drift with the current. Follow\nit with your rod tip, and be prepared to set the hook at the least\nhesitation of the line. Trout will sometimes take a drifting nymph and\neject it, without being felt on the most delicate rod, so be ever on the\nalert when nymph fishing. A nymph fished down stream, and retrieved with\nslow, short jerks, will often work very well.  When fished in this\nmanner, trout will strike quite hard, and usually hook themselves.\nThere are times when trout are rolling on the surface and it seems\nimpossible to take them on anything. It is then that they are usually\nfeeding on nymphs, just under the surface. I remember one such time on\nthe Housatonic River in Connecticut last summer. Just at dark, I was\nstanding knee deep in very fast water. Trout {34} were breaking all\naround me. I knew, they were feeding on nymphs, and tried in every way\nto catch them. The water was so fast, it was impossible to keep the\nnymph just the right depth below the surface. I tried every trick that\nI knew, but could not get a strike. Finally reaching my hand in my\npocket, I discovered several large buckshot. Removing the nymph from the\ntip of the leader, I attached five of these large shots, to the very tip\nof the leader, with a piece of 3x gut tippet about four inches long. I\nconnected the nymph to the leader about sixteen inches from the tip.\nWithin the next few minutes I took several nice trout, within rod's\nlength of where I was standing. What actually happened, the lead was so\nheavy that it immediately sank straight to the bottom, and my taut line\nheld the nymph suspended about two inches below the surface. The short\ngut between the nymph and the leader allowed the nymph to quiver much as\nthe natural was doing. All the various common nymphs can be faithfully\ncopied, by learning to tie the various styles of those herein\nillustrated. Simply alter the sizes, and color combinations, according\nto those found in the waters where you fish.\nRemember nearly all the nymphs have flat bodies, and dark backs. The\nbodies may be flattened by thoroughly lacquering them, and when nearly\ndried squeezing them flat with an ordinary pair of pliers; or by {35}\ncutting a piece of quill the shape of the body from a turkey or goose\nwing. Bind this on top of the hook for the foundation of the body, and\nbuild the body over this. When finished, lacquer the entire body.\nMost any body materials that are used for the making of other flies can\nbe used; however, wool is mostly used for nymphs.  Silk floss wound over\na quill foundation and then lacquered, makes a very smooth, realistic\nbody.\n[Illustration: Diagram 6. Page sized diagram showing drawings of nymph\nconstruction.]\nTHEIR CONSTRUCTION\n(SEE DIAGRAM 6)\nStart tying silk (A) an eighth of an inch from the eye of the hook and\nwind closely down shank, as previously done with bucktails, wet flies\netc. Next cut a section (B) from a grey goose wing feather about one\neighth inch wide, and tie on top of the hook as Fig. 1.  This is to make\nthe tail and also the back of the nymph. Bend (B) back and take a turn\nor two with (A) in front as Fig. 2. Tie in the ribbing (c) close to (B)\nFig. 3. Next tie in body material (D) close to (C) Fig. 4. Wool yarn\nmakes the best body material for this style nymph. Now finish the body\nas for a wet fly, Fig. 5, then pull (B) tightly over the top, finish off\nas Fig. 6. This makes a sort of hard shell over the back. Next turn the\nhook upside down in the vise, and lay {37} three horse hairs across, just\nin back of where the head is to be made, crisscross (A) between the hairs\nto spread them and make them look like legs, and your nymph should look\nlike Fig. 7. Nymphs of this style as well as Figs. 8, 9, 10, 14 and 15\nlook more natural if the bodies are flattened. Fig. 8 is tied nearly the\nsame as Fig. 7, the difference being that (C) and (D) are both wound\nover (B) about two-thirds of the length of the body, then (B) is turned\nback, the body finished as before, (B) brought forward loosely to form\nthe humpbacked wing case, and (B) being cut off as was done with Fig. 6,\nand instead of the butt end of (B) being cut off as was done  with Fig.\n6 it is split by crisscrossing (A) through it to form small wings as\nFig. 8.  Fig. 9 is made in the same way except that several strands of\npeacock herl is used for the dark back, tail, and feelers.\nFig. 10 is a very effective nymph, the body made entirely of natural\nraffia (soaked in water before using), with black hair used for the tail\nand feelers The body coated with lacquer as before mentioned and pressed\nflat when dry; paint the back with dark brown or black lacquer.\nFig. 11 is made by close wound palmer hackle cut off on dotted\nlines. Fig. 12 is a fur body, made by spinning rabbit's fur or\nother fur on waxed tying silk and ribbing with gold; the tougher\nthis nymph looks the more effective it seems to be. Fig. 13, the\nCaddis {38} worm can be more naturally reproduced with a common rubber\nband than any other way I know. Get a dirty, white, rubber band\nabout 1/8\" wide, taper one end for  about 1/2\".  Lay two horse hairs\nlengthwise on top of the hook for the feelers, wind tying silk over them\ndown the hook, tie in the rubber band by the very tip of the taper, wind\nthe tying silk back to the starting point, and be sure that the tying\nsilk is wound smoothly. If not, any roughness will show through the\nrubber band. Wind the rubber band tightly to about 1/4\" back of the eye.\nWind back down and take one turn under the horsehair at the tail end,\nwind up to the head and tie off with the tying silk. This now makes\nthree thicknesses of the rubber band. Form a large head with the tying\nsilk, fasten securely and you have a very realistic Caddis worm. Fig. 14\nis tied about the same as Fig. 7, with a considerable amount of speckled\nmallard, and peacock herl used for both the front and back feelers as\nwell as the legs.\nFig. 15. The Damsel Nymph has a body of dark grey wool with a back of\ndark brown or black lacquer. Wings, small red-brown wood duck breast\nfeathers, feelers dark brown hackle, and a large black head.\nTHE HELGRAMITE\n(SEE DIAGRAM 7)\nThe Helgramite Nymph, larva of the Dobson Fly, is such an excellent bass\nand trout food, that the making of this nymph deserves special mention.\nAs my personal way of making this particular nymph differs considerably\nfrom those previously explained, I consider it advisable to go into\nfurther details concerning the construction of this pattern.\nI personally like the winged style. That is, with small imitation wings\nand horns, or feelers. This represents the nymph in its final underwater\nstage, just before emerging from the water as the Dobson Fly. I find\nblack skunk tail the most satisfactory material for the body of this\nnymph. Either light grey swan sides, or light grey pigeon breast\nfeathers for the wing and legs.\n[Illustration: Diagram 7. Page sized diagram showing drawings of\nhelgramite construction.]\nFirst wind the waxed tying silk up the shank of the hook beginning\nopposite the barb. Clip the fibers closely from a couple of hackle\nfeathers. These are to form the horns. Bind these hackle quills\nto the top of the hook, so that the tip ends project about 1 1/2\"\nin front of the eye. Take a bunch of black skunk tail about the\nsize of a match and bind it to the top of the hook, with tip ends\ntowards the eye of the hook as in Diagram 7, Fig. 1. Next fold the hair\nforward and bind down tightly as in Fig. 2. Again fold the hair back and\ntie down as in {41} Fig. 3. Then again as in Fig. 4. Notice that each\ntime the hair is folded back upon itself and tied down, that it forms a\nsegment of the body, and that each segment increases in size, until your\nnymph looks like Fig. 5. At this stage turn the nymph over and tie a piece\nof light grey feather about 1/8\" wide across the bottom, separate the\nfibers with the tying silk to form the legs. Now cut a small light grey\npigeon feather with the centre quill, as dotted line in Fig. 6. Give this\na coat of clear lacquer: when dry, tie flat, on the back of the nymph to\nform the first set of wings, as in Fig. 7. Cut another feather and treat\nthe same way, tie these slightly forward of the first set of wings, and\nyou have a Dobson Nymph that is very lifelike in appearance.\nBASS FLIES\nAND FEATHER STREAMERS\nIt will appear obvious from a study of Diagram 8, page (43) that the\ntying of bass flies and Feather Streamers differs so little from the\ntying of wet flies and bucktails that a detailed description will be\nunnecessary.\nBass flies are little more than large trout lies, the\nprincipal difference being the feathers that are used for the wings\nalthough the same feathers can be used as for trout flies. It is\ncustomary with commercial tiers to use two whole feathers for the wings,\nor the tips of two wings feathers, etc. Place the concave sides together\nand tie in the butt ends the same as for a wet fly. Bass flies to be\nused as spinner flies, that is, flies to be used with a spinner in\nfront, should be tied on ring eyed hooks instead of hooks with turned\ndown or turned up eyes.\n[Illustration: Diagram 8. Page sized diagram showing drawings of bass\nflies.]\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of flies tied by the author.]\nCertain patterns of these flies have for a long time been famous as\nsalmon flies in northern New England and Canada and the past few years\nhave seen them steadily growing in popularity with anglers of\nConnecticut, especially for Rainbow Trout. The feathers {45} that are\nused for wings are saddle hackles, and from four to eight feathers are\nused, hackles of the same size are selected, the tip ends placed even,\nand the concave sides of those used for the left side are placed next to\nthe concave sides of those used for the right side, in other words, both\nthe right and left side of the wing will be convex, or outside of the\nfeather. Any of the standard pattern flies can be tied as streamers.\nSome of the patterns however, are very elaborate flies; the Supervisor,\nfor instance, has wings of light blue with shorter feathers of green on\neach side, with peacock herl along each wing, polar bear hair, jungle\ncock shoulders, a silver body, and a red tag. This fly was developed a\nfew years ago by Mr. Joseph Stickney, Supervisor of Wardens, State of\nMaine, to imitate the smelt, a natural salmon food. The original Supervisor\ndid not have the jungle cock or the peacock heal. Mr. Stickney suggested\nthe addition of these feathers to me last year, and I believe that this\nis now the approved dressing.\n[Illustration: Page sized photograph of feather streamers tied by\nthe author.]\nFAMOUS BUCKTAIL AND\nFEATHER  STREAMERS\nSUPERVISOR: WINGS, Blue saddle hackle with polar bear hair, and\npeacock herl down each side. CHEEKS, green hackle tip and jungle\ncock. BODY silver. TAG, red wool.\nTIGER: (light) WINGS, brownish yellow bucktail or red squirrel\ntail. BODY yellow chenille. TAG, gold. TAIL, barred wood duck.\nCHEEKS, jungle cock. THROAT, scarlet.\nTIGER: (dark) WINGS, yellow bucketful. BODY peacock herl. TAG, gold.\nTAIL, barred wood duck. CHEEKS, jungle cock. Short red fin.\nGREGG'S DEMON: WINGS, grizzly saddle hackle dyed brown. BODY, silver\nribbed with gold. CHEEKS, jungle cock. TAIL, barred wood duck. TOPPING,\ngolden pheasant crest. HACKLE, Orange.\nJUNGLE PRINCESS: WINGS grizzly saddle hackle dyed yellow with\nlarge jungle cock. CHEEKS, blue chatterer. BODY gold tinsel.\nHACKLE, white.\nGRIZZLY GREY: WINGS, grizzly saddle hackles. CHEEKS, jungle cock.\nTAIL, orange. BODY, silver tinsel. HACKLE, white bucktail.\nHIGHLAND BELLE: WINGS orange saddle hackles inside, grizzly saddle\nhackles outside. CHEEKS, jungle cock. BODY, gold tinsel ribbed with\nsilver tinsel. HACKLE, white bucktail.\nSPENCER BAY SPECIAL: WINGS blue saddle hackles inside with furnace\nsaddle hackles outside. CHEEKS, jungle cock. TAIL, golden pheasant\ntippet. BODY, silver tinsel ribbed with oval silver tinsel. HACKLE,\nyellow and blue mixed.\nBLACK GHOST: WINGS, white saddle hackle. BODY, black silk floss ribbed\nwith silver. CHEEKS, jungle cock. HACKLE, yellow.\nGREY GHOST: WINGS, grey saddle hackle with peacock herl and white\nbucktail. BODY, orange floss ribbed with gold. CHEEKS, silver pheasant\nfeather and jungle cock.\nBROWN GHOST: WINGS, brown saddle hackle. BODY, brown floss ribbed\nwith gold. CHEEKS, jungle cock. TOPPING, golden pheasant crest.\nTAIL, golden pheasant crest. HACKLE, yellow.\nWARDEN'S WORRY: WINGS one red and one grizzly saddle hackle. HACKLE,\nyellow, tied very full.\nWHITE MARIBOU: WINGS, white caribou. CHEEKS, large jungle cock and\nsmall red feather. TOPPING, golden pheasant crest.\nYELLOW MARIBOU: WINGS, yellow caribou. CHEEKS, large Jungle cock\nand small red feather. TOPPING peacock herl. Two complete caribou\nfeathers can be used, or sections of the feathers, depending upon\nthe size of the hook. Size 4 long shank hook is a good size to tie\nthem for salmon.\nFLOATING BUGS AND THEIR\nCONSTRUCTION\nA style of fishing becoming more popular each year is that of Fly Rod\nfishing with Floating Bugs. These Bugs represents the large moth,\nbutterfly, etc., and are constructed of a large variety of materials.\nSome have cork bodies. Some have Balsa Wood bodies.  Others all hair\nbodies. Bodies covered with chenille, and other materials. One of the\neasiest to make and I believe one of the most successful styles, is\nentirely constructed from the body hair of the deer, reindeer, or\ncaribou. All of these hairs are rather coarse and hollow consequently\nare very buoyant, and when properly made into a copy of the living\ninsect, they have a soft, lifelike body that appears very natural when\ntaken by a fish. These soft bodied Bugs are not so apt to be ejected\nbefore the Angler has time to set the hook, as are those with hard\nbodies.\n[Illustration: Page sized diagram showing bass bugs tied by the author.]\nAlthough the object of this book is to teach the Angler how to tie\nhis own flies a few words in regards to the writer's personal\nexperiences in using these Bugs might not be amiss at this time.\nFloating Bugs are mostly tied on large size hooks and generally used for\n{51} bass. However, I have had a great deal of luck and many pleasant\nexperiences with them tied as small as a #14 Model Perfect hook, and\nused with a 4x Leader. The small sizes will take many large trout, and\nare readily accepted by all pan fish. When fishing in still waiters with\nthe Floating Bugs, whether it be for bass, pickerel, trout or pan fish I\nuse a light leader, treated so that it will sink. I cast to a likely\nlooking spot, beside an old stump along lily pads, or to an opening in\nthe lily pads themselves. I let the Bug hit the water with quite a\nsplash, as a living moth of the same size would, and there I let\nit lie, absolutely motionless, as though stunned by the blow. By all\nmeans do not be impatient, let the Bug lie perfectly still for two or\nthree minutes, and then simply move the tip of your rod just enough to\ncause the Bug to quiver on the surface. Again let it lie perfectly still\nfor a minute or two; usually about the second time the Bug is made to\nquiver you can expect a strike, and when a big bass comes after one of\nthese Bugs, he comes full of action. When fishing fast water, I fish\nthem exactly as I would a dry fly, upstream or up and across the\ncurrent. My personal choice for color is the natural brownish grey body\nhair from either the deer, reindeer, or caribou. Wings, tail and body\nall the same natural color. I tie this pattern from size 2/0 Model\nperfect hook down to size 14, and us {52} the larger sizes for bass\nand pickerel, and the smaller sizes for trout and pan fish. I\nremember one very pleasant experience that happened in northern\nMaine three years ago. There is a small, deep, spring fed lake of\nabout ten acres in area, completely surrounded by wilderness; this\nlake had been stocked with, Rainbow Trout and closed to all fishing\nfor five years. I was fortunate in being there about two months after\nit had been opened to fishing and was invited to try my luck, after\nfirst being advised that although some very nice catches were regularly\nbeing taken on a Streamer Fly fished deep, also on live bait and worms\nwith a spinner, no one had even been able to take fish on the surface.\nI arrived at this lake about one hour before dark, and it was one of\nthose evenings when the water was actually boiling with rising trout.\nIn fact never before or since have I seen so many fish breaking water\nat the same time. I immediately made up my mind to take fish on the\nsurface. I began fishing with a small spider, and changed fly after fly\nfor the next half hour with the same results as had been experienced by\nother dry fly fishermen. In desperation and with darkness fast approaching\nI tied on a size 4 Grey Bug and cast about thirty feet from shore. The Bug\nhit the water with quite a splash and didn't even as much as put down one\nfish, and several continued to {53} rise from within a few inches to a few\nfeet from where the Bug landed. I waited a couple of minutes and gave the\nBug a little twitch, nothing happened, again I twitched and again nothing\nhappened.  I began to believe I was stumped when again the Bug was moved\never so slightly for the fifth time, and remember this was at least seven\nminutes after it first hit the water. A fish struck. In a few minutes I\nlanded a 2 1/4 pound Rainbow. Before darkness had brought the day to a\nclose I had landed three more beautiful Rainbows averaging 2 pounds\neach. I had never since had the opportunity to fish in this beautiful\nlittle lake. Some day I hope to return, and again try, and I believe\nsucceed in taking these beautiful Rainbow Trout on the conventional\ndry fly. However, this one little experience proved conclusively to\nme the absolute necessity of patience in fishing Floating Bugs.\nFLOATING BUGS:\nTHEIR CONSTRUCTION\n(SEE DIAGRAM 9)\nFirst let us begin by making the most simple; that is, one that has the\nBody, Wings, and Tail, all of the same material and color. Follow the\nillustrations carefully and even your first attempt will be a\nmasterpiece.\nAlthough I use well waxed 00 tying silk, you will find that regular\nsewing silk size A will work best on your first attempt. First wax your\nthread thoroughly and take a few turns around the shank of the hook and\ntie in a small bunch of hairs for the tail, as in Diagram 9, Fig. 1,\npage (55). We will assume that we are using regular deer hair cut from\nthe hide. Next clip a small bunch of hairs, about the size of a match,\nclose to the hide. You will notice there is some fuzz mixed with the\nhair at the base close to the skin, pick out the fuzz and place the\nbutts of the hairs under the hook as in Fig. 2, Take a couple of loose\nturns with the tying silk, hold the tips of the hair with the thumb and\nfinger of the left hand, and pull the tying silk down tight. You will\nnotice that the hairs spin around the hook and the butt ends will stand\nout pretty much at right angles to the hook, as in Fig. 3. Cut off the\ntip end of the hairs on the dotted line, press the hairs back tightly,\napply a drop of water-proof lacquer to the base of the hairs and the\nhook, and repeat the same process of tying on a small bunch of hair,\neach time pressing it back tightly. Remember this is important, because\nthe hair must be as close together as possible to make a firm, smooth,\nbuoyant body.\n[Illustration: Diagram 9. Page sized diagram showing drawings of bass\nbug construction.]\nWhen you have built the body up until it looks something like\nFig. 4, remove it from the vise and with a sharp pair of scissors\ntrim and shape it until it looks {56} like Figs. 5 and 6. At this stage\nyou should have 3/16\" of the shank of the hook left just behind the eye,\nwhere you will tie on the wings. Cover this bare hook with the well waxed\ntying silk, and lay a bunch of hair on top of the hook for wings as Fig.\n7. Crisscross the tying silk around the wings and the hook until they\nare securely tied together. Place several coats of lacquer over he\njunction of the wings and hook, to more securely bind them in place.\nLacquer the entire wings if you wish and when they have partially dried,\npress them flat, spread them, trim them as Fig. 8, and your Bug is\ncompleted.\nAny combination of color may be used, different colored wings and tail,\ndifferent colored rings in the body. White body with red tail and wings\nis a good pattern. Yellow body, black wings and tail another. Various\nfeather combinations can be used for wings and tall. Create your own\ndesigns, and develop your patterns.\nCORK BODIED BASS BUGS\n(SEE DIAGRAM 10)\nThese high floaters are easy to make and may be tied on most any size\nhook desired. Kinked shank hooks should be used to prevent  the body\nfrom turning on the {57} hook. Colored lacquer or enamel can be used to\ndecorate the bodies, and eyes can be either painted on, or regular small\nglass eyes inserted and held in place with water-proof glue or lacquer.\nAny of the fancy feathers that are used for regular bass flies can be\nused for wings. Hair or feathers can be used for tails, etc. Let us\nfirst make one of these cork bodied Bugs on a size 1/0 hook. Take a 1/2\"\ncork cylinder and with a razor blade shape it roughly as Diagram 10,\nFigs. 1 and 2. Then with a piece of 00 sandpaper held in the right hand\nand the cylinder in the left it is a very simple matter to give the body\na nice smooth, shapely finish. Next cut a small V out of the body as in\nFig. 3. This is easier to fit to the hook and easier to cement securely\nthan simply making a slit in the cork. Press the V slit over the hook as\nin Fig. 4. Apply cement or lacquer liberally to the inside of the V\nslot, and to the hook shank. Press the piece that was removed securely\nback into place, bind tightly with string, as in Fig. 5, and let set\nover night. Next day when the cement has thoroughly dried and the body\nis permanently fastened to the hook, remove the string and with the\nsandpaper touch up any rough places on the body, and give a coat of\nlacquer or enamel of the desired color.\n[Illustration: Diagram 10. Page sized diagram showing drawings of cork\nbodied bass bug construction.]\nWhen the body enamel has dried, take a pair of feathers for wings (whole\nfeathers that have the quill in the centre, same as are used for regular\nbass fly wings are best), and with the {59} tying silk bind these fast to\nthe top side of the shoulders as in Fig. 6. Tie on a tail close to the\nbody, paint on the eyes, paint any other color or designs you wish on\nthe body, and the Bug is completed.\n[Illustration: Diagram 11. Page sized diagram showing drawings of angler's\nknots.]\nANGLER'S KNOTS\nFigs. 1, 2 and 3 in Diagram 11, page (60) show a very convenient way to\ntie a dropper loop in the leader; roll the gut between thumb and finger\nat (A) Fig. 1, next invert loop (B) through (C) Figs. 2 and 3.\nFigs. 4, 5, and 6 make the best knot for or a loop in the end of a\nleader, gut snells etc. Pull loop (C) through loop (B) Figs. 5 and 6.\nFigs. 7, 8, and 9 are about the easiest and most secure knots for\nmaking leaders, the ends are in the centre of the finished knot and\ncan be clipped close.\nFigs. 10, 11, and 12, the figure eight knot, is the best for tying flies\nto the leader, it won't slip, and the pull is in line with the hook\nshank.\nMY FAVORITE FLIES\nQuite frequently I am asked which fly I like the best, or which\nparticular patterns I would choose should I carry only a few flies with\nme on a trip. That is rather a difficult question to answer.  The\nseason, the type of fishing and location must be taken into\nconsideration.\nThere must be some reason for so many hundreds of patterns. I hardly\nbelieve that any half dozen patterns can be used with constant success\nthroughout the season, even in one particular locality. There are times,\nwhen fish are feeding, that they will take anything; again one may\nchange fly after fly without success, when finally a fly will be tried\nthat will take fish on every cast. Suppose that particular fly wasn't\nincluded in the chosen few, the answer is obvious.\nHowever, I will endeavor to choose six patterns each of the various\nstyles, and to give my reasons for their choice, but here I assure you\nthere will always be many more patterns in my fly box for further trial,\nafter I have exhausted my favorite six.\nBeginning with dry flies, my first choice would be {63} a Quill Gordon,\non a size 16 hook. This fly closely represents the numerous duns that\nare on or about the water, to some extent, during the entire season. I\nhave little faith in color in the dry fly, except light or dark shades.\nI do believe that the size and shape have a great deal more to do with\nthe success of a dry fly than color. I have proven to my own\nsatisfaction that a Quill Gordon sparsely dressed as it should be, but\ntied with a black hackle and yellow mallard wings, is just as successful\nas the customary dressing.\nMy second choice would be the Red Ant. Although this fly belongs to the\norder Hymenoptera, it can be used when many of the Diptera order are on\nthe water, such as Cowdung, Blue bottle, Bee, etc. This family all have\nflat wings and make an entirely different appearance than the\naforementioned Quill Gordon. I tie the Red Ant on a size 14 hook. I\nbuild the body first of red silk floss, shape it like the body of an\nant, give it a couple of coats of clear lacquer and let it dry hard and\nshiny. This body will reflect light, much as the natural insect. I then\ntie on two hackle tips for wings. Have them about as long as the hook,\nspread them so they are at about a 30 degree angle from the body\nand very flat. I then use a brown saddle hackle with fibers about\n3/4\" long for legs. I put on only two or three turns of the hackle,\nand then clip off all of the top and bottom hackles, leaving only\nabout six fibers sticking {64} straight out on each side. This fly will\nfloat very close to the water, and because of its sparse dressing,\nslightly heavy body because of the lacquer, it is not a good floater. It\nalso has the disadvantage of being hard to see. However, it is still my\nsecond choice, and properly dressed, and fished with a very fine leader,\nwill take many nice fish.\nMy third choice is the Fan Wing Royal Coachman. This fly was never\nsupposed to represent any particular family but I believe it is taken by\nfish for the Lepidoptera, large-winged moths and butterflies. It seems\nto be very successful when these are about in the evening.\nMy fourth choice is the Furnace Spider. This fly I tie on a size 16\nshort shank hook, by winding only about three turns of a furnace saddle\nhackle, with fibers about three fourths of an inch long.  Tied in this\nmanner, without any body or tail, the fly will alight on the water with\nthe hook down, and looked at from beneath, against the light, only the\nlittle black spot will be noticeable.  This I believe represents some of\nthe order Coleoptera (beetles) and also the small black gnat (Empidae).\nI know if no other ways to tie the Black Gnat small enough to represent\nthe natural insect, and even on the very smallest hook, the artificial\nis usually many times larger than the natural. The small black centre\nof the furnace saddle hackle tied in this manner seems to represent\nthe size of the natural very {65} closely. This fly is a very good\nfloater and an excellent fly when trout are feeding on those small\ninsects.\nMy fifth choice is the Grannon. This fly is of the order of Trihoptera,\nand has different shaped wings than any of those previously mentioned,\nthe wings being quite full and roof shaped.  It is on the water a good\npart of the season, and can be used when other flies with this shape\nwing are about, such as the alder fly, cinnamon fly, etc.\nMy next and sixth choice of dry fly would be the Brown Palmer, made on a\nsize 12 long shank hook with a full body of peacock herl, and palmer\nhackle, wound not too full. This I believe is taken by the trout for\nmany of the caterpillars.\nMy personal choice of these six patterns should now appear quite\nobvious, should it be necessary for me to limit myself to such a small\nselection. I have selected one each of the six most prominent orders,\nand should any one of the hundreds of families of these orders be in\nprominence on the water, I would at least have the correct size or\ncolor.\nMy choice of the standard pattern wet flies, Feather Streamers, Bucktail\nStreamers, and nymphs would be a little more difficult. I am a firm\nbeliever that color plays a very important part in the dressing of wet\nflies, as well as size and style. I offer my personal choice of these\nstyles because of the consistency with which they {66} have taken fish\nfor me during many years of fishing all parts of the country.\nI do not hesitate to say that I have taken more trout, of all kinds, on\na brown hackle with peacock herl body, than any of the other common wet\nfly patterns. This is probably because I have used it more. I do believe\nthat in the north, and especially for brook trout, a fly with a little\nred in it is more productive.  Therefore, for northern fishing I would\nselect Royal Coachman, Parmachene Belle, and Montreal. Other favorite\nflies that are good most anywhere in North America are Grizzly King,\nQueen O'Waters; Cahill, and Grey Hackle.\nFeather Streamers and Hair Streamers are being more extensively used\neach year. Many authorities are of firm conviction that these flies\nunquestionably represent small minnows, upon which the fish are in the\nhabit of feeding. This may be true, but I have seen many rubber, metal\nand composition minnows, that were exact replicas of the naturals, both\nas to color and size, and they would not take fish as would the Feather\nor Hair Streamers, fished in the same waters at the same time.\nMost of my experience with Feather Streamers and also Hair Streamers\nhas been for Landlocked Salmon and Rainbow Trout, in big waters.\nSo I will list these according to the way they have produced for\nme. The {67} Black Ghost on a #4 long shank hook has been my most\nsuccessful Feather Streamer. Probably because its white streamers are\neasily seen by the fish. It will most always raise fish, even if not\nthe proper fly to make them strike. The Grey Ghost is another, and\none of the most popular streamers in the North for Landlocked Salmon.\nThis fly, as well as the Supervisor, Spencer Bay Special and numerous\nother flies of this style, were originally designed by their creators\nto represent the smelt, a favorite food of the salmon. These flies\nvary so in their color combinations that I wonder what the fish do\ntake them for. However, I do know that a Grey Ghost will work when\na Supervisor will not, and vice versa.  One is grey and the other\nis blue. When fishing in lakes with a Feather Streamer for trout I have\nconsistently had most luck with a creation of my own, Gregg's Demon.\nThis fly was never tied to represent anything, but I have taken many\nnice fish on it, and have seen little fellows hardly as long as the fly\nitself chase it, and try their best to bite it in two. There is just\nsomething about it that has \"fish appeal.\"\nA Brown Bucktail with a silver body on a #6 3x long shank hook rates\nnumber one in Bucktail streamers. Another excellent fly that has been a\nfavorite for years, is a Yellow and Red Bucktail, with a silver body,\nthe red only a narrow streak through the centre. This fly has recently\nbeen named \"Mickey Finn.\" A red and {68} white, with silver or gold body\nis a real good pattern where there are brook trout, and tied on a large\nhook is very good for bass.\nI use one with all white bucktail and silver body, the same as I do a\nBlack Ghost, for locating fish. I find they will most always show their\npresence, one way or another when a white fly is cast near them.\nAn all yellow with black streak in the centre same as the \"Mickey Finn\"\nis another very good combination. This is an excellent pickerel and bass\nfly. In fact, most any of these Feather Streamers and Bucktail Streamers\ntied on larger hooks, and used with or without a spinner, are excellent\nlures for both bass and pickerel.\nNymphs: I have explained elsewhere my liking these lures, and can say\nlittle more except that I always carry the following color combinations\nin various sizes. All tied according to styles illustrated in the\ndiagrams. Cream Belly with Dark Back; Yellow Belly with Black Ribs and\nDark Back; Green Belly with Dark Back; Grey Belly and Gold Ribs with\nDark Back; Brown Belly and Gold Ribs with Black Back; Orange Belly and\nBlack Ribs with Dark Back.\nSTANDARD DRESSINGS OF 334 FLIES\nALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED\n[Transcriber's Note: Some of the names are not in strict\nalphabetical order.]\n[Transcriber's Note: The dressing of each fly is described in the\nfollowing order:\n  NAME\n  TAG\n  TAIL\n  RIBS\n  BODY\n  HACKLE\n  WINGS]\n  Abbey\n  None\n  Orange & black\n  Gold\n  Red Floss\n  Brown\n  Grey Mottled (mallard)\n  Adams\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Grey Wool\n  Brown and grizzly\n  Grey Mottled (mallard)\n  Alexandra\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  None\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Peacock sward and jungle cock\n  Alder\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  Black\n  Dark speckled Turkey or Grouse\n  Apple Green\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Green Silk\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Ash Dun\n  None\n  Grey\n  None\n  Silver Grey\n  Grey\n  Lt. Starling\n  August Dun\n  None\n  Redish\n  Yellow\n  Lt. Brown Floss\n  Redish Brown\n  Hen Pheasant\n  Autumn Dun\n  None\n  Black\n  Yellow\n  Black\n  Grey\n  Teal Breast\n  Babcock\n  None\n  Black and Yellow\n  Gold\n  Cardinal Red\n  Black\n  Black and Yellow\n  Barrington\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  Grey Speckled\n  Beauty\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Badger\n  Spotted Golden\n  Beaverkill\n  Gold\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  White Floss\n  Brown tied palmer\n  Grey\n  Bee\n  Gold\n  None\n  None\n  Black & Yellow chenille\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Belgrade\n  Peacock herl\n  Scarlet and white\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Claret tied palmer\n  Red, white and jungle cock\n  Blue Rooster\n  None\n  Tan mottled wood duck\n  None\n  Condor Quill\n  Blue Andalusian\n  Tan mottled wood duck\n  Blue Bi-visible\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Blue floss\n  Blue tied palmer\n  None\n  Black Bi-visible\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Black floss\n  Black, tied palmer\n  None\n  Blue Winged Olive\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Green\n  Golden Brown\n  Blue dun hackle tips\n  Blue Professor\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Blue floss\n  Ginger\n  Grey speckled\n  Black Nymph\n  None\n  Brown mottled\n  None\n  Black herl\n  Partridge\n  None\n  Brown Nymph\n  None\n  Brown mottled\n  None\n  Brown herl\n  Partridge\n  None\n  Br. Bi-Visible\n  None\n  None\n  Silver or None\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  None\n  Brown Spider\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  None\n  Black Spider\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  None\n  Brown Dun\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Starling\n  Black Midge\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  None\n  Black Prince\n  Silver\n  Scarlet\n  Silver\n  Black floss\n  Black\n  Black\n  Blue Dun\n  None\n  Pale blue hackle\n  None\n  Pale blue fur\n  Pale blue dun\n  Blue grey\n  Blue Bottle\n  White silk\n  None\n  Black or Gold\n  Steel blue silk or dk. blue chenille\n  None\n  None\n  Black Gnat\n  Gold\n  None\n  None\n  Black Chenille\n  Black\n  Grey\n  Black Hackle\n  Gold\n  None\n  None\n  Black Chenille\n  Black\n  None\n  Blue Upright\n  None\n  Pale blue hackle\n  None\n  Pale blue fur\n  Pale blue dun\n  Blue Grey\n  Brown Hackle\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  Brown\n  None\n  Brown Palmer\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  Brown tied palmer\n  None\n  Brown Hen\n  Red Silk\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  Brown\n  Brown mottled\n  Blue Quill\n  None\n  Blue dun hackle\n  None\n  Quill\n  Blue Dun\n  Blue Grey\n  Black and Silver\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Black\n  Black and Claret\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Claret Wool\n  Black\n  Black\n  Black June\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Peacock herl\n  Black\n  Dark Grey\n  Black Moose\n  None\n  Green and Yellow\n  None\n  Green\n  Black tied palmer\n  Guinea\n  Black Quill\n  None\n  Black\n  None\n  Quill\n  Black\n  Dark Grey\n  Black Ant\n  Black chenille\n  None\n  None\n  Black Silk\n  Black\n  Slate\n  Blue and Black\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  None\n  Blue Jay\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Red\n  Red\n  Blue Jay\n  Blue Quill\n  None\n  Blue Dun\n  None\n  Quill\n  Blue Dun\n  Grey\n  Bonnie View\n  Gold\n  Grey\n  Gold\n  Olive Brown\n  Brown\n  Grey\n  Boots Black\n  Gold\n  Speckled\n  Gold\n  Red Wool\n  Black\n  Black\n  Bandreth\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Scarlet and yellow\n  Grey speckled\n  Brown Adder\n  Red\n  Black & Br. mottled\n  None\n  Brown silk\n  Brown, tied palmer\n  Black and brown mottled\n  Brown Sedge\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Brown Silk\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Bustard and Black\n  Silver\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Black Wool\n  Black\n  None\n  Bustard and Orange\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Orange Wool\n  Orange\n  None\n  Butcher\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Blue black\n  Caddis\n  Gold\n  Grey\n  Gold\n  Brown Silk\n  Brownish Red\n  Grey\n  Cahill, Dark\n  Gold\n  Tan Mottled\n  None\n  Grey Wool or Fur\n  Brown\n  Tan mottled wood duck\n  Cahill, Light\n  Gold\n  Tan Mottled\n  None\n  Buff Wool\n  Ginger\n  Tan Mottled\n  Cahill Quill\n  None\n  Tan Mottled\n  None\n  Quill\n  Grey\n  Tan Mottled\n  Canada\n  Gold\n  Claret\n  Gold\n  Bright Red\n  Brown\n  Mottled Turkey\n  Carpenter\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Rusty red wool\n  Red\n  Hen Pheasant\n  Cardinal\n  Gold\n  Red\n  Gold\n  Red Wool\n  Light red\n  Red\n  Claret Gnat\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Claret Wool\n  Claret\n  Dark Grey\n  Cinnamin\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Lemon & Black Wool\n  Brown\n  Cinnamon\n  Coachman\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  White\n  Coachman Leadwing\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Cock-y-bondhu\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Peacock Herl\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Col. Fuller\n  None\n  Black and yellow\n  Yellow silk\n  Scarlet\n  Yellow\n  Yellow and scarlet\n  Cow Dung\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Dirty orange herl or yel. green wool\n  Brown\n  Grey\n  Critchley Fancey\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Yellow and grey\n  Grizzly and scarlet\n  Cupsuptic\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Red Silk Floss\n  Brown\n  Yellow\n  Dark Sedge\n  None\n  None\n  Gold Wire\n  Dk. Green Wool\n  Blood Red\n  None\n  Dark Stone\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow Silk\n  Grey Wool\n  Grey\n  Dark Grey\n  Dr. Breck\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Silver\n  Scarlet\n  White and Scarlet\n  Dorset\n  None\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Green Wool\n  Furnace\n  Teal\n  Downlooker\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Brown Floss\n  Brown, tied palmer\n  Brown and black mottled turkey\n  Deer Fly\n  None\n  Black\n  None\n  Bright Green\n  White\n  White\n  Dusty Miller\n  None\n  Grey speckled\n  Gold Wire\n  Grey wool mohair\n  Grey\n  Dirty Grey Turkey\n  Dark Miller\n  None\n  Br. Hackle\n  Brown Silk\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Yellow and black\n  Emerald\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Lt. Green\n  t. Brown\n  Brown Mottled\n  Evening Dun\n  None\n  Lt. Blue\n  None\n  Buff Wool\n  Lt. Blue\n  Starling\n  Epting\n  None\n  Gey speckled\n  None\n  Red, orange, & yel. chenille\n  Black\n  Grey Speckled\n  Female Beaverkill\n  Yellow chenille\n  Grey speckled\n  None\n  Grey silk or wool\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Female Grannon\n  Green\n  None\n  None\n  Brown Floss\n  Partridge\n  Brown mottled partridge\n  Fem. March Br.\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow Silk\n  Dk. brown floss\n  None\n  Brown mottled turkey or grouse\n  Ferguson\n  Scarlet yel. and herl\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Mottled turkey tail, yellow and red\n  Fern Fly\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange Floss\n  Lt. Red\n  Dark Starling\n  Feted Green\n  None\n  Green\n  None\n  Green\n  Green\n  Green\n  Fiery Brown\n  gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Redish brown mohair or wool\n  R. I. Red\n  Bronze\n  Flights Fancy\n  None\n  Ginger\n  Gold\n  Pale Yel. Floss\n  Ginger\n  Lt. grey\n  Francis Fly\n  None\n  None\n  Red Silk\n  Peacock Herl\n  None\n  Grizzly Dun\n  Furnace Dun\n  Gold\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Br. & orange wool\n  Furnace\n  Dark Starling\n  Furnace Hackle\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Gen. Hooker\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Green Floss\n  Brown\n  Mottled grey and brown\n  Great Dun\n  Brown hairs\n  Gold\n  Gold\n  Brown Floss\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Grey Bi-Visible\n  None\n  None\n  Silver or None\n  None\n  Grizzly\n  None\n  Green Nymph\n  None\n  Green\n  Gold\n  Green Wool\n  Green\n  None\n  Grey Spider\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Grey\n  Grizzly\n  None\n  Gld. Midge\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Pale Green\n  Dun\n  None\n  Great Dun\n  Gold\n  Brown Hairs\n  Gold\n  Brown Silk\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Ginger Palmer\n  Silver\n  None\n  Silver\n  Yellow or ginger floss\n  Ginger, tied palmer\n  None\n  Ginger Quill\n  None\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Quill\n  Ginger\n  Lt. Grey\n  Golden Dun\n  Gold\n  Grey Speckled\n  Gold\n  Gold or orange\n  Red\n  Lt. Grey\n  Golden Dun Midge\n  Gold\n  Grey Hairs\n  Gold\n  Pale Green Wool\n  Light Grey\n  Lt. Grey\n  Gold Spinner Gold Eyed\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Gold\n  Red\n  Dark Grey\n  Gold Eyed Gauze Wing\n  None\n  Blue Dun\n  None\n  Pale yel. and green silk\n  Blue Dun\n  Blue dun hackle tips\n  Gold Monkey\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow Silk Floss\n  Grey Speckled\n  Dark Grey\n  Gold Ribbed Hare's Ear\n  Gold\n  Dark Hairs\n  Gold\n  Rabbit's Fur\n  None\n  Grey\n  Gold Stork\n  None\n  Grey speckled\n  None\n  Gold\n  Brown\n  Grey speckled\n  Golden Eyed Gauze Wing\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Pale Grey\n  Pale Grey\n  Pale Green\n  Good Evening\n  Gold\n  Orange\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Brown\n  Dark blue with white tip\n  Gordon\n  Gold\n  Brown speckled\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Grey\n  Brown speckled wood duck\n  Govenor\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  Brown mottled turkey\n  Gov. Alford\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Green Herl\n  Brown\n  Black and Brown\n  Grannon\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Brown fur or wool\n  Brown or grizzly\n  Dark Partridge\n  Gravelbed\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Dark Grey\n  Black\n  Woodcock\n  Grey Drake\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  Black\n  White Floss\n  Grey\n  Grey speckled\n  Grey Hackle peacock\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Grizzly\n  None\n  Grey Hackle\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Red wool or silk\n  Grizzly\n  None\n  Grey Hackle yellow\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Yellow wool or silk\n  Grizzly\n  None\n  None\n  Grey Marlow\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Red Wool\n  Grey\n  Grey\n  Grey Miller\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Grey Wool\n  Grey\n  Grey\n  Great Dun\n  None\n  Brown and Grey\n  None\n  Maroon Purple and Red Floss\n  Grey or Black\n  Grey or Black\n  Great Red spinner\n  None\n  Black and white\n  Gold\n  Red Floss\n  Brown\n  Slate Grey\n  Grey Bodied Ashy\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Brown, black, or green herl or wool\n  Grey\n  None\n  Green Drake\n  None\n  Brown pheasant\n  Brown Floss\n  Raffia or lemon silk\n  Partridge & ginger\n  Yellowish Olive\n  Green Insect\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Green Herl\n  Green\n  None\n  Greenwell's Glory\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Gold\n  Olive or Yellow\n  Furnace\n  Mottled woodcock\n  Grizzly King\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Dark Green\n  Grizzly\n  Grey Speckled\n  Grouse & Black\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Black Fur\n  Black\n  Grouse\n  Grouse & Claret\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Claret mohair or wool\n  Claret\n  Grouse\n  Grouse & Green\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Green Wool\n  Ginger\n  Grouse\n  Grouse & Orange\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Orange Wool\n  Orange\n  Grouse\n  Grouse & Peacock\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Peacock Herl\n  Dark Red\n  Grouse\n  Grouse & Purple\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Purple Wool\n  Purple\n  Grouse\n  Grouse Spider\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange Floss\n  Grouse\n  Grouse\n  Half Stone\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Honey Dun\n  Woodcock\n  Hazel-Fly\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Green Herl\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Hemsworth\n  Gold & herl\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Hammond's Adopted\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Lt. Brown\n  Ginger\n  Mottled woodcock\n  Hare's Ear\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow Silk\n  Rabbit's fur\n  Yel. or None\n  Grey\n  Harlequin\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange and lt. blue wool\n  Black\n  Grey\n  Hawthorn\n  None\n  Black hackle\n  None\n  Black ostrich herl\n  Black\n  Lt. Grey\n  Hen. Guinea\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Red wool\n  Red\n  Guinea Fowl\n  Henshall\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Lt. Grey\n  Grey Speckled\n  Hod\n  Gold\n  None\n  Gold\n  Pea-Green\n  Dark Ginger\n  Hen Pheasant\n  Hofland Fancy\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Red (dark)\n  Brown\n  Brown and Yellow\n  Hoskins\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Lemon\n  Blue Dun\n  Woodcock\n  House Fly\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Dun Condor Quill\n  Black\n  Dark Starling\n  Howell\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Peacock Herl\n  Claret\n  White tip turkey tail\n  Ibis and White\n  Gold\n  Red & White\n  Gold\n  Red floss\n  Rd/ & White\n  Red and White\n  Imbrie\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  White\n  Lt. Red\n  Dark Starling\n  Indian Yellow\n  None\n  Ginger\n  Yellow\n  Lt. Brown\n  Ginger\n  Goose\n  Iron Blue Dun\n  None\n  Yellow\n  None\n  None\n  Blue Dun\n  Bluish Black\n  Iron Blue Quill\n  None\n  Blue Dun\n  None\n  Quill\n  Blue Dun lt.\n  Blue Dun Hkl. Tip\n  Iron Blue Nymph\n  None\n  Honey Dun\n  None\n  None\n  Honey Dun\n  None\n  July Dun\n  None\n  Dun\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Dark Dun\n  Starling\n  Joe Killer\n  None\n  Barred woodduck\n  None\n  Silver\n  Short red bucktail\n  Yel. & white peacock swd. & jungle cock\n  Jenni\n  None\n  Lavendar or  blue\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Scarlet\n  Lavendar or lt. blue\n  Jock Scott\n  Black silk\n  Yellow & Scarlet\n  White floss\n  Yellow floss\n  Grouse & Guinea\n  Yel. & grey speckled  scarlet & jungle cock\n  Jennie Spinner\n  Orange and brown\n  Cream hackle\n  None\n  White horse hair\n  Silver Blue\n  Silver blue hackle tips or None\n  Jungle Cock\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  Gold or white\n  Blue grey fur\n  Claret or blk.\n  Dark brown and jungle cock\n  Katy-did\n  None\n  Black Hairs\n  Gold Wire\n  Green floss\n  Green\n  Green\n  King O'Waters\n  Gold\n  Grey Speckled\n  Gold\n  Red floss\n  Brown\n  Grey Speckled\n  Kingdon\n  Gold\n  None\n  Green floss\n  White floss\n  Dark\n  Woodcock\n  King Fisher\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Lt. Blue\n  Kingfisher\n  Kitson\n  Gold\n  Black Hairs\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Claret\n  Yellow with black cheeks\n  La Branche\n  Gold\n  Grey\n  Gold\n  Blue Grey Fur\n  Blue Dun\n  Grey\n  Lady Doctor\n  Gold and red wool\n  Two yellow hackle\n  None\n  Yellow Wool\n  Yel. tied palm.\n  Polar bear and Black hair and jungle cock\n  Lady Beaverkill\n  Yellow chenile\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Grey (dark)\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Lake Edward\n  None\n  Golden Crest\n  Gold\n  Claret Wool\n  Claret\n  Pea Green\n  Lake George\n  None\n  White and scarlet\n  Gold\n  Scarlet floss\n  White\n  White & Scarlet\n  Lake Green\n  None\n  None\n  Green Silk\n  Canary yellow\n  Ginger\n  Teal Breast\n  Laramie\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  Silver\n  Scarlet floss\n  Dark Blue\n  Grey Mottled\n  Lt. Stone\n  None\n  Grey\n  Yellow Silk\n  Grey\n  Grey\n  Grey\n  Little Marryat\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Lt. grey or herl\n  Brown\n  Dark grey\n  Ld. Baltimore\n  None\n  None\n  Black Silk\n  Orange Silk\n  Black\n  Black and jungle\n  Lowery\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  Lt.  Brown\n  Lt. Montreal\n  Gold\n  Grey Mottled\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Claret\n  Grey Speckled\n  Lt. March Br.\n  None\n  Partridge hackle\n  None\n  Olive & Br. fur\n  Partridge\n  Lt. mottled partridge\n  Magpie\n  None\n  Black Hairs\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  Black with whit tip\n  Mallard & Amber\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Amber floss\n  Lt. Red\n  Brown mallard breast\n  Mallard & Claret\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Claret wool\n  Lt. Red\n  Brown mallard breast\n  Mallard & Green\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Green Wool\n  Lt. Red\n  Brown mallard breast\n  Mallard & Red\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Red wool\n  Lt. Red\n  Brown mallard breast\n  March Brown\n  None\n  Grouse\n  Yellow Silk\n  Br. or Grey fur\n  Grouse\n  Dark Brown mottled turkey or grouse\n  March Br. Ginger\n  None\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Brown fur\n  Ginger\n  Dark Brown mottled  turkey or grouse\n  March Br. Nymph\n  None\n  Partridge\n  Gold\n  Yellow wool\n  Partridge\n  None\n  Markam\n  None\n  Scarlet and white\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Scarlet\n  Dark Brown with white tips\n  Marlow Buzz\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Peacock Herl\n  Furnace\n  None\n  Marston's Fancy\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Brown Fur\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Massasaga\n  Gold\n  Ibis\n  Gold\n  Green floss\n  Canary Yellow\n  Canary Yellow\n  Maxwell Blue\n  None\n  Lt. Blue\n  Silver\n  Grey\n  Lt. Blue\n  None\n  McGinty\n  None\n  Grey speckled and scarlet\n  None\n  Black and Yel. chenille\n  Brown\n  Brown with white tip\n  Mealy Moth\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Lt. Grey Wool\n  White\n  White\n  Mershon\n  Silver\n  Black Hairs\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Black\n  Dark blue with whit tip\n  Merson White\n  None\n  Black Hairs\n  None\n  White\n  Black\n  Dark blue\n  Mole\n  None\n  Brown Hairs\n  Gold\n  Dk. brown floss\n  Brown tied palmer\n  Brown mottled mallard\n  Montreal\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Claret floss\n  Claret\n  Brown mottled turkey tail or grouse\n  Montreal Claret\n  Gold\n  Claret\n  Gold\n  Claret floss\n  Claret\n  Brown mottled turkey tail or grouse\n  Montreal Silver\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Silver\n  Claret\n  Brown mottled turkey tail or grouse\n  Montreal Yellow\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Claret\n  Brown mottled turkey tail or grouse\n  Morison\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  Claret\n  Black\n  Black\n  Mowry\n  None\n  Black Hairs\n  None\n  Black\n  Black\n  Black with white tip\n  Needle Brown\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange\n  Dark Brown\n  None\n  Neversink\n  None\n  Black\n  None\n  Pale buff wool\n  Yellow\n  Teal breast\n  New Page\n  Gold\n  Gold\n  speckled\n  Yellow floss\n  Brown\n  Mottled brown and red\n  Olive Dun\n  Gold\n  Olive Dun\n  Gold or None\n  Olive Wool\n  Olive Dun\n  Lt. blue grey or olive dun hackle tips\n  Olive Quill\n  None\n  Olive\n  None\n  Quill\n  Olive\n  Olive\n  Orange & Bk.\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Orange Wool\n  Black\n  None\n  Orange Dun\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange Wool\n  Dk. Brown\n  Lt. Brown\n  Olive Nymph\n  None\n  Olive\n  None\n  Mot. Br. wool\n  Olive\n  None\n  Orange Miller\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Orange floss\n  White\n  White\n  Orange Sedge\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Orange floss\n  Brown tied palmer\n  Red, Brown\n  Oriole\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Gold\n  Black floss\n  Black\n  Yellow\n  Oak\n  None\n  Black\n  None\n  Orange floss\n  Brown\n  Dark grey and Lt. Brown mottled\n  Pale Blue Dun\n  None\n  Pale Blue\n  None\n  Pale Blue Fur\n  Pale Blue\n  Pale blue hackle tips or None\n  Pale Buff\n  None\n  Pale Buff\n  None\n  Pale Buff Wool\n  Pale Buff\n  Pale Buff\n  Pale Eve. Dun\n  None\n  None\n  Br. silk or None\n  Lemon floss\n  Lt. blue grey or grizzly\n  Lt. Blue Grey\n  Pale Sulphur\n  None\n  Pale Yel. Hairs\n  None\n  Pale Yellow\n  Pale Yellow\n  Pale Yellow\n  Orange Tag\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Pale Watery\n  None\n  Yellow\n  None\n  Olive Wool\n  Pale Yellow\n  Grey\n  Pale Watery Quill\n  None\n  Yellow\n  None\n  Quill\n  Pale Yellow\n  Grey\n  Pale Yellow\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Yellow\n  Pale Yellow\n  Parmachene Beau\n  Peacock herl\n  Scarlet and white\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss or mohair\n  Scarlet and white\n  Scarlet, White jungle cock\n  Parmachene Belle\n  Peacock herl\n  Scarlet and white\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss or mohair\n  Scarlet and White\n  Scarlet & white\n  Parson\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver wire\n  Silver\n  Black\n  Bronze\n  Peter Ross\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Bright Yel.\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Pheasant\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Ginger\n  Bronze\n  Pheasant, Gold\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold Wire\n  Gold\n  Pheasant\n  Pheasant, Wing\n  Pheasant, Silver\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver Wire\n  Silver\n  Pheasant\n  Pheasant, Wing\n  Pheasant & Yel.\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Pheasant\n  Pheasant, Wing\n  Pink Lady\n  Gold\n  Pheasant\n  Gold\n  Pink floss\n  Brown\n  Grey Speckled\n  Pink Wickhams\n  None\n  Brown\n  None\n  Pink floss\n  Brown tied palmer\n  Grey Speckled\n  Polka\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Scarlet floss\n  Scarlet\n  Guinea\n  Poor Mans Fly\n  None\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Brown Wool\n  Ginger\n  Grey Speckled\n  Portland\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  Gold\n  Red floss\n  Red\n  Teal breast\n  Preston's Fancy\n  None\n  Brown Hairs\n  None\n  Gold\n  Brown\n  Grey with white spot\n  Priest\n  None\n  Red Ibis\n  Silber\n  Silver\n  Badger\n  None\n  Prime Gnat\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Professor\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Brown\n  Grey Speckled\n  Quaker\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Grey Wool\n  Grey\n  Grey Speckled\n  Queen O'Waters\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Orange floss\n  Br. Palmer\n  Grey Speckled\n  Quill Gordon\n  None\n  Tan speckled\n  Gold Wire or None\n  Quill\n  Blue Dun\n  Tan speckled wood duck\n  Raven\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Black chenille\n  Black\n  Black Crow\n  Red Ant\n  Herl\n  None\n  None\n  Red floss\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Red Fox\n  None\n  Speckled Teal\n  None\n  Redish Brown or wool\n  None\n  None\n  Red Quill\n  None\n  Dark Red\n  None\n  Red Quill\n  Dark Red\n  Med. Starling\n  Red Ibis\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Scarlet floss\n  Scarlet\n  Scarlet\n  Red Spinner\n  Gold\n  Brown Hairs\n  Gold\n  Red\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Red Tag\n  Red Silk\n  Red\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  None\n  Rd. Bod. Ashy\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Red Wool\n  Brown Palmer\n  None\n  Ross McKenney\n  Gold\n  Barred wood duck\n  Gold\n  Brown Wool\n  None\n  White and red bucktail and jungle cock\n  Royal Coachman\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Peacock herl with scarlet red band\n  Hackle Brown\n  White\n  Rube Wood\n  Red\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  White Chenille\n  Lt. Brown\n  Grey Speckled\n  Ruben Wood\n  None\n  Tan speckled\n  None\n  White Chenille\n  Lt. Brown\n  Tan speckled\n  Saltoun\n  None\n  Ginger\n  Silver\n  Black floss\n  Black\n  Lt. Starling\n  Sand-Fly\n  None\n  Lt. Ginger\n  None\n  Copper Brown\n  Lt. Ginger\n  Yellowish Brown\n  Sassy Cat\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Yellow\n  Yellow, scarlet cheeks\n  Seth Green\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Green floss\n  Claret\n  Grey speckled\n  Seth Green Turkey\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Green floss\n  Brown\n  Brown mottled\n  Shad Fly\n  None\n  None\n  Green\n  Peacock Herl\n  None\n  Brown mottled\n  Shoemaker\n  None\n  Tan speckled\n  None\n  Pink & Grey\n  Brown\n  Mottled Woodcock\n  Silver Doctor\n  None\n  Yel. blue green and red\n  None\n  Silver\n  Blue & Guinea\n  Brown, red, blue, green and yellow\n  Silver Horns\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Copper floss\n  Grouse\n  None\n  Silver Sedge\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  Brown Palmer\n  Brown\n  Silver Stock\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Silver\n  Brown\n  Teal breast\n  Soldier Palmer\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Red Wool\n  Brown Palmer\n  None\n  Spent Gnat\n  None\n  Brown\n  Peacock herl\n  Wt. Floss or Quill\n  None\n  Blue Hkl. tips\n  Sedge, light\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Pale Buff wool\n  Ginger\n  Hen pheasant\n  Sniper & Yel.\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Pale Yel. floss\n  Snipe\n  None\n  Stebbins\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Grouse\n  Dark Starling\n  Stone\n  None\n  Grey\n  Yellow\n  Grey Wool\n  Grey\n  Grey\n  Sunset\n  Green chenille\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow chenille\n  Yellow\n  White\n  Swiftwater\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Peacock herl\n  Brown\n  White\n  Teal & Black\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Black wool\n  Black\n  Teal breast\n  Teal & Orange\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Orange wool\n  Olive\n  Teal breast\n  Teal & Gold\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Gold\n  Dk. Brown\n  Teal breast\n  Teal & Red\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Red wool\n  Olive\n  Teal breast\n  Teal & Silver\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  None\n  Silver\n  Badger\n  Teal breast\n  Teal & Yellow\n  Silver\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Yellow wool\n  Ginger\n  Teal breast\n  Tippet & Black\n  Silver\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Black wool\n  Black\n  Golden tippet\n  Tippet & Red\n  Silver\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Red wool\n  Dk. Brown\n  Golden tippet\n  Tippet & Silver\n  Silver\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Silver\n  Badger\n  Golden tippet\n  Tootle Bug\n  Blue\n  Scarlet\n  None\n  Orange & Yel.\n  Br. palmer\n  Brown Mottled\n  Tups Indispensable\n  None\n  Honey Dun\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Honey Dun\n  None\n  Turkey Brown\n  None\n  None\n  Red\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Brown\n  Turkey Professor\n  Gold\n  Red\n  None\n  Yellow floss\n  Brown\n  Brown mottled\n  Van Patten\n  None\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  White\n  Brown\n  Grey speckled\n  Varient, Gold\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Blue Dun\n  Starling\n  Water Cricket\n  None\n  None\n  Black\n  Orange\n  Black\n  None\n  Watson's Fancy\n  Gold\n  Golden tippet\n  Gold\n  Red & Blk. wool\n  Black\n  Black hackle tips\n  Welshman's Button\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Furnace\n  Landrail\n  Western Bee\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow & Black chenille\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Whirling Blue Dun\n  Gold\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Blue Grey Fur\n  Ginger\n  Blue Grey\n  White Hackle\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  White floss\n  White\n  None\n  White Miller\n  None\n  None\n  Silver\n  White floss\n  White\n  White\n  White Moth\n  Silver\n  None\n  None\n  White Chenille\n  White\n  White\n  Wickham's Fancy\n  None\n  Brown hairs\n  None\n  Gold\n  Br. palmer\n  Grey\n  Wickham Pink\n  None\n  Red\n  None\n  Red & Gold\n  Lt. Reddish\n  Landrail\n  Widow\n  None\n  None\n  White\n  Purple Floss\n  Black\n  Black\n  Willow\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Green\n  Brown\n  Dark Grey\n  Wilkson\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Orange\n  Orange\n  Teal breast\n  Witch Gold\n  Gold\n  Red Ibis\n  Gold\n  Grey Wool\n  Badger\n  None\n  Whitechurch Dun\n  None\n  Grey Speckled\n  None\n  Yellow floss\n  Ginger\n  Lt. Grey\n  White Wickhams\n  None\n  Brown Hairs\n  None\n  White floss\n  White, palmer\n  Grey\n  Woodcock & Gold\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Gold\n  Ginger\n  Mottled Woodcock\n  Woodcock & Grn.\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Green wool\n  Green\n  Mottled Woodcock\n  Woodcock & Red\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Red wool\n  Reddish brown\n  Mottled Woodcock\n  Woodcock & Yellow\n  None\n  Golden tippet\n  Silver\n  Yellow wool\n  Woodcock\n  Mottled Woodcock\n  Worm Fly\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Ginger\n  None\n  Yel. Bi-visible\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yellow wool\n  Yel. and white palmer\n  None\n  Yel. Coachman\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Brown\n  Yellow\n  Yel. Dun\n  None\n  None\n  None\n  Yel. wool\n  Honey Dun\n  Lt. Starling\n  Yel. Hackle\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Yellow\n  None\n  Yel. Professor\n  Gold\n  Scarlet\n  Gold\n  Yellow floss\n  Brown\n  Yellow Speckled\n  Yel. May\n  None\n  Yel. Speckled\n  Gold or black\n  Yellow floss\n  Yellow\n  Yellow Speckled\n  Yel. Miller\n  None\n  None\n  Gold\n  Yel. & Herl\n  White\n  White\n  Yel. Spider\n  None\n  Yellow\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Yel. (long)\n  None\n  Yel. Sally\n  None\n  Yellow\n  Gold\n  Yellow\n  Yellow\n  Yellow\n  Zulu\n  Gold\n  Red\n  None\n  Peacock Herl\n  Black\n  None\nThe Barnes Sports Library\nThis library of practical sports books covers fundamentals, techniques,\ncoaching and playing hints and equipment for each sport.  Leading\ncoaches and players have been selected to write these books, so each\nvolume is authoritative and based upon actual experience.  Photographs\nor drawings, or both, illustrate techniques, equipment and play.\n  ARCHERY\n  by Reichart & Keasey\n  BAIT CASTING\n  by Gilmer Robinson\n  BASEBALL\n  by Daniel E. Jessee\n  BASKETBALL\n  by Charles C. Murphy\n  BASKETBALL FOR GIRLS\n  by Meissner & Meyers\n  BASKETBALL OFFICIATING\n  by Dave Tobey\n  BETTER BADMINTON\n  by Jackson & Swan\n  BICYCLING\n  by Ruth and Raymond Benedict\n  BOWLING FOR ALL\n  by Falcaro & Goodman\n  BOXING\n  by Edwin L. Haislet\n  FENCING\n  by Joseph Vince\n  FIELD HOCKEY FOR GIRLS\n  by Josephine T. Lees\n  FLY CASTING\n  by Gilmer Robinson\n  FOOTBALL\n  by W. Glenn Killinger\n  GOLF\n  by Patty Berg\n  HANDBALL\n  by Bernath E. Phillips\n  HOW TO TIE FLIES\n  by E. C. Gregg\n  ICE HOCKEY\n  by Edward Jeremiah\n  JIU-JITSU\n  by Frederick P. Lowell\n  LACROSSE\n  by Tad Stanwick\n  LAWN GAMES\n  by John R. Tunis\n  PHYSICAL CONDITIONING\n  by Stafford & Duncan\n  RIDING\n  by J. J. Boniface\n  RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP\n  by Lt. Wm. L. Stephens\n  ROPING\n  by Bernard S. Mason\n  SIX-MAN FOOTBALL\n  by Ray O. Duncan\n  SKATING\n  by Putman & Parkinson\n  SKIING\n  by Walter Prager\n  SOCCER AND SPEEDBALL FOR GIRLS\n  by Florence L. Hupprich\n  SOFTBALL\n  by Arthur T. Noren\n  SOFTBALL FOR GIRLS\n  by Viola Mitchell\n  SWIMMING\n  by R. J. H. Kiphuth\n  TABLE TENNIS\n  by Jay Purves\n  TENNIS\n  by Helen Jacobs\n  TOUCH FOOTBALL\n  by John V. Grombach\n  TRACK AND FIELD\n  by Ray M. Conger\n  VOLLEY BALL\n  by Robert Laveaga\n  WRESTLING\n  by E. C. Gallagher\nClair Bee's Basketball Library\n  THE SCIENCE OF COACHING\n  ZONE DEFENSE AND ATTACK\n  MAN-TO-MAN DEFENSE AND  ATTACK\n  DRILLS AND FUNDAMENTALS", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  How to Tie Flies\n"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "subject": "Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834", "title": "Adventures of Lafayette,", "creator": "Cecil, E", "lccn": "29012217", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011106", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC151", "call_number": "8275548", "identifier_bib": "00131742599", "lc_call_number": "DC146.L2 C4 1929", "publisher": "Chicago, A. Whitman & company", "description": ["254 p. 23 cm", "Published in 1800 under title: Life of Lafayette. Written for children"], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-06-19 10:10:22", "updatedate": "2019-06-19 11:07:06", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "adventuresoflafa00ceci", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-06-19 11:07:08", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "266", "scandate": "20190624130546", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-camela-sevilla@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190626170756", "republisher_time": "412", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/adventuresoflafa00ceci", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t3rv88q19", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6728766M", "openlibrary_work": "OL218807W", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20190906122214[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201907[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190731", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1155951518", "backup_location": "ia906906_0", "oclc-id": "1718178", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "96", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "[ADVENTURES OF LAFAYETTE\nINTRODUCTION\n\nWhenever one pauses to consider the period in early American history when the vigorous, manly figure of Lafayette made his appearance, one readily appreciates how clearly he belonged to that era of turmoil within France herself, of pioneering in the United States, of constant flux of political situations both in France and in the newly-formed states on the Atlantic Seaboard.]\nThe gratitude of these states is acknowledged for the interest shown by this young Frenchman in the New World's fledgling country. The moral strengthening it received from interaction between the two nations, with Lafayette as the welding and combining force. He became a national figure in his own country and a beloved visitor in ours, renowned for warm-hearted interest in individuals as well as states and nations. His friendship with Washington is deserving of our affection, his loyalty to him over a long period of years, our admiration, his earnestness and zeal in political matters, our great respect. The first voyage to America was a bold, adventurous move, characteristic of his great fearless mind. Impressed by the colonies' struggle for freedom individually and collectively.\nand as a group, he felt he must become acquainted with this situation. In fact, his love of freedom was the fundamental motivating force of his entire life, giving him always a large and enthusiastic following. It carried him across the sea to America, leading him to offer his services to Congress to fight with the American troops. It led him back to France to give her Liberty, dominating him through the stormy period of the French Revolution. It sustained him as a prisoner at Olmutz. It guided him in his contacts with Louis XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte on his return from the United States in October, 1825, the occasion of his second visit; and it made him an even greater hero than when he returned as a young Major-General at twenty-one from the War of the Revolution.\n\n\"Adventures of Lafayette\" \u2013 a book whose\nMerit is unquestionable and whose historical background is accurate will reach all young people. The mass of whom cannot help but gain immeasurably by acquaintance with a remarkable international figure. One of the happy results bound to develop is that child readers will learn to know Lafayette as a man of ideals towards his family and friends. They will become acquainted with him as a soldier and statesman, and in the larger role of leader in politics, as a true politician; for such was his position in his time, a student and participator in the art and science of government. Both young and old will find that their innate love for and need for a hero will be satisfied by their knowledge and familiarity with the Marquis de Lafayette. They will draw as much inspiration from him as did his contemporaries and followers.\nFrance and America recalled him as one of the greatest exponents and champions of Liberty throughout his long lifetime. His reputation has endured for over a century and will continue to live on wherever great leaders find their well-earned place in history.\n\nIntroduction . 7\nEscape From France . 15\nA First Battle . 27\nA New Command . 45\nThe Two Alliances . 65\nActive Operations . 77\nSuccess the Reward of Patience . 89\nFrance as It Was . 99\nChanges . 109\nLiberty in October . 125\nDoubts . 137\nA Lamentable Flight . 149\nTrouble at Home and Abroad . 162\nThe Family at Olmutz . 189\nFrance Much Changed . 202\nA New King of France . 211\nVisit to the United States . 218\nA Happy Home . 232\n\nFrontispiece \u2014 Lafayette . 4\nLanding  of  General  Lafayette  at  Castle  Garden,  New  York, \nAt  length  he  asked  permission  to  go  where  he  saw  the  fight \nwas  hottest . 29 \nWith  great  quickness  and  with  the  best  judgment,  he  re\u00ac \narranged  the  troops,  and  the  Americans  gained  a  de\u00ac \ncided  advantage . . .  55 \nThe  French  fleet  arrived  at  the  appointed  time .  73 \nOn  the  19th  the  army  of  Lord  Cornwallis  laid  down  their \nOn  the  14th  of  July  an  armed  crowd  of  volunteers  attacked \nthe  Bastille . 115 \nThe  strange  procession  that  set  out  at  one  o'clock . 133 \nOn  the  20th  of  June  the  king  and  his  family  escaped  from \nthe  Tuileries . 151 \nThe  little  party  had  only  reached  Rochefort  when  they \nwere  stopped  . 177 \nLafayette  must  have  felt  the  most  intense  delight  when  he \nsaw  his  wife  enter  his  cell . 191 \nThe  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  Bunker  Hill  Monument . .  229 \nLafayette  gave  him  a  tricolor  flag,  and  led  him  to  one  of \nThe Landing of General Lafayette at Castle Garden, New York, August 16, 1824\n\nLafayette's Escape from France\n\nBorn on September 7, 1757, at the castle of Chavaniac in the Auvergne province, central France, Lafayette inherited the rank of Marquis. His names were Marie-Paul-Joseph-Roch-Ives-Gilbert de Motier, but he was never called by or signed any of them.\n\nLittle is known about his childhood. His father was killed at the battle of Minden, and his excellent mother died when he was eleven years old. He was first educated in the country among his relatives, then sent to a college in Paris, and later to the Academy of.\nVersailles; but his studies must have come to an end early in life, as he was married at sixteen to his cousin, Mademoiselle Francoise de Noailles. Probably, if his parents had been living, they would not have allowed such a young marriage; but in spite of its imprudence, all ended happily for both parties. Madame de Lafayette was descended, like her husband, from a noble family, and had many charming and admirable qualities. They loved each other devotedly, and shared both pleasures and cares.\n\nFrom the time when he was a mere child, Lafayette recalled loving everything that was free. He liked high-spirited animals, and hoped to meet a hyena which had done some mischief in the neighborhood of his home; at school he was very unwilling to be forced to do anything, \u2014 he would work industriously, but could not bear the idea of any constraint.\nHe liked to read and think about free nations and managed to avoid a place at court which his wife\u2019s family were very anxious to secure for him. On his first appearance in the distinguished society he went into on account of his and his wife\u2019s connections, he did not make a particularly favorable impression. He was observing and rather silent; he did not enjoy the conversation he heard, and was thought very cold. He never could adopt what were called \u201cthe graces of the court,\u201d \u2014 a kind of manner which was never seen in this country, and probably never will be. He went into the army, as almost all young men of rank did at that time in France. Lafayette was but nineteen years old when he first heard of the Revolutionary war in America. He was stationed at Metz on military duty, when the Duke of Gloucester visited.\nThe brother of the King of England visited and at a dinner in his honor, the conversation turned to the rebellion in the colonies and the king's determination to suppress it. The idea of a nation fighting for freedom piqued his interest. He asked questions and, from the Duke's account, was disposed to believe the Americans were right. Before leaving the table, he thought how much he would like to go to the United States and help in such a noble cause. This idea consumed him for several days. He went to Paris and shared his wishes with a few friends, among them were two young men.\nLafayette shared his enthusiasm and was willing to join, but was forbidden by his families. Lafayette had a fortune of his own, but he knew that all his relations would oppose him. He also foresaw that the government might put some difficulties in his way, and he took for a motto, at this time, the Latin words, \"cur non?\" (why not?). One old friend of the family refused to give him any advice and said, \"I have seen your uncle die in the wars of Italy, I witnessed your father's death at the battle of Minden, and I will not be accessory to the ruin of the only remaining branch of the family.\" Lafayette remained perfectly bent upon the undertaking and made the acquaintance of Mr. Silas Deane, a commissioner from the United States, by whom he was cordially received.\nRank and connections with the court made his going to America an important event. Several other French officers wanted to go at this time, and Mr. Deane was trying to secure a ship in which he could send them and some guns he had bought for the United States army.\n\nEscape from France\n\nTo be an accessory is to help in any way, by word or act.\n\nMr. Deane sought a ship to get away from France with the guns he had purchased for the United States army, when bad news reached Paris. The campaign of 1776 had been unsuccessful for the Americans; Washington, with a very small army, had been compelled to retreat from New York through New Jersey. In Europe, all hope was given up; the friends of America expected soon to see the power of Great Britain triumph over her feeble colonies. The Americans in Paris were extremely discouraged, and Mr. Deane told Lafayette the whole truth, advising him not to attempt to sail. Lafayette thanked him.\nMr. Deane, I have shown you only my ardor for the cause so far, and it may not be entirely useless at present. I will purchase a ship to carry out your officers. We must have confidence in the future, and it is especially in the hour of danger that I wish to share your fortune.\n\nIt was now impossible for Mr. Deane to obtain a ship; therefore, Lafayette bought one at Bordeaux and had her fitted up for fighting, in case they should meet an enemy at sea. The preparations went on with perfect secrecy, and he did not yet venture to tell any of his family what he was doing.\n\nJust before he was ready to sail, he was obliged to go over to England as he had promised to spend a few weeks there and was afraid of exciting suspicions if he remained in France.\nHe received great attention in London and enjoyed dancing at the house of a general who had just returned from New York. He carefully refused invitations to visit the war ships and not see any preparations against the rebels, as he did not think it honorable to gain knowledge as a friend that he might be tempted to use as an enemy. However, he openly expressed his sympathy for the Americans. Upon his return, he spent only a few days in Paris and went to Bordeaux, hoping to sail immediately. But his plans had become known to the government, and he was forbidden to go to America and ordered to go to Marseilles instead. He managed to get his ship safely out of the harbor.\nThe 19-year-old man sent letters to Paris, addressing them to the French ministers and those managing the government business, including the Minister of War and the Minister of the Marine. He was distressed by the regrets and reproaches of his family and friends. Despite this, he remained firm in his decision and, receiving no response from the government within a few days, determined to act on his own. He set off with another young officer on the road to Marseilles, but after traveling a short distance, disguised himself as a courier and rode back before the carriage. He had gone about halfway in safety when a young girl, the postmaster's daughter, recognized the \"pretended servant\" as the Marquis.\nLafayette, whom she had seen near Bordeaux. He made a sign to her not to betray him, and she not only kept silence herself, but prevented other people from suspecting who the courier really was.\n\nAt last, on the 26th of April, 1777, Lafayette set sail for America. But his adventures were not over. The captain of the ship insisted upon stopping at the West India islands, which Lafayette was equally resolute not to do. After some time, he found out that the captain was anxious about a cargo he had on board, and promised that he should lose nothing by taking him directly to America.\n\nLafayette\n\nThe French government had, as he suspected, intercepted his letters and discovered his plans to join the American rebellion.\nOrders were sent for his arrest to these isles, and had he stopped there, his voyage would have been long. Every ship of war they met gave them a great fright, for they could have made but a poor resistance had they been attacked. After Lafayette recovered from seasickness, he employed himself in studying the English language and the art of war. Seven weeks of discomfort, doubts, and hopes passed, and he landed in June at Georgetown, South Carolina. As his foot touched American ground, he resolved in his heart to conquer or perish in that cause which was so dear to him. He landed at night at Major Huger's. The family, at first, supposed he and his companions came from one of the enemy's ships, but upon finding that they were French officers, received them with the greatest hospitality.\n\nThe next morning, Lafayette was received with great respect and kindness by the governor of South Carolina, who was pleased to learn that he had come to offer his services to the American cause. Lafayette was soon joined by other French volunteers, and together they began to organize a small army to assist the Americans in their struggle for independence.\n\nDespite facing many challenges and setbacks, Lafayette remained determined to help the Americans in their fight for freedom. He proved to be a valuable ally, and his bravery and leadership inspired many to join the cause. Together, they fought against the British forces, achieving several important victories and contributing significantly to the eventual victory of the American Revolution.\nThe man was pleased with the view from his windows and the beauty of the weather. He went immediately to Charleston and wrote to his wife that it was \"one of the best-built, handsomest, and most agreeable cities\" he had ever seen. \"The American women are very pretty and have great simplicity of character,\" he said. \"The extreme neatness of their appearance is truly delightful; cleanliness is everywhere attended to, even more so than in England. What gives me most pleasure is to see how completely the citizens are all brethren of one family.\" The inns were very different from those in Europe; the host and hostess sat at table with you and did the honors of a comfortable meal.\nGoing to inns, you may always find country houses in which you will be received as a good American, with the same attention that you might expect in a friend's house in Europe. My own reception has been particularly agreeable. I have just passed five hours at a dinner given in compliment to me by an individual of this town. We drank each other's healths and endeavored to talk English, which I am beginning to speak a little. The night is far advanced, the heat intense, and I am devoured by mosquitos; but the best countries, as you perceive, have their inconveniences.\n\nLafayette\n\nLafayette very soon went on to Philadelphia to offer his services to Congress. He was at first received with a little coolness, which, however, did not disturb him much, as he was reasonable enough to see the cause of it. Congress was at this time beset by various difficulties.\nForeign officers eagered for high rank in the Continental army, which was too small to find places for all the foreigners and keep any American officers. Native Americans, who had endured the hardships of the first two years of the war, were extremely disgusted when European officers were placed above them in rank. At the same time, the foreigners were dissatisfied with low places because they claimed they had \"seen service\" abroad. Mr. Deane, in Paris, was apt to encourage Frenchmen to come over, believing their experience would be valuable to such a young army. However, the numbers that flocked here were a trial to General Washington.\n\nLafayette, undeterred by Congress' backwardness to give him an appointment, sent this note by one of the members: \"After the sacrifices I have made,\"\nI have the right to exact two favors: one is, to serve as a volunteer in the American army, known then as the ESCAPE FROM FRANCE; the other, to be appointed as a Major-General. The different style of this volunteer, who did not demand high rank and pay, pleased Congress. The letters he brought were immediately examined, and he was appointed a Major-General. He did what he could for the officers who had come in the same ship with him.\n\nWhile he was in Philadelphia, at a public dinner, Lafayette saw General Washington for the first time. He immediately distinguished him, among many officers, by his majestic figure and dignified manner. Washington was then forty-five years old, and in look and bearing exactly what one would wish to see a Commander-in-Chief. Lafayette was no less charmed with his cordiality.\nHe expressed much interest in the young Marquis and invited him to make his headquarters his home, saying, with a smile, that he couldn't promise him the luxuries of a court, but that surely he would cheerfully bear the privations of an American soldier. The army was then stationed near Philadelphia. Lafayette says of his first sight of it: \"About eleven thousand men, ill-armed and still worse clothed, presented a strange spectacle; their clothes were parti-colored, and many of them were almost naked; the best clad wore hunting-shirts, \u2014 large gray linen coats, which were much used in Carolina.\" General Washington said to him, \"We ought to feel embarrassed in exhibiting our army.\"\n\nA volunteer is a person attached to the army by his own request. He receives neither rank nor pay, and may join any general he prefers.\n\nLafayette: \"About eleven thousand men, ill-armed and still worse clothed, presented a strange spectacle; their clothes were parti-colored, and many of them were almost naked; the best clad wore hunting-shirts, \u2014 large gray linen coats, which were much used in Carolina.\" General Washington said to him, \"We ought to feel embarrassed in exhibiting our army.\"\nThe Marquis replied, \"I come here to learn, not to teach.\" His pleasant and modest answer made him popular. He was satisfied with his reception. In the Commander-in-Chief, he found a true friend. The soldiers were ready to admire him, and throughout the country, great interest was felt in this enthusiastic young Frenchman who had left his country, home, wife and friends, and all the pleasures he might have enjoyed at the French court, for the sake of joining the army of the United States, or rather, for the sake of helping with his sword a people determined to be free. Lafayette took great pains to learn to speak and write English and in every way to feel and think as an American.\n\nA First Battle\nLafayette arrived at a time of great upheaval.\nSir William Howe had sailed from New York with his army, and no one knew where he was going. The American army was waiting near Philadelphia, ready to march to any place at which he might reappear. After many days of suspense, the ships were seen coming up Chesapeake Bay, approaching Philadelphia in a round-about manner. The Americans, though not in a very good condition for fighting, immediately marched to meet the enemy. The troops were new recruits, not well drilled, but spirited and eager for an action. In fact, the whole country was then impatient to have a regular battle fought.\n\nPeople at a distance did not understand how poor the army was, and grew tired of General Washington's prudence and caution, which were in truth essential for their safety.\n\n* Men who have joined an army but have never been soldiers before.\n\nLafayette.\nGeneral Washington opposed the British landing, and the Battle of Brandywine, the first in which Lafayette was engaged, took place on September 11. At first, success seemed with the Americans, but the firing was not heavy. Lord Cornwallis, meanwhile, marched seventeen miles and brought his troops up behind the Americans, separating parts of the army. The generals were not informed of this maneuver in time to make the best arrangements to receive him. The young American troops behaved spiritedly at first, but in the course of the day they gave way before the superior discipline of the British.\nA river in Pennsylvania that flows into the Delaware. A change of position in a company, regiment, or larger division.\n\nAt length, he asked permission to go to the place where he saw the fight, the First Battle. Lafayette, as a volunteer, remained for some time with the Commander-in-chief. At length, he asked permission to go to the place where the fighting was most intense. In the midst of great confusion, he was rallying the troops, when a ball wounded him in the leg. General Washington brought up some fresh soldiers, and Lafayette was preparing to join him, when loss of blood obliged him to stop and have his wound bandaged; he had not cared for the pain, but he could not afford to faint on horseback.\n\nAs it was, he was in great danger of being taken prisoner.\n\nNight came on, and nothing more could be done. Men, cannon, wagons, baggage.\ncrowded along the road from Chad's Ford to Chester, about twelve miles distant. At Chester, Lafayette made a great effort to stop this hurried and confused retreat. The Commander-in-chief and the other Generals arrived at the same place, and the remains of the army passed there the sorrowful night after the battle. At last Lafayette had time to have his wound dressed.\n\nThe people of Philadelphia heard the firing, although the field of battle was twenty-six miles from the city. The defeat of the army was a terrible blow to the Whigs. Whole families left their homes, expecting that the British would occupy the city during the winter. Congress sought a safer place of meeting at Yorktown, among the mountains.\n\nLafayette was at first taken by water to Philadelphia, where he received the kindest reception.\nA few citizens, not overly concerned with their own safety, paid attention to a stranger. However, there was no place for him when his friends were fleeing, and he was taken to Bethlehem. The Moravians took good care of him, and his wound gradually healed. He wrote to his wife that his wound was insignificant. \"The surgeons are astonished by the rapidity with which it heals; they are in an ecstasy of joy each time they dress it, and pretend it is the finest thing in the world. For my part, I think it most disagreeable, painful, and wearisome, but tastes often differ. If a man wished to be wounded for his amusement only, he should come and examine how I have been struck, that he might be struck in precisely the same manner. This, my dearest love, is what I have experienced.\"\nA community who live together in a manner similar to the Shakers and took care of the wounded during the war are called Moravians, as the sect was first formed in Moravia.\n\nA First Battle\npompously I dressed my wound to give myself airs and make myself interesting.\n\n\"I must now give you your lesson as wife of an American general officer. They will say to you, 'They have been beaten.' You must answer, 'That is true; but when two armies of equal numbers meet in the field, old soldiers have the advantage over new ones; they have besides had the pleasure of killing a great many of the enemy \u2013 many more than they have lost.' They will afterwards add, 'All that is very well; but Philadelphia is taken, the capital of America, the rampart of liberty!' You must politely answer, 'You are all great fools! Philadelphia is still in our possession.'\"\nThis is a poor, forlorn town, exposed on every side, whose harbor was already closed. It was the famous city that we will, sooner or later, make them yield back to us. Lafayette did all he could to make his wife's mind easy by writing constantly and in a very cheerful strain. But letters were then six or seven weeks in crossing the ocean, and she probably often heard false reports from London. The English, in writing home, would naturally make the most of every success of theirs and every loss on the American side. Madame Lafayette must have mourned over this separation from her husband, as it is not likely that she was as enthusiastic as he in the cause of American independence. He had something to suffer.\nHe once said, \"Why was I so obstinately bent on coming here? I have been well punished for my error; my affections are too strongly rooted for me to perform such deeds. I hope you pity me.\" Speaking of himself again, \"Be perfectly at ease about my wound; all the faculty in America are engaged in my service. I have a friend who has spoken to them in such a manner that I am certain of being well attended to; that friend is General Washington. This excellent man, whose talents and virtues I admired, and whom I have learned to revere as I know him better, has now become my intimate friend. His affectionate interest in me instantly won my heart. I am established in his family, and we live together like two attached brothers, with mutual confidence and cordiality. His friendship renders me as happy as I can possibly be.\nIn this country, when he sent his best surgeon to me, he instructed him to take charge of the Medical faculty - physicians and surgeons.\n\nA First Battle\n\nHe treated me as if I were his son, because he loved me with the same affection. Having learned that I wished to rejoin the army too soon, he wrote me a letter full of tenderness, in which he requested me to wait for the perfect restoration of my health. I share these details, my dearest love, so that you may feel quite certain of the care taken of me.\n\nDuring my recovery, while I was compelled to be idle, the Marquis, who was generally called by that name in the United States, grew very anxious for news from France. In one letter, he wrote to his wife, \"It is dreadful to be reduced to hold no communication except by letter with a person whom one loves as I love you, and as I shall ever love you until I.\"\nI have not missed a single opportunity, not even the most indirect one, to write to you, my dearest life. Do the same, on your side, if you love me. Lafayette occupied himself among the peaceful Moravians with writing letters full of warlike plans and schemes. But by his absence from the army, he lost only a defeat.\n\nAt the battle of Germantown, about three weeks after that of the Brandywine, the Americans were seized with a sudden panic, and a fog came up which confused them, so that they were finally routed. But at this period of the war, even defeats were useful to the inexperienced Americans\u2014they learned that they could fight, and needed only more training to be equal to the British.\n\nLafayette rejoined the army early in November, before he could put a boot on.\nSir William Howe was established in Philadelphia for the winter, needing only to gain possession of two forts on the Delaware River. Bravely defended, they eventually yielded to superior force. The American army remained on high ground near the city, too weak to do much. Lafayette distinguished himself in a small action on November 25th. With three hundred and fifty men, he imprudently ventured too near an enemy post, where they had cannon. Instead of retreating, he boldly attacked them, assuming they believed he had a large division of the army. The enemy gave way, and Lafayette had an opportunity to rejoin the main body safely. This slight success pleased both the army and Congress, who had to make the most of small gains at this time.\nExamining a country or an enemy's post in a military way. A First Battle Lafayette's first campaign in America ended gloomily in the encampment at Valley Forge. He wrote hopefully, on the way thither. \"The American army will endeavor to clothe itself, because it is almost in a state of nudity; to form itself, because it requires instruction; and to recruit itself, because it is feeble. But the thirteen States are going to rouse themselves and send us men. My division will, I hope, be one of the strongest, and I shall exert myself to make it one of the best. Our General is a man formed, in truth, for this Revolution, which could not have been accomplished without him. I see him more intimately than any other man, and I see that he is worthy of the adoration of his country. I admire him more fully each day.\"\nThe excellence of his character and the kindness of his heart. We are not, I confess, as strong as I expected, but we are strong enough to fight. We shall do so, I trust, with some degree of success, and with the assistance of France, we shall gain the cause that I cherish. It is the cause of justice, it honors humanity, it is important to my country, and my American friends and myself are deeply engaged in it.\n\nLafayette\n\nSpeaking of himself as so young for the post he had to fill, being a Major-General at twenty, he adds: \"I read, I study, I examine, I listen, I reflect; and the result of all this is the endeavor to form an opinion into which I infuse as much common sense as possible. I will not talk much, for fear of saying foolish things; I will still less risk acting much, for\"\nFear of doing foolish things; for I am not disposed to abuse the confidence the Americans have kindly placed in me. Lafayette's cheerfulness was put to a severe test during this winter at Valley Forge. The sufferings of the army were truly terrible. The soldiers lived in huts, and clothes, blankets, and shoes were wanting. The winter was a very cold one, and food often fell short both for officers and men. Sickness was the natural consequence of so many hardships and exposures. It was very easy for men to desert into the back country, and at times the force was so small that if Sir William Howe had attacked them, they would have found it hard to defend themselves. But he seems never to have thought of such a thing. The patience of the army excited every one's admiration, and was the more remarkable given the prevalent sickness and extreme hardships. A First Battle.\nThe British in Philadelphia and New York had every comfort, but the sight of their sufferings prevented men from the neighborhood from enlisting. Troops came in small numbers from distant States. The Commander-in-chief was distressed by the condition of the soldiers and made every effort to relieve them. However, the United States were very poor; the war had interrupted all kinds of trade and Congress did not know how to provide for the army. This winter proved the truth of Washington's first words to Lafayette; the young Frenchman shared all the privations of the Americans. He adopted American dress, habits, and food. He wished to be more simple, frugal, and austere than the Americans themselves. What a change it must have been from living in Paris the winter before.\nGeneral Washington trusted him in the midst of hardships. Washington had great confidence in him. It was safer for him to speak of anxieties and difficulties to Lafayette than to American officers; he was less likely to be discouraged - he was hopeful, faithful, and true. Joining the army.\n\nLafayette\n\nGeneral Washington, himself upright and true, valued that quality more than any other in a friend. Lafayette also had influence with the foreign officers, both from France and other countries, and thus felt that he was useful at Valley Forge, where there was much discontent among all ranks of the army.\n\nHe soon had an opportunity to prove publicly his devotion to the Commander-in-chief. In addition to the distresses of the army, Washington had the private trial of having his reputation attacked in a mean, underhand way. Several discontented officers accused him of wrongdoing. Lafayette stepped forward to defend Washington and restore his reputation.\nMembers of Congress joined together in what was called Conway's Cabal. We do not know now all that they wanted to do, but they were certainly bent on ruining General Washington's reputation as a soldier and constantly compared the failures of his last campaign with successes in other parts of the country.\n\nSo brilliant and popular a young officer as Lafayette would have been a great gain to their party; but he despised their arts, which he saw might impose upon the ignorant.\n\nPeople who are not accustomed to war do not know that it is impossible to fight without men and money. The Commander-in-chief was obliged to keep his wants secret, lest the enemy should find out his weakness and how easily they might attack him. There were many Tories ready to carry reports to the British camp, and General Washington had to maintain secrecy regarding his supply needs.\nington  bore  any  amount  of  blame  rather  than \nrisk  a  loss  to  the  army.  His  friends  were  not \nidle, \u2014 they  put  him  on  his  guard,  and  both  in \nand  out  of  Congress  took  pains  to  make  his \nconduct  and  character  known.  Still  he  had  no \nmeans  of  finding  out  how  many  officers  were \nengaged  in  the  Cabal,  and,  as  suspicion  was \nmost  painful  to  his  generous  temper,  Lafay\u00ac \nette\u2019s  frank,  openly  expressed  affection  and \nsympathy  were  a  special  comfort  to  him  this \ndreary  winter. \nOne  thing  which  particularly  troubled  the \nMarquis  was  that  General  Conway,  who  gave \nhis  name  to  the  Cabal,  though  an  Irishman, \nhad  served  in  the  French  army,  and  professed \ngreat  devotion  to  him.  He  was  afraid  that \nother  French  officers  would  be  led  away  by \nConway\u2019s  example  and  talking,  and  that  his \nown  name  might  be  used  quite  too  freely.  In \na  letter  to  the  Commander-in-chief  he  says: \n\"I don't need to tell you that I am very sorry for all that has happened for some time past. People who took sides with England.\n\nLafayette\n\nIt is a necessary dependence of my tender and respectful friendship for you, which affection is as true and candid as the other sentiments of my heart, and much stronger than so new an acquaintance seems to admit; but another reason to be concerned in the present circumstances is my ardent and perhaps enthusiastic desire for the happiness and liberty of this country. I see plainly that America can defend herself if proper measures are taken, and now I begin to fear lest she should be lost by herself and her own sons.\n\nWhen I was in Europe, I thought that here almost every man was a lover of liberty, and would rather die free than live a slave. You can conceive my astonishment when I learned that such is not the case among the Americans.\"\nI saw that Toryism was as openly professed as Whiggism itself; however, at that time I believed that all good Americans were united together. I entertained the certitude that America would be independent in case she should not lose you. Take away for an instant that modest diffidence of yours, (which, pardon my freedom, my dear General, is sometimes too great), you would see very plainly that if you were lost for America, there is nobody who could keep the army and the Revolution for six months.\n\nIn General Washington\u2019s answer to the affectionate letter of which this is a part,\nHe thanked Lafayette for his friendship, explained the reasons for Conway's dislike of him, and expressed his indifference to slander. \"I have no doubt that everything happens for the best, that we shall triumph over all our misfortunes, and in the end be happy,\" he hoped. \"When, my dear Marquis, if you will give me your company in Virginia, we will laugh at our past difficulties and the folly of others.\"\n\nThrough various troubles, the attachment of these two friends of different nations, different educations, different characters, and different ages became strong and lasting.\n\nHowever, in the course of the winter, they were separated. The Cabal, anxious to engage Lafayette in their interest, offered him a separate command at Albany, quite independent of the Commander-in-chief.\nA few soldiers in that neighborhood were called to join the Northern army, and an expedition into Canada was proposed. The vanity and ambition of many young officers would have found such a command tempting. However, Lafayette's first request was to correspond with General Washington. He went to York to make plans for the expedition with Congress, find out exactly how many men he could depend upon, and learn how to treat the Canadians. The Cabal soon saw they could not control him. At a dinner at General Gates' house, after the officers had given several toasts, he remarked that one had been forgotten - \"The health of the Commander-in-chief!\" The officers could not refuse to drink it, but it was received coldly, and Lafayette could not have made his intentions clearer.\nLafayette set out on his horseback journey from York, Pennsylvania, to Albany, without any bright hopes of success in his new position. The roads were blocked with snow and ice, but he found pleasure in the opportunity of seeing the country people in their homes. He liked their simple, independent way of living. He wrote to General Washington, \"I go on very slowly; sometimes drenched by rain, sometimes covered by snow, and not entertaining many handsome thoughts about the projected incursion into Canada. Lake Champlain is too cold for producing the least bit of laurel, and if I am not starved, I shall be as proud as if I had gained three battles. . . . Could I believe for one single instant that this pompous command of a Northern Army will let your Excellency forget a little Lafayette.\"\nI. He would send the project to his absent friends if not for the hope that they would remember him. But he was disappointed to find no preparations had begun at Albany. He immediately gave orders for enlisting men, though hindered by a lack of money. He wrote, \"Dear General: Why am I so far from you, and what business did the Board of War have hurrying me through the ice and snow without knowing what I should do, nor what they were doing themselves?\" The plan had been to cross the lake upon the ice, and some Canadians showed an interest in the Marquis. However, the British general was stronger than Congress had supposed, and repeated delays in the supplies which had been promised convinced Lafayette that the scheme was useless. He might have dashed into the enemy's country with a handful of half-trained men.\nclothed troops and had accomplished some brilliant little action, but it would have done no good, and he had the good sense not to risk men's lives for the sake of his own distinction. Still, to do nothing at all was a trial, and he began soon to be distressed about his reputation. He wrote to his best friend: \"I confess, my dear General, that I find myself a new commander of very quick feelings whenever my reputation and glory are concerned in anything. It is very hard indeed that such a part of my happiness, without which I cannot live, should depend on schemes which I never knew of until it is too late to put them into execution. I assure you, my most dear and respected friend, that I am more unhappy than I ever was. \"My desire to do something was such that I have thought of doing it by surprise\"\nWith a detachment, but it seems rash and quite impossible to me. I would be very happy if you were here to give me some advice; but I have nobody to consult with. In March, the ice began to melt, and Lafayette, with regret, gave up his last hope of action and obeyed the counsels of prudence. General Washington's answer to his letter did not arrive until after his decision, but was full of sympathy and consolation. Congress thanked him for his wisdom and fortitude. He endeavored to make better arrangements for the troops in the neighborhood of Albany and to protect the country people from Indian attacks. He was present at a meeting of chiefs of the Oneidas, Tuscaroras, and other tribes, with General Schuyler and Mr. Duane, who were charged with the management of Indian affairs.\nLafayette made speeches, and, like many other French men, had much more influence over the Indians than the English. They gave him the name of Kayewla, and kept him in remembrance for many years. On his part, he was quite pleased with the politics of the old sachems.\n\nEarly in the spring, Lafayette rejoined Washington at Valley Forge, and found the army in a better state than when he left it. The Cabal had lost its power, and General Washington was more beloved than ever.\n\nThe 2nd of May, 1778, was celebrated joyfully by the army, because they had received the news that France had joined them in the war against England. It was agreed that neither nation should make peace separately, and the Americans had hopes of great assistance from so powerful an ally. This event gave much pleasure to the Marquis; he had been wishing for it a long time, and\nHe had many friends and relations at court despite being in disgrace with the French government due to his manner of leaving the country. He sent favorable accounts of the United States and tried to make the people feel kindly towards France, but obstacles existed. For hundreds of years, the English and French had been enemies, often fighting and always laughing at and despising each other. The Americans, being descended from the English, had inherited many of their prejudices. Lafayette was well-liked here due to his pleasant manners, enthusiasm for liberty, and romantic story.\nAnd his wish was to turn his own popularity into an affection for his beloved country. At the same time, with these good tidings from France came the news that Great Britain would send commissioners to make one more effort for peace. But still, the King refused to acknowledge that the States were independent, and Congress would listen to nothing short of that.\n\nThe campaign of 1778 opened rather late. Sir William Howe was in no hurry to leave Philadelphia. On the 18th of May, General Washington sent Lafayette with 2,000 chosen men across the Schuylkill River to get information of the enemy\u2019s movements and plans. The Marquis proceeded to Barren Hill, about eleven miles from both armies. He stationed his troops there, and on the morning of the 20th was told that some red dragoons whom he was expecting had arrived at Whitemarsh.\nA British column of redcoated soldiers was advancing towards him. He had recently adjusted the position of his troops to receive the enemy better, when he was informed that they were also approaching from a road behind him. This news was shared with him in the presence of his men, and despite its unpleasantness, he forced himself to smile. No general should ever appear discouraged.\n\nHe immediately decided to march rapidly, but not hastily, towards Matson\u2019s Ford. The enemy was closer to it than he was. General Grant, commanding a detachment of 7,000 men, held possession of heights above the road. However, he was deceived by Lafayette's calmness and skillful arrangement of his men, and believed he saw only a part of his force. While he was examining, the entire body passed by him.\nSoldiers, heavier armed and typically on horseback, were imposed upon in the same way as General Grey's column of 2,000, now in the rear. Lafayette succeeded in arranging his men on the opposite bank of the Schuylkill before any attack had been made. A third division of the British army came up, and the generals were astonished to find they had only each other to fight with. They decided not to cross the river, but returned to Philadelphia, much disappointed that the Marquis de Lafayette was not their prisoner. Sir William Howe had been so sure of taking him that he had invited some ladies to meet him at supper. Lafayette likewise marched back to Valley Forge, where he was received with great joy. The alarm had reached the camp, and General Washington had feared not only a repulse but the loss of men and resources.\nThe Marquis, one of the best men in his army, displayed remarkable military prowess on this day. His conduct added greatly to his reputation as a general, as it was thought remarkable that such a young man had proven to be more than a match for two old ones. In June, Lafayette received the sad news of the death of his oldest child, a little girl. For a time, all his thoughts turned to France, and he would have been glad to go home to console his wife; but a soldier cannot leave his post in the middle of a campaign.\n\nLafayette\n\nOn the 17th of June, the British army left Philadelphia and began to march through New Jersey. There was a great division of opinion among the American officers as to the propriety of attacking them or letting them go undisturbed. General Lee, a distinguished officer (English by birth but who had served in many countries), spoke warmly in favor of attacking.\nHe said the time was unfavorable for an attack, and that the Americans should help rather than hinder the departure of the enemy. Lafayette took the opposite side of the question and thought it would be disgraceful to allow the enemy to pass quietly through the State. Though Lee's opinion had great weight due to his age and experience, some officers agreed with Lafayette. The Commander-in-chief decided that an attack should be made on the rear of the British force. A division of the army was to be sent forward for this purpose. The command of it belonged to General Lee; but, as he had never liked the plan, Washington, with his consent, gave it to Lafayette. Lee then changed his mind and wished to take it himself, but was persuaded to yield.\nHe found it was to be a large detachment, so he again requested the Commander-in-chief to allow him to lead it. Changes were trying to Lafayette's temper; he was a young general, eager for the glory which Lee had won years before. The command of a division, any opportunity for distinction, was rare during this tedious war and much sought after. But he was thoroughly obliging. General Lee said to him, \"It is my fortune and honor that I place in your hands. You are too generous to cause the loss of both.\" Lafayette, after he had actually left the camp, wrote in a note to General Washington, \"Sir, I want to repeat to you in writing what I have told you: if you believe it, or if it is believed necessary or useful to the good of the service and the honor of General Lee, to send him down with me.\"\nA couple of thousand men, or any greater force, I will cheerfully obey and serve him, not only out of duty, but out of what I owe to that gentleman\u2019s character. This was more generous on his part, as he and Lee had constant little disagreements. General Lee had very strong English prejudices, and the Marquis was an ardent Frenchman. The Commander-in-chief increased Lafayette's number of troops, making it more proper to give the command to the person next to himself in rank, and at the same time requested General Lee not to alter any arrangements which Lafayette had already made.\n\nOn the 28th of June, the battle of Monmouth was fought. The Americans attacked the British army as it was leaving the town, but General Lee's conduct was very strange; he ordered his men to retreat early in the day, and at the same moment when the combat was most fierce.\nThe commander-in-chief was bringing up the main body of the army, causing great confusion. General Washington was exceedingly displeased. With great quickness and the best judgment, he rearranged the troops, giving the Americans a decided advantage. Lafayette said of him, \"General Washington was never greater in battle than in this action. His graceful bearing on horseback, his calm and dignified deportment, which still retained some trace of the displeasure he had experienced in the morning, were all calculated to excite the highest degree of enthusiasm.\" The Marquis was in constant motion from four o'clock in the morning until night, when the battle ended. He was first ordered to cross an exposed plain to attack the enemy's left, and then to fall back.\nOnly General Lee's orders had to be obeyed, though he couldn't understand them. Afterwards, as General Washington formed new lines, he attempted to hold back the advancing enemy. The heat was so intense that soldiers fell dead without receiving a single wound.\n\nAt night, Washington and Lafayette lay down on the same cloak, discussing General Lee's behavior and expecting to renew the fight in the morning. However, when daylight came, they found that the British had moved on. Washington thought his men too exhausted to pursue them in such sultry weather.\n\nThe next important event was the arrival of a French fleet off New York harbor. Lafayette was disappointed in his initial hopes that the ships would attack the city by sea, while Washington shared the same sentiment by land. No pilot could be found to guide the large vessels into the harbor.\nA plan was formed for an attack on Rhode Island by the fleet combined with land forces. General Sullivan was already at Providence, and Lafayette and General Greene were dispatched from headquarters.\n\nLafayette\n\nBut this expedition was likewise unfortunate. The land forces were not ready when the fleet appeared off Newport, and while the French admiral was waiting for them, Lord Howe, who had watched his movements, came to meet him. The two fleets immediately put out to sea, with the intention of fighting; but a violent storm scattered them, and when the French admiral returned to Newport, he declared that he must go immediately to Boston to refit his ships. This was a terrible blow to the Americans who, in the meantime, had drawn near Newport, hoping to make the combined attack.\n\nLafayette and General Greene were sent on.\nboard Count d\u2019Estaing\u2019s ship to urge him, but they could not prevail upon him to do so. Lafayette\u2019s regret, deep as it was, was soon mingled with indignation. All the American officers, except General Greene, spoke of the admiral\u2019s conduct with great bitterness. General Sullivan even went so far as to say publicly \u201cour allies have deserted us.\u201d It was perfectly natural that they should feel vexed and disappointed, but very unwise to express their feelings so strongly. Such language touched Lafayette in a most sensitive place; his country\u2019s honor was dear to him. He wrote to General Washington: \u201cMy reason for not writing the same day\u201d\nThe French fleet went to Boston. I did not choose to trouble your friendship with the sentiments of an injured and afflicted heart, injured by those very people I came from so far to love and support. Don't be surprised, my dear General; the generosity of your honorable mind would be offended by the shocking sight I have under my eyes.\n\nFurther on, after a long account of the troubles, he says: \"Remember, my dear general, that I don't speak to the Commander-in-chief, but to my friend; that I am far from complaining about anybody. I have no complaints to make to you against any one, but I lament with you that I have had an occasion of seeing so ungenerous sentiments in American hearts. ... I earnestly beg you will recommend to the several chief persons of Boston to do everything they can to put an end to this.\"\nThe French fleet was ready to sail soon. I wish many people, through your declaration in that affair, could learn to regulate themselves and blush at your generosity.\n\nFarewell, my dear General. Whenever I leave you, I meet with some disappointment and misfortune. I did not need it to desire seeing you as much as possible.\n\nThe Commander-in-chief indeed acted as a peacemaker and wrote most pressing letters to the officers, trying to instill some of his patience and consideration into their minds. Despite his indignation, Lafayette did the same and used his influence in Boston. He was constantly sent with messages from the army to the fleet and even followed the Admiral to Boston to arrange plans.\n\nWhile he was absent, General Sullivan.\nLafayette removed the troops from the neighborhood of Newport to the northern end of Rhode Island. He hurried back, expecting an engagement. He traveled on horseback eighty miles in eight hours but arrived only in time to meet the main body crossing the ferry between Rhode Island and the main land. A thousand men, the rear-guard, had been left on the island and were surrounded by the enemy. Lafayette took command and succeeded in withdrawing them without the loss of a single life. When Congress returned thanks for his conduct during this retreat, they also expressed their gratitude to him for undertaking the journey to Boston \"at a period when he might rationally have expected an engagement.\"\n\nNo battle took place in the State of Rhode Island.\nIsle of Wight. The British were left at Newport in the same condition as before the expedition was proposed. Lafayette went to Boston for a short time, hoping to be of use to his countrymen there, and afterwards rejoined the main body of the army. At this time, Lord Carlisle, one of the British commissioners sent to Congress, used some insulting expressions against France in a public letter. Lafayette, therefore, challenged him to a duel, which was rather a juvenile act, as Lord Carlisle was not a man to fight, nor in a proper position to accept a challenge. He refused it; but even those who disapproved of Lafayette's conduct saw clearly that his high spirit and love of country were the motives of it. Fighting a duel was not in those days, and especially among the French, the disgraceful act.\nThe campaign of 1778 drew to a close in the United States. As France was at war, Lafayette thought it his duty to return to his native country and asked Congress for permission. This was immediately granted with the warmest thanks for his services. A sword was ordered to be presented to him, and a ship of war, the Alliance, chosen to convey him home. He was to embark at Boston and set out on horseback from Philadelphia. His journey was often interrupted by entertainments at various places and was eventually brought to an end by a severe fever. He had endured much labor and exposure, as well as mental excitement at Rhode Island. Despite his efforts to keep up during this journey, his strength was no longer sufficient to resist the violence of the disease. Fortune, however, favored him, and he recovered.\nHe was able to reach Fishkill, on the Hudson, eight miles from the army headquarters. Dr. Cochran, the chief surgeon, was devoted to him, and General Washington came every day to inquire about him. He became so ill that his death was constantly expected for several days, and every one in the army, from the Commander-in-chief to the private soldiers, expressed the sincerest grief. The idea of this young foreigner dying in a strange land just when he was expecting to go home touched everyone's feelings. His mind was perfectly clear; he made some necessary arrangements in case of his death, and then only regretted that he could not see again those whom he loved best. But the fever did not prove fatal; he recovered, and at the end of three months was thinking again of his voyage. He took a most affectionate leave of General Washington.\nThe attachment to Washington grew stronger for him since his arrival in America. He respected and admired Washington as much as he loved him. When apart, he sought solace and advice from him; when together, he was always happy. What a fortunate man to have such a friend! He proceeded to Boston in January 1779. The citizens, who had always been friendly towards him, paid him the kindest attentions, and he was supplied with excellent Madeira wine, which he found useful in restoring his strength. He was delayed a few days because the crew of the Alliance was not complete, and it was finally filled up with some British deserters and prisoners.\n\nMarquis Lafayette\n\nHe wrote letters to Canada, sent presents to the Indians, and repeated his farewells to his friends. A long letter to General [Name].\n\"eral Washington ends thus: \"Farewell, my most beloved General. It is not without emotion I bid you this last adieu before so long a separation. Don't forget an absent friend, and believe me, for ever and ever, with the highest respect and tenderest affection, Lafayette.\" As he did not sail immediately, he opened his letter to say good-bye once more.\n\nThe Alliance sailed on the 11th of January, 1779, and her passage was stormy. But Lafayette had to meet a greater danger within the ship than that from winds and waves without. Eight days before they reached the coast of France, the Englishmen on board formed a design of getting possession of the ship and guns, and then killing the officers, passengers, and any of the crew who should resist. They would then take the ship into some British harbor, and\"\nFortunateley, the mutineers mistook an American for an Irishman and told him of their plot, offering him command of the vessel. He warned the captain and Lafayette one hour before the ship was to be seized. They rushed on deck with swords in hand, securing thirty-one of the British. The rest of the crew were not strong enough to carry on the mutiny, and the ship went safely on its way.\n\n* Men determined not to obey their officers.\n\nLafayette hastened to Paris upon landing in France and was delighted to meet his family and friends once more. He had much to tell of an unknown world to Parisians but was determined to make them care. His mind was concentrated on these matters.\nConstantly full of schemes for carrying on the war, for annoying England and helping America. He was still out of favor with the government for the way in which he had left the kingdom; but all France was proud of his bravery, and delighted with his romantic enthusiasm. We can hardly imagine how much a young nobleman who had had such uncommon adventures would be talked about. He was, as a matter of form, desired not to appear in public places and to visit only his relations; but since he and his wife had an enormous number of them, such an order did not oblige him to lead a very quiet life. The court ladies were eager to see him, and the ministers had many questions to ask him. He soon received the honorable appointment of colonel of a regiment of the King's dragoons, and began to correspond with the minister of war about his various plans.\nHe had left the United States with the idea of a grand expedition against Canada. But the French government was as slow to engage in such an expensive plan as Congress had been, and he was obliged to be content with a more moderate scheme. He next proposed that a small fleet should appear off some of the large and rich English towns, such as Liverpool. The inhabitants, for fear of injury to their houses and shops, would probably pay large sums of money, and the amount so collected should be devoted to the American cause.\n\nBut this project also was not acceptable to the ministers. While they were taking counsel with Spain about a grand invasion of England, Lafayette asked and obtained for the United States the assistance of land troops, which had not been sent up to this point.\nIn August 1779, the grandson of Dr. Franklin, who was the envoy of the United States in Paris, presented to him the sword ordered by Congress. Made in France, it was engraved with figures representing his exploits at Gloucester, Bunker Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island. Dr. Franklin wrote in the accompanying letter, \"By the help of the exquisite artists of France, I find it easy to express everything but the sense we have of your worth and our obligations to you; for this, figures and even words are insufficient.\" Lafayette's heart was half in America throughout the summer.\nI cannot express to you how uneasy I feel about your health and the dangers you are possibly facing. These you may possibly laugh at and call womanlike considerations; but so, my dear friend, I feel, and I never could conceal the sentiments of my heart. I know, my dear General, you wish to hear something about my private affairs. My family, friends, and countrymen gave me such a reception, and showed me every day such affection, that I should not have dared to hope. What I wish, my dear General, what would make me the happiest of men, is to join American colors or to put under your orders a division of four or five thousand countrymen of mine.\n\nEurope wants to see you so much, my dear Sir, that you cannot refuse them. [Age 21: THE TWO ALLIANCES 69]\nI have boldly affirmed that you will visit me after the peace is settled, so if you deny me, you will harm your friend's reputation throughout the world. I earnestly entreat you, my dear General, to let me hear from you. Write me how you do, how things are going. The minutest detail will be interesting. Don't forget me, my dear General; be ever as affectionate to me as you have been; these sentiments I deserve from the ardent ones which fill my heart.\n\nIn a letter written on the 7th of October, 1779, he laments that he has not once heard from General Washington and beseeches him, by their mutual tender and experienced friendship in which he has placed an immense portion of his happiness, to be very exact in inquiring for opportunities and never to miss those which come his way.\nMay you convey to me letters that I shall be pleased to receive. Be certain, my dear General, that in any situation, in any case, let me act as a French or as an American officer. My first wish, my first pleasure, will be to serve again with you. However happy I am in France, however well treated by my country and king, I have taken such a habit of being with you \u2014 I am tied to you, to America, to my fellow-soldiers by such an affection \u2014 that the moment when I shall sail for your country will be one of the most wished-for and the happiest of my life.\n\nDuring the autumn and winter, he persevered in his efforts to obtain money and land forces for the American army, and he was at last successful. The money was placed at General Washington's disposal, the troops were to be commanded by Count Rochambeau.\nBeau and Lafayette were to resume their positions in the service of the United States. He sailed from France for the second time in March, 1780. No dispatches from the government delayed his departure, and on the 27th of April, he wrote from Boston harbor to announce his arrival. The people of Boston received the Marquis with the greatest joy. He was taken in triumph to Governor Hancock's house, but he was too impatient to see General Washington to allow himself to be long detained by any festivities. This welcome, however, was for himself; nothing was yet known of the good news he brought. He hastened on to headquarters. After the first pleasure of their meeting was over, Lafayette learned from General Washington the bad state of the American army. Money and provisions were scarce, and it was very difficult.\nTo collect men; the country was exhausted and indifferent. Then Lafayette revealed his good tidings. He had gone beyond the orders of Congress, but the needs of the United States were exactly those which he had supposed, and Washington felt the strongest hope that the timely arrival of the French fleet would rouse the Americans to fresh exertions.\n\nSecret preparations were made for the fleet at Newport, Rhode Island. It was expected in July, and Lafayette took up his station in the front of the Commander-in-chief's division of the army, which was established on the banks of the Hudson River. He had brought from France swords, banners, and some ornaments for the officers and soldiers of his corps \u2013 he was so much attached to them that it was like giving presents to his friends. Clothes, much needed by many others besides his men, had been included in his provisions.\nA body of French troops, led by Lafayette, had promised to join General Washington in France, but never arrived. The French fleet arrived at the appointed time and place, but a joint attack on New York was the initial plan, which was soon thwarted by the French fleet's blockade in Newport Harbor. The English squadron was larger, and the French admiral could not move. Count Rochambeau expressed his eagerness to join Washington for a land attack, but without naval support, there seemed no prospect of success. This situation was trying for Lafayette, who served as Washington's messenger and secretary in communications with the Count. During his first visit to Rhode Island, however, he found pleasure in discovering:\n\n(Assuming the missing text refers to the discovery of something positive or significant, I've left it intact. If it's meaningless or unreadable, it should be removed.)\nThe allied armies were on very friendly terms. He wrote to General Washington that, on the arrival of some American militia-men, \"every French soldier and officer took an American with him, and divided his bed and his supper with him in a most friendly manner.\" French discipline was such that chickens and pigs walked between the tents without being disturbed, and there was in the camp a cornfield of which not one leaf had been disturbed. The French fleet arrived at the appointed time. \"Age 22] THE TWO ALLIANCES [75] touched. The Tories don't know what to say to it.\" To understand what high praise this is, you must remember that soldiers are generally very careless in their habits and are apt to compel farmers to give them whatever they can see in the way of food. To prevent their doing mischief requires great care on the part of the officers.\nobedience and good-temper from the men. While waiting for further aid from France, Count Rochambeau was very anxious to see General Washington. On the 18th of September, however, he set out for Hartford, Connecticut, where he had a most agreeable meeting with the Count. He returned to West Point on the 25th, a few hours after the escape of General Arnold, who had betrayed the place to the enemy. The arrest of the unfortunate Major Andre, the British officer who made the agreement with Arnold, prevented Sir Henry Clinton from gaining any advantage by this act of treachery. But the first discovery of it was appalling to the Commander-in-chief and to all around him. Lafayette was walking up to Arnold's house with General Washington and General Knox, when Colonel Hamilton came out and said a few words to them.\nLafayette, the Commander-in-chief spoke in a low voice, but this likely caused no surprise in the minds of his companions. In a short time, Washington rejoined them and handed them papers proving Arnold's guilt. They were shocked, for General Arnold's character was not entirely without reproach, but he had been one of the bravest and most distinguished officers of the American army. However, no time could be lost in feeling; it was necessary to act, and since it was too late to capture Arnold, all efforts were turned to the security of West Point. Lafayette shared his General's anxiety and did not fail to observe and admire his kind and delicate attention to Mrs. Arnold, who was left alone in a most unhappy condition. He was one of the fourteen generals who tried Major Andre and decided that he must be hanged.\nA spy suffered death by hanging; his feelings were touched by Andre's situation and the cheerful fortitude with which he bore his sentence. General Washington would have been glad to exchange Andre for Arnold, but Sir Henry Clinton would not consent to such an arrangement, though he made great efforts to save Andre's life.\n\nIn October of this year, Lafayette wrote a long letter to the Commander-in-chief urging an immediate attack on the city of New York. He was tired of reconnoitering parties and plans that came to nothing; he felt that some action was needed for the honor of America and the credit of the French army. General Washington, in his heart, desired activity as much as his young friend; but he did not think the time was favorable enough for such a large scheme.\nHe could only recommend patience to Lafayette, which he practiced constantly. In November, the Marquis de Chastellux, a French traveler who visited the commander-in-chief at headquarters, described Lafayette's appearance as follows: \"We accompanied his Excellency to the Marquis' camp, finding all his troops in line of battle on the heights to the left, and himself at their head. His deportment and physiognomy expressed that he preferred seeing me there to receiving me on his estate in Auvergne. The confidence and attachment of his troops are precious in his eyes, for he looks upon that species of wealth as one he cannot be deprived of. But what I think still more flattering to a young man of his age is the influence he wields over them.\"\nIn February 1781, Lafayette was dispatched from headquarters to Portsmouth, Virginia, to oppose Arnold with a small force. The French fleet intended to assist him was defeated at sea, and Lafayette, having blockaded Portsmouth, was retreating northwards when at Head of Elk he met despatches from General Washington. These informed him that reinforcements were to go from British headquarters to Arnold, and that he must aid the Virginians. Like all American generals, Lafayette found himself beset by difficulties.\nHis men were from the New England States, and were unwilling to be exposed to the southern climate. They began to desert. Lafayette told them, in a general order, that he was setting out on a difficult, dangerous enterprise, and that whoever wished to quit him might obtain leave to do so by coming to headquarters. From that day there were no more desertions; the men felt it an honor to follow their leader, and one sergeant, who was lame and could not walk, hired a cart rather than be left behind. They were without proper clothes for a southern campaign, and Lafayette borrowed money to buy linen for them, which the ladies of Baltimore made into shirts.\n\nHe had not men enough for fighting battles. His objects in this campaign were to deceive and annoy the enemy, to protect the military stores which supplied the army.\nGeneral Greene in Carolina acted to prevent the British from gaining any advantage from their superior troops and equipments. Directions and advice from a general, which were read aloud to the troops.\n\nLafayette immediately distinguished himself by a rapid march to Richmond, the capital of Virginia, which greatly astonished the British General Phillips. This officer died soon after, and Lafayette refused to receive a letter from Arnold, who succeeded him in the command. This spirited determination pleased General Washington and Congress.\n\nIt may seem strange that the commanders of hostile armies should have any occasion to write to each other; but there are always questions of business coming up \u2013 sometimes relating to the treatment and exchange of prisoners, sometimes to the protection of the country people near the camp.\nWho are always in danger of being robbed; and in various ways, generals can show civility and respect for each other. By refusing to hold any communication with General Arnold, Lafayette plainly showed that he did not think him a proper person for an American officer to speak to.\n\nVirginia became at this time the principal scene of war. General Greene was active in the Carolinas, but was ill-supplied, had been defeated, and could only hope to delay Lord Cornwallis\u2019s arrival in Virginia. His lordship was fighting his way up from Charleston, South Carolina, to join General Phillips.\n\nBetween the Commander-in-chief, Greene, and Lafayette, there was the most perfect agreement both in wishes and actions. General Washington watched both divisions and assisted both as far as he could; but he could not leave his station near New York.\nGeneral Greene was patient, prudent, and hopeful like Washington, but Lafayette required double discretion when he found himself opposed to Lord Cornwallis in May. From the Marquis's youth and inexperience, Cornwallis promised himself an easy victory and was confident enough to say in one of his letters, \"The boy cannot escape me.\" He had one great advantage in mounting his dragoons on the fine Virginia horses he found in abundance in the planters' stables. Lafayette wrote in one of his letters, \"There is no fighting here unless you have a naval superiority, or an army mounted on racehorses.\" He also spoke of \"the immense and excellent body of horse, whom the militia fear as if they were...\"\nHe was joined by many young men from LaFayette State, whose intelligence and high spirit were of great use to him. After gaining possession of Richmond, he was not strong enough to remain there and slowly retreated before Lord Cornwallis, hoping to be joined by some Pennsylvania troops. He never allowed the two armies to meet in such a way that there could be an engagement; yet he moved as slowly as possible, leaving each place just as the British advance guard entered it. He could not continue long on this plan; for the Pennsylvanians did not come at the expected time, and there were some stores at Albemarle Old Court House which it was necessary to guard. It was supposed that he must pass in front of the whole English army, and so expose himself to certain danger.\nLord Cornwallis was surprised to find Washington established in a strong position. He turned towards Richmond and Williamsburg. Lafayette, joined by Pennsylvania troops under General Wayne and another reinforcement under Baron Steuben, ventured to follow. There were constant skirmishes, but no regular attack until the 6th of July. The British army was crossing James River, marching from Williamsburg to Portsmouth. Believing the larger part of the army had crossed, Lafayette ordered an attack on what he supposed to be a rear-guard. Lord Cornwallis, intending to deceive him, had sent forward only a small force with great parade. (23-year-old) ACTIVE OPERATIONS 83\n\nThere were constant skirmishes, but nothing that could be called a regular attack until the 6th of July. The British army was crossing James River, on the march from Williamsburg to Portsmouth. Lafayette, believing that the larger part of the army had crossed, ordered an attack on what he supposed to be a rear-guard. Lord Cornwallis, intending to deceive him, had sent forward only a small force with great parade.\nGeneral Wayne and his army received the Americans with the main body. Wayne, nicknamed Mad Anthony, continued to advance despite the danger. Lafayette was ready to follow with fresh troops, but as he listened to the heavy firing, he realized there must be more than a rear-guard engaged. He galloped to a place where he could see the action and immediately sent assistance to Wayne with orders to fall back. This was successfully done, and as it was growing dark, Cornwallis did not pursue him. The violent beginning and sudden end of the attack made Cornwallis suspect a snare. This was a severe conflict. \"Our field officers,\" says General Wayne, \"were generally dismounted by having their horses killed or wounded under them. I will not condole.\" (Lafayette)\nThe Marquis remained with the loss of two of his men, disregarding admonitions to keep at a greater distance due to his natural bravery. A few days later, the British proceeded to Portsmouth, considering it an advantageous place due to communication with New York. Lafayette had hoped they would go to the coast, believing a French fleet would come to blockade them by sea. He wrote to General Washington, expressing gladness for this arrangement, and around the same time, the enemy obtained a letter to him from the Commander-in-chief discussing plans for an attack on New York and granting the Marquis permission to return to head the army.\nOn the 20th of July, Lafayette wrote, \"I am entirely a stranger to everything that passes out of Virginia, and Virginia operations being for the present in a state of languor, I have more time to think of my solitude; in a word, my dear General, I am homesick and wish at least to hear from headquarter. I am anxious to know your opinion of the Virginian campaign. So long as my lord wished for an action, not one gun has been fired; the moment he declined it, we have been skirmishing; but I\"\nI have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nWashington wrote to Colonel Hamilton, \"I have always taken care never to commit the army.\" To Colonel Hamilton, he added, \"Independence has made me more cautious, as I know my own warmth.\"\n\nAt the end of July, Washington saw the greater part of Cornwallis' army embark at Portsmouth. He supposed they were going to New York but discovered within three weeks they had been taken to Yorktown and Gloucester, where they began to fortify. In the meantime, Washington had heard from General Washington that the French fleet would arrive in Chesapeake Bay instead of New York Harbor. The attack on New York was given up, and Virginia was to be the scene of action. Lafayette no longer regretted being sent away from headquarters. He followed Lord Cornwallis and took measures to block him in completely.\nWhile the British General felt secure within his fortifications and faced only Lafayette as an opponent, he offered to send some of his men to New York.\n\nLafayette wrote to his wife when matters were thus far advanced: \"It was not prudent in the General to confide in me such a command. If I had been unfortunate, the public would have called that partiality an error of judgment.\" But he had already proven that the Commander-in-chief had judged wisely of the capacity of his young general.\n\nAbout this time, Lafayette wanted a spy to send into the British camp, and a New Jersey soldier named Morgan was pointed out to him as a fit person to be employed. It is not an easy thing to find a spy: a man must be trustworthy and faithful to his own officer, and yet willing to deceive the enemy; he must be observant, yet not appear to be.\nMorgan was unwilling to obtain information for him, but eventually consented on the condition that if he was killed, the General would ensure a full account of the case was printed in New Jersey news papers to protect his honor. He went to the British camp and faithfully followed orders. After several weeks had passed, thinking he could no longer be useful, he returned, bringing with him five deserters and a prisoner. The next day, the General, to reward him, offered to make him a sergeant. Morgan thanked him but declined, saying he thought himself a good soldier but uncertain of being a good sergeant. He likewise refused other offers. \"What can I then do for you?\" inquired Lafayette. \"I have only one favor to ask,\" replied Morgan. \"During my absence\"\nmy gun has been taken from me; I value it very much and I should like to have it back again. Orders were given that it should be found, and it was his only reward for this difficult, dangerous service. On the 1st of September, the French fleet, under Count de Grasse, arrived. The Marquis de Saint-Simon immediately landed with three thousand soldiers. Lafayette added his force to theirs and took up a strong position at Williamsburg. Lord Cornwallis marched out, intending to make an attack; but finding them so strong, he contented himself with improving his fortifications at Yorktown. In an engagement at sea between the French fleet and the British under Admiral Graves, Lafayette and Count de Grasse were victorious. Lord Cornwallis' confidence began to waver a little as he saw himself blockaded on both sides. Lafayette was now exposed to a great danger.\nThe French admiral and Marquis de Saint Simon strongly urged Lafayette to make an assault on Yorktown. They argued that he had endured the danger, fatigue, and anxiety of the campaign and deserved the honor of receiving Lord Cornwallis' surrender. However, Lafayette refused. He explained that General Washington and Count Rochambeau were already on their way, and the combined forces would make a large army. Lord Cornwallis would certainly yield to a regular siege, sparing many lives that would be lost in a violent attack with his present force.\n\nSuccess: The Reward of Patience\n\nThe Commander-in-chief and Rochambeau arrived on September 14th.\nLafayette saw one of his cherished wishes fulfilled when General Washington led the united army of French and Americans. However, the entire scheme was put in peril for a day by the French admiral's declaration that it was not prudent for him to remain at Yorktown and that he must put out to sea to meet and fight with some new British men-of-war which had just arrived at New York. Lafayette, at General Washington's request, went on board the admiral's ship and with considerable difficulty persuaded him to wait until the siege of Yorktown should be ended. Then the works went on; the Americans gradually surrounded the town with earthworks, redoubts, and trenches, and all the regular means of besieging a city, while Lord Cornwallis continued to strengthen his fortifications.\nOn the 11th of October, General Washington initiated the siege by firing the first gun. For several days, steady firing was maintained on both sides. Cannonballs constantly crossed each other in the air, and at night, red-hot shot glared out of the darkness. One English ship and some smaller vessels were set on fire by them, and as the flames ran up to the top of the masts, the sight was at once splendid and horrible. The noise of the large guns and of the shells bursting and tearing up the ground all about them was perpetual, and added not a little to the dreadful effect of the scene.\n\nOn the 14th, it was decided to take by storm two redoubts, the only defenses outside the city that the enemy still held. One was to be attacked by the French under the Baron de Viomenil, the other by the Americans under Lafayette. The Baron had once said,\nIn conversation, Lafayette admitted that in an attack of this sort, he believed the French to be superior to the Americans. Lafayette replied, \"We are but young soldiers, and we have but one sort of tactics on such occasions, which is to discharge our muskets and push on straight with our bayonets.\" In executing his attack, Lafayette followed this plan precisely. He believed that only such an impetuous assault would enable his inexperienced troops to overcome the well-trained British soldiers waiting within their fortifications. Within a few minutes, he took the redoubt, and, still hearing firing from the other, he sent his aide to the Baron to inquire if he should give him any assistance and to report that he had won his prize. Viomenil answered, \"Tell the Marquis that I am not yet master of my redoubt, but that I shall be in less than five minutes.\"\nAfter less than 15 minutes, he entered with his men in perfect order. He had followed strict military rules and had cleared the way for him before his onset, but while he was waiting, his troops were exposed to a terrible fire from the enemy. Colonel Barber, the aide who carried Lafayette's message, received a wound but would not allow it to be dressed until he had executed his commission. Perhaps he had a little pride in showing the French officers how indifferent an American could be.\n\nAfter taking these redoubts, Lord Cornwallis' position became still more hopeless. The cannon continued to destroy his works, and he could do but little to injure the French and Americans. Bad weather prevented an escape in boats to Gloucester, which he had planned. On the 17th, he requested an interview with an American officer.\nofficer to reach an agreement on the terms of surrender, and on the 19th, his army laid down their arms. The French and American troops were drawn up in long lines, quiet and orderly as the conquered army passed between them; their secret triumph and rejoicing must have been great as they saw how full the ranks were and felt the importance of the victory they had won. Every one was eager to see Lord Cornwallis, but this distinguished general did not make an appearance. General O\u2019Hara took his place. Count Rochambeau, General Washington, and Lafayette sent their aides to offer their compliments to Lord Cornwallis; who sent a message to tell the Marquis that, after having made this long campaign against him, he wished to give him a private account of the reasons which had led him to surrender. The next day, Lafayette went to see him. \"I\"\nThe English general spoke. \"Your humanity to prisoners, and I recommend my poor army to you.\" Lafayette replied, \"You know, my lord, the Americans have always been humane towards imprisoned armies. I would not accept even a compliment which seemed to separate me from my adopted countrymen. The other generals also visited Lord Cornwallis, and every civility which could make his mortifying position more endurable was shown to him.\n\nThe Americans knew they had gained a great advantage in taking this army. But they were very desirous of closing the campaign by the recapture of Charleston, South Carolina, which had been in the possession of the enemy since May, 1780. General Greene had had a very hard summer, opposed to Lord Rawdon from the time that Cornwallis laid down his arms.\nHad come into Virginia. It seemed easy now to give him assistance when the fleet was ready, and the land forces so far on their way to the south. Lafayette would again have commanded the expedition and would have been glad to undertake it with a small army which might easily have been transported in a few vessels; but the French admiral declared that it was his duty to return immediately to the West Indies. It is said that when Lord Cornwallis saw Lafayette returning from his last visit to the admiral's ship, he said to some officers who were with him, \"I lay a wager he has been making arrangements to ruin us at Charleston.\" This remark shows that he understood Lafayette's disposition and talents. There is every reason to suppose that such a scheme would have succeeded. As it was not undertaken, the campaign came to a close.\nThe army went into winter quarters, and the French and American armies remained together. Perfect friendliness prevailed between them. French officers admired Washington with the fervor typical of their nation, and they only laughed at the hardships they endured. Americans felt greatly obligated to those who had come so far to fight for them. Lafayette mentions this as evidence of good feelings. When the French troops under the Marquis de Saint-Simon joined his, Lafayette ordered them to be supplied with flour for three days before the Americans received any. Americans were mostly living on Indian meal but were quiet satisfied. He also gave horses to the French hussars, while the Americans.\nofficers had none, yet he never heard a complaint. Perhaps nothing shows more clearly that he felt like an American than his treatment of his own countrymen as guests. He had taken the precaution before they left France to have it settled that they were always to be considered as auxiliaries, and that French officers were always to be under the orders of Americans of equal rank.\n\nIn November of this year, Lafayette asked leave to return to France, and, with the most cordial thanks from Congress, and the respect and gratitude of every patriot, he once more set sail from Boston. He carried with him the consciousness that his services to this country had been great and highly valued here. His friendship for General Washington was one of the delights of his life, and he felt sure that the United States would continue to value his contributions.\nHe always held a place in his affections second only to France. No mutiny disrupted his voyage this time. He found all things prosperous in his family, and he had gained a military reputation which made him more admired than before. He was commissioned by Congress to make arrangements for them in Europe, and the next year was chiefly occupied with preparations for a combined expedition from France and Spain, which now joined in the war against England. The fleet of sixty vessels was to be commanded by Count d'Estaing; the army of twenty-four thousand men, by Lafayette. The plan was to sail from Cadiz for the island of Jamaica, then to proceed to New York, and after taking that city to go on to Canada. There were so many delays in getting together this grand army.\n\nLafayette\nAnd arranging all the points of the agreement between the nations, Lafayette was still at Madrid when he heard the news of the Peace of Paris, which put an end to our revolutionary war. It was signed in January, 1783, and he was the first to inform Congress of this joyful event.\n\nFrance as it was\n\nIn the next year, 1784, Lafayette allowed himself the pleasure of a visit to the United States. He arrived at New York in August and went to the south as far as Yorktown and Richmond. He paid a visit to General Washington at Mount Vernon, a visit so often anticipated in their letters written by campfires and amid the hardships of war. He was present at the making of a treaty with the Six Nations Indians, some of whose chiefs called him by his old name of Kayewla, which they gave him in 1778. He also went through the Eastern States.\nwhere,  as  Washington  wrote  to  Madame  de \nLafayette,  \u201ccrowned  with  wreaths  of  love \nand  respect.\u201d \nHe  was  particularly  interested  in  seeing \nthe  old  soldiers  of  the  army,  and  often \ntouched  by  finding  the  children  of  those  who \nLAFAYETTE \nhad  fallen  making  part  of  the  processions  in \nhis  honor.  Every  one  was  eager  to  see  him, \neither  from  gratitude  or  curiosity,  and  his \nreception  was  cordial  and  affectionate. \nAt  the  end  of  November  he  was  again  at \nMount  Vernon,  and  after  their  parting  Gen\u00ac \neral  Washington  wrote  this  note,  so  expres\u00ac \nsive  of  his  affection:  \u201cAt  the  moment  of  our \nseparation,  upon  the  road  as  I  travelled  and \nevery  hour  since,  I  have  felt  all  that  love, \nrespect,  and  attachment  for  you,  with  which \nlength  of  years,  close  connection,  and  your \nmerits  have  inspired  me.  I  often  asked  my\u00ac \nself,  as  our  carriages  separated,  whether  that \nThe last sight I should ever have of you. And though I wished to answer no, my fears answered yes. Lafayette would not admit this idea; though he saw that his beloved friend was never likely to cross the water, he promised himself the happiness of several visits at Mount Vernon. He could not foresee the political storms that were to sweep over his life, and he cared little for those he must meet on the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nAfter a great public entertainment at Boston, he embarked on board of a French frigate and had a prosperous voyage, bearing home with him many bright recollections of France.\n\nHe did not find France in an equally promising condition.\n\nThe following year, 1785, Lafayette undertook a shorter journey into Austria.\nIn Russia, Lafayette received a polite reception due to his distinguished family connections and reputation as a young general. In Prussia, he attended all military reviews with King Frederic the Great, the most distinguished soldier in Europe at the time. After returning to France, Lafayette devoted much time and attention to a scheme that aligned with his benevolent interests. He purchased a plantation in French Guiana, at Cayenne, and sent an excellent superintendent to teach slaves and prepare them gradually for freedom. Delighted by a school for free-negro children he had seen in New York, Lafayette wished to experiment with training blacks. Color difference could not dampen his enthusiastic love for liberty.\nLafayette desired that all men, not just himself and his countrymen, should be free. However, he had the common sense to see that some races of men require preparation even for freedom. A slave, who had spent his entire life being fed and clothed by a master, did not know how to provide for himself in old age.\n\nWe come now to a great change in Lafayette's life. We have seen him fighting for freedom and interested in military affairs. From this time forth, the love of liberty led him to a different work \u2013 an endeavor to reform the government of his country. Other men's minds were full of the same idea, and there was a general feeling in Paris and throughout France that the hour had come for a great change.\n\nIt is difficult to explain to those who have lived only in the United States how bad the French government was and had been for centuries.\nFor several hundred years, the great evil was that kings and nobles believed government was made for their pleasure and glory, not for the happiness and welfare of the common people. They did not recognize that a few hundred noblemen were insignificant compared to the hundreds of thousands who labored for their daily bread in France. On the contrary, they thought the poor were created to work for them. Consequently, acts of cruelty towards the low-born were regarded with perfect indifference by the great lords. While there were kind-hearted people among them, their lives were generally filled with.\nMany of them were soldiers, and when they were not actually engaged in war, made plans for new campaigns, or else amused themselves with hunting or other sports, never giving any time to thinking how the poor people around them lived. The king and the royal family, including even his distant cousins, had palaces to live in; servants, horses and carriages, and money to spend, provided for them out of the public wealth; other officials had to be maintained. And in times alike of war and of peace, there was a great army to be fed and clothed. Thus several thousands of idle people were supported by the industrious; and all these ways of pouring out money consumed it much faster than the sale of the farmer's corn, or the weaver's cloth, or the vine-grower's wine, supplied it.\n\nLafayette\nBut there was no less expense at the court because the nation was growing poorer. The ministers had not the courage to tell a King of France that he could not have anything he desired; and so he and all those who lived at court went on spending money for trifles, while the peasant and the shop-keeper were pressed harder and harder with taxes to pay upon everything they ate or drank, or bought or sold. A tax upon salt, which is so constantly in use, caused great distress. Any person could be licensed to sell salt if he would pay a large sum to the government. Of course, then, the seller asked the highest possible price for it, because he wanted to secure his own profit in addition to what he had to pay over to the government. Hard men were more likely to undertake the business than any others, because asking such high prices.\nHigh prices made them very much disliked. France was divided into districts, in some of which the people were compelled to buy a certain quantity of salt every year; in others, they did as they chose. This made one hardship the more; for a poor man who lived in one district might be ruined by being forced to buy a great quantity, while his near neighbor was perhaps free from any restraint in the matter.\n\nAge 29: FRANCE AS IT WAS (105)\n\nAnd this is only a sample of the way taxes were paid for everything. The salt-tax \u2014 the gabelle, as it was called \u2014 was much talked about and was very irritating to the poor people; but the real suffering was owing to the great number of taxes.\n\nAn English traveller, passing through France at this time, says of what he saw in one day\u2019s journey, \u201cThe fields are scenes of pitiable management, as the houses are.\u201d\nThe country girls and women are without shoes or stockings, and the ploughmen at their work have neither sabots nor feet to their stockings. Two years later, the same traveller, in walking up a hill, chanced to overtake a poor woman who seemed unhappy and complained of the times. When he asked questions, she told him that she was married and had seven children; that her husband had but a small bit of ground, a little horse, and a cow, yet they had to pay 42 pounds of wheat and three chickens to one great lord, and 168 pounds of oats, one chicken, and one franc to another, besides several very heavy taxes. She hoped something would be done for poor people, for the taxes were crushing them. The woman was twenty-six years old, but her figure was so bent, and her face so wrinkled.\nShe might have been taken for sixty. And she was only a specimen of the women who were to be seen almost everywhere in France. It was not uncommon for the poor people to gather nettles to make soup of. When a nobleman heard of some unfortunate wretch dying of hunger, no doubt he might feel sorry for a few minutes; but he was not apt to think what could be the reason, or if he himself could do anything to remedy it. And here was a point in which Lafayette was quite different from other people of his own rank and age. He did think about the condition of working-people, and longed to make them happier and better; he believed freedom would do that. Such a state of things could not last forever; when people are perfectly miserable, they grow restless and fierce. This was the case in France. A great many people in a restless and fierce state.\nThe middle condition of life, neither rich nor poor, were fired with ideas of liberty and equality. They began to ask why dukes and counts were better than themselves, and why some lives were passed in ease and luxury, while others in toil, want, and pain. There can be no doubt that the accounts of the United States brought home by the soldiers and officers who had served there helped keep up the excitement. It had been proven there that contentment and prosperity could be found without a king, without a court, without an order of priests, and, above all, without so many taxes.\n\nAt this time (1787), Louis XVI, who was the king of France, was a just and humane man, who would have been very glad to do whatever he could to make his subjects happier; but he did not know how or where to begin.\nOne thing was certain \u2014 the government needed money. To raise it, the king's ministers advised him to call a meeting of the Notables of France. These were the princes, brothers or cousins of the king, some dukes and counts, marshals of France, and other military officers; several bishops and magistrates. They met in February, 1787, and began to consider what could be done about the national debt and taxes. A hundred and sixty years had passed since they were last called together, and all the old rules of business were forgotten.\n\nLafayette took his place among the nobles and spent much time upon a plan for reducing the debt and expenses. He also brought forward several proposals for limiting the king's power. One of these was, that he should no longer have the right to send a person who had displeased him to prison.\n\nLafayette... brought forward several proposals for limiting the king's power. One of these was, that he should no longer have the right to send a person who had displeased him to prison.\nPrisoners were held without accusation or trial, with no chance to defend themselves. Such prisoners had no hope of release except from the king's mercy and might die in their cells, forgotten. Another proposal was to grant greater liberty to Protestants, who were, however, in the enjoyment of a large measure of freedom.\n\nFinding that the Notables were not doing much work, Lafayette suggested that the king should be asked to summon a National Assembly. \"What!\" said the Count d'Artois, the king's brother, \"do you make a motion for the States-General?\" \"Yes, and even more than that,\" was his answer.\n\nThe States-General were composed of representatives from the nobles, the clergy, and the third estate, or common people of France. They had not met for a hundred and seventy-five years and had in former times been most submissive to the kings.\nThere was little hope of making any change without them, and they only had the right to alter the government. They met on the 4th of May, 1789, in a hall at Versailles which the king had prepared for them, and where he came with the queen to receive them. It is difficult to imagine now the excitement which there was then in Paris and throughout all the large towns of France. The kingdom was poorer than it had been the year before, everything was dear, complaints were loud. Men left their offices and workshops to make speeches and become national deputies; Lafayette and others were elected. The newspapers were full of articles on liberty and the rights of man; new pamphlets were printed every day, and eagerly read by a few of those who were suffering under real wrongs, and by all the foolish people who fancied they should be happier for being as idle as they were.\nThe counts and marquises, whom they pretended to despise, were the exception. Every one, except the court and those satisfied with the kingdom as it was, looked forward with hope to the meeting of the States-General, not knowing what would befall them but trusting to secure freedom and many other good things. Politics were the one thing everybody cared for, not only in Paris but in all the towns of France. A stranger in the city writes: \"I went to the Palais Royal to see what was published. Every hour produced something new. Thirteen pamphlets came out today, sixteen yesterday, and ninety-two last week. Nineteen out of twenty of these productions were in favor of liberty, and commonly violent against the clergy and nobility.\" The coffeehouses were always open, and orators declaimed in the streets.\n\nMembers of the States-General or National Assembly\nAn old palace, now used in part for shops. The king and his ministers were troubled and did not know what to do as the crowd, in a most vehement manner, excitedly applauded anything fierce and harsh. Something would have to be yielded to this extraordinary passion for liberty which had possessed some of the nobles and common people. They did not at all understand the power of the mob, and were obliged to admit that their schemes had not made the debt any less. The king's natural desire to secure himself led him to collect a great many soldiers in and about Paris. The increase in soldiers meant more mouths to be filled, exacerbating the scarcity of flour. He thought the troops would be faithful to him, but experience proved that the new ideas of liberty and equality had made their way into the army.\nThe twelve hundred National Deputies (three hundred nobles, three hundred clergy, and six hundred common people) began their task of giving France a new government. They destroyed many old laws and took away power from the king and nobles, forbidding privileges that had caused suffering among the poor. However, a kingdom cannot exist without laws. While the Assembly was talking and listening to speeches, people who had been kept down by fear of the laws might cause mischief. The Deputies had no hesitation in saying that certain punishments should never be repeated in France, but then there was a long pause before they could make up their minds what punishments to forbid.\nThe people should take their place. They found building up a slower process than pulling down. It was easier to make speeches and set the nation in order by adding up figures and writing papers than to supply food for a hungry mob or teach the peasants not to revenge themselves on their former masters. The French are so easily stirred up that merely reading the reports of what was done each day in the Assembly added to the excitement of distant towns and villages. It must be remembered that while their minds were filled with hopes and expectations, their real wants of food and clothes and comforts had not been relieved. Nor were they likely to be during this summer (1789). A Swiss, who went often to the Assembly, says that each man was vain enough to fancy himself equal to the whole labor of remodeling the government.\nMerchants and farmers no longer gave their whole attention to business, and the nobles began to quit France, taking with them the money they had been accustomed to spend every year. The natural consequences of such a condition were mobs and tumults in the cities, the burning of chateaux and sometimes killing the lords, in the country.\n\nLafayette took part in the labors of the Assembly with great spirit. He welcomed everything which was at all like the laws and customs of the United States, and his letters to General Washington were full of hope. He excused the outbreaks, alarming as they were, on account of the long suffering of the people.\n\nBut a more serious one took place in Paris when the citizens heard that Monsieur Necker, a popular minister, had been dismissed, and that the troops were drawing nearer to Paris, and even entering the city.\nThe excitement was intense for several days in July, and at last, after some regiments had arrived and others were reported, it broke out into a universal demand for arms. The mob entered shops or public offices where they thought any guns could be found. The country-houses of the nobles, which had generally been castles, were also targeted.\n\nLafayette\nSmiths and armorers worked day and night. The great bells sounded the alarm; the soldiers, with strange stupidity or indifference, did nothing at all. On the 14th of July, an armed crowd of volunteers, who believed that they could no longer submit to authority but that this day they must \u201cdo or die,\u201d accompanied by all the rabble of Paris, attacked an ancient prison called the Bastille. After a short resistance, the few soldiers who defended it were compelled to yield.\nThe commandant was killed in the street. The people seemed almost ready to tear down the solid stone walls with their hands. Furious as they were, there was some cause for their rage; for terrible deeds had been done in that prison. Men had been shut up there for half a lifetime, without knowing whether their fathers and mothers, wives and children, were still living. There the innocent, upon whom no sentence had ever been pronounced, had despaired of seeing again the light of day. What sufferings and what deaths those walls had concealed could never be known; but thinking of them might well have maddened a calmer people than the Parisians! The few prisoners found there were paraded through the streets on men's shoulders, and a sort of wild rejoicing ensued.\n\nOn the 14th of July, an armed crowd of volunteers attacked the Bastille.\nParis was taken in possession. In other countries, those who loved liberty could not help being glad that such a dungeon was destroyed, and the key of the great gate was sent by Lafayette to General Washington. While all this tumult was stirring Paris, the Assembly at Versailles were bent on making the king withdraw his troops. They sent to him three times during the day and continued sitting nearly all night. The next day, he suddenly agreed to their request; all was rejoicing at Versailles, and Lafayette, along with several other deputies, was sent to Paris with the good news. The city, calmed from the frenzy of the day before, received them joyfully, and Lafayette was appointed, by acclamation, commander of the National Guard. From this time forward, we find him hard at work in Paris and seldom able to take his place in the Assembly.\nHe immediately published an order for pulling down the Bastille and began to arrange and divide the National Guard. He was exceedingly desirous that they should be citizens as well as soldiers, obeying the laws and magistrates as well as their officers. He suggested this name for the volunteers of Paris\u2014citizens who were armed and drilled, and performed some of the duties of police.\n\nLafayette\n\nSeveral regiments of the army insisted on joining it; but Lafayette would never allow it to be merely a military establishment. He set them the example of respect for law by insisting upon a regular vote for his own office several days after his public appointment. Lafayette enjoyed at once that entire confidence and public esteem which are due to great qualities. The faculty of raising the spirits or rather infusing fresh courage into the people was his.\nThe heart was natural to him. His appearance was youthful, pleasing to the multitude. His manners were simple, popular, and engaging. It was not strange that obedience was rare in those days, for no one had any authority. The king's power was growing less and less; he was obliged to let his soldiers join the National Guard because they had already left their quarters and were wandering about the streets of Paris; the judges and other magistrates appointed by him were disliked and suspected; the assembly at Versailles had hardly begun to \"make the Constitution\"; and there was no strong hand to govern. The people, crushed by long oppression, and now \"a constitution is not a machine, to be made, \u2014 it must grow in part, at least, from the habits of a nation.\" (A favorite French expression at that time.)\nAroused to vengeance rather than improvement, the people were unfit to govern themselves. The National Guard was needed in Paris to clear the streets, prevent thieves from stealing by day as well as by night, save unpopular persons from being hung on lamp-posts, and make the city safe for peaceable people. All sorts of vile wretches, who at common times keep out of sight in the side streets and dingy shops of great cities, now came boldly forth, and in the name of liberty sought opportunities to commit crimes. The crowds of idle people constantly drawn together by street-orators were easily roused, even to the point of putting people to death. There seems no reason to doubt that men were actually hired by some nobles to join these crowds and stir them up to every kind of mischief and cruelty. The design was to:\nBring the revolution into disgrace and make it appear that liberty led to violence. This was precisely what Lafayette was resolved to prevent. Liberty and order were connected in his mind; freedom did not mean that the wicked were free to do all the evil they felt disposed to, but that the good and the industrious were to have liberty to keep all they could earn and to live as they desired.\n\nLafayette\n\nIt is hard to imagine the restlessness and excitability of the people of Paris which Lafayette was constantly made to feel. About this time, there was a great scarcity of flour for several weeks, and the magistrates did not know how to get enough into the city to feed the inhabitants, nor the great number of strangers who flocked thither. The bakers were in a good deal of danger, for sometimes the mob would fancy that they concealed grain.\nGreat quantities of flour in their shops. Several notes were shown to Lafayette forbidding the millers to grind for the capital. To his surprise, he found his own name at the bottom. It was of course a forgery. But what could the poor people think, when they saw such an order? One day, a little while after Lafayette had taken command of the National Guard, a great public meeting of tailors was called. He went to it and made a speech which probably prevented mischief. It was afterwards found that this meeting was called merely to delay the finishing of the uniform of the Guard. They would be more easily distinguished in a crowd by wearing a uniform, and so have more power to stop outbreaks; and there were people enough in Paris ready to do anything that would keep up disturbances.\n\nLafayette led an active life. He was the commander of the National Guard.\nOn horseback, constantly riding around the city, consulting with magistrates, addressing the people. One day, an oration to the National Guard officers; the next, an appeal to a dirty, disorderly mob to be patient, to wait for the constitution being made at Versailles. He had great power over them; often, when they were hungry and savage, ready to throw stones or even hang a man at a lamp-post, a few kind words from him or sometimes a little jest would make them good-natured. The trouble was, they collected in such huge groups that his voice could not be heard by the distant ones. For instance, within a week of his appointment, two men were hung in the street despite his most vigorous efforts. He was so disturbed by this violence that he resigned his office, but the entreaties of the people kept him from leaving Paris.\nrespectable citizens of Paris prevailed upon him to take it again. In this manner, the summer was passed in Paris. By great and steady exertion, Lafayette and the mayor succeeded in getting quietly through the weeks of greatest scarcity. The price of bread was very high and the loaves were very poor; but, in spite of hunger and impatience, the mob did not again take up arms. They could not at all understand why the pulling down of the Bastille, and the appointment of the National Guard instead of soldiers, had not immediately given bread to the poor, and ease and comfort to every man. They wondered why the king's consenting to their demands and being called the Restorer of French liberty did not at once remedy all the mischief of bad government for hundreds of years. But, although puzzled, the Parisians waited for the constituent assembly.\nThe situation at Versailles was more patiently endured by the country-people than by others. Gaunt, thin, fierce-looking men attacked and burned the country-houses of great lords, whose families did not always escape with their lives. The peasants had suffered terribly, and it was not strange if they were at first more furious than the citizens of Paris. They knew less of what was going on at Versailles and had less to distract their minds. The land lay neglected and full of nettles and briers, for the peasants were so weak, so hungry, and so ill-paid that they had no heart to work. They said that all their earnings went to buy salt, support the nobles, and pay taxes. And so, when the time came, they took revenge on all who had oppressed them or belonged to the higher classes. Often, the innocent wife or child or sister of a great lord fell victim to their wrath.\nThe lord suffered with him, not only for his own hard acts, but for those of his grandfather or great-grandfather. Brigands were the common name for the most atrocious of these people. A panic could be caused in any city, even Paris itself, by a report that the brigands were coming. News of all these distresses came to Paris and added to the anxiety of the patriots.\n\nThe quietness of the city was partly due to the National Guard, who had become used to acting together and interested in keeping order. They wore a cockade of red and blue, the colors of the city of Paris, to which Lafayette had added white, the king's color, to signify that the Guard was faithful to the throne.\n\n\"Gentlemen,\" said he to his friends at the Hotel de Ville, \"I bring you a cockade which will go round the world!\"\nHe was often pressed and urged to take command of the National Guard of other cities, which was formed on the same plan as that of Paris. However, he always refused, thinking it was not sufficiently republican for one man to have so great power, and also because the task of keeping the Parisian mob quiet was sufficient to employ all his energy and zeal. He had refused the large salary offered him, but he declared that he did not need it.\n\nIn former times, a knight was recognized by some ornament on his armor, or the colors of the scarf or feathers he wore. Each great family and each city had colors of its own, which were shown on banners, on the coverings of horses, on the ornaments of buildings, etc.\n\nThe town-house, or city hall. It has been worn in several countries, but not always by people whom Lafayette would have approved of.\n\nLafayette.\nNot considered the refusal a matter to be proud of, and he should have accepted the money if his own fortune had not been sufficient for his expenses. These must now have been great, for many Frenchmen wished to visit him, and strangers had great curiosity to see him, so that his table was often a long one.\n\nLiberty in October\n\nEarly in October, 1789, another outbreak occurred. At this time, there was a regiment called the Body-Guard on service around the king\u2019s palace, and the Versailles National Guard were sometimes admitted within court limits. In addition, the king sent for a regiment called the Flanders. On its arrival, the Body-Guard gave a grand dinner of welcome. After dinner, the king, queen, and dauphin visited the hall and looked graciously upon their defenders. The poor queen, whose court was very dull, whose high spirit was every day more oppressed, could not help feeling a secret satisfaction at seeing these brave men, who were ready to sacrifice their lives for her and her family.\nThe wounded woman, displeased by the king's inferior position whose hopes for her little son were beginning to fade, was delighted to hear once more a hearty cheer of \"Vive le Roi\" from the eldest son of the king of France.\n\nLafayette\n\nThe woman's beauty, the sight of the court ladies attending her, the music they heard, and the wine they had drunk, all excited the Guards. Prudence was forgotten; the National Assembly near them and the mobs of Paris were out of sight and out of mind. The tricolor cockade was torn from their coats and trampled on the floor, amid shouts and cheers for the royal family.\n\nThis would have passed off at common times as merely the enthusiasm of a military dinner; but now there were spies in the court and watchful eyes upon everything displeasing to the patriots or the mob.\nA feast was reported at Paris, and the people immediately exclaimed, \"How is this? We are starving and standing in long lines before the bakers' shops, while at Versailles the idle soldiers can give dinner-parties!\" The account was exaggerated, and on Monday morning, the 5th of October, the insurrection of women began. Early in the day, vast numbers of them streamed all over the Hotel de Ville, upstairs and downstairs, to find the Mayor. They were poor women: seamstresses, washerwomen, fishwomen, coarse and rude, market-women, accustomed to talk loudly in their stalls. Some of them were bold, noisy, and furious; others, more respectable and modest. Liberty apologized for the behavior of their companions, but they all said the same thing. \"Bread! bread!\" was the universal cry, \"for ourselves and for our children!\" Some of them carried pots and pans to loot the bakeries.\nThey had seized rusty pikes and old guns, but their real power lay in their numbers. They had been joined by a great many men and blocked up the streets and squares around the Hotel de Ville. Lafayette, who arrived there early, was obliged to sit still on his white charger. He addressed them many times, but they would not disperse, and cries of \"Let us go to Versailles\" were mixed with the shout for bread. They must have been fairly good-natured, for he managed to keep the greater part of them standing there for eight hours. But at last he could no longer resist them, and sent to inquire at the Hotel de Ville if the magistrates would permit him to go. They were thankful to get rid of the mob on almost any terms and gave the permission. But this was a real proof of courage, that he dared to do so.\nLaFayette kept an angry crowd waiting while he showed a desire to obey the magistrates. He provided for the protection of the city as quickly as possible and set forth at the head of a strange procession of National Guards, accompanied by women and the worst and lowest villains of Paris. Messengers had already been sent in haste to give warning at Versailles, and thousands of women, accompanied by armed men and a few cannon, had set out at an earlier hour. They found Versailles in a state of agitation almost equal to that of Paris. Crowds had pressed about the building occupied by the Assembly from early morning; the members had been disturbed; the courtiers were unsure what to do, as it was very doubtful if the soldiers could be trusted; the king, who was out hunting, had been hastily summoned home.\nThe troops of women had crowded into the Assembly's hall and eaten sausages there, noisally applauding their favorite deputies or bidding the unpopular ones to hold their tongues. The president had tried in vain to restore order. Other women flattered the soldiers and used every kind of persuasion to make them, as they said, friends of the people. Finally, they sent in a committee of twelve to speak with the king, who was very gentle and courteous to them, so that they went out again quite content and pleased.\n\nAll was confusion. There were no places for this vast multitude to sleep in when night came on. It was almost impossible for them to get enough food, for they were very hungry after their long march \u2013 they were wet and cold.\nLafayette arrived little before midnight and went first to see the President of the Assembly, who was very anxious. He then proceeded to the palace, in company with two commissioners from Paris, who made their requests to the king. He agreed to all they asked, and one point was, that he should come and live in Paris. The courtiers and attendants were alarmed and restless; the king seemed uncertain; the queen alone kept a firm countenance, however terrified she may have been in her heart. Lafayette provided as well as he could for the defense of the palace during the night, but he was not allowed to place the National Guard in any but the outer posts. Leaving all quiet there, he went to find accommodations for himself.\nGuard the night and consulted with his officers in a room intended as headquarters. After a long day of activity and anxiety, he was just throwing himself down to get some sleep when an alarm came from the palace that the brigands had broken into the queen's apartments and were massacring the Body-Guard. He rushed to the palace and found that the mob had indeed burst in, but only two of the Body-Guard had been killed. The queen was saved by their devotion; while fighting desperately, they cried out, \"Save the queen!\" An officer flew to the door of her room and alarmed her ladies. Hastily wrapping something around her, they all took refuge in the king's apartments. Lafayette succeeded in clearing the palace and saving the Body-Guard and other troops from the fury.\nThe mob put on the tricolor cockade and a scene ensued, demonstrating the nature of the French and soldiers in general. The National Guard had come to Versailles in indignation at the Body-Guard and their dinners. But when this alarm was given, the first company to arrive was one of grenadiers who had fought in former years in company with the Body-Guards. All quarrels were forgotten; they remembered only that they were brothers-in-arms and saved them.\n\nLafayette placed the National Guard everywhere with solemn charges to protect the royal family. He then proceeded to the balcony and harangued the multitude who filled the court below. He did not hesitate to rebuke them for their violence and assured them of the king's intention to come to Paris.\n\nLiberty.\nThe king confirmed it himself, and Lafayette spoke to the queen, \"Madame, what is your own intention?\" \"I know the fate that awaits me,\" she answered; \"but it is my duty to die at the king's feet and in my children's arms.\" \"Come with me, Madame,\" said he. \"What! Alone on the balcony! Have you not seen the signs they have made?\" \"Yes, Madame, but come.\" She stepped forward with her children, but a voice cried \"No children!\" and she gently pushed them back and advanced alone before the angry mob. She was terribly unpopular. They hated her because she was an Austrian, and because they thought she advised the king against all their plans for their good. False stories had been cruelly told about her for years, so that she had long been an unhappy lady; and now her heart was almost breaking with fear.\nWith humiliation at being in the power of the crowd whom she had been taught to despise, the queen stood before them, beautiful, brave, and dignified. Lafayette could not make himself heard above the tumult, so he knelt down and kissed the queen's hand. The crowd cried out, \"Vive le General! Vive la Reine!\"\n\nThe king then said to Lafayette, \"And now what can you do for my Guards?\"\n\n\"Bring one here,\" was Lafayette's answer, and, giving him his own tricolor cockade, he embraced him before all the people. By these acts, Lafayette endeavored to teach them that their own liberty need not interfere with respect for the queen, and that they might be merciful to an enemy whom they had conquered. They knew well enough that he was a nobleman of the Guard.\ntheir friend wanted them to see he meant to be the queen's consort. The morning was spent in hasty preparation for the departure for Paris. Kings and queens do not generally move from palace to palace in such haste, and the ladies in waiting were too frightened to pack trunks. The mob emptied the magazines of Versailles, and imagined they should supply Paris with grain.\n\nLong live the General! Long live the Queen!\n\nThe strange procession that set out at one o'clock consisted of cart-loads of grain. The National Guard walked before and behind the royal carriage; the National Assembly followed in a long line of coaches, and the mob filled up all spaces. Women seemed to be everywhere, and, though Lafayette rode by the side of the king's coach, he was unable to maintain order.\nThe queen could not always prevent hearing the rude speeches of these dirty, coarse women. They were no longer furious; the city of Paris had sent out cartloads of loaves, and they connected the king's living in Paris with a supply of provisions. One of them called out, \"Courage, friends! We are bringing you the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy!\" This was not the language queens were used to hearing, but it was much better than threats or insults.\n\nThe train moved slowly and arrived in Paris in the evening. The royal family was first taken to the Hotel de Ville, where the king got out of his carriage and showed himself to the people, wearing the tricolor cockade. He desired the mayor to announce that he came to live among his people of Paris with pleasure and contentment.\nThe mayor, forgetting the word confidence, was reminded by the queen. Lafayette. The mayor turned to the crowd again and said, \"Gentlemen, in hearing it from the queen's lips, you are more fortunate than if I had not made the mistake.\" At last, they were able to go to the Tuileries palace, which was not ready for them but any resting place would have been welcome after such a terrible day and night.\n\nThe royal family, including the king's aunts and sister, expressed much gratitude to Lafayette for his services during this trying time. Even the queen, who disliked him, acknowledged that he had saved their lives. It was no easy matter in these days to serve the queen; for the aversion to her was extraordinary and not at all confined to the people of Paris.\nThe royal family lived monotonously and lonely at the Tuileries. The nobles had been leaving France for safety in foreign lands for many months, and the court was thin and small. The queen occupied herself with her children and writing letters, planning to escape from Paris and join the emigrant nobles and her own family. The king lamented the loss of his hunting and amused himself as best he could. When they drove about Paris, they were always well received by the people. For a few days after their arrival, all was joy and rejoicing. But before the end of October, a baker's shop was broken into, and the baker was killed. Lafayette promptly punished this outrage, but it was necessary to put the city under martial law \u2013 that is, to give officers the power to shoot or kill if necessary.\nA man could be hanged without trial. At this time, clubs were beginning to come into fashion in Paris. They were not like English ones, places for comfort, but for political discussion. The most fiery and abusive speeches were made at them. An immense excitement was kept up in this way. The most famous was the Breton, later the Jacobin club. Lafayette's friends tried to form a milder, more respectable one, but it failed. There was far more trouble in the country than in Paris during the winter of 1789-90. However, all the outbreaks were reported in the city and to the Assembly, which went on making new laws and speeches all the time. People must have read nothing but news papers and pamphlets in those days, to judge by the hundreds that were sold; while in certain places the walls of the city were covered with them.\nWith huge placards, fresh every day. As the spring opened, Lafayette sometimes resumed his place in the Assembly. He took part in discussions relating to the terrible riots at Marseilles and to the conduct of the Duke of Orleans, the king's cousin, who was an exceedingly difficult person to manage.\n\nDoubts\n\nEarly in June, he brought forward a proposal that no person should ever command the National Guard of more than one department of France. This was agreed to and became a law, which proves Lafayette's forbearance, for he must have anticipated that in the course of a few weeks several commands would be offered to him. A project for the meeting of deputies from all the National Guards of the kingdom was much talked about, and the day selected for it was the fourteenth of July, the anniversary of the surrender of the Bastille.\nIn June, a decree was passed to abolish titles of all sorts, the use of liveries for servants, and some other distinctions common among the nobles. Lafayette strongly favored these changes, desiring to see republican simplicity take the place of ancient forms. One incident of this spring demonstrates his energy and popularity. A man who had stolen a bag of oats was beaten to death. Lafayette heard of the affair while in his carriage and instantly joined the crowd, inquiring who had killed him. A man was pointed out by the guards, and Lafayette seized him by the collar and dragged him to prison, reprimanding the people for their offense. Upon leaving the prison, he ordered the guards to move off and once again, standing alone, rebuked them.\nHe told them they were the dupes of artful men who endeavored to stir them up, and who hoped by such tumults to bring disgrace on true liberty, and to drive the king and the Assembly from Paris; but I was resolved to maintain order. While he was speaking, the thief, who had appeared to be dead, came to life, and the people on the edge of the crowd were beginning to hang him, when Lafayette and the Guards rescued him. He then for the third time addressed the people and ordered them to disperse, which they did with shouts of \"Vive Lafayette!\" The 14th of July, 1790, is known under various names, as the celebration of the anniversary of the destruction of the Bastille, the Feast of Pikes, and the Federation of the National Guard. Guards came to Paris from twenty-three departments of France, to swear fidelity to \"the Nation, the Laws, and the King.\"\nThe King took an oath to maintain the Constitution and protect the lives and property of all. The oath was taken on what was called \"the Altar of our Country,\" located in the center of an enclosure surrounded by a grassy bank, which could seat three hundred thousand spectators. The raising of this bank in the Champ de Mars had been one of the extraordinary sights of the time. It was discovered that the hired laborers would not finish it in time, and all sorts of people had joined in the work: deputies, lawyers, courtiers, priests, mechanics, idlers, ladies, had all filled and wheeled their barrow full of earth to prepare for the great festival. All was ready for the 14th, and the grand arch of entrance, the altar, and the royal tent were decorated with the taste for which Parisians are always renowned.\nThe people poured out of the city at an early hour, and the grassy banks were soon turned into a circle of gay colors. But the day was showery, and the bright dresses were often hidden by umbrellas. Through the high gate came rank after rank of National Guards, soldiers, sailors, the mayor and magistrates of Paris, the king and queen, and the National Assembly. The people cheered their favorite deputies, but Lafayette was now their idol. The king had entrusted to him the giving of all orders within the enclosure, and he was for that day the most powerful man in all France \u2013 Major general of the whole National Guard, which perhaps included three million men. He had arranged a system of signals and exercises within the enclosure.\n\nLafayette\n(A field in the southwest part of the city, used for military reviews.)\nThe first person to press the buttons, by which news was to be disseminated throughout the kingdom as quickly as possible, was he. He was the one who ascended the altar and took the oath. As soon as he had finished speaking, the entire body of Guards cried out, \"I swear!\" With approximately fourteen thousand present, the words must have been lost in the roar. The king and the president of the Assembly also took the oath, and cannon were fired. Throughout the day, there were shows and rejoicings, and at night, there were illuminations.\n\nOn the 16th of July, the representatives of the National Guard from various places, assembled in Paris, addressed Lafayette, expressing their regret that the law he had proposed made it impossible for them to unite under his command, as they would have gladly done.\nThe troubles of the nation were supposed to be over, and a time of ease and quiet was coming. The king seemed to have submitted to the people's will, and the National Guard might be thought sufficient protection against the mob. But Lafayette could not yet relax his watchful control of Paris - a small excitement still collected a crowd ready for all mischief, and he was always suspicious of the nobles' attempting to rouse the bad part of the population. Those who were still in France and those who had taken refuge in other countries all hated the revolution, and some of them were ready to do anything that would make it odious.\n\nFrom the country, too, still came reports of outbreaks; of crowds demanding bread and vengeance; of burning castles and fields uncultivated.\n\nEven at this time, Lafayette's whole attention was focused on Paris.\nLafayette was not devoted to his own country; he took a warm interest in the revolution in Belgium, and the liberal party there seemed to view him as almost their chief. The winter had passed without disturbance, though not without alarms, until the 28th of February. Lafayette received information that there was a chance of an outbreak at the old disused prison of Vincennes. He left a battalion near the palace of the Tuileries and set forth himself for Vincennes. He found a crowd just beginning to demolish the prison, and took the ring-leaders to jail, after having threatened to bring cannon against one of the gates of the city which was shut behind him. As he rode home, several shots were fired at him and his officers, and one man attempted to bring down his horse in order to get a closer aim, but a grenade exploded, saving them.\nAdier's bayonet saved him. However, the report spread that he was killed. In another part of Paris, a different scene was unfolding. An unusual number of gentlemen had been around the palace of the Tuileries all day, and some had invited the National Guard to drink with them. Towards evening, it was discovered that they were armed, and no one seemed to know exactly what they had come for. The king came out of his apartments to see them, and they loudly asserted that Lafayette had been killed. When poniards were shown, the king seemed disconcerted, and the officer in command of the National Guard stoutly refused to believe the death of Lafayette. He arrived in the midst of confusion, and seeing a great basket of weapons, immediately ordered the gentlemen to be put out of the palace. This was done, and quiet was restored.\nLafayette faced a vexing day within the Tuileries. He believed the tumult at Vincennes was instigated by revolution enemies, and the knights of the poniard would have convinced the king to leave with them if Lafayette had been killed. Lafayette couldn't spend so much time at the palace and frequently with the king without noticing a significant chance the king would follow the great lords and escape from France. The queen couldn't be satisfied with her current lifestyle; the palace was gloomy and sad. Her former friends and long-known courtiers had abandoned her. She didn't comprehend the new ideas of liberty for the people; she had never been taught to think of her subjects except to be obedient.\nShe was kind and polite to those around her, and she had not experienced pleasant lessons in freedom, seeing her palace surrounded by a mob ready to kill her and being insulted in the streets as she sometimes had been. She had the sense to see that the king's power would never be restored to him, that her son would not succeed to such a throne as her husband had, and in her melancholy moments, she was afraid for all their lives. Her brother was a powerful emperor. Was it strange, she thought, if she could but go to him, he would give the king and his old friends an army, and they should come back victorious over their enemies? Of course, she urged the king to go while yet he was able. Lafayette and other persons were always encouraging him, and he wavered, sometimes acting on one side, sometimes on the other.\nThere was no reason to suppose that she or the king expected this collection of people at the palace, but they probably wouldn't have come if they had believed the royal family were entirely content. After this, however, the king used, in speaking to Lafayette, such strong expressions of determination to abide by the constitution that Lafayette assured the public, on his life, that the royal family would remain in Paris.\n\nDuring the spring of 1791, discussions were going on in the National Assembly which interested Lafayette very much. One related to the position of the clergy; another to the condition of the negroes in the French colonies. In both cases, he was of course in favor of the greatest liberty that could exist at the same time with good order.\n\nIn April, he was for the first time disappointed with the conduct of the National Guards.\nThe king wished to spend a few days at Saint Cloud, a palace four miles and a half southwest of Paris. He intended to pass Easter week there, hear mass, and confess in his favorite church. As soon as this became known, various stories circulated. It was said that thousands of men with poniards hid in ambush in the woods and would immediately overpower the National Guard and seize the king.\n\nWhen the royal carriage approached the palace, the great bell of the nearest church began to ring, and in a moment the square was crowded with people. They poured in, crying \"The king shall not go! We will not let the king go!\" Lafayette appeared and addressed them, rode hither and thither in vain. When he gave his orders to the Guards, he was not at all satisfied with their readiness.\nThe king and queen took their places. The coachman cracked his whip, and the horses reared, but they could do no more, as many hands snatched at their bridles. The sovereigns sat for over an hour, waiting and hoping that the tumult would subside, while Lafayette tried his utmost. At last, he told the king that if His Majesty would order him to fire on the crowd, he would create a passage for the coach. But that was a thing Louis XVI would never do - allow Lafayette to shed a drop of his subjects' blood by his command. He said no, and with the queen, got out of the carriage and returned to the palace. Neither of them ever saw Saint Cloud again.\n\nAfter this, Lafayette proposed to the king to declare frankly to the Assembly that while he governed as a constitutional king, he must have for himself, as well as for every other citizen, the same civil and religious liberties that they enjoyed.\nThe person's right to worship God according to his conscience. The king was touched by Lafayette's earnestness but said he would take a day to decide. The matter ended there.\n\nLafayette, weary of the nobles' plots and the mob's tumults, and offended by the Guards' lack of discipline, resigned his command. He was, however, induced by many requests from the Guards themselves and from other excellent persons to resume his public labors.\n\nA lamentable flight\n\nThe next important event was the night of June 20th, the king and his family escaped from the Tuileries. This was not discovered until five or six o'clock in the morning of the next day. As soon as Lafayette heard of it, he went immediately to the palace but could get little information.\nattendants there and proceeded to the Hotel de Ville. On his way, he met crowds of people who were furious with him for allowing the king to escape. He was perfectly calm, and seeing his tranquility, they were a little quieted. He talked with them until the Assembly, hearing of his danger, sent for him. The deputies asked him to provide an escort, that they might all return together. He answered, \"I will provide one out of respect for those who have been sent to me, but for myself, I should go apart, having never been safer, for the streets are full of people.\" Arrived at the Assembly, he said but few words to the members. He found them quite ready to give the necessary orders. His aide-de-camp was sent off in pursuit of the king. There was much excitement in the streets.\nThroughout Paris, the clubs were filled with furious speeches against Lafayette. The next day, the National Guard asked permission to repeat their oath of loyalty before the Assembly. Lafayette presented them as tried and faithful soldiers and citizens. It was soon known that the king had been stopped at Varennes. On June 25th, the royal family re-entered Paris, more like captives than rulers. Their flight had been poorly managed. They should have separated and gone quietly, but instead, they traveled in one large group: the king and queen, their two children, Princess Elizabeth (the king's sister), and the children's governess. The king had left a proclamation, which was brought to the Assembly by M. de la Porte. He was asked how it came into his possession and answered, \"With a note.\" \"Where is this note?\" they asked.\nA member asked, \"Is it a confidential note? No, no,\" was called out from all sides. \"It is a confidential note. We have no right to see it.\"\n\nOn the 20th of June, the king and his family escaped from the Tuileries.\n\nAge 33: A Lamentable Flight (153)\n\nInstead of that, they had a showy carriage that moved slowly and attracted attention. The king had walked up hills to enjoy the sunshine! They were not punctual at the place where they expected to meet soldiers, and the gentlemen who conducted the business, though devoted royalists, do not seem to have made good couriers. Common travelers went faster every day. Something of the queen's suffering when they were stopped may be known from the fact that her beautiful hair turned white in one night.\n\nLafayette exerted himself to keep the streets quiet as the king passed through them, and was successful. There were many others.\nThe discontented crowd collected around the palace, attempting to seize two Body-Guards who had ridden outside the coach of the royal party, disguised as couriers. The queen cried out, \"Monsieur de Lafayette, save the Body-Guards!\" He secured a safe entrance for them all.\n\nIt was his next duty, and a painful one, to inform the king and queen of the Assembly's decree that there should be a separate special guard for each of them and the Dauphin, and that all persons concerned in the flight should be immediately examined. The king was informed that the acts of the Assembly would become laws without his consent being sought. The king heard all this calmly and then said to Lafayette: \"I\"\nI thought I was among men of your opinion, but it is not the opinion of France. I have seen clearly on this journey that I was mistaken, and it is the common idea. The queen showed more annoyance, but after a long conversation with Lafayette, she was heard to say that she was satisfied with him. He assured them he would try to make them content; but his office became far more oppressive to him than it had ever been. He was obliged to put more soldiers about the Tuileries, so that the royal family felt painfully that they were watched, although a large number of their friends, well-known enemies of the revolution, were still admitted to visit them. Lafayette chose to interpret the Assembly's decrees in the mildest manner.\nThough he knew that some members were not satisfied with his conduct. After this attempt at escape, there were serious discussions in the Assembly concerning continuing the monarchy in France and if Louis Sixteenth should be allowed to reign. Some persons proposed putting the little Dauphin on the throne and having a regency, but the matter was finally settled as Lafayette and his friends desired. They were already disturbed at the violence of some deputies and of the clubs, and desired to give the new constitution as fair a chance as possible under the present sovereign, without any more upheavals.\n\nHowever, these events and discussions could not pass by without exciting some tumult in such a city as Paris.\n\nThe 14th of July was celebrated cheerfully; but on the 17th, a dangerous crowd collected.\nThey gathered around the altar of the Champ de Mars. They feigned peaceful intentions, only wishing to sign a petition and then disperse. However, they lingered for many hours until it became necessary for the mayor and Lafayette, accompanied by a strong body of the National Guard, to march against them. With some difficulty and some loss of life, the rioters were put down. However, they had formed wild schemes of attacking the Assembly, and Parisians felt much relieved when the unrest ended within the Champ de Mars, rather than spreading through the streets as feared. The mayor and Lafayette were both troubled by the character of this outbreak. Barricades had been erected, and the National Guard were fired upon more freely.\n\n* A regency consists of one or more persons who govern while a king is a child or insane, unfit to rule for any reason.\n\nLafayette\nThe beginning of the day was bloody, as two old men hidden beneath the altar were killed by the crowd. The summer was much occupied with the revision of the constitution. Lafayette took an active part in the last debates of the National Assembly. The constitution was accepted by the king in September, and in the same month, the Assembly broke up. It had done great work for France. It had destroyed many old abuses, given greater freedom to the common people than ever before, secured religious liberty, and formed a new system of government. Some persons doubted if it had left the king sufficient power to be anything more than a name and a show. But Lafayette's chief fear was from the violence of certain public men.\nOf fences, anything the crowd can lay hands upon. When well made, it is exceedingly hard to climb over them or to shoot people behind them.\n\nExamining \u2014 looking over to see what errors there are.\n\nAge 34: A Lamentable Flight 157\n\nwho seemed discontented with the necessary restraints of order and law, and who probably did not understand the force of their own expressions or their effect on other people.\n\nSuch men had shown, in the discussions relating to a republic, utter indifference to the condition and welfare of the king. From this time forth, Lafayette endeavored to combine with his love for the people sincere efforts to save the king\u2019s power.\n\nOn the 12th of September, 1791, the day the king accepted the constitution, Lafayette proposed that all trials for acts connected with the Revolution should cease. This was adopted by acclamation by the Assembly.\nand set free all who were concerned in the king\u2019s flight to Varennes, as well as some of the rioters of the Champ de Mars.\n\nEarly in October, Lafayette took a most affectionate leave of the National Guard of Paris. He had always intended to resign his command when the constitution should be made; and when that Assembly which he had been the first to demand broke up, he felt that a very solemn and interesting period of his own life and his country\u2019s history was past.\n\nHis journey from Paris to his home at Chavaniac, in Auvergne, was one continued triumph. The city of Paris voted him a medal and a marble statue of Washington. The National Guard of Paris sent him, after his retirement, a sword cast from one of the bolts of the Bastille.\n\nFor a few months he lived very happily in the country, enjoying the great changes.\nHe found the peasants in a state of unrest around him. The priests, however, remained strongly opposed to the Revolution. In a letter, he wrote, \"The peasants, freed from their bonds and paying half less than before, hardly dare to rejoice in their freedom, for fear of losing their souls.\" Lafayette was always liberal towards all beliefs and worship, but he desired that the clergy should not be opposed to the well-being of their flocks on earth.\n\nShortly after his retirement, some of his friends attempted to elect him Mayor of Paris; but a more violent man was successful against him. He did not have a long respite in public life, for in December, the king's ministers announced that three armies were to be sent to the borders of France and Belgium. Lafayette was to command one of them.\nThe king in council hesitated about appointing him. M. de Narbonne answered, \"If Your Majesty does not appoint him today, the national wish will force you to tomorrow.\" Lafayette came up to Paris; was politely received by the king and cordially welcomed by the Legislative Assembly, which had succeeded the National or Constituent Assembly. Composed of new men, Lafayette's friends now held the place which had been occupied by the court party \u2013 they were now the people opposed to changes and new things, and wishing to stand by the government as it was. Lafayette expressed his respect for the Assembly and determination to support the constitution. The President told him publicly that the nation with confidence opposed it.\nThe enemies targeted \"the Constitution and Lafayette.\" The National Guard lined the streets as their former chief departed from Paris to assume his new command. War with Austria was anticipated and preparations were underway; however, the campaign did not immediately commence. Several causes of contention existed between Austria and France, primarily instigated by emigrant nobles, who in their hatred of the new regime overlooked the horrors of a foreign army entering their own country. The king and queen wavered. He appeared to wish for the success of the constitution and to be prepared to make great sacrifices for his people's happiness; however, he could not wholeheartedly accept this new order of things and was constantly disappointing the friends of the constitution.\nThe queen was more determined. She corresponded with her own family and the emigrams; she would have been grateful to have escaped long before their unfortunate attempt. Being a foreigner and hated, she had none of the sympathy with the French nation that Louis XVI often expressed. And yet she objected to some of the conditions of being restored by the emigrams, and she had at different times a great deal of intercourse with more violent republicans than Lafayette. She seemed to fancy herself safer if she could have a secret friend in that party of the Assembly which seemed to be her bitterest enemies, and she spared no pains to secure one. It is said that she used bribes of money freely.\n\nParty spirit ran terribly high in the Assembly at this time. Violent language was used.\nHeard on all sides, and the Jacobin club, especially Age 34, a Lamentable Flight 161, seemed almost as powerful in Paris as the Assembly itself. It was an immense association, for it had a society connected with it in every town in the kingdom. And from being the name of a club, it became the title of the most violent and bloodthirsty political party ever known in France, or it might be said in the civilized world. The ministers quarreled with each other, so that there was no peace or order anywhere.\n\nWhen Lafayette arrived at Metz, his headquarters, he devoted himself to improving the condition of his army. It had been expected that, being a republican and in favor of equality, he would be more indulgent than the former generals; but it did not prove so -- his desire was to make the army efficient.\nHe enforced strict discipline, believing that every form of luxury and idleness signified aristocracy. The republican officer or soldier would be severe in discipline and simple in habits. He was particularly keen on introducing horse-artillery, which he had seen in Prussia and has since become famous.\n\nDue to the various disagreements mentioned earlier, Lafayette, Luckner, and Rochambeau were summoned to Paris and detained there for some time. It was ultimately decided that Lafayette would enter Belgium, and the minister of war agreed not to alter the positions of the three armies without giving all three generals sufficient time to adjust their plans.\n\nWar was formally declared in April.\nwhile the generals were engaged in the preparations necessary for entering the Low Countries, they were startled by a new plan sent to them from Paris. According to this, Lafayette was to move with his whole army from Metz to Givet, near Charlemont, fifty-six leagues in five days. The weather was excessively hot, and the troops suffered much from their rapid march. The officers had hard work to collect the great number of horses necessary to transport the heavy cannon and the baggage of a large army. But it was done, and Lafayette's enemies in the Assembly, who had hoped that a failure would destroy his popularity, were for the present disappointed. He was becoming unpopular now with the violent party, on account of his military successes.\ndevotion to the king, just as in 1787 he had been looked upon with horror by the royalists for his love of liberty. The other parts of the new plan failed, but even this slight beginning of active operations showed that the army could not be trusted. Some officers deserted in the night, others threw the troops into confusion on the field of battle. After these proceedings, Count Rochambeau insisted on resigning. Marshal Luckner and Lafayette therefore remained in command. During an attack on Flanders by sea, Lafayette agreed to occupy an intrenched camp at Maubeuge, with 18,000 men. A French league is about two and a half English miles.\n\nLafayette\n\nA few days after he removed thither, some little skirmishing engagements with the enemy took place, in which Lafayette\u2019s young troops showed their excellent discipline.\nBut his great interest at camp seemed to be the state of Paris and the Assembly, or rather the Jacobinism spreading over the whole country. Complaints were brought to him from every quarter of the constantly increasing power and violence of this party. He felt their influence keenly in the difficulties that were every day thrown in his way in relation to providing for the army.\n\nAfter much thought on the subject, he decided on writing a letter to the Assembly, in which he spoke of the Jacobin faction by name as the enemies and destroyers of real liberty. He dwelt on the dangers of France, at this moment threatened by enemies without, and agitated within, and he exhorted the Deputies to be at once constitutional and just. He appealed to the services of his own past.\nlife, as proof of his sincere devotion to the people, praised the patriotism and courage of his army and urged loyalty to the king and constitution, and the putting down of clubs. He also explained the difficulties he had had with the ministers, which must have raised up for him many open enemies where before he had secret ones. It cannot be said to have produced much effect on the Assembly. Seventy-five departments of France announced their agreement with its principles, but the moderate men had hardly been strengthened by it when the horrors of the 20th of June filled all minds with consternation.\n\nOn this day, an attack was made by the mob on the palace of the Tuileries. For several hours, a great multitude marched through the apartments. They insulted the king and queen, but did not kill them, and at last retreated, leaving the palace in ruins.\nLast withdrew in obedience to Mayor Petion. Both he and the Assembly behaved poorly; they would not believe that the king was in danger or take any measures for his defense. The crowd were armed with axes, pikes, knives, or anything they could lay hands on; they also carried on high poles various inscriptions, such as \"Death to tyrants!\" and symbols, such as a little guillotine. The king and queen had been separated. A few attendants and some grenadiers were able to collect around the king. They drew him back into a recessed window and put a table before him. In this way, he stood for hours watching his people as they passed through the room. Men and women, alike coarse and rough, spoke to him from time to time, compelled him to wear the red cap, called the cap of liberty, or claimed it as a symbol of their freedom.\nThe king refused to give his consent to certain public measures. \"This is not the time nor the manner to ask me,\" he said firmly. King Louis XVI lacked the ability to be popular and could not win the nation over through brilliant acts in politics or war. However, he had courage and could endure.\n\nOn this day, a soldier standing near him spoke of the alarm he must be in. \"No,\" said the king, \"I am not in terror; I have meant well; I have no fear. Give me your hand.\" The king put the soldier's hand upon his heart. \"Does it beat as if I were afraid?\" It seemed that he had expected this outbreak and was quite prepared to lose his life in it. For several days, his thoughts had been turned to heaven rather than earth.\n\nThe queen was in agony at being separated from him, and only the entreaties of her attendants, who assured her of the king's safety, kept her calm.\nShe kept her in her private apartments due to the danger her appearance would cause. Trouble was obliged to hurry from room to room as the crowd broke down doors. The court ladies and gentlemen with her were unable to resist the furious armed mob. She was not called for until some grenadiers had been brought into the palace, who were stationed on each side of her. A large council-table formed a sort of barricade between her and the never-ending multitude who swept through the rooms she might once have called hers. Protected by the faithful troops, she listened for hours to the horrid cries of the rabble. however distressed at heart, it is said that her face never showed disturbance. Her manner was gentle and courteous to all who spoke to her. She was obliged to bear the ignominy of putting the red cap on her own head.\nThe princess Elizabeth behaved nobly on this day. Early in the affair, she tried to join her brother, but the crowd compelled her likewise to move into a recessed window. Mistaking her for the queen, they abused her in the most shocking manner. Those about her were just on the point of exclaiming that she was not the queen, when the princess said, \"No, no, don't tell them my name; let them take me for the queen.\" No doubt she was ready to be killed herself in order to save her sister's life.\n\nThis outbreak was prepared by the Jacobins, who made no secret of their intention to excite it.\n\nLafayette understood this the moment he received the news. His grief and horror were great, for he was shocked on every point.\nA mob appearing armed before the Assembly was an insult to the liberty he cherished. Their daring entry into the palace demonstrated the weakness of the National Guard. The Assembly's failure to protect the prince, who was the head of the nation in name, showed a lack of agreement between the two chief powers of the constitution. He resolved, albeit hopelessly, to go to Paris, address the Assembly, and see what could be done; if he could yet collect around him a band of true patriots strong enough to oppose the Jacobins. He reached Paris on the 28th and immediately told the Assembly that he had come to declare himself the author of the letter of the 16th of June, which some had called a forgery; to express the surprise and regret of the army at the events.\nLafayette spoke to the Assembly on the 20th, urging them to punish those who had instigated the outbreak and uphold constitutional powers. His words had little impact; it was clear that the Assembly would not oppose the Jacobins. He visited the royal family, who received him politely but shared no plans. He attempted to rally the National Guard and address them, but only a few came to the appointed place, and a planned review was canceled by the mayor. Despite being disappointed but not surprised by the turn of events in Paris, Lafayette returned to camp. His popularity had waned, but he remained devoted to the king.\nThe Assembly opposed him. It was difficult for him to have his bright hopes of liberty dashed just as they seemed to be fulfilled. He saw that the power of the Princess Elizabeth was as much a tyranny as that of any king or emperor. The queen said, \"It would be better to perish than to be saved by Lafayette and the Constitutionals.\"\n\nLafayette\n\nThe Jacobin club was just as much a tyranny as that of any king or emperor. He was convinced, by the way he was treated as he passed through the country, that the greater part of the nation sympathized with him, not with the Jacobins.\n\nAt camp Lafayette, he was again troubled by obstacles thrown in his way on purpose. No interesting military movements occupied his attention.\nHe received orders from Paris to change his department - the region he had to defend - in case of fighting. And was then abused at the clubs for doing so. In marching the necessary distance, Lafayette's army passed near Compiegne, a royal seat. The idea occurred to him that the king, attended by him, might go to the Assembly and announce his intention of spending a few days at Compiegne. Once arrived there and surrounded by certain faithful soldiers whom Lafayette would answer for, he should send out a proclamation bidding the emigrants to advance into France, declaring himself decidedly for the constitution, and ready to lead the army against the Austrians and Prussians. Such a declaration would have strengthened the Constitutionalists, would have given the king a party he could lead, and troubled the enemy.\nDepend upon and would have silenced the Jacobins, who always declared that the royal family urged the coming of a foreign army. But Louis XVI and his advisers could not consent to any measure so contrary to their old habits and inclinations. Lafayette was thanked and refused.\n\nFresh difficulties were created between Generals Luckner and Lafayette during a visit of the former to Paris. It was said in the Assembly that Lafayette had proposed to him to march on Paris. Their letters were read, and fully proved that the only proposals which had passed between them were for attacks on the enemy. But the matter went so far that Lafayette's enemies ventured to propose an accusation. This, however, was voted down.\n\nThe 10th of August, 1792, was memorable for a still more alarming attack on the Tuileries. Twenty thousand armed men, following:\n\nTwenty thousand armed men, following the king, attacked the Tuileries. The royal family was in great danger, and the National Guard, under the command of D'Antraigues, was called upon to defend them. The king's troops were driven back, and the mob was repulsed with great loss. The Tuileries were saved, but the danger was not yet over. The mob renewed its attacks, and the National Guard was again called upon to defend the palace. The king and his family were safely conducted to the Temple, and the mob was finally dispersed. The events of this day marked the beginning of the end of the monarchy.\nThe mob and brigands approached the palace, which was too large to be defended except by regular soldiers, well commanded. The king had about nine hundred Swiss, a few National Guard, and some others.\n\nThe queen is reported to have said, alluding to October 6, 1789, \"It would be too much to owe our lives to him twice!\"\n\nLafayette, brave gentlemen, had come rather to die with him than to save him. The artillery-men refused to obey orders.\n\nDefense was so hopeless that the royal family were persuaded to go over to the Assembly. This step probably saved their lives, but the faithful Swiss whom they left behind were terribly massacred. Either the king forgot to give the order he intended for them to fire, or it was not delivered by the person to whom he gave it.\nThey could not determine on which side the firing began, but they could do nothing against such numbers. The king and queen were distressed when they heard the noise of arms. A brave gentleman offered to carry another order back to the palace. He did so, and a few were saved. The Swiss officers and all the attendants of the royal family had terrible risks to run, and it seems almost a miracle that any of them could escape with their lives.\n\nThough the king and queen were not killed on this horrible day, they were ever after prisoners. Both were executed by order of the National Convention, which took the place of the Assembly.\n\nLafayette first heard the account of this terrible 10th of August from one of the National Guard who escaped from the massacre, and from an officer who had been at the Tuileries. Finding that all was violence and turmoil.\nAt Paris, Lafayette announced that the king was a prisoner and the Assembly no longer free. He placed his army and himself under the orders of the magistrates of Ardennes, the department where he was located, as they were the only authorities chosen by the people for him to obey. Lafayette informed the army of his actions and was pleased to discover that both officers and soldiers remained patriotic. Some neighboring departments joined Ardennes in its resolutions, and Lafayette did not despair of others following suit. He refused obedience to orders sent from Paris. Immediately after the 10th of August, the enemy, commanded by the Duke of Brunswick, entered France but not in Lafayette's vicinity. The Duke had to guard the frontier and was not concerned with any other matters.\nThe Assembly continued to pass decrees contrary to Lafayette's principles of liberty and sent numerous commissioners to his camp to try and shake the fidelity of his soldiers. No towns or magistrates showed themselves on his side. He found that by persisting in his resistance, he was exposing his troops to two dangers \u2013 one from the enemy, the other from their own countrymen. On the 19th of August, he sorrowfully decided that he was no longer of use, was exposing himself and his friends to danger, and must seek shelter in some neutral country for the present.\n\nIt was not easy to find a neutral country which he could reach, and he decided to pass through Holland on the way to England. If he could hope to return to France soon, he would remain in England, where he desired to be.\n\nA country taking no part in a war.\nHis family joined him, but if his own country was not free, he resolved to make his home in the United States. After writing this to his wife, he added, \"I make no apology to you or my children for ruining my family; no one among you would wish to owe fortune to conduct contrary to my conscience.\"\n\nAfter taking every possible precaution for the safety of his army, Lafayette set out on the 19th of August, as if he were merely reconnoitering, with his usual escort and some officers who had served with him in the National Guard of Paris. Two of his friends, Messieurs Latour-Maubourg and Bureaux de Pusy, also accompanied him. A third, M. Alexandre Lameth, met them on the road. He had intended to go to Lafayette's camp, but, hearing of his journey, determined to accompany him. When they reached Bouillon.\nOn the borders of France, Lafayette sent back his escort, and all the officers dismissed their orderlies because they would not deprive their country of even one defender. The little party of twenty-three exiles had only reached Rochefort, seven leagues from Bouillon, when they were stopped by finding Austrian soldiers there. They had kept clear of the enemy's camp, but this was a sort of outpost which they had not been quite sure of. They applied to the commandant for permission to proceed the next day, representing that they no longer held rank in the French army and therefore were not to be treated as military officers, but as private gentlemen. The commandant agreed very readily, but insisted that they should provide themselves with a passport from General Moitelle, commander.\nA soldier of low rank, waiting upon a superior, required a permission from the government to go from one country to another in times of war. This general, upon seeing the letter announcing Lafayette's arrival, instead of mentioning passports, dispatched an order for the immediate forwarding of the prisoners to Namur. Exile was filled with joy and cried out, \"Lafayette! Lafayette! Run instantly to tell the Duke of Bourbon! Lafayette! Take post to carry this news to his Royal Highness at Brussels!\" Instead of passports, an order was issued for their release. Those who had not served in the National Guard were freed; the others were divided at Nivelle.\nDeputies were sent to Antwerp, where they had to spend two months. Four Deputies, Lafayette, Latour-Maupas, Bureaux de Pusy, and Lameth, were sent to Luxembourg. They were separated and, after a week's delay, escorted by a Prussian guard to Wezel. They spent three months in prison, parted from each other, deprived of all news and means of writing. They were never allowed to go out; the double doors of the prison were bolted and padlocked. Such a mode of life was enough to ruin anyone's health. Lafayette became very ill, and when Maubourg was mentioned.\n\nWhile they were at Nivelle, an order came to take away from Lafayette the treasure he was supposed to have brought from the camp! He observed, coldly, \"doubtless the princes would agree that in his place they would have done the same.\"\n\nLafayette fell ill and, when mentioned was Maubourg.\nLafayette asked to see him when he should be near death, but was told, \"That could not be.\" Lafayette recovered, and the king of Prussia had the baseness to invite him, in order to improve his condition, to give some advice or information against France. The king of Prussia is exceedingly impertinent, said Lafayette, when this paper was read to him.\n\nSpending days in this utter solitude and idleness, how varied and how anxious Lafayette's thoughts must have been! Recollections of home, of the United States and the free, happy life he led there, must have blended with the ideas of 1789, his bright hopes from the doings of the National Assembly, then the scenes in Paris and at Versailles, the women in insurrection, the queen's courage, the visits at the Tuileries, the difficulty of convincing the king, the devotion of the people.\nThe National Guard, the suppressed outbreaks, the citizens' gratitude, the courtiers' obstinacy - all the events of the last four years made vivid pictures in his mind as he paced in his solitary cell. The shouts of the mob, Deputies' speeches, and the queen's clear tones all echoed in his ears. But the overwhelming feeling was anxiety: for his family and friends, whose unpopularity might have affected them; for the king, a prisoner; and for his unhappy country, besieged from without and ruled by the Jacobins within. The acts of those few days after the 10th of August had shown him that a terrible time was coming, but neither he nor anyone else could imagine how terrible.\nFrom Wezel, they were removed to Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Lafayette managed to write again from there. He dared not send letters to his wife in France because his handwriting might be recognized, and then the letter would surely be stopped. Instead, he addressed them to a friend in London, hoping that his family had made their escape to England. He gives the following account of his situation:\n\nImagine an opening made under the rampart of the citadel and surrounded with a strong, high palisade. Through this, after opening four doors, each armed with chains, bars, and padlocks, they come to my cell, three paces wide, five and a half long. The wall is mouldy on the side towards the interior.\n\n* A strong outer wall.\n* The center of a fortress.\n* A fence made of posts set into the ground.\n\nLafayette\nThe ditch, and the front one admits light, but not sunshine, through a little grated window. Add to this two sentinels, whose eyes penetrate into this lower region, but who are kept outside the palisade, lest they should speak to watchers not belonging to the guard, and all the walls, ramparts, ditches, guards, within and without the citadel of Magdeburg. The noisy opening of the four doors is repeated every morning to admit my servant; at dinner, that I may eat in presence of the commandant of the citadel and of the guard; and at night, to take my servant to his prison. After having shut upon me all the doors, the commandant carries off the keys to the room where, since our arrival, the king has ordered him to sleep.\nI have books with removed white leaves, but no news or newspapers, no communications. Neither pen, ink, paper, nor pencil. It's a wonder I possess this sheet, and I'm writing with a toothpick. My health fails daily. The account I have given you may serve for my companions, whose treatment is the same.\n\nExile\n\nDespite every government precaution, news reached the prisoners through jailers or soldiers. They heard of the French army's success against the enemy, of the king's execution, and of the shocking murders under the name of law of many of their friends and innocent persons. From their own families, they could hear nothing. Their anxiety must have been cruel, but Lafayette never seemed to have lost hope. He took excellent care of his health, and there is no complaint in any of his letters.\nHe had two comforts in his captivity: the devotion of his young secretary, Felix, and some money sent for him to Magdebourg by his American friends, allowing him to buy anything the officers would permit. In the spring of 1793, prisoners were allowed an hour of walking each day in a little garden in one fortification corner. Each one was taken out separately, and an officer was with him all the time. Lafayette also had the great happiness of receiving some letters from his family and friends; he was not permitted to keep them but read them once. His answers were always read by the officer in command, and he was obliged to write with the utmost praise, or else compelled to rewrite two or three times if he said anything displeasing to Prussian notions.\n\nLafayette\nIn October, he writes to his wife: \"You know that for an hour every day I am taken out of my hole to get a mouthful of fresh air. I have books, and though the unfortunate power of reading fast has become a trouble to me, I have found in English, French, and Latin the means of conversing with the dead, since I am shut off from the living. I can now even see the Leyden Gazette.\"\n\nHis friends were not idle during these long months of imprisonment. His former aides, now in London, and other friends were making efforts to induce the king of Prussia to set him free and forming plans for his escape; but both were matters of great difficulty, not to be thoughtlessly undertaken.\n\nIn January, 1794, he was much troubled by a new separation from his friends. He was sent to Neisse, on the borders of Silesia, and\nMaubourg to Glatz, not very far distant, while Lameth and Pusy remained at Magdebourg. It added greatly to his anxiety to be sent a hundred and fifty leagues farther from France. But immediately on arriving, he obtained leave to write to his friends and assured them that they need feel no additional anxiety on account of the change, as his treatment was almost exactly the same.\n\nIn March, he wrote to his friend Maubourg at Glatz: \"So your sister is established in the vaults of Glatz. I have not been favored in my dungeons with any apparition, but I imagine consoling angels must have faces like hers.\" Maubourg and Pusy rejoined him at Neisse, and for a little while they were allowed to see each other and Madame de Maison-Neuve.\n\nIn May, all three were transferred to Olmutz, in Austria, where they were again confined.\nEach prisoner was told, on entering his cell, that \"he would for the future see only his four walls, that he would never hear any news from any person, and even the jailers were forbidden to pronounce his name; that he would never know anything about the existence of his family or of his two companions, and that, as such conditions led them to think of killing themselves, knives, forks, and other articles were forbidden.\"\n\nMadame de Maison-Neuve.\n\nLafayette was deprived of some things the Prussians had left them, viz. their watches, knee and stock buckles, and some books in which the word liberty was found.\n\nLafayette became ill again, and the physician represented that air was necessary for him. Three times the answer was sent that\n\"He was not yet ill enough\" before he was allowed to walk. This permission encouraged two friends of his to attempt a rescue. These friends were Dr. Bollman, a physician from Hanover, who entered into the scheme from pure enthusiasm for Lafayette's character and had never seen him until he came to Olmutz to arrange plans. The other was a young American, Mr. Huger of South Carolina, son of the officer at whose house \"the Marquis\" landed in 1778.\n\nOn the 8th of November, Lafayette drove out in company with the jailer. He got rid of the soldiers of his escort by giving them a commission and some money, so that they went to drink at a neighboring wine-shop. Then he left the carriage, and while walking with the jailer, asked him to let him examine his sabre, and attempted to seize it. While they were struggling together, Bollman and Huger appeared.\nHuger, who had been waiting for this moment, came running up and showed a pistol. The jailer let go of his hold but immediately ran off for help. Lafayette's deliverers mounted him on one of the two horses they had brought, but he would not ride away until he had the other. Dr. Bollman had told him, \"Get to Hoff!\", but Lafayette, not knowing that there was such a town, understood him to mean \"Get off!\". He missed his way and, being uneasy as to the fate of his friends, turned back. But as he saw pursuers in the distance, he resumed his road. In the struggle with the jailer, he had gotten a severe strain and had the flesh torn off his finger, laying it open to the bone; he was covered with mud and blood, his dress was out of order \u2013 altogether, he was a strange figure to be met with as a traveler. Dr. Bollman\nA man had provided fresh horses on the road, which he himself took, but he was able to reach it only due to the generous devotion of Mr. Huger, who joined the first party of pursuers, hoping to gain time for the others. However, all was in vain; Lafayette was arrested at Sternberg, about eight leagues from Olmutz, and Dr. Bollman in Prussia, after he had crossed the Austrian frontier. Both Bollman and Huger were imprisoned and kept chained in their cells for six months. In addition to all his other troubles, Lafayette had the pain of dreading what those generous friends might suffer for his sake. The general informed him that they would be hung before his window. He became very ill again, but was left for nights without any help at all, and at first without a light.\nAt this time, Felix, the secretary, invented a very ingenious mode of communication by means of musical airs which he and the servant of M. Maubourg whistled to each other. They learned to tell each other and all the prisoners news by different sounds. Lafayette was rejoiced to hear that his wife and children were alive. He would not have known this, but his wife was mentioned under another name in a letter to M. Maubourg. Whenever her name was seen, the letter was kept back. The Austrian government seemed to have taken great pains to torture Lafayette on this point.\nFOR THIS REASON, Lafayette must have felt the most intense delight when in October 1795, he saw his wife and two daughters enter his cell. Madame de Lafayette's devotion had overcome all the obstacles that parted them, and in each other's company they felt strong to bear any trials that might lie before them.\n\nHaving procured a passport as an American lady, she left France for Hamburg and went thence to Vienna. There Prince Rosemburg, who had known her family, procured for her an interview with the Emperor of Austria. All she asked of him was permission to share her husband's imprisonment, which he very politely granted. He told her that Lafayette was very well treated, and that his family's presence would be one comfort more.\n\nShe was therefore much shocked at the strictness of his confinement and at his distress.\nShe shared fully in her husband's extreme thinness and paleness. Upon their arrival, the purses were immediately asked for, and three silver forks found among the luggage were eagerly seized. Unsatisfied with this system, Madame Lafayette asked to see the commandant, but this was impossible. She was told she could write to him instead. Receiving no answer, she wished to write to the Emperor, who had given her leave to do so; this was also objected to, and she was told her requests addressed to the commandant had been forwarded to Vienna. She had asked to be allowed to go to mass on Sundays with her daughters, to have a soldier's wife take care of their room, and to be waited on at table by Lafayette's servants. No answer ever came. A second appeal to the commandant yielded no response.\nThe Minister of War requested to see Maubourg and Pusy, but was refused. In February, her own health was so affected that she applied to the Emperor himself for permission to spend a few days at Vienna to consult a physician. After a delay of almost two months, she was informed that if she left the prison at all, she could never return. She instantly decided to remain at all risks.\n\nThis was their manner of living. The family took their daily meals together. After breakfast, the mother and daughters were locked up in their cell until noon, but between dinner and supper they remained in Lafayette's. At eight o'clock they were separated for the night.\n\nThe physician who visited them knew not.\n\n(At Olmutz)\n\nBreakfast, the mother and daughters were locked up in their cell until noon, but between dinner and supper they remained in Lafayette's. At eight o'clock they were separated for the night. The physician who visited them was uncertain.\nOne word of French. Lafayette translated it for the ladies into Latin, in the presence of an officer who understood it.\n\nThese ladies endured this life and more hardships than have ever been made known, cheerfully, as they saw that Lafayette was in better health and spirits since they were with him. The daughters occupied themselves with studies, work, and drawing, everything which their situation allowed, to vary the days, and fortunately they had good health.\n\nBut it is a great strain on the spirits of even the youngest and gayest people to lead such a life month after month.\n\nMadame Lafayette had many a melancholy story to tell of the events that had taken place in France. Immediately after her husband's departure, she had been imprisoned, but was soon released and allowed to live at Chavaniac, on her parole\u2014that is, her word.\nIn October 1793, she was imprisoned and taken to Paris during the Reign of Terror. Her grandmother, mother, and sister were all beheaded. The manner in which innocent people were taken before a judge was horrible. Few questions were asked, answers hardly listened to, and victims were hurried off to be killed. Any excuse was sufficient for arresting them. They might have been of high rank, friends of aristocrats, had money, or merely be supposed to have it. Nothing saved them; neither rank, beauty, talents, innocence, goodness, age, nor sex provided protection. \"Blood!\" was the cry of those in power in Paris.\nLafayette found that he had lost many dear friends and more acquaintances during this time. It was also a bitter grief to him to see that the Revolution had come to such an end. The hopes and labors of so many patriots seemed to be blotted out.\n\nDuring these melancholy months, Lafayette's friends were not idle. In England, speeches were made in the House of Commons, asking the Ministers to interfere. At Olm\u00fctz, President Washington wrote a letter to the Emperor of Austria on behalf of his friend. The success of the French army encouraged Lafayette's relations in France to hope that the generals might at last be in a position to demand the release of their countrymen.\n\nThis took place at last. The French government \u2013 a Directory, as it was called, of five men \u2013 granted the request.\npersons requested that Generals Bonaparte and Clark be released. It took five months of letter exchanging to convince the Austrian government to grant their freedom. Before they left Olmutz and during this arrangement, a nobleman was dispatched to visit Lafayette and his companions, demanding from them a promise never to enter Austria again. They drafted a response, denying the emperor's right to request such a promise. They had no intention of returning to Austrian ground, but would not commit to staying away if France's service required their presence. Nor would Lafayette bind himself to a promise to go to America, despite having formulated such a plan numerous times during his imprisonment.\n\nLafayette had written in one of his letters, \u201cThe Huron Indians\u2026\u201d\nIroquois forests are populated with my friends; Europe's despots and their courts are savages for me. On September 19, 1797, the prisoners of Olmutz were set free. The prisoners rejoiced at the sight of the sky, earth, and the road that led them out of Austria. In the first safe place, the families of Messieurs Maubourg and Pusy welcomed them. The journey was slow due to Madame Lafayette's health, which was severely injured from living in two prisons. They were ordered to go to Hamburg, but the prisoners did not yet feel free to return home. They did not share the same politics as those governing France and chose Denmark as a safe and nearby place.\n\nLafayette returned to a changed world. The King, Queen, and others were present.\nCourt, Assembly, and constitution were all gone. The places of the wise and good who had been killed in the Reign of Terror seemed empty still to him. A new constitution had been made, which satisfied him in some respects better than that of 1791. But the government was in the hands of five directors with whom he had no sympathy, and he found that even his manner of returning thanks for his release gave offense. He wrote to a friend who had cautioned him as to the free expression of his opinions, after speaking of being unfit to join any party: \"Thus I risk nothing in speaking as I think, because I would not and could not be employed, except according to my own ideas. The result is, that except on some very great occasion of serving the liberty of my country after my own fashion, my political life is over.\nended. To my friends, I shall be full of life, and to the public, a sort of picture in a museum or book in a library. And in a later letter, he says: \"Those who know my views and wishes must be convinced that the services I should wish to render to my country are of a nature to be combined with the mode of living which suits my position, my wife, all my family, and myself; that is, to say, with a quiet philosopher's establishment on a good farm, \u2014 far enough from the capital not to be interrupted in my solitude, and to see only intimate friends.\n\nLafayette established himself at a country-house near the little town of Ploen, in Holstein. Here he lived quietly with the family of his friend M. Maubourg. His brother-in-law, M. Charles Latour Maubourg, soon after married the eldest Mademoiselle Lafayette. He received and wrote many letters.\nHe occupied himself with plans for a book on the French Revolution, to be written by himself and his friends. Gardening was also an amusement, and he studied farming books with as much zeal as he had given in his youth to those on the art of war. Absence from his own country and Madame Lafayette\u2019s ill-health were the chief drawbacks to his happiness. But he could hardly believe that he was destined to be a mere looker-on while the French army was winning the most brilliant victories everywhere; and he was proud of its glory, for there could not be a more devoted Frenchman than Lafayette. His heart was open to all who were striving to be free in every country, but France was always dear. He sometimes thought of going to the United States, but could not resolve to make his home so far from his native land.\nIn 1799, Lafayette moved from Holstein to Vianen near Utrecht due to conflicts between the United States and the French government. He wrote to his wife during her absence:\n\n\"Yesterday and today, George and I have been arranging a farm for you. The choices are in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, near Federal City and Mount Vernon; or in the lovely fields of New England, reachable from Boston, as you know is my fancy. I cannot hide from myself, dear Adrienne, that I, who complain of hardships, am arranging a farm for you.\"\nThe serfs of Holstein would find negro slaves in the valley of the Shenandoah. In the Northern States, equality existed for all, but in the Southern States, it existed only for the whites. It is true that, with our ideas of Cayenne, she had gone to Paris to save some of her family's property taken from them during the Reign of Terror. George Washington Lafayette, his only son, nearly twenty years old, had spent two years in the United States, primarily under General Washington's care, while the rest of the family was at Olmutz.\n\nLafayette's plantation, where he had hoped to educate slaves, was at Cayenne. Despite his wife's efforts, they were sold, by order of his enemies, in August 1792. However, all slaves in French colonies were set free in 1794.\n\nLafayette\nI should prefer New England, yet I feel the reasons drawing us near Mount Vernon and the seat of government. But we only want the first dollar to buy our farm. Young Lafayette joined the French army in Holland this year. It was a singular state of things for the father to be unable to enter his native country while the son was fighting her battles! Lafayette agreed to take part in this campaign more readily because he hoped and believed a change in the French government was at hand. He sent letters and messages to Paris, but there seemed to be no opening for him. Another star was rising over the French nation, which dazzled their eyes with its brilliance; fame and glory in war were now desired, and the men and services of 1789 were forgotten.\nNapoleon, by his extraordinary military talents, had put himself in a position to govern France. In December, 1799, he caused a new constitution to be proclaimed, securing great power. His title was simply First Consul, but he might have been called King.\n\nAt Olm\u00fctz, Lafayette hastened to Paris upon hearing of this change. His friends were somewhat alarmed to see him there, and thought the First Consul was not at all pleased at his speedy arrival. He received a message from Bonaparte, through Madame Lafayette, recommending a very quiet life, which he had always intended to lead.\n\nThe family was soon established at Lagrange, an estate inherited by Madame Lafayette, about fourteen leagues from Paris. It was their home for the rest of Lafayette's life, and a very happy one. His children remained there after their marriages.\nDuring his son's frequent absence with the army, he had the pleasure of keeping with him his daughter-in-law and grandchildren. He particularly enjoyed seeing his friends about him after his long separation from them, and though his manner of living was simple, both Frenchmen and foreigners found a most cordial welcome at Lagrange. The estate was large enough for him to employ himself with experiments in farming, and to put in practice what he had learned and observed in Holstein and Holland.\n\nM. George Lafayette married a Mme de Tracy, daughter of an old friend of Lafayette, both politically and in private. The youngest Mme Lafayette married M. Louis Lasteyrie.\n\nFrance much changed.\n\nShortly after his return to France, Lafayette received the painful news of General Washington's death. It was an unexpected grief and a disappointment, for through all his efforts and support, Washington had become like a father to him.\nLafayette cherished the hope of future visits to the United States and Mount Vernon. He wrote immediately to the family, and their answers were accompanied by a pair of pistols, which the General had left him in his will.\n\nWashington's influence seems almost to have formed Lafayette's political character. The young Marquis had the greatest enthusiasm for liberty and wished to help all who would be free; but he learned from the Father of our Country that steady respect for law and desire to strengthen the foundations of government were necessary.\n\nFrance much changed. This distinguished Lafayette from both friends and enemies during the stormy scenes of the French Revolution. He could not convince his countrymen of the wisdom of his views; the Constitution of 1791, which he liked, was destroyed in less than a year.\nThe Jacobins; but we need not judge him harshly for having thought the French more fit for liberty than they really were. And considering how many enemies he had, it is wonderful that he kept his popularity as long as he did. Perhaps, if there had been no court to thwart him in everything, the nation might have been controlled under his constitution.\n\nIn the summer of 1800, Lafayette and Maubourg were presented to the First Consul, at the Tuileries.* He received them with great politeness, and they added to their expressions of gratitude many compliments on the Italian campaign, from which he had just returned.\n\nHe seemed to like talking with Lafayette, asked some questions about America, and often discussed with him the state of Europe. One day he said to him that \"you must have found the French much cooled on the subject of liberty.\"\nLafayette \"Where I had so often seen Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. I am of liberty.\" \"Yes,\" replied Lafayette. \"But they are in a state to receive it.\" \"They are disgusted,\" answered the First Consul. \"Your Parisians, for instance, the shopkeepers - O, they want no more of it!\" Lafayette repeated his former words and added, \"I did not use the expression lightly, General; I am not ignorant of the effect of the follies and crimes which have defiled the name of liberty; but the French are perhaps more than ever in a state to receive it. It is for you to give it; from you they await it.\" Several proposals were made to Lafayette at this time to be a Senator or to hold some office, but he declined. Bonaparte, nevertheless, had the kindness to procure leave for some of Lafayette's friends to return to France and regain their property.\nall friendly intercourse between them came to an end in 1802, when a decree was passed declaring Napoleon First Consul for life. Lafayette would have been very ready to vote for this appointment, if the liberty of the people had been secured first. But he was not willing to have such an office bestowed on any man, unless the government were a republic. Emigrants were forbidden to return, and their property was confiscated. At age 45, France was remarkably no longer free one. He felt so grateful to Bonaparte that he was very unwilling to offend him, but he could not desert the principles which had always governed his actions. He wrote to the First Consul, explaining his motives, but no answer was ever returned. His son felt the full force of Bonaparte\u2019s displeasure, for his promotion in the army was stopped, although two or three gallant actions to his credit had been performed.\nActs should have been rewarded. A fall on the ice, around the end of the year 1802, deprived Lafayette of his usual out-door pleasures for a long time. He broke the thigh-bone, and, to avoid lameness, went through a terrible process of having his leg stretched in a frame. It was kept on for forty days and nights, causing great suffering, which he bore so bravely that the surgeons never suspected the harm it was doing. When it was taken off, they were shocked to see the effects of such pressure on the muscles and blood-vessels about the thigh. The tendons of the foot were also injured, and many months passed before the wounds inflicted by the machine healed.\n\nOne of his German friends, Klopstock, the poet, said, soon after he came from Olmutz: \u201cGeneral Lafayette\u2019s character prevents him from understanding his countrymen. How can he?\u201d\nHe thought them capable of having free institutions? Lafayette was cured, but Lafayette was glad that he had tried that system because lameness would have interfered so much with his exercise. The accident happened in Paris, and during the weeks that he was shut up by it, he had the pleasure of receiving many kind visits and messages of inquiry from both old friends and new, generals and senators. People showed the differences in their political opinions by the manner in which they came to the house or sent their servants or inquired from others. The Americans in Paris did not fail in their attentions. In 1803, an arrangement was made between France and the United States by which Louisiana was bought by the republic. President Jefferson, with whom Lafayette kept up a regular correspondence, proposed this.\nTo him, offered to become the governor of the new territory, and suggested that he would be useful and happy in reconciling the French settlers to the American government. The land allotted to him, as a former major-general in the American army, was selected from the rich fields of Louisiana.\n\nBut the project did not seem to have tempted Lafayette. Much as he loved America, his native country was dearer still, and he could not give up the hope that he might yet serve the cause of liberty in France: if not in action, at least by his character and example.\n\nBonaparte's power seemed a perfect barrier to Lafayette's wishes. The army was devoted to him, and France parted cheerfully with immense sums of money, and with the young men, the hope of the nation, who fell by thousands on his battlefields. The victories were wonderful, and even Lafayette was impressed.\nIn 1804, I watched with enthusiasm the progress of the armies, although I entirely disapproved of the spirit of the government. In 1804, the First Consul was crowned Emperor, and all the kings in Europe courted his favor. But there was still one old republican whom all his power could not move from the fixed opinions of thirty years. The Emperor said to his Council one day, \"Gentlemen, I know your devotion to the power of the throne. Every one in France is corrected; I was thinking of the only man who is not, \u2014 Lafayette. He has never retreated from his line. You see him quiet, but I tell you he is quite ready to begin again.\"\n\nThe close of the year 1807 was marked by the greatest sorrow for Lafayette, the death of his wife. He wrote thus of her to his friend Maubourg: \"During the thirty-four years of an union in which her tenderness, constancy, and love for me never faltered, she departed from this life.\"\nHer kindness, the delicacy and generosity of her soul charmed, adorned, and honored my life. I was so accustomed to all she was to me that I did not distinguish it from my own existence. You know as well as I all she was, all she did during the Revolution. It is not for coming to Olmutz, as Charles Fox said, \u2018on the wings of love and duty,\u2019 that I praise her here; but for having waited to secure, as far as it lay with her, the well-being of my aunt and the rights of our creditors \u2013 for having had the courage to send George to America. What a generous imprudence it was to be almost the only woman in France compromised by her name who would not change it! Every one of her petitions began with these words, \u201cthe wife of Lafayette.\u201d But we have all seen this woman, so lofty and brave in great circumstances.\nHis grief for his wife's death was moderated by the recollection of her sufferings from ill-health, and by the love and sympathy of her husband. Most wives of emigrants went through a form of divorce from their husbands to save a portion of their property.\n\nFifty-seven years old, FRANCE MUCH CHANGED 209\n\nHe kept his wife's room sacred at Lagrange, and Lafayette spent a few minutes every morning of his life looking at her miniature. There was no part of his life, private or public, in which she had not sympathized with him. But in the bitterest days of political strife, she was never heard to utter a harsh word, although she had missed no opportunity of defending her husband.\n\nShe was a truly religious person, and her reverence, joined with great sweetness and devotion.\nkindness seemed to set her apart from earthly passions. She was almost worshipped at Lagrange, and left a bright example, which her daughters and her son's wife endeavored to follow in her home. Bonaparte's career after his coronation was still wonderfully successful. The first disappointment was his invasion of Russia, in 1812. The Russians defended their country obstinately, and the French army suffered terribly during its retreat from the cold, as well as the usual distresses of an unsuccessful army in an enemy's country. Prussia joined Russia and England against him, and the battles were doubtful, instead of being certain victories for the French. Napoleon and Lafayette tried to settle matters by agreement, but Napoleon's pride and confidence were not yet shaken. Austria joined the Allies, they entered France, and despite some successes, the French were ultimately defeated.\nParis was surrendered to the Allies in March 1814 as Napoleon's power and popularity waned. He had ruled kings and fed French ambition and love of glory, but his desire to rule over everyone had become an obsession. French blood had watered the plains of Europe, and the nation had nothing more to give. Reduced to ruling over the island of Elba, given to him by the Allies, Napoleon left Fontainebleau on April 20, 1814. The allied sovereigns - the Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia - decided to recall Louis XVIII to France and place him on the throne. The Dauphin, who had died in prison, was counted as Louis XVII.\nA country palace, near Paris.\n\nA new king of France. In spite of all the opposition he had met from this family, the feelings of his youth revived again in Lafayette's heart, and he was glad to see the king and his brother, the Count d'Artois, once more. The recall of Louis XVI's sorrows and death no doubt touched him; but the feeling of loyalty to the royal family is stronger in people who live under a king than we Americans can imagine.\n\nHe, however, did nothing but pay his respects once at the palace. The court was composed of people with whom it was impossible for him to have any connection. The princes soon proved that during their long absence they had \"learned nothing and forgotten nothing.\" Their whole desire was to restore France to its ancient condition. They were, however, obliged to agree to a charter.\n\nLafayette\nwhich secured certain conditions for the common people. They gave up, to the regret of the nation, a great many forts, guns, and other things gained in Napoleon\u2019s campaigns, and they seemed in many ways to have more feeling for the crowned heads who had assisted them than for the French people. They did nothing, either, for military glory; and the French, who had enjoyed the idea that their Emperor set kings upon half the thrones of Europe and had welcomed back the victor of many a campaign, found it dull to see, on public days, a gouty old gentleman who sat in an armchair at parade and had nothing to say to them but, \u201cI am pleased, very well pleased.\u201d\n\nNotwithstanding all these objections, however, Lafayette preferred this form of government to the Empire, and was sorry to hear of Bonaparte's escape from Elba.\nLanding at Cannes, in the south of France, on the 1st of March, 1815. He had been in Paris for a little time and found that the king was now only ready to make some efforts to please the people. Lafayette\u2019s friends hoped to gain something for the cause of liberty by taking the royal side; but he had seen too much of the obstinacy and slowness of that party, to have any hope of working with it.\n\nThe National Guard of Paris was ready to protect the Tuileries, and a great many people who had deserted Napoleon the year before now dreaded his return and were quite ready to fight for the king. Still, all was confusion and disagreement at Paris, while Bonaparte, joined everywhere by his old soldiers and welcomed by the country people, advanced to the capital without firing a shot.\n\nOn the 20th of March, the king and royal family left Paris.\nfamily left Paris and went to Ghent, traveling quietly by post through a sufficiently friendly country, had he only been willing to accept a new order of things. This was what Napoleon was trying hard to do. In every proclamation, he spoke of \"the people,\" of \"owing all to the people,\" and used as often as possible republican words, although his real feelings of despotism would occasionally peep out.\n\nUnder his government, of course, Lafayette could not hold any public station. After one of the king's ministers said, \"All is lost! There is no extremity, no endurance, to which the king would not submit,\" someone replied, \"What! Even Lafayette?\" The minister cried, \"Yes, Lafayette himself!\"\n\nLafayette spent three more days in Paris in order not to appear alarmed and returned to Lagrange and his happy home-life.\nIt was to be interrupted sooner than he supposed. The Allies immediately rose against Napoleon, who found he must in some way gratify the people, who were balancing the advantages of having him on the throne and another war to carry on against the Allies, or of having Louis Eighteenth, with all his defects, ruling over them once more.\n\nHis brother Joseph sent for Lafayette, who could only suggest his invariable remedy for all national difficulties, a National Assembly. To this the emperor gave a most unwilling consent, and Lafayette was elected a deputy.\n\nThe chamber of Representatives was opened by Bonaparte with great pomp, but though his words were satisfactory, his face had a constrained look, as if he were acting a part that was odious to his nature. He could not speak to National Deputies so cordially as poor Louis Sixteenth had done.\nDuring the reception of the emperor, he spoke to Lafayette in private and began by saying, \"It is twelve years since I had the pleasure of seeing you.\" \"Yes, sire,\" replied Lafayette, rather dryly, \"it is, fully that time.\" Later in the day, the emperor remarked, \"I find you grown young; country air has done you good.\" \"It has done me much good,\" answered Lafayette. He was fairly satisfied with the Assembly, finding more independence than he had expected among the members. War being declared, the emperor left Paris on the 12th of June, 1815, and the battle of Waterloo was fought on the 18th. It was a total defeat for the French. Napoleon came back to Paris ready to dissolve the Assembly and seize all authority for himself. Lafayette insisted that the Assembly remain in session.\nThe Emperor declared he would not be broken up and would protect the city. This was agreed upon, and his abdication was proposed after a great struggle to keep his power. He consented to resign the throne in favor of his son. The Assembly accepted his abdication but said nothing of his successor. Thirteen years had passed since 1802, when Bonaparte was appointed Consul for life. Lafayette tried to secure a safe passage for him to go to America. The Assembly appointed a committee to govern France from day to day. It was expected that Lafayette would be a member, but he was instead sent to meet the victorious generals and, if possible, prevent them from coming to Paris. They had declared that they waged war against Bonaparte.\nIt was impossible for Lafayette to act alone and not in favor of the royal family. He could not induce them to agree to any terms of peace until they were near Paris, and they insisted on having Napoleon in their safe keeping. When Lord Stewart first said to Lafayette, \"I must inform you, sir, that there can be no peace with the allied powers unless you deliver up Bonaparte to us\"; he replied, \"I am surprised that, to propose such a base act to the French nation, you address yourself by choice to a prisoner of Olmutz.\" There was nothing to be done but to return to Paris, and Lafayette was sorry to find the French army in too broken a condition to surprise the Prussian force on its way to the capital. There was one favorable moment for such an attempt, and military ardor awoke again in Lafayette's mind at the sight of the enemy marching upon Paris.\nNapoleon entered the city and gave himself up to the captain of an English ship of war. He was banished to Saint Helena. The Assembly was dissolved on the 18th of July. Lafayette was free to return to Lagrange.\n\nLouis Eighteenth was replaced on the throne of France, and the nation had to endure the mortification of giving up some forts and dismantling others. It was a bitter thing for the French to see other nations triumphing over them, but rest was needed after all their efforts. Whatever troubles disturbed France or however great Lafayette's disappointment in the form of government, Lagrange was always to him a haven of peace, contentment, and happiness. He lived on.\nthe best terms with his poor neighbors, who thought of him as the country gentleman interested in his farm, not as the \u201chero of two worlds,\u201d the soldier and public man. Here he received his guests with the greatest cordiality, and enjoyed the liveliness and affection of his grandchildren, who were educated chiefly by their mothers and were constantly to be seen in the drawing-room with their grandfather. Many distinguished persons, artists, literary men, and all foreigners who were liberal in politics came to see him at Lagrange, so that his quiet life was never a dull one. An English lady, who spent several days in his house in 1818, describes the pleasant conversations in which Lafayette was sometimes led to speak of the scenes and people he had seen in past years, his cordial, cheerful manner.\nCharming days, more charming evenings flow on in a perpetual stream of enjoyment here. In the mornings, Madame George Lafayette, the Countess Lasteyrie, and the Countess Maubourg were busy with the children and did not appear. The visitors amused themselves or were with the General, unless his occupations prevented. Then came a walk or drive, sometimes a long excursion. After dinner, at four o'clock, conversation; in the evening, music, or talking.\n\nShe speaks thus of the grandchildren's education: Before breakfast, I find all the young people at their easels, painting from models, in the ante-room; then they go to their music (there are three pianos); then they all turn out into the beautiful park for two hours, and then resume their studies for two hours more. But I never saw such dedication.\nThe children are happy and live without restraint, except during their lessons. Noisy children are sent into the ante-room, but their gentleness and good conduct are astonishing, considering eleven of the twelve are always with us. It seems they have inherited something of their grandfather's sunny temper. This pleasant mode of life was sometimes exchanged for a long visit to Paris. Lafayette was chosen as deputy to the Assembly of 1818 and worked with his old diligence. The national expenses for the army, navy, and public education; the law of elections; the forming of the National Guard, and the freedom of the press, were the principal subjects that occupied him. His speeches were marked by his usual independence and openness. His enemies were unknown.\nA music-master and an English governess lived in the house. Age 64: VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (221)\n\nLafayette, numerous and powerful, faced attempts to accuse him of plots against the government. But such efforts failed, despite his connection for a short time with a secret society. His frank and open nature, and moderate views, were insufficient to satisfy politicians who worked in underhand ways.\n\nIn the summer of 1824, Lafayette accepted President Monroe's invitation to visit the United States. Congress voted to send a man-of-war for him, but he declined it, and came in a packet-ship. He landed at New York on the 16th of August and was accompanied by his son and his secretary, M. Levasseur. From New York, he proceeded to Boston and as far north as Portsmouth, N.H., then returned to New York and went on.\nSouth to Yorktown, Washington, Charleston, and New Orleans; then came up the river Mississippi, and through Kentucky, Ohio, and New York, to Boston again, in order to be present at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument, which took place June 17, 1825. He then went once more to the south to take leave of his friends in Virginia, and sailed from the Potomac on the 8th of September, 1825. Thus he traveled through almost every state in the Union, and saw many a flourishing town where there had been an unbroken forest in 1777, or even at his last visit in 1784.\n\nIt is impossible to describe the welcome the nation gave to its guest. From the moment of his landing until his embarkation, there was a constant succession of processions, speeches, public dinners, military reviews, balls, fireworks, rejoicings of every kind.\nOld soldiers and children gathered to see him at every place. Schools-children often formed a part of the processions. Private houses were thrown open, committees from one town escorted him to the next, barouches with four or six horses met him everywhere for his entrance into the towns, all the streets and houses were crowded with eager faces, wherever he went the day of his arrival was celebrated as a holiday, and the whole United States showed their joy at receiving him.\n\nIt was most extraordinary that the man who devoted himself in his early youth to helping a nation in the days of poverty and weakness should live to come back to a new generation of men, living under the government which he had helped to establish, and prosperous in every way.\n\n(Age 66] Visit to the United States 223)\nNo pains were spared to please him and do him honor. On his first arrival at New York, the Governor, Mayor, and other important persons went to meet him in a steam boat, followed by several others, two of which towed up the ship Cadmus, that had brought him over.\n\nIn Boston, he received the highest honors, and went to Commencement at Cambridge, and also to hear the oration before the Phi Beta Kappa Society. The church was crowded with people more eager to see him than to hear the performances, and the whole audience listened breathlessly when the orator, Mr. Everett, turning to him, addressed him in these words: \"Hail, Friend of our Fathers! Welcome to our shores! Enjoy a triumph which is reserved neither for conquerors nor monarchs; the assurance that here, throughout all America, there is not a heart which does not beat with joy and gladness at your arrival.\"\n\"You have already received and will soon receive the greetings of the small number of ardent patriots, wise counsellors, intrepid warriors with whom you were associated for the quest of our liberty. But in vain you will look around you for those who would have preferred a single day like this, passed with your old companion in arms, to years of life. You will again visit the hospitable roof of Mount Vernon, but he whom you revered will no longer be on the threshold to receive you; his voice, that consoling voice which reached you even in the cell of Olmutz, will no longer break silence to bid you sit at his hearth. But the children of America receive you in his name, and cry, 'Welcome, Lafayette! Thrice welcome to our land, friend of our fathers and our country!'\"\nOn his return to New York, a very splendid public ball was given to him at Castle Garden, a large hall built just on the water's edge, at the foot of the Battery. It was beautifully ornamented; and as the General took his seat, what appeared to be a painting in front of the gallery was lifted up, and revealed a transparency with a view of Lagrange, and underneath it these words: \"His Home.\" Not only Lafayette, but many a person who had never seen Lagrange, was moved. At two o'clock in the morning, a steamboat came to take him from Castle Garden up the Hudson River to West Point. At Philadelphia, an equal enthusiasm was shown, and at Baltimore he was particularly touched by being received in Washington's tent, where he found several veterans of the war waiting for him. His visit to the tomb of Washington was also notable.\nMr. Custis, Mrs. Washington's grandson, gave him a ring containing Washington's hair on the spot. Pleasing and painful memories came crowding upon his mind as he revisited the battlegrounds of the Revolution or the places where he had lived, finding himself almost alone - that he had survived his companions. He arrived at Yorktown on the 19th of October, the anniversary of Lord Cornwallis\u2019 surrender, and saw the field again white with tents; but this time there were no batteries, and the place of the redoubt which his troops had stormed was marked by a triumphal arch. The names of other French heroes besides Lafayette were not forgotten in the inscription. A review of militia did not exactly recall the perils of the siege; and a great public dinner, fireworks, closed the day.\n\nLafayette went to Monticello to visit Mr. Jefferson.\nJefferson, whose health was too infirm to take part in any of the festivities, but who welcomed him heartily to a home. A little rest was very pleasant after so much motion and excitement.\n\nLafayette\nThe mere effort of making so many speeches and shaking hands with so many strangers would have been fatiguing under common circumstances; but Lafayette's health was perfectly good throughout the year; enjoyment seems to have enabled him to bear every exposure.\n\nAt Washington, he was received in the most respectful manner by the Senate and House of Representatives, who voted him a present of two hundred thousand dollars and a township of land, \u201cin consideration of his services and sacrifices in the Revolutionary War.\u201d He spent several weeks of the winter at the capital, and then proceeded further south.\n\nAt Fayetteville, N.C., a town named for him,\nA part of his escort consisted of a troop of cavalry that had traveled 150 miles, much of the time in the rain, from their homes in the country. At Charleston, S.C., he met Mr. Huger, the faithful friend of Olmutz. What a contrast to the time when he had mounted Lafayette on horseback and quietly given himself up to the jailers! At Savannah, he laid the cornerstones of two monuments to General Greene and Count Pulaski, both friends of his youthful days. In Georgia, on the Chatahoochee River, a number of Indians were collected to see him, and greeted him with yells as he crossed. Upon landing, they took the horse out of the sulky provided for him and dragged him up the hill, after which they entertained him with one of their games.\nRed men and white alike exerted themselves to gratify the nation's guest. In going to Louisville, Ky., Lafayette met with the only accident that interrupted the pleasure of this journey. The steamboat he was in struck a snag and was wrecked. No lives were lost, but it was impossible to get out the luggage; and Lafayette lost six hundred letters, besides the other contents of his trunks.\n\nHe accomplished one object on which he had set his heart \u2013 that of getting back again to Boston in time for the laying of the cornerstone of Bunker Hill Monument. It was fifty years from the day of the battle, and the hill was crowded with free, happy New Englanders, who looked back to that hard fight as the first step on the path of liberty. The procession was formed as usual, with the military, various societies, the Governor, and other dignitaries.\nThe mayor and guests arrived. Lafayette's place was prominent, and he was accompanied by ninety-six survivors of the battle in carriages, and others on foot. Mr. Webster was the orator of the day, and when he addressed Lafayette and this band of veterans, they all rose. The interest was great, and the entire ceremony of laying the cornerstone was successful. The weather was fine, and Lafayette wrote to his family that afternoon that he had just come from \"one of the finest patriotic celebrations there could be.\" At the dinner given after the morning's work, his toast was, \"Bunker Hill, and the sacred resistance to oppression which has already freed the American Hemisphere!\" The toast on the jubilee of the next half-century.\ncentury will be, Europe free! Towards the close of the summer, there came some painful farewells to be said to his American friends. In Virginia, he took leave of ex-Presidents Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. The election of a new President had taken place during the past year, and Lafayette pleased himself with the hope that his presence had softened a little the harshness of party spirit. The new President, Mr. John Quincy Adams, invited him to dine at the White House on his birthday (Sept. 6th), with a large party. It is contrary to custom to give toasts at the President's table, but on this occasion Mr. Adams rose and said, \"The 22nd of February and the 6th of September: Birthdays of Washington and Lafayette!\" The General, much moved at hearing his name mentioned, replied, \"Mr. President, I accept your kind invitation, and I shall always remember this day as one of the happiest of my life.\"\nName associated with Washington's gave \"The 4th of July: Birthday of liberty in both hemispheres!\" The next day, September 7th, Lafayette received and answered a farewell address from the President. Following a long procession, he went to the steamboat waiting to take him on board the frigate Brandywine. It was a solemn parting; few of the persons there present could hope to see Lafayette in France, and he was too old to think of ever coming to America again. The visit had been a happy time in his life and one that can never be repeated in the history of the United States.\n\nAfter all his enjoyment, he was glad indeed to find himself at home at Lagrange, where he was welcomed with a \"fete.\" The house was decorated, and all his neighbors were present.\nYoung girls came to see him and sing a few little verses in the park. This is a French fashion of rejoicing, and perhaps just as good as the American style of making speeches. During Lafayette's absence, Louis Eighteenth had died and was succeeded by his brother, Charles Ten. However, the system of government was not much changed. In fact, Charles Ten was still more attached to the old aristocratic system than his brother. He said, \"Lafayette and I are the only two men in France who have remained perfectly firm in their principles through the Revolution.\"\n\nAt this time, Greece was in a state of revolt against the Turks; Spain and Portugal were at least half way towards revolutions; Italy was far from being quiet; General Bolivar was laboring to make Columbia a nation.\nThe republic and Mexico piqued the interest of freedom lovers. Lafayette responded with various generals, and Lagrange welcomed unfortunate politicians banished from their countries, regardless of location. No sea or mountains hindered his sympathy for a people who cherished freedom. He was prepared to offer any assistance within his power to those resisting oppression.\n\nLafayette appeared to know no fatigue, be it physical or mental. He was once again elected to the Assembly in 1827 and resumed all his business habits. The care of Lagrange's farm would have been considered a full-time occupation for a man of his age. It encompassed approximately five hundred French acres of land, divided between plantations and meadows for sheep and cattle. Lafayette derived great pleasure from collecting.\nThe animals were fine and he had many good specimens. His barns and sheep folds were kept neat. Lafayette\n\nThe accounts of the farm's produce and expenses were recorded in large books, accurately, like a merchant's business. It was not intended as a showplace, and the main ornament was the beautiful park and the long, shady avenue leading to the house.\n\nThis was an old castle, comfortable enough for a modern family. Five towers were the most striking part to a stranger, one in the middle of the house, two at each wing. Around three sides of the house was a moat or deep ditch full of clear water, where fish could be seen. Large weeping willows and other fine trees hung over the edge. On the fourth side, it had been filled up.\nThe front of the chateau looked out on a smooth lawn with a few flowers growing near the house. In the lower story of the house were a small chapel, a large dining-room with a stone roof, a hall, kitchens, etc.; above, the drawing-rooms, the General's private apartments, and the rooms used by the various families and guests.\n\nLafayette's own habits were very simple and regular. He slept usually but seven hours and was called by his servant at five o'clock. He read or wrote in his own apartment until the ten o'clock breakfast, after which he always went about the farm for at least two hours, then returned to his writing until dinner-time. In the evening, if there were visitors, he remained in the drawing-room, talking; if the family were alone.\nHe sometimes went back to his own occupations, but he reappeared to bid his children good night. His management of his farm served as an example to his poor neighbors. The peasants laughed when they first saw his large plantation of apple trees; but by and by, when they found the cider from Lagrange was good and sold well, they also began to set out orchards. His neighbors and even strangers were allowed to walk freely on his grounds, and all visitors at the house were at liberty to amuse themselves with walks, boating and fishing on the pond, or anything else they preferred. The spirit of genuine kindness governed the whole family, from the General down to his youngest grandchild, and made them a great blessing to the neighborhood.\n\nThe physician of the place had the best means of knowing their charities, for he was Dr. Lafayette.\nHe says, \"All of Lafayette's moments at Lagrange are similar, as they are all marked by good feelings or kind actions. Every week, two hundred pounds of bread were given to the poor, of the same quality as that used at Lafayette's table. In times of scarcity, the quantity was increased to six hundred pounds, and soup was added. In 1817, there was a famine, and the distress was great near Lagrange. Seven hundred people might be seen at the chateau every day, receiving soup and bread, but the supplies fell short before the end of the season. A family council was held, and Lafayette proposed that they should all go to his old home at Chavaniac in Auvergne, thus leaving for the poor what they usually consumed themselves. This plan was joyfully accepted.\"\nThe family fully agreed and carried out their duties during the cholera season of 1832. Lafayette and his son and daughters devoted themselves to the care of the sick. His son brought a physician from Paris. Medicines, ice, blankets, flannel, and everything in the house were used for them. The family gave their whole strength and efforts to relieving pain and curing the disease if possible. The peasants, who had initially been so frightened that they deserted all who were attacked, took courage from such an example. They ventured into the houses and nursed their own relations. Was it strange that, after many years of such thoughtful kindness, the country people loved him?\n\nThe house was a perfect museum of presents. Swords from the United States and the National Guard; busts and portraits of various individuals adorned the space.\nWashington received rings containing hair of celebrated people, flags, boxes made from old or famous trees, canes, silver vases, portraits of patriots of all nations, Indian weapons, and stuffed birds \u2013 everything people had imagined he might like to keep. He had the pleasantest way of answering questions about various parts of his life, from his acquaintance with the Queen to the habits of the Indians. To young people, he was almost a volume of history. If a little vanity mingled with his frankness in speaking of what he had done, it could be easily excused in one whose services had been so great.\n\nIn the summer of 1829, Lafayette took a little journey in France, which was almost a repeating of some of his days in America. He went first to Chavaniac, in Auvergne, his ancestral home. (LAFAYETTE)\nnative place, and thence on to Vizille, near Grenoble, to visit one of his granddaughters. He received everywhere a public welcome; banquets were given to him, followed by patriotic speeches; processions escorted him; fireworks and illuminations made the nights brilliant.\n\nThe Government was displeased with this expression of admiration for Lafayette, and with the liberal sentiments and wishes he did not hesitate to utter; but there was no excuse for interfering.\n\nThe king and his son made themselves constantly more and more unpopular, by doing everything in their power to interrupt elections, to restrain the freedom of the press, and to blot out all traces of what had been gained by the Revolution. The king wished to govern alone, and he preferred ministers who would allow him his own way in everything. \"Where will this end?\" asked some.\nIn July, 1830, certain decrees relating to elections appeared, which the people of Paris decided not to submit to. On the 27th, they took up arms and began to resist the king's troops. Lafayette was sent for, arrived at night, and immediately gave the assistance of his name and character to the Parisians fighting in the streets. The next day, the Deputies to the Assembly met and, after much discussion, decided what to do. Some proposed merely to act as mediators between the king and the people, who were taking the Hotel de Ville.\nAnd having sharp conflicts with the soldiers all over the city, some said it was too late; that a committee must take command for a few days and give orders to the party resisting at the barricades, and that the king must go. Lafayette was indignant at any delay while his countrymen were dying around them with the cry \u201cVive la Libert\u00e9!\u201d on their lips.\n\nOn the 29th, he was asked to take command of the National Guard, which he did very cheerfully. His thoughts went back to the hopeful days of 1789. When he went up the great staircase of the Hotel de Ville, he said to some person who offered to show him the way, \"I know every step.\" He had not been there for nearly forty years.\n\nOn the third day, the fighting came to an end.\n\nLafayette (knows every step of Hotel de Ville, had not been there for nearly forty years, asked to take command of National Guard, indignant about delay, countrymen dying with cry of \"Vive la Libert\u00e9!\")\nOn the third day, the fighting ended.\nLafayette gave orders to the National Guard with ease and interest, just as he had in 1789. He was proud to command the Parisians. In a letter written on the 30th, he says, \"The people of Paris have covered themselves with glory; and when I say the people, I mean those who are called the lowest classes of society, who this time have been the first; \u2014 for the courage, the intelligence, the devotion and virtue of the citizens have been admirable. We are admirably barricaded. If the enemy should venture again into the streets, he would have cause to repent of it.\"\n\nOn the 31st, the Deputies decided to invite the Duke of Orleans \u2014 the son of the wicked Duke of Orleans, who was cousin to Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, and Charles X \u2014 to be Lieutenant-General of France. He had fought under the Republican flag nearly forty years.\nyears before, and was believed to be far more reasonable and sensible than the king\u2019s sons. He came to visit Lafayette at the Hotel de Ville. Proclamations containing his name had been torn down, and the immense crowd greeted him unfavorably as he rode along. Lafayette received him at the foot of the staircase; they went up together, and the proclamation announcing him as Lieutenant-General was coldly received. Lafayette was very anxious to find out clearly the opinions of the duke, who was to hold such an important position, and returned the visit quickly. He said to the duke: \u201cYou\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for typos and formatting have been made.)\nI am a republican, and I believe the Constitution of the United States to be the most perfect one ever. \"I think as you do,\" answered the duke. \"It is impossible to have spent two years in America and not hold that opinion, but do you think it fitting for us to adopt it, in the situation of France, and considering the general opinion?\" \"No,\" said Lafayette. \"What the French want today is a throne surrounded by republican institutions - entirely republican.\" \"I understand it,\" replied the duke.\n\nDuring this time, the royal troops were collected near Rambouillet, about twenty-five miles southwest of Paris, where the king waited, uncertain what to do. A large body of the National Guard set out for Versailles, intending to keep on to Rambouillet; but the king, hearing of their march, agreed to give an audience.\nThe diamonds of the crown and go to Cherbourg for passage to England. The Duke of Orleans invited Lafayette to command the National Guard of the whole kingdom. This proposal, similar to one he had prevented in 1790, he now thought best to accept. On the 9th of August, the Duke of Orleans was invited to fill the vacant throne. He agreed to the Assembly's proposed conditions and became King under the name of Louis Philippe, first King of the French. Lafayette gave the following account of this short Revolution: \"The people's victory has been as admirable, rapid, and complete as the most romantic imagination could have dreamt. Tuesday we were breakfasting at Lagrange, receiving the Moniteur containing the decrees; you can imagine that I did not dine there. They began to fight.\"\nThe same evening; the two next days were filled with combat, barricades, and heroic actions everywhere. I was able to establish myself at the Hotel de Ville, which had been retaken, and the royal family, crossing France without receiving the least insult, were to embark that day (Aug. 12). The people had done the whole. Courage, intelligence, disinterestedness, clemency towards the conquered \u2014 everything had been incredibly fine.\n\nA Paris newspaper.\n\nA Happy Home\n\nThe royal family had crossed France without receiving any insults and were to embark that day (Aug. 12). The people had shown courage, intelligence, disinterestedness, and clemency towards the conquered.\n\nThe Old Soldier\n\nLafayette continued to take great pleasure in arranging the National Guard, which the king often reviewed, and in which he expressed much satisfaction. He devoted all the time that could be spared from his duties as Deputy to it.\n\nHis orders were full of spirit, and it pleased the people to see this veteran general.\nHe was a young officer, active in his habits, greeted with cheers and signs of favor on public occasions. He had received friends and strangers at his house one evening each week, and after the revolution, his rooms were fuller than before. He put on his uniform and displayed the spirit of his early days in many little ways. His manners were cordial, and his face readily lit up with smiles. He was tall and had a good figure, but his face was plain, though its freshness was preserved to the end of his life. The company on these occasions was not select, often including many distinguished persons. Americans especially enjoyed them, as almost all nations might be seen there. Poles, Greeks, Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese.\nGuests and Irish patriots met on friendly ground under Lafayette's roof. The General was particularly fond of attending the dinner given by the Americans in Paris every Fourth of July. He would sometimes come up from Lagrange for the purpose, and always had a patriotic toast ready. In December, the Guard was called out in great force during the trial of Charles X's ministers, for having ordered the troops to fire during the three days of July. Order was maintained by great efforts; for the crowd who filled the streets were not those who had fought at the barricades, but the dregs of Paris. Lafayette was, however, respected by them, and did not hesitate to go freely among the groups and disperse them. It was expected that the ministers would be condemned to death, but their sentence was perpetual imprisonment.\n\nLafayette\nHe received from the king most affectionate notes of thanks for his services and those of the Guard. It was therefore an unpleasant surprise to him to find that on the 24th of December, a law was passed forbidding the appointment of any such officer as Commandant-general, and allowing only very small divisions of the Guard to have a commandant. Under such a law, Lafayette could not hold his office, and he refused the title of honorary Commandant which was offered him as compensation. The king accepted his resignation with many words of regret. In the Assembly, Lafayette was soon engaged in discussions respecting expenses, nobility, elections, and above all, the treatment of foreign nations. The Revolution of July had been a summons to the discontented all over Europe to rise against their governments. In Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, and other places, revolts broke out.\nIn Poland, Italy's north, and other regions, revolutions or attempts occurred. Lafayette urged the French people to sympathize and aid those striving for freedom. It seemed just that those who used barricades to secure their own liberty extend a hand to their brethren in other countries.\n\nThe Old Soldier\n\nWhen revolutions failed, Lafayette wished France to be a refuge for the unfortunate.\n\nHowever, Lafayette was destined to stand alone throughout his long life. His speeches were respected due to his age, but few of his plans were implemented. The king and his ministers feared being drawn into wars if they adopted his views and appeared more attached to the principles of the last reign than to\nWhat Lafayette thought about the meaning of the July Revolution of 1830. The activity of his mind was more surprising at his age than that of his body. Nothing concerning France was of any indifference to him, and he was as ready with a speech about a new law as about the treatment of exiles. The troubles of the summer of 1832 distressed him much. At the funeral of a Deputy and distinguished general, M. Lamarque, unfortunately, someone carried in the procession a red flag with the red cap of liberty above it, and the motto \"Liberty or Death.\" These words and the cap were associated in the minds of many Frenchmen with the horrors of the Reign of Terror.\n\nLafayette\nSome wreaths were thrown upon the flag, and about the tomb there was more excitement than Lafayette liked to see. Some addresses were made; he said a few words.\nAnd he withdrew. Unable to find his carriage, he hired a vehicle to go home, but the crowd, primarily young men, took out the horses and insisted on dragging him home. They urged him violently to give the signal for an attack by the people, which he refused to do.\n\nThe troops were called out, fighting ensued, and for two days Paris was bristling with bayonets. The king appeared on horseback and ordered out the cannon, \"to put an end to it sooner,\" he said; some persons were arrested, a few newspapers stopped, and at last Paris was declared in a state of siege.\n\nLafayette thought a great deal of this show of power very unnecessary, but blamed severely the violence of the young men of the liberal party and the bringing forward of the odious red cap.\n\nAnother event which gave him much pain\nThe arrest of Mr. Llewel, a distinguished Pole, took place at Lagrange after an order from the ministers. Suspected of returning to Paris, he was banned from the city and arrested for this offense. Lafayette remained loyal to his Polish friends and made his last speech in the Assembly in support of petitions regarding Polish refugees. His last public appearance was at the funeral of Deputy M. Dulong in January 1833. He walked for several hours and, as usual, was pleased by the expressions of the people. He seemed tired upon his return and was soon taken ill, bearing confinement to the house patiently.\nHe wished to be at his place in the Assembly and was disappointed at not being allowed to see many friends who came to inquire after his health. He amused himself with reading newspapers and pamphlets, writing or dictating letters, and talking, when he was not in pain, of America or his friends, or anything except his own condition. He regained sufficient strength to drive out the illness, and his family hoped that he might recover.\n\nIn many trifles, he showed his love for all things American. When he was ordered to take a little Madeira wine, \"Give me that from Lagrange,\" he said; \"it will do me more good.\" It had been sent him from the United States.\n\nLafayette\n\nBut on the 9th of May, he took cold from exposure to a thunder-shower during his drive, and from that day there was no hope. The physicians could do nothing for him.\nCians who attended him proposed consulting others. One of them said to Lafayette that they felt responsible, not only to his family, but to the French nation, of whom he was the father. \"Yes,\" said the General, with a smile, \"their father, on condition that they never follow a syllable of my advice.\" He submitted cheerfully to everything his physicians ordered and was most gentle and grateful to all who waited on him. One of his last letters, dated May 1st, was on the subject of the emancipation of negroes. He spoke hopefully of its progress in the United States, beginning with Maryland and Kentucky; congratulated the English on their management in their colonies; and regretted what had been done in the French ones; he also expressed warm approval of Liberia. On the 20th of May, without much suffering, Lafayette died peacefully.\nJust before he drew his last breath, he opened his eyes and fixed them on his children. A man of 76, France MuchChanged, lay in his bed, looking farewell. His children, setting free, stood about him. Their grief at the loss of a father so illustrious, so loving and tender, was profound. Mourning was not confined to his own family but was shared by an immense circle of friends and admirers.\n\nHis funeral procession was long, and the streets were lined with the National Guard. After services in the Church of the Assumption, he was buried, as he had desired, in the cemetery of Picpus, by his wife's side. Lamentations were general, especially from the poor. One person, who seemed to be a stranger, observed that this must have been a very rich person, who had so many people at his funeral. \"No,\" answered a laboring man.\nA man said, \"but he gave us everything; the French people are not ungrateful, and they are here to thank him.\" Another poor man attempted to make his way to the bier to walk directly behind it. \"Don't you see,\" said one of the National Guards, \"that none but the family are admitted there?\" \"We all belong to his family,\" replied the man, \"for he loved us all as his children.\" He was allowed to pass.\n\nIt was fitting that Lafayette's funeral train passed through the streets of Paris, the scene of his greatest successes and hardest labors. He did not achieve his heart's desire; France is not today what he would wish to see her. And if we measure the value of a life by its success, Lafayette's might be pronounced a failure. But if we look deeper, we shall see that his country owes to the Revolution of 1789 some social and political improvements.\n\nLafayette\nBlessings and turning to Lafayette\u2019s own character, we cannot fail to be impressed by the beauty of his generous, disinterested, enthusiastic, loving, upright nature. He was proof against many of the temptations other men yielded to, and in his frank simplicity went through the changes and trials of a most varied life, always deserving the praise of seeking \"whatsoever things are honest.\"\n\nBiographies are worthwhile. They tell why men succeed. When they are written in an entertaining style, they are among the best books for young people to read. For they leave a lasting impression upon the mind of the character and honesty of the men whose success they relate. When one reads a story, frequently nothing remains but the pleasant memory of reading it. When one reads a biography, there remains the indelible remembrance of a remarkable person.\nSixty famous men: brief biographical sketches by Lena C. Ahlers - Explorers, inventors, musicians, statesmen, authors, artists, and patriots.\n\nInspiring Lives of Sixty Famous Men\nBy Lena C. Ahlers\n\nTwo biographies:\n1. Abraham Lincoln: oftold tales - Mollie C. Winchester\n   Characteristic incidents in the life of Abraham Lincoln, delineating intelligent and steadfast qualities.\n   Illustrated in color by Marguerite M. Jones.\n\nThe Celebrated Men Series:\n1. Abraham Lincoln\n2. Benjamin Franklin\n3. From Pioneer Home to White House\n4. Ulysses S. Grant\n5. From Boyhood to Manhood\n6. By William M. Thayer\n\nLife of Abraham Lincoln\nLife of Benjamin Franklin\n[From Log Cabin to White House, Life of George Washington, From Farm House to White House, Life of James A. Garfield, From Tannery to White House, Life of Theodore Roosevelt, From Ranch to White House\nBy William M. Thayer, By William M. Thayer, By William M. Thayer, By Edward S. Ellis and W. Montgomery Major\nAlbert Whitman & Co.\nChicago\nPublishers of \"Just Right\u201d Books]", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "subject": "Animals -- Juvenile fiction", "title": "Animal Land on the air", "creator": "Frees, Harry Whittier. [from old catalog]", "lccn": "29019191", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010662", "call_number": "7807592", "identifier_bib": "00025570352", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard co", "description": "p. cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-02-21 13:00:03", "updatedate": "2019-02-21 13:53:52", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "animallandonair00free", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-02-21 13:53:54", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "1.64-initial-41-g686d335", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "264", "scandate": "20190315160127", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-evangilyn-dayday@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190320212542", "republisher_time": "512", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/animallandonair00free", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5p91ts60", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26800270M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19342961W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508171850[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156146395", "backup_location": "ia906808_0", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "The Premier Photographer of Pet Animals by Harry Whittier Frees\nQuarto. Cloth. Each profusely illustrated from photographs of costumed pet animals taken in the studio of Mr. Frees.\n\nThe Little Folks of Animal Land. $2.00.\nThe Animal Mother Goose. $2.00.\nAnimal Land on the Air. $2.50.\nLothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., Boston\n\nCopyright, 1929, by Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. All Rights Reserved\n\nAnimal Land on the Air\n\nPreface\nThe Little Folks of Animal Land made many friends when introduced in a book with stories of their doings combined with photographic illustrations. Their more up-to-date experiences in motoring, aviation, and with the radio are hoped to be of equal interest. Sixty situations involving the photographing of healthy, active, contented young animals, dressed in appropriate costumes, are presented in this book.\nThe account of what happened in Animal Land's busy village, distinctly part of the world with all the activities and characteristics of present-day human society, is illustrated through the little people. The author trusts readers will find their affairs interesting. His books' unique feature is the pictures, which required immense patience, care, and kind attention, along with a large number of spoiled films. Speed was crucial for securing these pictures, but it was often impossible to be quick enough. Young animals could not hold a pose any better than human babies, making the situation more complicated.\nAnimals are no longer required to be precocious in unfamiliar situations. It is no longer necessary to refute earlier charges that such pictures are made using stuffed animals, stupefaction, or even, as fantastically suggested, hypnosis. Their expression is the best answer to all such surmises. However, there may still be animal lovers disturbed by the thought that unnatural means, savory of cruelty, may be employed. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Animals may be ruled by fear in certain performances, but this never results in a pleasing picture. Only by unremitting kindness and constant sympathetic study of their tastes and instincts can they be made to enter into a story as the subjects for its illustration. Rabbits are the easiest to photograph in costume.\nPuppies and young animals, particularly kittens, are capable of taking on many \"human\" parts in acting. Puppies are tractable when rightly understood, but kittens are the most versatile animal actors with the greatest variety of appeal. Pigs are the most difficult to deal with, but effective on occasion. The best period for young animal models is a short one, when they are from six to ten weeks old. An interesting fact is that a kitten's attention is best held through the sense of sight, while a puppy's is most influenced by sound and equally readily distracted by it. The native reasoning powers of young animals are quite pronounced and relatively surer than those of the human species.\n\nLet me repeat: It is impossible to mistreat an animal in any way and secure the pictures you will see in this book, and no one capable of doing so would stand the slightest chance of success.\n[This is Station NIP, Catnip Corners] Frontispiece\nJune in Animal Land.\nBargain Day\nMrs. Stripes Went Shopping.\nA Sweet Young Matron\nIII.\nNews of a Purchase\nThe Head of the Bufkins Household\nIV.\nLooking Backward\nA Red Cross Worker\nAt Cattsburg.\nRookies\nVI.\nSo Goes Monday.\nBrissle, the Washerwoman\nCO, VIL\nMewsie in the Kitchen. A Born Cook\nVIII.\nLunch-Time.\nProwler and Purra\nIX.\nTraffic-Lights.\nTraffic Officer Pause\nAt the Catnip Factory\nSanitary Uniforms\nXL.\nIntroducing the Jollipups\nA Birthday Cake\nXII.\nThe Doll Hospital.\nXIII. In the Operating Room - Painless Surgery\nXIV. Ruddy and Buddy ... The Musical Twins\nXV. A Radio Program ... \"There\u2019s Music in the Air\"\nXVI. An Intruder . Just Frightening Him\nXVII.\nXVIII.\nXIX.\nXX.\nXXI.\nXXII.\nXXIII.\nXXIV.\nXXV.\nXXVI.\nXXVII. An Amusing Interlude . Panic . A Wonderful Idea . . . The Night Was Still\nSTATION NIP, Catnip Corners . Home Talent\nMme. Pretti-Puppi . Broadcasting an Appeal\nThe Annual Outing\nThe Band Led the Parade\nRefreshments . Purra and Prowler at Their Booth\nA Kind Heart . Pretti-Puppi as a Hot-Dog Vender\nMovies . Purritt Long, Camera-man\nPurritt Meets Mewsie . A Fortune in Her Face\nBaseball . Instructions\nXXVIII. Company Arrives ... Mother and Child\nXXIX. A Lullaby . Bedtime\nXXX. A Future for Mewsie . The Try-Out\nXXXI. A Blow-Out. \"My Kingdom for a Horse!\"\nXXXII. A Fishing Trip. Something on the Line\nXXXIII. At the Tea Room ... Service for Two\nXXXIV. A Happy Incident ... Lucky Jack Keennose\nXXXV. An Interview with Mewsie In Her Sedan-Chair\nXXXVI. Cooking by Radio ... Up-to-Date\nXXXVII. A Thrilling Message. A Voice from the Past\nXXXVIII. A Perilous Journey ... London to New York\nXXXIX. The Rescue. The Sea Was Like Glass\nIN THE PUBLIC EYE. A Gift from a Royal Admirer\nXLI. A Weary Traveler. At the Crossroads\nXLI. Back to Nature. A Wanderer\nXLIII. In Hollywood with Mewsie. Real Tears\nXLIV. Broadcasting from Catnip Corners\nXLV. The Three Brothers Bassbark\nXLVI. Caution. The Section Hands\nXLVII. Investigation ... Sheriff Spy Katz\nXLVIII. An Arrest. Cause for Suspicion\nXLIX. The Arm of the Law. Against the Signal\nXL. News Travels Fast. Correct Time\nJune in Animal Land\n\nJune is a month of wonderful days in Animal Land, and the sidewalks were still sparkling with dew when they began to fill with shoppers, out to take early advantage of Monday morning sales. Smiling merchants gladly gave their customers the benefits.\nA day's reduction for the Catnip Factory was working overtime, while new accounts were opened every day and old ones settled cheerfully. This thriving industry had a modest beginning on Pussyway Lane, in a garden patch at the rear of a cottage owned by Mrs. Thomas Bufkins. She never dreamed of being so successful that she would be known as a public benefactor. But the population increased until the suburb of Dogville became the city of Catnip Corners, and boasted a mayor's rule.\n\nProudly bearing the results of a morning's thrift, a procession of weary homemakers, with hats somewhat awry, hurried when they heard the noonday whistle on the factory blowing.\n\nBARGAIN DAY\nMRS. STRIPES WENT SHOPPING\nA Sweet Young Matron II Mrs. Stripes went shopping alone, and turned the corner into Pussyway Lane. \"Poor Lily,\" sighed one of the neighbors behind her. \"What a beautiful bride she made!\" Whispered a newcomer with interest. \"She is Mrs. Buffkins' oldest daughter,\" explained the lady, with the pride of long residence. And less than two years after Lily's marriage to the dashing Archingback Stripes, he was one of the first to respond to his country's call to arms. And after Archie was reported missing in action, \"Why, Lily and her baby came home to live with Grandma Buffkins.\" Mrs. Stripes was glad to reach the friendly doorway of her mother's cottage. She entered in silence and stepped softly into her own room to glance in the mirror. There had been\nMrs. Bufkins, with tears in her eyes, was a rule that no trace of her sorrow be allowed to cast any gloom over the household. So, she managed a smile and called gaily, \"Mother, I've made the most surprising purchase!\"\n\nA Sweet Young Matron\nNews of a Purchase\nThe Head of the Bufkins Household\nNews of a Purchase\n\nIn her own special chair in the living-room, Mrs. Bufkins was reading her favorite morning paper, but she looked up eagerly as Lily came in to talk over the forenoon's shopping.\n\n\"And what did you buy, my dear, a white elephant?\" she asked, smiling fondly.\n\n\"I hope not,\" Lily laughed, \"they were offering wonderful terms on a radio.\"\n\n\"And you thought this house was hardly up-to-date without one,\" finished her mother. \"Well, I think so, too. When will your purchase be delivered?\"\nLily said the machine would be installed that afternoon, and she had been thinking we might have a few friends come in the evening.\n\n\"A splendid idea,\" approved Mrs. Bufkins. \"If they should become interested enough to want radios in their own homes, I have no doubt the store would allow us a discount.\"\n\n\"Oh, mother dear!\" protested Lily, looking troubled.\n\n\"Did I ever fail to use tact?\" asked Mrs. Bufkins.\n\nAnd Lily had to answer that she knew their happy home was the result of a mother's years of clever efforts to provide her family with every comfort.\n\nThe Head of the Bufkins Household\nIV\nLooking Backward\n\nA Red Cross Worker\nIV\nLooking Backward\n\nMrs. Bufkins usually dressed before lunch, as it was her custom, to make a daily visit of inspection at the Catnip Factory in the afternoon. She never liked to be idle, and having a few leisure moments,\nShe took up her knitting. Lily tried to decide on the best place to set up the radio, but she curled down on the divan by her mother.\n\n\"Still working for the Red Cross?\" she asked.\n\n\"Oh, yes,\" said Mrs. Bufkins. \"There will always be babies, fires, floods, and other disasters.\"\n\nIt makes me sleepy to hear the needles click, -- sad, too,\" signed Lily. \"I think of all the work you did for the soldiers.\"\n\n\"You should make you glad to remember all those warm, soft garments we turned out,\" answered her mother. \"Think what a comfort those socks must have been to Archie -- and maybe yet.\"\n\n\"You are always so sure he is safe,\" murmured Lily. \"Yet it is so many years since we heard from him last.\"\n\n\"Archie is safe, somewhere,\" Mrs. Bufkins counted her stitches. \"Don't forget, my child, he had nine lives like all the rest of us.\"\n\nA Red Cross Worker.\nAt Cattsburg, Mother/^ said Lily, we visited Archingback on a day just like this. Mrs. Bufkins remembered all the details: how they were conducted to the parade grounds by a thrilling young officer, where poor Archie was having trouble learning to keep step. When an impatient sergeant asked what was wrong with his feet, he saluted and replied there would be nothing wrong with them once he became familiar with not using them all at once. Later, released from duty for a few hours, he took great pride in showing them through the camp. Mrs. Bufkins suggested that everything seemed completely wound up in red tape. He laughed and said, \"Well, to folks like us, it will be only cat's play.\"\nIt had been no farewells. He had simply said, \"You must come back and see us after our uniforms are issued.\" And the next they heard, he was on his way across the ocean.\n\nROOKIES\n\"SO GOES MONDAY\"\n\nBrissle, the Washerwoman\nVI\n\nIt was a Monday morning to delight the heart of any housekeeper, and the weekly wash, drying on the line in the breeze, was inspected by Mrs. Bufkins with satisfaction.\n\n\"Brissle is nearly through with her work in the yard,\" she said to Lily. \"I will see about her lunch, then you can have her in to help you rearrange the furniture after the radio is put in place. I don't know what we should do without Brissle,\" she went on. \"Such a splendid laundress and always willing to lend a hand with any other work in the afternoon.\"\n\n\"She gets on my nerves,\" sighed Lily.\nMrs. Bufkins reproved Lily, saying it was hardly one of Brissle's duties to entertain the family. Stepping to the porch, she called that it was lunchtime, but Brissle let her understand that some fresh greens right out of the garden would be her choice. Back in the house, Lily smiled when her mother agreed that it was a fact that their helper did not waste any words.\n\nBrissle, The Washerwoman\nVII\n\nMewsie in the Kitchen\nA Bomb Cook\nVII\n\n\"Is my Mewsie not in the kitchen this morning?\" suddenly inquired Lily Stripes.\n\n\"Your sweet child is no farther away than the kitchen,\" chuckled Mrs. Bufkins. \"No sooner had you started for town than Barkley began to hint that she could not afford to miss bargain day. And I gave her the forenoon off because\"\nMewsie urged me to peek in. She wanted to try new recipes and had promised to surprise us. \"I'm too curious not to,\" said Lily. \"Something smells delicious.\" The door was slightly ajar, and a lovely picture was framed for the admiring eyes of mother and grandma.\n\nWith a striped apron over her summer frock and a cap perched on her curly bob, Mewsie Stripes handled the rolling pin with the skill of a born cook. Tenderly, she patted and caressed the rising dough into fluffy biscuits ready for the oven.\n\nMrs. Bufkin's eyes grew moist with pride as she watched her. \"As clever as she is good, and as good as she is beautiful,\" she whispered, \"how I love that grandchild!\"\n\nA Born Cook\n\nLunch-Time\n\nProwler and Purra Bufkins hurried in through the gateway, swinging the doors.\nThis brother and sister were twins and from babyhood were never far apart. When Prowler grew up and became his mother's right-hand man at the Catnip Factory, it caused no surprise when Purra took her place at a desk beside him. They went to work together and came home together, always sharing each other's secrets. There was only one machine in the Bufkins garage, a touring-car of well-known make, as the lady of the house did not approve of displays. Prowler lost no chance to persuade his mother how much time could be saved if they could add a small sport model for business purposes. He heard the result of Lily's shopping trip with interest and nudged Purra under the tablecloth. Between mouthfuls of Mewsie's delicious biscuits, he said, \"A radio is a fine thing, of course, but I guess another car would be even better.\"\nProwler and Purra went to the garage to bring the touring-car around for Mrs. Bufkins, who was waiting with the twins to go to the Catnip Factory. Traffic Control. A traffic officer stands at every busy turn to ensure signals are not overlooked by careless drivers.\n\nAs Officer Pause signaled the Bufkins machine to go ahead, Prowler remarked that he pitied Number Eleven, who had been having a lot of bad luck. Mrs. Bufkins, always ready with helpful sympathy, insisted that Prowler bring the car to a stop. As Mr. Pause came forward, she said with a pleasant smile, \"Mr. Officer, when you are off duty, why not drop in to see me? Perhaps I can help you find a way out of your troubles. I am\"\nOfficer Pause replied, \"I'm sorry for any inconvenience, and I will do all I can. I don't know anyone whose advice I'd rather listen to than yours, madam. I won't forget this kindness.\" Mrs. Bufkins explained as the family drove on that Number Eleven had always seemed a fine, obliging young officer, and it was nice to think he considered her a friend.\n\nTraffic Officer Pause\n\nAt the Catnip Factory,\nSanitary Uniforms\n\nPassing tourists, who asked about special points of interest, were always advised to go through the Catnip Factory. Visitors were welcomed every afternoon between two and four when Mrs. Bufkins was there to show them around. Purr, who assisted her mother, gave away generous samples. Everything was the last word in sanitary cleanliness, and the young employees scampered about their work in the factory.\nThe packing-room was always admired for its crisp gingham-clad workers in caps and aprons. Mrs. Bufkins was most often complimented on the holiday atmosphere of the place, proudly stating there had never been a strike. Many visitors, unfamiliar with the herb, grew drowsy and retired to the rest-room, where they'd soon fall asleep in the provided easy chairs. They were never disturbed. If they weren't awake by six o'clock, the watchman had orders to leave the door unlocked, as it was a law-abiding community.\n\nSANITARY UNIFORMS\nINTRODUCING THE JOLLIPUPS\nA Birthday Cake\nXI\n\nThe Bufkins family and the Jollipups were great friends. Mr. Jollipup was a large, good-natured fellow with bright brown eyes. He might have been a success at almost anything.\nMrs. Jollipup never missed the Monday morning bargain sales. With twins in the family, there were always growing boys in need of new clothes. Mr. J spent the forenoon baking a cake and icing it for Buddy and Ruddy's birthday. They were six years old, so there were twelve pink candles to be lit.\n\nWhen his wife returned, Mr. J met her at the door. He fancied himself as a chef and wore a cap and apron while showing off his morning's labor. Mrs. Jollipup dutifully exclaimed, \"Truly that's a marvelous cake, Henry,\" and her husband beamed under her praise. She took Henry for better or worse, and he might have been a great deal worse, the twins' mother would say.\n\nA Birthday Cake\nI. The Doll Hospital\nMewsie brings a patient, Henry Jollipup said. Mr. J. always called his wife \"Mama.\" This clever lady was acting as chief surgeon of \"The Doll Hospital,\" which she had fitted up in their basement.\n\n\"Mewsie Stripes is past the doll age,\" she was saying, when the visitor came in and explained that she had brought a favorite Japanese doll of her childhood and hoped Mrs. J. might restore it to complete health.\n\nCompany was expected in the Bufkins household in a few weeks. Rose, a younger sister, was coming home with her little baby. Mewsie thought it would be nice to have a doll ready.\n\"For I know the baby would love this one,\" she finished. But I'm forgetting my most important errand, Mrs. Jollipup; you are all invited to our first radio party tonight!\n\nMewsie Brings a Patient\nXIII\n\nIN THE OPERATING ROOM\nPainless Surgery\nXIII\n\nIN THE OPERATING ROOM\n\nPoor Butterfly, whose name was Japanese, was laid on the table at once, as she had been unconscious some time due to an injury. Besides, she had lost a great deal of blood, so a transfusion was resorted to. But in less than twenty minutes, such was the skill of the operating surgeon, she was pronounced out of danger. It was believed that Butterfly's trip home would not lessen her chances for recovery, in the least.\n\nStill, Mewsie was in no hurry to depart, even after she had settled with the doctor for her services.\nShe had been delivered into her care, and had been told that the Jollipups would be delighted to be guests of the Bufkins family for the evening. The truth is, she was simply fascinated by the capable efforts that quickly followed Dr. Jollipup\u2019s keen diagnosis. Some patients required nothing more than a brisk scrubbing with soapy water to restore them to normal, after which they were placed in a current of air to revive them. None of the day\u2019s cases were hopeless.\n\nXIV\n\nPainless Surgery\n\nThe Musical Twins, Ruddy and Buddy\n\nFor several months, the Jollipup twins had been hoping and praying that they might receive French horns for birthday presents. So it was no great surprise to them when they beheld the snappy uniforms their busy mother had turned out, after closing the doll hospital for the day.\nThe little fellows were so tickled they could not say a word. The birthday celebration was held as soon as they came home from school, and Mewsie Stripes was persuaded to stay to see the candles lighted and the cake cut. Butterfly sat at the table in a high-chair though her appetite had not yet come back. The twins were anxious to appear at the Bufkins party in their little red-and-white outfits, carrying their horns, and said together, \"We will play if they urge us.\"\n\nBetter not, boys, warned Henry Jollipup. Mama had not much time this afternoon, and performers on wind instruments need their uniforms held together with something besides common pins.\n\nTHE MUSICAL TWINS\nXV\nA Radio Program\n'There's Music in the Air'\nXV\nA Radio Program\n\nThe Bufkins' first radio party was a great success. Among those present, besides the Jollipups, were the Musical Twins, the Fiddle-Faddle Family, the Trumpet Tootlers, and the Drummer Dingles.\nThe Bassbark brothers, Mr. and Mrs. Padfoot, and Mayor Roundhead, all musical gentlemen, decided to install radio machines of the same model, the solid mahogany cabinet being greatly admired. The evening's entertainment ran smoothly, the air behaving beautifully, until there was a sharp interruption of \"Spitz-meow,\" repeated in a higher scale.\n\nMayor Roundhead suggested it was static playing pranks. But Henry Jollipup expressed the opinion that the \"static\" came from the alley behind the house, and if he might have a few old boots or tin cans, he would disperse the same.\n\nWith Mr. Padfoot and the mayor, Henry crept cautiously to the rear and found the fence lined with residents not invited to the party. They quickly explained they were merely listening-in.\nAn argument arose between two parties as to what programs were on the air, so the incident was quietly closed.\n\nXVI\nAn Intruder\nJust Frightening Him\n\nThere was excitement enough on the evening of the party to suit everybody. In fact, as Mr. Jollipup said on the way home, there was not one dull moment. The radio audience enjoyed a wonderful and varied program. While the gentlemen were trying to tune-in on the Voters' Service, the ladies went to the kitchen to help with the refreshments.\n\nIn the pantry, Mewsie Stripes was going to slice bread for sandwiches when she found an unwelcome intruder at work ahead of her.\n\nNow Mewsie did not scream \u2013 not because she was too brave to be afraid of the thief \u2013 but she had some strange notions and could never bear to see anything hurt. Not even a mouse!\nShe got a stick of kindling and tried to scare the little animal, but he wasn't frightened. She gave his tail a gentle pull. He didn't move, so she grew bolder and pinched him. He rose up into the air in a series of jumps and jerks and landed on the kitchen floor among the ladies.\n\nJust frightening him.\n\nXVII\nAn Amusing Interlude\n\nPanic\nXVII\nAn Amusing Interlude\n\nOn hearing the sound of screams and dishes breaking, the gentlemen came running promptly to the assistance of the ladies. They were mean enough to laugh when they found three of them standing on a table, drawing their skirts around them.\n\n\"Do something to that mouse, Henry Jollipup!\" shrieked Mrs. J, sticking her head out of the dish cupboard where she had hidden, along with others.\n\n\"Don't kill it,\" begged Mewsie. \"Catch it and we can put it in...\"\nIn a cage, the mouse caused more laughter. Whispers hinted at the world's civilization, as the ladies of Catnip Corners were upset. The little offender seemed at home in the middle of the floor, and Mrs. Bufkins began to see daylight.\n\n\"Prowler Bufkins,\" she said, \"if you had anything to do about this, tell all you know at once.\"\n\n\"Mother,\" answered Prowler, \"that is the mouse I hope will make me famous. It is filled with catnip and contains a tiny spring - my own invention. When we get these toys on the market, just see if we don't have to enlarge the factory.\"\n\nPANIC\nf t v i r xviii\nA Wonderful Idea\nThe night was still\nxviii\nA Wonderful Idea\nMr. Hiram Padfoot became a radio fan following the party and could hardly wait for evening to come.\nHe hurried home from the factory, scantly justice to the delightful dinner waiting for him, and before dessert was served, he rustled through \"The Catnip Corners Daily\" until he found the column headed, \"What's On The Air For Us Tonight.\"\n\nAs Mrs. Padfoot said, she might just as well have set a bowl of crackers and milk before him, for he no longer knew or cared what he was eating.\n\nOne night, Mrs. Padfoot was awakened by loud cries of \"Ida, hurry!\"\n\nNever doubting that the house was on fire, she rushed from her bed to the living room in her gown and boudoir cap! And there, fully dressed, was her husband, alert at the radio.\n\n\"The time has come,\" he shouted, \"for Catnip Corners to have its own broadcasting station!\"\n\n\"The time has come for you to look at the clock,\" snapped Mrs. Padfoot, after she had recovered her breath.\nHiram declared he had no idea it was after half-past eight. The night was still.\n\nI, Hiram, had no idea it was after half-past eight. The night was still.\n\nMr. Padfoot was certain that his idea of a broadcasting station in Catnip Corners would interest Mrs. Bufkins. And within less than a week after his interview with her, the walls and ceiling of a room opening off the main floor of the factory were covered with cloth, and everything was in readiness for the opening of a first-class studio.\n\nThe announcer was selected as Mr. Padfoot himself, and it was in his best style and choicest tones that he told the world of listeners-in that the privilege of hearing programs, both entertaining and instructive, would be theirs daily, during an hour at noon, and for an hour in the evening.\nA few words followed about the city's leading industry. The Factory Frolickers were introduced, and Pussie Purmow and Kitty Miyaw sent a folk-song out on the air, to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument played by Prowler Bufkins. You have been listening, good people, concluded Mr. Padfoot. Mell us how you like us, and sweet dreams to you.\n\nWithin a few days, mail began pouring in from all over the country.\n\nHOME TALENT,\nXX\nMME. PRETTI-PUPPI\nBroadcasting an Appeal\nXX\nMME. PRETTI-PUPPI\n\nThe Catnip Corners Daily stated, one evening, that Mrs. Thomas Bufkins had as her house-guest, Mme. Yella Pretti-Puppi. This star of opera and concert stage was a childhood companion of Mrs. Bufkins, and in those bygone days, boasted no finer name than Yellow Puppy. She was still blonde, lovely, and very elegant, but a lady of refinement.\nQuite willingly she agreed to go on the air from Station NIP, just for the pleasure it would bring her old friends, and it was she who suggested that she follow her aria with a description of Archie Stripes. So after a proper interval, Mr. Padfoot announced, \"We will now stand by for a distress call.\" In a ringing voice, Pretti-Puppi spoke directly into the microphone. \"Friends of the air, if you have news of Archibald Stripes, reported missing in action in nineteen eighteen, remember that a wife, Lily, eagerly awaits your messages, at Catnip Corners, Animal Land, USA.\" The singer promised Lily that she would add that appeal to her program, whenever possible, wherever she broadcasted.\n\nBroadcasting an Appeal\nXXI\n\nThe Annual Outing\nThe Band Led the Parade\n\nThe Annual Outing of the Catnip Factory was always an exciting event.\nThe summer season event in Catnip Corners excited factory workers and half the city. The festivities took place in City Park, with cool green lawns and friendly shade trees. Last year, interest grew daily in rustic bird-houses given to the grounds by the Woman\u2019s Club, where Mrs. Bufkins was a charter member. Bushy-tailed squirrels were an attraction, but visitors often wondered why they were kept in cages.\n\nOn the morning of the outing, the Caterwaul Band, all factory musicians, rode on a truck through the principal streets and gave a concert in front of City Hall. Despite limited practice, their spine-tingling music captivated the crowd.\ncitizens could not keep their feet still and followed the band to the park. The band led the parade.\n\nPurra and Prowler at Their Booth\nREFRESHMENTS\n\nPurra and Prowler, the twins in charge of the ice-cream booth this year, arrived bright and early at the park to pick out a good spot for their stand. Just as they arrived, the place took on a holiday air with the sudden appearance of the old balloon man.\n\nNobody knew where he came from. Purra said he must live in the magician's hat with the eggs and the ducks. The twins hurried back to town to get their supplies ready, knowing they must be prepared to do a rushing business later in the day.\n\nDozens of crispy cones were arranged, and freezers of cream were to be delivered every few hours as the day promised to be warm.\nThey ordered plenty of vanilla and several new flavor ices. \"This Catnip Mousse sounds good to me,\" said Purra, wondering if she should try it before lunch. \"Leave off the catnip and take out one s,\" replied Prowler, and we'll tell the world this booth would make some real money today.\n\nPurra and Prowler at their booth.\n\nA Kind Heart\n\nPretti-Puppi as a Hot-Dog Vendor\n\nA Kind Heart\n\nMme. Pretti-Puppi planned her yearly visit to Catnip Corners to include the Annual Outing. There was, of course, a benefit society for the factory workers, and the proceeds from the sale of refreshments at the picnic were devoted to the fund for families of disabled members. Charity was Mme. Pretti-Puppi's hobby. Nothing suited her better than to make a jolly tour of the picnic grounds.\npark: renewing old friendships, while she disposed of something salable. It made little difference what she had to sell. Everyone considered it an honor to trade with an opera singer, and would pay almost any price for the privilege. This time she got herself up as a hot-dog vendor. In a tray hung around her neck, she carried rolls, frankfurters, and a mustard cup. Prowler Bufkins said her hot-dogs tasted like a million dollars.\n\nMayor Roundhead, in the name of charity, purchased a photograph of the star, and she wrote across it, in a dashing hand, \"Taithfully, Pretti-Puppi.\"\n\nPretti-Puppi as a Hot-Dog Vendor\n\nXXIV\nMOVING PICTURES\nPurritt Long, Camera-man\nXXIV\nMOVING PICTURES\n\nThere was a new and interesting feature for this picnic, so a larger crowd than usual collected at the park. Mayor Roundhead believed in advertising the city.\nMrs. Bufkins, who had helped build a larger and better place to live, agreed with the mayor that getting good movies of the Catnip Corners outing run off in a Cathe Weekly News Reel would put it on the map. The Cathe Company, on receiving the mayor's letter, promised to send a camera-man the same day. He arrived on the morning of the outing and proved to be a pleasant, likable fellow named Purritt Long. The mayor presented him to Mrs. Bufkins, who urged him to have his bags sent to Pussyway Lane after registering at the hotel.\nPurritt Long, camera-man XXV\n\nPurritt meets Mewsie\nA Fortune in Her Face XXV\n\nPurritt Long was busy every moment on the morning of the outing. There were many who offered to show him around, and he thanked them, but said he would just roam around by himself and pick out some beauty spots that would make good backgrounds for movies.\n\nHe filmed several scenes of crowds arriving at the gate, but so many were anxious to get into every picture that not much could be seen but a mad scramble. The merrymakers had to be warned that there was such a thing as too much action.\n\nIt was not until the Bufkins family and their guests gathered under a big oak tree to open a bountiful picnic basket that Purritt Long met beautiful Mewsie Stripes.\n\nAs strangers were often so thrilled by Mewsie's loveliness.\nThey were at a loss for words as Mr. Long seemed unable to say anything, which went unnoticed. When the time came to film the ball game, the camera-man was missing. A searching party found him taking stills of Mewsie Stripes. He explained there was a fortune in her face.\n\nA Fortune in Her Face XXVI\nBaseball\n\nInstructions\n\nXXVI\nBaseball\n\nNo factory outing ever omits its baseball game, and just as surely as family heads must be signed for one team, so the other is always made up of workers without domestic cares. Mr. Jollipup, who considered himself as good as any National League pitcher, managed to do a few days' work at the factory so that he might see his name on the roster with Mr. Padfoot and other friends. Among those on the opposite nine was Prowler Bufkins, a fixture behind the bat.\nBoth line-ups had seemed complete, but on the day of the picnic, there were gaps to be filled in. Mayor Roundhead, who was to act as umpire, offered to instruct Bill Bassbark, who was hurried into a uniform and given a catcher's mitt at the last minute.\n\n\"This is the home plate,\" said the mayor.\n\n\"I'd like to see a pork chop on it,\" laughed Bill.\n\nThe mayor replied, \"This is baseball, not a barbecue.\"\n\nThe whole nine innings did not last over an hour, and although the National Game received pretty rough treatment, the speed and dash displayed resulted in some very good movies.\n\nAfter the baseball game had been cheered to a finish, there were many thirsty throats in the crowd. As soon as the ice-cream booth was sold out, the Snowball Wagon was surrounded.\nThe method of preparing a snowball in Catnip Corners is to crack off a small chunk of ice and sprinkle it with a flavor chosen by the patron. As these popular thirst-quenchers could not be made in advance, a little cart containing ice and extract bottles had been wheeled around the grounds all day long by Pawsie Tortoyes. His sweetheart, Furza, served the snowballs.\n\nFurza, who surely looked limp and wilted, had just declared that she was about to drop, when a disturbance was heard, and a burly figure pushed his way through to the wagon, saying he guessed he would have to smell of those bottles!\n\nHe was recognized at once as Sheriff Spike. The mayor was soon on the scene, and told the sheriff his conduct was an outrage, as he ought to know Mrs. Bufkins would never permit a violation of the Eighteenth Amendment.\nTired and dusty, but good-natured as ever, Prowler Bufkins drove around the park, loading up the touring-car with family and friends to make the return trip to Pussy way Lane. No one cared, at the moment, if the Annual Outing was over.\n\nThe drive home was rather silent, but as the cottage came into sight, Purra, less sleepy than the others, noticed that the porch-light was on. Excitement soon prevailed when it was learned that more company had arrived. Rose, Lily\u2019s younger sister, stood in the hallway, holding her little baby girl in her arms.\n\nAfter the first greetings were exchanged, the baby was gently handed back and forth while the fond relatives tried to agree whom the little one looked like the most.\nAfter a long journey, Goldie, asleep, had eyes that couldn't be seen due to their closed lids. Her tiny head was soft like yellow silk. She had been named after Grandma Bufkins for this reason.\n\nMother and Child\nA Lullaby\n\nThere were numerous guests in the Bufkins cottage, causing Rose and her baby to share Lily's room. Prowler was sent to the attic to find Mewsie's first bed, and trunks were opened, soft blankets brought out and aired before a fire was built in the grate.\n\nBy this time, the precious child was fully awake and demanded her supper. Rose stated that her baby had never kept her awake a single night, but this seemed to be an exception. The small bed was strange to Goldie, and she refused to be placed in it. Lily wanted to rock her, but Rose objected.\nIt was Pretti-Puppi who came to the rescue at last. Gathering the tired little mite close to her plump shoulder, she began to sing an old and favorite slumber song.\n\nHear her voice with love rejoice,\nWhile nestling on her arm,\nLullaby-eye-eye e-lullaby-eye-eye-'\nshe hummed.\n\nAnd even Baby Goldie was charmed by the magic in that lovely voice.\n\nBEDTIME\n\nA Future for Mewsie\nThe Try-Out\n\nWyse Catt, the great movie director, had asked Purritt Long to look for new camera-faces and wire him, so that he could give them a trial.\n\nWhen Mr. Catt arrived, Mewsie said that he had better talk with her family.\n\nThe director told Mrs. Lily Stripes that his faith in her daughter was such that he believed he could make her name a household word.\n\nA contract, containing a salary clause that looked promising, was offered to Mewsie.\nThe yearly earnings of the Catnip Factory were presented to Mrs. Bufkins. Calm and astute, she informed Mr. Catt that while they knew Mewsie was beautiful, they had never recognized any talent in the movie industry from her. Mr. Catt dismissed this as a detail to be addressed once a star arrived in Hollywood. \"In that case,\" said Mewsie's grandmother, \"let us make hay while the sun shines.\" Lily objected that Hollywood would be unlike Catnip Corners. \"Tshaw!\" declared Mrs. Bufkins, \"There's no place on earth where there aren't plenty of people who work hard all day and go to bed early.\"\n\nThe Try-Out\nA Blow-Out\n\"My Kingdom for a Horse!\"\n\nA Blow-Out\n\nLily and her daughter were departing for Hollywood, and on the morning of their departure, the entire Bufkins family decided to drive them to the station.\nHandkerchiefs were much in evidence, and Prowler's voice was far from steady as he remarked that if many more piled into the old bus, he would not risk the tires. Just as he spoke, there was a loud report from the right rear. A passing taxi could only make room for Lily, Mewsie, and Purra, but Mrs. Bufkins urged them to go on. Then she ordered Prowler to get to work with the pump, and, saying the train was sure to be late, took the knitting out of her bag. But the whistle on the California Limited screeched through the air while the tire was still soft. For once, the head of the Catnip Factory was dismayed. \"Drive in on the rim, but get there,\" she cried. Prowler did his best, but they arrived at the crossing only to see the observation platform fade into the distance. \"My kingdom for a horse!\" mourned Grandma Bufkins. My kingdom for a horse!\nA Fishing Trip Something on the Line A Fishing Trip The cottage in Pussyway Lane seemed so still after Lily and Mewsie went away that Mrs. Bufkins sometimes had the blues in spite of wonderful reports that came from the western coast. Prowler was very thoughtful of his mother these days, for since the incident of the blow-out, she had admitted several times that it might come in handy to have a sport roadster in the garage, and had even consented to look over some catalogues with him. One afternoon in the late fall, when she said she thought a fishing trip would do her good, he agreed eagerly and dug the worms. The weather seemed ideal, \u2014 soft and hazy, \u2014 but Prowler and his mother must have gone to the wrong place, for everything that got on the line was Mrs. Bufkins' hat, and the mosquitoes.\nBut the lady declared that, while she had never in her life been so hungry for fish, she felt both rested and refreshed, and in a happy frame of mind.\n\nAt the Tea-Room\nService for Two\n\nDr. Jollipup was asked to treat so many charity patients at the Doll Hospital that she found herself obliged to look for further means of support. So she opened a tea-room.\n\nMr. Jollipup made some little tables and painted them green. Being highly complimented, he began to wonder if he should have gone in for interior decorating.\n\nPretty Kitty Sweet was glad to act as waitress after school hours. She wore a green uniform with a dainty white apron and served from a green-and-white tray.\n\nThe place was very attractive, but the fact remains that the\nThe best customers were the Jollipup twins, Buddy and Ruddy. When Mrs. Bufkins and Prowler dropped in on their way home from the fishing trip, they received a very warm welcome. Prowler was sorry there was no Catnip Mice, but he showed Kitty Sweet how to make a remarkable new college ice, and had a pleasant time doing it. Mrs. Bufkins was very liberal in both praise and patronage, and Mrs. Jollipup told her how much the family enjoyed Mewsie\u2019s first picture.\n\nService for Two.\nA Happy Incident.\n\nLucky Jack Keennose\nA Happy Incident.\n\nJack Keennose was one of those amazing anglers who can fish in sun or rain, from bank or boat, and use live bait or fly, yet never come home with an empty basket. He happened to be waiting for a car when Mrs. Bufkins and her son came out of the tea-room.\nWhy go home without fish now, Prowler whispered, nudging his mother's arm. At that moment, the fisherman sauntered over, remarking it was a shame they had such poor luck. We didn't fish where you did, Mrs. Bufkins reminded him. Mr. Keennose explained that he had to lay the piece of wrapping paper over his catch, for it was a mighty hot afternoon. Mrs. Bufkins saw that he looked offended when Prowler laughed, so she hastened to agree with him that it was very warm for October. And she added that she was \"Tsh hungry,\" and would consider it a favor if he could spare a few of his trout. So Prowler and his mother went home with fish in their basket while Jack Keennose enjoyed the novelty of jingling money in his pocket.\n\nLUCKY JACK KEENNOSE\n\nAN INTERVIEW WITH MEWSIE\nIn Her Sedan-Chair\n\nAN INTERVIEW WITH MEWSIE\nProwler and his mother had one more stop to make on the way home, and that was at the newsstand. Lily had written that the October number of Tilm-Folks' contained an interview with Mewsie.\n\nMrs. Bufkins opened the magazine to a photograph showing Mewsie being carried to and from the studio in a sedan-chair because her company had taken out such a large policy on her life that they could not afford to let her risk it in a motor-car.\n\nThe star's grandmother gasped and leaned against a light-post. \"Let me sit down in the park a few minutes and read the rest of this,\" she said.\n\n\"Oh, come on home and cook the fish,\" urged Prowler. \"You're only hungry.\"\n\nSo they walked along slowly, while Prowler held the magazine open and Mrs. Bufkins finished the write-up which concluded:\n\nMewsie Stripes is little and cute. Some fans who have seen her in person say she is even prettier than in the movies. She is always impeccably dressed and her manners are those of a lady from the old school. Her voice is soft and musical, and she has a way of making everyone around her feel at ease. She is a true star, and her popularity continues to grow.\nShe watched her frisk down a flight of stairs, comparing her to the beloved Marguerite Clarke, who always reminded us of a playful kitten.\n\nIn her sedan-chair,\nXXXVI\nCooking by Radio\nUp-to-Date\nXXXVI\nCooking by Radio\n\nWhen the fish-basket was carried to the back door, Mrs. Bufkins saw another new radio set up in the kitchen. She sat down wearily and fanned herself with her hat.\n\nBarkley, the cook, talked very fast, explaining that she had installed a machine for her own use so that she could tune-in on the Housekeepers Hour. All her friends were cooking by radio, and you could see what a grand thing it was, she said, just by this afternoon.\n\nFor while she was thinking they never would catch any fish\u2014and wondering what she could get for dinner\u2014right out of the air came that recipe for the clam chowder they could hear bubbling in the kettle!\nA stranger strolled into the Revellers' Club in London one evening after the World War. He was a soldier and a gentleman, though in a daze. He had no idea what his name was, where he came from, nor how he had ended up there. There were no papers of any description on him, but a medal for distinguished service was in his pocket. A voice from the past. A thrilling message. XXXVII.\n\"Shell shock,\" decided Captain Airkat of the Royal Fliers. He kindly said to the stranger, \"Why not come home with me, and I'll call you Tom Smith? That was my buddy's name.\" So \"Tom Smith\" settled down in pleasant quarters, to a life that was comfortable and fairly contented, until one evening at the radio he tuned-in on Pretti-Puppi's message of appeal, just as she had promised Lily Stripes.\n\n\"Catnip Corners, Animal Land, U.S.A.,\" repeated the listener, as if he were talking in a dream. \"I have been there sometime. I can smell the catnip now.\" Then the war-weary veteran closed his eyes in blissful recollection of \"Home, Sweet Home.\"\n\nA Voice from the Past.\n\nXXXVIII\nA Perilous Journey\nLondon to New York\nXXXVIII\nA Perilous Journey\n\nOn the same night that \"Tom Smith\" received the message,\nThe great honor had befallen Captain Airkat, awakening memories of the past. He burst into the apartment a few hours later with the news that he had been chosen to pilot the first trans-Atlantic flight of the Aerial Express from London to New York. Surprised and disappointed by silence, he asked what was wrong when told about the strange appeal and its disturbing effect. He laughed in relief and exclaimed, \"Well, Tommy, things just couldn't have happened any better for you. This is only a test trip I'm making, but besides my mechanic, I'm allowed to carry one passenger. So why not take a chance with me? And the captain added that once across, he would spare no effort to locate Catnip Corners and help his friend clear up all the mystery.\nThat promise decided \"Tom Smith\" to attempt the perilous journey, and the two friends waited for the right kind of weather with great impatience.\n\nLondon to New York.\n\nXXXIX\nTHE RESCUE\n\nThe sea was like glass.\n\nXXXIX\nTHE RESCUE\n\nThe day came at last when charts and weather data were favorable for the take-off of the Aerial Express, and the gigantic bird rose into the air, zipped and zoomed out of sight, and was last viewed off the coast of Ireland.\n\nIt was in mid-ocean that Captain Airkat, working desperately at the controls, yelled to his buddy, \"Take out all that's left of our nine lives. We're going to need them!\"\n\nThe next Tom Smith knew, he was floating on a big green wave. He was a splendid swimmer, so he held his head up to look for his companions. Not far away, the gallant captain and his mechanician were treading water.\nCheer up, old chap, came the pilot's voice, signaling a freighter. It seemed hours before the friendly ship reached them, but the sea was like glass, and with the water so warm, it was hard to realize that they were in danger. When life-boats were finally lowered, all were rescued in safety. But the Aerial Express was a plaything for the fishes.\n\nThe sea was like glass.\n\nIn the Public Eye\nA. A gift from a Royal Admirer\nXL\n\nIn the Public Eye\nCallers at the Bufkins cottage one day were excited over a picture on the front page of a marked copy of The Hollywood Gazette.\n\nHow cute! they chimed in chorus.\n\nHow ridiculous, I should say, returned the hostess, who nevertheless wore a satisfied smile. Let me read this nonsense aloud:\n\nIt is the sensation of the hour when beautiful Mewsie Stripes and her charming mother appear on the boulevard in their latest outfits.\nA smart turn-out drawn by, what is said to be, the gift of a royal admirer. We print what is an exact copy of the letter the star received with her present.\n\nTo Hollywood's Queen: -- If it be true that Her Most Gracious Majesty resents the refusal of her director to permit her to risk her life in the saddle, she is wrong, -- and her adviser quite right. A fall from a horse is a funny thing only for the news papers.\n\nYour Majesty would promise to substitute for her daily canter, a drive behind the gentle animal that is being shipped her, it would ease the minds of her subjects and delight the heart of A Prince Who Must Be Careful.\n\nA Gift from a Royal Admirer.\n\nI f T t XLI\nA Weary Traveler\nAt the Crossroads\nXLI\nA Weary Traveler\n\nBrisk winds were blowing winter toward Catnip Corners.\nHenry Jollipup finished repainting all the guide-posts within the city limits. Pridefully thinking how his bold, black letters would jump out through blinding storms to point the way to puzzled drivers, he discovered with dismay he had omitted the final one. This meant a trip to town for more paint before his work would be complete. He was still wondering what he had better do, when his attention was drawn to a dusty traveler approaching the crossroads. One glance was enough to mark the sharp contrast between the pathetic little bundle slung on a stick across the stranger's shoulder, and his military figure, so gallant and erect in spite of weariness.\n\n\"Let me give you a lift into the city,\" suggested Mr. Jollipup genially.\n\n\"Thank you, sir, but I do not know yet just where I am going,\" was the tired answer.\nMr. Jollipup pondered, \"I'll think about it,\" he chuckled, driving away, wondering where he had heard that voice before.\n\nAt the Crossroads\nXLII\nBack to Nature\nA Wanderer\nXLII\nBack to Nature\n\nCATNIP CORNERS, which was now only five miles away, had been the destination of the dusty traveler for many weary months. But he had forgotten what he had expected to find there. Perhaps, he thought, if he went among the friendly trees and rested a few days, things would seem clearer.\n\nMr. Jollipup's empty paint-can reminded him that, with bait, he might have fish for supper. During his travels, he had been surprised that life proved so simple for him. He had seldom gone long without food. As he wandered about in the dusk, he found a few ears of corn and was soon roasting one over a slow fire. He must have been a Boy Scout, he decided, since he fared so well.\nA wanderer in the woods. He didn't think of the \"No Trespassing\" sign, which a Boy Scout would respect. Briars tore his clothing, but in a khaki safety kit in his little bundle, there were needles, patches, and thread. He couldn't remember using this in active service, but it came in very handy now.\n\nTomorrow he must locate that pleasant, drowsy scent that excited his nostrils. He went to sleep believing he was, really, almost home.\n\nXLIII\nA Wanderer\n\nIN HOLLYWOOD WITH MEWSIE\nReal Tears\n\nXLIII\n\nIn Hollywood, Mewsie Stripes was rehearsing a film. The climax of which was the farewell of a princess to an exiled nobleman, who appears under her window disguised as the court jester.\n\nBut although Wyse Catt, himself, was directing her, and the leading man was a second Valentino, the little star failed to register any proper emotion.\nCan't you stop smiling, begged the great Mr. Catt in despair.\nMewsie shook her head. I'm too happy, she replied.\nWell, just try to imagine you will never see Purritt Long again, snapped the director.\nBut I'm going to take him back to Catnip Corners, explained Mewsie sweetly.\nAh, that gives me an idea, cried Mr. Catt, and he beckoned to an assistant.\nIn the twinkling of an eye, a radio was set up in the studio, and the director made a deft turn of the dials.\nAt the first haunting note of melody, he shouted, Camera!\nAnd, oh, how poor Mewsie's tears began to flow!\nWhen the scene was finished, Mr. Catt, whose own eyes were moist, shook hands with the star, and remarked that he doubted if Mrs. Fairbanks could have equaled her.\nREAL TEARS.\nXLIV\nBROADCASTING FROM CATNIP CORNERS\nThe Three Brothers Bassbark\nXLIV\nBROADCASTING FROM CATNIP CORNERS\nIT  sounds  stranger  than  fiction,  but  on  the  very  day  that \nthe  three  Bassbark  brothers  went  on  the  air  from  the  Catnip \nCorners  Broadcasting  Station,  Mr.  Hiram  Padfoot,  the  an\u00ac \nnouncer  said  to  them,  as  they  took  their  places  in  front  of \nthe  microphone,  ^\u2018Now,  boys,  sing \u2014 and  remember  Mewsie \nStripes  may  be  listening  to  you  in  Hollywood. \nAnd  everybody  agreed  that  ^^The  Three  Brothers  Bassbark,'^ \nas  Mr.  Padfoot  smartly  announced  the  trio,  were  never  in \nbetter  voice  than  they  displayed  in  the  effort  that  proved  the \ninspiration  of  Mewsie  Stripes^  great  acting  in  the  most  popular \npicture  of  the  year. \nLetters  that  were  received  at  Station  NIP  during  the  next \nfew  days,  showed  that  the  boys  made  a  wise  choice  in  their \nselection,  which  seemed  to  have  been  heard  by  few  listeners-in \nwith  dry  eyes. \nMany  requested  copies  of  the  song,  which  begins  like  this: \n\"The Three Brothers Bassbark, XLV. Two section hands lived in Catnip Corners. When their day's work was done, they rode home together in their little hand-car while the tracks were clear between the local freight and the evening express. On the day after Henry Jollipup finished repainting the guide-posts, Mike, who had a sharp eye and a keen nose, saw smoke rising from the woods. He had been over the track so many times that anything out of the ordinary always aroused his interest. A poor time for a fire, he thought, with all the dry leaves blowing. It was probably only some tramp cooking.\"\nSheriff Spy Katz had never been popular in Catnip Corners. He was not a choice of the voters but had been appointed by Mayor Roundhead because he made a fine appearance as an officer of the law. But since the Annual Outing of the Catnip Factory, when he had insisted on sniffing some extract bottles on the premises, they ought to report any suspicious activities, such as potential sparks from an engine, to avoid getting someone who meant no harm into trouble. His friend Tom suggested asking Jollipup first if he had seen any strangers while he was painting. Not while Spy Katz was sheriff!\n\nInvestigation\nSheriff Spy Katz\n\nSheriff Spy Katz had never been very popular in Catnip Corners. He was not a choice of the voters but had been appointed by Mayor Roundhead because he made such a fine appearance as an officer of the law. He was an imposing figure in his uniform, and his chest seemed made to pin a badge on. But since the Annual Outing of the Catnip Factory, where he had insisted on sniffing some extract bottles on the premises, they ought to report any suspicious activities, such as potential sparks from an engine, to avoid getting someone who meant no harm into trouble. His friend Tom suggested asking Jollipup first if he had seen any strangers while he was painting. Not while Spy Katz was sheriff!\nSnowball Wagon. He had been criticized for everything, including the way he wore his cap on one side of his head. The mayor had been known to rebuke him for being over-anxious to make arrests, and citizens were very careful not to let a breath of suspicion against anyone escape in his presence. So it was most unfortunate that he should happen to overhear a whispered conversation between the section hands and Henry Jollipup.\n\nFor he started the next morning to search the woods for the mysterious stranger who had vanished at the crossroads. And with Sheriff Spy Katz, capture meant arrest.\n\nSheriff Spy Katz\nXLVII\nAn Arrest\nCause for Suspicion\nXL VII\nAn Arrest\n\nSpy Katz could not have arrived at the crossroads at a worse moment. He had not searched far into the woods when the stranger blocked his path with each arm through a jug handle.\nAha was the sheriff's greeting. Just a supply of pure cold water there, of course. The suspected party answered politely that his jugs contained nothing stronger than catnip tea, which he had been brewing over his fire. And this was the truth. It had not taken the weary traveler long to discover that this country was full of stray catnip plants, seeds of which had been blown in on the wind from Mrs. Bufkins factory. Instinct told him there would be nothing better for his ragged nerves than a soothing herb drink, and indeed, with the first swallow, pleasant memories began to revive. But listening to explanations was something that Spy Katz never did well.\n\n\"Tell your story to the judge, stranger,\" he thundered.\n\n\"You are under arrest.\"\n\nAnd he marched his prisoner toward the city.\n\nCause for Suspicion\nXLVIII\nThe Arm of the Law\nAgainst the Signal\nMrs. Bufkins was driving home to Pussy way Lane with her daughter Lily, who had just arrived from Hollywood for a visit. A crowd had gathered around the city jail, and she persuaded Lily to take a nap, explaining that she needed to return to town for a few errands. Something told her that she was needed.\n\nFor the first time since learning to drive, she exceeded the speed limit, lost control of her car, and crashed against a stop signal, throwing the traffic officer to the ground.\n\n\"Oh, what have I done!\" she screamed as she yanked at her emergency brake.\n\nBut Number Eleven was Officer Pause, and he arose to his feet, unhurt. Brushing off the dust, he said, \"Madam, I have not forgotten your kindness in the past. Proceed, I suspect you are in a hurry.\"\n\nMrs. Bufkins smiled in relief and continued her journey after another wild ride.\nMrs. Speckleback reached the court house. Forcing her way through the crowd, she caught a glimpse of the prisoner.\n\n\"Stop, sheriff,\" she commanded. \"You have made a terrible mistake!\"\n\nMrs. Speckleback owned what was truly a grand father's clock for the tall heirloom that graced the hallway was a legacy from her own grandfather. She was fond of asking what better way she could serve his memory than to keep his clock wound and oiled so faithfully that it never ran down or gained or lost one minute.\n\nMr. Jollipup said that he believed exercise was what kept that antique in such splendid condition. It is a fact that if there was ever any doubt as to the time that any event of interest occurred in Catnip Corners, Mrs. Speckleback could be trusted to come forward with the correct time.\nEven in the middle of the night, at any unfamiliar sound, she would arise, light her candle, and check the clock. So on the morning that Spy Katz arrested the stranger, half the city soon knew that, at exactly ten o'clock, the sheriff had marched a prisoner past the Speckleback home, and, at twenty minutes of eleven, Mrs. Bufkins had dashed by, driving her own car, making no less than sixty miles an hour.\n\nCorrect Time\nL\n\nProwler is Notified\nOld Friends\nL\n\nProwler, at the Catnip Factory, answered his desk telephone, hung up, and started to fox-trot around the office.\n\nProwler \u2014 what is it? Tell me, begged his twin Purra, who had heard just enough of the conversation to arouse her curiosity.\n\n\"Ever remember hearing the old saying \u2014 And the cat came back?\" grinned Prowler. \"Well, brother Archie is...\"\nI am off to tell Lily the news, leaving Purra wide-eyed in excitement. Prowler danced away but first went to two former friends of Archingback. Jack O'Hare, a gentleman truck farmer, had just come in from the fields with his chum, Ayer Dale. In a few words, they were told how Sheriff Katz had arrested a stranger who proved to be none other than poor Archie Stripes, trying to find his way home to Catnip Corners. The two friends gayly agreed to drive to Pussyway Lane with Prowler. Jack, in honor of the occasion, slapped on his opera hat with such vigor that one ear went through the brim, and the trio grew very hilarious.\n\nOld Friends.\nLI\nSchool is dismissed.\nA Holiday.\nLI\nSchool is dismissed.\nCatnip Corners is proud of its school, which is of a rustic design, very appealing to the pupils.\nDuring this eventful year, the principal was Miss Tabitha Speckleback, a daughter of the lady of the clock. On the day that Spy Katz made his unfortunate mistake, Miss Tabby, as her scholars affectionately called her, was about to ring the bell to open the afternoon session when she received a message from her mother through the kindness of the Jollipup twins. The note advised her of all the details of the exciting morning, including the exact time of the incident. Mrs. Speckleback concluded that, as Mrs. Bufkins was one of the school board members, it would do no harm to give the children a half-holiday. Tabitha must come home directly, for they were invited to the reception in Pussy Way Lane in the evening, and she herself had nothing to wear. So the school was dismissed with great rejoicing.\nTabitha hurried home to help her mother properly honor the return of Archingback Stripes.\n\nA Holiday\nLII\nWaiting for the Hero\n\nThe schoolchildren, in irrepressible spirits at the sudden release from discipline, scampered gaily to the business district, chanting, \"Archingsback's back \u2013 Archingback\u2019s back!\"\n\nThe streets were already crowded with residents anxious to catch a glimpse of the Catnip Corners hero, reported missing in action so long ago, and now returning after a series of remarkable adventures.\n\nAs a whole, the crowd was a jolly one, but there were some who, shocked at the noisy antics of the youngsters, frowned on them so severely that they retreated toward Pussyway Lane, where they felt sure there was no chance of missing Mr. Stripes.\nAngora disappeared up the tree ahead of several others and cried that she had a reserved seat. Up there, she amused herself by giving a false alarm every little while. She would dilate the pupils of her eyes and declare that she could see him coming. But after she failed to fool her companions, she told them that Miss Tabby would be ashamed of the way they were acting, and when Archingback came into sight, they must all stand at attention.\n\nA RESERVED SEAT\n\nPREPARATIONS FOR THE HOME-COMING\nHis Favorite Jam\n\nOn the drive to Pussyway Lane, Prowler's friends helped him think up several nice ways to break the news of Archingback's return to Lily gently. But when they arrived at the Bufkins cottage, all their fine fancies fled and Prowler burst into the house and cried out:\n\n\"Archingback is back!\"\n\"Hello, Lily, Archingback is home! Let's open some jam.\" Tired out after the trip from Hollywood, Lily had been taking a nap. The great surprise added to Prowler's crude awakening proved altogether too much for her. She fainted away.\n\nAyer Dale ran to the garden and picked a sprig of catnip, which he waved back and forth under Mrs. Stripes' nose, while she slowly revived. It took some time to make her realize that Mr. Stripes was safe and sound and due home at any minute.\n\nIt was always Prowler's idea to begin a celebration by opening a jar of jam, and he gave Lily no peace until she let him assist her to a high shelf in the pantry where special delicacies were reserved.\n\nHis favorite jam.\nLIV\nHOME AT LAST\nA Private Citizen\nLIV\nHOME AT LAST\n\nIn the meantime, Archingback Stripes was being transformed.\nFrom a bewildered adventurer into a distinguished citizen. Always resourceful, Mrs. Bufkins secured Archive's release at the court house. There, she saw that a severe reprimand was dealt to the crestfallen Spy Katz. Then, tactful and sympathetic, she waited at the haberdasher's while Archive was at the barber's. Soon, her son-in-law looked like the gentleman that he was.\n\nHe did not care for the wool headgear that Mrs. Bufkins chose for him, but wore it to please her. And, his ulster was also copied through all the winter season.\n\nWhen he finally appeared on the street with Mrs. Bufkins, he was surrounded and given such an ovation that they could not make their way to the family car, but were forced to take a taxi to the daily newspaper office, where they gave out an announcement.\nItem included a general invitation to Pussyway Lane in the evening.\nA private citizen, LV, with the Jollipups. A Cheering Cup, LV.\nAmong the friends who were very much excited over the return of the long-missing soldier were Mr. and Mrs. Jollipup, who had been present at the Bufkins-Stripes wedding. The couple engaged in an argument as to whether Ruddy and Buddy should be allowed to attend the evening festivities, but the twins decided it in favor of their mother by declaring that they were ready for bed. Mrs. Speckleback had generously tipped them a quarter for delivering the note to Miss Tabitha, and the little boys had celebrated until they could not keep their eyes open. Mrs. Jollipup, having gained her point, became very sweet.\nand using the silver service, poured a cup of coffee for Henry, who soon admitted that the children would be just as well off at home. For he explained, it is pretty certain that the punch bowl will be safe from Spy Katz tonight.\n\n\"Wasn't it lucky that Lily should arrive home today?\" asked Mrs. Jollipup.\n\n\"It has all worked out just like a puzzle,\" agreed Henry.\n\nA Cheering Cup\nLVI\n\nA Public Reception\nMusicians for the Evening\nLVI\n\nA Public Reception\n\nThere has never been, and probably never will be, any event in Catnip Corners to compare with the public reception that was tendered Archingback Stripes on the night after his return to Pussyway Lane.\n\nHis wife Lily, proud and happy on his arm, wore her wedding dress, which needed no stitch to fit her youthful slenderness. Music for the evening was furnished by The Catnip Blooms.\nThree musicians, Mr. Jollipup's forecast was correct, Sheriff Katz did not show up but everyone was so thrilled to shake hands with a real hero that the punch bowl was sadly neglected. Mr. Stripes was eager to talk about the remarkable progress of Catnip Corners but so modest about his own adventures that his friends were disappointed. It was Mrs. Bufkins' threat to tell the story of his exploits herself that finally persuaded Archie to sketch briefly an outline of all the wonderful things that had happened to him. And he never guessed until he saw the newspapers that his talk had gone on the air.\n\nMusicians for the Evening.\n\nHis Experiences.\n\nA Flag of Truce.\n\nHis Experiences.\n\nNewspapers told Animal Land that the rescued passenger of the ill-fated Aerial Express was the Catnip Corners resident.\nThe freighter, which lowered the life-boats, had been bound for Halifax. Captain Airkat placed Archingback, sick and delirious, in a hospital there. He eluded his attendants with one sane thought persisting - he must get to Catnip Corners. And his wanderings had ended at the crossroads.\n\nHe vividly remembered his army service. He and a comrade had been hurled into a shell-hole. As consciousness returned, they found that a canteen worker had made a hazardous trip to bring first aid. But escaping from enemy ground seemed hopeless, so they made a flag of truce from a roll of bandage and were marched to a prison camp.\n\nFrom that time, until Archie arrived at the London lodgings of the air pilot, his memory was still dark. It was after he tuned-in on Lily\u2019s appeal, before events unfolded.\nThe past began to arrange themselves in his mind in proper order, and another mental upset had followed the air crash.\n\nA Flag of Truce\ni\nLVIII\nA Special Honor\nArchingback Stripes Post, No. 13\nLVIII\nA Special Honor\n\nArchingback stripes had been home only a short time when he received the unusual honor of being asked by Mayor Roundhead to review the monthly drill of the Home Guard.\n\nThe boys wore their new fatigue uniforms of khaki flannel for the first time, and went through the Manual with a smart precision that befitted the occasion.\n\nWhen Mr. Stripes asked the name of the organization, and was told that it was the Archingback Stripes Post, Number Thirteen, tears rolled down his cheeks.\n\nHe did not know that Catnip Corners had learned that he had been decorated with a Distinguished Service Medal, but he had been cited for bravery several times before.\nMr. Purritt, missing in action, made a short address to the guard at the request of the mayor, leaving them happy as he declared that it was plain to be seen the city was safe in their protection. The salute to the flag was given in unison, followed by the Boy Scouts Band playing \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\n\nA BRIDE AND GROOM\nMr. and Mrs. Purritt\nMrs. Bufkins sat in her easy-chair in front of the fire. For once, her knitting-needles were thrust through the garment on her lap. She wondered how much more in the line of surprises she could stand. But when Archingback and Lily, with Purra and Prowler, came in from viewing one of Mewsie's films, she was smiling brightly and as busy as ever.\nHow does it feel to be the father of a movie star? she asked Archie.\nOh, very thrilling, replied Mr. Stripes, but I do believe that a daughter right here at home in Pussyway Lane would be even nicer.\nWhile he was speaking, a motor purred softly at the gate, and soon, an impatient blast on the horn sent everybody to the door.\nMrs. Bufkins put on the porch light, then leaned heavily against Prowler's shoulder.\nFor in a gayly decorated, white-ribboned car, Mr. and Mrs. Purritt (n\u00e9e Mewsie Stripes) had arrived from Hollywood on their honeymoon.\nAnd we're all going to live right here in Catnip Corners, forever and ever, cried the little bride. There's no place like home.\n\nMr. and Mrs. Purritt Long,\n\nANIMAL LAND SIGNS OFF\n\"Good night, Ladies and Gentlemen\"\n\nTwo of the Bassbark brothers, Bill and Charley, had\nAfter returning from a glorious New Year's Eve party at the Bufkins cottage, they were such ardent radio fans that they were prepared to tune in, even after going to bed. But the air was noisy, so they talked a while. Bill expressed that he had never hoped to dance with a real-life movie star. Charley wondered if Purritt Long would be put on the payroll of the Catnip Factory. He rather fancied that Arch-ingback Stripes would go into politics; he would not be surprised if they ran him for mayor.\n\n\"Why, Mayor Roundhead has done well for the city,\" protested Bill.\n\n\"Yes, yes, sleepily yawned Charley. But, you know, there are always some who like to see a new tail wagging.\"\n\n\"Well, it's almost the end of the year,\" said Charley. \"And what a wonderful twelve months it has been for all the folks of Animal Land.\"\nHe imitated Mr. Padfoot's best tones: \"We are now signing off, ladies and gentlemen - a happy New Year from Station NIP.\" Good night, ladies and gentlemen.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "title": "Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum, and other poems,", "creator": "Arnold, Matthew, 1822-1888", "lccn": "29018016", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011886", "partner_shiptracking": "171GR", "call_number": "8743995", "identifier_bib": "00136037328", "lc_call_number": "PR4022 .S3 1929", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, New York [etc.] D. C. Heath and company", "associated-names": "Crocker, Florence Allen, [from old catalog] ed", "description": "78 p. ; 17 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-12-20 17:13:34", "updatedate": "2019-12-20 18:16:49", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "arnoldssohrabrus00arno", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-12-20 18:16:52", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "106", "scandate": "20200115205403", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-ronamye-cabale@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20200117133419", "republisher_time": "770", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/arnoldssohrabrus00arno", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2996n61j", "scanfee": "300;12;240", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL27898327M", "openlibrary_work": "OL20637808W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156099314", "backup_location": "ia907009_27", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "89", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "[Arnolds Sohrab and Rustum and Other Poems, edited by Florence Allen, Head of the Department of English, La Salle-Peru-Oglesby Junior College, Illinois\nDecorations by Alice M. Beyer\nD.C. Heath and Company, Boston, Atlanta, New York, San Francisco, London, Chicago, Dallas\nHeath\u2019s Golden Key Series\n\nAvailable or in preparation:\nArnold's Poetry and Other Poems\nShorter Poems\nRecent Poetry\nO\u2019Keefe's Browning\nGuindon's Poetry\nMilton's Shorter Poems\nScott's Lady of the Lake\nTennyson's Idylls of the King\nJunior High School Fiction\n\nCooper's Last of the Mohicans\nEliot's Silas Marner\nEliot's Mill on the Floss 3\nHawthorne's House of the Seven Gables]\nTales from Hawthorne, Dickens's Tale of Two Cities, Scott's Ivanhoe, Scott's Quentin Durward, Williams and Lieber's Panorama of the Short Story, Addison and Steele's Sir Roger de Coverlet, boswell's Life of Johnson (selections), Burke's On Conciliation, Phillips and Geisler's Glimpses Into the World of Science, lowell's A Certain Condescension and Democracy (with other essays on international good and bad will), Macaulay's Johnson, French and Godkin's Old Testament Narratives, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.\n\nD. C. Heath and Company, 1929, United States of America.\n\nEditor's Preface\n\nThe editor has attempted to provide high school students with a selection of the following works: Dickens's Tale of Two Cities, Scott's Ivanhoe, Scott's Quentin Durward, Williams and Lieber's Panorama of the Short Story, Addison and Steele's Sir Roger de Coverlet, boswell's Life of Johnson, Burke's On Conciliation, Phillips and Geisler's Glimpses Into the World of Science, lowell's A Certain Condescension and Democracy, Macaulay's Johnson, French and Godkin's Old Testament Narratives, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, and Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.\nThe editor selects twelve poems from Wordsworth's works to showcase his highest poetic excellence and classify them for a clear understanding of their purpose. This short course on Arnold's poetry serves as an introduction to a later study of all English poetry types, focusing on the dramatic elements in narrative and verse technique. Classroom work suggests finding well-chosen figures of speech examples.\nThe introduction is not to be used as an opening lesson, as it might confuse students. It should be given in relation to the specific poems to be studied, along with corresponding discussion questions.\n\nIntroduction\nMatthew Arnold, The Poet\n\nFacts about Arnold's life can be found in any encyclopedia: \"Son of Doctor Thomas Arnold, born in Laleham, Middlesex County, December 24, 1822 \u2014 died April 15, 1888.\" The intriguing aspects of his life are best explored in connection with his works. The notable fact is that he could find inspiration to write poetry as well as prose during the thirty-five years he spent traveling around England, inspecting schools.\nAnd he corrected examination papers. When we also add that his real objective in life was to fight what he called \"British Philistinism\" or middle-class ignorance and stupidity, we find it all the more remarkable that he could write any poetry whatsoever.\n\nThe highest praise that may be given to Arnold is to apply his own standard of criticism to his verse. He suggests that there is \"no more useful help for discovering what poetry belongs to the class of the truly excellent than to have in one\u2019s mind lines and expressions of the great masters and to apply these as a touchstone to other poetry.\"\n\nThat is the one great reason for learning by heart passages from the great classics, so that they may become a part of our literary fiber and may give us a standard by which we shall be able to recognize the excellent poetry.\nother great poetry and discard cheap and trite versifying or even second-rate poetry. If we have in mind some of the great lines of Homer and Milton, we shall love such lines as the following from Sohrab and Rustum:\n\nAs in the country on a morn in June,\nWhen the dew glistens on the pearled ears,\nA shiver runs through the deep corn for joy.\n\nArnold has \"the accent of the great masters,\" \"a high seriousness,\" \"a large, free, sound representation of things.\" In addition to that, he has \"divine liquidness of diction\" or a poetic choice of words, and \"fluidity of movement\" or ease of manner and treatment. There is a strain of the Celtic in his lighter poems, of a truly \"natural magic.\" But above all, he was a sincere lover of Greek literature and has the simplicity, the austerity, and the restraint of Greek poetry. Hence it should be our\n\n(Note: The text appears to be already clean and readable, with no major issues requiring correction or cleaning.)\nThe purpose of this text is to facilitate a deeper enjoyment of what is truly excellent in his poetry.\n\nSubject Matter of Narrative Poems\n\nWhat Matthew Arnold chose as the subject of his poetry ought to appeal to students, as he was himself a student who was always finding fresh themes from his reading and putting them into terms of life. While his essays may weary some due to their rhetorical effects and repetition, his poetry will always have a fresh charm. It may well appeal more today than in the Victorian Age, as both in thought and freedom of style, there is a distinctly modern note. Although much of his poetry is sad, yet it is never a mere wail of regret or outburst of despair. It is a sadness strangely blended with beauty, as in \"The Church of Brou\" or \"The Scholar Gypsy.\"\nA quiet resignation, as in Dover Beach. Although he laments the passing of the old religious faith, yet he ever finds joy in nature or hope in humanity. His message is courage to meet intellectual doubts and self-reliance to meet life. His heroes are often youthful dreamers who are full of enthusiasm and high courage.\n\n\"Sohrab and Rustum\"\n\nThe particular poem most likely to appeal is Sohrab and Rustum, because it is a narrative oriental theme and full of romantic ardor of feeling. The story is told directly with no weak sentimentality or moralizings. The pathos that lies in the situation is never at any point overdone. It should be read through for its dramatic unity before it is ever studied in part, for in a sense it resembles the great tragedies of Shakespeare. It has first its atmosphere of foreboding, then its starting point.\nI. Introduction\nSohrab spends a restless night (11. 1-40).\n\nII. Inciting Force\nSohrab tells Peran-Wisa his desire to fight in single combat to gain renown for his father (11. 41-61).\n\nIII. Ascending Action\nA. Peran-Wisa grants his request (11. 62-93).\nB. The herald of the Tartars announces to Ferood, the Persian leader, that Sohrab wishes to fight a Persian champion (11. 93-94).\nC. The challenge causes fear among the Persians (11. 95-101).\nD. Rustum is finally prevailed upon to accept (11. 102-111).\nE. Rustum prepares to fight in plain armor (11. 112-115).\nF. Rustum, seeing the youth of Sohrab, tries to dissuade him (11. 116-120).\ndiscourage him from fighting (11. 290-397). G. They fight with spears and clubs, Rus-ium slipping and falling in the sand (11. 397-H. They make a second charge, a cloud of mist enveloping them (11. 469-513). IV. Climax Rustum cries out his own name at which Sohrab recoils and receives a fatal blow (11. 513-520). V. Concluding Crisis Rustum is convinced by the seal that Sohrab is VI. Descending Action A. Rustum gives way to his grief but is B. Sohrab makes his dying request and prophesies (11. 521-836). VII. Catastrophe Sohrab dies and Rustum stays mourning over his body till night comes (11. 837-874). VIII. Epilogue \"The majestic river floated on,\" symbolizing life and eternity.\n\nThe Narrative Poems\nxi\n\"The Forsaken Merman\"\n\nThe Forsaken Merman, on the other hand, is a delicate, elusive story in verse that must be felt rather than analyzed. The pathos is of a higher order.\nThe tone and story are focused on the climactic moment of the Merman's return to the sea. The issue revolves around Margaret, who has lost her soul after uniting with the sea monster. She cannot return to her children following her religious inspiration in the hill's little church. The theme of a mortal married to a lower or higher god is common in Greek mythology and later literature. One intriguing poem on the subject is Marpessa by Stephen Phillips. Arnold's beauty lies in the changing effects of rhyme and rhythm to convey the sea's idea.\n\nTristram and Iseult\n\nAlthough Tristram and Iseult is one of the many Arthurian love story adaptations known through opera, it possesses a unique individuality.\nThe story is about a knight from King Arthur's Court who fell in love with Iseult of Ireland but later married Iseult of Brittany. In his fevered dream, Iseult of Ireland appears holding a golden goblet for him to taste the magic drink that made them \"forever love each other\" with a wild, delicious pain. For Iseult of Brittany, his wife, he feels tender pity and gentle affection. He turns his thoughts to his children when he says to Iseult, \"Where do the children sleep? Kiss them for me! Poor child, thou art almost as pale as I, from nursing long and watching late.\" The following passage in this volume continues to the end of Part I. The second part of the poem is a dialogue between Tristram and Iseult.\nIreland in rhymed stanzas is disappointing in comparison to that great poem Tristram by the modern poet, Edward Arlington Robinson. The third part takes up the story the year after Tristram's death and shows Iseult compensating her loss of Tristram with a loving companionship with her two children. Later on in the poem, Arnold expresses his philosophy of life: it is not suffering that shuts up eye and ear To all that has delighted. but passion \u2014 Call it ambition or remorse or love, \u2014 This too can change us wholly and make seem All which we did before, shadow and dream.\n\nThis volume introduces students to two types of Arnold's poetry: the narrative poem and the lyric. The Greek drama is represented in the fragment from The Strayed Reveller, but since only the last speech is included.\nThe text is already clean and readable. No need for any cleaning.\n\nThe given text will be classified as a literary analysis. It discusses the classification and excellence of Matthew Arnold's poems, focusing on his narrative poems and the epic \"Sohrab and Rustum.\" The text describes \"Sohrab and Rustum\" as a minor epic or literary epic due to its large-scale action and portrayal of the customs and ideals of a heroic age. The poem's blank verse is noted for its solemn music.\nParadise Lost waves with its cadences. The figures of speech are again on the epic level, as the long and detailed Homeric similes, such as:\n\nAs when some hunter in the spring has found\nA breeding eagle sitting on her nest,\n(Seventeen lines follow in the development of the unfamiliar object compared. Then the figure is completed.)\n\nSo Rustum knew not his own loss, but stood\nOver his dying son, and knew him not.\n\nThe Forsaken Merman contains so small a thread of story\nthat it is a question whether it should not be considered more as a lyric than a narrative poem. The metrical tale of Tristram and Iseult is told partly in dialogue or drama form.\n\nxiv ARNOLD\u2019S POEMS\n\nAn interesting comparative study might be made with Tennyson\u2019s minor epic, Idylls of the King, or with the modern version, Edwin Arlington Robinson\u2019s Tristram.\n\nSonnets.\nArnold wrote a sonnet on Shakespeare but deviated from his rhyme scheme, adopting a variation from Petrarch. However, the two closing lines rhyme, following Shakespeare's lilt. The scheme is abba, acca, dedegg. The Austerity of Poetry follows abba, abba, cdecde. The rising thought or emotion in the octave and the falling emotion in the sestet highlight the beauty of a sonnet, which is best appreciated by expressing the whole poem in a short sentence. Since Arnold loved Greek poetry, he was fond of adopting the irregular verse form of the Greek chorus, resembling the ode or secular song.\nThe short lines of The Strayed Reveller give it a light, charming effect, despite the lack of rhyme and regular rhythm. Dover Beach, a descriptive lyric, retains the Greek form. The first part of The Church of Brou follows regular rules for lyric verse, but \"The Tomb\" in heroic couplets or iambic pentameter stands out. Its cadences are long and varied, making it a free and perfect example. Lines Written in Kensington Gardens, with its tetrameter four-line stanza, is the most typically lyric in form. Thyrsis is the perfect pastoral elegy by Arnold, but The Scholar-Gipsy can be studied in its place as a companion poem.\nThe more challenging poem serves better for a pastoral model than Milton's Lycidas. If the pastoral is an ingrained taste in England, it is even more unnatural in America, where there are no sheep grazing on the hillsides with picturesque shepherds and shepherdesses. However, in this poem, there is almost no artificiality in the pastoral manner; the descriptions reveal merely a pleasing rural scene with a freedom-loving hero.\n\nSince one of the chief beauties of Arnold's verse is the tone color or the adapting of the sound to the sense, it is well to study his method of producing it. The more obvious methods have been suggested under the heading \"Types,\" as follows: choice of meter, variation in the regular rhythm and in the position of the pauses, especially of the blank verse. Besides these, he uses much alliteration.\nThrough the wave and through the swell,\nThe far-off sound of a silver bell.\nMore pleasing in effect is a choice of sounds,\nSuch as the liquid consonants l, m, n, r, for repose,\nWith a sad melancholy strain as,\nA long, long sigh.\nFor the cold, strange eyes of a little mermaid,\nAnd the gleam of her golden hair.\nOn the other hand, the abrupt consonants b, k, c, and t, suggest harshness:\nThe two hosts heard the cry and quaked for fear,\nAnd Oxus curdled as it crossed the stream.\nThe long vowels suggest an effect similar to that,\nOf the liquid consonants, a slowness or calmness,\nDown, down, down,\nDown into the depths of the sea.\nThe long vowels combined with alliterations give\nAn even more striking effect,\nNow the great wind blows shoreward,\nNow the solemn tide seaward blows.\nContrasted with this are the short vowels to suggest\nA quick, sharp contrast.\nThe swiftness or lightness,\nHist wakes, he wakes. I did not lure you here, Ulysses.\nSometimes the sound of a word itself suggests the thought as The spear hisses and goes quivering down into the sand, or, it flutters and fails of breath.\nTone Color\nxvu\nAnd lastly, there is much repetition, especially in the use of refrain, such as, \"Come children, let us away!\" which occurs in slightly varying form in almost every stanza of The Forsaken Merman. To delve more into the minutiae of versification may be like tearing the petals of a flower to pieces until its beauty is lost.\n\nAn Episode\nAnd the first grey of morning filled the east,\nAnd the fog rose out of the Oxus stream.\nBut all the Tartar camp along the stream\nWas hushed, and still the men were plunged in sleep;\nSohrab alone, he slept not; all night long\nHe had lain wakeful, tossing on his bed.\nBut when the grey dawn stole into his tent,\nHe rose and clad himself, girt his sword,\nAnd took his horseman's cloak, and left his tent,\nAnd went abroad into the cold wet fog,\nThrough the dim camp to Peran-Wisa's tent.\nThrough the black Tartar tents he passed, which stood\nClustering like beehives on the low flat strand\nOf Oxus, where the summer-floods overflow\nWhen the sun melts the snows in high Pamere;\nThrough the black tents he passed, o'er that low strand,\nAnd to a hillock came, a little back\nFrom the stream's brink \u2014 the spot where first a boat\nCrossing the stream in summer scrapes the land.\nThe men of former times had crowned the top\nWith a clay fort; but that was fallen, and now\nThe Tartars built there Peran-Wisa's tent,\nA dome of laths, and o'er it felts were spread.\nAnd Sohrab came there, and went in, and stood.\nUpon the thick-piled carpets in the tent, I found the old man sleeping on his bed of rugs and felts, and near him lay his arms. I heard him, though my step was dulled; for he slept light, an old man's sleep.\n\nAnd he rose quickly on one arm and said: \"Who art thou? For it is not yet clear dawn. Speak! Is there news, or any night alarm?\"\n\nBut Sohrab came to the bedside and said: \"Thou knowest me, Peran-Wisa! It is I. The sun is not yet risen, and the foe sleeps; but I sleep not. All night long I lie tossing and wakeful, and I come to thee. For so did King Afrasiab bid me seek thy counsel, and to heed thee as thy son, in Samarcand, before the army marched; and I will tell thee what my heart desires. Thou knowest if, since I came among the Tartars and bore arms, \"\nI have still served Afrasiab well, and shown,\nAt my boy\u2019s years, the courage of a man.\nThis too you know, that while I still bear on\nThe conquering Tartar ensigns through the world,\nAnd beat the Persians back on every field,\nI seek one man, one man, and one alone \u2014\nRustum, my father; who I hoped should greet,\nShould one day greet, upon some well-fought field,\nHis not unworthy, not inglorious son.\nSo I long hoped, but him I never find.\nCome then, hear now, and grant me what I ask.\nLet the two armies rest to-day; but I\nWill challenge forth the bravest Persian lords\nTo meet me, man to man; if I prevail,\nRustum will surely hear it; if I fall \u2014\nOld man, the dead need no one, claim no kin.\nThe rumor of a common fight is dim,\nWhere host meets host, and many names are sunk;\nBut of a single combat fame speaks clear.\nHe spoke; and Peran-Wisa took the hand\nOf the young man in his, and sighed, and said: \u2014\n\"0 Sohrab, an unquiet heart is thine!\nCanst thou not rest among the Tartar chiefs,\nAnd share the battle's common chance with us,\nWho love thee, but must press for ever first,\nIn single fight incurring single risk,\nTo find a father thou hast never seen?\nThat were far best, my son, to stay with us\nUnmurmuring; in our tents, while it is war,\nAnd when 'tis truce, then in Afrasiab's towns.\nBut, if this one desire indeed rules all,\nTo seek out Rustum \u2014 seek him not through fight!\nSeek him in peace, and carry to his arms,\n0 Sohrab, carry an unwounded son!\nBut far hence seek him, for he is not here.\nFor now it is not as when I was young,\nWhen Rustum was in front of every fray;\"\nBut now he keeps apart and sits at home,\nIn Seistan, with Zal, his father old.\nWhether that his own mighty strength at last\nFeels the abhorred approaches of old age,\nOr in some quarrel with the Persian King.\nThere go! \u2014 Thou wilt not? Yet my heart forebodes\nDanger or death awaits thee on this field.\nFain would I know thee safe and well, though lost\nTo us; fain therefore send thee hence, in peace\nTo seek thy father, not seek single fights\nIn vain; \u2014 but who can keep the lion's cub\nFrom ravening, and who governs Rustum's son?\nGo, I will grant thee what thy heart desires.\n\nSo said he, and dropped Sohrab's hand, and left\nHis bed, and the warm rugs whereon he lay;\nAnd o'er his chilly limbs his woollen coat\nHe passed, and tied his sandals on his feet,\nAnd threw a white cloak round him, and he took\nIn his right hand a ruler's staff, no sword.\nAnd on his head he set his sheep-skin cap,\nBlack, glossy, curled, the fleece of Kara-Kul;\nAnd raised the curtain of his tent and called\nHis herald to his side and went abroad.\n\nSohrab and Rustum\n\nThe sun by this had risen, and cleared the fog\nFrom the broad Oxus and the glittering sands.\nAnd from their tents, the Tartar horsemen filed\nInto the open plain; so Haman bade\nThe host, who next to Peran-Wisa ruled\nThem and was still in his lusty prime.\n\nFrom their black tents, long files of horse they streamed.\nAs when some grey November morn the files,\nIn marching order spread, of long-neck'd cranes\nStream over Casbin and the southern slopes\nOf Elburz, or some frore Caspian reed-bed,\nSouthward bound for the warm Persian sea-board \u2014\nSo they streamed.\n\nThe Tartars of the Oxus, the King\u2019s guard.\nFirst, men with black sheepskin caps and long spears; large men, large steeds, who come from Bokhara and Khiva, and ferment the milk of mares. 120 Next, the more temperate Toorkmuns of the south, The Tukas, and the lances of Salore, And those from Attruck and the Caspian sands; Light men on light steeds, who only drink The acrid milk of camels, and their wells. And then a swarm of wandering horse, who came From far, and a more doubtful service owned; The Tartars of Ferghana, from the banks Of the Jaxartes, men with scanty beards And close-set skull-caps; and those wilder hordes Who roam o'er Kipchak and the northern waste, Kalmucks and unkempt Kuzzaks, tribes who stray Nearest the Pole, and wandering Kirghizzes, Who come on shaggy ponies from Pamere; All filed out from camp into the plain. And on the other side, the Persians formed;\nFirst, a light cloud of horses, Tartars they seemed,\nThe Ilyats of Khorassan; and behind,\nThe royal troops of Persia, horse and foot,\nMarshalled battalions bright in burnished steel.\nBut Peran-Wisa with his herald came,\nThreading the Tartar squadrons to the front,\nAnd with his staff kept back the foremost ranks.\nAnd when Ferood, who led the Persians, saw\nThat Peran-Wisa kept the Tartars back,\nHe took his spear and to the front he came,\nAnd checked his ranks and fixed them where they stood.\nAnd the old Tartar came upon the sand\nBetwixt the silent hosts, and spoke, and said:\n\"Ferood, and ye, Persians and Tartars, hear!\nLet there be truce between the hosts to-day.\nBut choose a champion from the Persian lords\nTo fight our champion Sohrab, man to man.\"\n\nAs, in the country, on a morn in June,\nWhen the dew glistens on the pearled ears.\nA shiver runs through the deep corn for joy \u2014\nSo, when they heard what Peran-Wisa said,\nA thrill through all the Tartar squadrons ran,\nOf pride and hope for Sohrab, whom they loved.\nBut as a troop of pedlars, from Cabool,\nCross underneath the Indian Caucasus,\nThis vast sky-neighboring mountain of milk snow;\nCrossing so high, that, as they mount, they pass\nLong flocks of traveling birds dead on the snow,\nChoked by the air, and scarce can they themselves\nSlake their parched throats with sugared mulberries \u2014\nIn single file they move, and stop their breath,\nFor fear they should dislodge the overhanging snows \u2014\nSo the pale Persians held their breath with fear.\nAnd to Ferood his brother chiefs came up,\nTo counsel; Gudurz and Zoarrah came,\nAnd Feraburz, who ruled the Persian host\nSecond, and was the uncle of the King.\nThese came and counselled, and then Gudurz said: \"Ferood, shame bids us take their challenge up, yet champion have we none to match this youth. Sohrab and Rustum. He has the wild stag's foot, the lion's heart. But Rustum came last night; aloof he sits and sullen, and has pitched his tents apart. Him will I seek, and carry to his ear the Tartar challenge, and this young man's name. Haply he will forget his wrath, and fight. Stand forth the while, and take their challenge up.\" So spoke he; and Ferood stood forth and cried: \"Old man, be it agreed as thou hast said! Let Sohrab arm, and we will find a man.\" He spoke: and Peran-Wisa turned and strode back through the opening squadrons to his tent. But through the anxious Persians Gudurz ran, and crossed the camp which lay behind, and reached, out on the sands beyond it, Rustum's tents.\nOf scarlet cloth they were, and glittering gay,\nJust pitch'd. The high pavilion in the midst\nWas Rustum's, and his men lay camp'd around.\nAnd Gudurz entered Rustum's tent, and found\nRustum; his morning meal was done, but still\nThe table stood before him, charged with food \u2014\nA side of roasted sheep, and cakes of bread,\nAnd dark green melons; and there Rustum sat\nListless, and held a falcon on his wrist,\nAnd played with it; but Gudurz came and stood\nBefore him; and he looked, and saw him stand,\nAnd with a cry sprang up and dropp'd the bird,\nAnd greeted Gudurz with both hands, and said: \u2014\n\"Welcome! these eyes could see no better sight.\nWhat news? But sit down first, and eat and drink.\"\nBut Gudurz stood in the tent-door, and said: \u2014\n\"Not now! A time will come to eat and drink,\nBut not to-day; to-day has other needs.\"\nThe armies are drawn out and stand at gaze;\nFrom the Tartars is a challenge brought\nTo pick a champion from the Persian lords\nTo fight their champion \u2014 and thou knowest his name \u2014\n\nArnold's Poems\n\nSohrab men call him, but his birth is hid.\nO Rustum, like thy might is this young man's!\nHe has the wild stag's foot, the lion's heart;\nAnd he is young, and Iran's chiefs are old,\nOr else too weak; and all eyes turn to thee.\nCome down and help us, Rustum, or we lose!\n\nHe spoke; but Rustum answered with a smile:\n\"Go to! If Iran's chiefs are old, then I\nAm older; if the young are weak, the King\nErrs strangely; for the King, for Kai Khosroo,\nHimself is young, and honors younger men,\nAnd lets the aged molder to their graves.\n\nRustum he loves no more, but loves the young \u2014\nThe young may rise at Sohrab's vaunts, not I.\nFor what care I, though all speak Sohrab's fame?\nI'd rather have such a son as he,\nAnd not this weak, helpless girl I have \u2014 a son\nFamed, brave, to war I'd send him, I'd remain\nWith snow-haired Zal, my father, vexed by Afghans,\nRobbers clipping his borders, driving his herds,\nHe has none to guard his weak old age.\nThere I'd go, hang up my armor, shield him,\nSpend treasures I've gained, rest my age, hear Sohrab's fame,\nLeave thankless kings' hosts to death, draw sword no more.\n\nHe spoke, smiled; Gudurz replied:\n\"What then, O Rustum, will men say to this,\nWhen Sohrab dares our bravest forth, seeks thee?\"\n\"Hides thy face? Take heed lest men should say:\nLike some old miser, Rustum hoards his fame,\nAnd shuns to peril it with younger men.\u201d\n\nAnd, greatly moved, then Rustum made reply:\n\"Why dost thou say such words, Gudurz? Thou knowest better words than this to say. What is one more, one less, obscure or famed, Valiant or craven, young or old, to me? Are not they mortal, am I not I myself? But who for nothing would do great deeds? Come, thou shalt see how Rustum hoards his fame! But I will fight unknown, and in plain arms; Let not men say of Rustum, he was matched In single fight with any mortal man.\"\n\nHe spoke, and frown'd; and Gudurz turned, and ran Back quickly through the camp in fear and joy\u2014 Fear at his wrath, but joy that Rustum came. But Rustum strode to his tent-door, and call'd\"\nHis followers brought his arms and clad him in steel. He chose plain arms, with no device on his shield, but his helm was rich, inlaid with gold. A scarlet horsehair plume waved from the fluted spine atop. So armed, he issued forth. Ruksh, his horse, followed like a faithful hound at his heels. Renowned Ruksh, whose fame was known throughout the earth, the horse whom Rustum had found as a colt by the river in Bokhara and had reared, a bright bay with a lofty crest, saddled with a cloth of broidered green crusted with gold. On the ground were worked all beasts of chase, all beasts known to hunters. Leaving his tents, Rustum crossed the camp and appeared to the Persian host.\nAnd all the Persians knew him, hailing with shouts. But the Tartars did not know who he was.\n\nAs wet and dear to the eyes of his pale wife,\nWho waits and weeps on Bahrein's sandy shore,\nPlunging all day in the Persian Gulf's blue waves,\nAt night, having made up his tale of precious pearls,\nRejoins her in their hut upon the sands\u2014\nSo dear to the pale Persians came Rustum.\n\nRustum advanced to the Persian front,\nSohrab armed in Hainan's tent, and came.\nJust as the reapers cut a swath through rich corn,\nAnd on each side are squares of standing corn,\nAnd in the midst, a stubble, short and bare\u2014\nSo on each side were squares of men, with spears\nBristling, and in the midst, the open sand.\n\nRustum came upon the sand and cast his eyes\nToward the Tartar tents and saw.\nSohrab comes forth and eyed him as he came. As some rich woman, on a winter's morn, eyes through her silken curtains the poor drudge who with numb blackened fingers makes her fire - at cock-crow, on a starlit winter's morn, when the frost flowers the whiten'd window-panes - and wonders how she lives, and what the thoughts of that poor drudge may be; so Rustum eyed The unknown adventurous youth, who from afar came seeking Rustum, and defying forth all the most valiant chiefs; long he perused His spirited air and wondered who he was. For very young he seemed, tenderly reared; like some young cypress, tall, and dark, and straight, which in a queen's secluded garden throws its slight dark shadow on the moonlit turf by midnight, to a bubbling fountain's sound - so slender Sohrab seemed, so softly reared. And a deep pity entered Rustum's soul.\nAs he beheld him coming, and he stood, and beckoned to him with his hand, and said: \"0 thou young man, the air of Heaven is soft, and warm, and pleasant; but the grave is cold! Heaven's air is better than the cold dead grave. Behold me! I am vast, and clad in iron, and tried; and I have stood on many a field of blood, and I have fought with many a foe \u2014 never was that field lost, or that foe saved. 0 Sohrab, wherefore wilt thou rush on death? Be governed! quit the Tartar host, and come To Iran, and be as my son to me, And fight beneath my banner till I die! There are no youths in Iran brave as thou.\" So he spoke, mildly; Sohrab heard his voice, and he saw\nHis figure planted on the sand,\nSolely like some single tower, which a chief\n Had built on the waste in former years\n Against the robbers; and he saw that head,\n Streaked with its first grey hairs. Hope filled his soul,\n And he ran forward and embraced his knees,\n Clasping his hand within his own, and said:\n \"0, by thy father's head! by thine own soul!\n Art thou not Rustum? Speak! art thou he?\"\n But Rustum eyed askance the kneeling youth,\n And turned away, and spoke to his own soul:\n \"Ah me, I muse what this young man may mean!\n False, wily, boastful, are these Tartar boys.\n If I now confess this thing he asks,\n And hide it not, but say: Rustum is here!\n He will not yield indeed, nor quit our foes,\n But he will find some pretext not to fight,\n And praise my fame, and proffer courteous gifts.\"\nA belt or sword, and go his way. And on a feast-tide, in Afrasiab\u2019s hall, In Samarcand, he will arise and cry: \"I challenged once, when the two armies camp'd Beside the Oxus, all the Persian lords To cope with me in single fight; but they Shrank, only Rustum dared; then he and I Changed gifts, and went on equal terms away. So will he speak, perhaps, while men applaud; Then were the chiefs of Iran shamed through me.\u201d And then he turned, and sternly spoke aloud: \u201cRise! Wherefore dost thou vainly question thus Of Rustum? I am here, whom thou hast call'd By challenge forth; make good thy vaunt, or yield! Is it with Rustum only thou wouldst fight? Rash boy, men look on Rustum\u2019s face and flee! For well I know, that did great Rustum stand Before thy face this day, and was reveal'd,\nThere would be no talk of fighting more. But being what I am, I tell thee this \u2014 Record it in thine inmost soul: Either thou shalt renounce thy vaunt and yield, Or else thy bones shall strew this sand, till winds bleach them, or Oxus with his summer-floods, Oxus in summer wash them all away. He spoke; and Sohrab answered, on his feet: \"Art thou so fierce? Thou wilt not fright me so! I am no girl, to be made pale by words. Yet this thou hast said well, Rustum stood here on this field, there were no fighting then. But Rustum is far hence, and we stand here. Begin! Thou art more vast, more dread than I, And thou art proved, I know, and I am young \u2014 But yet success sways with the breath of Heaven. And though thou thinkest that thou knowest sure Thy victory, yet thou canst not surely know.\"\nFor we are all, like swimmers in the sea, poised on the top of a huge wave of fate, which hangs uncertain to which side to fall. And whether it will heave us up to land, or whether it will roll us out to sea, Back out to sea, to the deep waves of death, We know not, and no search will make us know; only the event will teach us in its hour.\n\nHe spoke, and Rustum answered not, but hurled\nHis spear; down from the shoulder, down it came,\nAs on some partridge in the corn a hawk,\nThat long has tower'd in the airy clouds,\nDrops like a plummet; Sohrab saw it come,\nAnd sprang aside, quick as a flash; the spear\nHiss'd, and went quivering down into the sand,\nWhich it sent flying wide; \u2014 then Sohrab threw\nIn turn, and full struck Rustum's shield; sharp rang,\nThe iron plates rang sharp, but turned the spear.\nAnd Rustum seized his club, which none but he could wield;\nan unlopped trunk it was, and huge, still rough \u2013\nlike those which men in treeless plains build their boats,\nfish from the flooded rivers, Hyphasis or Hydaspes,\nwhen, high up by their dark springs, the wind in winter-time\nhas made in Himalayan forests wrack,\nand strewn the channels with torn boughs \u2013 so huge\nThe club which Rustum lifted now, and struck.\nBut again Sohrab sprang aside, lithe as the glancing snake,\nand the club came thundering to the earth, and leapt from Rustum's hand.\nAnd Rustum followed his own blow, and fell\nTo his knees, and with his fingers clutch'd the sand;\nAnd now might Sohrab have unsheathed his sword,\nAnd pierced the mighty Rustum while he lay\nDizzy, and on his knees, and choked with sand;\nBut he looked on, and smiled, nor bared his sword.\nBut courteously drew back, and spoke, and said: \"Thou strik'st too hard! That club of thine will float upon the summer-floods, not my bones. But rise, and be not wroth! not wroth am I; No, when I see thee, wrath forsakes my soul. Thou sayest, thou art not Rustum; be it so! Who art thou then, that canst so touch my soul? Boy as I am, I have seen battles too - Have waded foremost in their bloody waves, And heard their hollow roar of dying men; But never was my heart thus touched before. Are they from Heaven, these softenings of the heart? O thou old warrior, let us yield to Heaven! Come, plant we here in earth our angry spears, And make a truce, and sit upon this sand, And pledge each other in red wine, like friends, And thou shalt talk to me of Rustum's deeds. There are enough foes in the Persian host.\"\nWhom I may meet and strike, and feel no pang;\nChampions enough Afrasiab has, whom thou mayst fight; fight them, when they confront thy spear!\nBut oh, let there be peace 'twixt thee and me!\n\nHe ceased, but while he spoke, Rustum had risen,\nAnd stood erect, trembling with rage; his club\nHe left to lie, but had regained his spear,\nWhose fiery point now in his mail'd right hand\nBlazed bright and baleful, like that autumn-star,\nThe baleful sign of fevers; dust had soil'd\nHis stately crest, and dimm'd his glittering arms.\nHis breast heaved, his lips foam'd, and twice his voice\nWas choked with rage; at last these words broke way:\n\n\"Girl! Nimble with thy feet, not with thy hands!\nCurled minion, dancer, coiner of sweet words!\nFight, let me hear thy hateful voice no more!\nThou art not in Afrasiab's gardens now.\"\nWith Tartar girls, whom thou art wont to dance;\nBut on the Oxus-sands, and in the dance\nOf battle, and with me, who make no play\nOf war; I fight it out, hand to hand.\nSpeak not to me of truce, and pledge, and wine!\nRemember all thy valour; try thy feints\nAnd cunning! all the pity I had is gone;\nBecause thou hast shamed me before both the hosts\nWith thy light skipping tricks, and thy girl's wiles.\n\nHe spoke, and Sohrab kindled at his taunts,\nAnd he too drew his sword; at once they rushed\nTogether, as two eagles on one prey\nCome rushing down together from the clouds,\nOne from the east, one from the west; their shields\nDash'd with a clang together, and a din\nRose, such as that the sinewy woodcutters\nMake often in the forest's heart at morn,\nOf hewing axes, crashing trees \u2014 such blows\nRustum and Sohrab on each other hail'd.\nAnd you would say that sun and stars took part\nIn that unnatural conflict; for a cloud\nGrew suddenly in Heaven, and dark'd the sun\nOver the fighters' heads; and a wind rose\nUnder their feet, and moaning swept the plain,\nAnd in a sandy whirlwind wrapp'd the pair.\nIn gloom they two were wrapp'd, and they alone;\nFor both the on-looking hosts on either hand\nStood in broad daylight, and the sky was pure,\nAnd the sun sparkled on the Oxus stream.\nBut in the gloom they fought, with bloodshot eyes\nAnd laboring breath; first Rustum struck the shield\nWhich Sohrab held stiff out; the steel-spiked spear\nRent the tough plates, but failed to reach the skin,\nAnd Rustum pluck'd it back with angry groan.\nThen Sohrab with his sword smote Rustum's helm,\nNor clove its steel quite through; but all the crest\nHe shore away, and that proud horsehair plume.\nNever till now defiled, sank to the dust;\nAnd Rustum bow'd his head; but then the gloom\nGrew blacker, thunder rumbled in the air,\nAnd lightnings rent the cloud; and Ruksh, the horse,\nWho stood at hand, uttered a dreadful cry.\nNo horse's cry was that, most like the roar\nOf some pain'd desert lion, who all day\nHath trail'd the hunter's javelin in his side,\nAnd comes at night to die upon the sand.\nThe two hosts heard that cry, and quaked for fear,\nAnd Oxus curdled as it cross'd his stream.\n\nBut Sohrab heard, and quail'd not, but rush'd on,\nAnd struck again; and again Rustum bow'd\nHis head; but this time all the blade, like glass,\nSprang in a thousand shivers on the helm,\nAnd in the hand the hilt remain'd alone.\n\nThen Rustum raised his head; his dreadful eyes.\nGlared he and shook on high his menacing spear,\nAnd shouted, \"Rustum!\" Sohrab heard that shout,\nAnd shrank amazed; back he recoiled one step,\nAnd scanned with blinking eyes the advancing form;\nThen he stood bewildered; and he dropped\nHis covering shield, and the spear pierced his side.\nHe reeled, and staggering back, sank to the ground;\nAnd then the gloom dispersed, and the wind fell,\nAnd the bright sun broke forth, and melted all\nThe cloud; and the two armies saw the pair -\nSaw Rustum standing, safe upon his feet,\nAnd Sohrab, wounded, on the bloody sand.\nThen, with a bitter smile, Rustum began:\n\"Sohrab, you thought in your mind to kill\nA Persian lord this day, and strip his corpse,\nAnd bear your trophies to Afrasiab's tent.\nOr else that the great Rustum would come down\nHimself to fight, and that your wiles would move\nMy heart to anger, and I should be slain.\"\nHis heart took a gift, and let thee go. And then that all the Tartar host would praise Thy courage or thy craft, and spread thy fame, To glad thy father in his weak old age. Fool, thou art slain, and by an unknown man! Dearer to the red jackals shalt thou be Than to thy friends, and to thy father old.\n\nAnd, with a fearless mien, Sohrab replied: \u2014\n\nUnknown thou art; yet thy fierce vaunt is vain. Thou dost not slay me, proud and boastful man! No! Rustum slays me, and this filial heart.\n\nFor were I matched with ten such men as thee, And I were that which till to-day I was, They should be lying here, I standing there. But that beloved name unnerved my arm \u2014 That name, and something, I confess, in thee, Which troubles all my heart, and made my shield Fall; and thy spear transfix'd an unarm'd foe.\n\nSohbar and Rustum.\nAnd now thou boastest, insult mine fate. But hear this, fierce man, tremble to hear! The mighty Rustum shall avenge my death! My father, whom I seek through all the world, He shall avenge my death, and punish thee!\n\nAs when some hunter in the spring hath found A breeding eagle sitting on her nest, Upon the craggy isle of a hill-lake, And pierced her with an arrow as she rose, And followed her to find her where she fell Far off; \u2014 anon her mate comes winging back From hunting, and a great way off descries His huddling young left sole; at that, he checks His pinion, and with short uneasy sweeps Circles above his eyry, with loud screams Chiding his mate back to her nest; but she Lies dying, with the arrow in her side, In some far stony gorge out of his ken, A heap of fluttering feathers \u2014 never more Shall the lake glass her, flying over it.\nNever the black and dripping precipices\nEcho her stormy scream as she sails by \u2014\nAs that poor bird flies home, nor knows his loss,\nSo Rustum knew not his own loss, but stood\nOver his dying son, and knew him not.\nBut, with a cold incredulous voice, he said: \u2014\n\"What prate is this of fathers and revenge?\nThe mighty Rustum never had a son.\"\nAnd, with a failing voice, Sohrab replied: \u2014\n\"Ah, yes, he had! And that lost son am I.\nSurely the news will one day reach his ear,\nReach Rustum, where he sits, and tarries long,\nSomewhere, I know not where, but far from here;\nAnd pierce him like a stab, and make him leap\nTo arms, and cry for vengeance upon thee.\nFierce man, bethink thee, for an only son!\nWhat will that grief, what will that vengeance be?\nOh, could I live, till I that grief had seen!\nYet him I pity not so much, but her.\"\nMy mother, who dwells in Ader-baijan with the old king, her father, who grows grey and rules over the valiant Koords. I pity her most, who will no longer see Sohrab returning from the Tartar camp with spoils and honor when the war is done. But a dark rumor will be spread, from tribe to tribe, until it reaches her ear; and then will that defenceless woman learn that Sohrab will rejoice her sight no more, but that in battle with a nameless foe, by the far-distant Oxus, he is slain.\n\nHe spoke; and as he ceased, he wept aloud, thinking of her he left and his own death. He spoke; but Rustum listened, plunged in thought. Nor did he yet believe it was his son who spoke, although he called back names he knew. For he had had sure tidings that the baby, born to him in Ader-baijan, was a puny girl, no boy at all.\nSo the sad mother sent him word, for fear\nRustum should seek the boy, to train in arms\nAnd so he deemed that either Sohrab took,\nBy a false boast, the style of Rustum's son;\nOr that men gave it him, to swell his fame.\nSo he deemed; yet he listened, plunged in thought\nAnd his soul set to grief, as the vast tide\nOf the bright rocking Ocean sets to shore\nAt the full moon; tears gathered in his eyes;\nFor he remembered his own early youth,\nAnd all its bounding rapture; as, at dawn,\nThe shepherd from his mountain-lodge descries\nA far, bright city, smitten by the sun,\nThrough many rolling clouds \u2014 so Rustum saw\nHis youth; saw Sohrab's mother in her bloom;\nAnd that old king, her father, who loved well\nHis wandering guest, and gave him his fair child\nWith joy; and all the pleasant life they led.\n\nSooth the sad mother sent him word, in fear\nThat Rustum would seek the boy to train,\nAnd Rustum supposed, either Sohrab boasted\nThe style of Rustum's son, or men bestowed it,\nTo swell his fame. He pondered, and his soul\nWas set to grief, like the vast tide that sets\nTo shore at the full moon; tears gathered in his eyes,\nFor he recalled his own youth and all its joy,\nAs at dawn, the shepherd from his mountain lodge\nDescryeth a far, bright city, smitten by the sun,\nThrough many rolling clouds \u2014 so Rustum saw\nHis youth, Sohrab's mother in her bloom,\nThat old king, her father, who loved him well,\nAnd gave him his fair child with joy,\nAnd all the pleasant life they led.\nThey  three,  in  that  long-distant  summer-time  \u2014 \nThe  castle,  and  the  dewy  woods,  and  hunt \nAnd  hound,  and  morn  on  those  delightful  hills \nIn  Ader-baijan.  And  he  saw  that  Youth, \nOf  age  and  looks  to  be  his  own  dear  son, \nPiteous  and  lovely,  lying  on  the  sand, \nLike  some  rich  hyacinth  which  by  the  scythe \nOf  an  unskilful  gardener  has  been  cut, \nMowing  the  garden  grass-plots  near  its  bed, \nAnd  lies,  a  fragrant  tower  of  purple  bloom, \nOn  the  mown,  dying  grass  \u2014  so  Sohrab  lay, \nLovely  in  death,  upon  the  common  sand. \nAnd  Rustum  gazed  on  him  with  grief,  and  said :  \u2014 \n\u201c  0  Sohrab,  thou  indeed  art  such  a  son \nWhom  Rustum,  wert  thou  his,  might  well  have  loved! \nYet  here  thou  errest,  Sohrab,  or  else  men \nHave  told  thee  false  \u2014  thou  art  not  Rustum\u2019s  son. \nFor  Rustum  had  no  son;  one  child  he  had  \u2014 \nBut  one  \u2014  a  girl ;  who  with  her  mother  now \nPlies some light female task, nor dreams of us \u2014\nOf us she dreams not, nor of wounds, nor war.\nBut Sohrab answered him in wrath; for now\nThe anguish of the deep-fixed spear grew fierce,\nAnd he desired to draw forth the steel,\nAnd let the blood flow free, and so to die \u2014\nBut first he would convince his stubborn foe;\nAnd, rising sternly on one arm, he said: \u2014\n\n\"Man, who art thou who dost deny my words?\nTruth sits upon the lips of dying men,\nAnd falsehood far from I, lived I, was mine.\nI tell thee, behold this arm I bear\nThat seal which Memnon gave to my mother,\nThat she might wear it on the babe she bore.\"\n\nHe spoke; and all the blood left Rustum's cheeks,\nAnd his knees totter'd, and he smote his hand\nAgainst his breast, his heavy mailed hand,\nThat the hard iron corselet clank'd aloud.\nAnd to his heart he pressed the other hand,\nAnd in a hollow voice he spoke, and said: \u2014\n\"Sohrab, that were a proof which could not lie!\nIf thou show this, then art thou Rustum's son.\"\nThen, with weak, hasty fingers, Sohrab loosed\nHis belt, and near the shoulder bared his arm,\nAnd showed a sign in faint vermilion points,\nAs a cunning workman, in Pekin, pricks\nWith vermilion some clear porcelain vase,\nAn emperor's gift \u2014 at early morn he paints,\nAnd all day long, and, when night comes, the lamp\nLights up his studious forehead and thin hands \u2014\nSo delicately prick'd the sign appeared\nOn Sohrab's arm, the sign of Rustum's seal.\nIt was that griffin, which of old reared Zal,\nRustum's great father, whom they left to die,\nA helpless babe, among the mountain-rocks;\nHim that kind creature found, and reared, and loved \u2014\nThen Rustum took it for his glorious sign. And Sohrab bared that image on his arm, himself scarring it long with mournful eyes, and then he touched it with his hand and said: \"How say thou? Is that sign Rustum's son, or of some other man's?\" He spoke, but Rustum gazed, and gazed, and stood speechless. Then he uttered one sharp cry: \"Oh boy \u2014 thy father! \u2014\" and his voice choked there. And then a dark cloud passed before his eyes, and his head swam, and he sank down to earth.\n\nBut Sohrab crawled to where he lay, hand cast his arms about his neck, and kissed him. And with fond, faltering fingers he tried to call him back to life. And came back to Rustum, and he opened his eyes, and they stood wide with horror; and he seized in both his hands the dust which lay around.\n\nSohbar and Rustum.\nAnd he threw it on his head, smirching his hair, his face, and beard, and glittering arms. Strong convulsive groanings shook his breast, and his sobs choked him; he clutch'd his sword to draw it and for ever let life out. But Sohrab saw his thought and held his hands. With a soothing voice he spoke, and said: \"Father, forbear! I but meet to-day The doom which at my birth was written down In Heaven, and thou art Heaven's unconscious hand.\" Surely my heart cried out that it was thou, When first I saw thee; and thy heart spoke too, I know it! But fate trod those promptings down Under its iron heel; fate, fate engaged The strife, and hurl'd me on my father's spear. But let us speak no more of this! I find My father; let me feel that I have found! Come, sit beside me on this sand, and take.\nMy head between your hands, and kiss my cheeks,\nAnd wash them with your tears, and say: My son!\nQuick! quick! for numbered are my sands of life,\nAnd swift; for like the lightning to this field\nI came, and like the wind I go away \u2013\nSudden, and swift, and like a passing wind.\nBut it was writ in Heaven that this should be.\nSo said he, and his voice released the heart\nOf Rustum, and his tears broke forth; he cast\nHis arms round his son's neck, and wept aloud,\nAnd kiss'd him. Awe fell on both the hosts,\nWhen they saw Rustum's grief; and Ruksh, the horse,\nWith his head bowing to the ground and mane\nSweeping the dust, came near, and in mute woe\nFirst to the one then to the other moved\nHis head, as if inquiring what their grief\nMight mean; and from his dark, compassionate eyes,\nThe big warm tears roll'd down, and caked the sand.\nBut Rustum scolded him with stern voice, and said: \"Ruksh, now you grieve; but, oh Ruksh, your feet should first have rotted on their nimble joints, or ere they brought your master to this field!\"\n\nBut Sohrab looked upon the horse and said: \"Is this then Ruksh? How often, in past days, my mother told me of you, thou brave steed, my terrible father's terrible horse! And she said that I should one day find your lord and you. Come, let me lay my hand upon your mane! O Ruksh, you are more fortunate than I; for you have gone where I shall never go, and you have snuffed the breezes of my father's home. And you have trodden the sands of Seistan, and seen the River of Helmund, and the Lake of Zirrah; and the aged Zal himself has often stroked your neck, and given you food, corn in a golden platter soaked with wine.\"\nAnd he said, \"0 Ruksh! Bear Rustum well! But I have never known my grandsire's furrowed face, Nor seen his lofty house in Seistan, Nor slaked my thirst at the clear Helmund stream. But I lodged among my father's foes, and saw Afrasiab's cities only, Samarcand, Bokhara, and lone Khiva in the waste, And the black Toorkmun tents; and only drank The desert rivers, Moorghab and Tejend, Kohik, and where the Kalmuks feed their sheep, The northern Sir; and this great Oxus stream, The yellow Oxus, by whose brink I die.\" Then, with a heavy groan, Rustum bewailed: \"Sohrab and Rustum \"Oh, that its waves were flowing over me! Oh, that I saw its grains of yellow silt Roll tumbling in the current o'er my head!\" But, with a grave mild voice, Sohrab replied: \"Desire not that, my father! Thou must live. For some are born to do great deeds, and live.\"\nAs some are born to be obscured and die, do the deeds I die too young to do, and reap a second glory in thine age; thou art my father, and thy gain is mine. But come! thou seest this great host of men Which follow me; I pray thee, slay not these! Let me entreat for them; what have they done? They followed me, my hope, my fame, my star. Let them all cross the Oxus back in peace. But me thou must bear hence, not send with them, But carry me with thee to Seistan, And place me on a bed, and mourn for me, Thou, and the snow-hair'd Zal, and all thy friends. And thou must lay me in that lovely earth, And heap a stately mound above my bones, And plant a far-seen pillar over all. So the passing horseman on the waste May see my tomb a great way off, and cry: Sohrab, the mighty Rustum's son, lies there.\nWhom my great father in ignorance killed,\nAnd I not be forgotten in my grave.\nFear not, Sohrab, my son, as thou hast said,\nSo shall it be; I will burn my tents,\nAnd quit the host, and bear thee hence with me,\nTo Seistan, and place thee on a bed,\nAnd mourn for thee with the snow-headed Zal,\nAnd all my friends. I will lay thee in that lovely earth,\nAnd heap a stately mound above thy bones,\nAnd plant a far-seen pillar over all,\nArnold's Poems\nAnd men shall not forget thee in thy grave.\nI will spare thy host; yea, let them go,\nLet all cross the Oxus back in peace.\nWhat should I do with slaying any more?\nFor would that all that I have ever slain\nMight be once more alive; my bitterest foes,\nAnd they who were called champions in their time.\nAnd through whose death I won that fame I have \u2014\nAnd I were nothing but a common man,\nA poor, mean soldier, and without renown,\nSo thou mightest live too, my son, my son!\nOr rather would that I, even I myself,\nMight now be lying on this bloody sand,\nNear death, and by an ignorant stroke of thine,\nNot thou of mine! and I might die, not thou;\nAnd I, not thou, be borne to Seistan;\nAnd Zal might weep above my grave, not thine;\nAnd say: O son, I weep thee not too sore,\nFor willingly, I know, thou met'st thine end!\nBut now in blood and battles was my youth,\nAnd full of blood and battles is my age,\nAnd I shall never end this life of blood.\n\nThen, at the point of death, Sohrab replied: \u2014\n\"A life of blood indeed, thou dreadful man!\nBut thou shalt yet have peace; only not now,\nNot yet! but thou shalt have it on that day,\nWhen thou sailest in a high-masted ship,\nThou and the other peers of Kai Khosroo,\nReturning home over the salt blue sea,\nFrom laying thy dear master in his grave.\n\nAnd Rustum gazed in Sohrab's face, and said: \u2014\n\"Soon be that day, my son, and deep that sea!\nTill then, if fate so wills, let me endure.\"\n\nHe spoke; and Sohrab smiled on him, and took\nThe spear, and drew it from his side, and eased\nHis wound's imperious anguish; but the blood\nCame welling from the open gash, and life\nFlow'd with the stream; \u2014 all down his cold white side\nThe crimson torrent ran, dim now and soil'd,\nLike the soiled tissue of white violets\nLeft, freshly gather'd, on their native bank,\nBy children whom their nurses call with haste\nIndoors from the sun's eye. His head droop'd low,\nHis limbs grew slack; motionless, white, he lay.\nWhite, with eyes closed; only when heavy gasps, deep and heavy gasps quivering through all his frame, did he convulse back to life. He opened them feebly and fixed them on his father's face. All strength was ebbed, and unwillingly the spirit fled away, regretting the warm mansion it left, and youth, and bloom, and this delightful world.\n\nSo, on the bloody sand, Sohrab lay dead. And the great Rustum drew his horseman's cloak down over his face and sat by his dead son.\n\nAs those black granite pillars, once high-raised by Jemshid in Persepolis to bear his house, now lie prone amid their broken flights of steps,\n\nSo in the sand lay Rustum by his son.\n\nAnd night came down over the solemn waste,\nAnd the two gazing hosts, and that sole pair,\nAnd darkened all. A cold fog, with night, descended.\nThe Persians and Tartars crept from the Oxus. Soon a hum arose, as of a great assembly loosed, and fires began to twinkle through the fog; for now both armies moved to camp and took their meal. The Persians took it on the open sands southward, the Tartars by the river marge. Rustum and his son were left alone. But the majestic river floated on, out of the mist and hum of that low land, into the frosty starlight. There, it moved rejoicing through the hush'd Chorasmian waste, under the solitary moon. Arnold's Poems\n\nThe river flowed right for the polar star, past Orgunje, brimming, bright, and large. Then sands began to hem its watery march and dam its streams. For many a league, the shorn and parcelled Oxus strains along through beds of sand and matted rushy isles \u2013\n\nOxus, forgetting the bright speed he had.\nIn his high mountain-cradle in Pamere,\nA foiled circuitous wanderer \u2014 till at last\nThe longed-for dash of waves is heard, and wide\nHis luminous home of waters opens, bright,\nAnd tranquil, from whose floor the new-bathed stars\nEmerge, and shine upon the Aral Sea.\n\nThe Forsaken Merman\nCome, dear children, let us away;\nDown and away below!\nNow my brothers call from the bay,\nNow the great winds shoreward blow,\nNow the salt tides seaward flow;\nNow the wild white horses play,\nChamp and chafe and toss in the spray\nChildren, dear, let us away!\nThis way, this way!\nCall her once before you go \u2014\nCall once yet!\nIn a voice that she will know:\n\u201cMargaret! Margaret!\u201d\nChildren's voices should be dear\nTo a mother's ear; children's voices, wild with pain \u2014\nSurely she will come again!\nCall her once and come away;\nThis way, this way.\n\"Mother dear, we cannot stay.\nThe wild white horses foam and fret.\n\nMargaret! Margaret!\nCome, dear children, come away,\nCall no more.\n\nOne last look at the white-walled town,\nAnd the little grey church on the windy shore,\nThen come down!\n\nShe will not come though you call all day;\nCome away, come away!\n\nChildren dear, was it yesterday\nWe heard the sweet bells over the bay?\nIn the caverns where we lay,\nThrough the surf and through the swell,\nThe far-off sound of a silver bell?\n\nSand-strewn caverns, cool and deep,\nWhere the winds are all asleep,\nWhere the spent lights quiver and gleam,\nWhere the salt weed sways in the stream,\nWhere the sea-beasts, ranged all round,\nFeed in the ooze of their pasture-ground;\nWhere the sea-snakes coil and twine,\nDry their mail and bask in the brine;\nWhere great whales come sailing by.\"\nSail and sail, with unshut eye,\nRound the world for ever and aye?\nWhen did music come this way?\nChildren dear, was it yesterday?\nChildren dear, was it yesterday,\nCall yet once that she went away?\nOnce she sat with you and me,\nOn a red gold throne in the heart of the sea,\nAnd the youngest sat on her knee.\nShe combed its bright hair, and she tended it well,\nWhen down swung the sound of a far-off bell.\nShe sighed, she looked up through the clear green sea,\nShe said: \"I must go, for my kinsfolk pray\nIn the little grey church on the shore to-day.\n'Twill be Easter-time in the world \u2014 ah me!\nAnd I lose my poor soul, Merman! here with thee.\"\n\nThe Forsaken Merman 31\nI said: \"Go up, dear heart, through the waves;\nSay thy prayer, and come back to the kind sea-caves!\"\nShe smiled, she went up through the surf in the bay.\nChildren, dear, was it yesterday?\nChildren, dear, were we long alone?\n\"The sea grows stormy, the little ones moan;\nLong prayers,\" I said, \"in the world they say;\nCome! I said; and we rose through the surf in the bay.\nWe went up the beach, by the sandy down\nWhere the sea-stocks bloom, to the white-walled town;\nThrough the narrow paved streets, where all was still,\nTo the little grey church on the windy hill.\nFrom the church came a murmur of folk at their prayers,\nBut we stood without in the cold blowing airs.\nWe climbed on the graves, on the stones worn with rains,\nAnd we gazed up the aisle through the small leaded panes.\nShe sat by the pillar; we saw her clear:\n\"Margaret, hush! come quick, we are here!\nDear heart,\" I said, \"we are long alone;\nThe sea grows stormy, the little ones moan.\"\nBut, ah, she gave me never a look.\nFor her eyes were sealed to the holy book!\nLoud prays the priest; shut stands the door.\nCome away, children, call no more!\nCome away, come down, call no more!\nDown, down, down!\nDown to the depths of the sea!\nShe sits at her wheel in the humming town,\nSinging most joyfully.\nHark what she sings: \u201cO joy, O joy,\nFor the humming street, and the child with its toy!\nFor the priest, and the bell, and the holy well;\nFor the wheel where I spun,\nAnd the blessed light of the sun!\u201d\n\nAnd so she sings her fill,\nSinging most joyfully,\nTill the spindle drops from her hand,\nAnd the whizzing wheel stands still.\n\nShe steals to the window, and looks at the sand,\nAnd over the sand at the sea;\nAnd her eyes are set in a stare;\nAnd anon there breaks a sigh,\nAnd anon there drops a tear,\nFrom a sorrow-clouded eye,\nAnd a heart sorrow-laden.\nA long, sigh for the cold, strange eyes of a little Mermaid,\nAnd the gleam of her golden hair.\nBut children, at midnight,\nWhen soft the winds blow,\nWhen clear falls the moonlight,\nWhen spring-tides are low;\nWhen sweet airs come seaward,\nCome away, away children;\nCome children, come down!\nThe hoarse wind blows coldly;\nLights shine in the town\nShe will start from her slumber\nWhen gusts shake the door;\nShe will hear the winds howling,\nWill hear the waves roar.\nWe shall see, while above us\nThe waves roar and whirl,\nA ceiling of amber,\nA pavement of pearl.\nSinging: \u201cHere came a mortal,\nBut faithless was she!\nAnd alone dwell for ever\nThe kings of the sea.\u201d\n\nThe Forsaken Mermaid\nFrom heaths starred with broom,\nAnd high rocks throw mildly,\nOn the blanched sands a gloom;\nUp the still, glistening beaches,\nUp the creeks we will hie.\nOver the banks of bright seaweed, the ebb-tide leaves dry. We will gaze, from the sand-hills, At the white, sleeping town; At the church on the hillside \u2014 And then come back down. Singing: \"There dwells a loved one, But cruel is she! She left the gleam-lit fireplace, Came to the bed-side; Took his hands in hers \u2014 her tears Rain'd on his wasted fingers. She raised her eyes upon his face \u2014 Not with a look of wounded pride, A look as if the heart complained \u2014 Her look was like a sad embrace: The gaze of one who can divine A grief, and sympathize. Sweet flower! Thy children's eyes Are not more innocent than thine. But they sleep in sheltered rest, Like helpless birds in the warm nest, On the castle's southern side; Where feebly comes the mournful roar.\n\nTristram and Iseult\n\nShe left the gleam-lit fireplace, She came to his bedside; She took his hands in hers \u2014 her tears Downpouring on his wasted fingers. She raised her eyes upon his face \u2014 Not with a look of wounded pride, Nor a complaint from her heart \u2014 Her look was like a sad embrace: The gaze of one who can divine A grief, and sympathize. Sweet flower! Thy children's eyes Are not more innocent than thine. But they sleep in sheltered rest, In the castle's southern side, Like helpless birds in the warm nest; Where mournfully comes the roar.\nOf buffeting wind and surging tide,\nThrough many a room and corridor.\n\u2014Full on their window the moon's ray,\nMakes their chamber as bright as day.\nIt shines upon the blank white walls,\nAnd on the snowy pillow falls,\nAnd on two angel-heads it plays,\nTristram and Iseult.\nTurned to each other\u2014eyes closed,\nLashes on the cheeks reposed.\nRound each sweet brow the cap close-set,\nHardly lets peep the golden hair;\nThrough the soft-opened lips the air\nScarcely moves the coverlet.\nOne little wandering arm is thrown\nAt random on the counterpane,\nAnd often the fingers close in haste,\nAs if their baby-owner chased\nThe butterflies again.\nThis stir they have, and this alone;\nBut else they are so still!\n\u2014Ah, tired madcaps! you lie still;\nBut were you at the window now,\nTo look forth on the fairy sight\nOf your illumined haunts by night.\nTo see the park-glades where you play\nFar lovelier than they are by day,\nTo see the sparkle on the eaves,\nAnd upon every giant-bough\nOf those old oaks, whose wet red leaves\nAre jewelled with bright drops of rain \u2014\nHow would your voices run again!\nAnd far beyond the sparkling trees\nOf the castle-park one sees\nThe bare heaths spreading, clear as day,\nMoor behind moor, far, far away,\nInto the heart of Brittany.\nAnd here and there, locked by the land,\nLong inlets of smooth glittering sea,\nAnd many a stretch of watery sand\nAll shining in the white moon-beams \u2014\nBut you see fairer in your dreams.\n\nA year had flown, and o'er the sea away,\nIn Cornwall, Tristram and Queen Iseult lay;\nIn King Marc's chapel, in Tyntagel old \u2014\nThere in a ship they bore those lovers cold.\nThe young surviving Iseult, one bright day,\nI have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nHad I wandered forth. Her children were at play\nIn a green circular hollow in the heath\nWhich borders the sea-shore \u2014 a country path\nCreeps over it from the till'd fields behind.\nThe hollow's grassy banks are soft-inclined;\nTo one standing on them, far and near\nThe lone unbroken view spreads bright and clear\nOver the waste. This cirque of open ground\nIs light and green; the heather, which all round\nCreeps thickly, grows not here; but the pale grass\nIs strewn with rocks, and many a shiver'd mass\nOf vein'd white-gleaming quartz, and here and there\nDotted with holly-trees and juniper.\nIn the smooth center of the opening stood\nThree hollies side by side, and made a screen,\nWarm with the winter-sun, of burnish'd green\nWith scarlet berries gemmed, the fell-fare's food.\nUnder the glittering hollies Iseult stands,\nWatching her children play; their little hands.\nAre they busy gathering spars of quartz and streams of staghorn for their hats? Soon, with screams of mad delight, they drop their spoils and bound among the holly-clumps and broken ground, racing full speed, and startling in their rush the fell-fares and the speckled missel-thrush out of their glossy coverts. But when now their cheeks were flushed, and over each hot brow, under the feathered hats of the sweet pair, Shakespeare In blinding masses showered the golden hair. Then Iseult called them to her, and the three clustered under the holly-screen, and she told them an old-world Breton history. Shakespeare Others abide our question. Thou art free. We ask and ask \u2014 Thou smilest and art still, Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill, Who to the stars uncrowns his majesty, Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea,\nMaking the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place,\nSpares but the cloudy border of his base\nTo the foiled searching of mortality;\nAnd thou, who knew the stars and sunbeams,\nSelf-schooled, self-scanned, self-honored, self-secure,\nDidst tread on earth unsuspected. \u2014 Better so!\nAll pains the immortal spirit must endure,\nAll weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow,\nFind their sole speech in that victorious brow.\n\nArnold's Poems\nAusterity of Poetry\n\nThat son of Italy who tried to blow,\nEre Dante came, the trump of sacred song,\nIn his light youth sat amid a festal throng\nWith his bride to see a public show.\n\nFair was the bride, and on her front did glow\nYouth like a star; and what belongs to youth \u2014\nGay raiment, sparkling gauds, elation strong.\nA prop gave way! Crash fell a platform! Lo,\nMidst struggling sufferers, hurt to death, she lay!\nShuddering, they drew her garments off - found a robe of sackcloth next, against her smooth, white skin. Such, poets, is your bride, the Muse! Young, gay, radiant, adorned outside; a hidden ground of thought and austerity within.\n\nThe Strayed Reveler\n\nThe Portico of Circe's palace - Evening. A youth has strayed into Circe\u2019s palace and has tasted from the bowl on the altar of the Goddess. Ulysses enters and seeing the youth asks Circe whom she has lulled to an enchanted sleep. She replies that she has not lured the youth hither; but since he now wakes, she suggests that Ulysses ask him to tell the reason for his coming.\n\nThe Youth\n\nThe gods are happy.\nThey turn on all sides\nTheir shining eyes,\nAnd see below them\nThe earth and men.\n\n(The Strayed Reveler\nArnold\u2019s Poems\n\nThey see Tiresias\nSitting, staff in hand,\nOn the warm, grassy\nMeadow.)\nAsopus' bank, his robe drawn over his old, sightless head, he revolves inly the doom of Thebes. They see the centaurs in the upper glens of Pelion, in the streams where red-berried ashes fringe the clear-brown shallow pools. With streaming flanks and heads reared proudly, they snuff the mountain wind. They see the Scythian on the wide steppe, unharnessing his wheeled house at noon. He tethers his beast down and makes his meal \u2014 mares' milk and bread baked on the embers. All around, the boundless, waving grass-plains stretch, thick-starred with saffron and the yellow hollyhock and flag-leaved iris-flowers. Sitting in his cart, he makes his meal; before him, for long miles, alive with bright green lizards and the springing bustard-fowl, the track, a straight black line, furrows the rich soil; here and there clusters of lonely mounds topped with rough-hewn.\nTHE STRAYED REVELLER 41\nGray, rain-bleared statues overlook\nThe sunny waste. They see\nThe heroes sitting in the dark ship\nOn the foamless, long-heaving, violet sea,\nAt sunset nearing The Happy Islands.\nThese things, Ulysses,\nThe wise bards also behold, and sing.\nBut oh, what labor! 0 prince, what pain!\nThey too can see Tiresias; but the gods,\nWho gave them vision, added this law:\nThat they should bear his groping blindness,\nHis dark foreboding, his scorned white hairs;\nBear Hera\u2019s anger through a life lengthened\nTo seven ages. They see the centaurs on Pelion: then they feel,\nThey too, the maddening wine swell their large veins to bursting; in wild pain\nThey feel the biting spears of the grim Lapithae, and Theseus drive,\nDrive crashing through their bones; they feel,\nHigh on a jutting rock in the red stream,\nAlcmena\u2019s dreadful son.\nThe gods require such a price for song. To become what we sing, they observe the merchants on the Oxus-stream. Yet, they must first make them pale. Whether it's through whirling sand and a burst of desert robber-horses upon their caravan, or greedy kings crushing them with tolls in the walled cities, or fever-airs mowing them down on some great river's margin, far from home.\n\nThe gods see the heroes near harbor, but they share their lives and former violent toil in Thebes, Seven-gated Thebes, or Troy, or where the echoing oars of Argo first started the unknown sea.\n\nThe old Silenus came, lolling in the sunshine, from the dewy forest-coverts this way, at noon. Sitting by me, while his fauns sprinkled and smoothed his drooping garland, he told me these things.\n\nBut I, Ulysses,\nSitting on the warm steps, looking over the valley, all day long I have seen:\nDover Beach\nWithout pain, without labor, sometimes a wild-haired maenad, sometimes a faun with torches, and sometimes, for a moment, passing through the dark stems, wing-robed, the beloved, the desired, the divine Beloved Iacchus.\nAh, cold night-wind, tremulous stars! Ah, glimmering water, fitful earth-murmur, dreaming woods! Ah, golden-haired, strangely smiling goddess, and thou, proved, much-enduring, wave-tossed wanderer!\nWho can stand still? Ye fade, ye swim, ye waver before me \u2014 the cup again!\nFaster, faster,\nO Circe, goddess,\nLet the wild, thronging train,\nThe bright procession\nOf eddying forms,\nSweep through my soul!\nDover Beach\nThe sea is calm to-night. The tide is full, the moon lies fair\nUpon the straits; \u2014 on the French coast the light.\nThe sea gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,\nGlimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.\nCome to the window, sweet is the night-air!\nOnly, from the long line of spray\n\nArnold\u2019s Poems\n\nWhere the sea meets the moon-blanch'd land,\nListen! You hear the grating roar\nOf pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,\nAt their return, up the high strand,\nBegin, and cease, and then again begin,\nWith tremulous cadence slow, and bring\nThe eternal note of sadness in.\n\nSophocles long ago\nHeard it on the Aegean, and it brought\nInto his mind the turbid ebb and flow\nOf human misery; we\nFind also in the sound a thought,\nHearing it by this distant northern sea.\n\nThe Sea of Faith\nWas once, too, at the full, and round earth\u2019s shore\nLay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.\nBut now I only hear\nIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,\nRetreating, to the breath.\nOf the night-wind, down the vast edges dreary\nAnd naked shingles of the world.\nAh, love, let us be true to one another!\nFor the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams,\nSo various, so beautiful, so new,\nHath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,\nNor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;\nAnd we are here as on a darkling plain\nSwept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,\nWhere ignorant armies clash by night.\n\nThe Church of Brou\nThe Church of Brou\nThe Tomb\n\nSo rest, for ever rest, 0 princely Pair!\nIn your high church, 'mid the still mountain-air,\nWhere horn, and hound, and vassals, never come.\nOnly the blessed Saints are smiling dumb,\nFrom the rich painted windows of the nave,\nOn aisle, and transept, and your marble grave;\nWhere thou, young Prince! shalt never more arise\nFrom the fringed mattress where thy Duchess lies.\nOn autumn mornings, when the bugle sounds,\nAnd ride across the drawbridge with thy hounds,\nTo hunt the boar in the crisp woods till eve;\nAnd thou, O Princess, shalt no more receive,\nThou and thy ladies, in the hall of state,\nThe jaded hunters with their bloody freight,\nComing benighted to the castle-gate.\n\nSo sleep, for ever sleep, O marble Pair!\nOr, if ye wake, let it be then, when fair\nOn the carved western front a flood of light\nStreams from the setting sun, and colours bright\nProphets, transfigured Saints, and Martyrs brave,\nIn the vast western window of the nave;\nAnd on the pavement round the Tomb there glints\nA chequer-work of glowing sapphire-tints,\nAnd amethyst, and ruby \u2014 then unclose\nYour eyelids on the stone where ye repose,\nAnd from your broider\u2019d pillows lift your heads,\nAnd rise upon your cold white marble beds.\nAnd looking down on the warm rosy tints, which chequer at your feet, the illumined flints, say: What is this - we are in bliss \u2014 forgiven \u2014\nBehold the 'pavement of the courts of Heaven!'\nOr let it be on autumn nights, when rain\nDoth rustlingly above your heads complain,\nArnold\u2019s Poems\nOn the smooth leaden roof, and on the walls\nShedding her pensive light at intervals\nThe moon through the clere-story windows shines,\nAnd the wind washes through the mountain-pines.\nThen, gazing up 'mid the dim pillars high,\nThe foliaged marble forest where you lie,\nHush, you will say, it is eternity!\nThis is the glimmering verge of Heaven, and these\nThe columns of the heavenly palaces!\nAnd in the sweeping of the wind, your ear\nThe passage of the Angels\u2019 wings will hear,\nAnd on the lichen-crusted leads above\nThe rustle of the eternal rain of love.\nLines\nIn this lone, open glade I lie,\nScreen'd by deep boughs on either hand;\nAnd at its end, to stay the eye,\nThose black-crowned, red-boled pine-trees stand!\nBirds here make song, each bird has his,\nAcross the girdling city's hum.\nHow green under the boughs it is!\nHow thick the tremulous sheep-cries come!\nSometimes a child will cross the glade\nTo take his nurse his broken toy;\nSometimes a thrush flits overhead,\nDeep in her unknown day's employ.\nHere at my feet what wonders pass,\nWhat endless, active life is here!\nWhat blowing daisies, fragrant grass!\nAn air-stirr'd forest, fresh and clear.\nScarce fresher is the mountain sod\nWhere the tired angler lies, stretched out,\nAnd, eased of basket and of rod,\nCounts his day's spoil, the spotted trout.\nIn the huge world, which roars hard by,\nBe others happy if they can!\nI, in my helpless cradle, was breathed on by the rural Pan. I, hurled on men's impious uproar, often think, as I hear them rave, that peace has left the upper world and now keeps only in the grave. Yet here is peace for ever new! When I who watch them am away, all things in this glade go through the changes of their quiet day. Then to their happy rest they pass! The flowers are upclose, the birds are fed, the night comes down upon the grass, the child sleeps warmly in his bed. Calm soul of all things! Make it mine to feel, amid the city's jar, that there abides a peace of thine, Man did not make, and cannot mar. The will to neither strive nor cry, the power to feel with others give! Calm, calm me more! Nor let me die before I have begun to live. The Scholar-Gypsy. The Scholar-Gypsy. Go, for they call you, shepherd, from the hill.\nGo and untie the wattled cotes, shepherd.\nNo longer leave your wistful flock unfed,\nNor let your bawling fellows rack their throats,\nNor the cropped herbage shoot another head.\nBut when the fields are still,\nAnd the tired men and dogs all gone to rest,\nAnd only the white sheep are sometimes seen\nCrossing and recrossing the strips of moon-blanched green,\nCome, shepherd, and again begin the quest!\nHere, where the reaper was at work of late,\nIn this high field's dark corner, where he leaves\nHis coat, his basket, and his earthen cruse,\nAnd in the sun all morning binds the sheaves,\nThen here, at noon, comes back his stores to use,\nHere I will sit and wait,\nWhile to my ear from uplands far away\nThe bleating of the folded flocks is borne,\nWith distant cries of reapers in the corn,\nAll the live murmur of a summer's day.\nScreened is this nook over the high, half-reaped field,\nAnd here till sun-down, shepherd! I will be.\nThrough the thick corn the scarlet poppies peep,\nAnd round green roots and yellowing stalks I see\nPale pink convolvulus in tendrils creep;\nAnd air-swept lindens yield\nTheir scent, and rustle down their perfumed showers\nOf bloom on the bent grass where I am laid,\nAnd bower me from the August sun with shade;\nAnd the eye travels down to Oxford\u2019s towers.\nAnd near me on the grass lies Glanvil\u2019s book \u2014\nCome, let me read the oft-read tale again!\n\nArnold's Poems\n\nThe story of the Oxford scholar poor,\nOf pregnant parts and quick inventive brain,\nWho, tired of knocking at preferment's door,\nOne summer-morn forsook\nHis friends, and went to learn the gipsy-lore,\nAnd roamed the world with that wild brotherhood,\nAnd came, as most men deemed, to little good.\nBut he came to Oxford and his friends no more. Two scholars, whom he knew at college years after, met him in the country-lanes and enquired about his way of life. He answered that the gypsy-crew, his mates, had arts to rule as they desired the workings of men's brains, and they can bind them to what thoughts they will. \"And I,\" he said, \"the secret of their art, when fully learned, will to the world impart; but it needs heaven-sent moments for this skill.\" He left them and returned no more. But rumors hung about the countryside That the lost Scholar was long seen to stray, Seen by rare glimpses, pensive and tongue-tied, In hat of antique shape, and cloak of grey, The same the gipsies wore. Shepherds had met him on the Hurst in spring, At some lone alehouse in the Berkshire moors.\nOn the warm ingle-bench, the smock-frocked boors had found him seated at their entering. But, mid their drink and clatter, he would fly. I myself seem half to know thy looks, and put the shepherds, wanderer, on thy trace; and boys who in lone wheatfields scare the rooks, I ask if thou hast passed their quiet place; or in my boat I lie moored to the cool bank in the summer-heats, mid wide grass meadows which the sunshine fills, and watch the warm, green-muffled Cumner hills, and wonder if thou haunt'st their shy retreats. For most, I know, thou lov'st retired ground. Thee at the ferry, Oxford riders blithe, returning home on summer-nights, have met crossing the stripling Thames at Bab-lock-hithe, trailing in the cool stream thy fingers wet, as the punt's rope chops round; and leaning backward in a pensive dream.\nAnd in your lap, a heap of flowers you foster,\nPlucked in shy fields and distant Wychwood bowers,\nYour eyes resting on the moonlit stream.\nAnd then they vanish, and you are seen no more! --\nMaidens, who from the distant hamlets come\nTo dance around the Fyfield elm in May,\nOft through the darkening fields have seen you roam,\nOr cross a stile into the public way.\nOft you have given them store\nOf flowers -- the frail-leaf'd, white anemone,\nDark bluebells drenched with dews of summer eves,\nAnd purple orchises with spotted leaves --\nBut none has words she can report of thee.\nAnd above Godstow Bridge, when hay-time's here\nIn June, and many a scythe in sunshine flames,\nMen who through those wide fields of breezy grass\nWhere black-winged swallows haunt the glittering Thames\nTo bathe in the abandoned lasher pass,\nHave often passed you near.\nSitting upon the overgrown river bank,\nMarked thine outlandish garb, thy spare figure,\nThy dark vague eyes, and soft abstracted air --\nBut, when they came from bathing, thou wast gone!\n\nAt some lone homestead in the Cumner hills,\nWhere at her open door the housewife darns,\nThou hast been seen, or hanging on a gate\nTo watch the threshers in the mossy barns.\n\nChildren, who early range these slopes and late\nFor cresses from the rills,\nHave known thee eying, all an April-day,\nThe springing pastures and the feeding kine;\nAnd mark'd thee when the stars come out and\nThrough the long dewy grass move slow away.\n\nIn autumn, on the skirts of Bagley Wood --\nWhere most the gipsies by the turf-edged way\nPitch their smoked tents, and every bush you\nWith scarlet patches tagged and shreds of grey,\nAbove the forest-ground called Thessaly --\nThe blackbird, picking food,\nSees thee, nor stops his meal, nor fears at all;\nSo often have I seen thee past him stray,\nRapt, twirling in thy hand a withered spray,\nAnd waiting for the spark from heaven to fall.\nAnd once, in winter, on the causeway chill,\nWhere home through flooded fields foot-travelers go,\nHave I not passed thee on the wooden bridge,\nWrapt in thy cloak and battling with the snow,\nThy face towards Hinksey and its wintry ridge?\nAnd thou hast climbed the hill,\nAnd gained the white brow of the Cumner range;\nTurned once to watch, while thick the snowflakes fell,\nThe line of festal light in Christ-Church hall \u2014\nThen sought thy straw in some sequestered grange.\nBut what \u2014 I dream! Two hundred years are flown\nSince first thy story ran through Oxford halls,\nAnd the grave Glanvil did the tale inscribe.\nThat you were wandered from the studious walls\nTo learn strange arts and join a gipsy-tribe;\nAnd you from earth are gone\nLong since, and in some quiet churchyard laid -\nSome country-nook, where over your unknown grave\nTall grasses and white flowering nettles wave,\nUnder a dark, red-fruited yew-tree's shade.\n\u2014 No, no, you have not felt the lapse of hours!\nFor what wears out the life of mortal men?\n'Tis that from change to change their being rolls;\n'Tis that repeated shocks, again, again,\nExhaust the energy of strongest souls\nAnd numb the elastic powers.\nTill having used our nerves with bliss and teen,\nAnd tired upon a thousand schemes our wit,\nTo the just-pausing Genius we remit\nOur worn-out life, and are - what we have been.\n\nYou have not lived, why shouldst thou perish, so?\nYou had one aim, one business, one desire;\nElse thou hadst been numbered with the dead! Else hadst thou spent, like other men, thy fire! The generations of thy peers are fled, And we ourselves shall go; But thou possessest an immortal lot, And we imagine thee exempt from age And living as thou livest on Glanvil's page, Because thou hadst - what we, alas! have not. For early didst thou leave the world, with powers Fresh, undiverted to the world without, Firm to their mark, not spent on other things; Free from the sick fatigue, the languid doubt, Which much to have tried, in much been baffled, brings. \n\nA life unlike ours!\n\nThe Scholar-Gipsy\nWho fluctuate idly without term or scope, Of whom each strives, nor knows for what he strives, And each half lives a hundred different lives; Who wait like thee, but not, like thee, in hope.\n\nThou waitest for the spark from heaven! and we,\nLight half-believers of our casual creeds,\nWho never deeply felt, nor clearly willed,\nWhose insight never has borne fruit in deeds,\nWhose vague resolves never have been fulfilled;\nFor whom each year we see\nBreeds new beginnings, disappointments new;\nWho hesitate and falter life away,\nAnd lose tomorrow the ground won today \u2014\nAh! do not we, wanderer, await it too?\n\nYes, we await it! \u2014 but it still delays,\nAnd then we suffer! And amongst us one,\nWho most has suffered, takes dejectedly\nHis seat upon the intellectual throne;\nAnd all his store of sad experience he\nLays bare of wretched days;\nTells us his misery's birth and growth and signs,\nAnd how the dying spark of hope was fed,\nAnd how the breast was soothed, and how the head,\nAnd all his hourly varied anodynes.\n\nThis for our wisest! And we others pine,\nAnd wish the long unhappy dream would end.\nAnd wave all claim to bliss, and try to bear;\nWith close-lipped patience for our only friend,\nSad patience, too near neighbor to despair, -\nBut none has hope like thine!\nThou through the fields and through the woods dost stray,\nRoaming the countryside, a truant boy,\nArnold's Poems\nNursing thy project in unclouded joy,\nAnd every doubt long blown by time away.\nBorn in days when wits were fresh and clear,\nAnd life ran gaily as the sparkling Thames;\nBefore this strange disease of modern life,\nWith its sick hurry, its divided aims,\nIts heads o'ertax'd, its palsied hearts, was rife -\nFly hence, our contact fear!\nStill fly, plunge deeper in the bowering wood!\nAverse, as Dido did with gesture stern\nFrom her false friend's approach in Hades turn,\nWave us away, and keep thy solitude!\nStill nursing the unconquerable hope,\nStill clutching the inviolable shade,\nWith a free, onward impulse brushing through,\nBy night, the silver'd branches of the glade,\nFar on the forest-skirts, where none pursue,\nOn some mild pastoral slope\nEmerge, and resting on the moonlit pales,\nFreshen thy flowers as in former years\nWith dew, or listen with enchanted ears,\nFrom the dark dingles, to the nightingales!\n\nBut fly our paths, our feverish contact fly!\nFor strong the infection of our mental strife,\nWhich, though it gives no bliss, yet spoils for rest;\nAnd we should win you from your own fair life,\nLike us distracted, and like us unblest.\n\nSoon, soon thy cheer would die,\nThy hopes grow timorous, and unfix'd thy powers,\nAnd thy clear aims be cross and shifting made;\nAnd then thy glad perennial youth would fade,\nFade, and grow old at last, and die like ours.\n\nThen fly our greetings, fly our speech and smiles!\nAs some grave Tyrian trader, from the sea,\nPerceived at sunrise an emerging prow,\nLifting the cool-haired creepers stealthily,\nThe fringes of a southward-facing brow\nAmong the Ionian isles;\nAnd saw the merry Grecian coaster come,\nFreighted with amber grapes, and Chian wine,\nGreen, bursting figs, and tunny steep'd in brine \u2014\nAnd knew the intruders on his ancient home,\nThe young light-hearted masters of the waves \u2014\nAnd snatched his rudder, and shook out more sail;\nAnd day and night held on indignantly\nOver the blue Midland waters with the gale,\nBetwixt the Syrtes and soft Sicily,\nTo where the Atlantic raves\nOutside the western straits; and unbent sails\nThere, where down cloudy cliffs, through sheets of foam,\nShy traffickers, the dark Iberians come;\nAnd on the beach undid his corded bales.\n\nRequiescat.\n\nStrew on her roses, roses,\nAnd never a spray of yew!\nIn quiet she reposes;\nAh, I too wish I could.\nHer mirth the world required;\nShe bathed it in smiles of glee.\nBut her heart was tired, tired,\nAnd now they let her be.\nHer life was turning, turning,\nIn mazes of heat and sound.\nBut for peace her soul was yearning,\nAnd now peace laps her round.\n\nArnold\u2019s Poems\nHer cabin'd, ample spirit\nIt fluttered and failed for breath.\nTo-night it doth inherit\nThe vasty hall of death.\n\nKaiser Dead\nWhat, Kaiser dead? The heavy news\nPost-haste to Cobham calls the Muse,\nFrom where in Farringford she brews\nThe ode sublime,\nOr with Pen-bryn\u2019s bold bard pursues\nA rival rhyme.\n\nKai\u2019s bracelet tail, Kai\u2019s busy feet,\nWere known to all the village-street.\n\u201cWhat, poor Kai dead?\u201d say all I meet;\nO for the croon, pathetic, sweet,\nOf Robin\u2019s reed!\n\nSix years ago I brought him down,\nA baby dog, from London town.\nRound his small throat, black and brown,\nA ribbon blue,\nAnd vouched by glorious renown,\nA dachshund true.\nHis mother, most majestic dame,\nOf blood-unmixed, from Potsdam came;\nAnd Kaiser's race we deemed the same \u2014\nNo lineage higher.\nAnd so he bore the imperial name.\nBut ah, his sire!\nKAISER DEAD\nSoon, soon the days conviction bring.\nThe collie hair, the collie swing,\nThe tail's indomitable ring,\nThe eye's unrest \u2014\nThe case was clear; a mongrel thing\nKai stood contest.\nBut all those virtues, which commend\nThe humbler sort who serve and tend,\nWere thine in store, thou faithful friend.\nWhat sense, what cheer!\nTo us, declining towards our end,\nA mate how dear!\nFor Max, thy brother-dog, began\nTo flag, and feel his narrowing span.\nAnd cold, besides, his blue blood ran,\nSince, against the classes,\nHe heard, of late, the Grand Old Man\nIncite the masses.\nYes, Max and I grew slow and sad;\nBut Kai, a tireless shepherd-lad,\nTeeming with plans, alert, and glad\nIn work or play,\nLike sunshine went and came, and bade\nLive out the day!\n\nStill, still I see the figure smart \u2014\nTrophy in mouth, agog to start,\nThen, home returned, once more depart;\nOr press together\nAgainst thy mistress, loving heart,\nIn winter weather.\n\nI see the tail, like bracelet twirled,\nIn moments of disgrace uncurled,\nThen at a pardoning word re-furled,\nA conquering sign;\nCrying, \u201cCome on, and range the world,\nAnd never pine.\u201d\n\nThine eye was bright, thy coat it shone;\nThou hadst thine errands, off and on;\nIn joy thy last morn flew; anon,\nA fit! All's over;\nAnd thou art gone where Geist hath gone,\nAnd Toss, and Rover.\n\nPoor Max, with downcast, reverent head,\nRegards his brother's form outspread.\nFull well Max knows the friend is dead\nWhose cordial talk and jokes in doggish language said,\nBeguiled his walk.\nAnd Glory, stretched at Burwood gate,\nThy passing by doth vainly wait;\nAnd jealous Jock, thy only hate,\nThe chiel from Skye,\nLets from his shaggy Highland pate\nThy memory die.\nWell, fetch his graven collar fine,\nAnd rub the steel, and make it shine,\nAnd leave it round thy neck to twine,\nKai, in thy grave.\nThere keep of thy master that sign,\nAnd this plain stave,\n\nSource of the plot of Sohrab and Rustum\n\nThe story of Sohrab and Rustum is an episode from the great Persian epic Shah Nameh or \u201cBook of Kings\" by Abul Kasim Mansur, who was called by the Shah, \u201cFirdaws\u012b\" or \u201cSinger of Paradise.\" Although the writing of this poem dates from the tenth century, it goes back to the earliest half-mythical history of Persia and records the story.\nThe various glories of Persian monarchs and heroes reached the middle of the sixth century. During the middle and latter part of the nineteenth century, translations from the original Persian were made into various European languages. It was likely a translation by James Atkinson in 1832 that Matthew Arnold used. The following is a condensed version of the Sohrab and Rustum story from the \"Book of Kings.\"\n\nOne day, as Rustum passed through the country, he saw a mighty mare with a colt by her side. The face and shoulders of the colt resembled a lion, and in strength, it seemed like an elephant. The keeper told him that the mare had belonged to Rustum and was called Ruksh, which signified \"lightning.\" When Rustum heard this, he leapt on the colt and sped over the plains.\n\nOne day after a hunt, he laid himself down to slumber.\nWith Ruksh in the pasture beside him, as he slept, seven knights overpowered the horse and led him into the city of Samengan nearby. When Rustum awakened, he followed the tracks and demanded of the king and his nobles that Ruksh be returned. The king promised him that all would be well and invited him to a feast with sweet singers in his honor. After the feast, the king himself led Rustum to a couch perfumed with musk and roses and promised safety to him and his steed. Towards morning, a murmur of sweet voices reached his ears; then, a slave entered his chamber bearing a lamp perfumed with amber, followed by a veiled lady. When he asked the unknown lady her name, she revealed that she was the king's daughter and was called Tahmineh. Having heard of his valor.\nShe yearned to see his deeds of prowess; she offered to restore Ruksh to him and place Samengan under his feet if he married her. Since she was fair and wise, Rustum readily assented. The next day, he sent a messenger to the king to ask for Tahmineh's hand. The king rejoiced and gave him his daughter with all due rights and ceremonies. When Rustum was alone with Tahmineh, he gave her a wonderful onyx to keep. If heaven gave her a girl, it should be fastened within her locks; if a boy, about his arm. Tahmineh rejoiced over it. When Ruksh was finally returned to Rustum, he knew he must return to his own people in Zamboulistan. He bid Tahmineh a sad farewell, and as he journeyed on.\nHe resolved to tell no one about his adventures among the Tartars. When, after the passage of time, a son was born to Tahmineh, she called him \"Sohrab\" because his mouth was filled with smiles. When he was only a month old, he was like a child of twelve years; and when he was five, he was skilled in the art of war; and when he was ten, he excelled all in the land in games of strength. One day he asked his mother who his father was. She told him of the mighty Rustum, showing him the gifts that his father had sent him at his birth. His mother warned him, however, to be silent about all this; for Afrasiab, the ruler of the land, was an enemy of the glorious Rustum, and might kill his son or, if Rustum learned of his son's prowess, he might take him away from her. But Sohrab immediately resolved to go to war against the Persians.\nTo cast out King Kai Kaous and place Rustum on the throne. His plan was to kill Afrasiab and mount the throne of the Turks with Tahmineh as queen of the two lands. Tahmineh rejoiced at her son's courage and ordered the guardian of the flocks to find a horse suitable for him. After many days of searching, he finally found one that was the foal sprung from Ruksh, and on it he set out to make war against the Persians.\n\nWhen Afrasiab learned of Sohrab's undertaking, he plotted with his nobles not to reveal his son's strength but to bring them together in combat. If Sohrab killed Rustum, Afrasiab would then get Iran and would then subdue Sohrab. But if Sohrab was killed and his father learned the truth afterward, it would bring him to his grave. He concealed his dark design by\nSending gifts and a letter to Sohrab, stating that if Sohrab conquered Iran, he should be made king and the three lands, Iran, Turan, and Samengan, should be united. Sohrab rejoiced and set out into the land of Iran, destroying all as he passed.\n\nMeanwhile, a maiden knight whom Sohrab had once overcome sent word to King Kai Kaous that an army was coming against him with a chief who was a child in years but a lion in strength and stature. When the king received the letter, he immediately sent word to Rustum at home in Zamboulistan to come at once to the aid of Iran.\n\nWhen the messenger told Rustum, he marveled that such a hero should arise among the Turks, for his own son was still only an infant. Rustum feasted the messenger for three days, delaying his answer and telling the messenger that the king would not act hastily.\nBut on the fourth day, at the urgent entreaty of the messenger, Rustum set forth with his train to the courts of the Shah. However, Kai Kaous was extremely angry that Rustum had defied the urgency of his appeal and ordered him to be hanged. In his anger, Rustum broke away from his guards and returned to hurl vengeance upon the king. He strode from the presence chamber and sprang upon Ruksh, departing from the country. The nobles were so distressed by the king's conduct that they begged the aged counsellor Gudurz to reason with him. The Shah finally saw the folly of his way and asked Gudurz to go himself to ask Rustum to forget the evil words of the Shah. Many of the nobles went with Gudurz on his mission and they prostrated themselves before Rustum.\nRustum refused to listen to their pleas, but when Gudurz pointed out that the Turks would say he was afraid of the beardless boy, he consented. Rustum then rode back to the gates of the king's city and the Shah came down from the throne to meet him. Rustum promised him allegiance until death, and they visited together with the nobles.\n\nThe next day, the Persian legion came out at the Shah's behest and pitched their tents by the fortress of Hayir. When Sohrab's watchman saw them, he cried out loudly. And when Sohrab heard it, he rejoiced and, demanding a cup of wine, drank to the destruction of their enemies.\n\nThe second morning came, and Sohrab put on his armor, rode forth into the Iranian camp, and broke down all their barriers with a spear. When he opened his mouth, a voice like thunder emerged.\nwas heard throughout the camps. The Persian nobles, sore afraid, sought out Rustum. They urged him not to delay, buckled his armor upon him, and saddled Ruksh to make him ready for the strife.\n\nNow when Rustum was come before Sohrab, he suggested that they step forth from out of the line of battle into the neutral zone for single combat. When Sohrab would have fallen upon him, the heart of Rustum softened, and he begged Sohrab to join the ranks of Iran, for they had need of just such a hero as he was. And the heart of Sohrab went out to Rustum, and he looked wistfully at him and asked him if he were not the great Rustum. When Rustum assured him that he was not, but only a slave, then Sohrab was sad, for his hopes were shattered. Then he made ready for the combat and they fought until their spears were shattered and their swords were broken.\nThey fought fiercely with clubs until both were defeated. In the second encounter, they engaged with arrows, but neither surpassed the other. When Rustum attempted to throw Sohrab from his steed, he could not move him any more than a mountain. They resorted to clubs again, and this time Sohrab struck Rustum so hard that he reeled. Sohrab boasted of his advantage and urged Rustum to fight equals. Rustum caused confusion among the Turanians, and Sohrab among the Iranians.\nRustum  saw  the  destruction  that  the  youth  had  caused, \nhe  bade  him  come  down  to  single  combat  on  the  morrow. \nIn  the  meantime,  each  prayed  and  sent  messages  to  his \nloved  ones  in  case  of  death.  Sohrab  then  asked  his  chief \nagain  to  tell  him  if  he  were  not  Rustum,  but  Afrasiab \nhad  forbidden  the  latter  to  tell  the  truth.  So  Sohrab  held \nhis  peace,  but  he  was  not  wholly  satisfied.  Before  the \ncontest  on  the  next  day  Sohrab  again  asked  Rustum,  for \nhis  heart  seemed  to  speak  love  toward  him;  but  Rustum \nanswered  only  that  they  were  girded  for  the  combat  and \nthat  the  Master  of  the  world  should  alone  decide  between \nthem.  And  they  measured  their  strength  from  the  morn\u00ac \ning  to  setting  sun.  At  the  close  of  day,  Sohrab  threw \nSOURCE  OF  THE  PLOT \nRustum  from  his  horse  and  stood  over  him  with  his  sword \ndrawn.  Rustum  then  used  craft,  calling  attention  to  the \nlaw of honor that he who overthrows a brave man for the first time shall not destroy him. Because of this saying, Sohrab spared Rustum.\n\nThat night, Rustum prayed to the gods for greater power and was given such strength that the rock whereon he stood gave way. Seeing this strength too much, he prayed that it be taken away again. However, on the next morning when he saw Sohrab coming forward toward him like an elephant, he prayed that the same strength might be restored. With the power given him by the god, he hurled Sohrab onto the earth and broke his back like a reed. He drew forth his sword and severed his body.\n\nWhen Sohrab knew it was the end, he gave a great groan and said that his father would avenge his death \u2014 the great Rustum. When Rustum heard this, his sword fell from his grasp, and the earth became dark before his eyes.\nRustum opened his eyes and asked Sohrab for a sign that his words were true, confessing that he was Rustum. Sohrab, angered that he had not heeded his former warning, showed him the onyx on his arm. When Rustum saw it, he covered his face with ashes and moaned aloud in his sorrow. Then Sohrab consoled his father, saying that it was, after all, only fate that had determined the issue. He asked as a special favor that his men might go back in safety, as he alone had been responsible for the expedition. Rustum would have taken his own life in his despair, had not his nobles prevented him. Suddenly, Rustum remembered a healing balm that Kai Kaous had among his treasures, and he sent Gudurz in haste for it. The Shah, fearing lest the might of Rustum's grief overwhelm him, prevented him from taking his life. Rustum sent for the balm to heal his sorrow.\nSohrab should be joined with Rustum's might and turned against him. Remembering Rustum's former pride, Sohrab refused the messenger's request. Then Rustum himself went to the king, but before he had come to his presence, a messenger overtook him with the news that Sohrab had departed from this world. He lamented, crying, \"I, who am old, have killed my son.\" He made a great fire and flung into it his tent of many colors, his armor, and all his trappings of power. He commanded that Sohrab's body be swathed in rich brocade of gold, and he accompanied the bier to his home in Zamboulistan. When Zal beheld the host returning in sorrow, he questioned Rustum and was shown the youth who was but an infant in years, yet a hero in battle.\nThey built a tomb shaped like a horse's hoof and Rustum placed his son in a golden chamber. The house of Rustum echoed with sorrowful cries.\n\nUpon hearing the news, Samengan's king tore his vestments, and Tahmineh mourned the misfortune that had befallen them. When Sohrab's garments and horse were brought to her, she severed the horse's tail with Sohrab's sword. She set fire to Sohrab's house and distributed his gold and jewels among the poor.\n\nA year later, Tahmineh's spirit joined Sohrab, her son.\n\nQuestions and Discussion:\n\nArnold's Use of Persian History\n1. In what ways has Arnold altered the characters of Sohrab, Rustum, and Afrasiab? The events of their lives?\n2. Which reason for Rustum's failure to recognize his son do you find more intriguing from a storytelling perspective? As an identification?\n1. Which is better, the onyx or Rustum's seal sign on Sohrab's arm?\n2. Why did Arnold probably omit the story of Rustum and Kai Kaous?\n3. Why is Arnold's account of the combat more dramatic than that of the Shah Nameh? Compare Shakespeare's handling of the historical account of the battle in Act I of Macbeth. Why is Arnold's ending of the story more artistic?\n4. What idea did Arnold wish to convey by beginning the poem with \"and\"? What is the significance of \"but\" in line 3?\n5. What atmosphere is created in the first lines? How does this introduction resemble Shakespeare's Macbeth? What is the significance of the fog? Of the Oxus Stream?\n6. What impression do you get of Sohrab's character in lines 4-94?\n7. Peran-Wisa's attitude toward Sohrab (11.26-94)?: \n\n(Assuming the text is in good shape and no major cleaning is required)\n5. What are some of the distinguishing marks of the various Persians? In what respect were the Persians different from the Greeks? Of what incident in the Iliad does the scene in Rustum\u2019s camp before the combat derive? By what agreement was Rustum persuaded to fight? Give the conversation between Sohrab and Rustum before the combat. How is this significant (11.319-397)?\n\n11. How was Sohrab wounded? Why is this significant?\n\nQuestions regarding Arnold\u2019s Poems:\n12. Describe the nature and background of the scene.\n13. What is the central point of the tragedy? Its highest moment?\n14. Why should Sohrab feel that the other was Rustum when Rustum had no such intuition?\n15. Explain the new suspense created by the stages of recognition between them (11.527-591).\n16. Where does the responsibility for the tragedy lie (11.708-)?\n17. Is line 736 a ridiculous exaggeration, or is there some significance to it?\n1. What is the significance of Sohrab's dying request?\n2. What is the meaning of the prophecy that Sohrab makes?\n3. Compare lines 857-859 and line 874 with the closing lines of Paradise Lost. Has Arnold measured up to his own standard of a classic?\n4. What is the symbolic significance of line 875?\n5. Compare the background in this poem to that of De Quincey's Revolt of the Tartars.\n6. Do you have an accurate picture of Persian life, or has Arnold left much to your imagination?\n7. Find striking examples of oriental exaggeration.\n8. Why may this poem be classified as a minor or literary epic?\n9. In what respects is it more like the great epics than Idylls of the King?\n10. What qualities does it have that remind one of Paradise Lost, Iliad?\n11. In what respects is Sohrab a great epic hero? In what respects is Rustum?\nWhat Christian saint does Sohrab slightly resemble? (6)\nWhat is an epic comparison? In what respects is it more beautiful than a simile? (c) Which is the more beautiful poetically? (d) Analyze each of the epic comparisons in the poem. (e) Do these long figures of speech retard the progress of the story?\n\nFrom what source did Arnold derive his severe simplicity of style?\nWhat are the peculiar excellencies of Arnold\u2019s blank verse?\nWhy is the last scene deeper in pathos than the last scenes of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities or Tennyson's Enoch Arden, or many other sad endings?\n\nQuestions and Discussion (71)\n\". The Forsaken Mermaid\"\n\nWhat is gained by the whole story being told in parts by the hero and sufferer?\nWhat is the moral problem involved? Where else in mythology or literature has the same theme been treated?\n1. Why does the Merman urge the children to call? Is his love greater than Margaret's?\n2. Was Margaret's reason sufficient for giving up her loved ones?\n3. Does the poet sympathize with the hero or Margaret? Where does your sympathy lie?\n4. Describe the Merman and his children on land. Is this part of the story convincing? Can you suggest any other way for them to see Margaret?\n5. Does the poem remind you of any pictures you have seen?\n6. What are all the poetic devices by which the descriptions of the sea are made effective?\n7. Are the repetitions or refrains effective?\n8. Is the irregular meter adapted to this particular narrative?\n9. List of attractive alliterations or other devices of tone-color:\n10. What feeling did Iseult of Brittany have toward Tristram? (Part I)\n1. What is attractive about the setting in the first part of the scene?\n2. How is the beauty of the moonlight heightened at the close?\n3. Which lines reveal Arnold's love and perfect understanding of children?\n\nPart III\n1. Do you admire these children? If so, why?\n2. Describe the country. Does it seem to describe England or France?\n3. The Breton tale that Iseult told to the children was that of Merlin and Vivien. Is Merlin your idea of a hero to be described to children?\n\n\"Shakespeare\"\n1. What does \"Thou smilest and art still\" mean?\n2. Analyze the figure of speech used in lines 3-8.\n3. How do lines 9-11 summarize Shakespeare's life?\n\nArnold's Poems\n1. Why are the closing lines the highest tribute that Arnold could pay to Shakespeare?\n2. Summarize the first eight lines in one sentence. Summarize the next eight lines in one sentence. Summarize the following eight lines in one sentence. Summarize the last eight lines in one sentence.\n1. What is the story of Giacopone di Todi's bride and how does Arnold apply this in his sonnet (in one sentence)?\n2. In which verse form is \"The Austerity of Poetry\" by Arnold written, and what is the story of Giacopone di Todi's bride? What application does Arnold make in the sonnet? Why can this sonnet be considered a perfect self-revelation by Arnold?\n3. How has Arnold captured the spirit of the Greeks in \"The Strayed Reveller\"? What are the two themes treated in the youth's reply? Look up the whole story of Ulysses, Tiresius, the Centaurs, Hera, Argo, Silenus, Circe. What is the keynote to the relation of gods and mortals? Do you find this same idea in the Iliad? What is the youth's attitude towards Ulysses? How does he describe Circe? Is this representation better than others?\n1. Milton's Comus superior?\n2. Is there a moral in this poem?\n3. What is the effect of the closing lines?\n4. Has Arnold drawn from contemporary thought or is it purely Greek?\n5. This is a fragment of Arnold's drama. Read the whole poem and determine if much is lost by its abbreviation.\n\n\"Dover Beach\"\n1. Do the opening lines reflect your general impression of the English channel?\n2. What are the sounds of the sea? What are the effects of these sounds?\n3. What caused the eternal note of sadness for Sophocles? For Arnold?\n4. To whom is the poem addressed?\n\nQuestions and Discussion (p. 73)\n5. In the closing lines, does Arnold share Tennyson's perspective on war? Compare Locksley Hall.\n6. Compare the poem's mood to Keats' sonnet \"On the Sea.\"\n7. Summarize the lyric's thought in one sentence.\n1. What is the effect of the rhyme and rhythm in the poem? Why is the varying length of lines suitable for the poet's musings?\n2. Analyze the figure of speech in the second to last stanza of \"The Church of Brou.\"\n3. How is the story of the princely pair depicted in the first stanza of \"The Church of Brou\"?\n4. Describe the surroundings of the tomb.\n5. What time does the poet suggest as the most beautiful for the pair to awaken? What later suggestion does he make? Which do you prefer and why?\n6. Analyze the description of the autumn night in \"Lines Written in Kensington Gardens.\"\n7. What is remarkable about being in this park in London in \"Lines Written in Kensington Gardens\"?\n8. Why is the reference to Pan especially appropriate in the latter poem?\n[1. Poem about Kensington Gardens:\nWhat is the contrast in this poem? What is nature's message to man? What prayer does the poet make in the last stanza?\n\nTitle: The Scholar-Gypsy\n\n1. Divide the poem into three parts and explain their relation. Are the last two stanzas necessary to the poem's thought?\n2. Why is the pastoral setting more pleasing in this poem than in Milton's Lycidas?\n3. Describe the historical Scholar-Gypsy.\n4. Which scenes of college and rural life does the Scholar-Gypsy seem to love to haunt? Is this choice indicative of Arnold's own taste?\n5. What is the significance of the Scholar-Gypsy's seeming to be still alive?\n6. What sad picture does Arnold draw of modern life?]\n\nPoem:\n1. In Kensington Gardens I have seen him lie,\nThe brown benevolent Scholar-Gypsy;\nHis sunburnt limbs, his golden-grayed hair,\nBeside the Serpentine he lay, and cast\nAn airy dreamy look o'er gardens fair.\n\n2. He seemed to breathe such peace, and breathe such joy,\nAs if he bore some part in all he saw;\nHis eyes, like living lamps, with tender light\nFell on the statues, fountains, flowers, and trees,\nAnd seemed to breathe a living spirit into them all.\n\n3. Yet when the twilight came, and all was still,\nHe rose, and wandered on, and left the place;\nAnd I, who watched him, felt a strange despair,\nAnd asked myself, \"What is it that he knows,\nThat I, who live in town, can never share?\"\n\n4. O Life as once I knew thee! not as now,\nWhen to my studies thou didst lend a grace,\nAnd made'st my hours of thought more sweet and long,\nBut when to me thou wert a living stream,\nA golden torrent, swift and strong, that bore me on its flood.\n\n5. And now, O Life, thou art but a dull dull stream,\nA stagnant pool, a standing pool, a pool in hell;\nA pool whose scum and film the vermin love,\nAnd thrive and multiply, and grow and gather,\nAnd roll on, ever rolling on, bearing me, as on a swift current, to the sea,\nThere to sink and rot; O sunken Life, thou art a well.\n\n6. O for the days when I was young and free,\nAnd roamed the woods and fields, and heard the birds,\nAnd saw the sunrise, and the morning dew,\nAnd felt the wind upon my face, and heard\nThe distant sound of waking village life!\n\n7. But now I live in town, and hear the noise,\nAnd see the dust and smoke, and feel the heat,\nAnd breathe the stench of cities, and the din,\nAnd all the unquiet, unquiet life,\nAnd all the unquiet, unquiet dreams,\n\n8. And yet, amid the din and noise and strife,\nI hear the voice of him who still is free,\nThe voice of him who wanders on and on,\nBeside the Serpentine in Kensington Gardens,\nAnd seems to breathe a living spirit into all things dead.\n\n9. O Scholar-Gypsy! teach me thy content,\nThy peace, thy joy, thy secret, thou who seem'st\nTo bear some part in all thou seest around,\nAnd seem'st to breathe a living spirit into all things dead.\n\n10. Teach me to live, and not to be,\nTo feel the joy of life, and not the pain,\nTo breathe the air, and not the stench,\nTo hear the voice of him who still is free,\nAnd not the din and noise and strife,\n\n11. O Scholar-Gypsy! teach me to be still,\nAnd live within myself, and not without,\nTo bear the weight of life, and not to shrink,\nBut to be strong, and calm, and free,\nAnd bear the weight of life, and not to break.\n\n12. And when the twilight comes, and all is still,\nAnd I, who watch him, feel a strange despair,\nI will remember thee, O Scholar-Gypsy,\nAnd\n1. Comparing Arnold's and Tennyson's perspectives in poetry:\n- How personal is this part of Arnold's poem? Compare it to Tennyson's point of view.\n- Does Arnold offer a solution in his poetry or is it merely a lament? (\"Requiescat\")\n\nQuestions:\n1. In what ways does the woman in Arnold's poem represent the nineteenth century, or his inner moods?\n2. What is the source of the woman's pathos in life?\n3. Compare her spirit to Dante's pursuit of peace and Arnold's.\n4. Are the short lyric lines in an elegy suitable? What does the lightness and fragility of the verse imply? (\"Requiescat\")\n\nAdditional Questions:\n1. How does \"Kaiser Dead\" compare to Arnold's \"Geist's Grave\"? Which is more sincere, more human?\n2. Does the meter of \"Kaiser Dead\" fit the theme or is it too tripping?\n3. Compare the spirit of \"Kaiser Dead\" to Burns's \"Poor Mailie's Elegy\".\n4. Arnold is considered our greatest writer of elegiac poetry.\n1. Is it appropriate for him to write about favorite dogs twice?\n2. What is especially attractive about Arnold's treatment of animals?\n3. What side of Arnold does this poem reveal that no other poem in this volume hints at?\n\nVerses on Dogs: Is it appropriate for the poet to write about favorite dogs twice?\n\nQuestion 1:\nWhat is appealing about Arnold's portrayal of animals?\n\nQuestion 2:\nWhich aspect of Arnold does this poem unveil, which no other poem in this collection suggests?\n\nEncyclopedic Reference:\n\nPronunciations and accents provided are correct. The poet occasionally deviates from the meter.\n\nAder-baijan (ad'-er-ba-i-yan'): northwestern province of Persia.\nAsgean (e-ge'-an): part of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Asia Minor.\nAfghans (af'-ghans): inhabitants of Afghanistan, a country of Central Asia, east of Persia.\nAfrasiab (af-ra'-si-yab): king of the Tartars.\nAlcmena (alk-me'-na): daughter of the king of Mycenae.\nAralian estuaries (a-ral'-i-an): lower parts of the Aral Sea in Central Asia.\nArgo (ar'-go): ship on which Jason set sail in search of the golden fleece.\nAsopus (a-sop-us), river god. I\nAttruck (a-truk), river in the northwestern part of Persia flowing into the Caspian Sea.\nBab-lock-hithe, village four miles southwest of Oxford.\nBagley Wood, southwest of Oxford.\nBahrein (ba-rein), one of the Aral Islands in the Persian gulf, famous for its pearl fisheries.\nBerkshire, shire south of Oxford.\nHas shifted accent on account of Bahhara (bo-khara), district of Central Asia, south of Turkistan and bordered by the Oxus River.\nBrittany (brit-any), province of France consisting of the northwest peninsula.\nCabool (ka-bool), important commercial city of northern Afghanistan.\nCasbin (kas-bin), ancient city in northern Persia.\nCaspian (kas-pi-an), inland sea between Europe and Asia.\nCaucasus (kaw-ka-sus), range of mountains that separate Afghanistan and Turkistan.\nChian (ki-an), Chios, an island in the Aegean noted for its wine.\nChorasmia (kS-ras-mi-a), early name of the desert country Kharasm (ka-razm) in the valley of the Oxus.\n\nCirce (sir-se), Greek sorceress who, having killed her husband, King of Colchis, was put on the Isle of Aeaea on the coast of Italy. Here she was found by Ulysses and his companions.\n\nArnold\u2019s Poems\n\nHis men were changed into swine, but he was saved by Mercury.\n\nDido (di-do), Queen of Carthage, deserted by her lover, Aeneas.\n\nElburz (el-boorz), mountain range on the northern border of Persia.\n\nFeraburz (fer-a-burz), second in command of the Persians.\n\nFerghana (fer-ga-na), province in the eastern part of Turkistan.\n\nFerood (fe-rood), Persian chief.\n\nFi field (fi-field), village six miles southwest of Oxford at which was held annually the Maypole dance.\n\nGadston Bridge, two miles up\nThe Thames from Oxford.\n\nJoseph Glanvill, 1636-1680, English clergyman, author of \u201cVanity of Dogmatizing,\u201d where is told the story of a scholar leaving Oxford to join the gipsies.\n\nGudurz, aged counselor of the Persians.\n\nHades, in Greek mythology, the dwelling place of the souls of the departed.\n\nHaman, leader of the Tartars, second in command to Peran-Wisa.\n\nHelmund, river of Afghanistan flowing southwest through Seistan into Lake Hamun.\n\nHera, Greek name for Juno, wife of Jupiter.\n\nHimalayan mountains of India.\n\nHinksey, village south of Oxford.\n\nHurst, Cumner Hurst, hill a few miles southwest of Oxford.\n\nHydaspes, river of northwestern India, and tributary of the Indus.\n\nHyphasis, river of northwestern India, and tributary.\nIliads (il-iads), plural of Ili, a Persian name for any wandering tribe.\nIberians (I-berians), inhabitants of Spain and Portugal.\nIacchus (I-acchus), poetic spelling of Bacchus, the Greek God of wine.\nIran (e-ran'), the Persian Empire.\nIseult (e-soolt').\nJemshid (jem-shid'), fourth king of the earliest Persian dynasty. He was supposed to have ruled 700 years and to have founded Persepolis (per-sep-olis).\nJuxartes (jak-sar-tes), another name for the river Syr Daria (ser dar-ya), which flows from the Pamir plateau into the Aral Sea.\nKai Khosroo (kl kos-roo'), king of Persia in the sixth century b.c., thought by historians to be Cyrus the Great.\nKalmuks (kal-muks), Mongolian nomads living in western Siberia.\nKura-Kul (ka-ra-kul), district in the southern part of Central Asia.\nKhiva, district in the valley of the lower Oxus River. Khorassan, literally the land of the sun, a desert province in northeastern Persia. Kipchak, province north of Khiva on the Oxus. Kirghizzes, Mongolian Tartar tribe living in Pamere or northern Turkistan. Koords, semi-independent people of western Persia. Kussacks, literally \u201criders\u201d that inhabit the Steppes of southern Russia and southwestern Siberia. Lapithae, mythical race of Thessaly, Greece, who contested with the Centaurs. Marc or Mark, King of Cornwall, husband of Iseult of Ireland. Midland Waters, another name for the Mediterranean Sea. Moorghab, river rising in eastern Persia and flowing northwest into the deserts of Turkistan. Orgunje, about seventy miles below Khiva.\nOxus (ox-us) - Greek name for the great river Amu Daria (a-mo dar-ya) that flows into the Aral Sea.\nPamir (pa-mir) - plateau of the Indian Caucausus from which the Oxus and Juxartes flow.\nPan (pan) - Greek god, worshipped in Arcadia, Greece. He was the herdsman\u2019s god and the god of music, dance, and song. His sanctuaries were in the mountains.\nPelion (pe-li-on) - mountain of Greece.\nPeran-Wisa (pe-ran we-sa) - Turanian chief and commander of King Afrasiab\u2019s army of various Tartar tribes.\nPersepolis (per-sep-lis) - ancient capital of Persia.\nPotsdam - town sixteen miles from Berlin that formerly was the summer residence of the Emperor of Germany.\nRustum (roos-tem)\nSamarcand (sam-ar-kand) - city of Turkistan east of Bokhara.\nScythia (sith-e-a) - region north of the River Danube and the Black and Caspian Seas.\nSeistan (se-istan, ses-tan)\nprovince in southwestern Afghanistan, bordering Persia. An island in the lake of Seistan houses a fort called Fort Rustum.\n\nSilenus, in Greek mythology, a drunken attendant of Bacchus, leader of the satyrs.\n\nSir, the Syr Daria or Juxartes river, which flows from the Pamir plateau into the Aral Sea.\n\nSohrab.\n\nArnold\u2019s Poems\n\nSophocles, Greek dramatist.\n\nSyrtes, gulf of Sidra on the northern coast of Africa.\n\nTartars, Nomadic tribes of Central Asia or southern Russia. Here the reference is to \u201cBlack Tartras\u201d or those particular tribes around the Aral Sea who fought under King Afrasiab.\n\nTejend, river in Turkistan.\n\nThames, the largest river of England on which London is situated.\n\nThebes, city of ancient Greece.\n\nTheseus, great hero.\nThe son of Poseidon, whose greatest adventure was the slaying of the minotaur in Greece with the help of Ariadne. Thessaly, the north eastern district of ancient Greece noted for pastoral poetry, here applied to Bagley Wood of England. Tiresias, the blind Theban prophet. Zeus gave him long life and infallible power of prophecy.\n\nToorkmuns, a branch of the Tartars living in Central Asia, south of Khiva. Troy or Ilium, ancient city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, the scene of Homer\u2019s Iliad. Tukas, Tartar tribe living in the province of Aderbaijan in northwestern Persia. Turanians, the Greek name for the Scythians. They occupied the bank of the Oxus River opposite the Persian Empire. Tyntagel, castle of\nKing Mark, supposed birthplace of King Arthur, in Cornwall.\nTyrians, inhabitants of Tyre, the largest city of Ancient Phoenicia on the Mediterranean Sea.\nUlysses, King of Ithaca, one of the Greek leaders in the war against Troy. His wanderings from Troy back home are told in Homer\u2019s Odyssey.\nWynchwood, forest ten miles northwest of Oxford.\nZal, father of Rustum, was born with white hair. White being a color antagonistic to the sun, he was abandoned on a mountain. He was rescued by a griffin, who cared for him and later restored him to his father.\nZirah, lake in north-eastern Seistan.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "subject": "Arithmetic -- Textbooks", "title": "The Bayne-Sylvester arithmetic,", "creator": "Bayne, Stephen F. (Stephen Fielding), 1908-1974", "lccn": "29012669", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011886", "partner_shiptracking": "171GR", "call_number": "7338857", "identifier_bib": "00016304827", "lc_call_number": "QA103 .B3", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, New York [etc.] D.C. Heath and company", "associated-names": "Sylvester, Emma, 1874-", "description": "v. 19 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-12-20 17:13:33", "updatedate": "2019-12-20 18:07:25", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "baynesylvesterar00bayn", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-12-20 18:07:27", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "302", "scandate": "20200117183638", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org;associate-ronamye-cabale@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20200121132129", "republisher_time": "1107", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/baynesylvesterar00bayn", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2j75vs84", "scanfee": "300;12;240", "invoice": "36", "page_number_confidence": "98", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156339402", "backup_location": "ia907009_27", "openlibrary_work": "OL6345541W", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6728986M", "oclc-id": "17800467", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetics. Stephen F. Bayne, District Superintendent of Schools, City of New York. Emma Sylvester, Principal, Junior High School, City of New York. Ruth T. Fitzell, Principal, Elementary School, City of New York. Seventh Grade. D. C. Heath and Company, Boston, Atlanta, New York, San Francisco, London, Chicago, Dallas. Copyright, 1930, by D. C. Heath and Company. Printed in U.S.A.\n\nIntroduction. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetics have been written with the distinct purposes: (1) of grading arithmetical difficulties to make the approach to new processes simple, and (2) of arranging the material to offer means for self-diagnosis of weakness and immediate remedy.\n\nScope. The series is based on the most recent investigations in the field of number combinations and problem solving.\nThe text discards the theme of \"arithmetic for arithmetic's sake\" and accepts \"arithmetic for everyday use\" as a proper objective. Acknowledging that the average person's life today is seldom concerned with large numbers, many decimal places, or undue denominations, the authors have limited the work to practical numbers, reasonable decimal sizes, and common business fractions. They recognize the informative and socializing values of arithmetic, but only provide topics formerly taught for computation development for information purposes. The child's right to know these processes and business phases is acknowledged, but they are no longer required to perform laborious computations that adults seldom need.\nUse of Problems. New processes are developed through problems that are interesting to children and expressed in language they can easily comprehend. In this way, the value of the process which he is to master is impressed upon the child. Specific training in problem solving is provided throughout the series. Methods of solution are those that have been thoroughly tested and accepted, rather than those that appeal because of novelty. The problems are arranged to make the pupil recognize that there is essentially little difference between what have been termed \u201coral\u201d and \u201cwritten problems.\u201d By introducing problems with the admonition \u201cUse pencil when needed,\u201d this unity of problem work is stressed. Test Drills. The Test Drills represent the result of study over a period of several years. They offer the child a means to apply the methods of problem solving learned in the series.\nThe teacher provides diagnostic tests for students to identify their errors in mathematical processes. Each test focuses on a specific step in the process and is divided into similar parts. Students must correctly complete the parts assigned by the teacher in columns A, B, or C, and repeat any mistakes. If the teacher assigns Part C, for instance, and a student makes an error, they must correct it and complete the other parts of the same example.\nThe author makes an error in Example 3; he must not only do Part C correctly, but also do Parts A, B, D, and so on. Individual differences are specifically addressed through Test Drills and additional examples, some of which extend beyond grade limits. These examples are indicated with asterisks. The use of the graph, now a required form of mathematical training, is fully developed in this context. Silent reading in arithmetic textbooks as a part of the \"work type\" of reading is found in many new courses of study. This series provides definite correlative exercises. Problems without numbers, problems requiring the formulation of the question, and problems calling only for the indicated solution serve as valuable material for silent reading.\n\nBeginning with the books for the fourth grade,\nPart:\n- Review\n\nSECTION PAGE\nNumeration and Notation:\nSelling Goods ...\nDecimals .\nAddition .\nThe Roman Notation .\nHarder Addition Combination\nPractice Exercises on Reactions That Occur in\nduction of Fractions\nMultiplication\nReview of Common Fractions\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\nAddition of Integers\nAddition of Fractions .\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\nPractice in Adding Fractions\nAddition of Decimals .\n\nSubtraction ...\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drills .\nSubtraction ...\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\n\nSample achievement tests are given in each volume. These will serve as type tests for use by teachers from time to time in getting a cross section of the work of the class. Satisfactory performance in these tests is a guarantee that the pupil has grasped the essentials of the work for the grade.\n\nContents\n\nPart\n- Review\n\nSECTION PAGE\nSECTION\nPAGE\n\nNumeration and Notation:\nSelling Goods ...\nDecimals .\nAddition .\nThe Roman Notation .\nHarder Addition Combination\nPractice Exercises on Reactions That Occur in\nduction of Fractions\nMultiplication\nReview of Common Fractions\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\nAddition of Integers\nAddition of Fractions .\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\nPractice in Adding Fractions\nAddition of Decimals .\n\nSubtraction ...\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drills .\nSubtraction ...\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014\nAddition of Fractions.\nSubtraction of Decimals.\nSubtraction of Fractions.\nProblems from Geography.\nPractice in Subtraction of Fractions.\nMultiplication of Fractions in Multiplication.\nPractice in Multiplication.\nProblems in Multiplication of Fractions.\nStep-by-Step Test Drill - Multiplication Combinations.\nSubtraction of Fractions.\nPlacing the Decimal Point.\nMultiplication of Fractions.\nDivision.\nDivision of Fractions.\nBuying by the Hundred and Thousand.\nPractice in Division of Fractions.\nReview of Difficult Combinations in Division.\nDivision of Fractions.\nSelecting the Quotient.\nPrinciples of Fractions Reviewed.\nDivision of Decimals.\nProblems with Fractions.\nProblems about Rainfall\n\nSection I\n\n41. Practice with Decimals and Percentages\n42. What You Should Know about Decimals and Percentages\nSteps for Test Drill \u2014\n\n43. Finding a Part of a Number\nFinding a Percentage of a Number\n44. Finding a Percentage of a Number\nFinding What Part One Number Is of Another\n45. Adding and Subtracting Percents\n46. Finding a Number When a Percent Is Given\n47. Short Ways of Finding Percent Reduction\n51. Problem Review\n\n48. Finding What Percent Liquid Measure Is of Another Linear Measure\nMeasuring Time\n49. Problems in Percentage\nSquare Measure\n50. Finding a Number When a Percentage Is Given\nAdding Denominators\n52. Completion Exercise\nSubtracting Denominators\n53. Finding Percents Less Than One\n\nNumbers.\n54. Sentences for completion:\n55. Estimating: Multiplying and dividing denominates.\n56. Review of percentage: Numbers.\n\nPart II \u2014 New Work\nOF 7A Grade\n73. Household problems: Finding profit or loss.\n74. Paying for electricity: Finding the selling price.\n75. How to read an electric meter: Finding the percentage of.\n76. Profit or loss: General review.\n77. Paying for gas and loss.\n78. Finding the cost.\n79. Thrift: Commission.\n80. Finding the net proceeds of a sale.\n81. Order blanks of a sale.\n82. Sales slips: A short way of finding the net cost.\n84. Getting a receipt.\nReview of terms in commission.\n\nInterest:\nSilent reading of problems.\nInterest for one year.\nInterest for more than one year.\nOur Ball Team.\nProblems:\n\nOne Year...\nInterest for Less Than a Time-Table.\nOne Year...\nTraveling by Airplane.\nInterest for Years and Problems on Airplane.\nMonths.\nTravel.\nGeneral Problems in Using a Ticket Schedule.\nInterest.\nParcel Post...\nFormula for Computing How to Send Money.\nInterest.\nProblems.\n102. Step-by-Step Test Drill\nRight Angles and Recalculation of Perpendiculars.\nPercentage. I.\nArea of a Right Triangle.\n103. Step-by-Step Test Drill\nKeeping a Record of Progress.\nUsing the Bar Graph.\n104. Problem Analysis\nGeography...\nSupplying the Question.\nStandard Weights of a Bushel.\nApproximating Answers.\nSelecting the Operation.\nDenominate Number\nChanging the Wording of Race.\nProblems...\nRecording Your Progress Problems without Numbers in Arithmetic.\nTests I-X.\nPart III \u2014 New Work\nOF 7B Grade\nProblems.\nThe Interest Formula, Practicing Thrift, Compound Interest, Discount Sales, Finding the Net Cost, Banks, Trade or Commercial Discount, Paying Bills by Check, Keeping an Account, Interest - Review, Finding Interest from a Graph, Days - the 6% Method, Problems in Interest, General Problems in Interest, Compound Interest, Percentage, Section 146. Problems in Commission, 147. Miscellaneous Problems, 148. Step-by-Step Test Drill - Application of Percentage, 149. Step-by-Step Test Drill - Application of Percentage, 150. Same - Different Test, 151. Completing Sentences, 152. Foreign Money, Problems, 155. Problems, 156. United States Government Taxes - Customs and Duties, 157. Using Graphs for Comparisons, Problem Analysis, Supplying the Question.\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic Seventh Grade - Part I\n\n1. Numeration and Notation\nNumeration is the reading of numbers; notation is the writing of numbers.\n\nNumbers may be written in several ways:\n1. In words, as: five, seventeen.\n2. In the Arabic notation, as: 5, 17.\n3. In the Roman notation, as: V, XVII.\n\n160. Approximating Answers .\n161. Selecting the Operation . 236\n162. Changing the Wording of Problems . 237\n163. Problems without Numbers . 237\n164. Silent Reading of Problems . 237\n165. Contents of Rectangular Solids . 241\n168. Denominate Number Race . 248\n169. A Holiday in the South . 249\n171. Reading a Time-Table . 254\n172. Showing the Results of a Competition . 255\n174. Recording Your Progress in Arithmetic . 258\n176. Tables of Measure . 269\n\nNumeration is the reading of numbers; notation is the writing of numbers. Numbers may be written in several ways:\n1. In words, as: five, seventeen.\n2. In the Arabic notation, as: 5, 17.\n3. In the Roman notation, as: V, XVII.\nThe  Arabic  notation  derives  its  name  from  the  Arabs, \nwho  introduced  it  into  Europe.  It  is  a  decimal  system, \nbased  on  groups  of  tens.  The  value  of  each  order  is  ten \ntimes  as  great  as  the  value  of  the  next  order  to  the  right. \nBillions\u2019 \nPeriod \nMillions\u2019 \nPeriod \nThousands\u2019 \nPeriod \nUnits\u2019 \nPeriod \nHundred  Billions \nTen  Billions \nBillions \nHundred  Millions \nTen  Millions \nMillions \nHundred  Thousands \nTen  Thousands \nThousands \nHundreds \nTens \nUnits \nWe  read  this  number  as  follows:  seventy-five  billion, \nthree  hundred  eight  million,  seven  hundred  fifty-six  thousand, \ntwo  hundred  five. \nTHE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \nThe  numbers  are  pointed  off  into  periods  so  that  they \nmay  be  more  easily  read.  Each  period  consists  of - \norders. \n1.  Read  these  numbers,  which  give  the  altitudes  and \nareas  of  some  of  the  African  lakes: \nAltitude  {Height \nLake  above  Sea  Level)  Area \nWhich lake is highest above sea level? Which is next highest? Which is largest in area? Which is smallest?\n\n1. Which lake has the highest elevation above sea level? Which is the second highest? Which lake has the largest area? Which is the smallest?\n\n3. Continent Area\nNorth America ... sq. mi.\nSouth America ... sq. mi.\nEurope ... sq. mi.\nAsia ... sq. mi.\nAfrica ... sq. mi.\nAustralia ... sq. mi.\n\n4. Rewrite this list, placing the continents in order according to area, beginning with the smallest: Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Africa, Australia.\n\n5. The area of North America is approximately equal to that of Asia.\n\n6. The area of Asia is about 4.4 times as great as that of Australia.\n\n2. Decimals\nIn your work in arithmetic, you will use decimals frequently. It is important, therefore, that you know how to use them. A decimal is a fraction. Its denominator is 10 or some power of 10. A power of a number is the number multiplied by itself. For example, 100 is a power of 10 because 10 x 10 = 100.\nA fraction with an unexpressed denomination which is 10 or some power of 10 is called a decimal fraction.\nIn a decimal fraction, only the numerator is expressed.\nThe denominator is understood, and is determined by the number of decimal places.\nA decimal fraction takes its name from its understood denominator.\n\nThe period used in decimals is called the decimal 'point.\n(a) A fraction with an unexpressed denominator which is 10 or some power of 10 is called a decimal fraction.\n(b) In a decimal fraction, only the numerator is expressed.\n(c) The decimal fraction takes its name from the understood denominator which is 10.\n(d) The period used in a decimal fraction is called the decimal point.\n(e) The denominator of a decimal fraction is determined by the number of decimal places.\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nThe following are mixed decimals:\nA zero is often placed before a decimal point to call attention to it.\nZeros may be annexed to a decimal without changing its value:\n\nWhich pairs of numbers in the list below have the same values?\n\n1. A grain elevator contains 3749.55 bu of wheat.\n2. An automobile map gives the following information concerning the distance between certain places: Boston to Springfield, 94.7 mi.; Springfield to Pittsfield, 56.0 mi.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n3. The Roman Notation\n\nThe Roman system of notation above 12 is used chiefly for:\n1. numbering the chapters of books;\n2. numbering the volumes in a series of books, as in the case of encyclopedias;\n3. expressing dates in their formal use, as on monuments and on the cornerstones of buildings.\nIn the Roman system, the following seven letters, which are always capital letters, are used:\n\n1. When a letter is repeated, its value is the same.\n2. When a letter of smaller value precedes a letter of greater value, the value of the smaller is subtracted from the value of the larger.\n\nApply the rule in these examples:\n\n3. When a letter of smaller value follows a letter of greater value, the value of the smaller is subtracted from the value of the larger.\n\nApply the rule in these examples:\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n4. Practice Exercises on Reduction of Fractions Without Pencil. Supply the missing numbers:\n\nig)\nTO\nII\nTO\n\nReduce both fractions in each group to fractions having a common denominator:\n\nii\nff\n\nReduce the following fractions to lowest terms:\n\nid) ie)\nif\nTo\nff ff\nTO\nA\n\nReduce:\n\nio whole or mixed numbers:\n\nTO\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nChange to improper fractions:\nChange to 12ths:\n5. Review of Common Fractions\nIf you find examples with common fractions hard to do, it may be that you cannot work with fractions as you should. By doing the examples in any one column that you may choose in this exercise, you can discover where you are weak.\n\nA B c D E\n1. Reduce to lowest terms:\n2. Supply the missing numerator:\n3. Rewrite each group as equivalent fractions:\n4. Reduce the following fractions:\nTS\n5. Supply the missing number:\n6. Change to an improper fraction:\ni91\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n6. Addition of Fractions\n\nRemember:\n1. Only like fractions may be added.\n2. Add only the numerators.\n3. Reduce the fraction in the answer to lowest terms.\n4. Check your work by going over it again. (Without pencil.)\n\n1. Alice earned $2.2 one afternoon and $3.5 for an extra hour in the evening. How much did she earn that day?\n2. Mary weighed 87 lb. The next time she weighed herself, she found she had gained 5 lb. How much did she weigh the second time?\n3. Fred carried home two packages. One weighed 10 lb.; the other weighed 2 lb. What was the total weight of the packages?\n4. Walter walked to Robert's home, a distance of 2 mi. Then both boys walked to Frank's home, which was 3 mi. distant from Robert's. How far had Walter walked when he reached Frank's home?\n5. Alice practiced at the piano for 2 hours on Monday and 1 hour on Tuesday. How many minutes did she practice altogether?\n\nSeventh Grade\n7. Practice in Adding Fractions\nHow many examples can you do correctly in 10 minutes?\nFirst, begin with Column A, and when you have finished, go on to Column B. Then try again, beginning with Column B and continuing to Column C. Each column contains...\nWithout pencil, write the answers only.\n\nA B c\nTO TO d- To Td-T\nUse pencil if needed.\nid-f\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n8. How to Use the Step-by-Step Test Drills\n\nOn the next page, you will find a step-by-step test drill. Under the direction of your teacher, begin with Example 1 in the selected column. Each column has a series of graded examples. Each example has a kind of difficulty in it varying from the one preceding it. Work as rapidly as you can, but make sure that each example is correctly done before you go to the next step. When you are told to stop, check your results with your teacher. If you have been careful, all your work will be correct. Aim to have no errors. If you get 100%, or a perfect score, it means that you have no difficulty in this part of arithmetic.\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Addition of Fractions\nA B C D E\nTT^ TT^TS T^T5 TO- 2tV 6tV 3tt GtV IGtt Ott Zi GtV Gf 3tV n GA- 15tV n 18tV Gj Ji Ji _Zi IM Ji ITf G-g- m H GtV\n\nSubtraction of Fractions\nI6i Ilf 1 f\n\nRemember:\n1. Only like fractions may be subtracted,\n2. Subtract the numerators only.\n3. Reduce the fraction in the answer to lowest terms.\n4. Check your work by adding the remainder and the subtrahend. The result should equal the minuend.\nSeventh Grade\n\n11. Practice in Subtraction of Fractions\nHow many examples can you do correctly in 10 minutes?\nBegin with Column A, and when finished, go on to Column B. Then try again, beginning with Column B and continuing to Column C. Each column has eighteen examples. Don't forget to turn the page. Use pencil if needed.\n\nA B C\nSyi - 6tV- lOA liV- lOf - If If iiV If u\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n11. Practice in Subtraction of Fractions\nHow many examples can you do correctly in 10 minutes?\nBegin with Column A, and when finished, go on to Column B. Then try again, beginning with Column B and continuing to Column C. Each column has eighteen examples. Don't forget to turn the page. Use pencil if needed.\n\nA B C\n6 Syi - 6tV 10 lOA - lO 9 liV - 3 If - 1 If - 1 If - 1 iiV - 2 If - 1 u - 3\n\n12. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Subtraction of Fractions\nA B C D E\n4t\u00a5~ lyV 36tV-14tV ISi-llf to bSh H-f n-i IM\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n13. Multiplication of Fractions\nRemember:\n1. Change mixed numbers to improper fractions.\n2. Cancel whenever possible.\n3. Multiply the numerators together for a new numerator and the denominators for a new denominator.\n\nA B C D\n1/2 1/3 2/3 1/4 1/2\nUse pencil if needed.\n\n6. Nellie needs 5.5 yards of ribbon for each Christmas gift. For 6 gifts, she will need - 33 yards.\n7. Fred buys 60 papers each day at 5 cents. What does he pay for them?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n14. Practice in multiplication of fractions.\nHow many examples can you do correctly in 10 minutes?\nFirst, begin with Column A, and when you have finished, go on to Column B. Then, try again, beginning with Column B and continuing to Column C.\nUse pencil if needed.\n\nA B C D I X li f x if f x If iVX3i i X If iX2i f x7i f x6f f x4f\n\n13. A butcher's price list was as follows:\nLamb, $4.60 per pound\nHam, $0.32 per pound\nChicken, $0.42 per pound\nTurkey, $0.56 per pound\nSteak, $ per pound Roast Beef (Prime), $\n\nSEVENTH GRADE\nFind the cost of the following:\n(a) A leg of lamb weighing 4.5 pounds\n(d) Two chickens weighing 3.5 pounds each\n4 lb. each\n(b) A roast of beef weighing - (e) A turkey weighing 8.5 lb.\n(c) One ham weighing 8 lb. (/ 3 lb. of steak\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Multiplication of Fractions\nA B c D E\n1/3 1/4 t/3 t/2 t/b\n3 4 3/5 2 1/3\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n16. Division of Fractions\n\nRemember:\n1. The divisor follows the division sign.\n2. Change mixed numbers to improper fractions.\n3. Invert the divisor and multiply.\n4. Cancel whenever possible.\n\nInvert the following fractions:\nWrite as a fraction and invert:\n1/H\nAn inverted fraction is called the reciprocal of the fraction.\ni is the reciprocal of 4 | is the reciprocal of f\n4 is the reciprocal of i f is the reciprocal of |\n\nSeventh Grade\nWrite the reciprocal of each of the following:\n1/TU\n\n17. Practice in Division of Fractions\nHow many examples can you do correctly in 10 minutes? Begin with Column A, and when finished, go on to Column B. Then try again, beginning with Column B and continuing to Column C.\n\nA B c D i q To s t T TT H H\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n18. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Division of Fractions\nA B c D E\n7H-ff i i i tV tV i!-i tV t\nA-2f Ilf H- 2f\n\nSeventh Grade\n19. Principles of Fractions Reviewed\n1. Multiplying or dividing both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the same number does not change the value of the fraction.\nIllustrate this principle with original examples.\n2. Multiplying the numerator of a fraction multiplies the fraction; multiplying the denominator of a fraction divides the fraction.\nIllustrate this principle with a diagram, using the fraction ^ and the multiplier 2.\n3. Dividing the numerator of a fraction divides the resulting fraction; dividing the denominator of a fraction multiplies the resulting fraction.\n\n2. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nIllustrate this principle with original problems. Use diagrams.\n\n1. A fraction may be multiplied in two ways:\n(a) by multiplying the numerators and the denominators separately, or\n(b) by finding the greatest common divisor of the numerators and denominators, and then forming the new numerator and denominator from the quotient and the remainder, respectively.\n2. A fraction may be divided in two ways:\n(a) by inverting the divisor and multiplying, or\n(b) by multiplying the numerator of the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.\n3. In the following examples, identify which principle was applied in the solution:\n...\n\n5. Complete these statements:\n(a) Multiplying the numerator of a fraction by the fraction.\n(b) Dividing the numerator of a fraction by the fraction.\n(c) Multiplying the denominator of a fraction by the fraction.\n(d) Dividing the denominator of a fraction by the fraction.\n(e) Multiplying or dividing both the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the same number.\nMen were paid $1.20 an hour by Mr. Ward, with time and a half for overtime. The regular working day is eight hours, but on Saturday it is five hours. Find the amount due each man and the total wages paid by Mr. Ward from the following:\n\nWorkman | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday\n------- | ------ | -------- | --------- | ------- | ------ | -------\n------- | ------ | -------- | --------- | ------- | ------ | -------\n\n1. Amount due each man:\n   - Hours worked on weekdays: 8 hours * 5 men = 40 hours\n   - Hours worked on Saturday: 5 hours * 5 men = 25 hours\n   - Total hours worked: 40 hours + 25 hours = 65 hours\n   - Overtime hours: 25 hours\n   - Regular pay: 40 hours * $1.20/hour = $48\n   - Overtime pay: 25 hours * $1.80/hour = $45\n   - Total wages: $48 + $45 = $93\n\n   Each man is paid $93 for the week.\n\n2. The dressmaker's supplies costs:\n   - Per yard: [Unfilled]\n   - Per yard: [Unfilled]\nper yard, cotton voile @ $0.62 per yard, per yard, per yard, per yard, per yard, per yard, per yard, 16 yards\nMary made cookies to sell at a school fair. She made them from the recipes on page 24, using 4 times the quantity called for in the molasses cookies recipe and 2j times the quantity called for in the oatmeal cookies recipe. Rewrite each recipe as Mary used it.\n\nMolasses Cookies:\n1 1/2 cups shortening\n2 cups brown sugar\n1 1/2 cups molasses\n2 eggs, beaten\n1 1/2 cups boiling water\n4 1/2 cups pastry flour\n\nOatmeal Cookies:\n1 1/2 cups shortening\n1 1/2 cups sugar\n1 1/2 cups coffee\n1 1/2 cups molasses\n1 1/2 cups raisins\n1 1/2 teaspoons cloves\n2 1/2 cups graham flour\n2 1/2 cups pastry flour\n2 1/2 cups rolled oats\n1 teaspoon baking soda\n1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder\n1 1/2 teaspoons salt\n4. Mr. Graham uses 1.5 tons of coal each month. At this rate, how long will 12 tons last him?\n5. The postman delivered 4 packages of books to a school. The total weight was 120 lb. What was the average weight of each package?\n6. The following are the records made by the same pupils at different times. Find the average record of each pupil.\n\nBroad Jump\nFred Allen\nJames L.\n1st trial 5.5 ft.\n2nd trial 5 ft.\n3rd trial 5.2 ft.\n4th trial 5.8 ft.\n\nSeventh Grade\n50-Yard Dash\nEllen Hall\nMary Wilkins\n1st trial 7.2 sec.\n2nd trial 8 sec.\n3rd trial 7.2 sec.\n4th trial 7.6 sec.\n5.2 sec.\n5.2 sec.\n\n21. Selling Goods\nMr. Price works at the silk counter in a large department store. After he sells material from a piece of goods, he enters on the ticket the amount of goods remaining on the piece. For example: One piece of silk measured 50 yards.\nAfter selling 5 yards, Mr. Price entered 44.5 yards on the ticket, indicating that 44.5 yards remained on the piece.\n\n1. Amount remaining on each piece after each sale and at the end of the day's sales:\n\n| Amount on Piece | Day's Sales |\n| --- | --- |\n|  |  |\n| 0.5 yards |  |\n|  |  |\n|  |  |\n|  |  |\n|  |  |\n\n2. Amount Mr. Price must write on the sales check for each customer:\n\n| Customer | Yards Bought | Price per Yard | Total Amount |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Mrs. A | 4.0 | $1.75 | $7.00 |\n| Mrs. B | 4.0 | $0.75 | $3.00 |\n| Mrs. C | 1.0 | $2.25 | $2.25 |\n| Miss D | 6.0 | $0.50 | $3.00 |\n| Miss E | 3.5 | $2.25 | $7.88 |\n\nTHE BAYNE-SYLVESTER ARITHMETIC\n22. Addition\n\nRemember:\n1. Write the figures in the proper column.\n2. When adding decimals, place decimal point under decimal point.\n3. Check your answer. The sum of each column when you add up should equal the sum when you add down.\nSEVENTH GRADE\n23. Harder Addition Combinations in Multiplication\nTime: 5 minutes. Aim: First time, perfect score; second time, perfect score in less than 5 minutes.\nWrite the answers only.\nA B C D\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n24. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Addition of Integers\nThe following examples contain the harder combinations in addition.\nA B C D E\n\nSeventh Grade\n25. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Addition of Decimals\nA B c D E\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n26. Subtraction\n5407 Check\n64.2 Check\n\nRemember:\n1. Write the figures in the proper column.\n2. When subtracting decimals, place decimal point under decimal point.\n3. Check your answer. The sum of the remainder and the subtrahend should equal the minuend.\n\nFind the difference between:\n5. What must be added to 72.5 to make 80?\nWhat is the difference between 50 and 26.925?\nHow much more than 0.75 is 750?\nThe minuend is 924.6. The subtrahend is 62.475.\nWhat is the remainder?\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Subtraction\nA B C D E\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Subtraction of Decimals\nA B C D E\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nProblems from Geography\n\nIn a certain year, the following countries purchased goods from the United States to the amounts listed:\n\nUnited Kingdom $357,930,000 Canada $ _\nGermany $ _\nFrance $357,930,000\nJapan $ _\nItaly $ _\nArgentina $ _\nAustralia $ _\nCuba $ _\nNetherlands $ _\n\nWhat was the total value of the goods exported by the United States to these countries?\n\nIn the same year, the United States imported goods to the amounts listed from the following countries:\n\nUnited Kingdom $357,930,000\nFrance $277,784,000\nBritish Malaya $277,784,000\nChina $ _\nWhat was the total value of imports from the following countries?\n\n1. In 1927, exports from the United States amounted to $_____.\n2. The value of the exports was _____ greater than the value of the imports.\n3. The following table shows the percentage of fruit and vegetables supplied to the United States by the three states ranking highest in the amount supplied. Find for each commodity: (a) the total percentage supplied by the three states; (b) the percentage supplied by all the other states combined.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nCommodity | First | Second | Third\n--- | --- | --- | ---\nApples | 31.2% | |\nGrapes | | 93.8% |\nPeaches | ... | ... |\nGrapefruit | ... | .7% |\nLemons | ... | ... |\nOranges | ... | ... |\nPotatoes | . | 99.7% |\n| Washington | 31.2% | |\n| California | 93.8% | 66.4% |\n| Georgia | 44.4% | 13.1% |\n| Florida | 92.1% | 32.7% |\n| California | 99.7% | 3.7% |\n| California | 66.4% | 13.1% |\n| Idaho | 7.5% |  |\n| Michigan | 2.3% | 2.3% |\n| N. Carolina | 7.1% | |\n| Texas | 3% | |\n| Alabama | .5% | |\n\n1. For each commodity, find the total percentage supplied by the three states: (a)\n2. For each commodity, find the percentage supplied by all the other states combined: (b)\nThe amount of snowfall in New York City during a recent winter was: December, 2.4 inches; January, 3.1 inches; February, 4.0 inches; March, 4.8 inches. What was the total for the season?\n\nThe longest river in Africa is the Nile, which is 3670 miles long. The Ob is the longest river in Asia, which is 3235 miles long. How much longer is the Nile than the Ob?\n\nThe highest point in Africa is Mt. Kilimanjaro, which has an altitude of 19,318 ft. The lowest point is in the Libyan Desert and is 440 ft. below sea level. What is the difference in altitude between the highest and the lowest point in Africa?\n\nThe highest point in Asia is Mt. Everest, which has an altitude of 29,141 ft. The lowest point is on the Dead Sea, which is 1293 ft. below sea level. What is the difference in altitude between the highest and the lowest point in Asia?\n\nAfrica\n\nTotal snowfall in New York City: 10.3 inches\n\nThe Nile is 436 miles longer than the Ob.\n\nThe difference in altitude between Mt. Kilimanjaro and the lowest point in Africa is 18,878 ft.\n\nThe difference in altitude between Mt. Everest and the lowest point in Asia is 29,274 ft.\nQuestions for Seventh Grade: 1. The area of Lake Superior in the United States is 31,200 sq. mi. The area of Lake Victoria Nyanza in Africa is 31,200 sq. mi. + 967 sq. mi. What is the area of Lake Victoria Nyanza?\n\n1. Mt. Everest in Asia is 29,141 ft. high. Mt. McKinley in Alaska is 20,464 ft. high. What is the difference in altitude between Mt. Everest and Mt. McKinley?\n\n1. The length of the four longest rivers in Africa is as follows: Nile, 3670 mi.; Congo, 2800 mi.; Niger, 2600 mi.; Zambezi, 1600 mi. (a) Find the total length of these four rivers, (h) Find the difference between the longest and the shortest river.\n\n1. The length of the ten longest rivers in Asia is as follows: Yangtze-kiang . . 3000 mi., Yenesei, Hwang-ho, Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges. What is the total length of these ten rivers?\n[14] Make up a problem using the information given in Problem 13.\n[15] Make up a problem using the information given in Problems 12 and 13.\n[16] Australia has a population of 9,263,372 and an area of 3,455,395 sq. mi. Find the difference in population and area between Asia and Australia. (See Problem 9 for needed facts.)\n\nProblem 16: Find the difference in population and area between Asia and Australia.\n\nAsia: (Unspecified population and area)\nAustralia: Population = 9,263,372, Area = 3,455,395 sq. mi.\n\nTo find the difference:\n1. Find the difference in population: 9,263,372 (Australia) - (Asia)\n2. Find the difference in area: 3,455,395 sq. mi. (Australia) - (Asia) sq. mi.\n\n[30] Multiplication checks:\n\nRemember:\n1. To multiply decimals, multiply as with whole numbers. Then, beginning at the right of the product, point off as many decimal places as there are decimal places in multiplicand and multiplier together.\n2. Prefix as many zeros as are needed to fill out the required number of decimal places.\n3. To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, etc., move the decimal point as many places to the right as there are zeros in the multiplier.\n\nWithout pencil.\n\n[ih]\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n\nSeventh Grade\nThese examples include all the harder multiplication combinations. Can you score 100%? With pencil.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n31. Drill on the Difficult Multiplication Combinations\nTime: 5 minutes. Aim: First time, a perfect score; second time, a perfect score in less than 5 minutes. Write the answers only.\n\nA B c D\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n32. Placing the Decimal Point in Multiplication\nWhat is the rule for placing the decimal point in the product when multiplying decimals? Rewrite the answers given in the following exercise and complete them by placing the decimal point in the proper place. Work for a perfect score:\n\nSelect the correct product.\nExample:\nTry for a perfect score:\n\nProducts\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n33. Problems in Multiplication\n1. A rod equals 16.5 ft. How many feet are there in 2 rods?\n2. The average monthly rainfall in New York for one year is 48 inches. What is the total rainfall in 3 years?\nWhat was the rainfall for the year 4.14 inches?\n3. An automobile averages 26.5 miles an hour. How far will it travel in 16.5 hours?\n4. A laundry charges $0.60 a dozen for towels. What will be the bill for 28 towels at this rate?\n5. A gallon of milk weighs 8.6 lb. What is the weight of a quart (0.25 gallon)?\n6. An airplane averaged 142.6 mi. an hour for 4.5 hours. How far did it travel in that time?\n7. A train averaging 46.25 mi. an hour will travel:\n13. Cost of 58 bu. potatoes at $0.936 per bushel.\n19. In a motorboat race at Detroit, one entrant averaged 55.65 mi. per hour. How many miles did he travel?\n\nMultiplication of Decimals\nA B C D E\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nDivision:\nRemember:\n1. Make the divisor a whole number by moving the decimal point to the right,\n\n(Note: This text appears to be a math exercise or test, likely from a seventh-grade textbook. The text has been cleaned to remove unnecessary formatting and irrelevant content, while preserving the original content as much as possible.)\n2. Move the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the right as there are decimal places in the divisor.\n3. Place the decimal point in the quotient.\n4. Divide as in division by a whole number.\n5. When dividing by 10, 100, 1000, or their multiples, cross out the zeros in the divisor and move the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the left as there are zeros in the divisor.\n6. Check your work by multiplying the quotient by the original divisor.\n\nMove the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the right as there are decimal places in the divisor. Place the decimal point in the quotient. Divide as in division by a whole number. When dividing by 10, 100, 1000, or their multiples, cross out the zeros in the divisor and move the decimal point in the dividend as many places to the left as there are zeros in the divisor. Check your work by multiplying the quotient by the original divisor.\n\nWhat is the cost of 850 envelopes at $2.50 per hundred?\n\n8.5 x $2.50 = cost of envelopes\nWhat  must  Mr.  Lucas  pay  for  5300  ft.  of  Georgia  pine \nat  $65  per  thousand  feet? \nFind  the  cost  of  the  following: \n3.  1400  lb.  of  freight  shipped  at  the  rate  of  $.35  per \ncwt. \n6.  2650  ft.  of  yellow  pine  at  $48  per  M. \nSEVENTH  GRADE \n10.  1500  lb.  of  maple  sugar  at  $19  per  cwt. \n12.  500  ice-cream  cones  at  $.95  per  C. \n13.  A  hundred-pound  sack  of  sugar  costs  $6.25.  What \nis  the  cost  of  one  pound? \n14.  Mary  bought  100  ft.  of  chicken  wire  for  $6.  What \nwas  the  cost  per  foot? \n15.  Mr.  Brown  has  a  100-acre  farm  which  he  planted \nin  wheat.  His  crop  amounted  to  3462  bu.  What  was \nthe  average  yield  per  acre? \n37.  Review  of  Difficult  Combinations  in  Division \nThese  examples  supply  -drill  on  hard  combinations. \nCan  you  score  100%?  Don\u2019t  forget  to  turn  the  page. \nWrite  the  answers \n:  only. \nA \nB \nC \nD \n46  THE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \nA \nB \nc \nD \nSEVENTH  GRADE \nSelect the correct quotient. Try for a perfect score.\n\nExample: Quotients\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Division of Decimals\nDo not carry the quotient beyond three decimal places.\n\nA B C D E\na f w p if\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nProblems about Rainfall\n\nIn the following table, you will find the monthly rainfall, in inches, in certain cities in 1928:\n\nStation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.\nAlbany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nWhich cities had the same amount of rainfall for:\n1. December: ______, ______\n2. November: ______, ______\n3. September: ______, ______\n4. June: ______, ______\n\nWhat is the difference between the rainfall for:\n1. January and June for: Denver, Los Angeles, Mobile, Atlanta, New York?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n41. Practice with Decimals\n1. Find the difference between 0.6 and 6.\n2. How much more than 15 is 15?\n3. Arrange the following numbers in order of size, writing the number of least value first:\n   ______, ______, ______\n4. Three thousandths + three thousand = ______\n5. Rewrite the following in words: 4.62, 46.2, 0.462\n6. How much must be added to 8 thousandths to make 8 hundredths?\n7. How much less than one is one thousandth?\n8. Change the common fraction 7/8 to a decimal fraction.\n9. Change the decimal twenty-five hundredths to a common fraction.\n10. Rewrite as decimals and find the sum: three tenths, eight thousandths, five, six and fifty-five thousandths.\n11. When a zero is annexed at the right of a whole number, the value remains unchanged.\n12. When a zero is annexed to the last digit of a decimal fraction, it repeats the value of the preceding digit.\n14. The number of decimal places in the product is equal to the sum of the decimal places of the multiplied numbers.\n16. When the decimal point in a number is moved one place to the right, the number becomes smaller by a power of ten. When it is moved one place to the left, the number becomes larger by a power of ten.\n\nForty-second Lesson on Decimals\nSupply the missing words:\n1. Any digit in a decimal represents ten times as much in value as the same digit in the next place to the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\n3. A digit to the right of the last digit in a decimal does not change the value.\n4. The zero in 0.3 does not change the value of the decimal.\n5. When adding decimals, place a decimal point under the same digit.\n6. When subtracting decimals, place the decimal point in the subtrahend exactly under the decimal point in the minuend.\n7. To multiply by 1000, move the decimal point three places to the right.\n8. To divide by 100, move the decimal point three places to the left.\n9. When multiplying decimals, multiply as with integers and align the decimal points as many places to the right as there are decimal places in both.\n10. To divide a decimal by a decimal, move the decimal point as many places to the left as there are decimal places in the divisor. Then place the decimal point over the decimal point in the dividend.\n11. A decimal fraction may be written as a long division fraction.\n12. 0.75 may be written as a common fraction with three digits below the line.\nFor its numerator and denominator.\n\n13. Percentages can be changed to - or % fractions.\n14. The whole of anything can be expressed as a percentage.\n\nPercentage:\nYou have learned to express a part of a number as: (1) a common fraction; (2) a decimal; (3) a percentage. For example, one fourth can be expressed as the common fraction 1/4, or as the decimal fraction 0.25, or as 25%.\n\n'Per cent' means per hundred. The expression \"per cent\" is commonly used in business to denote hundredths, or hundredths times. The sign for per cent is %.\n\n2. Write, using the per cent sign: one per cent; one hundred per cent; thirty-seven and a half per cent.\n4. Write as per cents, using the per cent sign:\n6. Complete the following:\n\n18 hundredths\n9%\n5 thousandths\n7. (a) Write 0.75 as a common fraction.\n(b) 23% of a number is the same as _ of the number.\n(c) Write 0.23 as a common fraction.\n(d) Write 16% in five different ways.\n8. Write the fractional and decimal equivalents of each of the following per cents which are frequently used in business:\n\n| Fractional | Decimal | Fractional | Decimal |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 44/100 | 0.44 |  |  |\n|  |  | 63/100 | 0.63 |\n|  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  |\n\nFinding a per cent of a number is the same as multiplying the number by a decimal.\n\n1. Complete and solve:\n2. Our spelling test this morning consisted of 40 words. Annan's rating was 90%. How many words did Anna spell correctly?\n\n40 words * 0.9 = 36 words (approximately)\nIn a stormy day, a class of 36 pupils had an attendance record indicating that 25% were absent. _ pupils were absent; _ pupils were present.\n\nOur team played 20 games this season. We lost 10% of all the games played. How many games did we lose?\n\nA certain team played 40 games during the baseball season and won 80% of the games it played. (a) How many games did the team win? (b) How many games did it lose?\n\nMary should weigh 120 lb. Her present weight is 5% below the average. (a) How many pounds is she below the average weight? (b') What does she weigh at present?\n\nOn September 9, there were 32 pupils on register in a 7A class. During the month, this number was increased by 25%. How many new pupils were enrolled during the month?\n\nSeventh Grade\nUse pencil when needed.\n\nIn a school of 2500 pupils, 98% joined the Red Cross.\n1. How many joined the organization? (6) How many did not join? (c) What percentage did not join?\n9. During a school year of 190 days, Mary Murray attended 90% of the time. How many days did Mary attend school?\n10. Fred weighed 64 lb. in June. During the vacation period, he gained 12%, so he gained 69.72 lb. Then he weighed 133.72 lb.\n11. In a school of 1900 pupils, 92% were promoted at the end of the term. 1728 pupils were promoted; 172 pupils were not promoted.\n12. In Jackson School, 85% of the boys have bank accounts. If there are 720 boys in the school, 604 boys are depositors in the school bank, and 116 boys have no accounts.\n13. A man earns $6500 per year. He spends 30% of his income for rent. He spends $1980 for rent.\n14. A library contains 1664 books. Of these, 12.5% are damaged or missing.\nare  reference  books.  There  are _ reference  books  in \nthe  library. \n15.  A  man  saves  15%  of  his  salary  of  $450  per  month. \nHow  much  money  does  he  save  each  month? \n16.  For  our  school  entertainment  we  had  960  tickets \nprinted.  Of  these,  95%  were  sold,  (a)  How  many \ntickets  were  sold?  ih)  How  many  remained  unsold?  (c) \nIf  the  tickets  were  sold  at  5^  each,  how  much  money  was \nreceived? \n56  THE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \n17.  There  are  1260  girls  in  a  junior  high  school.  Of \nthese,  33 are  in  eighth-year  classes.  There  are - \ngirls  in  eighth-year  classes. \n*18.  A  dealer  bought  goods  for  $1750  and  sold  them  at \n45%  profit,  (a)  What  was  the  amount  of  his  profit? \nHow  much  did  he  receive  for  the  goods? \n*19.  A  family  having  an  income  of  $4000  per  year  spent \n25%  for  food,  20%  for  rent,  15%  for  operating  expenses, \nand  20%  for  clothing.  The  remainder  was  used  for  in\u00ac \n(a) How much money was allowed for food? (h) For rent? (c) For operating expenses? (d) For clothing? (e) What percentage of the income was used for insurance and savings?\n\n20. A farmer raised 450 bu. of wheat and sold 75% of his crop. How many bushels of wheat did he sell?\n\n21. In an orchard of 2400 trees, 25% were apple trees, 15% were pear trees, and 37% were cherry trees. The remainder were peach trees. How many trees of each kind were planted in the orchard? (5) What percentage of the trees were peach trees?\n\n45. Adding and Subtracting Percents:\nYou know that f equals one unit, or 1. The same is true of f and of ^ and of ^ and of yV-\nOf a number equals the number itself.\nSimilarly, since 100% is the same as 100% of a number, 100% of a number equals the number itself.\n\n1. Complete the following:\nSEVENTH GRADE\n\nQuestion: How much money was allowed for food, rent, operating expenses, and clothing? What percentage of the income was used for insurance and savings?\n\n20. A farmer grew 450 bushels of wheat and sold 75% of his crop. How many bushels of wheat did he sell?\n\n21. In an orchard with 2400 trees, 25% were apple trees, 15% were pear trees, and 37% were cherry trees. The remaining trees were peach trees. How many trees of each kind were planted in the orchard? (5) What percentage of the trees were peach trees?\n3. Class 7A had a midterm test in grammar, on which 25% received an A, 35% received a B, and 15% received a C. What percentage received a D?\n4. In a recent spelling test, 25% of a class of 40 pupils received a grade of 100, 40% received 95, and 15% received 90. The remainder received grades between 85 and 90. Find the number of pupils in each group. Check answers how?\n5. A farmer had 160 acres of land under cultivation, of which 40% was planted in rye, 25% in wheat, and the remainder in corn. How many acres were planted in corn?\n6. By the terms of a man\u2019s will, his $24,000 estate was divided among his two daughters and a son. Each daughter received 35% of the estate. The remainder was for the son.\nWhat percentage of the estate did the son receive? (a) Percentage: ____\nHow much money did each child receive? (6) ____ each\n\n(a) What percentage of his entire crop did Mr. Atkins sell? (6) ____%\n(b) What percentage had he left? ____%\n\nPer Cents More Than 100:\nThere are 40 pupils in a seventh-grade class. If 100% are present, how many pupils are present?\n100% of a number = the number itself.\nTherefore, 40 pupils were present.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nIn 1900, the number of voters in a certain town was 320.\nIn 1929, the number of voters was 200% of what it was in 1900.\nHow many voters were there in 1929?\nThere were twice as many voters in 1929 as in 1900.\n\nBecause of an increase in population in the town of Newton, the receipts of the Union Gas Company in that town:\n(Incomplete)\nThe towns are three times as great now as they were ten years ago. How many times greater are the receipts today? Last year, James Burton earned $600. This year, his earnings are 125% of what they were last year. What are his earnings this year?\n\nFourth grade exercise:\nShort ways of finding percent\n\nFred is the bank manager of his class. He reports that, of the 40 boys in his class, 10% have no bank accounts at present. How many boys are without accounts?\n\n4 boys\n\nIn a class of 36 pupils, 25% had perfect attendance for the month of May. How many pupils had perfect attendance?\n\nTo find a percent of a number, change the percent to its decimal or fractional equivalent and then multiply.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nTo find a percent of a number, change the percent to its decimal or fractional equivalent and then multiply.\n\n9.00 pupils\nWhich method is shorter? Which do you prefer to use?\n\nChange the following percentages to common fractions and solve:\n\nMiss Slater gave 12 examples as a test in percentage.\nJohn's paper was graded 75%. How many examples did he work correctly?\n\n1. George had 60 this morning. He spent 40% of it for stationery. How much did he spend?\n2. A man earns $750 per month. If his salary is increased 20%, how much more money will he earn per month?\n3. A farmer raised 2730 bu. of wheat. He sold 33% of his crop to a neighbor. How many bushels did he sell?\n4. A real estate dealer bought a lot for $1280. He sold it at a gain of 12%. (a) How much money did he gain? (b) How much did he receive for the lot?\n\nFinding What Percent One Number Is of Another\n\nA grocer had 60 lb. of coffee on hand. He sold 30 lb.\nWhat part of his stock did he sell: 50% of his stock.\nThe grocer sold 50% of his stock of coffee.\nFred had $0.64. He spent $0.40 for lunch.\nWhat percent of his money did he spend for lunch?\nCan you prove the answer to this example? How would you do so?\nMother had a bag of sugar weighing 25 lb. She used 19 lb. in making jelly.\nWhat percent of the 25 lb. did she use?\n^ of the sugar was used.\nCheck: 25\n\nTo find what percent one number is of another, first find what fractional part it is. Then change the common fraction to a decimal and the decimal to a percent.\n\n12 is what part of 36?\n12 is what part of 8?\n30 is what part of 90?\n12 is what percent of 18?\n8 is what percent of 24?\nWhat percent of 36?\nWhat percentage of 8 is?\nWhat percentage of 90 is?\n25 is what percentage of 15?\n60 is what percentage of 48?\n\nQuestion: An article which cost $0.24 was sold for $0.36. What was the percentage increase in price?\nQuestion: A book which cost $0.48 was sold for $0.60. What was the percentage increase in price?\n\n1. If Charles works 8 out of 10 examples correctly, his paper should be marked _ %.\n2. A spelling test contained 12 words. Jane missed 4. What percentage of the words in the test did she misspell?\n3. Of a total of 15 examples in decimals, Fred worked on 12 correctly. What percentage of the examples did he work on correctly?\n4. A boy had $0.50. He spent $0.20 for school supplies and the remainder of his money for lunch. What percentage of his money did he spend on lunch?\n\nFourth grade math problems.\n\n1. If Charles gets 8 out of 10 questions right, his paper should be marked with what percentage?\n2. A spelling test contained 12 words. Jane missed 4. What percentage of the words in the test did she misspell?\n3. Of a total of 15 decimal problems, Fred solved 12 correctly. What percentage of the problems did he solve correctly?\n4. A boy had $0.50. He spent $0.20 on school supplies and the rest of his money on lunch. What percentage of his money did he spend on lunch?\nWhat percentage of his money did he spend on his lunch? Was it 20 cents?\n\n1. An article cost $4.50 and was sold for $6.30. What was the percentage of gain?\n2. Mr. Brown's income is $7500 per year. He pays $1800 per year for rent. (a) What fractional part of his income does he spend on rent? (b) What percentage of his income does he spend on rent? (c) How much rent does he pay per month?\n3. A merchant sold coats for $72 each, which cost him $54 each. What percentage did he gain on each coat?\n4. Out of 120 attempts at bat, a player made 45 hits. What was his batting average?\n5. In a certain number of games, a left fielder accepted 32 chances out of 36. What percentage of chances did he accept?\n\n11. A club grew in membership from 180 to 200. What was the percentage of gain in membership?\n12. A club had 360 members, but now has 315. What was the percentage of loss in membership?\n13. Fred White saves $360 on a salary of $1800. What percentage of his salary does he save?\n14. A farm of 320 acres has 120 acres in pasture. What percentage of the farm is in pasture?\n15. Mr. Chase's salary was $2400. If it was increased to $2616, what was the percentage of increase?\n16. Class 7A has 45 pupils. Last week, the following numbers of pupils passed morning inspection: Monday, 36; Tuesday, 40; Wednesday, 42; Thursday, 35; Friday, 45. What percentage of the class passed morning inspection on each of the five days?\n17. In 1925, a town had a population of 8050. In 1929, it had a population of 6440. What was the percentage of decrease in population between 1925 and 1929?\n18. A newsboy sold 108 of his 120 papers. What percentage of his papers did he sell?\n1. How many percent of his papers did he sell?\n2. In September, a class register had 45 pupils; in June, it had 54 pupils. What was the percentage increase?\n3. Finding a Number When a Percent Is Given:\nIf 4 pairs of gloves cost $6.00, what will 5 pairs cost?\n4 pairs cost $6.00\nSeventh Grade\nIf f of a sum of money equals $16.00, what is the entire sum of money?\n\nIf 80% of a sum of money equals $6.00, what is the entire sum of money?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nTo find a number when a percent is given:\n(1) change the percent to a common fraction and solve; or (2) find 1% of the number given and then multiply 1% of the number by 100 to obtain 100% of the number.\nUse 'pencil when needed.\nComplete the following:\n\n1. Mary had $0.40 in her purse. This was 25% of what Jane had. How much money did Jane have?\n2. Without pencil.\n\nProblem Review\n1. Mary had $0.40, which was 25% of what Jane had. Find the amount Jane had.\n2. (No action required)\n2. Frances spent $1.50 on a pair of gloves, which was 50% of the amount Uncle Frank gave her as a birthday gift. Uncle Frank gave Frances $3.0. A school term won 5 games out of the 8 it played. The team won _ % of the games it played. A dealer bought balls at $0.25 each and sold them for $0.30 each. What percent of the cost did he gain? A book that cost $2.50 was sold for $2.00. What was the percent of loss?\n\n7. If 9% of a number is 135, what is the number?\n8. Find the number of which 210 is 7%.\n9. If 12% of a number is 240, what is the number?\n11. What is the cost of a plot of ground if 15% of the cost is $225?\n\nMr. Stevens bought a piano for $750. He paid $450 to the dealer at the time of purchase. (a) What percent of the purchase price did he pay? (b) How much did he pay over the original price? (c) What is the difference between the price he paid and the original price as a percentage of the original price? (6) How much did the dealer pay for the piano?\n1. If 18% of the number of girls in the Bryant School is 556, how many girls are in the school?\n14. What is the cost of a sofa if $85 is 62% of its cost?\n16. A salesman must travel 360 mi. from one city to another. After traveling 270 mi., what percentage of the total distance is left?\n18. Find the percentage of loss when a house that cost $5000 was sold for $4750.\n19. Jane received $15 as a birthday gift. She spent $7.50 for shoes and $5 for a hat.\n(a) What percentage of the $15 was spent on shoes?\n(b) What percentage of the $15 was spent on the hat?\n(c) How much money was left?\n(d) What percentage of the $15 was left?\n20. The weekly salaries of certain clerks in the Boston Store for two years were as follows. Find the percentage increase or decrease in salary for each clerk.\n(List of weekly salaries follows)\n1. The Johnsons lived in an apartment on M Street from January 1 to September 30 and paid a monthly rental of $75. On October 1, they moved into a new apartment on J Street, paying $85 per month in rent. What was their average rent per month for the year?\n\n2. An article was bought for $50 and sold for $60. What was the percentage of gain?\n\n3. Edward earned $18 a week and saved $6 each week. What percentage of his salary did he save?\n\n4. John earns $22 per week and saves 50% of it.\nHow much money does he save each week?\n\n5. The population of a certain town was 14,500.\n[1919. Ten years later, the population had increased by _%. What was the population of the town in 1929?\n6. An article costing $8.50 was sold at a loss of _%. For what price was the article sold?\n7. Mr. Charleton drove 191.25 mi. in 7.5 hr. What was his average speed per hour?\n8. At another time, Mr. Charleton drove for 6.25 hr. at the rate of 21.3 mi. per hour. How many miles did he cover?\n\nSeventh Grade\n63. Per cents less than one percent\nMr. Frazer sold $3600 worth of merchandise at commission. How much money did he receive?\n\nOccasionally, you will be called upon to deal with per cents less than 1%. These small per cents will cause trouble and confusion unless you are careful.\n\n* At f% commission, what will an agent receive on sales amounting to $4880?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n2. Find:\n3. At f% commission, what will an agent receive on sales of $4880?]\nTo find 12% of a number, multiply it by 0.12.\nIf 16 is 25% of a number, the number is 64 times 16.\n12.5% = the common fraction 1/8.\n_ % of this rectangle is shaded.\n_ % of this rectangle is unshaded.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nThe square root of a number equals 32.1% of the number.\n(a) One way of finding 37% of a number is to divide the number by 3.\n(b) Another way to find 37% of a number is to find three-quarters of the number.\n0.35 of a number is the same as 35%.\n13. Fifty percent of a number is just as large as the number itself.\n15. Written as a common fraction, 45% would have _ for its numerator and _ for its denominator.\n16. Each portion of this circle represents _% of the circle.\n17. This tumbler appears to be about _% full of water.\n18. _% of a number equals the number itself.\n19. _% of this square has been left unshaded.\n20. _% of this square has been shaded.\n21. Draw a line 6 inches long. A line 50% as long will measure _ inches.\n22. Draw a rectangle. Shade 75% of it.\n23. Draw a circle. Shade 75% of it.\n\nPercentage Estimating\n1. Twenty-three percent of any number is nearly equal to twenty-five percent of the number, or about three-fourths of the number.\n3. Fifty-two percent of a number is nearly equal to two-thirds of the number.\n4. Seven-three percent of a number is nearly equal to three-quarters of the number.\n9. Thirty-two percent of a number is nearly equal to half of the number.\n\nProve your answer?\n\nReview of Percentage\nSeventh Grade\n\n67. Percentage Race\nComplete row against row. Work quickly but accurately.\nWork for 30 minutes. Find the average number for each row. The row with the highest average wins.\n\nWhat percentage of 24 is 18?\nWhat percentage of 15 is 9?\n\nB\n\nWhat percentage of 50 is 48?\nWhat percentage of 1 sq. ft. is equal to?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n68. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Percentage\n\nA B C D E\nJL7-5 oy\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n59. Finding a Part of a Number\nMr. Brown earns $2400 a year. If he spends f of his salary, how much does he spend? If he spends .75 of his salary, how much does he spend? If he spends 75% of his salary, how much does he spend?\n\n4 of his salary =\n\nWhen a decimal or percent in a problem can be changed to a common business fraction, change it.\nFind:\n\nHow many feet are there in 0.375 of a mile?\nHow many square inches are there in 0.75 sq. ft?\nHow many square feet are there in 0.50 sq. yd?\n\n9. How many pounds are there in 0.25 of a ton?\n11. A house was bought for $16,000 and sold at a gain of 12%. What was the selling price?\n12. The distance between Rockland and Portland by automobile is 84.8 mi. When Fred had traveled 75% of the distance, how many miles remained to be traveled?\n13. A man with an annual income of $3600 saves 20%. How much does he save?\n\nA. What part of his crop did he sell? (a)\nB. How many bushels did he sell? (b)\n\n60. Finding What Part One Number Is of Another\nA farmer raised 1500 bu. of wheat. He sold 1000 bu.\n(a) What part of his crop did he sell?\n(b) How many bushels did he sell?\nTo find what part one number is of another, express the relationship as a common fraction in its lowest terms, using the number of which the part is taken as the denominator. To find what per cent one number is of another, reduce the fraction to its decimal equivalent and then to a per cent.\n\nSeventh Grade\nProblem C is called the second case in percentage. Complete the following by supplying in (a) the missing fractional part; in (b) the missing decimal part; and in (c) the missing per cent:\n\n7. What decimal part of 48 is 24?\n(a) 1/2\n(b) 0.5\n(c) 50%\n\n8. What decimal part of 177 is 59?\n(a) 5/11\n(b) 0.3529411765\n(c) 35.29%\n\n9. What decimal part of 96 is 32?\n(a) 1/3\n(b) 0.3333333333\n(c) 33.33%\n\n10. What decimal part of 75 is 15?\n(a) 1/5\n(b) 0.25\n(c) 25%\n1. One pint is what percentage of a gallon?\n2. One inch is what percentage of a foot?\n3. Mr. Abbot ordered 12 T. of coal for the winter. After two months, he had used 4 T. What percentage of the coal had he used?\n4. The following table shows the price per ton of hard and soft coal from 1900 to 1925:\n\nYear Hard Coal Soft Coal\n(a) Find the difference between the 1900 and 1925 prices of hard coal. What was the percentage increase? (Two decimal places.)\n(b) Find the difference between the 1900 and 1925 prices of soft coal. What was the percentage increase? (Two decimal places.)\n(c) Which kind of coal shows the greater percentage increase? How much greater is it?\n6. Make up a problem in percentage using the information in the table.\n\nProblem 6: Sarah saves $4 each week. What is:\n(a) 62% of her earnings?\n(b) 40% of her earnings?\n(c) 40% of what she earns if her earnings are $10?\n\nB. Change .4 to f and solve as in d.\nC. Change 40% to f and solve as in d.\n\nProblem 7: Mr. Wright sold 322 bu. of wheat. How many bushels did he raise in total?\n\n7. Forty-two children in a class were promoted. This was 87% of the register. What was the size of the register?\n\n8. Mr. Ward drove his automobile 120 mi. one day. This was 40% of the distance he planned to go. How many miles did he intend to travel?\n\n9. Mr. Bates sold 350 bu. of potatoes.\n83% of his crop. What did his crop amount to?\n10. Mrs. Reed saves $1500 a year. This is 37% of her income. What is her income?\n11. A man rented a house for $900 a year. This amounted to 0.15 of the cost. What was the cost of the house?\n12. Mr. Willis sold an automobile for $1800. This was 66.1% of the cost. What was the cost of the car?\n\nReduction of Denominate Numbers:\nDenominate numbers expressed in different units must be changed to the same unit before a problem can be solved. Sometimes they must be reduced to a higher unit, other times to a lower unit, and sometimes to a fractional part of a larger unit.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic:\nFred's height is 5 feet 8 inches.\nFind the cost of 5 yards 2 feet of fence wire @ $1.50 a foot.\nFind the area of a plot of ground 12 feet wide and 18 feet long.\n64. Liquid Measure\nHow much milk do you drink each day?\nGasoline is sold by the gallon.\nWe generally buy cream in 1-quart bottles.\nSupply the missing numbers:\nUse pencil if needed.\n7. Harold had a lemonade stand at the fair. He made $3 for every gallon. He sold it in half-pint glasses at 5 cents a glass. What was his profit?\n8. How many half-pint bottles of cream can be filled from a 2-quart can?\n9. At 99 cents a pint, what will a gallon cost?\n10. Mrs. Jones uses 2 quarts of milk daily. How many gallons does she use in a week?\n11. Miss Stevens ordered 64 half-pint bottles of milk for the pupils in her class. How many quarts did this equal?\n12. Mrs. Walters orders a quart of milk a day for each of her two children and a pint for each of the three adults.\nHow many quarts are used in this family each day?\n1. At 28 cents, what will a quart of cream cost?\n\n66. Linear Measure\nWhich unit would you probably use in measuring the length of your room, the height of the pupils, a length of dress goods, or the distance you live from school? Supply the missing numbers:\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\nUse pencil if needed.\n\n9. The baseball diamond is 90 ft. on one side. How many yards does a boy run who makes a home run?\n10. Silk was offered for sale in different widths. Alice bought a yard of 27-inch material. Grace bought a yard of 32-inch material. Which had more silk?\n11. Who is taller: Fred, who measures 64 inches, or Walter, who measures 5 ft. 6 in.? How much taller is he?\n12. Mary crocheted 90 inches of edging for a scarf. How many yards did she crochet?\n\n13. At 28 cents a half-pint, how much does a quart of cream cost?\n\nWhich unit would you probably use in measuring the length of your room, the height of the pupils, a length of dress goods, or the distance you live from school?\nSupply the missing numbers:\n- feet\n- inches\n- feet\n- inches\n- yards\n- yards\n\nUse pencil if needed.\n\n9. The baseball diamond is 90 feet on one side. How many yards does a boy run who makes a home run?\n10. Silk was offered for sale in different widths. Alice bought a yard of 27-inch material. Grace bought a yard of 32-inch material. Which had more silk?\n- yards\n\n11. Who is taller: Fred, who measures 64 inches, or Walter, who measures 5 feet 6 inches? How much taller is he?\n- inches\n\n12. Mary crocheted 90 inches of edging for a scarf. How many yards did she crochet?\n- yards\n13. Henry can jump 5 ft. 10 in. In the standing broad jump. What is this distance in inches?\n14. How many feet deep is water when soundings show a depth of 150 fathoms? (1 fathom = 6 ft.)\n15. A steamer averages 22 knots an hour. How many miles is this? (1 knot = 1.15 mi.)\nSeventh Grade\n66. Measures of Time\n365 days = 1 common year\nLeap years are the years which can be divided by 4 without a remainder, except century years. Century years are leap years if they can be divided by 400 without a reminder.\nIs 1930 a leap year? Why?\nWhen will the next leap year come?\n1. John reached the station at 12:35 to get a 12:20 train. How many minutes late was he?\n2. Jane was in the movies for 90 min. How many hours was she there?\n3. How many days are there between Lincoln\u2019s and Washington\u2019s birthdays?\n4. A 5-hour school day will mean 300 minutes a week.\n5. Anna sleeps 8 hours a day. What part of a day does she sleep?\n6. A commuter spends 45 minutes on the train morning and evening. How many hours is he on the train (a) each day? (5) Each week?\n7. Mrs. Franklin borrowed $2000 on May 1 and paid it back on September 1. What was the interest period?\n\nQuestions:\n1. What unit would you use in estimating the floor space of the classroom and the size of a rug or farm?\n2. Without pencil, supply the missing square units: sq. ft., sq. rod., sq. in., sq. yd.\n3. With pencil:\n   a) How many square feet of blackboard are there in your classroom?\n   b) What would be its cost at $28 per square foot?\n\n7. The amount of floor space in your classroom is: _______ square feet.\n1. (b) Divide the total registered number of students in your class and find out how much is allowed for each pupil.\n2. Some boys at play broke a window with a baseball. They offered to pay for the damages. What must they pay for a piece of glass that is 3 ft. by 4 ft. at $15 per square foot?\n3. Mrs. Daniels bought a rug that is 9 ft. by 12 ft. to cover a floor that is 12 ft. by 15 ft. How many square feet of floor remained uncovered?\n4. The entry to a house measures 5 ft. by 4 ft. Which of these rugs will fit: a rug that is 6 ft. by 5 ft. or a rug that is 4ft. by ft.?\n5. Seventh Grade\n6. Measures of Weight\n7. Coal is supplied by the miner or the mine.\n8. My weight is measured in pounds and ounces.\n9. Butter, tea, coffee, etc., are measured by the pound or the ounce.\n10. How many ounces are there in 2.5 lb.?\n11. Find the cost of 1 lb. of sugar at $25 per hundredweight.\n12. What will 1 lb. of a commodity cost if 100 lb. cost $XXX?\n7. The capacity of a freight car is 36,000 lb. What is the capacity in tons?\n8. A notice on a bridge reads, \"Limit, 8 tons.\" What is the limit in pounds?\n9. What is the cost of f lb. cinnamon at $10 per ounce?\n10. At $15 for 4 oz., what will lb. of peanuts cost?\n11. How many 8-ounce boxes can be filled from a bag of candy that contains 5.5 lb.?\n12. A dealer buys coal at $12 a ton and sells it for $1 a hundredweight. (a) What is his profit on a ton? $11\n(b) What is his profit per ton? $11\n(c) What is his profit on a hundredweight? $9\n(d) What is his profit per hundredweight? $1\n(e) What is his total profit for selling 1 ton of coal? $21\n(f) What is his total profit for selling 10 tons of coal? $210\n13. A customer ordered 10 tons of coal. The first load brought 3500 lb.; the second, 3500 lb. How many pounds remained to be delivered? 2000 lb.\n1. How long did it take her to make the trip from the station to the house? Write 5 in minutes' column. Add 1 hr. to hours\u2019 column. Write 2.\n2. A milk dealer delivered 2 qt. 1 pt. of milk to his first customer, 3 qt. to the second, 1 qt. 1 pt. to the third, and 1 pt. to the fourth. How much milk did he deliver to all four customers?\n3. How much fence wire is needed to enclose a field that is 3 ft. on the third side and 24 ft. on the fourth side?\n4. Frank and Tom earn money working after school.\na) How many hours did each one work last week?\nb) At $50 an hour, how much did each one earn?\nMonday .\nTuesday .\nFriday .\nSaturday .\n\nFrank Tom\nSeventh Grade\n\n70. Subtracting Denominate Numbers\nOn his first try at the running broad jump, Allan's record was 8 ft. 6 in. On the second try, it was 9 ft. 2 in. What was the gain in distance?\n1. Six inches cannot be taken from two inches. Write eight inches. In what other way might this subtraction be explained:\n\n1. The record for the standing broad jump in our school is 5 feet 8 inches. Compare the following scores with the record. By how much do they fall short of or exceed it?\n2. A train leaves the city at 2.55 and reaches Kingston at 5.05. How long does it take the train to make the trip?\n3. A crate and its contents weigh 25 lb. 8 oz. The crate weighs 12 lb. 12 oz. The contents weigh _____.\n4. George is 10 years 4 months old. His sister is 8 years 5 months old. What is the difference in their ages?\n5. Find the difference between 8 lb. 10 oz. and 16 lb.\nSubtract:\n\nMultiplication of Denominate Numbers\nMrs. Cook's milk order is 2 quarts 1 pint daily. How much milk does she receive in a week?\nWrite 1 pint, carry 3 quarts.\nWrite 17 quarts.\n1. How many hours and minutes does Mr. Morris travel each day, and what is the total time he spends traveling in 6 days?\n2. What is the total weight of 5 cartons if each carton weighs a certain amount?\n3. What is the perimeter of a square lot if each side measures 24 ft 10 in?\n4. How much milk will be delivered to Mrs. Brown in 2 weeks if her daily order is 1 qt 1 pt?\n5. Anna practices for 1 hour 15 minutes a day, 6 days a week. How long does she spend at the piano in a week?\n\nSeventh Grade\n1. Five packages have a total weight of 12 lb 3 oz. What is their average weight?\n2. If 13 lb 5 oz equals 2 lb and a remainder, what is the weight written over 13 lb, and what is written over 2 oz?\n3. The average weight of the packages is _ lb _ oz.\n\n1. Mary spends 7 hours 30 minutes practicing for 6 days a week. What is her average practice time per day?\n2. Agnes had 5 yards 2 feet of ribbon, which she cut into pieces.\n1. What is the length of each piece that is equal in size?\n2. Begin at a specific starting point and advance 6 steps. Determine the distance covered. What is the average length of a step?\n3. How far did David jump on average during his three attempts at the broad jump?\n4. A milkman delivers 17 quarts and 1 pint of milk to Mrs. Dodd weekly. What is the average daily amount he delivers?\n\nSeventh Grade \u2014 Part II\n\n1. Mr. Williams earns $4800 per year. How much does he make per month?\n2. He pays $50 per month for apartment rent. How much does his rent amount to in a year?\n3. (a) What fraction of his income does he spend on rent? (h) What percentage does he spend?\n4. Last winter, Mr. Williams purchased 6 tons of coal for $12.50 per ton. The coal cost $12.50 x 6 = $75.00.\n5. The bills for gas were $3.20.\n6. The bills for electricity were $30, the gas bills were $39, and the telephone bills were $33. The total amount spent was $102.\n7. If Mr. Williams spent J of his income for food, he would spend $ in a year. (5) What percentage of his income would be spent on food?\n*8. At the end of the year, Mr. Williams had spent J as much for clothing as for food. He spent $ for clothing.\n*9. (a) What fractional part of his income did Mr. Williams spend for clothing? (5) This was _% of his income.\n*10. (a) How much money did Mr. Williams spend for the two items, food and clothing? (5) This was $ _%.\nA man earns $5040 per year and spends:\n11. (a) How much does he spend on rent in a year? $5040 * 0.2 = $1008\n(b) In a month? $1008 / 12 = $840\n(c) What percent of his income does he spend on rent? 20%\n\nMr. Ford earns $450 per month. In January, he paid:\n12. (a) How much money did he pay for taxes? $450 * 0.05 = $225\n(b) For taxes and insurance together? $450 * 0.06 = $270\n(c) What percent of his income was spent on insurance? 6%\n\nOn August 5, Mr. Ford paid the following bills: gas, $2.75; electricity, $1.95; telephone, $2.25. How much money would he have left from a ten-dollar bill? He didn't pay with a ten-dollar bill.\n\nA man's income is $4500 per year. He plans to spend:\n13. (a) How much money will he spend on food? $4500 * 0.4 = $1800\n(b) On general expenses? $4500 * 0.6 = $2700\n(c) How much of his salary will be left? $4500 - $1800 - $2700 = -$1200\n\nThis text is a seventh-grade math exercise about calculating expenses based on income. Use pencil if needed.\nWhat is the fractional part of his salary left?\n(c) This is _% of his salary.\n\n1. Mr. Ford gives his daughter Mary $0.75 per week and his son John $0.50 per week. In addition, each child receives $5 as a birthday gift and $5 to spend at Christmas time.\n(a) How much money does Mary receive per year?\n(b) How much does John receive?\n(c) Mary receives $ _ more than John.\n\nWith pencil.\n\n1. What is the total cost of the following electrical appliances which Mr. Ford bought for use in his home: toaster, $7.50; sewing machine, $45; fan, $9.95?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n1. In October, Mr. Rogers bought 4 tons of coal at $12.50 per ton; in December, 3 tons at $12.75 per ton, and in January, 3 tons at $13.25 per ton.\n(a) Find the total amount he paid for coal.\n(b) What was the average cost per ton?\nWhat will it cost to install a new hot-water heater in the Ford house if the costs of the separate items are as follows: heater, $75.90; pipe, 24 ft. at $22 per foot; labor, 8 hr. at $90 per hour.\n\n19. In a district where coal is selling at $12.25 per ton, there is an additional charge of $25 per ton for carrying the coal into the cellar. At this rate, what will be the total cost of 12 tons of coal?\n\n20. Mrs. Ford uses 1 yard of percale to make an apron. How many aprons could she make from 7 yards of the material?\n\n21. Find the cost of the following purchases made by Mrs. Williams: 8 yards of percale at $32 per yard; 3 yards of muslin at $28 per yard; and 12 yards of lace at $16 per yard.\n\n18. What will it cost to install a new hot-water heater in the Ford house? The cost of the separate items is: heater, $75.90; pipe, $576; labor, $720.\n\n19. In a district where coal is selling at $12.25 per ton, there is an additional charge of $25 per ton for carrying the coal into the cellar. What is the total cost of 12 tons of coal?\n\n20. Mrs. Ford uses 1 yard of percale to make an apron. How many aprons could she make from 7 yards of the material?\n\n21. The cost of Mrs. Williams' purchases are: percale, $256; muslin, $84; lace, $192.\nThe meter readings were as follows:\nSEVENTH GRADE\nThe numbers on the first and third dials read clockwise, while those on the second and fourth dials read in the opposite direction.\nThe meter man recorded the number 1562 in his book, and Fred made a record as well. A few days later, Mrs. Shearer received the following bill:\nTo: Queens County Lighting Co.\n78 Broadway, Queens, NY\nNov. Dec.\nMeter Readings\nPrevious Present\nUsed K.W.h.\nAmount\nMr. J. B. Shearer,\n192 Main Ave.,\nQueens, NY\nReceived Payment _\nCollector\nOn the back of the bill was the following schedule of monthly rates for electricity:\nExcess: 4 cents per K.W.h.\nMr. Fred compared the \"Present Reading\" on the bill.\nThe Shearer family used 58 kWh of current at $0.067 per kWh since the previous reading on November 25, totaling $4.06. Is this correct?\n\nThe amount of electricity used in your home is measured by an electric meter provided by the company supplying the current. The unit of measurement is the watt hour; 1000 watt hours make a kilowatt hour. The abbreviation for \"kilowatt hour\" is K.Wh.\n\nHow to Read an Electric Meter\n\nJuly Reading\n\nAll meters are read in the same way, despite their various types. The meter has four dials as shown in the diagram. Dial 1 (the rightmost dial) registers kilowatt hours up to 10; the next dial to its left registers kilowatt hours in tens up to 100; the third, in hundreds up to 1000; and the fourth, the total kilowatt hours used.\nTo read the meter, dial the hand to the extreme left up to 10,000. The meter can be read as a four-place number. When the hand in the first dial has completed one circuit from 0 to 0, the hand on the next dial has moved from 0 to 1, and the same is true for the other dials. If the dial hand is between two numbers, read the smaller number.\n\nThe June reading on the meter is 6,655 K.W.H. What is the July reading? Find the amount of energy used between readings and calculate the cost at 7p per kilowatt hour.\n\nNotice the \"sliding scale\" of rates that appeared on the back of the Shearer bill. Why did the Shearers pay the highest rate per kilowatt hour?\n\nProblems:\n1. Read the dials below and compute the amount of energy used and the cost at 7p per kilowatt hour.\n\nMAY READING\n* Compute the energy used and cost.\n\nDraw a set of dials to show a reading of 3,986 K.W.H.\n\n96. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic.\n3. The January reading of our meter was 6341, and the February reading was 6398. At 7 per kilowatt hour, how much did we spend for electricity for the month?\n4. Yonkers, NY.\nMr. F. J. Spencer\n19-93 Broadway\nTo: Westchester Lighting Co.\nPresent Reading: 4415\nLast Reading: 4283\nUsed K.W.H:\nat per K.W.H:\nReceived Payment\nTotal $\nfor the Company\nCollector\n\nBring a bill for electricity from home. Check the bill to see whether it is correct.\n\nRead your electric meter today and again a week from today. Compute the amount of current used in your home for the week. What price do you pay per kilowatt hour?\n\n7. One month ago today, our meter read 5560 K.W.H. Now it reads 5985.\n(a) How much electricity have we used?\n(b) What will it cost at 8$ per kilowatt hour?\n\n5. The May reading of our meter was 6854. The June reading is missing.\nTo find the electricity cost for May, multiply the number of kilowatt-hours (6903) by the rate per kilowatt-hour ($0.08).\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n77. Paying for Gas\n\nThe gas consumption in your home is measured by a meter that displays the number of cubic feet of gas used. Note that, as with the electric meter, the numbers on the second dial go in the opposite direction from those on the other dials.\n\nEach division of the right-hand dial represents 100 cubic feet of gas. When the hand on this dial has made a complete circuit, going from 0 to 0, it means that 1,000 cubic feet of gas have been consumed. Simultaneously, the hand on the middle dial has moved from 0 to 1.\n\nEach division on Dial 2 (the middle dial) represents 1,000 cubic feet. A complete circuit of the hand on this dial indicates that 10,000 cubic feet of gas have been registered through the meter.\nCan you tell how many cubic feet of gas have passed through the meter when the hand on the left-hand dial has made a complete circuit? The readings on the meter are based on the decimal scale. When the hand on any dial is between two numbers, read the lesser number.\n\nFred read the Shearer meter on June 30 and again on July 28, each time just after it had been read by the company\u2019s reader.\n\nMeter Readings:\nJune: _______ July: _______\nPresent | _______ Previous | _______\n\nGas Used (cu. ft.):\nDue _______ Received Payment: _______ For the Company Collector\n\nThe Shearers pay at the rate of $1.15 per thousand cubic feet.\nFred checked the bill on July 30, which showed a reading of 38,500 cubic feet at $1.15 per thousand. The gas consumed was 1,400 cubic feet, so the cost was $1.4 * $1.15 = $1.634. The cost of gas varies from place to place but is usually between $1.10 and $1.40 per thousand cubic feet. Many companies offer a sliding scale of rates, with the cost per thousand cubic feet being least for the largest consumers.\n\n1. Draw dials to show a reading of 17,500 cubic feet.\n2. Find the amount of gas consumed in each case:\n   | Month   | Reading |\n   |---------|---------|\n   | January |         |\n   | February|         |\n3. In each case above, find the cost of the gas consumed at $1.20 per thousand cubic feet.\n4. Complete the following:\n\n| ID | Present Reading | Previous Reading | Amount | Rate per Thousand | Amount Consumed | Bill |\n|----|----------------|-----------------|--------|------------------|------------------|------|\n| 1  |               | 38,500          |        |                  |                  |      |\n| 2  | 17,500         |                 |        | $1.20             |                  |      |\n1. At SI. 2.50 per thousand cubic feet, find the cost of gas consumed in a home where the meter, as shown by the index, is 28,000 cu. ft.\n2. If you use gas in your home, read your own meter at the beginning of two successive months. Compute the amount of gas used. Learn the cost of gas in your locality and compute the cost of the gas used in your home for the month.\n3. Thrift means more than mere saving. It includes wise management of our affairs and careful use of time and energy, so that some day we may become efficient workers; it includes systematic saving and careful investment and wise expenditure of money; it includes looking ahead and making provision for the future. Benjamin Franklin has sometimes been called the \u201cFather of Thrift.\u201d He learned the value of saving and\nWise expenditure of money through his own experiences as a boy and man. Under the name of \u201cPoor Richard,\u201d Franklin wrote many wise sayings, some of which you are more or less familiar. \"A penny saved is a penny earned\" is one of these sayings. What did he mean by this?\n\nThere are several ways of saving money. Some people set aside a certain sum each week or each month. The money saved should, of course, be wisely invested so that it may earn more money.\n\nTo encourage the saving of small amounts, the United States maintains Postal Savings Banks in connection with its post offices. Here you may deposit ten cents at a time. For the ten cents, you receive a stamp affixed to a card. Ten stamps may be exchanged for a certificate or redeemed for cash. The certificates bear interest at the rate of two percent per year.\nbe exchanged for bonds which draw interest at the rate of two and a half per cent per year. Through the Postal Savings Banks, many people have been encouraged to save small sums of money which otherwise would have been spent foolishly. Even a small sum of money, saved regularly and invested at compound interest, will soon grow into a sum which will surprise you.\n\nSuppose you save $0.05 each day for 10 years. At 4% interest, compounded twice a year, your savings of $0.05 daily will amount to $223.68.\n\nIt is also possible to save by careful buying. The thrifty housewife, for example, can save money by being careful of her expenditures. Whenever it is possible to do so, she will buy staple supplies in quantity, because by so doing she saves money.\n\nSuppose soap can be bought at $0.06 a cake or $0.65 a dozen, and that corn can be bought at $0.18 a can or $3 cans\nFor a dozen cakes of soap or six cans of corn, how much would be saved? Name three other articles that might be bought in quantity. Name three articles that it would be unwise to purchase in quantity.\n\nThe thrifty housewife can save money by paying cash for her purchases. Gas and electric companies often deduct a certain amount from their bills for prompt cash payments.\n\nSuppose Mrs. Jones's gas bill for February is $5.50 with 5% off for cash payments within five days. How much does Mrs. Jones save if she pays her bill promptly?\n\nThe prompt payment of bills benefits both the buyer and the seller. The buyer saves money; the seller benefits because prompt payment helps him pay his bills promptly and saves him the cost of collecting the money due him.\n\n102. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nIf Mrs. Jones's February gas bill is $5.50, with a 5% discount for cash payments within five days, how much does Mrs. Jones save by paying her bill promptly?\nThe thrifty housewife can save money by buying at a 'cash and carry' store. She knows that the grocer who maintains an automobile delivery service must charge more for his groceries than the grocer whose customers carry home their purchases. Why?\n\nThe thrifty housewife can take advantage of sales at which articles of food or clothing may be purchased at reduced rates.\n\nProblems:\n\n1. At a sale of gloves, the following reductions were made:\n$1.15 quality for $0.85, $1.75 quality for $1.35.\nHow much would be saved by buying (a) two pairs of the $1.95 quality at the sale? (b) A pair of the $1.65 quality?\n\n2. At a clearance sale of furniture, the following prices were quoted:\nDavenport table: formerly $75.00, now $39.50\nArm chair: formerly $175.00, now $137.50\nHall chair: formerly $185.50, now $145.75\nRocker, mahogany: formerly $87.50, now $65.00\n(a) At the sale, the davenport table is sold for less than $ _ , (b) a hall chair is sold for less than $ _ , (c) Mrs. Hall bought an armchair at the sale. She saved $ _ (d) Find the total saving on the four articles if purchased at the sale.\n\n3. The following is the price list advertised by a grocery store for a weekend sale:\n\nArticle Regular Price For This Sale\nApricots _ _\nPears _ _\nPeaches _ _\nSoap, naptha 6\\$ cake\nSoap, Ivory . _ cake\nRice flakes _ _\n\nImagine yourself to be the grocery clerk.\n\nCustomer A buys 4 cans of apricots, 2 cans of pears, and 2 boxes of rice flakes, (a) What does she pay for these articles at sale prices? (h) How much does she save? (c) How much change should she receive if she pays for her purchases with a five-dollar bill?\n\nCustomer B buys 6 cakes of naphtha soap, 4 cans of pears, and 3 boxes of rice flakes, (a) What does she pay for these articles at sale prices? (i) How much does she save? (d) How much change should she receive if she pays for her purchases with a ten-dollar bill?\n1. She spends $ _ on pears and $ _ on 2 cans of apricots. Buying at sale prices, she saves $ _.\n5. How much would a customer save by buying 6 cans of pears at the sale instead of buying 1 can at six different times?\n\n1. A customer saves:\nArticle | Cost | Saved\n--- | --- | ---\nGas range (kitchen) | _ | _\nTable (kitchen) | _ | _\nBuffet | _ | _\nDining table | _ | _\n\n1. Paying cash:\nArticle | Cost | Savings\n--- | --- | ---\nTable | $75.50 | $12.11\n\n1. A customer saves $ _ by paying cash for a table costing $75.50.\n2. The grocer saves $ _ by paying his bill of $750.75 within 10 days.\nThe Browns' gas bills for the first six months of last year were as follows:\n\n10. If Mrs. Brown is allowed a 2% discount on each bill for prompt payment, how much does she save (a) in each month? (b) in total?\n\n11. A wholesale dry-goods merchant allows a reduction of 5% from the amount of the bill for cash payment. How much will Mr. Johnson save on a $550.80 bill?\n\n12. Bring in a bill from home showing a reduction for prompt payment or for a quantity purchase or granted at a sale.\n\nMr. James is preparing to plant a garden this spring. He has selected his seeds from the catalog of Jones, Robinson, and Brown, Seedsmen, of Massachusetts. The following is his order, prepared on:\n\n81. Order blanks\n\nMr. James's seed order:\n\nItem Seed Type Quantity\nCucumbers Pickling 10 lbs\nTomatoes Beefsteak 5 lbs\nCarrots Danvers Half-Long 2 lbs\nRadishes Long Scarlet Globe 1 lb\nLettuce Black-Seeded Simpson 1 lb\nPeas Marrowfat 5 lbs\nCorn Sweet 10 lbs\nBeans Pole French Fillet 1 lb\nOnions White Bermuda 1 lb\nCabbage Savoy 1 head\nSpinach Bloomsdale Longstand 1 lb\nPeppers Bell California Wonder 2 lbs\nCelery Utah Early Pascal 1 lb\nPotatoes Irish Cobbler 10 lbs\n\nTotal: $31.50\nOrder:\nJones, Robinson and Bro. Seedsmen\n64 Commercial Street, Boston, Massachusetts\nName: John B. James, Jr.\nResidence or PO Address: Chestnut Ave., Germantown, R.F.D.\nQuantity\nStringless Bean\nBush Lima Bean\nCos Lettuce\nBrittle Ice Lettuce\nTotal amount\nHow many items are ordered? What is the total amount? How are the seeds to be sent?\nHow did Mr. Jones pay for the seeds?\nMany large business concerns issue order blanks in connection with their catalogues. Ordering goods by means of these blanks saves time for both the dealer and the customer. It is easy, too, for the dealer to keep these uniform order blanks on file for reference.\nMr. White wishes to send The Sportsman\u2019s Magazine\nTo Mr. Dick as a Christmas gift. This is the order blank which he will use:\n\nThe Sportsman's Magazine\n285 Main St., Garden City, L.I, N.Y.\n\nEnclosed is check for $2.50, for which kindly enter a gift subscription to:\nThe Sportsman's Magazine\n\nto be sent to: Mr. J.B. Dick\nSent by: Fred J. White\n\nAddress: 3284 South St.\nAddress: 87 Juniper St.\nCity: Brooklyn\nCity: Hyde Park\nState: N.Y.\nState: III.\n\nWho will receive the magazine during 1930? Who sends it? How is payment made for the subscription?\n\nWrite an order form for a year's subscription to St. Nicholas Magazine to be sent by you to your cousin. Supply all necessary information.\n\n82. Sales Slips\n\nWhen you make a purchase at a department store, the clerk who serves you makes out two copies of a sales slip.\nOne copy is included in the package with your purchase; the other copy is retained by the clerk. This sales slip is a record of your purchase. The following is a common type of sales slip:\n\nSeventh Grade\nFrank E. Davis Co.\nDry Goods\n384 Fourth Ave.\nNewton, N. Y.\n\nName: J. E. Fort\nAddress: 74 Sinclair Rd.\n1 Table Cloth @ 6.00\n\nWhere were the goods purchased? To whom were they sold? How many items were purchased?\n\nThe total amount paid for each item is called the price. Adding all the prices to find the total is called totaling the bill.\n\nWhat is the total amount of the purchase? How much money did Miss Fort give the clerk in payment?\n\nSales slips are always made out at the time a purchase is made. The sale may be a cash sale or a sale on account. Examine the sales slips you receive.\nYou make purchases at different stores. What differences do you notice?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic J. J. Dodd\nButtercup Dairy\nDealer In Butter, Cheese, and Eggs\nSold to\nMrs. Frank Dean\nISk East 182 St.\nDec.\n2 lb. Sweet Butter @.62\n1 lb. Salt Butter @.56\nReceived Payment\nJ. J. Dodd\n\nHere is a sales slip from a dealer in dairy products. The purchaser has paid for the goods. You will note that the slip has been receipted. On what date was payment made? Did the owner of the store receipt the slip?\n\nImagine yourself to be a clerk in a large grocery store. Make out sales slips for the following purchases. Supply all necessary information:\n\nSeventh Grade\n3 lb. Potatoes for 14 cents\n3 cans Corn for 50 cents\n3 lb. Sugar for 27 cents\n3 cans Milk @ 9 cents\n\nBring to class an advertisement from a daily paper. Make up two sales slips, using the prices given in your advertisement.\nA bill is a written statement of the amount of money due a creditor for materials purchased or for services rendered. Though they may differ in certain details, both sales slips and bills contain the following items: 1. The name and address of the merchant or dealer who makes the sale. 2. The name and address of the purchaser. 3. The date on which the purchase was made. 4. The cost of each item purchased. 5. The total amount of the purchase. A sales slip is a record of purchases made on one day; a bill is frequently a record of sales made on different days. \n\nA bill is a written statement of the amount of money owed by a debtor to a creditor for goods or services rendered. Both sales slips and bills include the following details: 1. The name and address of the seller. 2. The name and address of the buyer. 3. The date of the transaction. 4. The cost of each item sold. 5. The total amount due. \n\nSales slips are used to record purchases made on a single day, while bills often record sales made over multiple days.\nMr. Farley received the following bill from Smith and Jones, hardware and paints, 1482 Broadway, Brooklyn, N.Y., on October 1:\n\nTerms: Monthly Settlement\nSmith and Jones\nHardware and Paints\n1482 Broadway\nBrooklyn, N.Y.\n\nD.J. Farley\n30 South Street\nBrooklyn, N.Y.\n\nDescription Sep \nReceived Payment\nSmith and Jones\n\nDid the extensions and footing were correctly made?\nWhen was the bill paid?\nDid Mr. Smith or Mr. Jones receive the bill?\n\nMake out a bill showing purchases made on three different days. Receive the bill.\n\nBills for materials and labor differ slightly from the bills you have just studied. The mechanic or contractor who makes repairs on your house not only charges for materials used but also adds a charge for his labor.\n\nMr. J.B. Sprague, Monmouth, N.J.\nJohn Street, Dr. Robert Davison, Apr.\n3 qt. White Clover Seed @1.25\n8 hr. Labor on Lawn @.50 per hour, Apr.\n4 hr. Labor on Lawn @.50 per hour, Apr.\nReceived Payment\nRobert Davison\nDr. signifies debtor. Cr. signifies creditor.\n1. Mr. F. A. Osgood, a plumber in Huntington, L.I., did repair work for Mr. W. B. Collins of the same town. The plumber supplied 19 ft. of copper leader at 40/ ft., and charged $1.25 per hour for labor. He worked 2 hr. 30 min. Make out the bill.\n2. Perhaps your house has been wired for electricity or your father has had the kitchen painted, or your mother has had new covers made for the living-room chairs. Make out a bill for any one of these items. Be careful to learn the current prices for labor and materials.\n112 The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nDoctors, dentists, lawyers, and other professional men send bills in various forms, as you will notice from the one below:\n\nHenry J. Moore, M.D.\nTo Miss E. K. Leonard\nFor professional services $25.00\nReceived Payment\nHenry J. Moore, M.D.\nPer M. E. Parker\n\nDr. A. A. West, a dentist having an office at 75 W. 181st St., N. Y., presents his bill for $72.50 to Mr. James L. Lee, of Westbury, L. I., for professional services on July 12 and 16. Make out the bill.\n\n84. Getting a Receipt\n\nWhen a purchaser pays a bill, he should be given some proof that the bill has been paid. Such proof usually takes the form of a receipt.\n\nOn some of the bills you have just studied, you have noticed one form of receipt. Sometimes another type of receipt is used. Two forms are shown below. How do they differ?\n\nSeventh Grade\nReceived from John Moore\nIn settlement of his account\n1. John Allen received $500 from Henry Wise on June 6, 2021 in full payment of a debt.\n2. Joseph Dane received $750 from James Burden on August 1, 2021 as part payment of his account.\n3. J.M. Noble received $55.24 from John Alexander on May 25, 2021 in payment of a bill.\n4. Receipt for dues paid to the club: __________ (member's name) paid $______ on ________, 2021.\n5. Receipt from Dr. Simms to Anna Perkins: __________ (amount) received on ________, 2021.\n1. She paid him $75 in full settlement of her account.\n2. Dr. Brandon received $50 on account from Mrs. Baird. Here's the receipt he gave her: ____________, I, Dr. Brandon, hereby receipt for fifty dollars ($50) in full settlement of account due from Mrs. Baird.\n3. Receipt for rent of premises at 84 Bradford Ave. for March 19. Tenant: Mr. K.L. Ford; owner: Mr. F.E. Lyman; rent: $75.50 per month. ____________, I, [Your Name], receipt for $75.50 for rent of premises at 84 Bradford Ave. from Mr. K.L. Ford for the month of March 19.\n4. Fred Smith bought a basketball from me for $5. Here's the receipt for him: ____________, I, [Your Name], receipt for five dollars ($5) for a basketball sold to Fred Smith.\n5. Your mother pays Mr. F.J. Brown, of 484 Main St., $7.50 for groceries. ____________, I, [Your Name], receipt for seven dollars and fifty cents ($7.50) for groceries from Mr. F.J. Brown.\n6. Mr. F.F. Jennings owes Mr. J.F. Stanley $500. He pays Mr. Stanley $250 on account. ____________, I, [Your Name], receipt for two hundred fifty dollars ($250) from Mr. F.F. Jennings as part payment of five hundred dollars ($500) owed to Mr. J.F. Stanley.\n7. Dr. J.F. Linton made five visits to your home while you were ill and charged $5 a visit. Here's the bill he would send to your father for his services: ____________, I, Dr. J.F. Linton, bill to [Your Father's Name] for five visits, each at the rate of five dollars ($5), totaling twenty-five dollars ($25).\n13. Read again the \"Smith and Jones\" bill on page 110. Write a similar bill for the following supplies purchased by Mr. Farley: 3 Sun Brushes @ $.85, 1 can Floor Varnish @ $1.85, 2 gal. Floor Paint @ $4.85, 2 cans Floor Stain @ $.95. Provide all necessary information. Receive the bill using your own name.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nSometimes bills are paid by check. A check is a written order on a bank to pay a certain amount of money to the person whose name appears on the face of the check. The signer of the check must have enough money on deposit in the bank to cover the amount called for by the check. A form of check is shown below:\n\nNo _ New York _ 19 _\nCentral Trust Company\nPay to the\nOrder of _ $ _\n\nThe returned check acts as a receipt. Therefore, it is wise to keep all checks returned to you by the bank.\n\n85. Profit and Loss\nMr. Henry sells furniture. He bought tables at $35 each and sold them at $45.50 each. What was the difference between the cost and the selling price?\n\nWhen an article is sold for more than its cost, it is said to be sold at a profit. What was the amount of profit on each table sold by Mr. Henry?\n\nWhen a man invests his money in any line of business, his object is, of course, to make a profit on his investment. To do this, he must sell his wares for more than they cost him.\n\nThe cost of an article usually includes more than just the sum of money paid for it. For example, the cost of Mr. Henry\u2019s tables \u2013 $35 each \u2013 is but one item in Mr. Henry\u2019s expense account as a furniture dealer. In addition to buying his stock, he must pay rent; he must pay for light, heat, and telephone service.\nA merchant must pay salaries to his employees and carry insurance to protect his stock, which are referred to as overhead expenses. Overhead expenses can be quite substantial. A study of the retail trade in several lines in the United States reveals that overhead may range between 20% and 30% of the first cost in clothing, hardware, shoes, dry goods, and other lines. Mr. Henry may not be able to sell his tables at $45.50 each and may be forced to sell below cost, resulting in a loss. In determining the selling price of an article, a merchant must consider both the first cost and overhead. The total cost is the sum of the first cost and overhead.\nTo yield a profit on the investment, the selling price must cover (1) first cost, plus (2) overhead, plus (3) profit on the investment. In these exercises, unless it is otherwise stated, profit and loss (and the per cent of profit or loss) will be reckoned on the total cost.\n\n1. Tell at sight the amount of profit:\nSelling Price _ _ _\nCost _ _ _\nProfit _ _ _\n\nExample:\nSelling Price $ _ _\nCost $ _ _\nProfit $ _ _\n\n1. An article sold. Its cost was _ _ . The gain was _ _ .\n2. Mr. Henry paid $42.75 apiece for desks which sold at $50 each. The profit on each desk was _ _ .\n3. Mr. Jones deals in radios. On a certain radio, the first cost is $74.50 and the overhead $5.50. If the radios sell at $90 each, what is the profit on each?\n\n1. Tell at sight the amount of loss:\nSelling Price _ _ _\nCost _ _ _\nLoss _ _ _\n\nExample:\nSelling Price $ _ _\nCost $ _ _\nLoss $ _ _\n6. Mr. Ames paid $700 for a car and was forced to sell it for $635. He lost $65.\n7. Suits that cost $48.50 were sold at an end-of-the-season sale for $42. This meant a loss of $6.50 on each suit.\n8. Mr. Putnam manufactures washing machines. The first cost of each machine is $90, and the overhead is $30. If Mr. Putnam sells each machine for $150, (a) what is the profit? ($60), (b) What is the percentage of profit? (33.3%)\n86. Finding Profit or Loss\nA suit that cost $45 was sold at a 20% profit. Find the profit.\nTo find the profit or loss, multiply the cost by the percentage of profit or loss.\nThis is the same as finding the markup or markdown of a number.\nWithout a pencil.\n1. An article that cost $3.60 was sold at a profit of 25%. What was the profit?\n$0.90\n2. A coat that cost $60 was sold at a gain of 30%. Find the gain: The gain is 30% of $60, which is $18.\n3. Find the profit on an automobile bought for $800 and sold at a 25% profit. What is the profit?: The profit is 25% of $800, which is $200.\n4. A phonograph which cost $48 was sold at a 16% profit. What was the profit?: The profit is 16% of $48, which is $7.68.\n5. A coat that cost $40 was sold at a loss of 20%. Find the loss: The loss is 20% of $40, which is $8.\n6. A man paid $700 for a used car and sold it at a 10% loss. He lost: The man lost $700 plus 10% of $700, which is $770.\n7. A dealer paid $740 for a piano and was forced to sell it at a loss of 30%. His loss was: The dealer's loss is $740 plus 30% of $740, which is $1,004.\n8. Finding the Selling Price\nA suit that cost $45 was sold at a profit of 20%.\n(a) Find the profit, (b) Find the selling price:\nSelling price equals cost plus profit or cost minus loss.\n1. A farm which cost $12,000 was sold at a gain of 25%. For what price was it sold?: The farm was sold for $12,000 plus 25% of $12,000, which is $15,000.\n2. Mr. Henry sells davenports for which he paid $156 each at a gain of 33 1/3%. What is the selling price?: The selling price is $156 plus 33 1/3% of $156, which is $203.15.\n3. A watch cost $120 was sold at a loss of 12%. For what price was it sold?\n4. A consignment of cotton cost $1800. It was sold at a loss of 16%. The selling price was $1616.\n5. What price must a dealer ask for a piano that cost $950 to make a profit of 30%?\n6. Mr. James purchased a machine for $750. He wishes to make a profit of 35% on his purchase. For what sum must he sell it?\n7. Mr. Henry paid $42 for a chair. For what price must he sell it to make a profit of 16%?\n8. I bought a farm for $9500. I spent a sum equal to 20% of the purchase price on improvements. What must I sell it for to gain 20% on my investment?\n9. (a) The total cost of an article includes the price and the ______.\n(b) When an article is sold above cost, it is sold _______ cost.\n(c) When sold at a loss, an article is sold _______ cost.\n\n(The text appears to be free of meaningless or completely unreadable content, modern editor additions, or OCR errors. No translation is required as the text is already in modern English.)\nIn addition to the actual cost of an article, there are usually other items of expense such as repairs and painting. These are called expenses.\n\n1. Mr. Miller bought an automobile for $300. He spent $180 on it for repairs and painting. What must he sell it for to gain 40%?\n10. Mr. Miller bought an automobile for $300. He spent $180 on it for repairs and painting. To gain 40%, he must sell it for $540.\n\n88. Finding the Percentage of Profit or Loss\n\nWithout a pencil.\n\nA coat which cost $45 was sold at a gain of $15. Find the percentage of gain.\n\nFinding the percentage of gain is like finding what percentage one number is of another.\n\n1. At a sight, tell the percentage of gain or loss:\nCost\nGain\nCost\nLoss\n\nfl. % gain = (Gain / Cost) * 100%\nig. % loss = (Cost - Loss) / Cost * 100%\n\n2. A book which cost $2 was sold at a gain of $0.50. The rate of gain was 25%.\n3. A radio which cost $100 when new was sold six months later at a loss of $25. What was the percentage of loss?\n4. Articles which cost $10 each were sold at a loss.\n\nTo find the percentage of loss:\nCost = $10\nLoss = $2\n% loss = (Cost + Loss) / Cost * 100% = 22%\n1. of $2 due to damage by fire. The percentage of loss was _\n2. A pen that cost a dealer $10 was sold for $14. (a) What was the gain? $4. (b) What was the gain percentage? 20%\n3. Mr. Ford bought dress goods at $4.50 per yard and sold it for $6 per yard. What was the percentage of profit? 33.33%\n4. A horse bought for $125 was sold for $105. The percentage of loss was -15.38%\n5. An automobile costing $1250 is sold for $1050. The rate of loss is -16.67%\n6. A building cost $11,000. The owner spent $1680 on repairs. He then sold it for $14,000. What percentage did he gain? 22.73%\n7. A merchant bought 240 yd. of silk at $1 per yard. He sold it at a gain of $54. What percentage did he gain? 14.58%\n8. At a special sale, furniture was marked down as follows:\nOriginal Price Sale Price\nOn which of the two articles was the percentage of reduction larger?\nTo determine the answer, calculate the percentage of reduction for each article and compare them.\n12. A desk chair cost Mr. Henry $12.50. What percentage gain would he have by selling it for $15?\n13. Fur coats were priced $240 in November. At a January sale, they were sold for $192. What percentage reduction was made?\n14. If the cost of an article is $5.60 and the selling price is $7.28, what is the gain percentage?\n89. General Review of Profit and Loss\n1. A coat costing $24 was sold at a gain of 25%. The selling price was _\n2. Eggs bought at $0.48 per dozen are sold at a gain of 12%. The selling price per dozen is _\n3. At the end of the season, Miss Price, a milliner, sold a hat which cost $12 at a loss of 16%. How much did she receive for the hat?\n4. At what price must I sell a book which costs $1 to make a profit of 20%?\n5. Fish bought at $1.20 per pound is sold so as to gain _\n\n(Note: The text seems to be already clean and readable, with no meaningless or unreadable content, modern editor additions, or OCR errors that need correction. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.)\nIt sells for $ _ per pound.\n\n1. Sam paid $5 for a dog. At what price must he sell it to gain 25%?\n2. Mr. Jones bought a lot for $2400. He was forced to sell it at a loss of 25%. How much did he get for it?\n3. Mr. Williams bought a lot for $1300. He spent $200 for taxes and improvements. For what price must he sell it to gain 20% on his investment?\n4. A horse was bought for $125 and sold at a loss of 8%. It was sold for $ _\n5. I bought a house for $8000. How much rent must I charge per month to make 9% on my investment?\n\nUse pencil if needed.\n\nComplete: Cost Selling Price Gain Loss Rate of Gain or Loss\n\n6. James bought a pair of skates for $3.75 and sold them at a profit of $0.50. What was the percentage of profit?\n7. What is gained by the sale of 8 lots, costing $1500 each, if they are sold at a 35% profit?\n1. Find the profit on selling 150 tons of coal, bought at $8.50 per ton and sold with a gain of 20%.\n2. A dealer sells shoes at an advance of 14%. The cost of shoes that he sells 175 pairs of is:\n\nCost | Gain (%)| Gain | Loss (%)| Loss | Selling Price\n---|---|---|---|---|---\n\n1. The cost of a house that a dealer sold with a gain of $1200 is:\nA dealer sold a house at a gain of $1200. What was the house's cost?\nThis problem is similar to finding a number when a percentage is given.\n\n1. A dealer sold a popular biography at a gain of 25%. The profit on each copy was $1.84. What did each copy cost?\n2. Father sold potatoes at a profit of $217.50. What did they cost him if the rate of profit was 15%?\n3. When the gain on an article is $3.60 and the rate of gain is 20%, what is the cost?\n\nCost | Gain (%)| Gain | Loss (%)| Loss | Selling Price\n---|---|---|---|---|---\nThis was 20% | 90 | - | - | - | -\n\n1. Finding the Cost\nA dealer sold a house at a gain of $1200.\nDetermine the house's cost.\n\nThis problem is similar to finding the cost when the gain is given.\n\n1. A dealer sold a popular biography at a gain of 25%.\nHis profit on each copy was $1.84.\nDetermine the cost of each copy.\n\n2. Father sold potatoes at a profit of $217.50.\nDetermine the cost if the rate of profit was 15%.\n\n3. When the gain on an article is $3.60 and the rate of gain is 20%,\nDetermine the cost.\nA consignment of cotton was sold with a profit of 16%. The profit amounted to $325. What was the cost of the cotton?\n\n91. Commission\n\nThe Talbot Farm in our town was divided into building lots. A real estate agent sold a lot to Mr. Preston for $1200. He received as his fee 5% of the amount for which the lot was sold. How much money did he receive?\n\nThe agent received $60. This was his pay or commission for selling the lot.\n\nCommission is one of the business applications of percentage. Many persons earn their living by selling goods or property for others. For this service, a certain sum is charged. This charge is called commission. Thus, when a real estate agent buys and sells real estate or collects rents, his pay for his services is called commission. Similarly, in addition to his salary, a salesman is often paid a commission.\nA commission is the amount a person receives for selling goods or property, or transacting business for another. Commission is often expressed as a certain percentage. This percentage is called the rate of commission.\n\nAn agent earns a 5% commission on a sale of $575. How much is his commission?\n\n$28.75 commission\n\nTo find the commission, convert the commission rate to its decimal or fractional equivalent, then multiply the value of the goods bought or sold by this decimal or fraction.\n1. Find the commission on the following sales with the given rates:\nAmount | Rate | Commission Amount\n-------|------|------------------\n-------|------|------------------\nSale 1 |      |\nSale 2 |      |\n2. Commission on $200 worth of goods at 3%: _______\n3. An agent sells $540 worth of goods at 2% commission. He receives: _______\n4. Commission for selling a $1500 lot at 5%: _______\n5. Lawyer collected a $1950 debt, charging 10%: _______ for commission\n6. Commission merchant sold 100 bbl. of potatoes at $4.50 a barrel, charging 10%. Received: _______\n7. Agent sold a property for $3600, commission rate is 2%. Received: _______\n8. Our town contracted to build a new junior high school.\nThe high school will cost $450,000. The architect who drew the plans received a commission of 6%. What was the amount of his commission?\n\n92. Finding the Net Proceeds of a Sale\nMr. Preston paid the agent $1,200 for one of the Talbot Farm lots. The agent's rate of commission was 5%. Therefore, he kept $60 (5% of $1,200) and sent, or remitted, to Mr. Talbot $1,140. This amount is called the net proceeds of the sale. It is the amount left after the commission has been deducted.\n\nAn agent, working on a 5% commission, collected a debt amounting to $575.\n\n(a) What was his commission?\n$28.75\n\n(6) How much did his employer receive?\n$546.25\n\nTo find the net proceeds, subtract the commission from the selling price.\n1. A real estate agent collects $5750 in rents each month. He charges a 3% commission. (a) How much does he receive each month? $1725.50 (b) How much does he remit to the owner? $4024.50 (c) What will his commissions amount to in a year? $20740\n2. A commission merchant sells 1500 bu. of wheat, at $1.25 per bushel, charging a 5% commission. (a) How much does he receive for this service? $1168.75 (b) What are the net proceeds of the sale? $10511.25\n3. A real estate dealer sold a piece of property for $15,000. The rate of commission was 3%. (a) How much did the owner receive? $14350 (b) What was the agent\u2019s commission? $950\n4. Mr. Pratt's salary as a salesman is $40 per week. In addition, he receives a 2% commission on sales. His sales last week amounted to $750. Find his total income for the week. $610\n5. A lawyer collected 85% of a debt of $1500. The rate of commission was 5%. (a) How much money did the lawyer collect in total? $12750.\nWhat is the lawyer's commission (6)? The commission amounted to: (c) How much should the lawyer remit to the creditor?\n\n6. A fruit grower shipped 1,200 baskets of peaches to a commission merchant, who sold them at $0.75 per basket. Freight charges amounted to $45.50; the commission rate was 3%. (a) What was the agent's commission? (5) How much money did the grower receive?\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n7. A commission merchant sold 120 barrels of apples at $6.75 per barrel and charged a 2% commission. How much did he remit to the owner?\n\n8. A real estate dealer sold 6 lots at $1,500 each and received a 5% commission. His commission amounted to $ _ The owner received $ _\n\n9. Find the commission and the net proceeds on the following sales:\n\n93. A Short Way of Finding the Net Cost\nAt a sale, a coat regularly listed at $175.50 was sold at a discount of 20%. Find the net cost.\n\nQuestion: What is the lawyer's commission (6)? The lawyer's commission was 3% of the total sales. (c) How much should the lawyer remit to the creditor? The lawyer should remit the commission amount to the creditor. (Commission = 3% of total sales) + (Total sales - Commission) = Creditor's share\n\n6. A fruit grower shipped 1,200 baskets of peaches to a commission merchant, who sold them at $0.75 per basket. Freight charges amounted to $45.50. (a) What was the agent's commission? The agent's commission was 3% of the total sales. (Commission = 3% of total sales) = $373.10 (5) How much money did the grower receive? The grower received the total sales amount minus the commission and freight charges. ($1,200 x $0.75) + $373.10 = $1,646.60\n\n7. A commission merchant sold 120 barrels of apples at $6.75 per barrel and charged a 2% commission. How much did he remit to the owner? The commission merchant remitted the commission amount to the owner. (Commission = 2% of total sales) = $2,165.60 The owner received the total sales amount minus the commission. ($1,501.20 x $6.75) - $2,165.60 = $3,218.45\n\n8. A real estate dealer sold 6 lots at $1,500 each and received a 5% commission. His commission amounted to $ _ The commission was $9,000. The owner received the total sales amount minus the commission. ($9,000 x 6) = $10,800\n\n9. Find the commission and the net proceeds on the following sales:\n\n93. A Short Way of Finding the Net Cost\nAt a sale, a coat regularly listed at $175.50 was sold at a discount of 20%. Find the net cost. The net cost is the sales price after the discount is applied. ($175.50 x 0.8) = $140.40\nThe list price of a coat equals 100% of itself. If the coat is sold at a discount of 20%, it is sold for 80% of the net cost.\n\n1. A sewing machine listed at $85.75 was sold at a discount of 15%. For what price was it sold?\n2. When an article is sold at a 25% discount, the net cost is _% of the list price.\n\n1. What percentage of the list price is paid for goods bought:\na) at a discount of 33 1/3%?\nb) at a discount of 4%?\n\n3. Find the net cost of 42 pairs of gloves at $2.50 a pair, less 30%.\n5. At a sale, Carl bought a pair of hockey skates listed at $11.50 at a discount. How much did the skates cost Carl?\n6. In each of the following examples, find the net cost in two ways:\n\nList Price Discount List Price Discount List Price Discount\n94. Review of Terms in Commission\nA person who buys, sells, or transacts business for another is called an agent or a broker. The sum charged by an agent for transacting business for another is called the commission. The commission is a certain percentage of the amount of money involved in the business transaction. This percentage is called the rate of commission. Agents often buy as well as sell for others. When a purchase is made, the agent reckons his commission on the amount of money involved in the purchase. When a sale is made, the commission is reckoned on the amount of money made from the sale. The commission is deducted from the amount of money made from the sale. The difference is remuneration for the agent. This difference is called the agent's fee.\n\nMr. Elliott decided to increase his stock of merchandise in preparation for the spring trade. To do this, he borrowed money.\nThe $2000 borrowed by Mr. Elliott from the Gotham Bank is referred to as the principal. After a year, the bank charged him an additional sum of $120, which is called interest. The interest is calculated as a certain percentage of the principal, referred to as the rate or rate of interest. In this case, the rate was _ %. The period for which the principal is borrowed is known as the time, which in this case was one year. If Mr. Elliott had borrowed the $2000 for two years, he would have paid twice as much interest, or $ _. Interest represents payment for the use of money.\n\nUpon settling his account with the bank at the end of the year, Mr. Elliott paid back the $2000 (principal) and $120 (interest), totaling $2120. The sum of the principal and interest is called the amount.\n\nFill in the blanks below with the appropriate terms:\n\n1. The amount borrowed is called the ____________.\n2. The sum paid back to the lender, including both the principal and the interest, is called the ____________.\n3. The additional sum paid to the lender for the use of their money is called ____________.\n4. The length of time for which the borrower has agreed to repay the loan is referred to as the ____________.\n5. The percentage of the principal that represents the interest is called the ____________.\n\nAnswer:\n1. principal\n2. amount\n3. interest\n4. time\n5. rate\n1. $2000 is the amount borrowed by Mr. Elliott. It is called a loan.\n2. One year is the term for which the loan was borrowed.\n3. Six percent is the rate of interest paid on the loan.\n4. The amount is the principal and the interest.\n5. The amount in this case was $-.\n6. Money paid for the use of money is called interest.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n96. Interest for One Year\nWhat is the interest on $720 for 1 year at 6%?\n$720 principal\n.06 rate\n$43.20 interest\nFind the interest for one year on each of the following sums at the given rates:\n\n97. Interest for More Than One Year\nMr. Chambers borrowed $750 for 2 years, paying interest at the rate of 5%. How much would he pay in interest for the 2 years?\n$750 principal\n.05 rate\n$37.50 interest for 1 year\n$75 interest for 2 years\nTwo important facts concerning interest for more than one year: First, to find interest for a longer period, you must first determine the interest for one year. In the example, Mr. Chambers paid interest on $750 at a rate of 5% per year for each of two years. If the money was kept for a longer period, Mr. Chambers would pay at the rate of 5% per year for each year's use. Second, interest on borrowed money must be paid at definite intervals. When money is borrowed for periods longer than a year, interest is usually paid at the end of each year or at the end of each six months. Banks require the payment of interest at the end of every six months.\nFind the total interest on each of the following: Principal: Rate: Time: Principal Rate Time ------------------ ------- ------ -------- 3 years $ -- 5% 6% 2 years $ -- 5% 6% 3 years $ -- 5% 6% 2 years $ -- 5% 6% 2 years Chase borrowed interest. (a) What was the annual interest on the loan? (6) If Mr. Chase kept the principal for 3 years, how much interest did he pay in all?\n\n1. A man borrowed $14,000 to invest in an orchard. The rate of interest was 5%. How much interest would be paid in all for 4 years' use of the money?\n\nTHE BAYNE-SYLVESTER ARITHMETIC\n\n1. A schoolhouse in a small town cost $75,000. (a) At 4%, what is the yearly interest on this sum? (b) How much interest would be paid in all for 3 years?\n2. Mr. Platt borrowed $950 for 1 year from the Chatham Bank at 6% interest. (a) How much did he owe at the end of the year? (b) How much of this sum was interest?\n[Fred Stone borrowed $550 at 6% and agreed to pay the bank $583 at the end of a year. How much was the interest?\n\nMr. Jones borrows $650 from his bank for 6 months, paying interest at the rate of 6% for the use of the money. How much interest must he pay?\n\n$650 principal\n.06 rate\n$39 interest for 1 year\n$19.50 interest for 6 months\n\nHow was the interest for 6 months found in A? In B, we changed the rate to _ and the months to a fractional part of a year. Then we multiplied the principal by the rate and by the _ and _.\n\nIn the following examples, change the months to fractional parts of a year. Reduce fractions to lowest terms:\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nFind the interest for the sums indicated:\n\nPrincipal Rate Time\n--------------------\n$4000 0.05 2 years\n$2500 0.07 8 months\n$1000 0.09 6 months\n$5000 0.03 2 months\n$7500 0.06 9 months]\nWith a pencil.\n1. If I borrow $250 for 8 months at 6%, how much interest must I pay?\n2. If I borrow $1200 for 9 months at 6%, what amount will I owe at the end of the 9 months?\n3. Mr. Ford obtained a loan of $480 from his bank at 6% for 8 months. How much interest did he pay when the loan was due?\n4. A man borrowed $7500 to start in business at 6%. How much interest would he pay each half-year?\n5. Compute the interest:\nPrincipal Rate Time Principal Rate Time Principal Rate Time Principal Rate Time\n$ --- % --- months $ --- % --- months $ --- % --- months $ --- % --- months $ --- % --- months $ --- % --- months $ --- % 2 months\n6 months 9 months 6 months 9 months 3 months 8 months\nTo find the interest for years and months, multiply the principal by the rate expressed as a fraction and multiply the product by the number of months in the longer period and divide by 12.\n\nMr. Williams borrowed $460 at 6%. The loan was repaid at the end of 1 year and 6 months. How much interest did Mr. Williams pay on the loan?\n\nTo find the interest for years and months:\nMultiply the principal by the rate expressed as a fraction and multiply the product by the number of months in the longer period and divide by 12.\n1. A man borrowed $1800 at 6%. The loan was repaid at the end of 2 years and 6 months. How much interest was paid on the loan?\n2. To build a house, Mr. Smith borrowed $8000 at 4%. (a) How much interest must be paid annually on this loan? (h) How much will Mr. Smith pay as interest if he keeps the money for 2 years 3 months?\n3. Mr. Reid bought a house costing $18000. He paid $5000 in cash. His bank loaned him the remainder, taking a mortgage on the house and charging interest at the rate of 6%. (a) How much interest was due each half-year? (h) How much interest would Mr. Reid pay on the loan in 3 years?\n4. Compute the interest:\n\nPrincipal Rate Time\n$1800 0.06 2 years 2 months\n$8000 0.04 3 years 6 months\n$18000 0.06 4 years 9 months\n\n100. General Problems in Interest (Seventh Grade)\n1. What is the interest on $500 for 1 year at 6%, and for 6 months at the same rate?\n2. What sum must be paid as interest on a loan of $200?\n3. What is the interest on $300 for 6 months at b%, for 4 months, and for 9 months?\n4. Principal: $6000, time: 2 years, rate: 6%. What is the interest?\n5. Mr. James borrowed $8500 from the First National Bank to build a house. How much interest is due on the loan every six months, with a rate of 6%?\n6. Mr. Davis borrowed $5000 on February 1 at the rate of 6%.\n   a) How much interest was due on August 1?\n   b) How much interest did Mr. Davis pay if the loan ran for a period of 3 years?\n7. Mr. French loaned a friend $2500 for 9 months at 6%. What amount did he receive when the loan was paid?\n8. A county sold bonds amounting to $250,000.\n9. I borrowed $1250 on July 1, 1929, and paid back the sum with interest at 6% on January 1, 1930. What amount of money did I pay to settle the debt?\n10. The Gotham Bank loaned Mr. Peters $1500 for 8 months at 6%. At the expiration of the time, Mr. Peters settled the loan with a check for $1560. Was that the correct amount?\n1. How much interest is due every six months on a $1250 loan at 4%?\n2. I borrowed $1250 on July 1, 1929, and paid back $1576 on January 1, 1930. Did I pay the correct amount to settle the debt?\n3. Mr. Peters borrowed $1500 from the Gotham Bank for 8 months at 6%. He paid back $1560. Was the payment correct?\n4. William has $250 in the Dime Savings Bank, which pays 4% interest. How much interest will be credited to his account after 6 months?\n5. Earl had $500 in the Colonial Savings Bank on January 1. Interest of 4% was added on April 1. How much did Earl have in his account then?\n6. What amount must be returned to settle a loan of $1250 borrowed at 4% interest?\nTo find the interest on any sum, multiply the principal by the rate as a fraction and by the time in years or part of a year. This rule is sometimes expressed as: interest = principal x rate x time. Using initial letters only, we can write: I = prt.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nI = yrt is a short way of expressing the rule for interest. Let us apply the rule.\n\nMr. Francis borrows $600 for 2 years at 4%. What is the total amount of interest to be paid for the use of the money?\n\nInterest = prt\nOr, interest = $128\nPrincipal = $600\nRate = 0.04\nTime = 2 years\n1. Compute the interest on $800 at 6% for 2 years.\n2. Compute the interest on $960 at 5% for 3 years.\n3. Find the interest paid on a $450 loan at 6% for 2 years and 6 months.\n4. I borrowed $500 at 6%. If I repaid the loan after 1 year and 8 months, how much interest was due?\n5. Mr. Parker borrowed $750 at 5% for 2 years and 6 months. What was the total interest on the loan?\n6. A businessman borrowed $200 for 3 months at 6% to take advantage of a large discount on a bill. How much interest did he pay at the end of 3 months?\n102. Step-by-Step Test Drill. Application of Percentage. I\nA B C D E Cost Selling Price Amount of Sale Commission Rate Commission Amount Commission % Selling Price Commission Rate Net Proceeds Amount of Sale Commission\n\n103. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Application of Percentage. II\nA B C D E Principal Rate Time Interest Principal Rate Time Interest Principal Rate Time Interest Principal Rate Time Interest\nlyr.9mo lyr.4mo 2yr.6mo 7yr.8mo Interest Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Interest Time Principal Rate Time Interest\n\n104. Problem Analysis\n1. Before attempting to solve the problem, read it carefully.\n2. Ask yourself:\n(a) What facts are given?\n(b) What am I to find?\nWhat is the first step? How shall I solve it?\n\nWhat is the next step? How shall I solve that?\n\nAre there any more steps?\n\nWhat is a reasonable answer?\n\n1. A farmer's wife sold 18 lb. of butter at the market for 42 pounds a pound. She bought 5 cans of corn at $2.30 a can and 2 bags of flour at $2.60 each. How much cash did she receive?\n2. Gasoline is selling at an average price of $22.50 a gallon. Two years ago, the average price was $18.50. What would the increase amount to on 1200 gallons?\n3. It is 1052.7 miles from Fort Worth to Chicago. How long will it take to make the trip on a train that averages 40 miles per hour?\n4. A one-way ticket by airplane between Boston and Newark costs $34.85. The round-trip ticket costs $64.70.\nWhat is saved by buying a round-trip ticket if you intend to return?\n\n1. A one-way ticket by air between New Orleans and Chicago costs $182. If the round-trip ticket is 10% less than the single ticket each way, for what is it sold?\n2. What is the cost of a round-trip ticket between New Orleans and Chicago, given that a one-way ticket costs $182 and the round-trip ticket is 10% cheaper?\n3. A plane leaves Fort Worth at 8 a.m. and reaches Houston, which is 279 mi. distant, at 11 a.m. What is the average mileage per hour?\n4. The air-mail rate from Miami to Havana is $0.05 for each half-ounce. How much postage is needed for a package weighing 8 oz.?\n5. Mr. Martin bought an automobile for $1500. Two years later, he traded it in for another car that cost $1850. He gave the dealer $1275. What percentage of the cost of the old car was he allowed?\n6. When trading in his old car, Mr. Martin received $1275 and gave up a car worth $1500. What percentage of the old car's value did he receive in the trade?\n7. A clerk sold an article for $245 and billed the customer for $2.45. What is the loss to the firm?\n8. The clerk sold an article for $245 more than the cost to him, but billed the customer $2.45 less than the selling price. What is the loss to the firm?\n10. Mr. Todd allows $500 a year for clothing for his family. This is 16% of his salary. What is his salary?\n11. How much will it cost to cement the floor of a cellar measuring 18 ft. by 22 ft. at $0.60 a square foot?\n12. A six-passenger plane flying between Denver and El Paso carried 2 passengers from Denver to Santa Fe and 4 from Santa Fe to El Paso. What was paid in fare on this plane if a ticket from Denver to El Paso is $67.50, one from Denver to Santa Fe is $39, and one from Santa Fe to El Paso is $32.50? (5) How much more or less is this than the fare paid by 6 passengers?\n13. At $16.20 per 100 cu. ft. of water, what does the city receive for 25,650 cu. ft.?\n14. The wages for a plasterer in one year amounted to $2400. A carpenter earned $2000 the same year.\nWhat was the plasterer's income greater by?\nWhat percentage was this of the carpenter's income?\n\nExample: Sarah paid $45.50 for a coat. Jane bought a similar coat at a reduction.\n\n1. How much did Mrs. Brown pay the butcher for 8 lb. of ham at $0.38 per pound?\n2. Mr. Dodd's speedometer registered 6248.5 miles when he started his trip. It registered 6426.2 miles at the end of the first day and 6600.8 miles at the end of the second day.\n3. An automobile traveled 28.2 miles the first hour.\n25.4 miles in the second hour, and 26.5 miles in the third hour.\nFred found that his car averaged 16.2 miles to the gallon. Gasoline sells for $0.22 a gallon. Fred used 4.\nA cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 lb. A cubic foot of ice weighs 0.92 times as much as a cubic foot of water.\nThree packages weighed as follows: 26.2 lb., 18.0 lb.\nA rug measures 8.5 ft. by 10.0 ft.\nAnna paid $4.50 for 24 favors for her party.\nLester sold a bicycle that cost him $40 at a loss.\nMr. Thomas borrowed $1600 for 2 years at 5%.\n\nSeventh Grade\n106. Approximating Answers\n\nExample: A real estate agent sold a house for a client for $12,500. He charged the owner 4% commission. What was his commission?\n\nIn the following problems, you are to select from the four answers the one which is right:\n\n1. A suit was bought at a sale for $48. This was 80% of the original price. What was the original price?\n2. A car traveled 150 miles in 2 hours. What is its speed?\n3. A box contains 25 pounds of apples and 12 pounds of oranges. How many pounds of fruit are in the box?\n4. A man earns $200 a week. He works 6 weeks to earn enough money to pay $1200 for a vacation. How much does the vacation cost?\n5. A man can row a boat 3 miles in 15 minutes. How far can he row it in 45 minutes?\n6. A man can carry 50 pounds of coal in one trip. How many trips will it take him to carry 300 pounds of coal?\n7. A man can paint a room 12 feet by 15 feet in 3 hours. How long will it take him to paint a room that is 18 feet by 20 feet?\n8. A man bought 12 dozen donuts for $12. How much does each donut cost?\n9. A man bought a car for $3000. He sold it for $2800. How much did he lose?\n10. A man borrowed $1500 at 6% interest. How much will he pay back in 3 years?\n1. A man bought a horse for $175 and sold it for 20% less. What was the selling price?\n2. A man bought milk for $4 per gallon and sold it at $1.50 per quart. What was the rate of gain?\n3. Mrs. Field bought 3 blankets at a sale. They were marked down from $9 each. What did she pay for them?\n4. Coal was sold at $15 per ton. What did he receive for the coal?\n5. The distance between two cities is 625.6 miles. It takes a train 16 hours to make the trip. What is the average mileage per hour?\n6. A man's wages amounted to $44 for 5 days' work. What was his average daily wage?\n7. Select the right solution from the three suggested and write it after the number of the problem on a sheet of paper:\n1. A man bought a horse for $175 and sold it for $140. What was the selling price?\n2. A man bought milk for $4 per gallon and sold it at $0.75 per quart. What was the rate of gain?\nWhat is the cost of 8 oz. of tea at $1.12 per pound?\nJohn had 500 chickens. He sold 75% of them. How many were left?\nDetermine the cost of 5500 lb. hay at $22 per ton.\nMr. Sims sold hay at $20 per ton. His bill was $70. How many tons did he sell?\nWhat is the cost of 15,000 shingles at $6 per thousand?\nFind the average mileage per gallon of gasoline, if one can travel 162.5 miles on 10 gallons.\n\nFifth Grade\nChanging the Wordings of Problems\n\nExample: A dealer purchased an item for $75 and was forced to sell it for $60. What was the percentage of loss?\n(a) An item purchased for $75 and sold for $60 is sold with a loss of _ %.\n(5) What is the percentage of loss on an item purchased for $75 and sold for $60?\n\nVary the wording of the following problems as much as possible:\n\n1. An article is bought for $75 and sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n2. An item is bought at a cost of $75 and sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n3. An article is bought for $75 and later sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n4. An item is bought at a price of $75 and sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n5. An article is bought for $75 and then sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n6. An item is bought costing $75 and sold for $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n7. An article is bought for $75 and the selling price was $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n8. An item is bought at a cost of $75 and the selling price was $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n9. An article is bought for $75 and the price at which it was sold was $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n10. An item is bought for $75 and later the price at which it was sold was $60. What is the percentage of loss?\n11. An item is bought for $75 and the selling price was $60. Calculate the percentage of loss.\n12. An item is bought for $75 and sold for $60. Find the percentage of loss.\n13. An item is bought for $75 and the price at which it was sold was $60. Determine the percentage of loss.\n14. An item is bought for $75 and sold for $60. What percentage is the loss?\n15. An item is bought for $75 and the selling price was $60. What percentage is the loss?\n16. An item is bought for $75 and the price at which it was sold was $60. What percentage is the loss?\n17. An item is bought for $75 and sold for $60. Calculate the loss percentage.\n18. An item is bought for $75 and the price at which it was sold was $60. Find the loss percentage.\n19. An item is bought for $75 and sold for $60. Determine the loss percentage.\n20. An item is bought for $75 and the selling price was $60. Find the loss percentage.\n1. Mr. Ellis paid $2400 for an automobile and sold it at a loss of 25%. What was his loss?\n2. At a clearance sale, an article marked $50 was sold for $25. What was the percentage reduction?\n3. How many square feet are there in a plot of ground?\n4. A motor boat which averages 28.4 miles an hour will travel _ miles in 6 hours if it continues at the same rate.\n5. John had 18 examples out of 25. What percentage should he receive?\n6. Alice finds that her car averages 12.8 miles to the gallon of gasoline. How far will she travel on 10 gallons?\n7. A farmer sold half his crop of potatoes in the fall at $1.75 a bushel. He held the remainder until spring and had to sell at $1.40 a bushel. What was the rate of loss through holding his crop?\n8. What is the rate of commission on a $2500 sale if the agent\u2019s fee is $250?\n9. Find the interest on a loan of $16,500 at 6% for 12 months.\n\nProblems without Numbers:\n\n1. Mr. Miller bought a house for _ _ He spent _ _ for repairs and then sold the house for _ _ What was the per cent gain?\n2. What must James pay for a railroad ticket if the distance is _ miles _ cost per mile?\n3. A merchant sold a coat that cost _ _ to gain _ _ What was the selling price?\n4. Mr. Weed borrowed _ dollars _ years at _ _ What did he pay in interest?\n5. A man sells goods on commission. He charges _ _ What will he receive if the sales amount to _ _?\n6. What must he pay for _ cubic feet of gas at $1.20 per thousand?\n7. William earned _ dollars _ in college. His expenses were _ _\n\n(No cleaning necessary)\n1. What percentage of his expenses did he earn?\n8. An agent received $ _ for selling a house. This amounted to _ % of the selling price. What was the selling price?\n9. Mr. Williams averaged _ miles per hour on a recent automobile trip. How long did it take him to travel _ miles?\n10. Mary left the Grand Central Station at _ and reached her destination at _. If the average speed of the train was _ miles per hour, how far did she travel?\n\nSeventh Grade\n110. Silent Reading of Problems\nAfter each 'problem', you 'will find' a question followed by four answers. Select the correct answer:\n1. Which is cheaper: to buy 50 lb. of sugar in five-pound cartons at $1.50 each, or to buy a fifty-pound sack for $2.50? How much cheaper is it per pound?\nWhich of the following facts are given?\n(a) The cost per pound of sugar.\n(5) The number of cartons.\nThe price of a 50-pound sack.\nThe difference in price per pound.\n\n1. It takes Dan 12 seconds to run the 100-yard dash. Bob can run it in 12 seconds as well. Find:\n(a) The difference in time.\n\n2. Mr. Davis bought gasoline at a service station last year at an average price of $22.50 per gallon. This year, the average price is $24.20. Find the difference in expense for using 275 gallons:\n(d) The difference in cost for 275 gallons.\nMary picked 3 crates, each containing 24 quart boxes, for sale at $18 per quart. What was the total price she received for her berries?\n\nWhich facts are given?\n(a) The number of quart boxes she sold: 24 crates * 24 boxes/crate = 576 boxes\n(b) The selling price of a quart box: $18\n(c) The cost per crate: $18 * 24 = $432\n(d) Time worked: Not given\n\nCanned peaches sell regularly at $29 a can and $70 for 3 cans during a sale. How much do you save by buying 3 cans at the sale instead of one can at three different times?\n\nWhich quantities are you asked to find?\n(a) Cost of 3 cans bought one at a time: $29 * 3 = $87\n(b) Cost per can when bought at a sale: $70 / 3 = $23.33\n(c) Saving on 3 cans when bought at a sale: $87 - $23.33 * 3 = $211.64\n(d) Cost of 6 cans: $23.33 * 6 = $139.98\n\nJack's father needs 2 new tires for his truck. The regular price is $36 a tire, with a 15% discount for cash payment.\n\nWhat will the tires cost him?\n$36 * 2 = $72 (with cash discount)\nWhich of the following facts are given?\n(a) The price paid by Jack\u2019s father.\n(5) The cost of 2 tires.\n(c) The selling price of the tires.\n(d) The rate of discount allowed for cash.\nOur Ball Team, Public School 50, is very proud of its baseball team. It has played 10 games this year and has lost only 2 games. The boys and girls have computed the percentage of games won as follows:\nSEVENTH GRADE\nYou see how easy it is to figure this out. It is just the second case of percentage.\nPublic School 44 has played 9 games and won 6. Its athletic standing would be calculated as .666.\nPublic School 50 would rank .800. When we express athletic standing in three decimal places, it isn\u2019t really a percentage although many newspapers call it that.\n112.  Problems \n1.  Our  school  league  standing  ended  as  follows: \nLincoln  .... \nPlayed \nWon \nLost \nGarfield  .... \nRoosevelt  . \nMcKinley  . \nWashington \nCalculate  the  standing \nof  each  team  and \narrange \nteams  according  to  their  standing,  the  highest  one  first. \n2.  The  final  standing  of  the  8  National  League  teams \nin  1927  was  as  follows: \nWon \nLost \nWon \nLost \nPittsburgh  . \nNew  York \nSt.  Louis \nBrooklyn  . \nPhiladelphia \nCincinnati \nBoston  . \nChicago  . \nCalculate  the  standing  of  each  team  and  arrange  the \nteams  according  to  their  standing,  the  highest  one  first. \ngames  won  8  ^  g \ngames  played  10 \nTHE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \n113.  Studying  a  Time-Table \nThis  time-table  shows  a  section  of  the  time-table  or \nschedule  under  which  trains  are  running  from  Chicago  to \npoints  West. \nDail\u201d  1  Daily \nDaily \nMiles \nTable  9 \nDaily \nDaily \nDaily \nDaily \nAM \nAM \nMountain  Time \nLv . Timpas . Ar \nPM \nPM \nAM \nAM \nLv . Ayer . Ar \nLv Bloom Ar, Lv West Ar, Lv Thatcher Ar, Lv Simpson Ar, Lv Earl Ar, Lv Hoehnes Ar, Lv El Moro Ar, Ar Trinidad . . . Lv\n\nNote: In this time-table, the mileage at La Junta is given as 991.2. This is the distance of La Junta from Chicago. If the mileage had been reckoned from La Junta, it would read 0.0.\n\nIf you are going from La Junta to Trinidad, read down the section of the time-table at the left. If you are traveling from Trinidad to La Junta, read up the section at the right.\n\nWhat does a.m. mean? What does p.m. mean?\n\n1. How many trains leave La Junta during the day? Which one leaves earliest? Which is the last train out of La Junta?\n2. If you want to get to Trinidad a little before noon, which train should you take?\n3. Which are express trains? Which are local?\n4. The \u2018T\u2019 before the local stop means flag stop.\nWhat is a \"flag stop\"? 5. How long does it take to get to Trinidad on the local train?\n6. How many trains arrive in La Junta during the day?\n7. Which train makes the best time from Trinidad to La Junta?\n8. William wants to go from Trinidad to West. Which train should he take, and why?\n9. How far is Trinidad from La Junta?\n10. Nellie got on the train at Simpson. She was going to Trinidad. At $0.035 a mile, what did she pay for her ticket?\n\n114. Traveling by Airplane\nThe first settlers in America came to these shores in sailboats. People of Revolutionary times traveled by stage or coach. Then in turn came the steamboat, the steam engine, the automobile, the great ocean liners, and the airplane.\n\nYou know, of course, that sending mail by air is a regular part of the United States Postal System.\nDid you know that regular travel service through the air is so general that companies have time-tables showing time, distance, and connections between cities all over the United States and the West Indies?\n\nNorthbound Twelve-Passenger Southbound\nRead Down Multi-Motored Cabin Planes Read Up\nDaily\n\nEx.\nSun. Daily\nDaily\n\nMiles\n\nTable 16\nPacific Standard Time\nDaily\n\nEx.\nSun. Daily\nDaily\n\nAM\nM T\nAM\nPM\n\nLv Los Angeles (Goodyear Center Air Term.) Ar\nT.v Eresno. Lv\nAM\nPM\nPM\n\nAt\nPM\nAr Oakland Municipal Airport. . . .\nAr Alameda Airport. Lv\nAM\nAM\nPM\nPM\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nOn page 153 is a time-table of one of the air lines. Notice that it is like the railroad time-table except that the distances between cities are much greater.\n\n1. In which direction will you read going from Los Angeles to Alameda? Why?\nAnswer: You will read from Los Angeles to Alameda in the \"Northbound\" direction, as indicated by the label \"Northbound\" before the table.\n\n2. In which direction will you read going from Alameda to Los Angeles? Why?\nAnswer: You will read from Alameda to Los Angeles in the \"Southbound\" direction, as indicated by the label \"Southbound\" before the table.\n1. How many planes leave Los Angeles in the morning? How many leave in the afternoon?\n2. How many planes leave Alameda for Los Angeles during the day?\n3. Which plane leaving Alameda reaches Los Angeles before noon?\n4. What does Thru Service mean?\n5. How many express planes are there in each direction?\n6. What is the distance between Alameda and Los Angeles?\n7. How far is it to Fresno from Los Angeles? From Fresno to Alameda?\n8. How long does it take to go from Los Angeles to Alameda by the plane leaving at 9 a.m.?\n9. Which northbound plane stops at Bakersfield for a quarter of an hour?\n10. Find the length of time it takes each plane to make the trip from Alameda to Los Angeles.\n11. Find the mileage per hour for each plane.\n12. The plane leaving Los Angeles for Alameda at 10 a.m. carried 5-10 passengers who paid a fare of\n[116. Problems on Airplane Travel\n\n1. An airplane takes 1 hour and 45 minutes to travel from Cleveland to Washington. (a) What is the trip's duration in hours? (b) What is the average mileage per hour if the distance is 236 miles?\n\n2. A plane travels from Oakland to San Jose in 25 minutes, covering a distance of 40 miles. (a) What is the average speed per minute? (b) What would be the average hourly speed?\n\n3. Mr. Perkins travels from Boston to Newark by airplane, covering a distance of 201 miles. He leaves at 4 p.m. and reaches Newark at 6 p.m. (a) What is the average mileage per hour? (b) The one-way ticket cost $34.85. What is the average cost per mile (2 decimal places)?]\nSOUTHBOUND Eight-Passenger Planes NORTHBOUND\n\nMrs. Graham studied this time-table to find how long it would take her to make the trip from Chicago to Memphis:\n\n1. How long would it take her:\n   a) To leave Chicago?\n   b) To reach Memphis?\n   c) In total?\n   d) What distance would she travel?\n   e) How long would she stop at St. Louis?\n\n5. What is the average mileage per hour of the plane in which Mrs. Graham intended to travel (2 decimal places)?\n\n6. Another problem: What is the distance and cost for a round-trip from Memphis to Chicago?\n\nTHE BAYNE-SYLVESTER ARITHMETIC\n\n7. (a) The distance by airplane between Toronto, Canada, and Buffalo, New York, is 100 mi. At $15 for a one-way ticket, what is the cost per mile?\n(b) A round-trip ticket costs:\ntrip ticket costs $25. How much is saved by purchasing a round-trip ticket? (c) What is the cost per mile at the lesser rate?\n\n1. The cost of a one-way ticket is $25. To find the savings of purchasing a round-trip ticket, we need to know the cost of a round-trip ticket. Let's assume the round-trip ticket costs $50. So, the savings would be $15.\n2. To find the cost per mile at the lesser rate, we need to know the number of miles in a round-trip and the total cost of the round-trip ticket. Let's assume the round-trip distance is 668 miles and the total cost is $100. So, the cost per mile at the lesser rate would be $0.15 (100 / 668).\n\n8. Mr. Roberts left New York for Montreal by airplane at 7 a.m. He reached his destination at 11:15 a.m.\n(a) How long did it take him to make this 334-mile trip?\n(b) What was the average mileage per hour?\n\nAnswer:\n(a) The trip took 4 hours and 15 minutes, or 4.25 hours in total. So, the time taken is 4.25 hours.\n(b) To find the average mileage per hour, we need to divide the total miles by the total hours. So, the average mileage per hour is 334 miles / 4.25 hours = 82.8 miles per hour.\n\n116. Using a Ticket Schedule\nJohn's father is a clerk in the ticket office of an airplane company which runs a fleet of planes between Albany and Cleveland.\n\nOne-Way Fares Between:\nCleveland Buffalo Rochester Syracuse Utica Schenectady Utica-Rome Schenectady Albany\n\nThis is the schedule on which he bases the charge to passengers. Notice that the schedule gives the fare between cities.\n\nJohn wished to learn how to read the schedules. His father explained it as follows:\n\nToday a passenger wished to go from Schenectady to:\nI charged him $55 for the trip from Cleveland. John was asked to find the fare between Schenectady and Utica, which he identified as $15. He then struggled to find the fare between Schenectady and Albany, as there was no vertical column labeled \"Albany.\"\n\n1. The fare between Schenectady and Albany is to be determined.\n2. (a) The fare between Buffalo and Cleveland: [To be determined]\n(b) The fare between Rome and Rochester: [To be determined]\n(c) The fare between Albany and Syracuse: [To be determined]\n(d) The fare between Rochester and Syracuse: [To be determined]\n3. Plane A can carry six passengers. The revenue from this plane, if loaded to capacity on the trip from Albany to Cleveland, would depend on the fare between those two cities.\n4. Plane B is a six-passenger plane. It carried 4 passengers from Albany to Buffalo, 2 from Albany to Cleveland, and 4 from Buffalo to Cleveland. (a) How many passengers alighted from the plane at Cleveland? (h) Which plane, A or B, earned more in fares? (c) How much more did it earn?\n\n117. Parcel Post\n\nWhile Henry and his mother were in the country this summer, they learned to like the farm and the good food they had. Henry\u2019s mother thought it would be fine if they could have fresh eggs from the farm all winter. Henry couldn\u2019t see how the farmer could get the eggs to them except by sending them to their grocer in New York. But the farmer laughed and showed him a little metal box just large enough to hold a dozen eggs. He told Henry that he could send the eggs in the box by parcel post.\nMail: In this way, Henry learned that the United States Government has a method for sending packages through the mail. This is called the Parcel Post System. Mail sent in this manner is ranked as fourth-class mail. The farmer explained that the government charges for the weight of the package and the distance it is carried. Rates:\n\nZones Distance First Pound Additional Pounds\nLocal 1 for each 2 pounds Up to 50 miles \nlbf for each pound 1 for each pound\nH 2^ for each pound \nH 4^ for each pound \nH 6^ for each pound \nLOF' 8^!f for each pound \nLOj^ for each pound\nOver 1800 miles 12^ for each pound\n\nLimit of size: 84 inches in length and girth combined.\nLimit of weight: 70 pounds in Zones 1, 2, and 3 and 50 pounds in all others. A fraction of a pound is counted as another pound.\n\nInsurance rates: For a valuation up to and not exceeding\nThe fee is $5 if it's between $5 and $25, $8 if it's between $25 and $50, and $10 if it's between $50 and $100. Receipts for domestic insured parcels can be obtained upon request and payment of $0.08 for each receipt.\n\nThe farmer told Henry's mother he would supply eggs through the year by parcel post at $0.50 a dozen if she paid mailing charges. Henry decided to find out the cost. He got a map and calculated that the farm was 80 miles from his home. He found that the case weighed a half pound and the eggs weighed 3 pounds. The postage was therefore 8 cents. Here's how he calculated it:\n\nWeight of case: 0.5 lb.\nRate for first pound: $0.02\nRate for second pound: $0.01\nTotal: $0.08\n\nQuestion 1: A parcel weighing 10 lb. was sent to Zone 4. What was the postage?\nAnswer: $2.40\n\nQuestion 2: A box weighing 25 lb. was sent to Zone 3. What was the postage?\nAnswer: $1.20\nWhat was the total cost to send a package weighing 18 lb. to Zone 5, if it was insured for $25?\n\nA merchant sends 12 packages, each weighing 4 lb., to Zone 2. He insures each package for $10. What is the total cost for the shipment?\n\nA person sends a box weighing 4 lb. to a friend 1200 miles away. He insures the box for $12. What are his total mailing charges?\n\nFind the total cost of postage and insurance for each of the following shipments:\n\nNumber of Packages Weight Value Zone\n5 lb. each $12.50 2\n12 lb. each $25 3\n8 lb. each $16 4\n27 lb. each $68.50 5\n16 lb. each $20 6\n\nHow to Send Money\n\nHenry's mother paid the farmer $50 for a dozen eggs that she received weekly. Since the farmer had agreed to charge $50 a dozen, she paid him every four weeks.\nThe eggs had to be sent to him all winter; $2.00 for eggs and $32 for postage. Since his mother had no bank account, Henry wondered how the farmer would get the money. She could send the money in an envelope, but it might easily be lost. His mother then explained that the United States Government offered a way to send money by mail. Money orders could be purchased by the sender at a varying rate based on the amount. One went to the post office and filled out a blank, handing it to the clerk along with the money to be sent. The clerk then gave the sender an order on the postmaster of the town to which the money was to go. This order showed the name of the person to whom the money was to be paid. The sender then mailed the order to that person. Upon receiving it, he took it to his post office and obtained the indicated amount.\nNo money order may be made for more than $100. What would you do if you wanted to send $150? The fees or charges for money orders are as follows:\n\nAmount Fee\n------ --\n$ H IH IH\nFrom this table, you can see that it cost Henry\u2019s mother $5 for the money order she was sending.\n\n119. Problems\n\nWithout pencil.\nHow much will a postal money order for each of the following amounts cost? (Cost = amount of order + fee.)\n\nWith pencil.\n11. What postal money orders would you buy, and what would be the fee for sending:\n(a) $130.50? (5) $75, and $46. How much would he save by sending checks for these amounts?\n*13. If you had to send $110 by money order, which would be cheaper:\n(a) to buy 2 orders for $100 and $10,\n(b) or to buy 2 orders for $55 each?\n\n120. Right Angles and Rectangles\n\nMost objects with which we deal in a schoolroom, such as desks, chairs, and blackboards, are rectangular in shape. This shape is important because it allows us to calculate the area and the perimeter of the object easily. In this lesson, we will learn how to find the area and the perimeter of rectangles. We will also learn about right angles and how they relate to rectangles.\n\nFirst, let us review some terms. A rectangle is a flat shape with four sides and four right angles. Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal in length. The length is the measurement of one side, and the width is the measurement of the other side. The area of a rectangle is the amount of space inside the rectangle. It is found by multiplying the length by the width. The formula for finding the area of a rectangle is:\n\nArea = length \u00d7 width\n\nThe perimeter of a rectangle is the distance around the outside of the rectangle. It is found by adding the length of all four sides. The formula for finding the perimeter of a rectangle is:\n\nPerimeter = 2 \u00d7 (length + width)\n\nNow, let us find the area and the perimeter of some rectangles.\n\nExample 1: Find the area and the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 5 units and a width of 3 units.\n\nTo find the area, multiply the length by the width:\n\nArea = 5 \u00d7 3 = 15 square units\n\nTo find the perimeter, add the length and the width and then multiply by 2:\n\nPerimeter = 2 \u00d7 (5 + 3) = 14 units\n\nExample 2: Find the area and the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 8 units and a width of 6 units.\n\nTo find the area, multiply the length by the width:\n\nArea = 8 \u00d7 6 = 48 square units\n\nTo find the perimeter, add the length and the width and then multiply by 2:\n\nPerimeter = 2 \u00d7 (8 + 6) = 20 units\n\nNow, let us learn about right angles. A right angle is an angle that measures 90 degrees. It is the angle between two intersecting lines or between the opposite sides of a square or a rectangle. Right angles are important because they help us to understand the relationship between the sides of a rectangle. In the next lesson, we will learn how to measure angles and how to find the missing sides of a rectangle using the Pythagorean theorem.\n\nIn this lesson, we have learned how to find the area and the perimeter of rectangles. We have also learned about right angles and how they relate to rectangles. Practice finding the area and the perimeter of rectangles with the given lengths and widths.\n\n1. A rectangle has a length of 7 units and a width of 4 units. Find the area and the perimeter.\n2. A rectangle has a length of 12 units and a width of 6 units. Find the area and the perimeter.\n3. A rectangle has a length of 5 units and a width of 10 units. Find the area and the perimeter.\n4. A rectangle has a length of 9 units and a width of 12 units. Find the area and the perimeter.\n5. A rectangle has a length of 8 units and a width of 11 units. Find the area and the perimeter.\n\nAnswer Key:\n\n1.\nA rectangle has four square corners and sides shaped like this: We call such forms rectangles. The square corners are called right angles. If the four angles are not right, the figure is not a rectangle. If the four sides are equal, it is called a square. A square is a rectangle with four equal sides.\n\nThe area of a rectangle is determined as follows: This one is 5 units long and 2 units wide. From the diagram, there are 5 square units in each row, and there are 2 rows of such units. Therefore, the area of this rectangle is 10 square units (2 x 5 square units = 10 square units). The area of any rectangle is equal to the number of units in its length multiplied by the number of units in its width.\n\nArea = length x width\nArea = base * height\nFind the area, in square feet, of rectangles having the following dimensions:\n121. Area of a Right Triangle\nA right triangle has a height of 4 units and a base of 6 units. Its area is 24 square units because:\nIf we draw a diagonal line from A to C, dividing the rectangle into two parts, and place one of these parts on top of the other, matching the sides and angles, we shall find that they are equal.\nEach part is half of the rectangle, and each therefore has an area of 12 square units.\nNote the new names: The side AD is called the base. The side CD is called the height or altitude. A three-sided figure is called a triangle, and because it has one square corner or right angle, it is called a right triangle. The area of a triangle is equal to one-half the product of the number of units of length in the base and the number of units of length in the altitude. Area of a triangle = \u221a(base * altitude) or A = \u221a--- * ---\n\nFind the area of triangles having the following dimensions:\n\n1. A right triangle with a base of 5 units and a height of 12 units.\n\nThe area of this triangle is \u221a(5 * 12) = \u221a60 \u2248 7.75 units\u00b2\n\n2. A triangle with a base of 10 units and an altitude of 8 units.\n\nThe area of this triangle is \u221a(10 * 8) = \u221a80 \u2248 9.49 units\u00b2\n\nKeeping a Record of Progress\n\nWalter finds that if he keeps a record of his progress, he works much harder.\n\nSeptember October November\n\nIn the front of his spelling book, he keeps a graph on which he records the percentage he gets in each lesson.\n\nThis diagram shows his record for three months:\nnine lessons. Notice that each month starts a new record. His aim is to keep a straight line at the 100% mark. At the left side in the vertical column, he has listed the percentages. On the horizontal line at the top, he has placed the number of each lesson. To draw the line of progress for September, Walter said:\n\nSEVENTH GRADE 165\n(1) He found the horizontal line showing the percent rating.\n(2) He found the vertical line with the lesson number.\n(3) He placed a dot where these lines crossed to show his standing for the first lesson.\n(4) For the second lesson, he found the percent on the horizontal line.\n(5) Then he found the vertical line for the second lesson.\n(6) At the place where the percent line crossed the lesson line, he placed a dot.\n(7) Then he connected the dot at 90% with the one at the end of the first line.\n(8) Each day after that, he located the percent on the horizontal line and connected it to the previous day's dot.\nlesson 1. Analyze the shown part of each graph and answer these questions:\n(a) What was Walter's lowest rating?\n(b) In what month did he receive it?\n(c) For how many lessons in September did he score 100%?\n(d) For how many lessons in October did he score 95%?\n(e) On which lesson did he drop to 95% in November?\n(/) In which month does the graph indicate the best performance?\n2. What type of graph did Walter use to illustrate his progress?\n3. If you'd like to maintain a graph similar to this for tracking progress in a subject, try it. You'll find it engaging to observe your improvement, just as Walter did.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n123. Using a Bar Graph in Geography\nOften, we desire to make comparisons between countries in our geography studies. We can read figures to obtain the necessary information, but creating a picture helps us visualize the differences.\nIf we want to understand the relationship between the given data, we need to represent it in a clearer way. If you know how to create a bar graph, you can create such a visual representation. Let's assume we wish to show the immigration to the United States from certain countries in 1927:\n\nCountry:\nGreat Britain:\nFrance:\nGermany:\nItaly:\n\nFirst, we need to decide on the scale for the bars. For this graph, let's allow a quarter of an inch for every 10,000 persons. Using this scale, the lengths of the bars representing the various countries will be:\n\nCountry:\nGreat Britain: 5 inches\nFrance: 3 inches\nGermany: 7 inches\nItaly: 4 inches\n\nThe completed graph will look like this:\n\nCountry:\nGreat Britain: ---- -----\nFrance: ------ ---\nGermany: ------ ---- ----\nItaly: ------ ----\n\nMake a bar graph comparing the populations of the following cities. Expressed in round numbers, the populations are:\n\nCity:\nCity A: 50,000\nCity B: 35,000\nCity C: 70,000\nCity D: 40,000\nRepresent 1,000,000 population by a bar 1 in. long.\n2. The area of New York State is about 50,000 sq. mi.\nConstruct a bar graph comparing it with the areas of the following countries:\n- Great Britain: 120,000 sq. mi.\n- Germany: 180,000 sq. mi.\nUse a bar 1 in. long to represent the area of New York State.\n\nConstruct a bar graph to show the value of exports from the United States to certain European countries, using the following figures:\n- Great Britain: $900,000,000\n\nConstruct a bar graph to show the relative value of the exports of the following countries to the United States:\n- Great Britain: $350,000,000\n\nIllustrate with a bar graph the coal production of the following countries:\n- United States: 650,000,000 T.\n- Great Britain: 309,000,000 T.\nShanghai: 1,500,000\nCalcutta: 1,200,000\nVladivostok: 100,000\nAlexandria: 440,000\nCape Town: 210,000\nAlgiers: 210,000\n\nCompare the populations of: Japan, China, India, Turkey.\n\n8. Compare graphically the areas of China, Japan, India, and Turkey.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n124. Standard Weights of a Bushel\nWheat: 60 lb.\nBarley: 48 lb.\nOats: 32 lb.\nPotatoes: 60 lb.\nBeans: 60 lb.\nRice: 45 lb.\nAlfalfa: 60 lb.\nUse pencil if needed.\n\n1. If potatoes are selling at $1.25 for a hundred-pound sack, what is a bushel worth?\n$1.25 x 60 = $75\n\n2. A farmer shipped a carload of wheat amounting to 42,000 lb.\n(a) How many bushels did he ship?\n42,000 lb. / 60 lb. = 700 bushels\n(b) What was the wheat worth at $1.10 a bushel?\n700 bushels x $1.10 = $770\n\n3. Find the cost of 300 lb. of potatoes at $.75 a bushel.\n$0.75 x 300 = $225\n\n4. How heavy is a load of 500 bu. of barley?\n500 bu. x 48 lb. = 24,000 lb.\nWhich weighs more: 500 bu. of barley or 400 bu. of rice? How much more does it weigh?\n\nFind the cost of:\n(a) 4800 lb. of barley at $0.73 a bushel.\n(d) 2820 lb. of potatoes at $0.95 a bushel.\n\nHow many bushels of wheat can be loaded on a freight car that has a capacity of 30 T?\n\nWhich weighs more: 1600 bu. of rice or 1200 bu. of alfalfa? How much more does it weigh?\n\nA barrel of flour weighs 196 lb.\n(a) How much does 1 bbl. weigh?\n(c) How much does f bbl. weigh?\n\nMake up a problem using the information given in the table of weights at the beginning of this section.\n\n1. Which weighs more: 500 bushels of barley or 400 bushels of rice? How much more does it weigh?\n2. Find the cost of:\n(a) 4800 pounds of barley at $0.73 per bushel.\n(d) 2820 pounds of potatoes at $0.95 per bushel.\n3. How many bushels of wheat can be loaded on a freight car with a capacity of 30 tons?\n4. Which weighs more: 1600 bushels of rice or 1200 bushels of alfalfa? How much more does it weigh?\n5. A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds.\n(a) How much does one barrel weigh?\n(c) How much does a barrel labeled \"f\" weigh?\nA B\nhalf-pints = 2 qt.\nqt.\n1 leap year\nmills = 1 dime\nin.\nlb.\n$1 = nickels mills\nyd.\nIj gross = doz.\nsq. in.\nsq. ft.\n3j doz. = articles ft.\nsq. ft.\nj gross = yr.\n25 nickels = cents\nft.\npt.\nnickels = $.75\n\nRecord your progress in arithmetic this term on a line graph. Tests marked Test I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X with 16 examples in each are provided in this book. Try a new test every few weeks. Record on the graph the number you have right. Your teacher will show the class record on a larger graph. Compare your record with the class record. At the end of the term, your record should be higher than at the beginning.\n1. Read examples carefully.\n2. Think before writing.\n3. Check work.\n4. Correct all mistakes and do extra work on similar examples.\n\nTests: Complete each test in about 30 minutes. Work quickly but carefully. Accuracy is more important than speed. Check answers.\n\nTest I:\n1. Quotient of 4 by 7 =\n2. Product of 9 and 375 thousandths = 3,331,500 thousandths\n3. Perimeter of a rectangular plot that measures 3.5 rods by = 13 rods\n4. Four-fifteenths + three-fifteenths + two-fifteenths = 1 1/3\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nTest II:\n1. Product of 0.62 and 2 = 1.24\n2. Subtract: 20,000 - three-fourths of 20,000 = 13,333.33\n3. Change 26 f to an improper fraction = 26/1\n4. Find the interest on (not provided in text)\nWhat is the area of a plot that measures 16.5 square yards?\n\nTest III\n\n6. Five-sixths + one-third = (5/6 + 1/3) = 21/6 + 3/6 = 24/6 = 4 shares\n\nWhat is the quotient when J is divided by?\n8. Interest rate, 4%; time, 1 year; principal, $1275. What is the interest?\nWhat are the square feet in 4.5 sq. yd.?\n\nTest IV\n\n1. Find the difference between:\n2. Multiply twenty-five hundredths by eighty-four: 25/100 * 84 = 205\n4. Dividend: 456.1\nDivisor: 3.5\nQuotient: 131.11\n8. One part of a square foot is 72 sq. in.: 1 square foot = 12 * 12 inches = 144 square inches, so 72 square inches = 72 / 144 = 1/2 square foot\n11. Three-eighths * four-ninths = (3/8) * (4/9) = 12/32 = 1/4\n16. Find the area of the right triangle that has a base of 32 ft. and a height of 24 ft.: Area = 1/2 * base * height = 1/2 * 32 * 24 = 1920 square feet\n\nTest V\n\nPrincipal: $1650\nRate: 6%\nTime: 1 year\nInterest: $990 (calculate using the formula: Interest = Principal * Rate * Time)\n1. Find the side length of a square, which measures 26.25 yd.\n2. Find the difference between:\n3. Multiply:\n4. One-fourth minus two-eighths =\n5. Find the quotient when 2j is divided by:\n6. Find the product:\n7. Divide one by two-thirds.\n8. What is the difference between 7y^ and f?\n9. Principal: $2480, Rate: 4%, Time: 2 yr., Interest: ?\n10. Subtract:\n11. Multiply:\n12. Find the distance around a rectangular plot that measures 8 ft. by:\n\nTest V\n1. Find the product of:\n2. Subtract:\n3. Time: 9 months, Rate: 3%, Principal: $12,000, Interest: ?\n4. Multiply: number\n5. Find the difference between:\n\nTest VI\n5. Find the product:\n6. Divide one by two-thirds.\n8. What is the interest on $1500 for 6 months at:\n13. Find the area of a triangle whose altitude is 18.5 ft. and whose base is:\n\nTest VII\n9. Multiply:\n13. What is the interest on $1500 for 6 months at:\n16. Find the area of a triangle whose altitude is 18.5 ft. and whose base is:\nFind the area of a triangle whose altitude is 12.2 yd. and whose base is 6.75 yd.\n\n1. Find the interest on $13,000 for 4 months.\nSubtract: $1,000\nRemainder?\n\nFind the area of a triangle whose base is 6.75 yd. and whose height is ______.\n\n5. Find the product of 11 and the difference between $13,000 and the interest calculated above.\n\nFind the area of a rectangular plot that measures 14.8 ft. by ______.\n\n1. What will 10 quarts of milk cost at $0.16 per quart?\n2. At $12.50 per ton, what must be paid for 2 tons?\n3. How much change should you receive from a two-dollar bill if your purchases amount to $1.65?\n4. Six grapefruits, at the rate of 2 for $2.50, will cost ______.\n5. Four dozen eggs at $0.55 per dozen will cost ______.\n1. You give the clerk three one-dollar bills for the eggs. He gives you 80 cents in change. Is that correct?\n2. At 80 cents per pound, how much candy can be bought?\n3. Bananas are sold at 45 cents per dozen or 4 cents each. How much is saved by purchasing by the dozen?\n4. Corn sells at $2.20 per can or $1.25 per half-dozen cans. I save _ in purchasing by the half-dozen.\n5. At 22 cents each, how many boxes of berries can be bought?\n6. Find the cost of 2 pounds of butter at $5.20 per pound.\n7. Lemons, which cost the dealer $4.00 per dozen, are sold at the rate of $3.00 for 25 pounds. (a) How much money does the dealer gain on a dozen? (b) What is the percentage of profit?\n8. Find the cost of 7 pounds of sugar at the rate of $3.00 for 2.7 pounds and 1 pound of coffee at $4.80 per pound.\n9. What will 4 handkerchiefs cost (a) at $1.50 each?\n\nSeventh Grade\nWhat is the cost for 3 cakes of soap, each priced at $0.08?\n16. Mary is baking a cake. Her recipe calls for f cups of milk. How much milk should she use for a cake half the size of the one the recipe makes? (b) If she doubles the original recipe, Mary will need _ cups of milk.\n17. If meat loses 25% of its weight in cooking, what will a 24-pound roast weigh after cooking?\n18. The sales for one week in the Neighborhood Department Store were as follows: millinery, $475.83; boys\u2019 clothing, $495.60; shoes, $395.72; men\u2019s furnishings, $____. The total amount of sales for the week.\n19. Mrs. White made the following purchases at the store on Tuesday: shoes, $7.50; umbrella, $3.00; gloves, $0.50; hat, $7.65. How much did she spend in all?\n20. State the amount of change a customer should receive.\nReceive from a $50 bill given in payment for the following purchases:\n21. Mrs. Brown spent $24.00 for silk at $2.00 per yard. She bought 10 yards.\n22. There were three extra clerks on duty at the dress-goods counter during the sale. On one day, the first clerk's sales totaled $121.75; those of the second clerk, $97.55; those of the third clerk, $110.03. The total amount of sales for the day by the three clerks was $333.33.\n23. In four consecutive weeks, Mary Black, a clerk in the store, earned the following amounts: $22.70, $27.50, $30.50, and $25.75. What were her average weekly earnings?\n24. Mr. Jones made the following bank deposits last month: $1922.06. In all, he deposited $1922.06.\n25. Joe Blake made the following deposits to his bank account in the last three months: $10.00, $13.00, and $20.00. How much more must he deposit to make $75?\n$17.50.\nMr. Curry owns two adjoining farms. One farm contains 73.25 acres; the other, 87.5 acres. He sold 27.7 acres of the second farm to Mr. Bond.\n\n1. How many acres did Mr. Bond buy? (Answer: 27.7 acres)\n2. How many acres remain in the second farm? (Answer: 59.8 acres)\n3. How many acres does Mr. Blake still own? (Answer: 87.5 - 73.25 = 14.25 acres)\n\nA train traveling at the rate of 37.9 miles per hour covers _ miles in 8 hours.\n\n2.5 yards of ribbon are needed to make a rosette.\n\n1. How many yards must Mary buy to make a dozen rosettes? (Answer: 12 * 2.5 = 30 yards)\n2. How many rosettes can Mary make from a bolt of ribbon containing 10 yards? (Answer: 10 / 2.5 = 4 rosettes)\n3. What will be the cost of each rosette if the ribbon costs $0.38 per yard? (Answer: $0.38 / 2.5 = $0.15 per rosette)\n\nA farm consisted of 40 acres of woodland and 54 acres of meadow land. The owner bought an additional 63 feet.\n\nWhat was the total acreage of the farm then? (Answer: 40 + 54 + 63/1225 = 93.9 acres)\n\nHow much money is spent in equipping a kitchen as follows:\n\n(Assuming the text got cut off and the missing part is about calculating the cost of equipping the kitchen)\n\n1. List the cost of each item in the kitchen.\n2. Multiply the cost of each item by the quantity.\n3. Sum up the costs of all items to find the total cost.\nFurniture  Woodenware \n1  Gas  Stove  at  $75.00,  discount  10%  1  Towel  Rack  at  $.75 \n1  Small  Table  at  $7.75,  discount  5%  1  Rolling  Pin  at  $.48 \n1  Cabinet  at  $29.50,  discount  5%  2  Brooms  at  $.85  each \n2  Chairs  at  $2.75  each,  discount  5%  3  Brushes  at  $.79  each \nEarthenware  Tinware \n1  Nest  of  Bowls  at  $1.78  1  Flour  Sifter  at  $.40 \n2  Pitchers  at  $.57  each  1  Bread  Box  at  $1.25 \n32.  Find  the  total  cost  of  the  furnishings  listed  below. \nA  10%  discount  is  allowed  on  the  furniture  and  rugs. \nA  15%  discount  is  allowed  on  the  electric  washer. \nLiving  Room  Dining  Room \nRug \nChina  Cabinet \nTable \nTable \nBookcase \n4  Chairs  at \nDesk \nRug \n2  Chairs  at \nTea  Wagon \nBedroom \nLaundry \nBed  and  Spring \nElectric  Washer  $195.00 \nDresser \nChair \nKitchen \nTable \nStove \nRug \nCabinet \nTable \n2  Chairs  at \nTHE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \n129.  Practicing  Thrift \nWe  have  learned  that  thrift,  or  the  wise  management \nMoney leads to prosperity. Thrift as a habit leads to success in life. There are several ways to save money. The best way is to set aside a definite sum each week or month and deposit this sum regularly in a savings bank where it will earn interest. It's also a good plan to have a purpose in view when we save. For example, a boy may save for college expenses; a girl may save to help pay for a music course. In these days, many banks have special Christmas Club accounts. By means of a Christmas Club account, it's possible to save either a large or a small amount, depending on the size of the weekly deposit. In some banks, one may join a Vacation Club. One can save money by taking advantage of the sales offered from time to time by various stores. At such sales.\nOne can often buy needed articles at greatly reduced prices through sales. Additionally, one can save money by promptly paying certain bills and receiving discounts if paid within a certain time. Good business men take advantage of this means of saving money. However, true thrift consists of more than just wise use of money. One can be thrifty in other respects, such as careful use of time, proper care of clothing and personal belongings, and proper treatment of school books and other public property.\n\nSeventh Grade\n130. Discount Sales\n\nEarly in January, Mr. Gray advertised a sale of furniture with a 20% reduction below the regular cost. Mrs. Ames bought a sofa marked $75.60.\n\nHow much did she save by buying at the reduced price?\nIn business, the regular price of an article is called the list price. What was the list price of the sofa bought by Mrs. Ames? An article is sold at less than the list price; it is sold at a discount. The discount, in such cases, is the amount deducted from the regular or list price. When the discount is expressed as a certain percent, we speak of it as the rate of discount. What is the rate of discount in the example above? What is the discount?\n\nDiscount is another business application of percentage. Finding the discount is the same as finding a percentage of a number.\n\n1. Tell at sight the amount of discount on each of the following if the rate of discount is 20% off list prices:\n\nArticle | List Price\n------- | ---------\nVanity Lamps |\nFrench Pottery |\nBridge Lamps |\nItalian Pottery |\nBronze Reading Lamps |\n\nArticle | List Price | Discount | Sale Price\n------- | --------- | ------- | ---------\nVanity Lamps | | 20% |\nFrench Pottery | | 20% |\nBridge Lamps | | 20% |\nItalian Pottery | | 20% |\nBronze Reading Lamps | | 20% |\nMetal Table Lamps $25.00\n\nFind the amount saved on each article by purchasing it at the sale:\n\nArticle | List Price | Rate of Discount\n---|---|---\nSewing Tables | |\nChairs | 5 |\nMirrors | | d)\nBuffets | |\nDining Tables | |\nBeds | |\n\n1. Finding the Net Cost\nMr. James bought a coat regularly marked $65 at a 20% discount.\na) What was the discount?\nb) How much did Mr. James pay for the coat?\n\nThe net cost of an article is the regular cost minus the discount.\n\nExplanation of how the net cost was found in the example above:\n\n1. A radio set listed at $250 was sold at a 30% discount. For what price was it sold?\n2. At 2% discount for cash, find the sum paid to Mr. Grant in settlement of each of the following bills:\n\nArticle | Rate of Discount\n---|---\nSEVENTH GRADE |\n\nTo find the net cost of an article, subtract the discount from the list price. In the example, the net cost of the coat is $52, so the discount was $13 (65-52). Therefore, Mr. James paid $52 for the coat after the discount.\n\nTo find the price a radio set was sold for at a 30% discount, multiply the list price by 0.7 (1 minus the discount rate). In question 1, the radio set was listed at $250, so it was sold for $250 * 0.7 = $175.\n\nTo find the sum paid to Mr. Grant for each bill in question 2, subtract the discount from the list price and then multiply by 0.98 (1 minus the discount rate for cash). For example, if the list price of a bill is $100, then the sum paid to Mr. Grant would be $100 - ($100 * 0.2) = $79.20.\nList Price Discount Net Cost\n(a) Grass Shears \n(5) Garden Shears \n(c) Spade \n(d) Hoe \n(e) Rake \n(h) Lawn Sprinkler $7.50 0.3  $5.25\nA. Students can buy books listed under (a) for 80% of the list price due to a 20% discount.\nWhat is the net amount of a bill of goods with a list price of $90.60 and a 5% cash discount?\nWhat were the cash prices paid for the following at a used car sale with a 20% discount:\n7. A dealer sells $1500 worth of goods with a 5% discount if paid within 60 days, or a 10% discount if paid at once. How much is saved by prompt payment?\n8. At a bargain sale, a 33% discount is offered. What would be saved by purchasing 12 yards of velvet priced at $2.70 per yard and 10 yards of silk priced at $1.80 per yard?\nWhat would be the net cost per yard of the velvet? Of the silk?\n\n9. What will be saved by purchasing the following articles at a bargain sale with a reduction of 25%: 6 books listed at $1.60 each, and 3 fountain pens listed at $2.88 each?\n\n10. Goods amounting to $675 were purchased on June 1. Terms: 3 months, or 10% off for cash. What can be saved by paying the bill on June 1?\n\n11. One store lists a book for $3.50 cash. Another store lists the same book for $4.25 with a discount of 25%. Which is the lower price, and how much lower is it?\n\n12. Find the net cost of 2 dozen pens, listed at $2.50 each, if a discount of 16% is allowed.\n\n13. Trade or Commercial Discount \u2014\nSuccessive Discounts\n\nYou have learned that goods are often sold for less than their marked price through various discounts. This lesson will cover trade discounts and successive discounts.\n\nFirst, let's discuss trade discounts. A trade discount is a discount given to a merchant or wholesaler to encourage them to buy goods in large quantities. The discount is usually a percentage of the list price. For example, if a book is listed at $5 and the trade discount is 20%, the merchant would pay $4 for each book they buy in bulk.\n\nNow, let's move on to successive discounts. Successive discounts occur when a merchant or retailer offers multiple discounts on the same item. For instance, if a store offers a 10% discount on all items and then a 20% discount on specific items, the customer would receive the larger discount. In this case, the 20% discount would apply first, reducing the price by 20%, and then the 10% discount would be applied, reducing the price by an additional 10%.\n\nLet's calculate some examples to better understand successive discounts.\n\nExample 1: A book is listed at $10. The store offers a 10% discount on all items. What is the price after the first discount?\n\nPrice after first discount = List price * (1 - Discount percentage)\nPrice after first discount = $10 * (1 - 0.1)\nPrice after first discount = $9\n\nNow, the store offers a 20% discount on textbooks. What is the final price of the book?\n\nPrice after second discount = Price after first discount * (1 - Discount percentage)\nPrice after second discount = $9 * (1 - 0.2)\nPrice after second discount = $7.2\n\nSo, the final price of the book after both discounts is $7.2.\n\nExample 2: A pair of shoes is listed at $50. The store offers a 15% discount on all shoes and then a 25% discount on select shoes. What is the final price of the shoes?\n\nPrice after first discount = List price * (1 - Discount percentage)\nPrice after first discount = $50 * (1 - 0.15)\nPrice after first discount = $42.5\n\nPrice after second discount = Price after first discount * (1 - Discount percentage)\nPrice after second discount = $42.5 * (1 - 0.25)\nPrice after second discount = $31.625\n\nSince we can't have a price with a fraction of a cent, we'll round it down to the nearest whole dollar. The final price of the shoes after both discounts is $31.60.\n\nIn summary, successive discounts can help customers save more money when purchasing items. However, it's important to understand how the discounts are applied to determine the final price. In the next lesson, we'll learn about markups and how they relate to discounts.\nThe marked or listed price. Goods sold in this way are said to be sold at a discount. Discounts are allowed for several reasons: (1) for the prompt payment of bills; (2) on quantity purchases; (3) at special discount sales, when the dealer wishes to make a quick \"turnover\" of his stock. In many lines of business, merchants sell both at wholesale and at retail. In their catalogues, goods are advertised at certain prices. Dealers are allowed a trade discount on these prices.\n\nMr. Brown deals in furniture. He buys stock listed at $7,500 from the Crown Manufacturing Company and is allowed a trade discount of 30%, with an additional 5% off for cash. He pays his bill at once. What is the furniture cost him?\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nWhat was the rate of discount Mr. Brown was allowed on his bill? What did this discount amount to? What was the final cost of the furniture to Mr. Brown?\nWhat is the net cost of the furniture after three discounts: a 30% trade discount and a 5% cash discount? The net cost is the final price paid after all discounts have been applied.\n\n$7500 list price\n\nTo calculate the net cost, first apply the trade discount:\nlist price * (1 - trade discount) = $5250\n\nNext, apply the cash discount:\n$5250 * (1 - cash discount) = $5096.25 (rounded to the nearest cent)\n\nTherefore, the net cost of the furniture is $5096.25.\n\n1. Find the net price of:\n(a) 6 chairs at $9.50 each, with discounts of 20%\n\nFirst, calculate the price after the 20% discount:\n$9.50 * (1 - 0.2) = $7.60\n\nThen, multiply the discounted price by the quantity:\n$7.60 * 6 = $45.60\n\nSo, the net price of 6 chairs is $45.60.\n2. Mr. Allen buys $1500 worth of dry goods and receives discounts of 15% and 10%. What is the net cost of the goods?\n3. The discounts on a piece of machinery listed at $2560 are 25% and 10%. What is the net price?\n4. If the order of the discounts was reversed in Problem 3, what would the net cost be?\n5. Which is better for a purchaser: a single discount of 25% or successive discounts of 15% and 10% on a bill of $6.00 (sic)\n6. A piano listed at $900 was sold with discounts of 15% and 10%. Find the net cost.\n7. Find the net cost of goods listed and discounted as follows:\n8. An automobile tire listed at $25 is sold with discounts of 10% from each dealer. Dealers A offers discounts of 10% and 10%, while Dealer B offers a single discount of 20%. Which dealer offers the lower price?\n9.  Find  the  net  cost  of  each  of  the  following: \n(a)  12  tires  at  $12.50  each,  discounts  15%  and  5%. \n(b)  18  yd.  of  velvet  at  $4.50,  and  12  yd.  of  satin \n10.  A  check  for _ will  settle  a  bill  of  goods  amount\u00ac \ning  to  $825,  with  discounts  of  10%  and  5%. \n11.  A  grocer  received  a  bill  for  60  bbl.  flour  at  $6.25 \nper  barrel.  He  is  allowed  a  trade  discount  of  15%  with \n5%  for  cash.  What  does  the  flour  cost  him  if  he  pays  for \nit  promptly? \n*12.  Mr.  Francis  receives  a  bill  for  $528  marked: \nTerms:  2/10;  n/30.\u201d  The  trade  discount  allowed  is \n12^%.  What  is  the  net  cost  to  Mr.  Francis  if  the  bill  is \nSEVENTH  GRADE \npaid  at  once?  (Note:  2/10  means  ^^2%  if  paid  within \n10  days.\u201d  n/30  means  that  the  bill  must  be  paid  within \n30  days.  Will  the  cash  discount  be  allowed  if  the  bill \nruns  30  days?  How  do  you  know?) \nComplete  these  statements: \n1. The regular price of an article is called the list price.\n2. When an article is sold at less than the list price, it is said to be sold at a discount.\n3. The amount deducted from the regular or list price is called the discount.\n4. The net price of an article is its cost after the discount has been deducted from the list price.\n5. How do you find the net cost of an article on which a discount has been allowed?\n1. Money paid for the use of money is called interest.\n2. The sum of money on which interest is paid is called the principal.\n3. The per cent of the principal paid each year as interest is called the interest rate.\n4. The period for which interest is paid is called the term.\n5. The sum of the principal and interest is called the total amount.\n6. The interest which a borrower has to pay depends on the interest rate, the principal, and the term.\nTo find the interest, multiply the principal by the rate as a fraction and by the time expressed as a fraction of a year.\n\nWhat is the interest on $400 at 6% for 1 year 6 months?\nPrincipal: $400\nRate: 6% = 0.06\nTime: 1 year 6 months = 1.5 years\n\nInterest = Principal * Rate * Time\n= $400 * 0.06 * 1.5\n= $324\n\nFind the interest on each of the following:\n\nPrincipal Rate Time\n--------------------\n$ i 1 year\n$ i years\n$ Ij 2 years\n$ 3 years\n$ 9 months\n$ 1 year\n$ 6 months\n$ 1 year\n$ 9 months\n$ 2 years\n\nInterest for 30, 60, 90 Days \u2014 the 6% Method\n\nMr. Elliott needed $5000 in cash to buy new stock for the holiday trade. He borrowed the money for 60 days at 6% interest. How much interest did he have to pay?\n\nMoney is often borrowed for short periods of time \u2014 for example, for 30, 60, or 90 days. In computing interest for such periods, the following rules may be used:\n\nFor 30 days: Multiply the principal by the rate as a decimal and divide the result by 100.\nFor 60 days: Multiply the principal by the rate as a decimal, and divide the result by 100, then multiply by 1.5.\nFor 90 days: Multiply the principal by the rate as a decimal, and divide the result by 100, then multiply by 2.\n\nUsing this method, find the interest on the following:\n\nPrincipal Rate\n------------\n$5000 0.06\n\nInterest = Principal * Rate * Time\n= $5000 * 0.06 * (60/365)\n= $378.40\n\nTherefore, Mr. Elliott paid $378.40 in interest.\nFor such periods, it is customary to reckon 360 days to a year. Then each day's interest equals 3/10 of a year's interest.\n\nAt 6%, the interest on any sum for 1 year equals 0.06 of the principal. At 6%, the interest for 60 days, or 1/3 of a year, equals 0.01 of the principal. (Interest for 60 days is one-third of a year.)\n\nTo find the interest on any sum for 60 days at 6%, find 0.01 of the principal.\n\nIn Mr. Elliott\u2019s case: interest on $5000 for 60 days = $5000 \u00d7 0.01 = $50\n\nTo find the interest on any sum for 60 days at 6%, move the decimal point in the principal two places to the left.\n\n1. What is the interest on each of the following sums for 30 days at 6%?\n\nIf you knew the interest on a certain sum of money for 60 days at 6%, how would you find the interest for 30 days?\n\nWhat is the interest on $300 for 30 days at 6%?\n\nTo find the interest on $300 for 30 days at 6%, find half of the interest for 60 days.\n\nInterest on $300 for 30 days = $50 \u00f7 2 = $25.\nTo find the interest for 30 days at 6%, take half of the interest for 60 days.\n(a) To find the interest for 60 days at 6% on a principal amount, subtract 6% of the principal.\n(b) To find the interest for 30 days at 6%, subtract half of the interest for 60 days from the interest for 60 days.\n\nSuppose Mr. Elliott borrowed $5000 for 90 days. How much interest would he have paid at the end of the 90 days?\n\nThe interest on $5000 for 30 days at 6% = (Interest on $5000 for 60 days at 6%) / 2\nThe interest on $5000 for 90 days at 6% = Interest on $5000 for 60 days at 6% + Interest on $5000 for 30 days at 6%\n\nFor 90 days, Mr. Elliott would pay the principal amount plus the interest.\n\nTell at a glance the interest on each of the following sums for 90 days at 6% :\n\nFind the interest on $4000 at 6% (a) for 60 days:\nInterest = Principal * Interest rate * Time\n               = $4000 * 0.06 * 60\n               = $1440\n\nFind the interest on $360 at 6% (a) for 60 days:\nInterest = Principal * Interest rate * Time\n               = $360 * 0.06 * 60\n               = $1182\n\nWhat is the interest at 6% on $470 (a) for 60 days?\nInterest = Principal * Interest rate * Time\n               = $470 * 0.06 * 60\n               = $164.20\n\nWhat is the interest at 6% on $7000 (o) for 60 days?\nInterest = Principal * Interest rate * Time\n               = $7000 * 0.06 * 60\n               = $2520\n\nSeventh Grade\nLet us suppose Mr. Elliott was able to borrow $5000 he needed at 4% interest instead of 6%. How would that fact affect the amount of interest to be paid? What is the interest on $300 for 60 days at 4%?\n\nTo find the interest on any amount at 4%, first find the interest at 6%. Then take one-third of this amount for the interest at 4%.\n\nFind the interest at 4% on each of the following sums for the given time:\n\n198. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n11. Complete the following statements:\n(a) The interest on any sum for 60 days at 6% is _______ of the principal.\n(h) When 360 days are reckoned as a year, the interest for 60 days at 6% is _______ of the interest for a year.\n(c) To find the interest on any sum for 30 days at 6%, take _______ of the interest for 60 days.\n\nWithout pencil.\n12. Tell at sight the interest on each of the following:\n\n(i) $250 for 45 days at 5%\n(ii) $1000 for 90 days at 3%\n(iii) $500 for 120 days at 7%\n(iv) $750 for 45 days at 8%\n1. A merchant borrowed $3000 from a bank on March 1, repaying the loan with interest at 6% on June 1. Was the repayment amount correct? How much was interest?\n2. A man borrowed $12,000 to invest in a fruit farm. What is the annual interest at 6%?\n3. A town borrowed $150,000 at 5% for highway improvements. Find the annual interest on this loan.\n4. A man borrowed $500 on November 1 and repaid the loan on May 1 of the following year with interest at 6%.\n5. How much interest is due on a loan of $1850 for 6 months at 4%?\n6. Estimate the interest on $700 for ij years at 6%. Then work the example and compare your answer.\n7. A man borrowed $1500 for years at 5% interest.\n(a) How much interest did he pay yearly? (5) How much interest did he pay in the 2j years?\n*8. The interest on $16,000 at 6% would pay the rent of a house at the rate of $ _ per year or $ _ per month.\n9. Mr. Flood borrowed $2700 for 2^ years, paying interest at the rate of 6%. At the end of each year he paid the interest then due.\n(a) What was the amount he owed at the final settlement of the debt? (6) If he had paid no interest until the end of the 2| years, what amount of money would he have needed to settle the debt?\n\nThe Interest Formula\n136.\nTo find interest on any sum, multiply the principal by the rate expressed as a fraction and by the time in years or a part of a year.\n\nInterest = principal * rate * time, or i = prt\n\nMr. Green borrowed $120 for 2 years at 4%. How much interest did he pay in all?\n\nWork the following examples in the same way. First, give the value of p, r, and t in each. Then find the interest:\n\nThe amount = principal + interest.\n\nI borrowed $200 for 2 years at 4%. (a) What was the total interest? (b) What was the total amount repaid?\n\nII\n\nApply the formula a = p + f to Examples 1-4.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\n137. Compound Interest\n\nNed earned $200 during one summer vacation, which he put into a savings bank to save for his college education. The bank manager told him that if he allowed it to stay in the bank, they would pay him 4% compound interest.\n1200 principal, with a 4% compound interest rate, compounded quarterly: 1% every three months or each quarter.\n\n$200 principal for first quarter\nInterest for first quarter: $8.00\nPrincipal for second quarter: $208.00\nInterest for second quarter: $8.32\nPrincipal for third quarter: $216.32\nInterest for third quarter: $8.65\nPrincipal for fourth quarter: $225.00\nInterest for fourth quarter: $8.98\n\nNed's account balance at the end of the first year: $233.35\n\nCompound interest for one year: $8.12\nThe simple interest on $200 for one year at 4% would be: $8.00\n$8.00. You see that Ned would receive $0.12 more by getting compound interest instead of simple interest.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic: Section 202.\n\nNed would receive $.12 more by getting compound interest than he would at simple interest. Here are some facts about compound interest:\n\n1. Compound interest amounts to more than simple interest at the same rate.\n2. Compound interest is interest not only on the principal but also on the interest already due.\n3. The computation of compound interest is a series of interest problems with a changing principal each period.\n\nSuppose the interest had been compounded semiannually instead of quarterly.\n\n4% annually = 2% semiannually\n$200 Principal for the first six months\n$4 Interest for the first six months\n$204 Principal for the second six months\n$208.08 Ned\u2019s account at the end of 1 year\n\nInterest compounded semiannually will amount to less than interest at the same rate compounded quarterly. Calculate:\n\nThe compound interest on $200 for 1 year at 4% annual interest, compounded semiannually:\n\nStep 1: Calculate the interest for the first six months: $200 * 0.02 = $4\n\nStep 2: Add the interest to the principal: $200 + $4 = $204\n\nStep 3: Calculate the interest for the second six months: $204 * 0.02 = $4.08\n\nStep 4: Add the interest to the principal: $204 + $4.08 = $208.08\n\nThe final amount is $208.08.\nPrincipal: $50, Rate: 4% (semiannually), Time: 2 years\nWhat is the amount in 2 years?\nA boy deposits $50 in a savings bank that pays 4% interest compounded semiannually.\n\nProblems:\n1. What is the amount of $50 after 2 years with 4% interest compounded semiannually?\n2. How much will $1000 become in 1 year with 4% interest compounded quarterly?\n3. If Allen transfers $20.50 to the savings bank and receives 4% interest compounded quarterly, how much will he have in a year?\n4. Find the difference between simple interest and compound interest at 4% for 1 year on $400.\n\nOctober 1, Principal: $500, Rate: 4% (quarterly), Time: 1 year\nOn July 1 of the next year, the money was withdrawn.\nHow  much  did  I  withdraw? \n*6.  Find  the  amount  on  $250  for  1  year  6  months  at \ninterest  compounded  semiannually. \n*7.  (a)  What  will  $425  amount  to  at  compound  interest \nat  4%  in  4  years  if  the  interest  is  compounded  annually? \n(b)  What  will  it  amount  to  at  simple  interest  at  the  same \nrate? \n*8.  Which  will  earn  more  money  and  how  much  more \nwill  it  earn:  $3000  deposited  in  a  bank  for  1  year  at  4%, \ncompounded  quarterly,  or  the  same  amount  invested  in  a \nbusiness  yielding  5%  annually? \n*9.  At  the  end  of  2  years  I  shall  need  $1350.  If  I \ndeposit  $1200  now  in  a  bank  paying  4%  interest,  com\u00ac \npounded  semiannually,  and  leave  it  there  for  2  years,  (a) \nshall  I  have  enough?  (6)  If  not,  how  much  more  shall  I \nneed? \nTHE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \n139.  Banks \nWilliam  was  a  pupil  in  Grade  7 A  of  a  public  school. \nFor  several  years  he  had  been  putting  money  in  the  school \nOne day, William's father told him they were moving, and since he would have to change schools, he had better withdraw his money from the school bank and deposit it in a savings bank. William withdrew the money and went with his father to a savings bank, where he deposited his savings. He now had an account of $20.50 in a savings bank in his own name. The savings bank took care of his money and paid him 4% a year interest, or 1% every three months.\n\nAt first, William wondered how the bank could do this, for he thought, as many young people think, that the bank kept in its vaults the money he had deposited. His father explained that the savings bank lends the money it receives to other persons to help them build houses or carry on business, and charges 5% or 6% interest on the loans. Because of the higher rate of interest it charged, the savings bank was able to pay William a smaller percentage on his savings.\nThe bank receives money from those to whom it lends and pays William 4% interest on his deposit while still having money left for bank expenses. William learned he couldn't withdraw money daily without losing interest. The bank wouldn't give him interest unless he left it for at least three months or the interest period. Business or commercial banks receive deposits, lend money on notes, and invest money in various ways more than savings banks. They must always keep a certain portion of their total deposits on hand. Money deposited in a business bank may always be withdrawn by the depositor via check. William's father had his account in a business bank, enabling him to pay bills with a check. William asked if he might go with his father.\nnext time he went to his bank, his father agreed and later they went to the bank. William\u2019s father wished to deposit $150 in cash and a check for $220. He made out a slip that looked like this:\n\nDEPOSITED TO THE ACCOUNT OF\nWilliam Anderson\nIN\nTHE SUFFOLK NATIONAL BANK\nALL ITEMS ACCEPTED SUBJECT TO THE CONDITIONS STATED\nON THE REVERSE SIDE OF THIS DEPOSIT SLIP.\nPIT-T\nDOLLARS\nCENTS\nSPECIE\nCHECKS\n206 THE BAYNE-SYLVESTER ARITHMETIC\n\nThen he took the slip, his pass or deposit book, and what he was depositing to a window marked Receiving Teller. The teller examined the slip and the deposits and entered in the pass book the full amount, $370. Mr. Anderson now had added $370 to his account at the bank.\n\n1. What is the difference between a savings bank and a business bank?\n2. Which is better for saving money?\n3. Which is more convenient for paying bills?\nWhat is a deposit slip? Which kind of bank is most useful for boys and girls? Make out a deposit slip in your name for $100 in checks, $35 in bills, and $2.50 in silver.\n\n140. Paying Bills with Checks\nWilliam's father called him in at the end of the week to show him how he made out checks for his bills. His first bill was for $70 owed to the Adirondack Lumber Company of Canton, New York. This is how the check looked:\n\nThe Suffolk National Bank\nPay to the Order of Adirondack Lumber Company $70.00\nSeventy Dollars\nWilliam Anderson\nSeventh Grade\n\nThen he filled out a small leaf left in his checkbook, called the stub, and explained to William that it is very important for anyone who uses checks to fill out all the items accurately so that he may know how much his balance is and when he made out the check.\n\nX Adirondack Lumber Company\nMr. Anderson receives every month from the bank all the returned checks and a statement of his account, showing his deposits, withdrawals, and balance left in his account. He keeps the returned checks carefully as he can use them as receipts. This interested William, who asked, \"How can you prove that the right man received the check?\" His father showed him a returned check with the signature of the person to whom it was made payable on the back. \"That signature on the back is called an indorsement,\" his father explained, \"and it proves to me that he received the money.\" The back of the check.\nBefore cashing or depositing a check in a bank, the person to whom it is payable must indorse it on the back. An indorsement should be written across the left end of the check. One thing more troubled William. How did the bank know that his father signed those checks? Mr. Anderson explained that before he opened his account at the bank, he had to sign his name twice as specimens of his signature. His signatures on checks were compared with those on record at the bank to ensure they were his.\n\nRead the check on page 208. To whom is it made payable? For what amount? Who wrote the check? On what bank is it drawn? On what date? Why is the check numbered? Why is the amount written in two ways? What must Mr. Grant do before he cashes or deposits the check?\n\nTo answer your questions: The check is made payable to \"Henry Watkins\" for the amount of \"$500.00.\" It was written by \"William Anderson.\" The check is drawn on \"First National Bank.\" The date is \"June 15, 1912.\" The check is numbered \"1234\" and the amount is written in words as \"Five Hundred Dollars\" and in numbers as \"500.00.\" Before cashing or depositing the check, Mr. Grant must have the indorsement of the person to whom the check is payable (Henry Watkins) signed on the back.\nHow  does  the  bank  know  that  Mr.  Gorman  made  out \nthis  check?  What  does  Mr.  Gorman  do  with  the  check \nwhen  it  is  returned  to  him? \nWhat  use  is  made  of  the  stub?  Why  does  the  stub \nstate  for  what  purpose  the  check  was  made? \nWrite  a  check  in  payment  of  a  bill  from  a  gas  com\u00ac \npany. \nTHE  BAYNE-SYLVESTER  ARITHMETIC \n141.  Keeping  an  Account  at  the  Bank \nMr.  Gordon  had  an  account  at  the  Greenwich  Bank. \nAt  the  beginning  of  the  week  his  balance  amounted  to \n$2406.50.  During  the  week  his  deposits  and  withdrawals \nwere  as  follows: \nDeposits  Withdrawals \n1.  Find  the  balance  at  the  end  of  each  day. \n2.  Find  the  balance  at  the  end  of  the  week. \n3.  How  much  more  had  Mr.  Gordon  to  his  account  at \nthe  end  of  the  week  than  at  the  beginning? \n142.  Finding  Interest  from  a  Graph \nIt  is  possible  to  approximate  interest  by  using  the \ngraph  on  page  211.  From  this  graph  you  can  find  the \nTo find the interest on $1600 for 1 year (o) at 6%, find $1600, the principal, on the graph and run your finger up the vertical line until it crosses the 6% rate line. Then move your finger to the left along the horizontal line to the interest, which is $96.\n\nTo find the interest on $1400 for 1 year (a) at 4%, follow the same process, finding $1400 on the graph and moving up to the 4% rate line to find the interest, which is $56.\n\nWhat is the interest on $800 for 1 year (a) at 6%? (Answer: $48)\n\nWhat is the interest on $500 for 1 year (a) at 6%? (Answer: $30)\nFind the interest on $700 for 1 year at 4%;\nFind the interest on $900 for 1 year at 6%; for 2 years.\nFind the interest on $1000 for 1 year at 4%; for 2 years; for 3 years (c).\nFind the interest on $300 at 4% for 4 months;\nfor 8 months (h); for 6 months (c).\nFind the interest on $600 at 6% for 6 months;\nfor 3 months (h); for 9 months (c).\nFind the interest on $1200 for 1 year at 6%.\nWhat principal will earn $24 in 1 year at 4%?\nTo solve this problem, find $24 in the interest column;\nthen move your finger to the right along the horizontal line until it crosses the 4% rate line;\nthen follow down on the vertical line to the principal, which is $600.\nWhat principal will earn $30 in 1 year at 6%?\nWhat is the interest on $2250 for 1 year at 4%?\nWhat is the principal that earns $20 in 1 year at 4%?\nWhat is the principal that earns $30 in 1 year at 4%?\nWhat is the principal that earns $48 in 1 year at 6%?\nWhat is the principal that earns $28 in 1 year at 4%?\nVerify the answers in Problems 4, 8, and 12.\nA businessman borrowed a sum of money for 6 months at 6%. If he had to pay $30 interest, what was the amount he borrowed?\nConstruct a similar graph to show interest on $1000 at 2%. Draw the rate line from 0 to this point.\nCreate problems similar to Problems 1-16 that can be solved from your graph.\n\nFourteenth Grade\nProblems in Interest\n\n1. What is the interest on $2250 for 1 year at 4%?\n1. Mr. Williams borrowed $4750 from his bank at 6%.\n(a) How much interest does he pay every six months?\n(b) How much does he pay in interest in total?\n1. A man borrows $1850 at 5% for 2 years. How much interest is paid on the debt in 3 years?\n2. What is the interest on $690 at 4% for 2 years and 6 months?\n3. A college senior borrows $250 from the Student Aid Fund at 4%, keeping the money for 1 year and 6 months. How much interest does he pay?\n4. Mr. Jones wishes to buy a lot that costs $3500. He has $3000 on hand and borrows the remainder from his bank for 60 days at 6%. What does the lot really cost him?\n5. Mr. Franklin has the following sums out at interest:\nFind the interest on each of the following sums, at the given rate, and for the indicated time:\n\nPrincipal Rate Time\n------ ---- ------\n$400 2 years\n1. What is the simple interest on $620 for 2 years at 4%?\n(a) Simple interest on $620 for 2 years at 4% is $252.80.\n\n2. (a) The simple interest on $620 for 2 years at 4% is $252.80.\n(b) The compound interest on $620 for 2 years at 4%, compounded semiannually, is $665.52.\n(c) The difference between simple and compound interest is that compound interest includes the interest earned on the interest previously accrued.\n\n3. When James Leslie was 12 years old, his father placed $250 in his account in the Newton Savings Bank at 4% compound interest. What will this sum amount to in 2 years, if the interest is compounded every six months?\nThe sum will amount to $289.31.\n\n4. If $1250 is deposited at 4%, compounded semi-annually, what will it amount to in 2 years?\nIt will amount to $1337.29.\n\n5. Compound interest on a deposit of $385 compounded semiannually for 1 year 6 months at 4% is $411.24.\nHow much will Julia have on deposit if it is left undisturbed for 2 years?\n\n1. What is the compound interest on $800 left to draw interest for 3 years at 4%, compounded semi-annually?\n\nProblems in Percentage\n1. The car averaged 16.4 mi. per gallon of gasoline before the carburetor was adjusted. After the adjustment, it averaged 20.5 mi. What was the percentage increase in mileage?\n2. Membership in the City Club increased from 400 to 475. What was the percentage increase?\n\nSeventh Grade\n3. During the school year, the register of a school increased by 400. This was 25% of the register on the first day in September. What was the register on the last day of June?\n4. An auditorium seats 550 pupils. If there are 2200 pupils in the school, what percentage can be seated at a time?\n5. Mr. Dean bought an old house for $3600.\nWhat was the selling price of the house after spending $1400 on repairs and paint and making a 15% profit?\n1. A farmer sold 16.24% of his herd (180 cows) at an average price of $115 each. How much did he receive for the cows he sold?\n2. A grocer bought a case containing 240 oranges. He found that 24 were spoiled. What percentage were good?\n3. Find the standing of each team for 1928. Arrange the teams in each league in order of standing, placing the highest at the top.\n\nAmerican League \n| Team | Won | Lost |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Boston | | |\n| Brooklyn | | |\n| New York | | |\n| Philadelphia | | |\n| St. Louis | | |\n| Chicago | | |\n\nNational League \n| Team | Won | Lost |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| New York | | |\n| Cleveland | | |\n| Pittsburgh | | |\n| Detroit | | |\n| Boston | | |\n| Philadelphia | | |\n| Cincinnati | | |\n| Chicago | | |\n| St. Louis | | |\n| Washington | | |\n\nA farmer's annual income is $1600, which represents 8% of the total sum he invested in the farm. How much money is invested in the farm?\n10. Mr. Jackson bought a hundred-acre farm for $12,500. He sold it for $15,000. What was the percentage gain per acre?\n\nProblem 10: Calculate the percentage gain per acre for Mr. Jackson's farm sale\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n1. A real estate agent sold 3 lots for $750, $975, and $1025, respectively. What was his commission at 5%?\n\nProblem 1: Calculate the commission for a real estate agent selling 3 lots\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n2. For selling real estate, an agent charges 4% commission. How much should he receive for selling 5 lots?\n\nProblem 2: Calculate the commission for a real estate agent selling 5 lots\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n3. A traveling salesman earned $3600 last year, of which $1200 was salary. The remainder was his commission at 5% on sales. What was the amount of his sales last year?\n\nProblem 3: Calculate the sales amount for a traveling salesman with a $3600 income and 5% commission\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n4. A lawyer collected 80% of a debt of $2560 at 5% commission. How much did the creditor receive?\n\nProblem 4: Calculate the amount the creditor received after the lawyer collected his commission\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n5. Find the net proceeds of a sale of 450 bbl. of potatoes at $3.75 per barrel. Commission, 3%.\n\nProblem 5: Calculate the net proceeds for selling 450 barrels of potatoes with a 3% commission\nhis agent sold them at $0.75 per basket. The freight charges amounted to $45.50; the rate of commission was 3%. (a) What was the agent's commission? (b) How much did the grower receive?\n\n7. A commission merchant sold 1240 bu. of wheat at $10.00 per bushel. He deducted 50% for commission. What were the net proceeds of the sale?\n\n8. A cotton broker bought 500 bales of cotton for a New England mill. The cotton weighed 245,000 lb. and sold for $0.224 per pound. Find the commission at 5%.\n\n9. I shipped my apples, 380 bbl. of which he sold at $2.75 per barrel on a 5% commission, (a) His commission was $..., (b) the net proceeds were $...\n1. How long will it take to travel 1254 miles by train at an average speed of 45.6 miles per hour?\n2. What must Mr. Sanford pay for 3 carloads of bricks, each containing 8000 bricks, at $27.50 per thousand?\n3. How many pint bottles can be filled from 4 cans containing 20 gallons each?\n4. What is the area of a rectangular plot of ground which measures 18 ft. 6 in. by 100 ft?\n5. A school buys 180 half-pint bottles of milk daily at $0.04 a bottle. The milk is sold at $0.05 a bottle. How many additional bottles can be bought with the difference between the total cost and the total selling price?\n6. A cubic foot of ice weighs 56.8 lb. How many pounds are there in a cake of ice 4 ft long, 3 ft wide, and 1 ft thick?\n7. What will 16250 lb. of coal cost at $14.50 a ton?\n8. Fred worked for 26 days for $7.50 a day. He earned how much?\n20% of his earnings went into the bank. How much did he deposit?\n9. John has a camera that takes moving pictures. Each separate picture in the reel measures f inches in height. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 ft. long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house amounted to $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and was allowed a discount of 10%. At this rate, what was the net cost per ton?\n11. How far will a train travel in 24.5 hours if the average speed is 42.8 mi. per hour?\n\nProblem 1: A man saves 20% of his earnings. He deposits X dollars in the bank. How much does he earn in a month, given that he earns Y dollars in a month?\n9. John has a camera that takes moving pictures. Each picture in the reel is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a discount of 10%. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels 24.5 hours at an average speed of 42.8 miles per hour. How far does it travel?\n\nProblem 1: What is the amount a man saves each month if he saves 20% of his earnings, and he earns Y dollars in a month?\n9. John's camera takes moving pictures. Each picture is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a 10% discount. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels for 24.5 hours at an average speed of 42.8 miles per hour. How far does it travel?\n\n1. A man saves 20% of his monthly earnings, which amount to Y dollars. How much does he save each month?\n9. John's camera takes moving pictures. Each picture is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a 10% discount. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels for 24.5 hours at an average speed of 42.8 miles per hour. How far does it travel?\n\n1. If a man earns Y dollars a month and saves 20%, how much does he save?\n9. John's camera takes moving pictures. Each picture is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a 10% discount. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels for 24.5 hours at an average speed of 42.8 miles per hour. How far does it travel?\n\n1. A man saves 20% of his monthly earnings of Y dollars. How much does he save?\n9. John's camera takes moving pictures. Each picture is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a 10% discount. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels for 24.5 hours at an average speed of 42.8 miles per hour. How far does it travel?\n\nA man saves 20% of his monthly earnings of Y dollars. How much does he save?\n9. John's camera takes moving pictures. Each picture is f inches high. How many pictures are in a reel that is 150 feet long?\n10. Mr. Wallace's coal bill for an apartment house was $645 for 60 tons. He paid cash and received a 10% discount. What was the cost per ton after the discount?\n11. A train travels for 24.5 hours at an average speed\n14.  Mr.  Brown  sold  an  automobile  for  $1680.  This \nwas  70%  of  the  cost.  What  did  the  automobile  cost  him? \n16.  A  train  leaving  Cleveland  at  8  a.m.  reaches  Wash\u00ac \nington  at  10.15  p.M.  The  distance  traveled  is  489  mi.* \nWhat  is  the  average  mileage  per  hour? \n16.  The  school  record  for  the  running  high  jump  is \n6  ft.  5j  in.  Walter  can  jump  5  ft.  ll|  in.  How  far  is  he \nbelow  the  record? \n17.  The  owner  of  a  stationery  store  bought  a  gross  of \npencils  for  $4.80.  He  sold  them  at  5^  each.  What  is  the \nper  cent  of  profit  on  the  gross?  ^ \n18.  There  are  244,000  Indians  in  the  United  States. \nOf  this  number,  5500  live  in  New  York.  What  per  cent \nlive  in  New  York? \n19.  A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62.5  lb.  What  is  the \nweight  of  the  water  in  a  tank  with  a  capacity  of  72.8  cu.  ft. \nif  the  tank  is  only  half  full? \n20.  When  Mr.  Gordon  started  on  a  trip,  the  speedom\u00ac \nIn 1928, Haldeman and Stinson flew their airplane for 53 hours 36 minutes 30 seconds. In the same year, Zimmerman in Germany flew for 65 hours 25 minutes. How much longer did Zimmerman stay in the air than Haldeman and Stinson?\n\nQuestion: Mr. Gordon's daily travel distances\n1. Mr. Gordon traveled: 6500.2 mi., 6750.8 mi., 6925.1 mi., 7210 mi.\n2. Average daily mileage: (Total miles) / (Number of days) = (6500.2 + 6750.8 + 6925.1 + 7210) / 4 = 7033.525 mi. per day\n\nQuestion: Duration of flight for Haldeman and Stinson versus Zimmerman\n3. Difference in flight duration: 65 hours 25 minutes - 53 hours 36 minutes 30 seconds = 12 hours 49 minutes 30 seconds = 779.5 minutes\n\nQuestion: Profit from selling blank books\n4. Cost price per book: $0.04\nSelling price per book: $0.08\nProfit per book: $0.04\nProfit from selling 10 dozen books: $0.04 * 120 books = $4.80\n\nQuestion: Mrs. Waldon's grocery order and change\n5. Mrs. Waldon ordered: 12 apples at $0.15 per apple, 1 dozen oranges at $6 per dozen, and 3 dozen bananas at $0.03 per banana\nTotal cost: 12 apples * $0.15 + 1 dozen oranges * $6 + 3 dozen bananas * $0.03 * 30 = $7.81\nChange from $5: $5 - $7.81 = -$2.81 (Mrs. Waldon should pay an additional $2.81)\n\nQuestion: Farmer's wheat yield\n6. Farmer planted 60 acres in wheat.\n7. Yield: Unknown.\n35.5 bu./acre. At $1.45/bushel, what did he receive for the wheat?\n25. What is the area of a right triangle with a base of 64 ft. and an altitude of 27 ft?\n26. Mr. Stuart built a new barn at a cost of $1250. He paid $750 down and agreed to pay $250 semiannually until the barn was paid for. How long will it take him to pay for the barn?\n27. A commission merchant sold 1250 bu. of wheat at $1.15/bushel and 500 bbl. of oats at $.80/bushel. He deducted 5% and sent a check to his client for the balance. What was the amount of the check?\n28. What is the area of a triangular garden plot having one square corner, a base measuring 12 ft., and an altitude of 12 ft?\n29. Mr. Wallace borrowed money on June 15, 1929, and paid it back on May 20, 1930. How long did he have the money?\nStep-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Application of Percentage\nA B C D E\nCost Rate of Gain Selling Price Amount of Sale Rate of Commission Net Proceeds\nCost Selling Price Rate of Loss Amount of Sale Net Proceeds Rate of Commission Gain Per Cent of Gain\nCost Commission Per Cent of Commission Amount of Sale List Price Discount Net Price\nA B c D E\nPrincipal Rate Time\n3yr Interest Principal Rate Time 2 yr.lOmo Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Quarterly Compound Interest\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nSame \u2014 Different Test\nRead each pair of statements. If they are the same, write\n149. Step-by-Step Test Drill \u2014 Application of Percentage II\nA B c D E\nPrincipal Rate Time\n3yr Interest Principal Rate Time 2 yr.lOmo Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nAmount Principal Rate Time Amount Principal Rate Time\nQuarterly Compound Interest\nTo find the interest on a given sum, I must know the rate. To find the net proceeds, I subtract expenses from revenue. There are two kinds of bank accounts, savings and checking. Expenses that are necessary to carry on a business are called expenses. Money received for services on a weekly, monthly, or yearly basis is called income. Money received for executing an order or selling goods is called revenue. The principal plus the interest is called the amount due. A plan for spending money is called a budget. The amount of money a family has to live on is called living expenses. The amount of money that is left to your account in a bank is called the balance. When goods are bought for less than the list price, they are bought at a discount.\nA triangle with a right angle is called a right-angled triangle. A four-sided figure with four right angles is called a square. When a small line is used to represent a long line in a drawing, it is called a representation.\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\nSection 152. Foreign Money\n\nAmerican manufacturers and merchants have established an extensive trade with many foreign countries, as you have learned from your study of geography. American imports and exports run into vast sums yearly, especially with respect to certain European countries. Moreover, many Americans travel abroad each year, and many foreigners visit our land.\n\nIn our trading with foreign lands, it becomes necessary for us to exchange United States money for foreign money. For example, in trading with England, United States money must be exchanged for its equivalent value in English money. An American about to travel in France would need to exchange American dollars for French francs.\nUnited States money is based on the decimal system. 10 dimes = 1 dollar. Instead of learning the above table, the English schoolboy learns: 20 shillings = 1 pound (\u00a3). The English penny is worth approximately 1/2 cent, the English shilling is worth approximately 25 pennies (24.2p), and the English pound is worth approximately $5 ($4.8665).\n\nThe French schoolboy learns: 100 centimes (c.) = 1 franc (fr.). Before World War I, the franc was equivalent in value to about $0.201 (19.3 US cents). This was its par value. Today, the franc is worth about $0.042 (41.7 US cents). This is its exchange value.\n\nApproximate value in United States money: $0.201 (19.3 US cents) for an English pound, $0.042 (41.7 US cents) for a French franc.\nAn American merchant paid a French manufacturer 1 dollar.\n\nWhat is the approximate value in francs today?\n\nThe German schoolboy learns: The German mark today is worth about $0.2382.\n\nWhat is the approximate value in francs of 10 marks?\n\nThe Italian schoolboy learns to use the lira, a coin which is equivalent to about $0.05236. A one-dollar bill could be exchanged for approximately how many lire?\n\nWhat is the approximate value in lire of 5 lire? Of 40 lire?\n\nCountry | Unit | Exact Value | Approximate Value\n-------|-------|--------------|---------------------\nEngland | shilling | - | \u00a31\nEngland | pound | - | \u00a320\nFrance | franc | - | -\nGermany | mark | 1 | 2.382\nItaly | lira | - | -\n\nProblem 153:\nAn American merchant paid a French manufacturer 1 dollar.\n\nWhat is the approximate value in francs today?\n50 frames for each lace collar. Each collar would be worth about $12.50 in United States money.\n2. A certain book is sold in Paris at the cost of 10 fr. What would it cost in our money? $0.43\n3. A traveler paid 10 million fr. for a German book. It would cost $132,222 in United States money.\n4. An American traveling in England exchanged $25 for English money. He received about \u00a3196.85\n5. Mr. Johnson bought an overcoat in London for \u00a35. That would be equivalent to about $6.40 in United States money.\n6. In a certain shop in Rome, copies of famous paintings were sold at 1000 scudi each. In our money they would cost $1260\n7. An Englishman exchanged \u00a3200 for United States currency. How much did he receive? $2611.25\n8. One dollar of our money is worth about 41.3 fr. in Paris; 296.40 M. in Berlin; 2392 lire in Italy.\n\u201cI  have  a  new  copy  of  Alice  in  Wonderland,  which  cost \ntwo  dollars.\u201d  Jeanne  thought,  \u201cFlora  paid  _  fr.  for \nher  book.\u201d \n10.  Complete  this  table: \nApproximate  Value  in \nCountry  Coin  or  Note  Abbreviation  U.  S.  Money \nFrance \npound \nlira \nSEVENTH  GRADE \n154.  Taxes \nEvery  child  who  has  studied  American  history  knows \nthat  the  cry  of  ^\u2018No  taxation  without  representation\u2019\u2019 \nhad  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  Revolutionary  War. \nEvery  father  or  mother  who  owns  property  or  who  has  an \nincome  has  talked  about  taxes.  People  who  come  back \nto  America  from  foreign  countries  meet  a  customs  officer \nwho  looks  over  what  is  brought  in  to  see  whether  a  duty \nshould  be  paid.  Let  us  see  what  taxes  mean  and  what \nthey  have  to  do  with  us  as  individuals. \nWe  live  in  a  great  city.  We  see  about  us  policemen, \nfiremen,  street  cleaners,  and  many  others  who  are  em\u00ac \nEmployees of the city. We go to a public school where we find teachers and principals, and where we are furnished with textbooks and supplies. We go through the streets and find them being repaved and lit. We go into our homes and find water supplied in our apartments and houses. We hear of a mayor, of a judge, of dock departments, bank departments, health departments, hospitals, prisons, and of a number of other city activities. Do we always stop to think how these are paid for? We say the city pays for them. That is true, but the city government cannot get its money for these activities except through its citizens. This means that your parents and all other members of the community must raise the money necessary to provide these advantages. This money is raised by taxation, and the different forms of raising it are called taxes.\nEvery year, our city government makes a careful estimate of how much money will be needed to carry on the work of the government for the following year. This is called making the city budget. Each department of the government, such as education, police, health, fire, and so on, has a separate estimate made for its needs. The sum of all these estimates for all the departments of government is called the budget. The city now has to plan how to raise this money through taxes.\n\nTaxes for the city are generally a percentage of the estimated value of real property and personal property.\n\nReal property means land and the buildings on it. Personal property is movable property such as furniture, mortgages, or livestock.\n\nThe tax rate is a very important matter. Lowering or raising it means much to the taxpayer. Let's see how the tax rate is found.\nA small town plans to raise $21,000 for the next year's budget through taxation on real estate. Since personal property tax contributions are usually small, we will calculate how the entire amount could be raised from the town's real estate, which is valued at $875,000. This equates to $21,000, which can be read as 24 mills on each dollar of assessed valuation, $2.40 on each hundred dollars, or $24 on each thousand dollars.\n\nA property owner with an assessed valuation of $1000 would pay $24 in taxes. One with an assessed valuation of $2000 would pay $48, and one with an assessed valuation of $1500 would pay $21.60, one with an assessed valuation of $5000 would pay $120, one with an assessed valuation of $7500 would pay $180, and one with an assessed valuation of $20,000 would pay $480.\n1. Problems:\n1. A man pays how much tax on property assessed at $35,500 with a tax rate of $1.84 per hundred?\n2. What will the tax amount to for property worth $60,000, assessed at half its real value, if the tax rate is $0.015 per dollar?\n3. How much is the tax for Mr. Henry's property worth $45,000 if the tax rate is $18.50 per thousand?\n4. Three years ago, the assessed valuation of property tax rate was $0.025 per dollar for both years. How much more in taxes was raised this year than three years ago?\n5. A man owns property valued at $50,000. In 1925, it was assessed at 60% of its value, and the tax rate was $20.50 per thousand. In 1929, it was assessed at 75% of its value, and the tax rate was $19.50 per thousand. In which year were his taxes higher, and how much higher were they?\n6. Find the tax on each of the following:\n\n(Note: No cleaning was necessary as the text was already clean and readable.)\nValue of Property Assessed at Rate per hundred: 90%, 60%, 100%, 75%, 70%\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n\n156. United States Government Taxes \u2014\nCustoms and Duties\n\nOur national government must raise money for its various activities, just as the state and the city do. It does not tax real estate, however, but levies taxes on other things. It raises great sums on the incomes of individuals and corporations. Persons with smaller incomes pay not only less but at a lower rate than persons with large incomes. The national government also levies taxes on goods imported into the United States from foreign countries. You have learned something about this kind of tax from your history, particularly from discussions of the tariff. Taxes on goods imported from other countries are called customs or duties. They are levied either to protect domestic industries or to raise revenue.\nRaise money to support the government or to prevent poorer-paid foreign workmen from selling goods at low prices in our country, throwing out of work or forcing to accept lower wages our better-paid American workmen.\n\nDuties or customs are not levied on all imported goods. Some goods are admitted free. Goods that are taxed may be divided into three classes:\n\n1. Goods taxed on their cost or value. Such goods are subject to an ad valorem duty, which is a certain percentage of the value of the goods as stated in their invoice.\n2. Goods taxed according to quantity; that is, a certain amount per yard or per pound. This is called specific duty and does not consider the value of the goods.\n3. Goods that are subject to both an ad valorem and a specific duty.\n\nState which kind of duty is levied in each of the following cases:\n\n1. Goods taxed with a percentage of their value.\n2. Goods taxed with a fixed amount per unit, regardless of their value.\n3. Goods taxed with both a percentage of their value and a fixed amount per unit.\nThe duty on bacon is 2 pounds.\nThe duty on corn is 15 bushels.\nLace is subject to a duty of 90% of its value.\nBarley is subject to a duty of 20 cents per bushel.\nCotton cloth is subject to a duty of 10% to 45% of its value.\nThe duty on lard is 1 pound.\nWool blankets are subject to duty as follows: from 30% to 40% of value and 18 cents to 37 cents per pound, depending on the quality.\nThe duty on Oriental rugs is 55% of the value.\nPrinting paper is subject to a duty of 10% of the value and 1 pound.\n\nThe duty on scissors is 45% of the value and from 157 pence.\nCountry: British South Africa, Australia, China, Japan, Philippine Islands\n\nExports: --, $158,000,000, $50,000,000, $10,000,000\nImports: $158,000,000, $102,000,000, $55,000,000, $8,000,000\n\n1.5 Problem Analysis\n1. Read the problem carefully.\n2. What facts are given? - The value of exports and imports for each country in one year.\n3. What am I to find? - The cost to excavate a cellar 24 ft. long, 21 ft. wide, and 12 ft. deep.\n4. How shall I solve it? - Multiply the length, width, and depth, then multiply the result by the cost per cubic yard.\n\nWhat is the cost to excavate a cellar 24 ft. long, 21 ft. wide, and 12 ft. deep at $75 per cubic yard?\n\nFind the volume of the cellar: 24 ft. * 21 ft. * 12 ft. = 6048 cubic feet.\n\nFind the cost: 6048 cubic feet * $75/cubic foot = $453,600.\nA contractor worked on a job that cost him $3600 to complete. He wished his profit to be 12% of the cost. What did he charge the man who employed him to make this profit?\n\nWhat is the percentage of gain on silk bought at $1.50 a yard and sold at $2.25 a yard?\n\nA farmer sells his produce through a commission merchant who charges 10% commission. What will the farmer receive for a load of produce which sells for $500?\n\n6. A mechanic earns $13640 a year. He saves 12% of his money. At this rate, how much will he save in 4 years?\n\n6. Find the cost of railroad tickets for a family of 5 adults for a trip 800 mi. long at $3 a mile.\n\n7. The list price of an article is $46.50. It is marked down 40%. What must I pay for it?\n\n8. (a) How many feet of chicken wire are needed to enclose a square area with a side length of 25 feet?\n49 ft. wide and 62 ft. long. What is the cost to enclose the plot at 12 yards?\n\n9 The governor of a state receives $25,000 a year.\nThe mayor of a city in that state receives $45,000 a year.\nWhat percentage of the mayor\u2019s salary is the governor\u2019s salary?\n\n10 Frank left for the country on the 9:20 a.m. train.\nHe reached his destination at 12:15 p.m. How many minutes did he spend on the train?\n\n11 The distance from New York to Boston by boat is 305 nautical miles. A nautical mile is equivalent to 1.152 statute miles. What is the distance in statute miles?\n\n12 The distance from Chicago to Washington is 874 miles. The trip is made in 28.5 hours. What is the average mileage per hour?\n\n13 Mr. Wilson borrowed $8000 from the bank on February 1, 1930. He paid it back with interest.\nSeptember 1, 1930\n\n1. What is the discounted price of an article with a catalog price of $24.50, given a 20% discount?\n2. A house was bought for $11,500 and sold for what amount?\n\n14. What is the tax rate in a town with an assessed real estate valuation of $250,000 and a budget of $20,000?\n15. A clerk saves $12 per month, representing 8% of his salary. How much does he earn in a year?\n\nProblem 15:\n(a) How long does it take the train to make the trip, leaving at 1.15 and reaching the destination at 1.45?\n(b) At that rate, how far does the train travel in an hour?\n(c) What is the average speed per minute?\n(d) Approximately how many miles have been traveled at 1.30?\n\nComplete each problem by supplying a question and then solving it.\nMr. Edwards' average sales amount to $2500 a week. He receives an 8% commission.\nAn agent sold Mr. Brown's 125-acre farm for $9375. He charged a 5% commission.\nMr. Baird borrowed $1500 from the bank for one year at 6%.\nA farmer with a 250-acre farm planted 75 acres in wheat.\nIn a recent election, 125,000 persons were entitled to vote. Only 85,000 voted.\nThere were 480 pupils enrolled in a summer school. Of this number, 85% were promoted.\nMr. Spear invested $15,000 and earned a profit of $675. Mr. Barrows invested $12,500 at a profit of $650.\nGold production in the United States dropped from 1600 tons to:\nApproximating Answers\nExample: The catalog price for a lawn mower is $12.50. A special discount of 10% was allowed Mr. Ford. What was the net price?\nIn the following problems, select from the four answers the correct one:\n1. A dealer gave a farmer a 10% discount for paying cash for his reaper. The discount was $14.50. Find the regular price.\n2. Find the area of a right triangle with a base of 45 ft and an altitude of 20 ft.\n3. A man bought a lot for $1500 and sold it for $3000. What was his gain percentage?\n4. An article was bought for $2.40 and sold at a 12% discount. Find the selling price.\n5. A real estate dealer sold a house for $24,000 with a commission rate of 4%. How much commission was due?\n\n1. An agent collected 75% of a debt of $9000. How much did he collect?\n2. For what price must a merchant sell a coat that costs $?\n1. To gain 33.5%, a stationery dealer buys pencils at $4.50 per gross and sells them at $5 each. How much profit does he make?\n2. A record for the high jump is 6 ft 5 in. Fred can jump 5 ft 8 in. How much higher must he jump to reach the record?\n3. At $0.60 an hour, what will a man earn in total for working for 6 hours?\n4. Find the interest on $900 for 1 year and 3 months at 4%.\n5. Wages in a factory were reduced 12%. What will a man receive whose wages were $16 a day before the cut?\n6. How many quarter-pound packages can be made from 8 lb. of tea?\n7. An aviator who flies to an altitude of 2.2 miles has risen how many feet?\n8. Changing the wording of Problems\nExample: What is the interest on $6000 for 1 year?\n(a) $6000 loaned for 1 year at 6% earns _\n(b) The rate is 6%; the time, 1 year; the principal, $6000.\nWhat is the interest? Try to vary the wording of the following problems as much as possible:\n\n1. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 lb. What does 12 cubic feet weigh?\n2. Mr. Mead bought a house for $12,600 and sold it for $15,000. What was the rate of gain?\n3. Railroad fare is $0.035 per mile. Find the cost of a ticket for a trip of 360 miles.\n4. A man's yearly salary is $4,200. What is his monthly salary?\n5. Mr. Ward has a yearly income of $5,000. He budgets his income, setting aside 30% for food. How many dollars does he allow for food?\n6. A dress marked $27.50 was offered for sale at a reduction of 20%. What was the selling price?\n7. A man's yearly salary was raised from $3,000 to $3,500. What was the percentage of increase?\n\nMr. Walton invested $13,000 in property.\nWhat is the rate of return on an investment that brought in an income of $1300 yearly?\n\nProblem 9: A holiday sale announcement read: \"50 coats, 20% off.\" What was the selling price of the coats if they were originally priced at $35?\n\nProblem 1: A desk costing _ is sold at a loss of _%. What is the selling price?\nMr. Reid was forced to sell his automobile for _ less than he paid for it. This was a loss of _% of the cost. What was the cost to Mr. Reid?\nA school team played _ baseball games and won _ What percentage of the games did it win?\nMrs. Robinson's gas meter read _ on May 1 and _ on June 1. At $x per thousand, what will her gas bill amount to?\nWhat is the average weight of packages, weighing  lb, lb, lb, and lb respectively?\n6. What was the average deposit per week for Mary's weekly deposits in the school bank?\n7. Mr. Dure drove his automobile miles on gallons of gasoline. What was the average mileage per gallon?\n8. In 1924, Mr. Roberts bought an automobile for --. A few years later, he traded it in for a new car that cost --. He gave the old car and in cash. What was he allowed for the old car?\n9. Mr. Moffat built a concrete walk in front of his property. It was ft. wide and ft. long. The cost was per square foot. What was the total cost?\n\nProblems for Silent Reading:\nAfter each problem, you will find a question followed by four answers. Select the correct answer:\n\n1. Mr. Stevens ordered groceries from a wholesale dealer to the amount of $750. He paid cash.\n2. What is the average weight of packages, weighing lb, lb, lb, and lb respectively?\n3. What was the average deposit per week for Mary's weekly deposits in the school bank?\n4. Mr. Dure drove his automobile miles on gallons of gasoline. What was the average mileage per gallon?\n5. In 1924, Mr. Roberts bought an automobile for --. A few years later, he traded it in for a new car that cost --. He gave the old car and in cash. What was he allowed for the old car?\n6. Mr. Moffat built a concrete walk in front of his property. It was ft. wide and ft. long. The cost was per square foot. What was the total cost?\nWhat is the discount percentage? What is the amount Mr. Stevens paid for the goods?\n\n(a) The discount percentage is 6%.\n(b) The amount Mr. Stevens paid is given, but it is not provided in the text.\n(c) The rate of discount is given.\n(d) The number of articles bought is not given.\n\nWhich of the following is given in the problem about Mrs. Ward's loan?\n(a) The interest earned in one year.\n(b) The interest earned in two years.\n(c) The amount.\n\nMrs. Ward loaned $250 for 2 years at 6%. How much interest does she earn?\n\n(a) To find the interest earned in one year, multiply the principal by the annual interest rate and then by the number of years. Divide the result by 2 to get the semiannual interest.\n(b) To find the interest earned in two years, multiply the principal by the annual interest rate and then multiply the result by the number of years.\n(c) The amount is $250.\n(d) The interest due semiannually is not given.\n\nAnna earns $5 a week. She budgets her money as follows: savings, 50%; amusement, 20%; books and supplies, 30%. How much does she set aside for each item?\n\nWhat is given in the problem about Anna's budget?\n(a) The number of hours Anna works is not given.\n(b) The amount she spends on books is given.\n(c) The percentage she saves is given.\n(d) Anna's earnings per day are not given.\n1. The real estate agent charges 5% for selling property. What price must he ask for the property to earn a commission of $100? Which of the following are you finding?\n(a) The commission\n(b) The cost of the property\n(c) The price the agent must ask for the property\n(d) The amount the owner will receive\n\n2. Is it better to be excused from a $5 bill or to receive a 20% discount? How much would you save by choosing the larger discount?\nWhich of the following facts are given?\n(a) The amount saved by being excused\n(h) The amount saved by a 20% discount\n(c) The amount of the bill\n(d) The saving by choosing the larger discount\n\n3. If an automobile depreciates 18% in value during the first year, what will a car that costs $2400 be worth at the end of the year?\nWhich of the following are you finding?\nThe amount of depreciation.\nThe value of the car after 6 months.\nThe cost of the car upkeep.\nThe value of the car after 1 year.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nContents of Rectangular Solids\nCompare this figure with a candy box, a match box, a chalk box. How many sides does it have? What shape are the sides?\n\nA solid that has six rectangular sides or faces is called a rectangular solid.\nA rectangular solid has three measurements. This solid has _ square sides or faces,\nmeasuring _ inches on each edge.\n\nA solid that is 1 inch long, 1 inch wide, and 1 inch high is called a cubic inch or an inch cube.\nThis diagram shows the bottom layer of a candy box which is to be filled with caramels.\nEach caramel is an inch cube.\nHow many caramels can be placed in one row?\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nHow many cubic inches are there in one row?\nHow many cubic inches are in a brick, 6 inches by 6 inches by 3 inches?\nHow many cubic inches are in a box, 9 inches by 6 inches by 3 inches?\nHow many inch cubes can be fitted into boxes with these inside measurements:\n\nLength Width Height\n--- --- ---\n\n1. How many cubic inches are in a 4-inch cube?\n\nThe volume of a rectangular solid is equal to the product of the length, width, and height, expressed in the same unit of measure. The volume of a rectangular solid is sometimes called the cubical contents. Use pencil if needed.\nFind the volume of each rectangular solid:\n\n1. A cube with sides of 10 inches\n2. A cube with sides of 5 inches\n3. A cube with sides of 6 inches\n4. A cube with sides of 3 inches\n\nWhat is the cubical content of each of the following boxes? Cubical content or volume can be measured in other cubic units than the cubic inch. We pay for gas or water by the cubic foot. We speak of the number of cubic feet of air allowed each pupil in the classroom. Wood is bought and sold by the cord, which is equivalent to 128 cubic feet.\n\nThis cube is 1 ft. long, 1 ft. wide, and 1 ft. high. It is called a cubic foot.\n\nTo what scale is this cube drawn? Compare it with the scale for the drawing of the cubic inch. Is a cubic foot larger or smaller than a cubic inch?\n\nDraw a cubic inch at the blackboard. Next to it, draw a cubic foot using the exact measurements, without pencil.\nFind the volume of the following:\n\n1. A solid is 4 ft. long, 2 ft. wide, and 3 ft. deep. How many cubic feet does it contain?\n2. A cord of wood is 8 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 4 ft. high. What is its volume?\n3. What is the volume of a rectangular solid measuring : (missing)\n\nUse pencil if needed. Find the capacity (cubic contents or volume) of:\n\nContractors use a still larger cubic unit for measuring the amount of dirt that has been excavated. A cubic yard is _ yard long, _ yard wide, and _ yard deep. Find the volume of a solid that measures:\n\nOften dimensions are not given in the same unit. Suppose we wish to find the cubical contents of a bin that measures 8 ft. by 7 ft. by 6 in. Change measurements to the same denomination, and find the volume:\n\n8 x 7 x 6 = 288.3168 cubic feet (1 ft. = 12 in.)\nThe cubic inch, cubic foot, and cubic yard are the measures commonly used in finding volume or capacity. It is necessary, in solving practical problems, to change from one unit of measure to another. A cubic foot measures 12 inches for all three dimensions. 12 x 12 x 12 = 1728, the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot. A cubic yard is _ ft. long, _ ft. wide, and _ ft. high. A cubic yard is equal to _ cubic feet.\n\nSupply the missing numbers:\ncu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ... cu. in. ...\ncu. ft. ... cu. ft. ... cu. yd. ... cu. yd. ... cu. yd. ... cu. ft. ... cu. ft. ... cu. ft.\n\n17. Change 16 cubic feet to cubic inches.\n18. How many cubic yards are there in 428 cubic feet?\n\n16. cubic inches = 1728 cubic inches\n17. To find the number of cubic inches in 16 cubic feet, multiply 1728 by 16: 1728 x 16 = 27,584 cubic inches\n18. To find the number of cubic yards in 428 cubic feet, divide 428 by 27: 428 / 27 \u2248 15.78 cubic yards\n\nTherefore, the cost of excavating a cellar 16 ft. by 18 ft. by 12 ft. at $70 a cubic yard is:\n\n15.78 cubic yards x $70/cubic yard = $1,104.60.\n1. How many cubic yards of earth were removed in digging a cellar 18 ft. long, 12 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep?\n2. What is the capacity of a tank 18.5 ft. by 15 ft. by 3 ft.?\n3. How many cubic yards of earth were removed in digging a trench 28 ft. long, 6 ft. deep, and 4 ft. wide?\n4. It costs $2 per load to draw gravel. If the dimensions of the wagon are 9 ft. by 3 ft. by 2 ft., what is the cost per cubic yard?\n5. A contractor charged $0.55 per cubic yard for excavating a cellar 25 ft. by 15 ft. by 12 ft. What was the cost of excavating?\n6. How many cubic feet of cut stone and concrete are required?\nAre there in a wall 18 ft. long, 12 ft. high, and 3 ft. wide?\nHow many cubic feet of water are there in a swimming tank 35 ft. long, 25 ft. wide, and 8 ft. 8 in. deep when the tank is full?\n1. The excavation for an office building is 90 ft. x 75 ft. x 24 ft. How many cubic yards of earth were removed?\na. The contractor's price was $0.75 a cubic yard. What was the cost of removing the earth?\n2. A tank measures 30 ft. by 8 ft. by 5 J ft. What is its capacity?\n10. What is the cost, at $42 a square foot, to lay 12 square feet of pavement?\nThe excavation for the cellar of a bungalow is 34 ft. long, 26 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep.\na. How many cubic yards of earth were removed in making the excavation?\nIf the contractor's price was $75 per cubic yard, what was the cost of removing the earth?\n\n1. How many cubic feet are there in a storage bin 20 yards long, 14 yards wide, and 8 feet high?\n2. If there are 36 cubic feet in a ton of coal, how many tons can be stored in a bin 14 feet X 10 feet X 8 feet?\n3. In removing stone from a quarry, an excavation 250 feet long, 110 feet wide, and 48 feet deep was made,\n(a) How many cubic feet of stone were removed? (b) How many cubic yards?\n4. Find the capacity of a packing case with inside dimensions 6 feet 6 inches by 4 feet 6 inches by 3 feet.\n*17. How many cubic feet are there in a concrete dam 40 yards long, 10 feet 4 inches high, and 22 inches thick?\n\nIf you can score 100% on this test, compete row against row. The score is the number right. The row having the highest number of correct answers is the best.\nThe highest average score wins. Supply the missing numbers: A, B.\n12 doz. = _ pencils.\n1 gross = _ doz.\nSEVENTH GRADE\n169. A Holiday in the South\nThe Rogers family of five took a trip to the South for a holiday this winter. Look at the map and tell how they traveled from place to place.\n1. Mr. Rogers bought tickets for all his family for the trip from New York to Jacksonville at $36.55 each. (a) What did he pay in total for tickets? Since they spent one night on the train, he had to get sleeping accommodations. He reserved a compartment at $30.75 and two lower berths at $10.88 each. Meals on the train averaged $3 a day for each person. (b) What was the total cost of the railroad trip?\n2. They left New York at 9:40 a.m. and reached Jacksonville at 9 a.m. the next day. How many hours did it take to make the trip?\n3. Elsie examined the time-table and observed that their train stopped at the following cities: New York, Jersey City, Newark, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, and Jacksonville. Through which states did they pass?\n\n4. The train traversed the lines of three railroads. The following figures display the mileage on each road:\n\nI II H\nNew York 0 mi. Washington 0 mi. Richmond 0 mi.\nPhiladelphia 91 mi. Richmond 114 mi. Charleston 399 mi.\nBaltimore 187 mi. Jacksonville 681 mi.\nWashington 227 mi.\n\n(a) Determine the total mileage on each road.\n(b) Determine the total distance from New York to Jacksonville.\n(c) When they reached Charleston, how much of the journey remained?\n\n5. What is the average mileage per hour from New York to Jacksonville?\n\n(The Automobile Trip)\n\nThis diagram depicts the road map.\nThe Rogers family traveled from Jacksonville to Miami, aim: to travel hours each day.\n\n1. On the first day, they went as far as New Smyrna. How far did they travel? What was the average mileage per hour?\n2. The second day, they reached Fort Pierce. What was the average mileage per hour for that day?\n3. What was the average mileage per hour for the last day?\n4. What was the total distance traveled by automobile? What was the average daily mileage?\n5. When they had reached Daytona, about what part of the trip did they still have to make?\n6. At Titusville, how many miles remained to be traveled?\n7. Which is nearer Miami \u2014 Melbourne or Daytona? How much nearer is it?\n8. How far is it from Jacksonville to:\na) Daytona\nb) Palm Beach\nc) Miami?\n9. The gasoline cost $0.24 a gallon. Mr. Rogers used\nWhat were the average mileage per gallon and cost per mile for the Airplane Trip?\n\nThe Rogers family schedule for their airplane trip was as follows:\n\nLeave\n1st day Miami 9:15 a.m.\n2nd day Havana 12:15 p.m.\n3rd day Camaguey 3:45 p.m.\n4th day Santiago 7 a.m.\n5th day Port-au-Prince 10:30 a.m. (250 mi)\n6th day Santo Domingo 1 p.m. (160 mi)\n\nFind the average mileage per hour for each day's travel:\n1. From this schedule, find the total mileage and total time spent in the air, then find the average mileage per hour for the trip.\n2. A ticket from Miami to San Juan costs $245. What was the total cost for the Rogers family?\n3. What was the average cost per mile for one person?\n\nQuestion 1:\nFind the total mileage: 250 mi (Port-au-Prince to Santo Domingo) + 160 mi (Santo Domingo) = 410 mi\nFind the total time spent in the air: Not provided in the text\nCalculate the average mileage per hour: Total mileage / Total time\n\nQuestion 2:\nTotal cost for the Rogers family: Not provided in the text\n\nQuestion 3:\nAverage cost per mile for one person: Total cost for the Rogers family / Total mileage for the trip.\nWhich islands of the West Indies did they visit?\n\n1. At the end of the first day out, the ship's log read 369 knots; the second day, 358.7 knots; the third day, 371.2 knots; and the fourth day, 378.3 knots. What was the total distance in knots, or nautical miles?\n2. A knot is equivalent to 1.15 statute miles. What was the distance in statute miles?\n3. What was the average mileage per day (statute miles)?\n4. At $100 a person, what was the cost for steamer tickets?\n5. How far did the Rogers family travel from the time they left New York until they returned?\n6. How many days were they in making the trip?\n7. What was the average mileage per day for the entire trip?\nA man travels back and forth to New York each day for business. He uses a commutation ticket, a special ticket issued at a reduced rate for daily commuters on the railroad. Most other persons who live out of town and go to town frequently but not daily buy a 50-Trip Family Ticket, also issued at a reduced rate and valid for one year for any family member.\n\nHere is a schedule of rates between smaller cities and towns and the main railroad terminals in New York.\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nSingle Ticket Commutation 50-Trip\n\nFloral Park $0.72 $0.72\nFlushing $0.72 $0.72\nGarden City $0.72 $0.72\nCorona $0.72 $0.72\nJamaica $0.72 $0.72\nYonkers $0.72 $0.72\nGlenwood $0.72 $0.72\nHastings $0.72 $0.72\nDobbs Ferry $0.72 $0.72\nIrvington\n\nWilson lives in Floral Park. She made 50 trips to the city during the first three months of the year.\n\n(a) How much would she have saved if she had bought a 50-trip ticket? (b) Approximately what percentage would she have saved?\n2. Find the difference in cost between a 50-trip ticket and 50 single tickets to New York for persons in:\n(a) Garden City, (b) Jamaica, (c) Yonkers, (d) Irvington, (e) Dobbs Ferry.\n3. Approximately what percentage is saved by buying the 50-trip ticket in each case?\n4. What is the difference in cost between a single ticket and the fare one way at the 50-trip rate between:\n(a) Flushing and New York, (b) Corona and New York, (c) Glenwood and New York, (d) Hastings and New York.\n6. Approximately what percentage of the regular cost per trip in Problem 4 is saved by buying at the 50-trip rate?\n6. A person who goes to the city every day would make how many trips in:\n(a) February,\n(b) September,\n(c) December.\n\nMaximum number of trips a commuter would be likely to make in a month, allowing for 60 trips:\nWhat is the cost of a passage one way to New York from Irvington, Garden City, Glenwood, or Jamaica? (a) Irvington: _, (b) Garden City: _, (c) Glenwood: _, (d) Jamaica: _\n\nA business person would likely go to the city on at least 24 days of the month. How many trips would they make?\n\n* Using this last figure as a basis for working out the commutation cost per trip, make a table showing the comparative costs of single tickets at the three rates.\n* What percentage of the cost of a single ticket is the cost of a ticket bought at each of the other rates? For a half cent or more, allow an extra cent. For a half percent or more, allow an extra percent.\n* Mrs. Wright failed to use up her 50-trip ticket before the year was out. Her loss would depend on:\n\nReading a Time-Table\n\nRobert's father lives in Mount Vernon. Here is a section of the time-table he uses.\n\nMi.\nStations PM\n1. How far is Mount Vernon from Grand Central Terminal?\n2. What train can Robert's father take to reach Mount Vernon around 5:30?\n3. One night, Robert missed the 5:30 train. Which of the later trains would get him to Mount Vernon fastest?\n4. List the trains that do not stop between 125th Street and Mount Vernon.\n5. These trains are called express trains.\n6. Which train stops at every station?\n7. This train is called a local train.\n8. What is the time difference between Grand Central and Mount Vernon for the 5:24 and 6:03 trains?\n9. Why can't Robert's father take the 5.27 train?\n10. Which other trains can he not use?\n11. Kate's sister gets off at Williams Bridge Station. Which trains stop here?\n12. If she misses the 5.10 train, what is the next train she can take?\n\n172. Results of a Competition\nThe boys and girls in a seventh-grade class are competing to see which group will improve most in arithmetic. They are using the group averages in monthly tests as a basis for comparison, and a bar graph to show the results.\n\nThe graph on the blackboard was much larger, being drawn to the scale of 1 inch for 2%. The bar showing the record of the boys was colored yellow, and the bar showing the record of the girls was colored green.\n\nTHE BAYNE-SYLVESTER ARITHMETIC\n\n1. Which group was higher the first month?\nWhat were the boys' and girls' percentages for the first, second, and third months?\n1. What percentage did the boys make the first month?\n2. What percentage did the girls make the first month?\n3. What was the gain in percent for the boys? The girls?\n4. Which group improved most?\n5. In which month were the gains from -l-irkrl? (Month, Month, Month) 1160 i 173.\n\nVocabulary Test\nComplete the following statements:\n1. The answer in an addition example is called the sum.\n2. The numbers that are added are called addends.\n3. The answer in a subtraction example is called the difference.\n4. In the example 624 - 324, the number 624 is the minuend and the number 324 is the subtrahend.\n5. To solve the example 62 \u00d7 348, we use the process called multiplication.\n6. The answer in a multiplication example is called the product.\n7. The number by which we divide is called the divisor.\nThe answer is called the quotient.\n8. When goods are sold for more than cost, the dealer makes a profit.\n9. When goods are sold for less than cost, the dealer incurs a loss.\n10. The sign + is used to indicate addition. It is read as \"plus.\"\n11. The sign - is used to indicate subtraction. It is read as \"minus.\"\n12. The sign X is used to indicate multiplication. It is read as \"times.\"\n13. The sign -i- is used to indicate subtraction of a fraction from another. It is read as \"minus\" followed by the fraction.\n14. There are two kinds of fractions, common and proper.\n15. The terms of a fraction are the numerator and the denominator.\n16. In the fraction 5/8, 5 is the numerator and 8 is the denominator.\n17. In the number 6.25, 6 is the whole number and 0.25 is the fraction.\n18. Write a mixed decimal.\n19. When two or more fractions have the same denominator, we say they have a common denominator.\n20. In the number 6.25, the whole number is 6 and the fraction is 0.25.\n1. Decimals are separated by a decimal point. It is read as a point in value.\n2. A fraction whose numerator is greater than its denominator is called an improper fraction.\n3. To explain drawing to scale, means to draw a representation of an object or diagram in which the proportions are the same as in the original.\n4. What is a graph?\n5. A.M. means ante meridiem, m. means meridiem, p.m. means post meridiem.\n6. The instrument that shows mileage on an automobile is an odometer. On a bicycle, it is a cyclometer.\n7. The meaning of average mileage, attendance, and weight is the total sum divided by the number of items.\n8. The Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\n9. The factors of a number are the numbers that can be multiplied together to produce that number. For example, the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.\n10. John meant he had money in the bank.\n11. An estimate is not an exact measurement because it is an approximation.\n12. Mary made a deposit in the bank, which means she added money to her account.\n13. Recording Your Progress in Arithmetic\nYou are to keep a record of your progress in arithmetic this term on a line graph.\nOn the next few pages in this book, you will find tests which are marked Test I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.\nTests: There are 16 examples in each. Try a new test every few weeks. Each time a test is given, record on the graph the number you have right. On a larger graph, your teacher will show the record of the class. Then you can compare your record with the class record. At the end of the term, your record should be higher than at the beginning.\n\nThings to Remember:\n1. Read your examples carefully.\n2. Think before you write.\n3. Check your work.\n4. Correct all mistakes and do some extra work on similar examples.\n\nSeventh Grade:\n176. Tests: You should complete each of these tests in about 30 minutes. Work quickly, but do not hurry. Accuracy is more important than speed. Check your answers.\n\nTest I:\n4. Five-eighths + three-eighths =\n6. Of what number is 25 one-fifth?\n7. Principal: $650\nTime: 1 yr.\nRate: 6%\n8. Find the sum:\n16. Find the area of a rectangle that measures 260.\nTest II\n3. Find the difference between 58000 and 27476.\nRate of gain 12%\nGain ?\n16. Find the perimeter of a square that measures 260.\nTest III\n2. Subtract 27476 from 58000.\n3. Seven-eighths + three-fourths =\n6. Multiply 9367 by 2384.\nMultiplicand 2384\nMultiplier 0.875\nProduct ?\nRate of loss 12%\nLoss ?\n13. Find the sum:\n16. Find the interest on $1800 at 6% for 3 years.\nTest IV\n2. List price 1540\nDiscount 8%\nSelling price ?\n10. What percentage of 200 is 144?\n11. Of what number is 72 eight-ninths?\nTake 5 gal 3 qt\n13. Change 56 ft to an improper fraction.\nTime 9 months\nRate 5%\nAmount ?\n1. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 16.8 ft. and whose altitude is 9.6 yd. (convert yd to ft: 9.6 yd * 3 ft/yd = 28.8 ft).\n2. Find the difference between two numbers: 4 and _.\n3. How much money will $5000 earn in 6 months at 4%?\n4. Multiply 8 by 2T- (assuming this is a mistake and meant to be 2T): 16 * 2T = 32T.\n5. Find the area of a triangle that has a base of 16.8 ft. and an altitude of 28.8 ft.\n6. What amount must be paid after 60 days?\n7. What is the volume of a rectangular solid that is 9 ft. long, 8 ft. wide, and 6 ft. high?\n8. What percentage of 800 is _?\n9. How many feet are there in 0.75 mi.?\n\nTest VII:\n5. What interest is due on $540 with a commission of 8%?\n6. Find the number of cubic inches in 2.5 cubic feet. (1 cubic foot = 12 x 12 x 12 = 1728 cubic inches)\n7. Find the cubical contents of a rectangular solid that is 8j ft. by 6j ft. by _ ft. (assuming this is a mistake and meant to be a number).\n8. What is the difference between 28 and 4?\n9. Arrange the following numbers: 28, 4, _\n2. Multiplicand: 42, Multiplier:?, Product:?\n6. Find the product of: 8, 10. What percentage of 56 is:?, 11. Find the amount due at the end of a year for $1500 with 4% interest compounded quarterly, ft2 to square feet.\n16. Find the area of a square that measures:, Test IX\n6. Find the area of a rectangle that measures:, 7. Find the difference between:, 9. Rewrite the following numbers in order of value and find the sum:?, 12. How many cubic inches are in: 0.75 cu. ft.?\n13. Find the amount due on $1600 at the end of 1 year with 3% interest compounded quarterly, 14. Find the cubical contents of a bin 8.4 yd. long.\n\n8. What percentage of 80 is: 9. Of what number is $950 five-sevenths?\n12. Find the amount due on $15,000, borrowed. (Test X)\n8. What percentage of 80 is: 9. Of what number is $950 five-sevenths?\n12. Find the amount due on $15,000.\n13. Find the volume of a rectangular solid measuring 3 ft. by 2.5 ft. by.\n14. Find the area of a triangle having a base of 53.2 yd. and an altitude.\n15. How many cubic yards are there in 21.6 cu. ft.?\n\nSeventh Grade\n\nTables of Measure\nLinear Measure Square Measure\n144 sq. in. = 1 sq. ft.\n9 sq. ft. = 1 sq. yd.\n30 sq. yds. = 1 sq. rod (sq. rd.)\n160 sq. rods = 1 acre (A.)\n640 acres = 1 sq. mi. (sq. mi.)\n\nMeasures of Volume\n1728 cu. in. = 1 cu. ft.\n27 cu. ft. = 1 cu. yd.\n128 cu. ft. = 1 cord\n\nMeasures of Weight\n100 lb. = 1 cwt.\n\nLiquid Measure\n2 pints = 1 qt.\n4 quarts = 1 gal.\n\nDry Measure\n8 quarts = 1 peck (pk.)\n4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu.)\n\nThe Bayne-Sylvester Arithmetic\nTable of Time:\n1 minute = 60 seconds\n1 hour = 60 minutes\n1 leap year = 366 days\n\nTable of Number:\n1 dozen = 12 units\n1 gross = 12 dozen\n1 great gross = 12 gross\n1 score = 20 units\n\nUnited States Money:\n1 dime = 10 cents\n\nSeventh Grade:\nEquivalents:\n1 gallon (water) = 1 gallon\n1 cubic foot (water) = 1 cubic foot\n1 bushel\n1 bushel (wheat) = 1 bushel (corn) = 1 bushel (oats)\n1 load (earth)\n1760 yards\n1 hand\n1 fathom\n1 knot\n1 section\n1 square mile\n1 square yard\n1 mile\n4 inches\n6 feet\n1.15 miles (nearly)\n\nAddition:\nDecimals: 26\nFractions: 8, 9\nHarder combinations: 27\nIntegers: 26\n\nAreas:\nRectangles: 161\nRight triangles: 163\nBanks: 204\nDeposit slips: 205\nBills: 109\nBuying: 44 (hundred and thousand)\nCommission: 125\nFinding net proceeds: 127\nProblems: 216\nReview of terms: 130, 193\nCompletion Exercise: 68\nSentences for: 70, 231\nContents of Rectangular Solids: 241\nDecimals: 26, 42, 47, 51\nAddition: 26\nPlacing decimal point: 39\nMultiplication: 36, 50\nReading and writing: 3\nSubtraction: 30\nWhat you should know about decimals: 51\nDecimals: 42, 47\nDifficult combinations: 45\nFractions: 18, 19\nIntegers: 42\n\nDiscount:\nDiscount sales: 187\nNet cost: 188\nShort way of finding net cost: 129\nTrade: 188\nSee also Test Drills\n\nEstimating 72, Fractions 8, 9, Addition 15, 16, Division 18, 19, Finding a fractional part 75, Finding a number when a fractional part is given 78, Finding what fraction one number is of another 76, Multiplication 15, 16, Principles 21, Problems 23, 25, Reduction 6, Review common 71, Subtraction 12, 13, See also Test Drills, Graphs Line to show comparison 231, Interest 211, Record of progress 164, Interest 131, Finding from graph 210, Simple, Less than a year 134, More than one year 132, Years and months 135, Review 193, See also Test Drills, Measurement Addition of denominate numbers, Denominate number race 170, Division of denominate numbers, Equivalents 271, Linear 82, Liquid 81, Multiplication of denominate numbers 88, Reduction 79, Square 84, Standard weights of a bushel 169, Subtraction of denominate numbers 87, Tables 269, Time 83\nMeters - How to Read\nElectric: 92, 94\nProblems: 95, 99, 217\nMiscellaneous Problems: 217\nMoney\nUnited States: 270\nMultiplication\nDecimals: 36\nDifficult combinations: 38\nFractions: 15, 16\nIntegers: 36\nProblems: 40\nSee also Test Drills\nOrder Blanks: 105\nParcel Post: 157\nPercentage: 52\nAdding and subtracting: 56\nEstimating per cents: 72\nFinding a number when a per cent is given: 64\nFinding a per cent of a number: 64\nFinding what per cent one number is of another: 61\nPer cents less than 1: 69\nPer cents more than 100: 57\nRace: 73\nReview: 72\nShort ways of finding per cent: 59\nSee also Test Drills\nPostal Money Orders: 160, 161\nProblems about\nAirplane travel: 155\nBall team: 151\nCommuting: 252\nGeography: 33\nHoliday in South: 249\nHousehold: 90\nPaying for electricity: 92\nPaying for gas: 97\nRainfall: 49\nUsing a ticket schedule: 156\nProblem Study\nApproximating answers: 145, 235\nChanging  the  wording,  147,  237 \nSelecting  the  operation,  146,  236 \nSilent  reading,  149,  239 \nSupplying  the  question,  144,  234 \nWithout  numbers,  148,  238 \nProfit  and  Loss,  115,  118 \nFinding  the  cost,  124 \nFinding  the  per  cent  of  profit  or \nFinding  the  selling  price,  119 \nReview,  122 \nReading  and  Writing  Numbers,  1,  3 \nReading  Meters,  94,  97 \nReceipts,  112 \nRecording  Progress,  171,  258 \nRectangles,  161 \nRight  Angles,  161,  163 \nRoman  Numbers,  5 \nSales  Slips,  106 \nSubtraction \nDecimals,  30 \nFractions,  12,  13 \nIntegers,  30 \nSee  also  Test  Drills \nTest  Drills \nAddition \nDecimals,  29 \nFractions,  11 \nIntegers,  28 \nDivision \nDecimals,  48 \nFractions,  20 \nHow  to  use,  10 \nMultiplication \nDecimals,  41 \nFractions,  17 \nPercentage,  74 \nApplications,  140,  220 \nSubtraction \nDecimals,  32 \nFractions,  14 \nIntegers,  31 \nTests \nAchievement \nSame  \u2014  Different,  222 \nVocabulary,  256 \nVolume,  241 \nI \nf \nI \ni \nI \nI \nI \nI \nI \nt \nI \nI \nI \nf \ni \nt ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "title": "The Bible through the centuries,", "creator": "Willett, Herbert L. (Herbert Lockwood), 1864-1944", "lccn": "29020664", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011238", "partner_shiptracking": "IAGC155", "call_number": "6871106", "identifier_bib": "00131663997", "lc_call_number": "BS475 .W63", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Chicago, New York, Willett, Clark & Colby", "description": ["4 p. l., 337 p. 22 cm", "Bibliography: p. 325-327"], "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-07-23 11:40:07", "updatedate": "2019-07-23 12:35:47", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "biblethroughcent00will", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-07-23 12:35:50", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "360", "scandate": "20190725174343", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-hazel-tabanag@archive.org;associate-cherrymay-villarente@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190731130558", "republisher_time": "1153", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/biblethroughcent00will", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t9z10xk03", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "curation": "[curator]admin-andrea-mills@archive.org[/curator][date]20191011182613[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201908[/comment]", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6732942M", "openlibrary_work": "OL2342483W", "sponsordate": "20190831", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156338945", "backup_location": "ia906907_32", "usl_hit": "auto", "oclc-id": "834525", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "0", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "[I]\nClass. BS415\nGopigliti _ _ u\n\nCONTENTS\nI. THE WORLD BEFORE THE BIBLE. 7\nII. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE BIBLE. 16\nIII. THE PROPHETS AND THEIR WRITINGS. 28\nIV. THE GREAT PROPHETS AND THE DECLINE OF PROPHECY. 42\nV. Priestly Activities and Literature. 61\nVI. The Sages and the Wisdom Writings. 77\nVII. The Prayers and Praises of Israel. 87\nVIII. Biblical Romances. 102\nIX. The Literature of Apocalypse. 114\nX. The Making and Remaking of the Old Testament. 126\nXI. Israel and The Monuments. 149\n[XII] Rise and Literature of Judaism . 181\n[XIII] Other Sacred Books . 205\n[XIV] The Making of the New Testament . 220\n[XV] Biblical Criticism . 246\n[XVI] Translations and Revisions of the Bible . 265\n[XVII] The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible . 272\n[XVIII] The Continuing Word\nBibliography . 325\n\nThe Bible Through\nThe Centuries\n\nA Word with the Reader\n\nThis is not intended as an introduction, preface, or foreword. Each of these might be interesting, but the purpose here is a confidential talk with those who are to read this book as to its nature and purpose. No one will ever be able to speak the final word regarding the Bible, but any contribution to the increase of knowledge regarding it is worthwhile. From any point of view, there is profit and enjoyment in the reading and study.\nThe most vital importance is to make the most of opportunities. The Bible is one of the great books of the world, a fact no one would dispute. Every church in Christendom uses the Bible as its sacred book, teaching basis, and message inspiration. The Bible is found in great numbers of homes, though not as universally as before when other books were rarer. It is interesting that a Christian traveling men organization has undertaken providing a Bible for every hotel room in America. The Bible is the most widely circulated book in the world, printed in the presses of the American.\nThe Bible Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society never cease. In every land, there are depots for its distribution in all the languages used by the native populations. Every competently organized library has copies of the Bible. Due to these facts and many others regarding the wide distribution of the Scriptures, they are regarded by the Christian world as the most significant and sacred volume in existence.\n\nThe Bible is not the only sacred book in the world. Few religions among the many that have flourished throughout history and are now widely scattered over the continents do not possess something in the way of sacred literature. It is inevitable that this should be the case. The founders and early teachers of any faith\nIt is likely that some writings will survive, at least inspiring their followers and interpreters to record their words. These books become classical and authoritative with the confessors of such religions. They may even claim divine inspiration for their utterances, as is the case with several of them. The Bible takes its place along with a number of other works of religious character. Its relation to these other bibles can only be determined upon examination of their contents and an effort to understand in what degree one outranks another.\n\nIt seems wise to begin our consideration of the Bible with no assumption as to its superiority, but with an earnest desire to know what it is, how it came to be, what claims it makes for itself, and what its influence has been upon the people who have used it. Probably most of those who use it.\nThe Bible should not be regarded as just another religious text. Many would argue that it should hold the supreme place among sacred books, outranking all others. Some might even consider the comparison of any other books to the Bible as an act of irreverence.\n\nHowever, the best way to determine the Bible's place and value among the world's sacred books is not based on preconceived notions but on the facts presented in the Bible itself and the results of its study throughout the centuries.\n\nThe Bible is not a perfect book. As a product of human hands and minds, it is not without flaw. It presents itself frankly.\nThe beliefs of the men who composed it and of their contemporaries. It is not a textbook on Hebrew history, though it is the most important source for the study of that history. It does not present a complete picture of early Christian communities. However, it is primarily concerned with the Hebrew religion and the teachings of Jesus Christ. It is not final in its morality. It reveals in its earlier sections conditions which have long since been passed in the growth of ethical and religious ideals. Usually, it presents these low conditions of human society without comment or criticism. It leaves its readers to draw their own conclusions regarding the conditions it describes. Its religious teachings are not compact and definitive. They are rather diverse and progressive.\nThe Bible pictures the progress of human life under the leadership of moral and spiritual teachers from very low beginnings up to the supreme standards set forth by the Man of Nazareth. Why is the Bible so important in the history of culture and worship? What justifies those who call it the world\u2019s supreme book on morals and religion? Several reasons may be given:\n\n1. It is the classic of the western world of Christendom.\n2. It contains the surviving records of a remarkable people, the Hebrews, and of a small and early portion of the most significant movement in history, the Christian society.\n3. It presents some of the outstanding personalities of the ages \u2014 prophets, teachers, apostles \u2014 and particularly one, the central figure in the religious life of the world, Jesus Christ.\nThe Bible gives us the two most impressive chapters in religion: the Old Testament and the New Testament. It contains some of the most attractive writings in all literature, though it doesn't claim literary excellence. There are no more beautiful passages in any literature than some found in the Scriptures. The Book of Job is a masterpiece among the great poems of the world. Many of the Psalms are lyrics of exquisite charm. The prophetic books contain sections of majesty and impressiveness unsurpassed by any other writings.\n\nIt's worth much to know something of this book and the setting in which it took form, as well as the process of its growth.\n\nThe Bible has been surrounded and overladen with many traditions and superstitions. No book has suffered more from misuse by its friends and enemies.\nThe best means of freeing the mind from entanglements concerning the Bible is to address some plain questions that arise in the mind of any intelligent person regarding it. This volume is not an elaborate treatise on the Bible. The literature available on this subject is abundant and adequate. Perhaps the very abundance has proved a barrier to a satisfactory knowledge of its nature and contents by the average reader. But some competent knowledge of the Bible is essential to even an average education. In the various translations, the book is a classic of English literature. It is the foundation of law and custom among Christian nations. It teaches the great facts and principles.\nThe Bible, a book of the Christian faith, has profoundly influenced civilization since its beginnings. No intelligent person can be insensitive to its claims or indifferent to its significance. In this generation, the Bible is particularly interesting due to the new light shed on its pages from various perspectives. New sciences such as archaeology, exploration, excavation, comparative history, and religion have revealed a new world of interest in which the Bible holds a conspicuous place. The lands of the Bible are being successfully searched for evidence concerning the centuries in which the book was produced. The geography of biblical lands is a modern and stimulating study. The political conditions of ancient nations surrounding Israel and of the Roman empire shed fresh light on the Old and New Testaments.\nThe Bible's historical names mentioned in it have moved from sounding remote and half mythical to familiar and authentic as knowledge of the Orient has increased. Everyone knows something about the Bible, but there are many who have no satisfactory knowledge of its nature and purpose. People ask many questions about it, questions that can be answered with a moderate amount of study of its contents. Among these questions are: Who wrote it? When was it written? In what language was it written? For what people was it written? How did its composition begin? How has it come down to us? Those seeking more adequate knowledge about it are an increasing number. A new generation comes on the scene.\nThe person who is unfamiliar with the beliefs and traditions of former times needs an opportunity to understand the Bible in the language and methods suitable for this age. Both those for whom the Bible is the most precious possession and those with a vague and wistful attitude towards it require the main facts about it to be presented simply and accessibly. Most people have a desire to know more about this remarkable book that has played such a significant role in the history of civilization and religion. The present volume aims to help the reader gain such knowledge of the Bible's background and nature as will answer the outstanding questions that arise regarding it.\n\nI\n\nTHE WORLD BEFORE THE BIBLE.\nPeople naturally think of the Bible as a very old book, if not the oldest in the world. Reasons include its venerable place in western civilization, revered in all churches as the authentic word of God, and the presence of old copies with dates dating back to the early stages of printing. The English language has many Bible versions that convey a sense of age and history. Beyond this, there are additional reasons for the Bible's perceived antiquity.\nThe Bible was not written in English but in older languages, specifically Hebrew and Greek. Its two main divisions, the Old Testament and the New, were composed in these tongues. The association with ancient languages creates an impression of remote origin, and the entire literary history of the Bible, with various ancient versions, reinforces this impression of antiquity. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Bible seems to most people to be a very ancient document.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\nThis idea is further reinforced by the fact that until recent times, the entire history of the world was believed to cover only a few thousand years at most. In the days when the origin of the world was placed by the accepted chronology about six thousand years in the past, it was considered:\nThe Bible covered most of human history in the early centuries, as the world was small and little was known about the far lands of the Orient. Most knowledge came from the Bible, which had a limited view of regions lying immediately east of the Mediterranean Sea. Until the days of Columbus and the discovery of America, the Mediterranean was the central basin of history, and most currents of human life passed around and across it. The people who wrote the Bible lived in that region and thought in terms of a relatively small world whose duration had only covered three or four thousand years.\n\nThe New Testament's composition was much closer to our own time. It is less than:\nThe place of the Bible in total history is relatively recent. Although it seems ancient in comparison to the Old Testament, it dates back only a few centuries before the Christian era. With historical and archaeological inquiries pushing back the limits of human life on earth to periods five or six thousand years before the Christian era, and all subsequent history measuring but a few centuries at most, the Bible's place in the total story of literature is quite late and modern. It is plain that in comparison with the long stretches of partly recorded history that preceded it, and of that incalculable and unrecorded period when humanity was emerging from earlier stages of life, we possess very little information about the world before the Bible.\nThe documents contain a modern collection with an ancient feeling due to its role in supplying missing links between the beginnings of humanity and the origins of the Hebrew nation. The early chapters of Genesis succeed in producing an impression of actual primeval events, bringing the story of creation and human culture down to the threshold of Hebrew national life. This fact gives Genesis an undoubted value that formal records, such as archaeology and history, cannot offer.\n\nThe real story of the Bible spans approximately sixteen hundred years, from the fifteenth century before Christ to the end of the first hundred years of the Christian era.\nemigrations of Semitic clans from their Babylonian home; the settlements in Canaan and expansion into Egypt and the desert; later the return of Egyptian groups with some of their desert adherents; the gradual occupation of Palestine; the slow development of Hebrew culture through the brief period of national unity under David and Solomon, followed by the division into the northern and southern kingdoms in 937 b.c.; the overthrow of the northern tribes by the Assyrians in 721 b.c. and their disappearance; the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 b.c. by the Babylonians; the departure of expatriated and refugee Hebrews into Babylonia, Egypt and other portions of the east; the gradual return of some from the lands of dispersion; the long and painful process of Jerusalem's revival under many adversities.\nThe rise of Judaism, conditions under Syrian and Roman government, and the beginnings of the Christian movement in the first century A.D. occupy a brief chapter in the long story of the centuries. This experience of Israel's rise and fall and the origins of the Christian enterprise is comparatively short.\n\nThe oldest writings of the Old Testament date from as late as the ninth century B.C. A few survivals from these and later years have come to us in the collection, which is all we have of Israel's literature during the time when Hebrew was an actually spoken language. Considerable additions to this body of documents exist in the later Greek writings of the apocrypha.\nThe Old Testament in the New Testament refers to a small body of literature compared to the total literary production of Israel's social, commercial, and religious life. Frequent references are made to other books that have not survived. Research may bring some hitherto lost records to light, but the supply is currently limited to a group smaller than the actual biblical dimensions. One must compare this small body of literature and the limited group of people who produced it with the world from which it came. The Hebrews knew very little of that world. Their immediate contacts were with the related Semitic nations of the fertile crescent, the rainbow-shaped area running northeastward from the Egyptian delta along the east coast of the Mediterranean.\nUp into the regions where the Euphrates has its sources and downward again along this river to the seats of ancient civilization near the Persian Gulf. Of Egypt, Babylonia, and Assyria, as well as the clans nearer at hand, such as the Syrians, Ammonites, Edomites, Moabites, Philistines, and Phoenicians, the Hebrews knew from their contacts, either friendly or hostile. But when they attempted to think of a wider world, it was mostly dim and undefined. In accordance with their Semitic beliefs, the world was a flat disk resting on the eternal waters, surrounded and covered by a bowl-shaped firmament, the place of the stars. Jerusalem was thought of as the center of this area and the home of Jahveh, its covenant deity. Did rumors ever come to these Hebrews of lands more remote? Just across the Mediterranean.\nThe growing civilizations in Greece, Rome, and the western parts of Europe were largely unknown to the writers of the Old Testament. Some information may have reached them about the people of Crete and the Greek colonies on the coasts and islands of the Aegean. However, these lands only became more familiar in later days, particularly during New Testament times. There is no indication that they knew anything about the great regions farther east, such as India and China. Despite their busy commerce and religious activities, there is no hint of their connection to these distant lands.\nBut such knowledge was very dim and remote. The Hebrews of the classic age could hardly have imagined new worlds beyond the Pillars of Hercules, which were only later centuries to discover. And yet, the people of the Bible lands were surrounded, however distant, by civilizations far older than their own. When the Hebrew emigrants came from Babylon, they left cities, temples, universities, venerable and wealthy. In spite of the measure of culture reached by the earlier inhabitants of Palestine, it was like emigrating to a new and less civilized world. Traders who made their way into Egypt found themselves in the midst of a mighty country with great cities and marvelous temples. Palestine to all such travelers beyond must have seemed a very small and unimportant land. We know\nThe Bible is not the oldest of human records. Priests and prophets, sages and poets had existed in other and far distant lands before the rise of Hebrew life. It is only as one becomes aware of this fact that the former view that \"the land of Sinim\" mentioned in Isa. 49:1 is China is no longer held by scholars. The reference is probably to a region in S.E. Palestine, or Seyene (Assuan), on the Nile. The expeditions of the ships of Solomon and Hiram to the Indian coast for the commodities of that region seem to have brought no adequate information regarding that further portion of the Orient.\n\nThe World Before the Bible\nThe proper place of the Bible in civilization and world literature can be appreciated. It took form far west of the world's early culture center. Its people knew only the limited region of the Mediterranean, the fertile crescent, and the desert. The rivers of its geography were the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile and the little Jordan. Paradise, the primitive home of the race, was located in their traditions somewhere in that Mesopotamian home from which their ancestors had come. Of the cities of that outlying world, they had heard with alarm and disapproval. Tyre, Sidon, Memphis, Thebes, Babylon, Nineveh, were all symbols of wealth and wickedness. In comparison with the limitations of Palestine and the provincialism of Jerusalem and Samaria, the world outside was only known to be reprobated and feared.\n\nLong before the days of the Bible, Babylonian civilization existed.\nThe great religion had erected its temples, ordained its priesthood, and written its sacred books in honor of its gods and goddesses and as the record of magical formulae warding off danger or bringing prosperity. This vast system of religion was in full progress during the years when Israel was a small nation among the highlands of Palestine. Those Hebrews who, as travelers or exiles, came to know something of the magnificence of Babylonian institutions, felt themselves members of a rather insignificant people in comparison to the great empire of the east.\n\nAssyria had a culture and religion derived in large measure from Babylonia, and like it in its leading characteristics. Its pantheon of gods had grown up as a collection of more or less local divinities gathered at last under the control of one central power.\nThe supreme god of Nineveh, Asshur, led the religion abundant among the Assyrians during Isaiah's preaching in Jerusalem's streets. Hittite cities of wealth and power thrived in Asia Minor's eastern regions, vying for Mediterranean coast-lands' sovereignty with Egypt. Greece boasted a culture and history as ancient as Hebrew life's beginnings. The Trojan war, at least a thousand years before the Christian era, served as inspiration for classic Greek poetry. Greece's gods were philosophic and poetic creations, residing in Olympus, the sacred north mountain's divine habitations. Greek life and religion reached their peak in the fifth century b.C., a time when Jerusalem was passing through.\nRome, whose traditions made 753 b.c. the date of its foundations, was growing into power in the years when the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were rising to their zenith and declining to their ruin. The religion of Rome was largely borrowed from Greece and was the type of pagan belief and practice that forms the background of the New Testament.\n\nIn India, the Vedas were the classic hymns of the faith of Hinduism from early times. Probably in the very years when Israel was first penetrating the highlands of Palestine, the Vedic civilization was beginning to spread through the Indian peninsula. From that time until the days of Buddha in the fifth century b.c., it was the prevailing faith of that race.\nIn the same great century, Confucius, the sage of China, sent forth his messages regarding the moral duties of mankind in the five chief relations. No teacher has ever exerted a more profound and widespread influence upon mankind than this revered moralist. In the same general period stands Zoroaster, the prophet of the Persian race, one of the first interpreters of a belief approaching monotheism. It is thus seen that the world before the Bible and the world in which the Bible had its beginnings was already occupied by many varieties of religious belief and social custom. It was not a religionless world in which the prophets of Israel arose to proclaim their messages. In the midst of this complex of civilizations, institutions, and religions, the people of the Bible had their modest place. Their place is modern rather than ancient. The New Testament.\nThe Christianity mentioned is a recent arrival in history, and the Hebrew civilization that lies behind it comes right up to the threshold of modern days. By all odds, the greater portion of human events, though not those of major importance, lie in the period before the days of the Bible. The task of the historian and archaeologist is to recover as much as is possible of that ancient and largely unrecorded past.\n\nAgainst this background of experience, custom and belief, the Bible has a unique and commanding position.\n\nII\n\nTHE BEGINNINGS OF THE BIBLE\n\nIn thinking of almost any book, one naturally pictures an author sitting down to the task of its preparation with a general plan of its structure, length and purpose. Such an idea cannot be associated with the Bible. No one person wrote it.\nThe design of such a book was conceived or the work of writing it began. It is rather a collection of documents of various sorts and sizes. Some of them are fairly long, appear to have a single author, and may well be called books in their own right, such as Job or the Gospel of John. Others are compilations of earlier material, gathered from various sources, and wrought into unity by the hands of later authors or editors, such as Genesis, Samuel, Kings, and Isaiah. Still others are brief tracts or pamphlets, like Esther, Ecclesiastes, or the Epistles. They were not prepared as parts of a collection, much less as chapters of a single book. The men who wrote them had no thought that they were contributing to a volume that was to take its place among the religious classics of the world. They had a much more humble purpose in mind.\nThe word \"Bible\" is a late and derived name, originating from the town of Byblos on the Syrian coast where papyrus was brought for Greek writers to make rolls or books. The rolls acquired the name \"biblia,\" or books, from their association with the town, much like \"china\" or porcelain took its name from the country where it was first made. The extensive copying and circulation of the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures led to the word \"biblia\" being connected with that collection, resulting in the name Bible for the whole.\n\nThe terms \"Old Testament\" and \"New Testament\" denote the Hebrew and Christian portions of the Bible, respectively.\nThe writers and early readers of these texts did not know them as the Old and New Testaments. Employed by the church fathers of the third and later centuries, these names were convenient for the two parts of the Scriptures that held the values of successive covenants or wills, an earlier and a later one. Jews and early Christians spoke of their sacred writings, the Hebrew books, as Scripture. Jesus and his friends referred to them by this name as well. The Christian writings grew up around the life and teachings of the Founder and were freely referred to as the Gospels, Epistles, and the like, or simply as the Gospel.\n\nThe books now included in the Bible represent only a small part of the total mass of writings produced by the Hebrew people and the early Christians. The literature put forth by any large group, such as a nation or the adherents of a particular faith, is extensive.\nThe particular religion is likely to be sizable and varied among the people from whom the Bible came. But its interests are chiefly religious, and writings primarily devoted to other themes were not likely to be included. We know this from references in the biblical books to related writings which no longer exist.\n\nThe beginnings of the Bible date much further back than even the earliest of its documents. Religion is older than writing. Men worshiped long before the art of writing was known. And long after they could write, the ritual of the primitive sanctuaries was doubtless passed on orally from one generation to another without thought of writing it down. Men speak long before they write. In the times when biblical materials first began to take form, it was easier to orally transmit information than to write it down.\nTo remember is older than to write. Stories, parables, proverbs, and poems were handed down from father to son and from teacher to scholar. It is thought that the Homeric poems, the classics of ancient Greece, were not written out at the time of their composition, but were carried in mind with slight changes for centuries. Writing is old as an achievement, but late as a necessity and diversion. In antiquity, few men knew the art, and the work was costly and laborious. Even for those who possessed the knowledge essential, the materials of writing were difficult to obtain. Stones, clay tablets, parchment, papyrus, and paper have been the successive steps in the world\u2019s literary history, and each step marks a long advance in the command of the means of writing. Older and contemporary nations had reached a high degree of proficiency in the use of writing by the time the [text breaks off].\nThe Hebrews began their national career. The Egyptian monuments preserve the annals of kings and the hymns of poets, and Babylonian obelisks, cylinders, and letters record the expansion of the cultural influence of that civilization. However, Hebrew survivals are few; either because the literary impulse was feebler, or because the records have perished. With few exceptions, such as archaeological research bringing to light, the Old Testament is the sole surviving literature from the classic age of Hebrew life.* Yet it seems probable that long before any portions of the Old Testament were written down as we have them today, there were many sayings, proverbs, maxims, and oracles that floated about in the common speech of the people and passed as current coin in the give-and-take of conversation.\nThe Orient has always been fond of wise, witty, or quaint sayings in which the wisdom of the past is stored. Long before the book of Proverbs was produced, there were many such floating bits of humor and sage counsel as the oldest biblical sources, such as the books of Judges and Samuel, bear witness. Examples are numerous. When the two Midianite chiefs were brought to bay by Gideon, they wrote down for him the names of the princes and elders of their town (Judges 8:14); David wrote a letter to Joab (1 Sam. 11:14); Jezebel wrote letters to the elders and nobles of Jezreel (1 Kings 11:8). The Siloam inscription is evidence that Hebrew workmen in the age of Hezekiah could record an incident.\nThe Hebrew language was not imbued with any special sanctity because the Old Testament was written in it. It was simply one of the dialects of the Semitic language family. The Hebrew language appears to have been largely influenced by the speech of the Canaanite people when the first Hebrew immigrants arrived at the Mediterranean coast from their Aramean and Babylonian homelands. They adopted the language of their new neighbors to the extent that it differed from their own, and over time, this language became known as Hebrew. Its similarity to other Semitic dialects of the region is evident in the close resemblance of their characters.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries: Mesha's Moabite Inscription and the Siloam Inscription. The Hebrew language, though not the most polished of the Semitic tongues, is remarkably expressive. The sacred writings of the Hebrews owe much of their picturesque and forceful character to the dialect in which they were recorded (G. R. Driver, The People and the Book, Oxford Press, 1955, p. 74).\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries:\n\nThe Bible tells of King Mesha's plea for his enemies to kill him instead of dishonoring them by having his son carry out the deed: \"Rise up and strike us, for as the man is, so is his strength\" (1 Sam. 27:4). They were quoting a familiar saying.\n\nThe question \"Is Saul also among the prophets?\" became a proverb applied to anyone who joined a group outside their social class (Ezek. 12:21, reference to a proverb).\nThe saying \"The days are prolonged and every vision failles\" and \"The fathers have eaten sour grapes and the children's teeth are set on edge\" were common in Palestine. Ezekiel and Jeremiah quoted the latter with disapproval. The proverbs \"They that speak in proverbs\" were quoted as an oracle against Moab in language resembling the national warning of Amos. Most such current sayings were gathered into collections like the book of Proverbs, but some persisted as stray utterances, such as \"Physician heal thyself\" in Luke 4:23 and the one regarding the dog and the swine in 2 Peter 2:22. It appears that the early Hebrews were fond of riddles and used them as means of entertainment at feasts, weddings, and other social gatherings. (The book of Judges)\nContains several examples. Samson proposed a riddle to the guests at his marriage with a reward to the winner (7), and when he lost his wager, he quoted a familiar proverb as covering his case (8). Tradition reported the correspondence between David and King Hiram of Tyre as consisting in part of such puzzles (9). Several examples of this sort of riddles that have passed into numbered sonnets are given in the Proverbs (10).\n\nYouthful races are poetic in their spirit, like the children of today. They love and make poetry. Fragments of such songs have been preserved in the narratives of ancient Israel. They probably belong to a much earlier age than the prose writings in which they are embedded. It is fortunate that they were familiar enough to be quoted by the later writers.\n\nThere is, for example, the Sword Song of Lamech, the boast:\nThe warrior's fame rests on his battle prowess. (11) The oracle of Noah concerns his three sons. (12) The Well Song, quoted in part in Numbers 21:117, 18, is a reminder of Israel's desert journey. (13) The Song of Deborah celebrates Israel's victory over the Canaanites and praises Jael's courage in taking the life of her people's oppressor. (14) The Song by the Sea is a paean of triumph over Israel's escape from Egypt and the overthrow of Pharaoh's hosts in the sea. This poem appears to have grown from its original form through the addition of stanzas that recount the later conquest.\nThe tribes on the road to Canaan may contain fragments of a longer poem in the women's song of rejoicing over David's defeat of Goliath. The songs and blessings of Jacob and Moses, and David's war song are possibly connected to these national leaders or attributed to them by later poets. The oracles of the prophet Balaam against Moab and in praise of Israel in Numbers form an interesting and impressive section. Along with these victory songs, there were treasured laments and elegies over the deaths of famous men. One of the most beautiful is the dirge of David for Saul and Jonathan, slain in the battle of Mount Gilboa, called the Song of the Bow in honor of Jonathan, David's friend.\nfriend,  and  was  quoted  from  a  lost  collection,  probably  of \nhero  songs,  known  as  the  book  of  Jashar.  From  the  same \nsource  is  quoted  the  oracle  regarding  the  arrested  sun.20 \nAnother  elegy  of  David\u2019s,  the  one  for  the  murdered  Abner, \nis  apparently  recorded  only  in  a  fragment.21  Perhaps  at  a \nlater  time  such  bits  of  national  poetry  were  gathered  into \ncollections  like  the  book  of  Jashar,  or  the  book  of  the  Wars \nof  Jahveh.22  For  centuries  before  there  was  any  attempt  to \nwrite  down  the  floating  poetry  of  remembrance,  these  and \nmany  other  songs  probably  passed  about  as  the  common \npossession  of  the  Hebrew  bards  and  story-tellers. \nOf  course,  the  Hebrews  possessed  a  background  of  tra\u00ac \ndition  and  mythology,  like  most  nations.  Stories  and \nlegends  were  handed  down  from  their  ancestors  in  Baby\u00ac \nlonia  and  Aram.  Some  of  these  ancient  narratives  are  re\u00ac \nThe Beginnings of the Bible\n\nThe Hebrews, like other peoples, had accounts of human beginnings and primeval days. Their stories of creation, found in the first two chapters of Genesis, were evidently derived from Babylonian originals which can still be read in the religious poetry of that land. Traditions regarding long-lived patriarchs and chiefs, like those recorded in Genesis 4 and 5, are found in the writings of other nations. The narratives of the deluge form part of the world's collection of traditions regarding tragedies resulting from floods, tidal waves, and inundations. The story of the tower of Babel was one of the early Semitic romances, like the Greek legend of the giants who strove with the gods.\nJove recounted the attempts of men to ascend to heaven and challenge the gods, and the resulting punishments. The biblical narratives have preserved only a small portion of the legends and mythology prevalent in ancient Israel. Regarding other human beings, what did the Hebrews believe about those not descended from Adam? Where did Cain find a wife? (25) What was the explanation for the strange marriages between angels and mortal women, which are a significant part of the apocryphal book of Enoch and mentioned in the New Testament? (27)\n\nAllusions to Leviathan, the sea monster, (28) the dragon of the deep, (29) Rahab, the fabled mistress of the storm floods, (30) Lilith, the night demon, (31) Azazel, the evil spirit of the wilderness, (32) and Behemoth, the land monster, (33) the dreaded spirits -\n\n(Note: References in parentheses are to chapters or verses in the Bible or other texts.)\nThe Bible Through the Centuries, chapter 5: The Bible's Imaginary and Traditional Origins in the Desert and Legends\n\nThe Bible's imaginary and traditional origins are evident in the desert and similar creatures of legend and mythology, which lay behind current Hebrew thought. The patriarchal traditions regarding Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph likely formed a much larger mass of recital than has survived. These stories of the forefathers' exploits must have been repeated at the campfires of the Hebrews for many generations before they were put into written form. They told of migrations from the lands of the great rivers of the east, lands which were the scene of military operations during the great world war and are now being explored afresh by scholars in search of ancient remains. In coming to the west, these emigrants crossed\nThe Hebrews, named after crossing the Euphrates, told of their arrival in Canaan and various wanderings. Early Hebrews gained limited possession of the land, whose population was stronger. Relations with the people were partial and often not friendly. Feuds were frequent, and commercial dealings conducted with reserve and caution. Several localities were occupied by Hebrew clans, some moving as far as Egypt, constituting a part of the greater Semitic movement in the Nile valley until expelled.\nThe beginnings of the Bible relate to the Pharaohs of the seventeenth and eighteenth dynasties. It has been thought that Rameses II was the Pharaoh of the oppression, and Merneptah, his son, ruled during the time of the Exodus under Moses. These Hebrew experiences are nowhere mentioned on Egyptian monuments. However, a stele of Merneptah refers to the subjugation of Israelite clans in Canaan at this time, implying that some of that race had remained there during the migration to Egypt. After a period of some years spent in the desert oases east of Egypt, partly in the vicinity of a mountain region called Sinai or Horab, now unknown, the tribes of Israel, accompanied by certain friendly desert groups, made their way to the highlands east of the Jordan, and under Joshua they did so.\nand various other tribal chieftains, and at different times, crossed the river and gained possession of the central mountain range of western Palestine. The book of Judges, probably the oldest of the biblical records, preserves some of the traditions of this period of struggle and chaos, with here and there a local leader arising to take the field against some one of the repeated inroads which distressed the villages. \"There was no king in Israel in those days, but every man did that which was right in his own eyes\" (Judges 17:6).\n\nThe biblical records (Exod. 3:1; Deut. 33; Judg. 5:4, 5) locate Sinai somewhere in the region of Midian, Seir or Paran, east of Egypt, and south of the Dead Sea. The tradition which identifies the mountain of the law with Jebel Musa, the mountain of Moses, supports this location.\nThe modern monastery and mountain of St. Catherine is not earlier than the sixth century A.D. The name Palestine appears to have come from the Greek geographers mistaking the Philistines of the southwest coast for the inhabitants of the whole of Canaan, and named the country accordingly. The Bible Through the Centuries is a fairly good description of an age of anarchy. Centuries later, the story of the conquest was told in a highly romantic and dramatic manner in the book of Joshua, with the accompanying features of miracle, destruction of the native population, and brief, brilliant military achievement. The period of the judges closed with the ministry of Samuel, the first of the prophetic successors of Moses, and the man who laid the foundations of Israel\u2019s national life. After the brief and tragic experiment of Saul, the king.\nThe kingdom of Israel was firmly established by David of Bethlehem. With his son Solomon, the nation's status was raised, making it comparable to all but the great empires on the Nile and Euphrates. However, the division of the kingdom at the end of Solomon's reign (937 b.c.) destroyed the possibility of a truly important state and reduced the nation to two kingdoms of moderate size: Israel and Judah. These kingdoms were sometimes allies and sometimes at war, and they were often in the position of war vassals to one or another of the stronger peoples around them \u2014 Syria, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, Macedon, and finally Rome.\n\nUnder these hammer blows of fate and conquest, the northern kingdom of Israel succumbed to the Assyrians in 721 b.c., and the smaller state of Judah, which had previously existed, was not mentioned further in the text.\nThe Davidic dynasty served the three and a half century history and perished with the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 b.c., contributing a fresh chapter to Israel's dispersion among the nations. The first writings likely took shape in the ninth century b.c., during the days of the two kingdoms. Until then, the materials of Hebrew tradition - narrative, poetry, folk-lore, and custom-law - had been transmitted orally. Writing was known among older civilizations in Babylonia and Egypt but was not widely used among the Hebrews until the rise of prophetic and priestly groups and the beginning of a literary age.\n\nThe early stages of biblical literature are seen accordingly.\nIt is fortunate that much of this ancient material was preserved in the practiced memories of later writers and is found embedded in the documents we possess. The divine name Jahveh in this book is believed by scholars to be the true form of the covenant name of deity represented in the Hebrew text by the tetrayrammaton or four-letter term JHVH. It was never pronounced by the Jews, and wherever it occurred in the text, the word Adonai, \"my Lord,\" was substituted for it in the reading. By using the vowels of Adonai with the consonants JHVH, the word \"Jehovah\" was contrived. However, it is a barbarism which only long usage in English Bibles can excuse. It seems better to employ the word in the form Adonai-Jahveh.\nThe Hebrews had three types of religious leaders: prophets, priests, and wise men or sages. Each group left writings included in the Old Testament. The work of priestly ministry in local sanctuaries likely began before prophetic activity, as most communities had local shrines or high places.\nThe prophets came before priests in importance for national life, with one community center of worship sufficient in village churches. The term \"prophet\" means one who speaks forth, a preacher of truth, a teacher of righteousness. In Assyrian and Arabic speech, the root so translated means an announcer, a proclaimer, an interpreter or mediator between deity and man. In the Old and New Testaments alike, the term \"prophecy\" is applied to preaching. In popular usage during the past century, there has been a tendency to restrict its meaning to prediction, but this was not the original purpose.\nAmong most nations, particularly the important ones, there were men who performed in some degree the work of prophets. The Egyptians and Babylonians had those who proclaimed the duties of the moral life, the obligations of justice and mercy. The facts that kings in their state records laid claim to wise and humane administration of government, to sympathetic regard for the poor and unfortunate, show that such ideals were proclaimed by moral leaders and recognized by some of the people at least as obligatory on their rulers. In Israel, the preaching of righteousness appears to have been more prominent. Milton, in his tract on \"The Liberty of Prophesying,\" meant by it the right to preach without official permission from the Established Church.\nThe Hebrews gave prophets a more important place than in temporary nations, leading to unique men in ethics and religion history. The prophets' work was so outstanding that later Hebrews attributed prophetic characteristics to their first leaders, disregarding specific services they rendered. Abraham and Jacob, despite recorded moral delinquencies, were credited by prophetic writers with some worthy traits. Smith in \"The Prophet and His Problems\" (Genesis) calls Abraham a prophet. Ipuwer of Egypt, whose date was between 2000 and 1800 b.c., is known as the first social prophet.\nThe prophets of Israel, treated as prophets due to Aaron, Moses' brother who was less gifted in speech (4). When we first encounter the prophets at work, the scene is not particularly appealing. They barely differed from dervishes found in some Oriental regions today. They traveled the land in gypsy-like bands, shouting, singing, playing crude instruments like the pipe, tambourine, and drum, dancing, and working themselves up into states of excitement that often led to their raving in ecstatic words or falling hypnotized and unconscious on the ground (5). In fact, in the early Israeli speech, to prophesy meant to rave. Saul, in his fits of madness, prophesied, i.e., behaved like a madman (6). Several incidents are narrated regarding this chieftain and his interactions with groups of prophets.\nThe prophets differed so strikingly from him with their social status that when he was found among them and under their influence, people exclaimed in wonder, \"Is Saul among the prophets?\" (7)\n\nThese bands of enthusiasts, going about the land holding their exciting orgies, telling fortunes, and preaching the national religion, gave little promise of the notable service which the greater men of their order were to render. In the first days, as we are told, those who were later called prophets were known as seers, clairvoyants, or fortune-tellers. Probably none of the early stages of religion are wholly free from the practice of magic. This appears to have had its place among the primitive Israelites. Instances of this are the attempt of Balaam to put a ban or spell on Israel (9), resort to a divination ritual with a donkey (Numbers 22:21-35).\nprophet, as a public diviner, used a bronze snake as a healing device, various forms of omens, signs, and divination. Astrology was also practiced. Dreams were regarded as intimations of the divine will, and the casting of lots was common. Urim and Thummim, \"lights and perfections,\" were believed to reside in a magic stone worn or held in the hand or kept in possession of a priest or diviner, revealing the will of deity. Saul first sought Samuel in his capacity as a diviner. Behind the prophets were the noble traditions of Moses and his achievements. Although his figure is considerably obscured by legend and romance, in order to understand their practices, it is essential to consider Moses' influence.\nCaptain, prophet, and lawgiver, he gained such a notable name. His influence extended far down through the history of his people. Hosea declared that the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt through a prophet, Moses, and preserved them by the same prophet. When later generations required continuing order of men with leadership qualities, they reported Moses as promising that from time to time, God would raise up among them a prophet like him. The Bible Through the Centuries notes that the words \"prophet\" derive from Assyrian and Babylonian roots meaning \"oracles and spells\" (Cf. The People and the Book, p. 90 f.). Israel was proud to think of itself as a prophetic nation, bearing a divine message to other races, and was glad to believe that Moses himself, far from being an ordinary man, was endowed with extraordinary spiritual gifts.\nBeing jealous of other men's preaching, he had wished that all the Lord's people were prophets. The question of whether any writings of the Old Testament are owed to Moses himself is not entirely resolved. The first five books of the Bible, popularly known as the Pentateuch, lay abundant claim to Mosaic authority and, in certain parts, particularly the laws, to Mosaic authorship. Yet, the difficulty of ascribing any portion of these writings to that ancient leader is evident from the contents of the documents themselves, leading to revisions of Jewish and early Christian views. It was natural for the laws of Israel to be ascribed to the man who was the outstanding prophet and lawgiver of the first, the Egyptian, period of Israel's history. That belief\nThe accepted tradition embodied in the Hexateuch became something of Moses' life and teaching. Scholars now recognize the close relationship of Joshua to the five books that precede it, and the six are usually referred to as a unit. The authors of Deuteronomy, writing around 700 BC, declared that no prophet had arisen in Israel like Moses. After the tribes secured a foothold in Palestine under various leaders, such as Joshua and Caleb, and passed through some decades of varying fortune at the hands of their Canaanite neighbors and desert invaders, the Prophets and Their Writings.\nDuring the period when the people, language, and culture of Canaan were gradually absorbed, a notable leader emerged in the form of Samuel. He combined in himself the qualities of prophet, seer, judge, and military leader. Dedicated in infancy to the service of the sanctuary and raised among the priests at Shiloh, Samuel may have learned the art of divination from them. After the destruction of that shrine by the Philistines, he established himself at Ramah and from there made pilgrimages to various localities such as Bethel, Gilgal, and Mizpah, holding assemblies of the people.\nThe earliest approaches to schools in Israel were a combination of court and religious revivals. Gradually, he attached to himself the groups of \"prophets,\" the ecstatic wanderers and dervishes. These \"sons of the prophets\" formed the groups to which the title \"schools of the prophets\" has been appropriately applied. They were probably the earliest known schools in Israel. Like the monasteries of the middle ages, they served the purposes of instruction for their order. They preserved the teachings of Moses, Samuel, and other leaders of their class, and carried out their messages to wider communities. The first stages of prophetic writing were probably carried on. Whatever written material existed would naturally be collected.\nOne instance involves Samuel's warning to the people about their new form of government upon Saul's selection as king. Samuel is said to have penned down the essence of his guidance in a book. No subsequent reference is made to this \"book,\" and if it existed, it likely perished or its content was integrated into the Deuteronomists' law code regarding kings.\n\nNot long after Samuel's time, David, a young shepherd from Bethlehem, ascended to power in Saul's army and household, the first king of Israel. After Saul's death in battle against the Philistines, David succeeded him as ruler. David's reign was likely around 1000 b.c., and according to custom, he was credited with a lengthy reign.\nForty years. There are evidences of literary work in this period. To David were attributed the dirges over Saul and Jonathan, and Abner. Tradition assigned to him the composition of psalms, such as the eighteenth, an early war song, duplicated in 2 Sam. 22, and later generations made him the author of half the hymns in the book of Psalms. Some foundation for such beliefs there must have been; however, the modern scholar finds it necessary to reduce to limited terms the Davidic element in the Psalter. Such a basis is found in the references to David as a minstrel in 1 Sam. 16:17, 18, and to his use of the harp in Amos 6:5, and in the traditions regarding his part in the organization of the liturgical features of public worship found in The Prophets.\n\nIn his reign and that of his son, Solomon, there were:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for readability.)\nMen who wrote accounts of current events and facts regarding the kings are mentioned, including a book of Samuel the seer, one of Nathan the prophet, one of Gad the seer, and a book of the Acts of Solomon. The author of 2 Chronicles 9:29 refers to the book of Nathan the prophet and the prophecy of Ahijah of Shiloh and the visions of Iddo the seer. There were also scribes and recorders in the courts of David and his successors, who were likely the writers of the lost \"Chronicles of the Kings of Israel\" and of Judah frequently cited by the authors of our books of Kings and Chronicles as sources. Much of this work was prophetic in character, written not merely as historical record, but for purposes of ethical instruction. The division of the kingdom at the close of Solomon's reign.\nReign (937 BC) was the work of the prophets of the national faith under the leadership of Ahijah of Shiloh. They dreaded the effects of the centralizing and despotic character of the government upon the popular religion and chose rather to wreck national unity than to invite moral disaster. Their efforts were only partially successful. Additional references are made to the \"words of Shemiah the prophet,\" and of \"Iddo the seer\" (2 Chron. 15:15). The former of whom is mentioned in 1 Kings 13:1 and elsewhere. Many prophets are named of whom no writing is affirmed, such as Azariah son of Oded (2 Chron. 15:1-7), Hanani the seer (2 Chron. 16:7), Jehu the prophet (1 Kings 16:1, 7, 8), and Jonah the prophet (2 Kings 14:25), the probable model for the fictitious Jonah of the book of that name.\nThe prophetic narratives mention many unnamed prophets in addition to named ones, such as in 1 Samuel 2:27; 1 Kings 18:35-36; 22:6; 2 Kings 9:1-4. In the northern kingdom, deprived of contact with the sanctuary at Jerusalem, the people easily adopted the heathen influences of neighboring lands. The kingdom of Judah also felt the ill effects of foreign manners. Reforms were organized in the north by Elijah and his successor Elisha, who employed drastic methods against the dynasty of Ahab. However, the moral tone of both kingdoms declined, and more urgent voices were needed. The persecutions under Jezebel, Ahab's energetic and fanatical queen, greatly weakened the prophetic order. From that time onward, the men of this group tended to become more professional.\nIn this period, vital religious leadership became a menace instead of help for the worship of Jehveh. Moral leaders regarded them as false prophets and severed all connections with them, as in the cases of Micaiah, Amos, and others. There is little mention of literary work during this time. Jezebel, the queen in Samaria, wrote letters to the chiefs of Jezreel regarding Naboth and his vineyard. Elijah is said to have written a reproving letter to Jehoram of Judah. However, the Chroniclers' systematic ignoring of the northern kingdom and its activities, and their making no other mention of Elijah, casts some doubt upon that reference. The most notable achievement of the prophetic order in the days following the reforms instituted by Elijah and carried to their bloody conclusion by Jehu was the preparation.\nThe greatness of these two prophetic leaders as moral and political defenders of Israel is reflected in the words of keen regret addressed to each at the close of his career, \"My father, my father, the chariots of Israel and the horsemen thereof.\" They were a greater protection to Israel than hosts of armed men (2 Kings 2:11, 13:14).\n\nThe Prophets and Their Writings\n\nDescription of a body of narratives covering the entire course of events from the beginnings of the world to their own time, as embodied in the traditions handed down in their circle. These prophets lived in the southern kingdom of Judah and may have been stimulated to their task by the recent reforms in the north and the overthrow of the idolatrous queen Athaliah by the priest Jehoiada and the young king Joash in Jerusalem.\nThese events occurred around 842 and 836 b.c., respectively, and probably around 825 b.c. The prophets put forth this record. It is commonly called the Judean prophetic document due to its origin from the Judean school of leaders. Additionally, it predominantly uses the divine name Jahveh, leading to its alternative names, the Jahvist or \"J\" narrative. This document is found throughout Genesis 2, portions of Exodus, Numbers, Deuteronomy (briefly in chapter 34), Joshua (slightly in chapters 2 and 9), and Judges. The style is free and flowing, with vivid and concise narratives. Jahveh is portrayed as an intimate, friendly deity who converses freely with man and takes an active role in the affairs of his people. The places and leaders mentioned are primarily those of Judah. The manners are simple.\nBut the will of Jahveh as the divine ruler is the supreme duty of man. These narratives were not the product of a single writer but belong to a school or circle of prophets, and were supplemented by later writers. The analysis of the \u201cJ\u201d document, with references to the biblical text, can be found in Driver\u2019s Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, pp. 117-111, or in Kent's Beginnings of Hebrew History, pp. 31-37, and Chart, pp. XIII-XXX. The Bible, wrought in the same spirit, and whose work, while distinctive, belongs in the same body of teaching. Such stories as the second narrative of creation, the temptation and sin of man, the sons of God and the daughters of men, the tower of Babel, the destruction of Sodom and the deliverance of Lot, the marriage of Isaac, Jacob\u2019s meeting with Esau.\nRachel, age 43, and her return to Canaan are mentioned in this document. The writers of this collection of narratives aimed to provide a prophetic interpretation of human affairs, focusing particularly on Hebrew experiences from the earliest times up to their own age. The merging of this series with another set of narratives accounts for its fragmentary form in the Old Testament. However, this fact does not detract from the graphic nature of its account of the past or the urgent faith and patriotism of its authors. It has preserved in first-hand form a significant portion of the source material for our knowledge of Israel's early history and religion.\n\nIn the following century, around 750 BC, another collection of prophetic narratives emerged.\nThe text originates from the northern part of the country and starts with the story of Abraham and Abimelech (Genesis 21). It uses the name Elohim, translated as \"God,\" extensively, and is therefore called the Elohistic source. This text is primarily focused on places and leaders from the northern kingdom, also known as Ephraim. Its style differs from that of other sources in the Hexateuch.\nThe \"J\" writings are less anthropomorphic. God is not represented as taking an active part in human affairs but rather as accomplishing his purposes through chosen leaders with whom he communicates by means of dreams and visions. Idolatry is more strongly disapproved. The authors are more sensitive to moral qualities in the heroes of the record. The spirit of this source is more nearly that of the prophets Amos and Hosea, whose ministry fell in this general period. Among the narratives that belong to the \"E\" source are the sacrifice of Isaac, Jacob's purchase of his brother's birthright, Jacob's marriages, Joseph's interpretation of dreams, Joseph's interview with his brothers, and the last days of Joseph. Each of these documents is marked by words and phrases peculiar to itself. As in the case of the Judean records.\nLater additions were likely made to the Ephraimite source. After the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 721 b.c., the two documents were combined by Judean prophets whose groups alone survived. This blending of narratives probably occurred around 650 b.c. It explains numerous duplications where the same incident is repeated in slightly different forms. It also explains why the Judean element predominantly features in the combined account, known as \"JE.\"\n\nDuring this earlier period of prophetic activity, the influence of the \"sons of the prophets\" was felt. These preachers were related to the \"schools of the prophets\" and went throughout the land interpreting the ideals of men like Moses, Samuel, Elijah, and Elisha. Many references to this period remain.\nReferences are made in the literature to unnamed teachers, whose manners had improved and whose utterances had taken on a higher character with the growth of prophetic purpose. To such men and the labors of their circles we owe much of that body of narrative that occupies a large portion of the Old Testament from Genesis to Kings.\n\nEven in this early and rude period of Hebrew life, certain admirable moral qualities are evident and are more definitively and habitually exhibited than in any other ancient civilization. Among them were honesty, fidelity to truth, faithful payment of debts, respect for leaders, courage in danger, bravery in battle, unselfish devotion to family, friends or causes, hospitality to strangers, kindness to the poor and unfortunate, and justice in the courts. That there were many departures from these ideals is made clear by the text.\nThe Prophets and Their Writings emerged from the little, inconspicuous people of Israel in the central location of the ancient world, Palestine. Secluded by mountains, desert, and sea, yet open to contacts with all, it was the bridge between the empires of the Euphrates and the Nile, the buffer state between north and south, and the battle ground of the centuries. (Old Testament writings testify to the high moral conduct of Israel, which became a pattern to the nations.)\nThe plain of Megiddo was believed to be the Armageddon, the site of the world's final conflict between righteousness and evil, by a later apocalyptist. Trade caravans from all over the earth passed through this land, yet its people remained largely undisturbed on their highlands. They had brought the roughness, hardihood, and mental alertness of the austere desert region with them. Monotheism, which seemed suited to desert dwellers, was not completely overcome by polytheism and the seductions of a settled land when they entered Canaan. Israel's comparative isolation on its mountain ridge aided the prophets in their passion for the worship of Jahveh, their national God from the desert, and their struggle for a nobler morality than that which existed in the pagan states around them. In their struggle with these states.\nneighboring  peoples  Israel  finally  went  down.  But  out  of \nthat  incessant  conflict  certain  world  ideals  emerged,  and  cer\u00ac \ntain  experiences  were  achieved  in  virtue  of  which  this  peo\u00ac \nple,  few  in  numbers  and  living  in  \u201c  the  least  of  all  lands,\u201d \nbecame  the  moral  leader  of  the  nations,  the  parent  of  three \nmonotheistic  religions  \u2014  Judaism,  Christianity  and  Moham\u00ac \nmedanism  \u2014  and  the  pioneer  in  the  vanguard  of  the  world\u2019s \nspiritual  progress. \nIV \nTHE  GREAT  PROPHETS  AND  THE \nDECLINE  OF  PROPHECY \nIt  is  with  the  arrival  of  Amos  of  Tekoa  that  the  real \nministry  of  the  prophets  begins,  and  we  are  able  to  lay  hands \non  the  authentic  words  of  these  moral  leaders.  There  is  a \nthrill  in  the  fact  that  on  opening  the  book  of  Amos  one  is \nreading  the  first  actual  writing  of  a  man  of  this  order  and \none  of  the  earliest  books  in  the  Bible.  Here  is  the  thrust  and \nThe urgency of the spoken word. Like other documents of its kind, the book of Amos is a series of messages, sermons preached on the streets of Bethel or Samaria with brief editorial notes interspersed. These sermons likely represent only a small part of what the prophet said during his ministry, and they only contain a portion of what he said on any one occasion. The biblical records provide little information on how the prophetic books like Amos took form. Did the prophet write out his oracles and read them to his audiences like some modern preachers? Did he, after preaching, write out the substance of what he had said to preserve it or to distribute it to wider circles? Or did followers and disciples write what they were able to recall of his sermons?\nThe problems in the text are minimal. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe problems of the prophets' use of livestock and figs - for wider ministry in their order or for study in the schools of the prophets - is uncertain. But the latter is not an unreasonable conjecture and is strengthened by Isaiah's reference to his disciples. The reader is not certain that the entire material of any particular prophetic book is the work of the man whose name it bears. Authorship was held of slight account in antiquity. But there is no reason to doubt that the substance of the book of Amos came from the ministry of that stern and aggressive herdsman and farmer.\n\nHe appeared with his cattle and figs in the markets of northern Israel around 750 b.c. and began to preach against the luxury, dishonesty, and immorality of the wealthy inhabitants of the capital. Jeroboam II.\nII (781-740 b.c.). Amos, in the midst of his successful reign, made Samaria the seat of government. Bethel, Gilgal, Dan, and other northern cities had sanctuaries, in at least two of which the first Jeroboam had set up golden bulls as images of Jahveh. Though he did not belong to the professional group known as prophets or \"sons of the prophets,\" Amos was stirred by what he saw of idolatry and social injustice in the towns of Israel. Feeling commissioned by God to preach sermons of reproof and warning, he first gained the attention of his audience by denouncing the neighboring nations: Syria, Philistia, Phoenicia, Edom, Ammon, and Moab, and then warned the people of Israel, the nation in whose chief cities he was stopping.\nThe sins of a country acquiring wealth and forgetting God were charged against it, and the approaching tragedy of Assyrian invasion was indicated as the punishment for the evils of the age. The prophet fulfilled his mission as a moral leader and a reprover of the unsocial conduct of the chiefs and commoners of the northern kingdom about to come to an end. The book of Amos provides a vivid commentary on the morals and manners of the time, and the reason why the prophets of the Lord found their task so difficult.\n\nSoon after the ministry of this prophet, another appeared in Samaria, a younger man named Hosea. He may have been a listener to some of Amos's public utterances, but neither mentions the other in the writings that have survived.\nHosea, a native of Israel and a young man of ability, survived from them. He ministered during the prosperous days of Jeroboam II and in the period of chaos and decline that followed. It was only twenty years from Jeroboam's death until Sargon of Assyria took Samaria (721 b.c.) and brought the kingdom of Israel to its close. During this brief time, six kings succeeded each other in swift succession, and four of them were assassinated. It was a time of confusion and collapse.\n\nHosea came to his prophetic task due to domestic unhappiness, as described in fact or parable in the first three chapters of the book that bears his name. This book is the first in the list of the so-called minor prophets, but the order of these books is unrelated to their dates.\nHosea's domestic tragedy brought to him the pathos of God's experience with Israel, whom the prophet likens to an unfaithful wife. This was the new and unhappy interpretation of the nation's attitude toward its divine Lord and husband. The story told in those first chapters about Hosea, whether it is an actual experience of his or a dramatic picture of the immorality of the times, sets Yahweh in vivid contrast with the Baals of Palestine as the real lover and lord of Israel. The remainder of the book is a record of Hosea's preaching in Samaria, the capital, and of the swift decline of Israel to the abyss of ruin. The message of the preacher was a reflection of the sentiment of the forsaken lover and husband. Never does he despair of the ultimate redemption of his faithless wife or of Israel.\nThe fickle people, and his pleas are urged with a heart-breaking tenderness that at times mingles with the furious jealousy of one who is always hopeful of amendment and ever suffering disappointment. Assessed in terms of achievement of the ends sought, the work of Amos and Hosea must be regarded as a failure, for the nation did not repent, and the end came swiftly and tragically. However, the new standards of social justice and personal integrity set by these moral leaders mark them as among the great voices of Israel's history, fitting predecessors of the prophets who followed.\n\nOf these, the most notable was Isaiah of Jerusalem, whose ministry fell in the period between 739 and 701 b.c., during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah. In fact, with the work of Isaiah and his contemporary.\nMicah's prophecy shifted from the northern to the southern kingdom. Previously, prophets were primarily from the north. Due to the fall of Samaria, the scope of this ministry narrowed to the small region of Judah. The book of Isaiah, the longest in chapters in its present form, is in reality the work of at least three different writers. Only the first portion, chapters 1-2, belongs to the ministry of the great prophet of Jerusalem. These chapters are not arranged in chronological order, and their sequence must be determined in relation to the historical background provided by 2 Kings.\n\nThe call of the young man Isaiah to his prophetic work occurred in 739 BC, \"the year that King Uzziah died,\" as detailed in chapter 6. From this experience came the conscience.\nThe consciousness of a holy mission to Judah, and the program of national and civic life disclosed by the God whom the prophet henceforth spoke as \"the Holy One of Israel.\" The materials of the portion of the book belonging to the ministry of Isaiah can be grouped in three periods, corresponding roughly to the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The sermons in the first section, \"the Exalted Mountain,\" chapters 2-4, and \"the Vineyard,\" chapter 5, present a compelling picture of the prophet's personality and message, as well as some idea of the times. The second period finds its climax in the crisis of 734 BC, when in the reigns of Jotham and Ahaz, Judah was threatened with the hostility of Syria and Israel to compel her assistance against the onrushing Assyrians. By the prophet's insistence, Judah was kept.\nThe northern alliance withdrew, but Ahaz foolishly sought help from Tiglath-Pileser, the dreaded conqueror. This involved his kingdom and successors in a heavy annual tribute. Damascus fell in 732 BC, as Isaiah had foreseen, and Israel a decade later. The third significant event in the prophet's ministry was the siege and deliverance of Jerusalem, vividly portrayed in chapters 36 and 37 and also reported in 2 Kings 18, 19. The devastation of Judah by Sennacherib of Assyria, detailed in his own cylinders and depicted in Isaiah 1, left the kingdom stripped and impoverished. However, the capital was spared for another century during Isaiah's forty-year ministry.\nJudah's ideal prophet-statesman. His advice on political matters was not always heeded, with unfortunate results. He was not always correct in his forecasts, such as predicting the rise of a delivering king to repel the Assyrian foe.6 But his teachings raised the standard set by Amos and Hosea even higher, and his name went down through the centuries as the greatest prophet of God in Hebrew history. It was not surprising that under his protection, the writings of men from different periods and varying viewpoints were gathered. The book that bears his name is proof of this fact. Its title carried his authority to oracles he never saw.\n\nWhile Isaiah was preaching in Jerusalem, another prophetic leader emerged.\nA prophet voiced the grievances of the peasant, rural class on the western slopes of Palestine. Micah resided in the town of Moreshah, near ancient Gath. His message was that of a countryman, whose neighbors endured the exactions of their absentee landlords who lived in Jerusalem or Samaria and derived their revenues from the labor of tenant farmers. He spoke as a defender of his class, a tribune of the peasantry. He may have known Isaiah, his fellow prophet at the capital. They both utilized a dramatic oracle, \"the Exalted Mountain,\" possibly the original utterance of Isaiah, and perhaps from an earlier seer. At all events, Micah denounced.\nThe evils of rural oppression were equally denounced by Isaiah as those of the city. It is not surprising that such a fearless preacher offended the social leaders of his time and brought himself into acute danger. He might well have suffered martyrdom for his courageous words had it not been for Hezekiah the king recognizing the justice of his plea. Some of the reforms of Hezekiah's reign may have been due to Micah's intrepid words.\n\nThe ruler who followed Hezekiah in 686 BC was Manasseh, a man of totally different spirit. Reacting violently against the teachings of the prophets of Jehovah, he promoted heathen worship in the land and persecuted the faithful. His son Amon continued the same course. It was not until Josiah came to power in 639 BC that better days dawned. A friend to the ancient faith, he introduced reforms and restored it.\nDuring the temple's restoration, a book of law was discovered. Anxious priests and prophets prepared it in the dark days of persecution, preserving Moses' teachings and new laws suitable for the later time. This was the basis of the great reformation initiated by the king throughout his realm. Loyal prophets and priests, including possibly Jeremiah, threw themselves into this enterprise with enthusiasm. For a brief period, a better day seemed to have dawned. However, Josiah's unfortunate end at Megiddo cut short the movement, and Judah's last days came swiftly.\n\nDuring Manasseh's long reign, the voice of prophecy was almost completely silenced. It wasn't until\nThe more favorable days of Josiah's rule that the men of God had opportunity to speak. The first of those who gave forth an oracle was Nahum. His theme was the approaching downfall of the Assyrian empire, which came to its end under the combined assaults of the Medes and Babylonians in 607 b.c. That gigantic power, which had swept westward in great impulses from the middle of the eighth century b.c., and had reached the acme of its ambition in the conquest of Thebes, the capital of Egypt, in 662 b.c, had taken all before it on its devastating way. Hamath, Arpad, Damascus, Samaria, Philistia and Judah had fallen victims to its rapacity. It was the most hated of kingdoms. Nahum, with the clear vision of a seer, foresaw its inevitable overthrow. Perhaps about 625 b.c.\nThe most exciting event of Josiah's early reign was the invasion of the western lands by a host of Scythians, wild horsemen. They spread terror before them and left ruin in their wake, causing universal alarm in Syria and raids along the Mediterranean coast. It is not probable that Judah was actually overrun by these barbarians, but their presence and destructive raids gave another prophet his theme \u2013 the coming day of destruction for Judah, still under the influence of the long idolatry of Manasseh's reign. \"The great day of the Lord\" was the subject of Zephaniah's thought, and passed into medieval poetry in the classic hymn, \"Dies irae, dies illa.\" In this brief prophecy, as in Amos, the catalog of nations who would be judged appears.\nThe text concerns Jerusalem's punishment due to her pride, oppression, disobedience, avaricious and rapacious rulers, and perverting religious leaders. Zephaniah emphasized the certainty of divine wrath against sin but also the redemptive character of its penalties, suggesting redemption for Israel and all nations. Habakkuk's book reveals a situation of the world power shifting from Assyrian to Babylonian hands, one despotic regime replacing another, with nothing known about Habakkuk beyond his title.\nNation to one just as bad? Was it not as hard a fate to be under the heel of the Chaldeans (Babylonians) as of the Assyrians? How could the divine purpose be justified in the face of such events? This is one of the ever-recurring forms of the world-old problem of evil and its reconciliation with divine providence. The message is in the form of a dialogue between God and the prophet. After asking how God can use so barbarous an instrument for the accomplishment of his will, the seer pauses for a reply, which comes at last in the form of an oracle: \"The Chaldean is indeed puffed up with pride; but the just man shall be saved by his faithfulness.\" The divine purpose may seem mysterious, but the people of God must wait in confidence. The righteous shall be saved.\nA man saves himself by trusting in Jahveh. The closing chapter is a majestic ode with a theme of confidence in God and his power and willingness to aid his people. Hosea may be called the prophet of Israel's decline and fall, but Jeremiah is worthy of the title as the prophet of Judah's decline and fall. His ministry extended over half a century, from the middle of Josiah's reign until after Jerusalem's destruction in 586 b.c. His call came in the thirteenth year of the king with whom he lived in true companionship, preaching his message of protest against the seductive survivals of Manasseh's days. When the law book (Deuteronomy) was found in the temple, he preached the principles of the new covenant along with the other reformers of the time, despite the difficulties.\nThe tragic death of Josiah removed his royal friend and protector of the entire prophetic group. The circle was rapidly diminished, leaving Jeremiah practically alone, with Jehoiakim the king and the court hostile to his work. It had been the happy fortune of Isaiah to preach a doctrine of optimism, believing that Jerusalem's safety was essential to the divine purpose. It was Jeremiah's tragedy that he had to insist that Jerusalem had passed her day of grace and that it was too late to escape the destruction and dispersion which alone could bring true repentance. His was a sad and hazardous career. The victim of persecution and plots, he was more than once in peril of his life. The nation had relapsed into idolatry after Josiah's death, and the court encouraged it.\nThe debacle of the Reformation. During the years of Jehoiakim (605-597 BC), Jeremiah's situation was indeed pitiful. His treatment by the king is well illustrated by Jehoiakim's contemptuous destruction of the roll of oracles prepared with much labor by the imprisoned prophet. Jeremiah's situation was no more favorable during the following reigns of Jehoiachin and Zedekiah. His advice that the city ought not to attempt the impossible adventure of resisting the Babylonian army on its approach brought on him a fresh outburst of anger from the jingoist parties at the court. All he could do was to appeal to the future and insist that though Jerusalem was doomed to fall, the people should return from their expatriation after seventy years of discipline and restore the ruined capital. When the city finally fell, owing to the folly of the royalty.\nadvisers and the lack of a sane policy, Jeremiah was given by the Babylonian commander the melancholy choice of going with the captives to the far lands of their deportation or of remaining with those deemed worthless for purposes of removal. He chose the latter course, as likely to be of greater advantage to his unhappy people. But soon after he was carried away into Egypt, reluctant and protesting, by a company of his fellow Hebrews, the governor Gedaliah having been murdered and they fearful of retaliation by Babylon. The last seen of this martyr-prophet is on the banks of the Nile, still warning his fickle countrymen against the disasters of idolatry.\n\nThe little book of Obadiah contains a message on a theme never forgotten in the dark days which followed.\nThe fall of Jerusalem. That was the hatred felt for the people of Edom, who had always been the subject of bitter invective by all the prophets and poets of Israel from the days of Amos onward. It appears that at the siege of Jerusalem, they hailed with savage joy the overthrow of the city and added their taunts to the sorrows of its unhappy citizens. Whether the fragment of prophecy that goes by the name of this prophet was composed shortly after the overthrow of the city in 586 b.c. or at some later time is not certain. But it voiced the feelings of the harassed people in one of the saddest moments of their history and denounced vengeance upon the hated sons of Edom. In some regards, the period that followed the fall of the city was the most significant in the story of the nation. It began with the destruction of Jerusalem and really never ended.\nThe end came for those who went away from Judah. Few, if any, returned. Some of their children came back after fifty years had passed, but the great majority of the race was dispersed in the east and south and made up the groups of Hebrews in Persia, Babylonia, and Egypt in that and later centuries. During that first fifty years, there were three significant prophetic voices whose messages were outstanding in the writings of the Old Testament. The first was Jeremiah of Jerusalem, whose ministry has already been reviewed. The second was Ezekiel of Tel-abib in Babylonia. The third was perhaps the most impressive and influential of the three \u2014 the unknown prophet, whose utterances are found in Isaiah, chapters 40-55, and who is usually called Second Isaiah.\nAmong Jews exiled to Babylonia by Nebuchadrezzar in 597 BC, after Jerusalem's siege and subjugation, was a young priest named Ezekiel. His group resided at Tel-abib on a southern Babylonian irrigation canal, Chebar. Five years later, he began his prophetic duties, called by a vision of God's glory and presence among his people in exile. The recording of his service in this town provides a typical Hebrew colony experience in Babylonia. Unlike Isaiah and Jeremiah's books, this one is fairly consecutive in its material. It consists of three sections: (1) The story of the ministry.\nDuring these five years, Ezekiel attempted to convince his countrymen that their exile was not a mere temporary episode, but that the city they had left was doomed to destruction because of its sins. He described many of these sins in vivid language, parables, and visions. He refuted the popular belief that they were victims of their fathers' evil-doings and insisted on individual responsibility for each man. At last, he learned that the king of Babylon had begun the investment of Jerusalem. From that time, he ceased his public preaching.\n\nProfessor Torrey holds that chapters 34-66, with the exception of 36-39, form a homogeneous group and are the work of a single hand (op. cit. p. 53).\nRegarding the sins of Judah, he turned his attention to the neighboring lands, following the example of Amos and later prophets. Ammon, Moab, Edom, the Philistines, Tyre, Sidon, and Egypt are summoned to undergo divine discipline due to their iniquities. These national oracles were intended for the instruction of his own people and probably were never conveyed to the peoples with whom they were supposed to deal.\n\nAt last, a refugee from Jerusalem brought the news that the city had fallen. The tidings caused the greatest consternation among the people in Tel-abib. Hitherto they had been so confident of a speedy end to their exile that the words of the prophet fell on deaf ears. Now all was changed. He was vindicated, and his influence immeasurably extended. But the sad news that Jerusalem had fallen.\nSalem was no more, and the best of her people were on their way to Babylonia in the company of their childless and blinded king. This filled all hearts with a tragic sense of hopelessness. It was now that Ezekiel's work began anew. It was necessary to revive confidence in the certainty of Jahveh's promises of restoration. Here the third part of the book begins. The future program of the nation is outlined. The land of Palestine is to be cleansed of the presence of pagan and defiling peoples. The nation itself is to be purified, given a new heart, and raised to fresh life. But best of all, a new temple, greater and more beautiful than the structure reared by Solomon, is to be set up in the restored city, and all the land is to be made fresh and fertile by the river of God that is to flow from the threshold.\nIn the year 538 b.c., Cyrus the Persian gained control of the Babylonian empire, transferring world rule from Semitic to Aryan hands. The Hebrews' condition saw little change in both the east and the west. Cyrus issued a decree allowing exiles in his realm to return to their former homes. Few Hebrews took advantage of this opportunity, but a new prophetic voice among them may have encouraged some to do so. Jeremiah and Ezekiel had devotedly carried out their tasks during the early years of the age.\nThe unknown prophet in the last decade of the half century of captivity took up the message of dispersion in the second part of the book of Isaiah. In many respects, it is the greatest of the prophetic utterances. Beginning with the heartening words, \"Comfort, comfort my people, says your God,\" it sounds the four notes of prophetic assurance: The nation is to return to its homeland of Judah; Jahveh its God is incomparably more potent than the hand-made gods of Babylon; Cyrus the Persian, now on the frontier of the empire, will conquer it and be the divine agent for Israel\u2019s release; and the Servant of God, sometimes thought of as the nation, sometimes as the righteous remnant, the nucleus in which hope remains, and.\nAn individual, as a martyr-prophet or suffering servant of God, could not achieve national and world redemption through a dismembered and scattered nation, any elect remnant, or a martyr-prophet like Jeremiah or a stricken king like Jehoiachin. Instead, the realization of these hopes came through the life and ministry of One greater than all, who appeared in due time to fulfill the high task Israel could not accomplish. This was the last of the great prophetic messages. The messages that followed contained less of the true inspiration that made the work of the great moral leaders of the nation notable. With the coming of Cyrus the Persian to the throne of the empire and the world, hopes were revived.\nFor the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the restoration of national life, small companies of Hebrews returned to Judah. Their arrival gave those in Palestine courage to revive their institutions. It seemed that the promises of the prophets during the exile were about to be realized. Under the leadership of two country prophets, Haggai and Zechariah, the plan to rebuild the temple began in 520 BC, and after many delays and much difficulty, it was completed in 516 BC. The nominal leaders of the little community were Zerubbabel and Joshua, who had come with an early group of Babylonian Hebrews, but the real initiative was with the two native prophets. Their brief oracles provide an interesting picture of the discouraging situation and patriotic efforts.\nThe reign of Darius I (521-485 BC) followed that of Xerxes I (485-464 BC), who secured his throne during the days of Haggai and Zechariah. The aspirations of the Judeans for political power led to the suppression of the line of David and the substitution of a Persian governor for the native prince. Though the temple was completed, most of ancient Jerusalem was still covered in ruins, and the walls were dismantled, as they had been left by Nebuchadrezzar in 586 BC. This is the situation made evident by Malachi.\nThe book of Malachi. The people are very poor and deeply disheartened. They are forgetting the law and their duties. The worship at the temple is slack and indifferent. Only repentance and amendment of life can bring prosperity. The book closes with the warning that an Elijah may be expected soon who will fearlessly set things right and bring the evil to judgment. Thus, the Old Testament comes to an end with words of stern severity toward the negligent and the scorners, but of warm commendation for the righteous who still keep the Mosaic commandments.\n\nSomewhere in this later period, the books of Joel and Jonah are to be placed. The former was a lesson drawn from a locust plague that devastated the land. This is regarded by the prophet as the harbinger of a more sinister infliction.\nThe visitation of a mysterious enemy will waste the country. Only repentance can avert the danger. In such a time of peril, Jahveh is roused to aid his people. He promises relief. The locust plague will be dispersed, the enemy driven away, the land will again be fruitful, and the greater blessing of the outpoured Spirit of God will be realized. The restoration of the still scattered Hebrews to their native land will be completed, while the nations that have wasted Israel will be overthrown. The emphasis of the book is upon the bright future of the redeemed and purified people and the destruction of those who have brought their misfortune. The book of Jonah is a prophetic answer to the narrower nationalism of Ezekiel, Joel, and Esther. Its date falls in this late period.\n\nThe final stage of this prophetic movement, in which...\nThe true prophetic spirit has practically disappeared. It is found in the late apocalyptic portions of the Old Testament, such as the third part of the book of Isaiah, the last two sections of the book of Zechariah, Isaiah 13, 14 and 24-27, and the representative apocalypse of the Old Testament, the book of Daniel.\n\nIt is thus seen that prophecy in Israel described something of a curve. It ascended with the early seers from Samuel to Elisha, reaching its culmination in the great prophets of the Assyrian and Babylonian periods, such as Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah, Jeremiah, and the Second Isaiah.\n\nFrom the time of Ezekiel to its final extinction in scribism and apocalypse, the ideals of the great prophets were preserved.\nThe messages were never lost, even after their voices were hushed. Their teachings were repeated from generation to generation. When the spirit of prophecy emerged in John the Baptist and supremely in Jesus, the new prophets reverted to these master teachers of an earlier age for the basis and motive of their words of warning and hope.\n\nOf the three teaching orders in Israel, the prophets, the priests, and the wise men or sages, the priests came nearest to the life of the people. The priests were an order of village pastors and had charge of the local sanctuaries, the high places that in earlier times played such an important role in community life and later fell into disrepute.\n\nThe functions of the priests were various. They ministered at the altar, performed sacrifices, and officiated at religious ceremonies. They also acted as judges and advisors, and were responsible for the administration of the temple.\nPriests conducted rituals at sanctuaries by attending to sacrifices when people brought offerings and partook in sacred meals. They gave instructions in God's name, divined for those seeking counsel using the ephod, a priestly garment, or a divining image, or Urim and Thummim, a form of inquiry using a magic stone. They served as health officers for those brought for inspection. The priests' instructions at the sanctuaries evolved into a body of laws or institutes, with rules and regulations forming from Moses' time, often attributed to him, as the laws of Israel.\nThe development of the priesthood in Israel was an interesting process, as among other ancient peoples. At the first, every man was priest in his own family. The classic illustration of the earlier steps in the growth of this order is found in the seventeenth chapter of the book of Judges. Micah, a householder of the tribe of Ephraim, decided, with his mother, to use a bit of money that they wished to put to a good service in the making of a couple of images for worship - probably a figure of Jahveh, the national deity, and a likeness of the family ancestor. The man, who was naturally the priestly head of the family, decided to make one of his sons the family priest. All this was evidently regarded as quite proper and exemplary. There was apparently no prejudice against the use of images, ephod, or teraphim.\nA man did not need to be a Levite to function as a priest. One day, a young man from the south identified himself to Micah as a Levite out of work. Micah hired him at a satisfactory wage to serve as his priest. This may have been how Levites came to be given such roles in various places. They belonged to the tribe of Moses. Perhaps they were not numerous enough to secure a tribal territory when the other tribes entered the land, or their numbers were diminished in conflicts with the Canaanites. They were a poor relation, landless, and largely dependent on alms. It became customary among the people to provide for them.\n\nPriestly Activities and Literature.\nThe custom of the Levites serving as priests, due to their great tribal leader and their uncertain condition, gradually became established, but was not obligatory. In the earliest code of law, they were not mentioned. However, by the time the Deuteronomic code took shape, it was declared that only Levites could minister as priests, and all Levites were considered part of this order. As a further development of the priestly estate, the late Priest Code of Ezra's day limited the priesthood to a particular clan in the tribe and reduced the remaining Levites to the rank of temple servants. The later recognition of the Levites as the sole members of the priestly class was emphasized by the tradition that in the days of Moses, this tribe was involved.\nThe Levitical priests were chosen through the miraculous sign of the budding rod of Aaron (Exodus 4:14-31). Their functions are recorded in a late hymn of the tribes of Northern Israel, attributed to Moses in Deuteronomy. In this text, the services of the Levitical priests include divining with Urim and Thummim, teaching the law of God, and officiating in the offerings of incense and burnt sacrifices.\n\nThe priestly group also enhanced its importance through narratives about the sacredness and fearsome nature of the sanctuaries and the ark (Exodus 25:10-22). Simultaneously, they increased their income from priestly ministries. Initially, during the period after the recognition of priests at the sanctuaries, there was no stated compensation for their work. The people.\nWho came to offer sacrifices gave to the priest and his helpers whatever they chose, in addition to the parts of the sacrificial carcass that could not be taken away. The blood was poured out as a libation upon or beside the altar, and the fat was burned upon it as God\u2019s portion. The edible parts, boiled in the kettles kept for that purpose, were distributed by the worshiper to his family. At the same time, he would give the priest or his helper whatever part of the offering he chose as a tip or gratuity. This custom did not satisfy the priests. It left too much to the inclination of the worshiper. The next step planned was the thrusting of a fork into the seething kettle, so that whatever came up was the portion of the priest. It was literally \"pot luck.\" It might mean much or little, a desirable or a scanty joint.\nSomething  more  certain  was  wanted.  So  the  next  demand \n*  Sacrifice  was  evidently  the  survival  and  development  of  various  primitive \ncustoms,  all  of  which  had  for  their  object  the  gaining  of  the  friendship,  favor  and \nprotection  of  deity,  (i)  One  was  the  sacrificial  meal,  in  which  God  was  regarded \nas  a  commensal,  a  fellow  guest,  and  offered  the  best  of  the  ceremonial  food.  (z)  In \nsome  instances  the  sacrifice  was  a  survival  of  and  compromise  with  the  early \ncustom  of  human  sacrifice,  in  which  an  animal  was  substituted  for  the  human \nvictim,  a  child  or  slave.  In  Israel\u2019s  earliest  code  of  law  it  is  definitely  stipulated \nthat  all  the  first-born  of  men  and  beasts  belonged  to  God,  i.e.,  were  to  be  devoted \nor  sacrificed.  Doubtless  this  was  regularly  the  practice  of  pre-Hebrew  times,  and \nstill  survived  in  certain  instances  (Judg.  11:34-40).  But  even  the  earliest  embodi\u00ac \nThe formal law in Israel allowed for the redemption of sons through payment or substitution (Exod. 342.0). The practice was later forbidden by teachers (Exod. 342.0). In some cases, consuming the meat of a sacred animal was believed to impart the god's powers and cunning to the worshiper. This principle underlies certain forms of cannibalism, such as gaining something of an enemy's strength and skill through consumption of their flesh. Blood and fat, dedicated to the deity, were taboo for the people. A raw portion of the meat was an innovation, resented by the people, as they saw the sacrifice as a means rather than the meat itself.\nThe communion with God and securing his favor involved the sprinkling of blood and burning of fat as significant parts of the ritual. Following the sacrifice, a sacrificial meal ensued. However, in some instances, the priestly attendant was overly focused on his gratuity and demanded it immediately, threatening force. Such behavior was considered a scandal and diminished respect for the worship.\n\nBut this was a modest demand compared to later usage. When the Deuteronomic law was issued, it made a stipulated provision for the priests by giving them a liberal portion of every offering. The later Priest Code further augmented their perquisites. In Nehemiah's days, a poll tax was collected for the sanctuary's service. In the times of Jesus, in addition to these designated offerings.\ndonations to the priests, there was a money payment to be made in connection with offerings. In the light of these facts, the growth of the priestly group in numbers, exclusiveness, sanctity and possessions is easily understood. Like all priesthoods, it enjoyed opportunities for the promotion of its privileges that fell neither to the prophets nor the sages. It is evident that in the eyes of men so favored by circumstances and growing tradition, the elevation of people from the common ranks to the priesthood without warrant of custom or even apology was regarded as nothing short of sacrilege. Such was the sin charged against Jeroboam the rebel king of the northern tribes. Meanwhile, the temple was built by Solomon after designs already prepared and with materials already assembled.\nThe effect of David's actions on the religious life of the people was felt almost immediately. It greatly enhanced the glory of the national religion at the capital, but it served as a magnet to draw priests from local communities where they were most needed to the central sanctuary. Perhaps this was what Nathan had feared when he dissuaded David from his plan to build a temple. Solomon, more interested in the beautification of his capital and less sensitive to the advice of prophets, proceeded with the enterprise. The result was inevitable. Local sanctuaries or \"high places,\" now abandoned by priests seeking the more congenial atmosphere of the temple in Jerusalem, came increasingly under the influence of the heathenisms of neighboring peoples. From that time on, they became a menace rather than a sanctuary.\nThe prophets considered idolatry a growing issue in leading northern sanctuaries. Untrained and unfit priests, appointed by Jeroboam and his successors, oversaw these shrines. Prophets demanded the suppression of high places, criticizing even the best Judean kings for not destroying these evil centers. Priestly Activities and Literature describe efforts to exterminate village shrines during Hezekiah's time (715-686 BC). Some were restored by his idolatrous son. (16 i Sam. 7 provides an account of the prophet's tactful persuasion of the king against his planned project.)\nManasseh marked a definite beginning for reform. This began under Josiah during the great reformation after discovering the law book with its strict prohibition of multiple sanctuaries (18, 19). The development of priestly laws kept pace with the growth of the priestly order. Initially, these were simple. The successive documents in the Hexateuch, the first six books of the Old Testament, each contain expanding bodies of law as the nation grew in numbers and culture. The oldest of these documents, the Judean or \"J\" source, has a relatively modest code of laws, suitable for a rural and even nomadic society. This is found in Exodus 34:17-26 and is distinctly stated to be the Ten Commandments.\nwritten by Moses at the divine dictation. They are quite different from the ten commandments that have become familiar alike to the church and the synagogue. They begin with the prohibition of molten images in worship and proceed through the items of the seven days' feast of unleavened bread. The demand that all firstborn children and animals be redeemed completes the Decalogue.\n\nThe Hebrew records waver between the statement that Moses wrote the words of the law (Exod. 24:4; 34:18; Deut. 31:11) and insistence upon the fact that Jahveh himself wrote them (Exod. 34:11, 18 \u2013 \"written with the finger of God\"). With the early beliefs of the nations that their laws, the result of custom and the organization of tribal morality, were the bestowal of deity, Hammurabi claims that he received his code from his god. The scene on the stele on which they are inscribed depicts this.\nThe arc records the king accepting the code from Shamash. Variations in the writing of the Mosaic institutes indicate different sources. The Bible mentions the dedication of malts to God, the requirement of a gift at the sanctuary, the seventh day of rest, the feast of weeks and ingathering, the threefold annual appearance of all men before Jahveh, the prohibition of leaven with sacrifices, the presentation of the first fruits of the land at the sanctuary, and the curious prohibition of boiling a kid in its mother's milk. These laws likely took shape as early as 850 b.c., the usual date assigned to this document. They may have been much earlier. Their ascription to the age and the author.\nThe agency of Moses aligned with the uniform Hebrew tradition regarding their revered leader and teacher. The second code of laws from priestly activity in Israel was contained in the Ephraimite or \"E\" document, dating around 750 b.c., found in Exodus 20-23. This material took shape near the time of Amos and Hosea and is more suitable to the developing urban life of that era. Its center and nucleus is the ten commandments in their common form, quite different from the earlier pattern of the \"J\" document. The relationship between the forms of Hebrew law and the code of King Hammurabi of Babylon (about 1750 b.c., a thousand years before Moses and the Exodus) is not fully known. Behind the Hebrews on their arrival in Canaan.\nAbout 1500 b.c., there lay long stretches of highly organized Semitic law, as well as Egyptian legislation with which they had come into contact, and Midianite legal practices (Exod. 18). The code of Hammurabi is more elaborate than the combined codes of Israel. It included:\n\n1. An introduction on evidence and decisions;\n2. The laws relating to property, personal and real, and to trade;\n3. Laws relating to persons, family, injuries, labor, and laborers.\n\nIn general, the Babylonian code disclosed a more highly developed social and industrial state than the Hebrew laws. The chief difference consists in the interest of the former in trade, commerce, industry, and the secular arts, and the latter in ethical and humanitarian ideas. Both, of course, contain a considerable amount of liturgical and ceremonial direction.\n\nPriestly activities and literature.\nThe commandments, as explicitly declared to be God's to the people, are said to have been written by the finger of God on the two tablets of stone. This version of the commandments is divided into two sections. The first deals with duties to God, and the second with duties to one\u2019s fellow-men. The advance in these laws is seen not only in this version of the commandments but in the remainder of the laws in the four chapters which form the matrix of the Decalogue. These are well adapted to the changing social order in the times of the first writing prophets. The \"J\" and \"E\" laws and traditions were apparently combined into one, generally known as the \"JE,\" around 650 b.c. These laws constituting what is known as the \"Book of the Covenant.\"\nThe first formal legal documents in the Old Testament are the third output of Israel's law-making activity. The Book of the Covenant met the needs of the people for several generations. The prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah came and went. Hezekiah's reign, a reformer and friend of Isaiah, was followed by Manasseh's, who turned from worshiping Jahveh and set up heathen abominations in Jerusalem. His half-century reign was a time of trouble for the prophets and orthodox priests. Few voices were raised in defense of prophetic ideals. The sanctuaries throughout the country declined from pure worship to idolatrous customs brought in from neighboring lands.\nThe danger to the religion of Jahveh and the morals of the people from this relapse into the pagan cults of the outer world pressed upon the spirits of the faithful priests and prophets who escaped persecution. The need of the time was a new law, limiting worship to a central sanctuary where the priestly ministry could be controlled by legitimate oversight, and the dangers of a heathen cultus could be resisted. Evidently, such a work was undertaken. But the long reign of Manasseh prevented any effort to inaugurate the reforms for which the new law, the expansion and reshaping of the Book of the Covenant, prepared the way. The generation that formulated the fresh code was passing away, and the only plan that appeared practicable was to deposit the document in the temple to await a more opportune day.\nThat  day  came  in  the  providence  of  God  during  the \nreign  of  the  pious  king  Josiah  (639-609  b.c.).  In  the  eight\u00ac \neenth  year  of  his  reign  certain  repairs  were  undertaken  in \nthe  temple  at  Jerusalem.  In  the  process  of  their  execution \na  roll  of  law  was  discovered,  which  brought  surprise  and \nconsternation  to  the  king  and  all  his  court,  including  Hilkiah \nthe  head  of  the  priestly  order*  This  book  forbade  many \nof  the  practices  which  had  become  customary  in  the  land, \nsuch  as  the  worship  at  various  sanctuaries  and  the  employ- \n*  z  Kings  zz;  This  narrative  includes  the  first  reference  in  the  Old  Testa\u00ac \nment  to  a  \u201c  high  priest.  \u201d  Such  a  functionary  was  apparently  unknown  before, \nand  even  here  it  may  be  an  editorial  addition  from  the  later  age  of  the  Priest \nCode  when  the  hierarchy  of  temple  ministers  was  more  elaborately  developed \n(Lev.  lino,  etc.). \nPriests' Activities and Literature\n\nThe ment of priests not of the strictly Levitical order were urgently addressed in the book, particularly in regards to idolatrous practices and associations. The king summoned a convocation of the people and had the new document read to them, which was adopted as the law of the state. Based on this body of institutes, which claimed to be the work of Moses and therefore ancient, a drastic reform was instituted and carried out throughout the land. A covenant was made with God, and this \"book of the covenant,\" as the new law was called, was made sacred and obligatory as the embodiment of the divine will. It was probably the earliest portion of the Old Testament to be publicly recognized as canonical, a writing that could be called holy scripture.\nIn comparing the description of this discovery with the historical narratives of the Old Testament, biblical scholars have found reason to adopt the view that the book thus found is the essential section of our book of Deuteronomy, particularly the body of laws contained in that remarkable work. It is one of the most interesting volumes in the Old Testament. The book purports to come from Moses in its entirety. Its earlier portion is a recital of the story of Israel's wanderings in the wilderness, put into the mouth of Moses as an address delivered to the tribes shortly before his death, and it may well contain reminiscences of the words of that great leader. Then follows the introduction to the code of law which is the central purpose of the book.\nIn this section, the ten commandments are repeated in almost the same form as they are given in the \"E\" document of Exodus 20.28. The code that follows contains expansions and revisions of the ancient Book of the Covenant from Exodus 20-23 and 34. A careful comparison reveals that while they are based on the same general principles of religious instruction, they differ significantly in their injunctions. Josiah and his advisers were surprised and alarmed upon discovery. The last portion of the book is devoted to urgent admonitions for observing the commands of the code, with threats for disobedience and rewards for fidelity (29). It concludes with the \"Song\" and \"Blessing of Moses,\" and an account of his last actions.\nThe unknown priests and prophets of Manasseh's dark days instituted reforms to save the state from religious collapse, employing Moses' name and authority for new legislation. The discovery of a roll in 621 BC initiated this reform, leading to the Passover being kept according to Deuteronomic rules, local sanctuaries abolished, and worship restricted to Jerusalem's temple. However, Manasseh's unfortunate death during negotiations or battle with Egypt's Necho ended all reform hopes.\nThe decline in statesmanship and religion brought on the catastrophes of 597 and 586 BC, the siege and destruction of the capital, and a further stage in the great dispersion that began with the overthrow of the northern kingdom a century and a half before. The laws of Deuteronomy were well adapted to the age but came too late to save the nation. However, they were the accepted norm of conduct and the model for worship, if only there had been any temple left. Their application to personal, domestic, and community life was accepted and enforced to some extent by the scattered remnants of the people in Palestine, Babylon, and Egypt. Without a central government to claim their loyalty, however, the inroads of heathenism were constant and disastrous. Those who were faithful to the teachings.\nThe past had fewer adherents than those who relapsed. Ezekiel, a prophet of priestly training, one of the exiles in the town of Tel-abib in southern Babylonia, undertook to keep his fellow exiles true to the law of God. He projected a revised law based on Deuteronomy but expanded in its liturgical demands, much as Deuteronomy had been an expansion of the older Book of the Covenant. His code of law, consisting of 33 provisions, was based upon an ideal reconstruction of Jerusalem to follow the return to the holy city and the reorganization of the land and the nation. This code (c. 572 b.c.) never came into actual use, but it showed the direction in which consecrated men were working in the surviving Hebrew communities to keep alive their religion and prepare for better times.\n\nAbout 397 b.c., one of these Hebrew teachers, a scribe,\nEzra brought a new and expanded law from the east to Jerusalem, based on Deuteronomy but more elaborate in its regulations. This was the Priest Code, the most extensive of all codes developed during Old Testament times. It is found in the latter half of the book of Exodus, in Leviticus and Numbers. The priestly document's narrative portions, or \"P,\" were written next, such as the account of creation in Genesis 1. Around 250 b.c., the entire body of priestly writing was compiled in a collection the Jews called the Torah, and later generations came to call the Pentateuch and attribute to the hand of Moses.\nThe priestly institutes or laws included the books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah. These records, with their supplemental material, documented many events of the earlier history in the priestly spirit, with a focus on liturgical, ceremonial, and ecclesiastical aspects of the national experience. These books are among the latest in the Old Testament, bringing the story down to the times of Alexander the Great.\n\nJaddua (Nch. 9:13) was in office during Alexander the Great's visit.\nThe forms of laws were expanded as necessary. They were likely passed around in oral form at first. Writing was a difficult and little practiced art. The decalogues, the favorite form of primitive laws, may have been the first to be written down. Their commitment to writing resulted from their frequent repetition. Writing became more common with the downfall of the Hebrew state at the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. The scattered Hebrew groups needed some means of communication. Written records of past national events were needed. Men of priestly training, now that the temple was no more, turned to scribal activity and commentary on the law. Over time, this grew into the great body of discussion and revision known as the Talmud, the sacred book of Judaism. The Hebrew state no longer existed. The Hebrew race passed away.\nThe new age gave birth to the Jewish synagogue, a new speech, a new form of religion, and a new literature. The laws of Israel underwent the necessary stages of the nation's changing life. Initially, there were the nomadic laws of the desert experiences and the first years in Canaan. Then came the early agricultural age, the period during which the native Canaanite population was being absorbed, along with its speech, customs, arts, and some of its religion. This may have lasted until the times of Ahab, around 875 b.c. Subsequently, the prophetic period emerged, from the days of Amos to the end of the Hebrew state. This era marked the age of the ethical, humanitarian, and spiritual teachings of the great prophets. In the days of the great dispersion, this period gave way to the development of philosophy.\nPhilosophy, speculation, liturgical and ceremonial features of a growing ecclesiastical institution marked the end of the Old Testament canon. From that time onward, the development of the oral law, the schools of the scribes, the rise and expansion of Judaism, and the final phase of legal commentation in the Mishnah and the Gemara ensued. By that time, two rival faiths, Christianity and Judaism, were competing for their respective interpretations of the Old Testament teachings.\n\nVI\n\nTHE SAGES AND THE WISDOM WRITINGS\n\nOf the various orders of teachers among the Hebrews, the prophets, the priests, and the sages, the last were the least conspicuous. The writings preserved from their hands were the fewest in number. Yet they were not without importance in the ethical and intellectual life of the nation.\nAmong them were teachers in such schools as took form, perhaps suggested at first by the schools of the prophets. Others of them were counselors who gave advice on subjects of interest to their clients. In this regard, one of their functions was much like that of the modern attorney. They were usually found in the gates of the cities, where people gathered for barter and conversation.\n\nThe Hebrews cannot be said to have had a formal philosophy, but the problems of experience came up for reflective consideration, and the sages were the men most likely to be interested in such discussions. They were the humanists of the time. They were less interested in the matters of ritual than the priests, or in the preaching of religion than the prophets. They were less nationalistic than either of these orders. Their horizons were broader.\nThe land of Palestine held less appeal than common experiences of mankind, sparking their thoughts on good and evil, success and failure. The Bible, during the classic age, may have come closest to a philosophy for Israel. These men's words incited reflection. One remarked, \"The words of the wise are as goads.\" Regarding the value of the proverbs they compiled and taught, he continued, \"Collections given by one teacher are like nails driven with a sledge.\"\n\nProbably, it was in the creation and instruction of proverbs - truths attractive in form and valuable in substance - that these men found their greatest worth. Proverbs have been defined as \"the wit of one man and the wisdom of many.\"\nThe bits of wit and wisdom in Proverbs are not from one source but result from daily affairs and are attractive due to their expressive form. They are like pebbles smoothed by being passed about. Such sayings appealed to the wise and were collected for teaching purposes. The interest in these sayings led to the compilation of the book of Proverbs, which shows that it was assembled in bundles and later put together into one volume. This book is the primary and most characteristic body of the wisdom writings. It contains an immense number of suggestive reflections on life and serves as a manual of sensible conduct. It had a large influence on the behavior of all classes and has been found to be of high educational value.\nThe educational value in all the centuries since its publication. Most nations have had their wise men, from whom they received or to whom they ascribed their best interpretations of life. Such sages are encountered in the pages of history all the way from Confucius to Benjamin Franklin. Among the Hebrews, Solomon held this place. Tradition affirmed that he was a shrewd observer of nature, a discerning judge of human motives, a poet of skill, and a maker of proverbs. For this reason, there grew up the tradition that he was the author of the entire anthology of proverbs, and the book has usually borne the title \"Proverbs of Solomon.\" In this regard, the relation of the wise king to the book would be much like that of Moses to the various codes of law, or of David to the Psalms, the relation of a renowned figure to a revered literary work.\nThe oldest and oldest collections of brief and sententious sayings in the book, found in chapters 25-29, are titled the Proverbs of Solomon (edited by the Scribes of King Hezekiah). The second oldest is the list included in chapters 10:1-22:16, called the Proverbs of Solomon. Following this is a wisdom epistle named the Words of the Wise, with a postscript titled These Also Are the Sayings of the Wise. At this stage of the editorial process, the first nine chapters were likely composed as an introduction, featuring personifications of Wisdom and Folly as contrasted beings inviting men to good and evil.\nThe proverbs were edited and put into their present form. \"Folly\" might stand to the wise of Israel as the term for the new Greek speculations intruding into Palestine, and \"Wisdom\" for the older, more conservative and orthodox ways of thinking. Later, the three fragments were appended: the Words of Agur, the Words of King Lemuel, and the acrostic poem in praise of the Perfect Woman. In form, the proverbs are mostly couplets, where the second line reinforces the first by repeating the sentiment in other words, presenting a contrast or alternative, or adding a fresh idea. For the most part, the proverbs are held together by similarity of form rather than by sequence of ideas. Except in the few instances where a cluster of such sayings is devoted to a single thought, there is no clear progression of ideas.\nAmong the poems, no discernible connection is apparent. They could be rearranged without loss of value. The collection includes epigrams, sonnets, and proverb clusters. Notable among the longer examples are number sonnets or riddle proverbs, which likely served both as instruction and amusement. The sages addressed various subjects in their proverbs, including indolence, intemperance, lust, suretyship, anger, hasty speech, thoughtlessness, disrespect for age and authority, and their corresponding virtues. The greatest work produced by the sages of Israel was the book of Job. It holds an enduring place among world literature masterpieces. Its theme is the problem of suffering and the age-old inquiry into why good people endure hardship.\nThe Sages and wisdom writings frequently face the victims of evil fortune. If the world is the domain of righteous government and an omnipotent God rules in love, why are there such tragedies of suffering where no corresponding guilt is apparent? This problem was not limited to Israel. It is universal in human experience. However, it became more acute among the Hebrews during the days when their national career was destroyed by the overthrow of Jerusalem in 586 BC, and the continuity of their clan and family life was ruined by dispersion. The sages would have had much to say to inquirers on this difficult theme. However, the most impressive of their messages is found in this book of Job. No hint is given as to its authorship. It is one of a number of books in both the Old Testament and the New whose writers are unknown.\nThe Book of Job was not attributed to Solomon, despite most wisdom material being credited to him. The author or authors used an old tradition about a certain Job, a man of piety and wisdom who suffered a series of unexplained misfortunes. He was classified with other ancient worthies like Noah and Daniel, mentioned by Ezekiel long before the book's date. Indications suggest the work is not literal history, though it likely has a factual foundation.\n\nThe text consists of five sections. The first and last are in prose, while the remainder is in poetry. In the prologue, the stage is set for the drama to be enacted, with interviews between God and Satan.\nThe official in charge of Job's district has decided that the question of Job's piety and disinterested devotion will be tested through a series of losses that strip him of his property and culminate in his complete social and physical ruin. He endures these tests, unaware of the reason for his tragic fate, and maintains his faith in God. His three friends, who hold unwaveringly to the orthodoxy of the time, come to comfort him but are convinced that he must have been guilty of some great sin, as he would not be reduced to his pitiful condition otherwise. The body of the book is taken up with the great debate between Job, who insists on his integrity, and the friends who attempt to convert him to their view and induce him to confess his sin and secure forgiveness. The debate consists of three cycles of speeches.\nA bystander named Elihu joins the discussion without adding significant value or reaching a clear conclusion. Neither Job nor his friends pay heed to this new disputant. The Voice of the Lord interrupts them during a storm, ending the controversy not by answering the problem of evil, but by broadening the debate to encompass the vast field of good, which puts evil in perspective. The book concludes with a prose epilogue commending Job for his audacity in questioning Providence and laying the foundation for a stronger faith. The Book of Job is not the final answer to the problem of suffering. It is not even the best answer.\nThe Old Testament provides answers to the subject, with contributions from the prophets and the New Testament. The book of Ecclesiastes is the third sage contribution to Old Testament literature. It raises two questions for the reader: why a heterodox and unchurchly book bears a clerical name, and how a pessimistic and skeptical book entered the canon of holy Scripture. The first question is easily answered. The title is a mistranslation of the Hebrew word Koheleth, meaning not a preacher or ecclesiastic, but a teacher, a summation.\nThe master of student groups, the one who oversees a school. The second question is not easily answered. Perhaps it was thought by the editors who compiled the Old Testament into a canon or authenticated list that because it was written in Hebrew, it should be included. Or they may have believed that the negative utterances in it were sufficiently answered by its more positive words. Regardless, the book is in the biblical collection and forms a masterful, if not fully conclusive, contribution to the debates of the wise. It presents a point of view popular during the late Greek period in Palestine. It represents a school of thought that had largely lost its grip on the essentials of the national faith. Thoroughly pessimistic, it asks what can be done in a world as bad as this.\nTo make life decently tolerable? In order to make his argument a little more vivid and personal, the author assumes the character of ancient king Solomon and discusses from his point of view the various ways satisfaction might be attained. After picturing the experiments that a king might try in the search for happiness, he dismisses them all and concludes that all is in vain. Life is at best a circle in which there is nothing new or of value. The best that can be done is to accept the inevitable, avoid excess, be content with what one has, and prepare for the end. There is no encouragement for the life of the voluptuary, for that misses the very satisfactions which the habits of self-restraint secure. But there is nothing else to be hoped. Death ends it.\nThe author collects wisdom gems and offers caustic comments on his time's social order. The final chapter on old age is beautiful. Fear God and live according to his laws; this is life's conclusion. God tests values daily, whether good or evil. The negative work of Koheleth finds answer in the affirmations of Deuteronomy, Isaiah, the Psalms, and the Wisdom of Solomon. They have the final word on Old Testament moral values. The Sages and Wisdom Writings.\nIf the lovely little book of Canticles, or the Song of Songs, is regarded as a drama, it falls under the collection of wisdom books, as it explores the problem of human love: the question of whether there is a quality of love between man and woman so strong and pure that flattery cannot seduce it and gold cannot buy it. Arranged in dramatic form, the book presents the story of a maiden whom King Solomon sought to win from her lover with the seductions and luxuries of the court. However, she proved impregnable to his flatteries and desired only to return to her rustic betrothed. Most modern critics, however, regard the book as a collection of charming love songs, perhaps intended for use at wedding feasts. There were later books of a similar nature.\nThe wisdom literature not included in the Old Testament canon are the Wisdom of Solomon and the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, found in the apocrypha. These books are related to those already named but were written in Greek instead of Hebrew. They were considered unsuitable for inclusion in the Scripture collection for this reason.\n\nThe Wisdom of Solomon, a pseudonymous work from the first half of the first century BC, received its name due to its claim to Solomonic authorship in several places. Its later character is evident, as its purpose is to affirm the wisdom of God embodied in the Jewish religion and its loyalty to the faith and Israeli institutions.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries is an answer and corrective to the doubt and pessimism of Ecclesiastes. Its emphasis on the essentials of religion and encouragement to the faithful in the midst of opposition from the hellenizing spirit of the age warrant its place in the Old Testament canon and the study of Scriptures. The other book, Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, was originally written in Hebrew but was translated into Greek by the author's grandson. In his introduction, he stated that his grandfather, having given much to the reading of \"the law and the prophets and the other books\" (the popular threefold classification of the Old Testament in the late pre-Christian centuries), was led to write \"somewhat pertaining to instruction and wisdom.\"\nThe Hebrew original of \"The Ethics of the Fathers\" was lost for many centuries, and the Greek translation was the only source of knowledge about the work. However, in 1896, a portion of the Hebrew text was discovered, and since then, thirty-nine of the fifty-one chapters have been recovered. Like Proverbs, it deals with various themes in the style of wisdom literature and primarily addresses the problems of daily life encountered by people of all classes. It contains a rich store of ethical and religious counsel.\n\nVII\nTHE PRAYERS AND PRAISES OF ISRAEL\n\nAn essential feature of all religious service is music. Much of this is instrumental and has been since the days of reed pipe and tom-tom worship. From the simplest beginnings of musical performance up to the elaborate renditions, music plays a significant role in religious practices.\nThe human voice, aided by musical instruments or not, has played a significant role in religious rituals. Impressive as the use of orchestras and organs may be, the singing function has been more prominent. Words for praise and prayer have come from devotional literature, a large part of sacred writings across all belief systems.\n\nAll religions that reached a cultural peak have produced hymns to honor their deities and express sentiments inspired by their holy men. Much of ancient religious literature consists of hymns. Among the Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, such hymns were gradually collected.\nCollections of chants, invocations, poems of adoration and recitals in honor of the gods, confessions of sin and prayers for forgiveness and divine aid are found in the Vedic scriptures, the classical literature of the early Aryans in India. These hymns were in honor of the nature gods of their pantheon.\n\nBecause the fact that the common element in all religious expression is worship of the Unseen and Eternal, it is natural that the hymns of faith among all races and in all lands should express the elemental sense of reverence and offer petition for the common needs. Whatever varieties of belief, ritual, or organization the various ethnic religious groups may disclose, in their formal worship and their use of hymns and chants they come very near one another, for they express the common sentiments of the devout life.\nThe chief work of devotion in the western world of Europe and America is the book of Psalms, a collection of prayers and praises composed by poets of the Hebrew race during several centuries and gathered for the liturgical uses of the second temple in the sixth and succeeding centuries before the Christian era. This is the most impressive and influential hymn book in the history of religion. It is not strange therefore that to a notable degree, the hymns of all the later and related faiths show its influence and reveal its spirit. In other words, they all share the elemental values of that ancient spirit of worship and unite at that high level. The most prized of all the sections of the Old Testament is this book of Psalms. While in the thought of the Hebrew people it did not possess that extraordinary sanctity, it is considered the most sacred text in Western religious traditions.\nThe five books of the law, attached to the Torah, held the highest regard with readers in both Jewish and early Christian communities. Known as The Prayers and Praises of Israel, it served as the hymn book of the second temple, built under the leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua (520-516 BC). From this time forward, it became the book of worship among Hebrews of Old Testament times, Jews in the Graeco-Roman world, and Christians of the New Testament age. It functioned as the actual hymn collection or chief source of hymnology for all sections of Christendom.\n\nThe editors of the Old Testament demonstrated its high esteem by placing it at the head of the general division of the Writings in Hebrew scripture.\nThe Jews divided the holy books into three groups: the Torah, which included the five books of Moses (called the Pentateuch); the Nebiim, or Prophets; and the Kethubim, or Writings. The book of Psalms was at the head of the dozen books in the Writings section and was often referred to as that entire group. When Jesus spoke of the three parts of the Hebrew Scriptures, he named them as \"the law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms.\" Like the hymns of all religions and all centuries, the psalms were composed by various people throughout the national history of Israel. As with the Vedic hymns, some were composed by poets.\nAt the behest of wealthy patrons of the shrines, some psalms may have had a vicarious and artistic origin, presented as votive offerings and serving, like altar paintings of the middle ages, as contributions to the worship of the sanctuary. The Bible Through the Centuries\n\nSome of them were as old as the time of David, whose name is traditionally connected with the collection, and some of them show evidence of coming from the very late years of the pre-Christian age. Events occurring at various times through the Hebrew centuries are mentioned in the Psalms, making clear their relations to the national experiences. There was no special order or guild devoted to the making or compilation of psalms, as in the cases of other religious texts.\nThe prophetic, priestly, and wisdom writings contained hymns. Since these hymns were used in temple worship, it is probable that the Levites particularly devoted to the sanctuary service had a larger role in their creation. The hymns arose from various periods and diverse experiences.\n\nThe Book of Psalms, as we have it, consists of one hundred and fifty poems. It is divided into five sections, possibly after the analogy of the five books of the law. In revised and modern speech versions of the Old Testament, these divisions are marked off by separating spaces. The first division includes Psalms 1-41; the second, 42-72; the third, 73-89; the fourth, 90-106; the fifth, 107-150. Each of these divisions.\nIt is not unlikely that in the early period, hymns were accompanied with dancing as a form of religious expression. The well-known instance of David's transfer of the ark to Jerusalem is an example (2 Sam. 6:14). Several of the psalms reveal the antiphonal form and other adaptations to the ballad dance and dramatic representation (Exod. 15:20-21; Judg. 5; 1 Sam. 18:6-7; Ps. 2, 44, 118, etc.). It may be that there was an element of sympathetic magic in the dances and other posturings that accompanied various kinds of poetic recitation, in the hope that these exercises might aid in the attainment of the worshiper\u2019s desires.\n\n2 Chron. 25:1-8; cf. the superscriptions of Pss. 73-88.\n\nThe Prayers and Praises of Israel\n\nThe divisions end with a doxology which is not a part of the psalm but is the appropriate close of the section.\nDoxologies are usually marked by an Amen, a double Amen, or Hallelujah (Praise the Lord, as in the first section). Students of the book have been impressed by the fact that some of these divisions use predominantly the divine name Jahveh (Lord), while others use the name Elohim (God). It is probable that the relative age of the various sections may be indicated in this manner.\n\nCasual readers of the Psalms probably pay little attention to the superscriptions, the brief notes that follow the psalm numbers in many cases. Yet these notices are of real interest to the attentive reader. They undertake to give information regarding one or more of several features connected with the individual psalm or its use in the worship.\n\nSeventy-two of the one hundred and fifty psalms are assigned in some manner to David. The words \u201cto David,\u201d the usual designation.\nThe form of this ascription may indicate that it was the belief of the editors who arranged the collection and wrote the superscription that David was the composer or that the psalm was derived from some earlier collection ascribed to him. The relation of David to the Psalter appears to have rested on the tradition of his early minstrelsy and his later interest in the service of the sanctuary. His authorship of any considerable number of the psalms seems more than doubtful. As in the case of the relation of Moses to the law and of Solomon to the wisdom books, so that of David to the psalms would seem to have been ideal and traditional rather than actual.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nThe superscriptions, which were not a part of the original psalms, and were indeed written in a later dialect,\nThe editors presented opinions on various matters concerning the poems. Topics included authorship and the fact that many hymns were copied from a collection labeled \"the choirmaster\u2019s copy\" or \"to the chief musician.\" Other records indicate the type of instruments used for accompaniment (\"on stringed instruments,\" \"on wind instruments\"), the type of voices (\"the maidens,\" \"the eighth,\" octave, basses), or the name of the tune (\"the stag at dawn,\" \"the lily of testimony,\" or \"do not destroy\"). Some provide an indication of the nature of the psalm, as a meditation, a prayer, or a song. A number of these, particularly in the earlier divisions, offer suggestions regarding the supposed origin of the poem or its use on special occasions. The stanza structure of many psalms is apparent.\nIn other instances, the word Selah marks the end of stanzas where voices paused and instruments continued with an interlude. In other cases, stanzas are separated by refrains, as in Psalms 42-43, 46 and 136. In some instances, the psalms are composed on an acrostic plan, with verses beginning with the successive letters of the Hebrew alphabet. This arrangement is not evident in ordinary English versions, except in the case of Psalm 119 where eight verses are devoted to each letter.\n\nThe Old Testament \u2014 an American Translation by Professor J. M. P. Smith and others \u2014 shows Psalms 9, 10, 15, 34, 112, and 145, as well as 119, in their acrostic form.\n\nThemes with which the psalms deal are many.\nThe text covers the entire range of religious life, with hymns being the most numerous. Hymns such as number 84, \"How lovely are thy dwellings,\" number 103, \"Bless the Lord, O my soul,\" and others like numbers 95, 96, 100, and 145, are unforgettable. The nature psalms reveal a great love for the outer world as God's handiwork. Psalms 8, \"O Lord, our Lord, how excellent is thy name,\" 19, \"The heavens declare the glory of God,\" 29, the thunderstorm, and 104, the loveliness of Palestine, are examples of this sentiment. The entire extent of the national history was swept up by the psalms, either in actual description or in editorial assignment. To Moses was traditionally credited Psalm 90, that hymn of the ages which has found its way into every ritual.\nThe second Psalm finds its place at the time of a young king's coronation in Zion. Psalm 45 is a beautiful wedding hymn for a royal marriage with a princess of Tyre. Psalms 46 and 48 are appropriate for the deliverance of Jerusalem from Sennacherib the Assyrian in 701 b.c. Psalms 42 and 43, composed as one, tell of exiles' departure across the Lebanon spurs towards the East. Psalm 137 reveals their varied moods after arrival in the distant land. Something of the joy of returning to Jerusalem and later journeys to the holy city is disclosed in the \"Songs\".\nMany different moods are expressed in these outpourings of human souls. In some, there is the cry of distress, as in 6 and 22. Some, like 32 and 51, express the feeling of penitence so earnestly that they have become the world\u2019s confessional. In some, such as 27, 34, 62, 63, and 91, the sentiment of trust in God reaches the sublimest levels to be found in any literature of devotion. In others, like 73, the problem of doubt and its solution are recorded. The fool\u2019s creed and the psalmist\u2019s comment upon it are the theme of 14 and its duplicate, 53. Reverence for such portions of the Scriptures as had taken form in the days of the psalmists is the topic of several of the hymns, notably 19:7-14 and Psalm 119. The ideal king is described in 72, and Psalms that have a more ideal and messianic significance.\nThe upright man, described in 1 Kings 15 and 24:1-6, and Psalms 1, 15, and 67, is the suitable citizen for the holy city. Psalm 67 is referred to as the missionary Psalm. In Psalm 139, the hymn of the pursuing God, the Psalter reaches its supreme utterance, beginning with \"Whither shall I go from thy spirit?\"\n\nThe significance of the Psalms in history lies in the fact that some of these immortal songs are forever associated with certain characters or episodes in the life of religion. For instance, Psalm 46 reviews various periods of the national history, from as late as the dark days of Syrian oppression. The poem \"The Hound of Heaven\" by Francis Thompson is to some degree a paraphrase of this Psalm.\n\nThe Prayers and Praises of Israel.\nThe name of Luther is called out and forms the basis of his well-known hymn, \"Ein feste burg ist unser Gott.\" Cromwell used this as his battle hymn: \"Let God arise, and let his enemies be scattered.\" A turning point in European history was the defeat of the Turks besieging Vienna in 1683. The victorious John Sobieski, king of Poland, chanted his battle song, \"Non nobis, Domine.\" When St. John of the Cross was dying, he repeated the words of Psalm 122: \"I was glad when they said to me, Let us go into the house of the Lord.\"\n\nIt would be interesting to know more about the original composers of the Psalms and the circumstances in which they were first spoken. However, this is impossible. Traditions regarding their authorship are uncertain.\nBut only remote conjectures, excepting the possibility of David's connection with some few of them. In this regard, they share the anonymous estate of many other portions of the Bible, and must be valued not for any traditions of authorship, but for their own intrinsic worth. Whatever may have been their original creation, we prize them not alone for their native sentiments, but also because of their freightage of the prayers and tears, the joys and sorrows of all generations of suffering and rejoicing saints through whose souls they have passed and whose lives they have enriched. We need no history or commentary to make clear the meaning of such undying words as, \"Create in me a clean heart, O God.\" (See Prothero, The Psalms in Human Life, and Ker, The Psalms in History and Biography.)\nA clean heart, O God, or The Lord is my Shepherd. There are psalms without the knowledge of which no child should grow up. They are among the priceless treasures of literature. Such poems as Psalm 1, and others that individual preference may choose, ought to be committed to memory. This can be done almost without effort in early life and will prove one of the most satisfying and inspiring possessions of later years.\n\nSuch songs have the power to quiet the restless pulse of care, and come like the benediction that follows after prayer. Judaism accepted the Psalms as its collection of hymns. From the temple service they were taken over to the synagogue. In daily prayers of morning and evening, they have the chief place. The special prayers for the Sabbaths and the festivals are taken from the Psalter. The Hallels, the greater hymns.\nThe lesser [psalms and hymns] are derived directly from the Hebrew anthology of prayer. The early Christian church depended almost entirely upon the Psalms for its songs of worship. Most of the first Christians were Jews, familiar with the Scriptures of the Old Testament. By the time the new faith reached the wider portions of the Graeco-Roman world, those writings had become classic among its confessors, and these hymns formed the appropriate vehicle for religious expression. Gradually, Christian hymns took form. Some of them are found in the New Testament, such as the Ave Maria, the Magnificat, the Nunc Dimittis, the Benedictus, and the Gloria in Excelsis. Twice in the Pauline writings, mention is made of the occasions of Christian worship in which are used \u201cpsalms, hymns, and spiritual songs.\u201d\nPsalms held the first place in the music of the new society. It was inevitable, therefore, that the thoughts of the church and synagogue should be measurably unified on the great themes of the holy life through the use of a common vehicle of service.\n\nThe Christian churches of all communions have been deeply influenced by this ancient and venerable anthology. Not a little of the musical service of the Greek and Latin churches has been taken directly from the Psalms. The great hymns, In te, Domine, Speravi, Benedicam Domino, Miserere mei, Deus, Venite, exultemus, Non nobis, Domine, and De Profundis are examples of the many drafts made by the church on this rich store of sacred song. And it must not be forgotten that some communions have until recently confined their hymnody entirely to the Psalms. The Greek chant, Kyrie eleison, \u201cLord, have mercy,\u201d is an additional illustration of this fact.\nThe mercy phrase \"have mercy upon us,\" found in the liturgies of the Roman, Anglican and other churches, originates from the Psalms, where it appears in several variant forms. More intriguing is the fact that many familiar hymns are derived from this great collection, and their composition by authors from different communions has not hindered their common use by worshipers of all Christian bodies. This has been a notable contribution to unity of thought and interest in the churches. The well-known Shepherd Psalm, the twenty-third, has been the inspiration and basis for at least a dozen hymns in constant use. Among them are \"The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want,\" by James Montgomery of the Moravian Church, and \"The King of love my shepherd is,\" by Sir Henry W. Baker.\nAn Anglican and \"Though faint, yet pursuing,\" by John N. Darby, a Congregationalist. The nineteenth Psalm, almost as familiar, is found in almost as many forms in our hymn books, and by authors as widely distributed by denominational relations. One hardly needs to be reminded of the song of Isaac Watts, the English Independent, \"The heavens declare Thy glory, Lord,\" or the still more classic ode of Joseph Addison, the Anglican, \"The spacious firmament on high.\" Scarcely less familiar are the various versions of the ninetieth Psalm, such as \"O God the rock of ages,\" by Bishop Bickersteth of the English Church, or Watts\u2019 \"O God our help in ages past.\"\n\nWith such common origins, and with the basic truths of religion for their inspiration, it is inevitable that the hymns of the church should express a unity of Christian sentiment.\nThe Communion of Saints is best illustrated in the music of worship. Consider the old French hymn \"Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee,\" composed by Bernard of Clairvaux, a Roman Catholic, and translated by Edward Caswell, a Scotch Presbyterian; or \"Jerusalem the golden,\" composed by Bernard of Cluny, another Catholic of the middle ages, and translated by John Mason Neale, an Anglican; or Phillips Brooks' hymn of the Nativity \"O Little Town of Bethlehem,\" a lovely poem by an Episcopalian; or \"O Thou, whose own vast temple stands,\" by William Cullen Bryant, a Unitarian; or \"O Love, that wilt not let me go,\" by George Matheson, a Scotch Presbyterian; or \"Blest be the tie that binds.\"\nJohn Fawcett, the English Baptist or \"Where cross the crowded ways of life,\" by Frank Mason North, the Methodist; or Washington Gladden's immortal poem, \"O Master, let me walk with Thee,\" which is but one of a long list of hymns produced by Congregationalists; or Whittier's \"Dear Lord and Father of mankind\"; or Cardinal Newman's perennially beautiful petition, \"Lead, Kindly Light.\"\n\nThese are mere suggestions of the immeasurable treasure of sacred song that has come from the lips and hearts of devout souls in all the churches of every confession and every ritual, based upon the book of Psalms. They reveal the common impulses of our holy faith, and prove that when men gather in the atmosphere of worship they are of one mind, unconscious of the sources from which come.\nThe hymns they sing. In this fact lies an argument and a prophecy. Satisfying the hymnology of the church as in the past, hymn makers will draw from this source some of their most enduring themes. The fitting finale of all anthologies of worship is that glorious hymn with which the Psalter closes, and which forms its final doxology and benediction: \"Let everything that hath breath praise the Lord, Hallelujah!\"\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nA short book in the canon of the Old Testament which may well be associated with the Psalms is Lamentations. In the usual order of biblical books, it follows Jeremiah, due to the tradition that it was the work of that prophet. But in the Jewish canon, it is placed among the Writings. The book consists of five poems lamenting the siege and destruction of Jerusalem.\nThe fall of Jerusalem (presumably the catastrophe of 586 b.c.). Four of these dirges are in acrostic form: chapters 1, 2, and 4 following the order of the Hebrew alphabet of 22 letters; chapter 3 has 66 verses, three to each letter. Chapter 5 has 22 verses but is not in acrostic form. The tradition that Jeremiah was the author of these poems rests on the reference to that prophet\u2019s lament for King Josiah and the writing called \u201cthe lamentations.\u201d But it may well be that the Chronicler\u2019s reference was to Jeremiah\u2019s words in regard to the two kings, Josiah and Jehoahaz (Shallum), in Jeremiah 21:10-12. Modern biblical scholars favor a later date than Jeremiah\u2019s time if indeed it is not some later siege of Jerusalem that provides the background for the poems. The improbability that Jeremiah would have adopted a form of poetry other than his own.\nThe tragic picture of Jerusalem's fate is clear in these pathetic poems, despite their artificial nature and indications of different authors, likely belonging to groups 2 and 4. Regardless of the conclusions reached about date and authorship, the terrible things that occurred on Jerusalem's streets and in its homes are evident in \"The Prayers and Praises of Israel.\" Throughout, there is a note of confession that Jerusalem's sin brought the visitation, and only in penitence and amendment of life is there hope for better days. These plaintive words have been read by Jews for many generations at the \"wailing wall\" beside the old foundation stones of Solomon's temple. \"How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow! She that was great among the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary!\"\ncity sits solitary, full of people! She has become as a widow. The ways of Zion mourn, because none come to the appointed feast. All her gates are desolate; her priests sigh. Her gates are sunk into the earth. He has destroyed and broken her bars. Her king and princes are among the nations where the law is not. But like the singer of Psalm 42, the grieving poet will not despair. It is of the Lord's mercies we are not consumed; because his compassions fail not. They are new every morning; great is thy faithfulness. The Lord is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him.\n\nVIII\n\nBIBLICAL ROMANCES\n\nLike most men who have written with a purpose and endeavored to influence their fellow men to higher ideals, the writers of the Bible were wise enough to include stories,\nParables, traditions, fables, and myths in the material they employed. They were aware that nothing is more attractive than a narrative, whether that narrative is fact or fiction. Sometimes the value of the instruction depends on the reality of the story, its fidelity to fact. Such would be the case in connection with the accounts of the life and work of the prophets, the apostles, and our Lord. We want to be assured of the reliability of the reports we receive regarding the great characters of which the Bible speaks.\n\nBut there are many other kinds of narrative that are valuable quite apart from any basis of fact on which they rest. The literature of all peoples is enriched with tales like those of King Arthur, the Romance of Roland, the epic of the Cid, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Nibelungen.\nungenlied,  and  other  legends  of  the  past  in  which  there  is \nprobably  only  a  fragile  thread  of  fact  and  a  large  fabric  of \nimagination.  Yet  in  so  far  as  the  stories  have  the  value  of \nillustrating  noble  qualities  and  inspiring  later  generations \nwith  generous  and  chivalrous  sentiments,  they  prove  their \nmerit  and  accomplish  their  purpose. \nBiblical  Romances \nProbably  no  body  of  writings  has  ever  made  ampler  use \nof  such  materials  than  the  Bible.  The  teachers  of  the  Hebrew \nrace  were  masters  of  the  art  of  illustration.  Their  language \nwas  a  pictorial  and  vivid  instrument  of  thought.  Their  dis\u00ac \ncourse  was  replete  with  figures  of  speech.  To  read  the  pages \nof  the  Scriptures  without  appreciation  of  this  quality  is  to \nmiss  half  their  beauty,  and  hold  them  to  a  literalness  of \nmeaning  which  they  decline  to  carry.  They  are  thoroughly \nFor the given text, no cleaning is necessary as it is already clean and perfectly readable.\nSuch sayings as \"the morning stars sang together,\" \"the trees of the field shall clap their hands,\" \"they are more in number than the sand,\" \"with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were piled up,\" or \"the mountains bowed themselves, and the little hills skipped like rams,\" are characteristic of Hebrew modes of speech and are not to be pressed into literalness. Such passages throw light upon many narratives in which the reader\u2019s first impression is that a miracle is being described. Passages like \"the Lord cast down great stones upon them,\" \"and the sun stood still in the midst of heaven,\" \"the Lord rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire,\" are dramatic ways of describing natural events or the retelling of ancient traditions.\nThe Semitic mythology to which the Hebrews were heirs explains many legendary and mythological references in the Bible, both in the Old Testament and the New. However, it's important to note that unlike Greek myths, which gradually lost their popular vogue with the growth of moral ideals, Hebrew mythology grew in value as it became apparent that it was figurative rather than factual. It was released from the burden of cosmical and scientific interpretation and left free to teach its ethical and spiritual lessons.\n\nThere are many examples of folk tales, patriarchal legends, and nature myths in the Bible, used not as mere interesting recitals, but as possessing the value of illustration and suggestion. The early narratives of Genesis are not solely significant for their stories, but also for the lessons they impart.\nThe significant records of world beginnings are of great worth as patterns of Semitic mythology, serving the nobler purpose of ethical and religious teaching. Their emphasis on monotheism, the tragedy of jealousy and hatred, the moral discipline of mankind, and the ideals of primitive Hebrew life served the ends of ethical admonition throughout Israel's history. There was time enough for Biblical Romances in the future to teach the facts of world science and history when those facts could be discovered by the regular processes of research and inquiry. The biblical narratives had a different and more important object in view.\n\nThe use of fable has several illustrations in the Old Testament. Probably the best remembered is the story told by Jotham the son of Gideon in his protest against the agitation of the brethren to make Baal king.\nThe trees offered the honor of king successively to the olive, fig, and vine, but they refused due to private interests. In disappointment, they offered the place to the bramble, which accepted instantly. This is not the first time in history that worthless and self-seeking individuals have received public office and responsibility, while more capable citizens were too occupied with their own affairs to attend to public concerns.\n\nAnother use of fable is found in Jehoash of Israel's reply to Amaziah of Judah, who challenged him to battle as a trial of strength between the two kingdoms. Jehoash's cutting response was the story of the thistle's arrogance.\nproposal to the Cedar of Lebanon, \"Give thy daughter to my son to wife.\" But a wild beast passed by, stepped on the thistle, and it disappeared. In these cases and others, the narratives retain their value as pure fables. More pointed is their application. The wise and witty use of the fable is illustrated in the stories of Aesop, a Greek slave of Jeremiah.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nParables are much more frequently employed, both in the Old Testament and the New. They were imaginary episodes told for the purpose of urging a plea or illustrating a truth. The value of the story did not depend on any facts, nor was it lessened by being mere fiction. Joab's device in securing a clever woman from Tekoah to tell the king an imaginary tale regarding her supposed son is a case in point.\nA similar plan was employed by the unknown author of Ecclesiastes in his use of ancient king Solomon as the assumed author of his work, as well as in Isaiah's parable of the vineyard. Isaiah's parable is an admirable example of this method, suggesting the one used by our Lord in his story of the vineyard and its dishonest keepers. But the supreme example of the use of parables is Jesus himself. As the word implies, the parables he used were stories that lay parallel to the truth he desired to enforce. There is no hint in any of the scores of cases in which he employed them that they were accounts of actual happenings. They were such incidents as might occur and would be easily understood by his hearers. But they show beyond question that Jesus regarded the use of fiction as both legitimate and worthful for purposes of instruction.\nAmong the morals and religion stories are the Seed and Soils, the Lost Son, the Good Samaritan, the Tares, and the Hidden Treasure. These imperishable romances of grace have been the joy and admonition of the centuries. They hold universal significance and can be translated into any language and situation without losing their primal values.\n\nBiblical Romances\n\nThe many narratives in the Old Testament that seem to have the character of fiction include the book of Job, which, even if based on an older tradition, is a work of the imagination in its masterful form. If the Song of Songs is regarded as a drama rather than a series of marriage songs, it is likely a royal court romance during Solomon's days. Some of the stories told in the first part of the [text omitted]\nThe book of Daniel, along with Ruth, Jonah, and Esther, appears to belong to the same category of productions in the Hebrew Scriptures, intended for the instruction and encouragement of the Israelites during distressing times. However, Ruth, Jonah, and Esther have the appearance of works of fiction with a definite bearing on contemporary thought. While Ruth and Jonah could be classified with the prophetic writings due to their spirit, Esther might equally be placed among the priestly books. However, due to the clear indications of their nature as works of the imagination rather than narratives of fact, they require a different grouping from the formal writings of the prophets and priests.\nThe book of Ruth is a charming idyl set in the rude times of the judges, affording a striking contrast to the rough and ready narratives contained in the early book of that name. Although it was written in a comparatively late age of the history, this is shown not only by its literary characteristics but by its motive and lesson. The thought of the nation in the days after the exile took two divergent directions. Already in the Babylonian age, these two types of sentiment had found expression. Ezekiel was a nationalist of pronounced views. His entire regard was lavished upon the people of the covenant, their violated land, their neglected law, and their ruined capital. It was their restoration to their ancient estate that gave impulse to all his prophetic labors. Living among exiled Hebrews in one of the camps, he expressed his nationalistic sentiments in his prophecies. Another class, however, represented by the author of Ruth, looked beyond the restoration of the nation to the personal salvation of the individual. This is the theme of the book.\nThe villages of Babylonia, he spent a quarter of a century of his ministry in sustaining the faith of his fellow townsmen and preparing them for a return to their native Palestine. If his thoughts dwelt upon Israel\u2019s future alone, it is not a matter for surprise. He had enough to do to meet the difficult tests of his time and circumstances. None the less, the effect of a reading of Ezekiel\u2019s messages must have been to intensify the national sentiment and put an estimate upon Judah and her people far above that accorded to other races. This sentiment grew with the years and found expression in a number of the later books, such as Joel, the Chronicles, Ezra, and several of the Psalms. It appears in a still more intense form in Esther and finds voice in much of the Jewish literature of the first centuries before and after Christ.\nA school of thinkers in Israel held a broader and more tolerant view contrary to the narrow, insular, and arrogant perspective. This attitude was already expressed in the writings of a contemporary of Ezekiel's, the Second Isaiah. He maintained that the role of the ideal Servant of Jehovah was not confined to the tribes of Jacob but was to be a light to the nations, bringing divine redemption to the ends of the earth. This glorious section of the book reflects the larger prophetic purpose. It is undeniable that the books of Ruth and Jonah, despite their different structures and methods, are protests against the parochial attitude of the nationalists and attempts to foster a more tolerant feeling towards non-Hebrew neighbors.\nThe little story of Ruth is told in simple and delightful style. A Hebrew family of four \u2014 father, mother, and two sons \u2014 leaves the old home at Bethlehem in a time of famine and finds a friendly asylum in Moab, beyond Jordan. The sons marry maidens of the land. In time, all three men die. The mother, without resources, decides to return to her people in Judah and counsels her Moabite daughters-in-law to remain with their own kindred and remarry. Orpah resolves to follow this advice, but Ruth will not forsake Naomi. Upon arrival in Bethlehem, the young woman becomes the provider for the two and ultimately the wife of the rich householder, Boaz. It is manifestly the intent of the writer to exhibit the hospitality of the people.\nThe people of Moab, where David had once found refuge, are mentioned in the text to demonstrate the loyalty of a Moabite girl and the folly of prejudice against her people. Additionally, at the end of the story, a genealogy is recorded in which David appears as a descendant of this daughter of a foreign people. This is a sentiment contrasting the proverbial hatred of Israel for Moab and other neighboring peoples as depicted in the Bible. The book of Jonah is a similar prophetic comment on the tendency to bitterness in Hebrew hearts towards foreigners. It is not in the usual form of discourse but is given the shape of a novel. In this novel, a prophet, once mentioned and then dismissed from notice in an earlier record, is used to serve a purpose for a later time.\nJonah of this book cannot be called the hero or the villain. His nature is too little purposeful and convincing for either role. It would be more accurate to say that he is the fool in the story, as his character appears as a foil for the real lessons of the book. The prophetic writer, in the period of intensifying nationalism, sets his romance back in the days when the city of Nineveh was still standing, the capital of the hated kingdom of Assyria, the cruel overlord of the western lands. To this detested metropolis of the east, Jonah is commanded to proceed with a message of immediate doom. Hating the heathen city with all his soul and suspicious that his words might lead to its repentance and thus avert the destruction which he passionately desires, Jonah flees.\nThe prophet, weary of his task, seeks refuge by sea in the opposite direction. The storm, the seamen's terror, their reluctant consent to cast him overboard, his deliverance by a large fish, possibly symbolizing Israel's engulfment and restoration, are dramatic embellishments in a story with a clear purpose.\n\nFaced with a new mandate to go to Nineveh and preach, the humbled prophet complies, but finds, as he had feared and to his complete disgust, that the entire city repents and puts on sackcloth, even the animals. Discontented and reproachful that God has changed his purpose and spared the city, Jonah requests death. The little incident of the withered gourd is also included.\nThe text reveals the petulant and selfish nature of the man. The book closes with God's moving words, \"Should not I have pity on Nineveh that great city, wherein are more than sixty thousand people who cannot discern between their right hand and their left, and also much cattle?\" The book tells its own story and needs no homily to make its message clear. In it, the tender love of God for a heathen and cruel nation is set in contrast with the prejudice and hatred of a narrow-minded Hebrew prophet. The miraculous features of the narrative present no difficulties to one approaching it in the spirit of a student of history and tradition. It is one of the most beautiful and appealing recitals in the Old Testament.\n\nIn contrast, the book of\nEsther is a book where the nationalist spirit is expressed in full force. Like the other books in this group, its date is far down in the post-exilic time. It is the full flowering of the intolerance and race hatred among the Hebrews. It should be insisted that no people had a larger measure of justification for bitterness of feeling against their persecutors than the Hebrews. Theirs was often a pathetic experience. But for once, in this book of Esther, their nationalism rose to its full expression, and they found a dramatic though wholly literary revenge on their foes. The Persian background of the book is authentic, but its events appear to be pure fiction. There are too many historical difficulties in the narrative to make it convincing. However, as a story and a defiance, it is complete and satisfying, and it must have been read over and over again.\nThe story of Esther's over three days of persecution is familiar and requires no repetition here. The dramatic skill with which the scenes are constructed warrants the book's re-reading. Esther, a Jewish maiden, ascends to the Persian throne with the encouragement of her cousin Mordecai. She then thwarts Haman's plot, the prime minister, and brings him to his death while Mordecai assumes office. The decree for the Jews' massacre in the realm cannot be revoked, but they are permitted to defend themselves. With fierce satisfaction, the author writes that they slew seventy-five thousand of their \"enemies,\" three hundred of whom were slain in Shushan the palace. This book, like the others, tells its own story.\nThe text requires no cleaning.\n\nBiblical Romances need no interpretation. The reader finds consolation in reflecting that they are likely nationalistic romances rather than narratives of fact. Several extra-canonical books, such as those found in the Apocrypha, are religious novels, each with its purpose and lesson. Among these Greek writings are Tobit, Judith, some Esther story fragments, the additions to Daniel, including the history of Susanna, the Song of the Three Holy Children, and Bel and the Dragon. It is probable that many of the narratives in 2 Maccabees are imaginary recitals, though they were suggested by the situation described in the first Maccabean volume.\n\nBiblical Romances. After this hasty survey of the romantic literature in the Bible, it hardly needs argument to make clear their value.\nFiction, as well as fact, in the teaching of morals and religion, no matter whether that fiction appears in the Scriptures or in such Christian documents of later days as Bunyan\u2019s \"Pilgrim's Progress.\"\n\nIX.\nTHE LITERATURE OF APOCALYPSE\n\nIn addition to the types of writing reviewed in the foregoing studies, the Jewish people produced in the late years of the pre-Christian period an order of literature differing completely from any of the other varieties found in the Old Testament, a unique genre to that people and that age. It is known as apocalypse, a word translated \"revelation\" in the title of the last book in the New Testament, which shares the same general characteristics. It would seem that this kind of writing was confined to Jewish authors and to the years between 200 BC and 200 AD.\n\nIt is not prophecy in any true sense, though the book of Revelation shares similarities.\nDaniel, most conspicuous in the Old Testament, is often classified with the prophetic books by uncritical readers. It utilizes the device of prediction, a minor feature of prophecy. Apocalypse, however, is a form of writing resorted to in times of persecution and danger when it was deemed wise to speak a message of encouragement to the community of believers, and a secret form of counsel was advisable. The language of apocalypse is cryptic, figurative, and therefore likely to be baffling to all but the circles of initiated believers. Political and social changes are described in terms of signs, portents, animal forms, and catastrophic events. Books such as Daniel and Revelation are filled with lurid, dramatic, and symbolic language in description of world happenings.\nThe taking place or believed imminent of this peculiar type of literature is found only in Jewish groups and early Christians of Jewish birth. The explanation is probably found in the fact that the later interpretation of the law prohibited the exercise of artistic gifts and stimulated the resort to picturesque writing. The second commandment forbade the making of images for worship. In its earliest form, this was the extent of the prohibition. Certainly, in the construction of the tabernacle and the temple, animal forms were employed for decoration, such as oxen, lions, and cherubim. These cherubim were apparently suggested by the Assyrian and Babylonian temple and palace guardians, usually composite creatures, such as lions with wings.\nIn early times, cherubim protected royal residences and sanctuaries from evil spirits in Hebrew mythology. They were also believed to bear Jahveh through the skies. Their images in the tabernacle and temple symbolized the protection of the holy chest, the ark. It is apparent that in early times there was no prejudice against the use of animal or mythological forms for building adornment. However, the simple prohibition of the second commandment was elaborated in later days, forbidding the making of any representation of any kind of creature as it appears in the Bible.\nThe Hebrews in art found justification in the prohibition of decorative forms, making impossible any kind of plastic art such as painting, sculpture, and even embroidered figures. This left open only the employment of word pictures, and likely stimulated the highly figurative style of writing that appears more and more in later Hebrew literature. This restriction of all decorative effort to writing and the use of words and letters in adornment is also seen among the Mohammedans, who raised the art of Kufic and Arabic inscriptional decoration to a high level. The vivid word pictures of the great prophets of the Assyrian period prepared the way for this more dramatic use of language. (Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah)\nOrators possessed impressive speech gifts. Jeremiah was hardly less effective with his use of word images. With Ezekiel, one finds oneself in a picture gallery of colorful scenes. The progression from fable, drama, allegory, vision, and parable to actual apocalypse is gradual but inevitable. Readers perceive Ezekiel's graphic message and how his book became the quarry from which later writers of the apocalyptic mood took much material. Ezekiel's influence is apparent in Daniel and particularly in the New Testament's apocalypse, the book of Revelation.\n\nThe Literature of Apocalypse\n\nThe progression from older forms of prophecy to this weaker type of religious instruction is evident to the least sensitive reader. Apocalypse is the successor of older forms.\nThe attempt to employ ornate features of older prophecy arises when the spirit has departed, with prediction becoming the accepted device for less inspired workers. The supernatural is a constant presence. Angels appear on stage in this less forceful form of apostrophe. Judgments and deliverances are presented with frequent use of the marvelous and spectacular. Transitional writings such as Isaiah 24-27, Zechariah 9-14, and Joel illustrate this decline. The writers' intent is urgent and patriotic, but the genius of the former day has departed. The apocalypse represents a scribe's attempt to speak with prophetic authority, with the purpose being to help the faithful maintain their loyalty.\nThe covenant was made in days of darkness and distress. The result was in a measure satisfactory, as shown by the persistence of national courage during times of deep tragedy. Additionally, the writings of the early apocalyptists set the type for a considerable body of literature in the following years. Not only were there several examples of this literature that found their way into the canon of the Old and New Testaments, but a much larger body of similar character made a place for itself in extra-biblical collections. Such works as those that took form under the name of Enoch, and documents like the Apocalypse of Baruch, Esdras, and the Sibylline Oracles secured a notable place in the regard of Jews and Jewish Christians in the years following the life of our Lord. The motive of all these books was...\nThe same pessimism regarding relief from present troubles through the preaching of truth is held. Prophets and apostles alike felt the power of God to effect reforms lay in the early, indeed immediate, intervention in manifestations of divine power for the suppression of evil and the rewarding of good. There is the same pessimism regarding any other than catastrophic deliverance that has always informed the theologies of despair. The designs of the Eternal, as portrayed by these writers, are outlined in historical terms, with past periods of human events reviewed in the form of alleged predictions attributed to ancient seers such as Enoch, Baruch, Ezra, or Daniel. Apocalyptic symbols, numbers, colors, and phrases are constantly tributed.\nThe outstanding example of this form of literature in the Old Testament is the book of Daniel. It shares with the book of Revelation the unique features of the school from which it comes. One of the most interesting, intriguing books in the collection, it is not easy to understand without some knowledge of the form of writing to which it belongs and the times from which it emerges. It does not conform to any of the familiar categories represented in the other divisions of the Bible. But properly interpreted, its message and value become apparent. It must have had great influence with the Jewish people not only in the crisis times in which it appeared but in other times as well. Like other books that have had a particular message and value for a specific audience.\nThe book of Daniel has proven valuable in various precarious situations. Our Lord cited one of its warnings during the approaching Roman crisis. The historical background of Daniel is detailed in the first chapter of the first book of Maccabees. In the second quarter of the second century BC, Syria, including Palestine, was ruled by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a successor of Seleucus, one of the generals who divided Alexander the Great's empire. Antiochus, a devoted admirer of Greek and Roman paganism, sought to suppress all other faiths in his dominions. Among these variant cults, the most significant was Jewish monotheism.\nThe Hebrew religion was prominent and persistent in that region. Failing in the use of other means, Antiochus resorted to persecution and treated Jerusalem and its people with great cruelty. He demolished portions of the city wall and temple, and defiled the sanctuary, forcing the abandonment of worship for a time. This campaign of repression led to the Maccabean uprising, a romantic event in national history. Around the same period, the book of Daniel appeared, whose purpose was to inspire the loyal with courage to persevere in their constancy until the dark days of persecution ceased and the tyrant fell. This was confidently expected to take place within a relatively short time.\nThe apocalyptic works were typically described as lasting three and a half years. The Book of Daniel is divided into two sections, each containing six chapters. The first section narrates the experiences of a prophet named Daniel, one of the Hebrews, at the court of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Traditions about him and his three Hebrew companions have come down through the years. Their impressive experiences are recorded, which would stimulate the faith and heroism of people suffering under the king's oppression and tempted to abandon their ancient worship and adopt the appealing paganism of the times.\n\nIn the first chapter, it is related that Daniel and his friends were selected to become members of the king's school.\npalace  where  promising  youths  were  taught  the  arts  of \ndivination,  declined  to  abandon  their  Hebrew  rules  of  diet, \nand  became  by  the  blessing  of  God  the  foremost  of  the  king\u2019s \nwise  men.  In  the  second,  Daniel  proves  to  be  the  only \none  of  the  wise  men  who  can  make  known  to  the  king \na  recent  dream  and  its  interpretation.  In  this  narrative \nthe  historical  device  of  the  author  is  disclosed.  By  re\u00ac \nlating  the  events  of  the  years  intervening  since  the  fall  of \nJerusalem,  and  putting  them  into  the  mouth  of  Daniel  in \nthe  form  of  prediction,  the  writer  is  able  to  describe  con\u00ac \ntemporary  happenings  as  if  they  were  long  ago  foreseen, \nThe  Literature  of  Apocalypse \nand  therefore  predetermined  in  the  counsels  of  God.  Four \nempires  follow  one  another.  The  first  was  the  Babylonian, \nof  which  Nebuchadrezzar  was  the  head.  The  second  was \nThe Median, Persian, and Macedonian world empires of Alexander, now divided and crumbling. Its death blow was to be dealt by a new kingdom - the reign of the God of heaven, which was to take possession of the world and endure forever. This was to be the rule of the holy people, the Jews, now persecuted but soon to be seated in the throne of power.\n\nThe third chapter makes no mention of Daniel, but tells of the heroic conduct of his three friends. Subjected to the cruel penalty for refusal to comply with the king's order to worship his image, they were miraculously preserved from the fire. Such narratives were a direct challenge to the confessors of Israel's faith to maintain their courage and go to any death sooner than prove apostates. The fourth chapter tells of another of the king's decrees.\nDaniel interpreted dreams about divine discipline for Nebuchadrezzer due to his pride. For seven years, he suffered insanity and lived as a beast. Upon restoration, he acknowledged the truth and wisdom of the Most High. This type of narrative, though not mentioned in any authentic record of the king's life, would strengthen the confidence of the people in their God.\n\nThe fifth chapter recounts Belshazzar's feast, a supposed son and successor of Nebuchadrezzer. They used sacred vessels from the Jerusalem temple in their revelry. A mystic hand wrote on the wall the doom of the king and his kingdom. Daniel was brought in at the queen mother's suggestion and revealed its meaning.\nThe Babylonian rule ended, according to our author, and the Medes, under Darius, took the kingdom. In this and several other particulars, the writer's order of events differs from that of the historians. It is not the province of the biblical student to correct the statements of the book but to understand the author's point of view and the use he made of the facts as he had learned them. The last of the six chapters of the narrative records the familiar story of Daniel's fidelity to his God and his deliverance from the lions. The traditions embodied in these chapters must have been of the utmost value in inspiring the people of the law to fealty to their institutions and resistance to all inducements to their betrayal.\n\nWith the seventh chapter, the section of the book which:\nThis text discusses the visions of Daniel, in which he receives a series of revelations. The ancient seer is the recipient of these prophecies, which pertain to the current crisis, the persecutor Antiochus, his early overthrow, and the establishment of the kingdom of God, or the rule of the Jewish people. In the seventh chapter, the same ground is covered as in chapter two. The four empires considered enemies of the holy people are now represented by four animal forms. The lion symbolizes Babylon, the bear represents Media, the leopard signifies Persia, and the fourth terrifying beast is the Macedonian or Greek rule. Among its successive kings appears Antiochus, the \"little horn,\" who is arrogant, blasphemous, and cruel. Then, divine judgment is established, the beast is destroyed, and the kingdom is bestowed upon the \"son of man.\"\nThe term \"son of man\" is frequently used in later Jewish literature of apocalypse. It refers to a divine being with messianic functions more often than it refers to a human being. In the New Testament, it is used by our Lord to refer to himself, possibly with direct allusion to Daniel 7:13. However, the passage in Daniel does not refer to Jesus, as shown by its context, and the identification there of the \"son of man\" with the \"saints of the Most High\" refers to the Jewish people. The author's purview in Daniel.\nDaniel does not extend beyond the Maccabean age. References to the Roman Empire and Jesus' ministry must be excluded. In chapter eight, the same ground is measured again, save that the first kingdom, Babylon, is omitted from the survey. The two kingdoms of Media and Persia are represented by the ram with the two unequal horns, and the Greek dominion by the goat. The author specifies exactly what he means, naming the figures in his vision. The point is, as before, the \"little horn,\" Antiochus, and his sacrilegious practices against the holy house, the temple.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries:\nDaniel learns from overhearing angels' conversation that the time to elapse before the sanctuary is cleansed and worship resumed will be two thousand three hundred.\nThe author explains that the seventy years of Judah's captivity, spoken of by Jeremiah and now long past, did not bring an end to Judah's troubles. In the ninth chapter, he reveals the reason: seventy \"wees\" of years, not just seventy years, is the measure of time that will end with the destruction of the desolator. The tenth and eleventh chapters provide a detailed description of the wars between Syria to the north and Egypt to the south, leading back to the familiar figure of Antiochus, whose activities are described in full.\nat  that  point  the  narrator  came  to  the  moment  when  he \nwrote  his  message,  for  from  that  on  to  the  end  of  the  chap\u00ac \nter  the  story  is  quite  general,  and  differs  from  the  familiar \nfacts  of  Antiochus\u2019  last  days.  But  of  one  thing  the  writer \nwas  sure  \u2014  the  oppressor  was  soon  to  perish,  and  the  day \nof  glory  for  the  holy  people  was  to  dawn.  This  is  the \nelement  of  actual  prediction  contained  in  the  book.  It  does \nnot  lose,  however,  by  the  employment  of  pseudo-prediction \nin  its  earlier  portions.  That  device  was  as  legitimate  and \nvaluable  for  the  purposes  intended  as  the  use  of  fable  and \nfiction  in  many  other  portions  of  the  Bible. \nThe  Literature  of  Apocalypse \nThe  last  chapter  is  a  fitting  close  to  the  volume.  The \nseer  Daniel  is  told  that  a  long  time  intervenes  between  his \nage  and  the  final  days  of  which  he  has  just  been  told.  He \nis  to  shut  up  the  record  and  seal  it  until  the  end.  At  that \ntime  it  will  be  made  clear.  One  thing  alone  could  be  known \nabout  the  duration  of  the  final  age.  From  the  time  of \nthe  abandonment  of  the  daily  burnt  offering  and  the  setting \nup  of  the  \u201c  abomination,\u201d  i.e.,  the  image  of  Jupiter  on  the \naltar  of  burnt  offering  at  the  temple,  there  would  be  an \ninterval  of  twelve  hundred  and  ninety  days,  a  little  more \nthan  three  years  and  a  half.  Happy  would  be  those  who \nsurvived  to  any  date  beyond  that  time,  such  as  the  thirteen \nhundred  and  thirty-fifth  day.  The  hopes  of  the  book  of \nDaniel,  like  those  of  most  of  the  apocalyptic  works,  were \nnot  realized  in  the  manner  anticipated.  But  they  kept  the \nfaith  of  the  people  alive  through  days  of  peril  and  distress. \nAnd  in  that  fact  they  proved  their  worth. \nThe  apocalyptic  features  of  the  New  Testament  and \nThe great Apocalypse of the early Christian period are treated in a later chapter.\n\nThe Making and Remaking of the Old Testament\n\nAny thought of a special collection of Hebrew books must have arisen rather late in the history of the nation. At that time, the total body of writings from which choice could be made was considerable. This aggregate consisted of many sorts of documents. There were state records, legal institutes, prophetic narratives, biographical sketches, collections of hymns and national poems, anthologies of epigrams and other wisdom materials, fragments of prophetic sermons, and masses of more popular and perishable literature such as an active and successful people produces day by day.\n\nAs early as 650 b.c., the Judean and Ephraimite prophetic narratives embodying the Book of the Covenant were compiled.\nThe \"JE\" document contains the well-articulated \"Book of Laws\" discovered in the temple during Josiah's reign in 621 BC. This code served as the basis for a national reformation and was adopted as the law of the land in a solemn league and covenant. The older legislation in the Book of The Covenant had been the authoritative constitution for some time. However, from this point on, the new code, which included and superseded the older legislation, became the law.\nThe Deuteronomic legislation superseded the familiar legal corpus and held the place of power. This law, canonized by royal edict and popular approval, is now recognized as the Deuteronomic legislation. It entered Israel's life in a dramatic manner and at an opportune moment. It bore the sanction of the venerated name of Moses and claimed the authority of God. Furthermore, it exhibited those inherent qualities of high moral tone, lofty religious purpose, and searching appeal which have made it a most valuable portion of the Hebrew Scriptures.\n\nA second stage in the selection of a body of writings as the norm of the nation's life was reached in the days of Nehemiah and Ezra. Nehemiah probably arrived in Jerusalem as the voluntary governor of the unhappy province in 445 b.c. Ezra came as the leader.\nA little company of priests and Levites, a few years later, probably in 397 b.c., brought from the richer and more highly organized centers of Hebrew life in the east a copy of a document of great importance. This new code of law, revising and superseding the Deuteronomic legislation, grew out of the assiduous labors of priests and scribes in the schools of the east where the dispersion had carried their fathers. Since the days of Josiah, the nation had declined and fallen. Its hopes of political power, tried out in the melancholy efforts to revive Jerusalem, had all but failed. Its future success was believed to lie in the effort to observe the laws with rigorous obedience.\nThe divine will, as embodied in rules of conduct, was outlined in a state and governed by the laws outlined by Ezekiel. A priest, the author of the central chapters of the book of Leviticus, produced the \"Law of Holiness.\" Based on these materials, the Priest Code took form. In an assembly similar to the one held in Josiah's day, this roll was read, adopted as \"a sure covenant,\" and solemnly sealed with a curse upon the indifferent. In this impressive manner, a part of the extant Hebrew literature became holy Scripture. This code, including much of the later portion of Exodus and the books of Leviticus and Numbers, soon reached its present state. Slightly later, the books of Moses, as they were called, came to their final form, including the prophetic laws and narratives.\nThe Judean and Ephraimite sources, Deuteronomic material, \"holiness\" institutes, and Priest Code formed a body of writings that became the recognized \"Book of the Law of Moses.\" From that day, this group of writings was acknowledged as the Torah, the Law of Moses, the will of God. Nothing compared to it in sanctity. It gradually rose in scribal and popular veneration from one level to another until it was confidently affirmed that Moses wrote it in its entirety. Later, tradition insisted that it was penned in heaven and delivered to the immortal lawgiver through the ranks of angels. It is assured that this first section of the Old Testament recognized as Scripture became canonical around 400 b.c.\nBy the year 200 b.c., the eight books of the Prophets had not yet achieved this rank. We know this from two facts. The first is the fact that the Samaritans, who separated themselves from the Jewish community at some point after Ezra's reform, adopted the five books of Moses in almost the precise form we have them today as their canon of sacred Scripture, but never accepted the other parts of the Old Testament. They keep this Torah of Moses to this day in a highly revered and fairly ancient scroll. The second fact is the exalted regard in which the books of Chronicles, written around 300 b.c., hold the Law of Moses, while they employ the prophetic books with the utmost freedom and alter them without hesitation.\n\nBy the year 200 b.c., the eight books of the Prophets had not yet achieved the same status as they hold in the Jewish canon. The Samaritans, who separated from the Jewish community after Ezra's reform, kept the five books of Moses in their original form but did not accept the other parts of the Old Testament. The books of Chronicles, written around 300 b.c., held the Law of Moses in high esteem but freely altered the prophetic books.\nJoshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the Twelve (the twelve Minor Prophets, from Hosea to Malachi) were accorded canonical recognition. The author of the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach lived around that time. He refers to the Law and the Prophets as acknowledged Scripture in his work.\n\nThe Samaritans, regarding themselves as the true people of Jahveh, and the Jews as an apostate race, continued to occupy the territory of the northern kingdom, with admixtures of population from other provinces of the Assyrian Empire. Those who survive to the present in Nablus, ancient Shechem, are a little group of less than a hundred people.\n\nThis provides satisfactory assurance of the inclusion of this second group in the canon at that date.\nThere remained the miscellaneous books, largely concerned with religion but less revered than those already mentioned. By the time the prophetic list was organized, a large portion of the abundant literature of previous generations had yielded to the vicissitudes of time and disappeared. The nation had passed through such tragedies as might well dissipate all but the most highly prized and carefully preserved of its literary treasures. Certainly, a large part of the total body of Israel\u2019s writings had perished. However, there were at hand the great works of poetry such as the Psalms, Proverbs, and Job, each the result of patient gleaning and revision. The Five Rolls comprised Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. Additionally, there were two other works: the pseudonymous apocalypse of Daniel, and the priestly record of national history.\nThe books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah are mentioned, along with some appearing quite late in the pre-Christian period. In Jesus' reference to the sweep of events from the death of Abel to that of Zachariah, he implies the late date of Chronicles, which records the second of these events. Daniel was likely written around 164 BC, and the book of Psalms may have received its final editing as late as 150 BC. The Maccabean struggle may have created a desire to preserve as much as possible of the national literature, leading to some debate over the admission of certain books into the Old Testament canon, such as Esther, Canticles, and Ecclesiastes. The Greek translation of the Old Testament (Septuagint) includes these books.\nThe Septuagint, a translation made for use in Egypt, began around 250 years before Christ but was not completed until long afterward. Some portions of the material were supplied from other translations. This version, known as the Septuagint or LXX, does not provide a reliable indication of when the Old Testament canon was completed.\n\nIn the year 132 b.c., the grandson of Jesus the Son of Sirach created a Greek translation of his ancestor's Hebrew work. In the prologue to this edition, \"The Law, the Prophets, and the other books\" are mentioned three times. It is unclear whether the third reference, \"the other books,\" referred to a definitively fixed list. It is known that as late as the first century b.c., there were progressive and conservative groups regarding the Old Testament writings.\nschools among the Jews debated the question as to whether such books as Ecclesiastes and Canticles should be admitted to the canon. In the New Testament, mention is made of the three sections of the Old Testament: the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms (the Writings, or Miscellanies, whose first book was the Psalms). Philo, the well-known Jewish authority who lived in the first century AD, quoted frequently from the Hebrew Scripture as a work familiar and of fixed content, and the same is true of Josephus who wrote early in the second Christian century.\n\nBy the time the Jewish Council of Jamnia met in 113 AD, the list of the Hebrew writings had been decided beyond debate. It would seem then that the canon of the Law was settled as early as the fourth century BC, the Prophets by 200 BC.\nThe major portion of the Writings in the approved collection was determined by the fact that they were written in the Hebrew language. Our present Old Testament includes everything that survived from this literature. If the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach appears to be an exception, since fragments of the original Hebrew have appeared in recent times, it should be recalled that it only became current in its later Greek form. Such a criterion would explain why books like Ecclesiastes and Canticles were included, while the Wisdom of Solomon and Ecclesiasticus (Ben Sirach) were omitted. By the time the final verdicts were rendered, the Hebrew language had ceased to be used and was therefore considered classic and sacred.\n\nIt is apparent that through the centuries in which the Old Testament was compiled, the Hebrew language was the primary criterion for inclusion.\nThe materials of the Old Testament were taking shape with a large measure of freedom in their treatment. They were fragments of a much larger body of writing, and the processes of revision and selection were ongoing. Some writings were treasured for their appeal to the religious spirit, while others perished. None was regarded at the time of its production as of divine origin or special sacredness. They were handled with great freedom, and judgment on their value and finality was exercised with entire liberty and confidence.\n\nIn this freedom to correct and modify the work of an earlier time lay the ground for such numerous revisions and alterations as the Old Testament reveals. There were changes made not so much in the interest of historical accuracy but rather in response to the evolving religious and cultural contexts of the time.\nThe accuracy of records in securing better teaching or practice. Teachers of one generation felt free to amend and correct what they regarded as the imperfect or unethical ideals of an earlier age. These related to standards of human conduct and interpretations of the divine character. The writers of Hebrew religious literature were as unconscious that they were producing a sacred book as were the authors of New Testament documents. They were concerned only with giving emphatic utterance to their own highest conceptions of truth or correcting what seemed to them the errors of their predecessors. They were unaware of any such qualities of exactness and finality as later generations were to attribute to their work. They held no views regarding the unalterable nature of Scripture, because they had no conception.\nThe most casual reading of Hebrew records closes a large amount of editorial work in the Bible. This is most noticeable in those portions with parallel narratives, such as the Samuel-Kings accounts compared to those of Chronicles. The selection and correction of the recital in the later document are apparent in many of these changes, and others that might be noted.\nare  not  the  mere  editorial  revisions  and  suggestions  which \nscribal  workers  upon  the  text  might  have  produced,  but \nrather  those  integral  alterations  which  reveal  the  activities \nof  men  who  counted  themselves  no  mere  revisers  of  the \ntext,  but  first-hand  students  of  its  content  and  critics  of  its \nutterances.  A  few  illustrations  will  afford  some  more  ade\u00ac \nquate  idea  of  a  process  which  is  discoverable  in  many  parts \nof  the  Old  Testament.  Naturally  the  best  field  for  observa\u00ac \ntion  is  the  poetical  literature,  where  meter  and  rhythm \nafford  additional  aid  in  the  study.  But  this  is  by  no  means \nthe  only  class  of  writing  where  the  process  of  revision  may \nbe  noted. \nIn  the  song  of  Hannah  8  it  is  apparent  that  some  work \nof  a  corrective  sort  has  brought  the  poem  to  its  present \nform.  It  is  clear  that  it  bears  no  marks  of  appropriateness \nIt would be difficult to conceive of the composition of the poem in its present form by a Hebrew woman, even one of Hannah's character and experience. Nor is it entirely satisfactory to suppose, with some commentators, that a later and more general hymn of national thanksgiving was appropriated by the author of the narrative and put into the mouth of this mother in Israel, due to its single reference to 1 Samuel 8:5.\n\nThe poem may have been an entirely personal statement of experience at first, whether Hannah's or another's. However, personal touches have been definitively and scrupulously cut away to give the poem greater value as a national utterance. And probably also those.\nstrictly  national  references  which  occur  here  and  there  in \nthe  song  were  added  in  the  same  corrective  and  revisional \nspirit  by  men  who  felt  that  the  original  poem  was  too \nlimited  in  expression  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  occasion. \nThere  is,  to  be  sure,  a  wearing  away  of  individual  character\u00ac \nistics  that  may  be  seen  in  the  history  of  many  poems  adapted \nfor  hymn  use.  But  the  process  of  deliberate  and  careful \nalteration  is  just  as  evident  in  others,  to  be  found  in  all \nour  hymn  collections.  And  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt \nthat  this  more  satisfactory  explanation  may  be  employed \nin  more  than  one  of  the  biblical  poems,  of  which  this  is  an \nexample. \nMany  of  the  Psalms  reveal  the  work  of  revisers.  The \nlist  of  these  alterations,  which  are  more  deliberate  and \nthoroughgoing  than  the  common  editorial  corrections, \nwould  be  a  very  long  one  if  followed  out.  But  note,  for \nThe changes wrought in the structure of such alphabetic Psalms as 9, 10, 25, 34, and the like. It is customary to attribute the broken structure of these Psalms to the carelessness of transcribers who have failed to incorporate the sections whose absence is revealed by the acrostic arrangement. But this is not a wholly satisfactory theory. In the Psalms mentioned, there are not only omissions but additions as well, as is proved by the metrical structure of the poems. The excision of the lost parts would appear to be as definitely the work of a reviser and critic as the additions.*\n\nPsalm 18 is an excellent example of the tendency to amplify and strengthen a poem, as well as to offer some element of a corrective sort to its general course of statement, by the addition of warning and appeal. The poem:\n\n*\"For the chief Musician. A Psalm of David the servant of the Lord, who spoke unto the Lord the words of this song in the day that the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul: And he said, I will love thee, O Lord, my strength. The Lord is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower. I will call upon the Lord, who is worthy to be praised: so shall I be saved from mine enemies. The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow. Then called I upon the name of the Lord; O Lord, I beseech thee, deliver my soul. Gracious is the Lord, and righteous; yea, our God is merciful. The Lord is my strength and song, and is become my salvation. The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous: the voice of melancholy shall be no more heard. This I knew that the Lord is great, and that our Lord is above all gods. Whoso will worship the Lord God, let him come and worship him in the beauty of holiness. Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O Lord, hath dashed in pieces the enemy. In the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown them that rose up against thee: thou hast sent redemption for thy people, O God: thou hast declared thine help with thy truth unto the children of Israel. O God, thou hast heard my voice in this place: thou hast preserved my life. Thou hast turned my mourning into dancing: thou hast put off my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness; To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee, and not be silent. O Lord my God, I will give thanks unto thee for ever.\"*\nPsalm 22 is a description of the fate of some unfortunate individual or of suffering Israel in days of persecution. But in its simplest form, it may have been a war song from David's age, as indicated in 1 Samuel 22. However, certain additions to the original structure bring it up to date and protect it from older interpretations of God's character. Verses 21-24 contain a direct injunction to fidelity to the Deuteronomic law. Verses 25-28 instruct the reader in the observance of Hebrew \"wisdom\" principles that had become part of the nation's ethical law. Other national additions, such as those in verses 45, 46, and 50, provide additional assurance of late revisional and corrective activities.\nVerses 24, 25, and 27 present liturgical additions that extend beyond the experiences depicted in the psalm. Verses 28-32 are a messianic commentary that shifts the focus and adds greater significance to the experience. Initially, Psalm 32 was likely a penitential hymn. However, it is peppered with ethical and liturgical elements.\n\nThe metrical structure and acrostic form of this work are evident in a publication such as The Old Testament \u2014 An American Translation, by J. M. P. Smith and others. The Old Testament underwent numerous additions to make it more effective as a tool for religious instruction.\n\nAnother type of textual change is demonstrated by the well-known passage in Zechariah 6:9-15. A group of pilgrims from Babylon had recently arrived in Jerusalem, bringing offerings to the community that was gradually recovering.\n\"Take silver and gold of them and make crowns. Set them upon the head of Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, high priest, and speak unto him, saying, Thus speaketh the Lord of Hosts, Behold the man whose name is the Branch; and he shall grow up out of his place and he shall build the temple of the Lord. The confusion of this text is not the result of carelessness or chance but deliberate, the consequence of a desire to conceal as far as possible the unhappy outcome of the effort to establish Judah as an independent principality under the sovereignty of Zerubbabel. It would seem that by the patriotic efforts of the prophets and the people, a crown was prepared for Zerubbabel, out of these gifts from the east.\"\nThe Persian officials were alarmed by this procedure, leading to Zerubbabel's removal from his position, as he disappears entirely from the story. The account that honestly recounted the facts was altered to make it seem that crowns had been prepared for both Zerubbabel and Joshua, significant only as symbols of the community's reverence, not royal power. In an effort to suppress all references to the tragic outcome, Zerubbabel's name was dropped entirely from the narrative, leaving the text in its present confused condition. These are just a few examples of deliberate revisional and critical activity on the text of the Bible.\nThe Old Testament was written by those who considered themselves qualified to record the matters at hand, as were the men who originally composed the message.\n\nCritical workers in Old Testament literature made revisional changes, including corrections of historical statements, religious teachings, or institutional enactments. Notable examples are provided by the prophetic and priestly schools, although instances exist in the work of other teachers in Israel.\n\nThe earliest form of the narratives of the rise of the Hebrew state is owed to the group of writers belonging to the southern kingdom, commonly referred to as the Jahvists. Their literary output is dated around 850 b.c. Their apparent purpose was to glorify the Davidic monarchy. They drew:\nThe most authentic Old Testament narratives are freely derived from sources at hand, and their account of facts is nearest to the events due to their proximity. These Jahvist teachers, in general, embody the type of thought found in the messages of Elijah and Elisha. For them, Jahveh was essentially a tribal God.\ninsisted upon tribal loyalty and enforced his will with rewards and punishments not unmixed with caprice. The ethical standards of the time were not above the cruel and vindictive level of a primitive age. But the narratives of these workers are vivid, picturesque, and not without great significance as Israel\u2019s earliest embodiment of ethical sanctions and religious ideas.\n\nA century and more later, another group of teachers arose, doubtless inspired by the preaching of such prophets as Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah, and companions with them in the task of religious and moral reform. They issued a new body of narratives of the past in which a definite effort was made to correct and bring up to date the national conception of its God and its history. A wholly new interpretation of religion and of national responsibility was presented.\nThe Elohistic narratives, dated around 750 b.c., embodied revisions of judgment, fact corrections, and criticism of past standards. Their representation of national events may be less reliable due to their reforming purpose and being further removed from the events. These men worked under a sense of duty during the contest between Assyria and Egypt, which brought up new problems and widened the horizon.\nnational  life.  The  old  doctrine  of  tribalism  had  to  be  given \nup  for  a  broader  conception  of  God\u2019s  relation  to  his  people \nand  the  world.  Higher  moral  standards  were  erected. \nObedience  became  less  a  matter  of  clan  interest  than  of \nreligious  obligation.  Moral  excellence  was  emphasized. \nJustice  and  chastity  were  enjoined.  A  new  theology  as  well \nas  a  new  morality  was  enforced  by  these  companions  of \nthe  first  writing  prophets.  And  just  as  the  work  of  Amos \nand  the  other  moral  leaders  of  the  age  was  directed  against \nthe  earlier  and  partial  religion  of  the  Jahvists,  so  these \nwriters  of  the  Elohistic  school  transformed  the  story  of \nthe  past  into  a  vindication  of  the  new  faith. \nOne  of  the  most  familiar  and  outstanding  instances \nof  this  is  the  story  of  Abraham  and  Hagar  as  presented \nin  the  two  sources.  The  Jahvist  account  indicates  no \nThe patriarch's scruple concerning the expulsion of the slave woman, on the verge of motherhood, is not softened by any sensitivity in the writer's feelings. In contrast, the Elohistic account deliberately alters the story to portray a more humane attitude from Abraham. After the child grows into boyhood, Abraham dismisses the woman, but not without grave concern and careful provision for her welfare. The change in sentiment displayed in the second recital of the facts is illustrative of a higher conception of human relations and responsibilities.\n\nThe Making and Remaking of the Old Testament\n\nA similar difference is noticeable in the spirit of the earlier institutes of Israel, embodied in the two sets of narratives.\nThe two forms of the ten commandments differ in substance, each claiming to be the original code inscribed on stone tablets. The Jahvist list in Exodus 34 contains ceremonial enactments, while the Elohists' list in Exodus 20 focuses on religious and ethical considerations. The spirit of free criticism and correction is evident.\n\nThe Jahvists exhibit a wholly different conception of God, as seen in the human, anthropomorphic character attributed to deity in the older source. God works at the task of creation and walks in the garden for the cool of the day.\nThe day shuts Noah into the Ark and smells the reek of sacrifice. In the Elohist narratives, he reveals himself only to chosen and elect men, the moral leaders of the people. If his appearance is suggested, it is in some such sublime fashion as in the vision of Jacob at Bethel. In these and many other instances, the freedom to revise, criticize, and transform the material of the past or to displace it with new recitals of the facts is apparent. There is no superstitious reverence for the writings of the religious teachers of an earlier age. The fear of modifying the words of Scripture was still far in the future.\n\nThis corrective and critical process appears not only in the prophetic narratives of Israel\u2019s national experience but also more strikingly in the personal utterances. (The Bible Through the Centuries)\nThe prophets themselves were not immune to criticism, which extends beyond popular errors of the past and present. This criticism directly targets the prophetic ideals and teachings of earlier times. For instance, David's cruelty in war and the devastating savagery of his predecessors were explicitly approved by the prophets of that era. Consider, for example, Samuel's instructions for the extermination of the Amalekites or the commendatory spirit in which David's treatment of his enemies and captives from his wars was described by the prophetic narrators of that age. In contrast, Amos' severe arraignment of neighboring nations for the same conduct is evident in the entire tenor of his discourse, implying the rise of Israel to moral levels.\nAn instance of similar vindictiveness and barbarism no longer conceivable is Hosea's mordant condemnation of Jehu's bloody reforms, destroying the house of Ahab. Yet, the prophetic approval of this transaction was explicit. The command given to Jehu from Elisha is reported as, \"Thou shalt smite the house of Ahab, thy master, that I may avenge the blood of my servants the prophets, and the blood of all the servants of Jehovah at the hand of Jezebel; for all the house of Ahab shall perish.\" In the prophetic records of Jehu's reign, his explicit praise by the prophetic group of his time is recorded as, \"And Jehovah said unto Jehu, Because thou hast done well in executing that which is right, the things after the eyes of Jehovah, according to all that was in his heart: thou shalt be my father's house.\" (2 Kings 10:1-17)\nin my eyes, and have done according to all that was in my heart to the house of Ahab. Your sons of the fourth generation shall sit on the throne of Israel. (13) Is it not beyond doubt that Hosea had in mind not only the events of that bloody time but also the prophetic commendation of Jehu's course, when he wrote a century later in the chronicle of his own prophetic experience, \"Yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause the kingdom of the house of Israel to cease\"? (14) Here the critical and corrective spirit of the prophet speaks in unmistakable terms.\n\nAnother example of similar character may be cited.\n\nThe section of the book of Isaiah included in chapters 40 to 55 is to a large degree a message of encouragement to the scattered clans of Judah. The work of Cyrus upon Israel.\nThe eastern frontier of Babylonia provides the writer with a distinct intimation of the providential preparation for the release of the dispersed Hebrews and their homeward journey. Jerusalem must be rebuilt under the protecting care of God, in comparison with whom the deities of Babylon are mere creatures of the workshop. The tone of this series of oracles is distinctly national, concerned only with the reorganization of Hebrew institutions. However, the striking phenomenon of this section of the book is the insertion of four impressive poems, the \"Servant passages\" (15), whose relation to the body of the work has been variously judged. Some have thought them the basis of the entire work, others an integral part of it, and still others later insertions. One reason which makes the last of these three views more satisfactory is that these poems do not directly refer to the historical context of the Babylonian exile.\nThe distinct critical and correctional tone of these four poems sets them apart from their context. Their message rejects the purely national and selfish attitude of earlier prophets and calls the people to a loftier and broader mission as a world force for interpreting Jahveh\u2019s religion. With a definiteness that rebukes the narrow spirit of certain contemporaries, they urge an unselfish commitment to the high task of missionary effort.\n\nAnother field where the same critical processes are perceptible is the priestly writings. The revision tendency in this body of work is even more apparent.\nThe earliest embodiment of Hebrew legislation is found in the Book of the Covenant with its supplement from the Jahvistic source. This was probably the constitution of the state during the whole of the earlier monarchy. But in the dark days of Manasseh, following certain tentative efforts already made by reformers like Hezekiah, the priests and prophets of the loyal group prepared a new statement of the nation's laws. A comparison of the Deuteronomic code with the earlier law puts beyond question the revisional, critical, and corrective character of its laws. It was no mere casual improvement of conditions these reformers desired. It was the making of a new legal code.\nThe definite abolition of religious customs that had the sanction of older legislation appeared in the drastic changes wrought by the Josian reform. Contrasts between the older and newer law are almost too familiar to need recital. A few may be mentioned.\n\nThe earlier legislation permitted worship at any spot where the sanction of tradition and custom had created a shrine. This practice prevailed freely up to the times of Josiah and was sanctioned by the authority of the most distinguished moral leaders of Israel. The new law of Deuteronomy explicitly forbade all this provincial worship and centered the religious cultus at the Jerusalem sanctuary, under penalties which were certain to ensure compliance.\nThe critical attitude of these reformers toward the practice of the past is beyond all misinterpretation. Likewise, there was a definite change in the estate of the priestly class. Formally, every man was permitted to perform priestly functions in his own family. The tribe of Levi, honored for the sake of Moses, its most distinguished member, was held to be available for priestly services, but not set apart by any direct enactment. Nor was Levitical ministry ever deemed obligatory, though the customs of such kings as David and Solomon had promoted the priestly importance of the tribe. But with Deuteronomy, all this was changed. The priesthood was definitely limited to the Levites, all of whom were placed by this legislation upon the same high footing of equality without gradations of rank.\nThe terms \"priest\" and \"Levite\" were now equivalent. The income of the priestly class was placed on a wholly different foundation by the reformers. Previously, no provision had been made for their support. If they were employed at all, their compensation was left to the goodwill of the worshipers or gradually fixed by custom. However, the Deuteronomic law placed this matter on a definite basis by specifying the precise gift that should be accorded the priest upon the performance of his duties.\n\nThe changes wrought by the Deuteronomic law were numerous, and their consideration might be indefinitely extended. But the ethical advance recorded in this legislation is as notable as its ritualistic reforms. The whole spirit of the work is distinctly an improvement over the concepts of earlier times. Nor is it possible to escape the ethical advancements.\nThe body of writings from this period consistently conveyed the intention of its makers to displace the cruder, less ethical and effective ideals of earlier times with new institutions. During the early years of the exile, another body of law took shape under the hand of the prophet Ezekiel. His efforts were devoted to the revival of the national spirit under the inspiration of a vision of rebuilt Jerusalem. Of this city, the temple was to be the most important structure, and around it was to be organized the sacred community with its various orders of priests and rulers. The code of Ezekiel was never actually organized into the life of the nation, but its influence on legislation can be traced with definiteness. It represented a distinct criticism of the Deuteronomic scheme.\nThe code in Ezekiel limited particulars, notably a common level for priests, to the family of Zadok. In other respects, the ideals of Deuteronomy and the Josian reform were revised and corrected. The code of Holiness in Leviticus 17-26 presents materials of different and somewhat conflicting character, but overall is directed towards creating a community of distinctly worthier life than in the old royal days. The emphasis now being placed upon ritualistic and ceremonial holiness. In later times, the Priest Code was joined, brought to Judah in the age of Nehemiah and Ezra. Its insistence was upon a holy people, meeting at specific times in a sacred congregation about a holy chest, the ark, where certain relics of the past were preserved.\nAt such a place could worship be effective. Nor were the creators of this code of law satisfied to allow the people to remain possessed of the idea that the sanctuary had ever been the simple and unpretentious structure which the national records described. On the contrary, they insisted that the tabernacle in the wilderness had been a sanctuary of such elaborate and costly character as to differ but little from the permanent structure erected by Solomon on the sacred site of Zion. In these efforts of succeeding generations of priestly workers to evaluate, criticize, displace, and reconstruct the priestly and liturgical institutions of the nation, there is displayed a spirit of freedom and confidence which submits itself in no wise to traditional obligations, but is concerned alone with the duty owed to the sacred community.\nThe work of these reformers was devoted not to the recovery of obscure facts and neglected institutions, but to the creation of new ideals of conduct and forms of worship believed necessary for the times in which they lived. They found in this task a sufficient guarantee of the divine approval, and they asked for no man\u2019s consent to the labors they so freely bestowed out of pure love for the religion which they were both restoring and creating. Further illustrations of this principle of criticism and revision in other parts of the Old Testament are abundant. The corrective element in the speeches of Elihu in the book of Job, the reconstruction of Israel\u2019s history undertaken by the Chronicler and intended to displace the prophetic and non-liturgical version of the national history, and the work itself.\nThe apocalyptists, notably in the books of Daniel and Enoch, sought to supplant the doctrine of the effectiveness of the prophetic word with their own theology of divine intervention. Such instances demonstrate the same revising spirit found in the Old Testament. It is clear that holy men in the Old Testament made numerous and striking attempts to revise the opinions of the past, correct earlier standards of conduct, and present definitive and decisive criticisms of history and institutions from a former time, all under the compulsion of a duty as impressive as that which animated the original authors of the record.\n\nXI\nISRAEL AND THE MONUMENTS\nIn few things is our modern age more remarkable than in the aid it has rendered the student of the Bible in the understanding and interpretation of its records. From widely available sources,\nThe biblical text of the Old and New Testaments has been examined and corrected with meticulous comparison of various versions. Sources for this emendation work continue to emerge. Improved knowledge of languages used in early Bible translations has yielded valuable results in reconstructing the original text. Historical and literary criticism of biblical documents has solved many long-standing problems. Contemporary history of the Hebrew life in the classic age and the Christian church in the Graeco-Roman world has been investigated with scientific diligence, producing significant results. Comparative religion has become a contributing discipline. Students of these fields examine.\nThe culture of the Fertile Crescent, home of the Semitic races, has provided valuable insights for biblical specialists in understanding sacred narratives. Archaeological research has been instrumental in this regard, conducted in all the lands that formed the ancient environment of the biblical peoples. Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, Asia Minor, the Greek cities of the New Testament, and Palestine itself have been searched for materials to assist in reconstructing the civilizations from which the Bible emerged. The results have been valuable and rewarding, with only a beginning made in this undertaking.\nThe beginning has provided glimpses of previously inaccessible materials, set to play a notable role in future studies. The scholar today possesses a growing mass of confirmatory and corrective facts yielded up by the mounds and ruins of the oriental world. Cities long buried have revealed their secrets. Rulers thought to be half mythical have emerged into the light of verifiable knowledge, and incidents recorded in the Bible are now attested by the historical records of the Tigris and the Nile. The achievements of archaeology are all the more impressive when it is recalled that until recent years, the early stories of Egypt and the Mesopotamian peninsula were locked in the mysterious grasp of unknown languages. Nothing more romantic has been accomplished by scientific research than the opening of these mysteries.\nThe secret doors that admitted the modern age to a knowledge of the literatures of these two great civilizations. And other disclosures equally thrilling may well be expected. Until recent years, the Bible was supposed to stand comparatively alone on the far frontier of the world\u2019s literature. It was thought to be one of the oldest of human documents. The books of Genesis and Job held the regard of the earlier Israelites and the Monuments generations as the most venerable of writings. Happily, this tradition has been corrected. The Scriptures represent a fairly recent movement in the literary history of mankind. Far older than these records are the landmarks of the world\u2019s literary origins. The patriarchs are men of yesterday, and the oldest portions of the biblical text find their places far this side of the first classics of China, the pyramid texts of Egypt,\nThe laws of King Hammurabi of Babylon. In the past, the stage on which the Bible once stood alone has gradually filled with characters from surrounding lands. Two generations ago, one knew nothing of places like Ur, Haran, Pithom, Gezer, Megiddo, and Gath beyond the testimony of the Hebrew Scriptures. Were there actually rulers like Rameses, Ahab, Jehu, Menahem, Sargon, and Sennacherib, or were the stories told of them in biblical books to be regarded with the reserve befitting the readers of romance? Such doubts are no longer entertained, for the monuments have given their witness, and the figures that looked so questionable have moved up into the light of authentic history.\n\nAt first, the records of the Old Testament make upon the reader the impression of a rich and cultured civilization.\nIn comparison, the peoples of neighboring lands were on a lower level of knowledge and artistic achievement. The reigns of Solomon, Jehoshaphat, Ahab, and Hezekiah are described with patriotic enthusiasm, leaving the impression that the nearby nations, though more powerful, were less amply furnished than Israel with the insights, wisdom, and graces of a true culture. They were the lesser breeds without the law. However, later knowledge gained from the study of these adjoining races leaves no room for such opinions. History and archaeology have made them impossible. In comparison with the civilization of Egypt and Babylonia, that of Palestine was disappointingly meager. Among the Hebrews, the progress of most arts, agriculture, the use of tools and weapons, architecture, and other fields was limited.\nThe architecture, decoration, medical science, business procedures, and legal theory were very slow in developing in Palestine. Europe's contemporary periods were far more advanced, and Egypt was always ahead in the Orient. It is therefore all the more surprising that this little country produced a spirit and a message of greater moment to the world.\n\nNo known culture has originated in the Palestinian region. However, from it emerged a spirit and a message of greater significance to the world.\n\nThe discoveries that have led to these and other conclusions about the Land of the Lord and related lands have been made in recent years. This is both fortunate and regrettable. It is regrettable that since Palestine has been known, loved, and visited by innumerable multitudes through all the years since the first era of pilgrimage, no plan should have been devised earlier for its exploration and study.\npreservation  of  the  mass  of  priceless  archaeological  material \nwhich  has  been  collected,  sold,  stolen,  destroyed,  or  otherwise \nwasted  by  ignorant  curiosity  hunters  all  through  the  cen\u00ac \nturies.  The  only  consolation  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that \nthe  souvenir  seeker  is  a  creature  of  fairly  modern  arrival, \nand  has  been  able  to  work  havoc  to  a  lesser  degree  than  his \nearlier  appearance  would  have  permitted.  The  commercial \nvalue  of  antiquities,  either  genuine  or  spurious,  is  so  much  a \nmatter  of  common  report  among  the  natives  in  the  lands \nIsrael  and  the  Monuments \naround  the  eastern  end  of  the  Mediterranean  that  the  mere \nsurvey  of  a  presumed  historic  site  is  likely  to  set  the  people \nof  the  district  to  digging  on  their  own  account  for  the  sup\u00ac \nposed  treasure. \nAn  instance  of  this  tendency  and  danger  came  to  at\u00ac \nDuring Dr. Macalister's excavation of the ancient city of Gezer for the Palestine Fund, a group of students and teachers from the University of Chicago visited the site. As they began examining the mound, Dr. Macalister shared an unfortunate incident that had occurred the previous day. They had discovered a gold wedge, possibly similar to the one taken by Achan from Jericho's spoils.\n\nImmediately, the neighboring village, from which the workers were recruited, was excited by the report. Forgetting all restraint, the people began digging haphazardly in the hope of further finds. It is challenging to convince natives that the archaeologist seeks anything less immediately valuable.\nValuable discoveries are more precious than treasure, and an episode of this kind may cause incalculable damage to an explorer's work. The best solution is to impress natives with the idea that the best market they can find for a real discovery is the investigator himself or the nearest museum. In Egypt, at least, this is a well-established tradition. On the other hand, it is fortunate that only a limited amount of excavation was undertaken in the period before the technique of scientific survey and digging had been developed. Much older trench work carried out by pioneers in the field was partial, expensive, and destructive. The present methods take account of every cubic yard of soil and make careful records of all it contains, even the most minute objects. The knowledge of the various contents is essential.\nForms of pottery, whose fragments were once discarded as worthless, have now been brought to such an exact state that experts can determine with approximate certainty the date of any such remains. Professor Petrie has made it clear that potsherds have a higher average value than inscriptions. Their precise location and the level at which they are found are of immense importance to the archaeologist and the historian. From this point of view, it is fortunate that only a limited amount of excavating has been undertaken so far. This may seem a curious statement in light of the long list of explorers and excavators who have worked in biblical lands. Nevertheless, in comparison to the enormous and highly significant work that lies ahead, one may say that the enterprise has hardly begun.\nThe most fruitful regions for biblical study are in Egypt, as the sand, both menacing and protective, combined with the hot climate, has preserved enormous quantities of pictorial and inscriptional data that would have perished in colder and less dry regions. Egypt is hardly more than the valley of the Nile, a little strip of green and fertile land that winds down from the Abyssinian highlands through the trenches of the White and Blue Niles to widen into the Delta, a thousand miles to the north. In this valley lived the people, a mixture of Semitic, Berber, and Negroid stocks, who covered innumerable monoliths and slabs of red sandstone and granite with the curious picture writing that teased the imagination of travelers through the centuries till our own days. Their Israel and Monuments.\nTemples, palaces, pyramids, and monuments were scattered along this opulent stream, which was both sustainer and deity to them. Their story reaches back into the fourth millennium before Christ. At some point prior to 4000 b.c., the various nomes into which the country was divided were consolidated into two kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt. The former extended from the Delta to the first cataract and had for its symbol the papyrus plant. After a pre-dynastic period lasting several hundred years, the first dynasty was founded by Mena around 3400 b.c. and left records of its turquoise mining operations in admirably wrought inscriptions at Wady Maghara in the so-called peninsula of Sinai. Thus, early on, picture writing, the priestly script or hieroglyphic, had taken form.\n\nDuring the third and fourth dynasties, the building of monumental structures reached its zenith.\nPyramids for royal tombs began with the earliest being that of Zoser, around 3000 b.c., known as the Step Pyramid, at Sakkara, a few miles from Cairo. The earliest real pyramid was constructed by Khufu, or Cheops, the founder of the fourth dynasty, improving upon the idea and creating the largest of them all. The stone for this immense structure was quarried from the Mokattam hills across the Nile, more than twelve miles away. Khafre, the second king from Khufu, built for himself a pyramid tomb almost as huge as the Great Pyramid and also carved from the native rock near these two tombs a massive sphinx with his own likeness on its face. Between its extended paws, he set a small mortuary temple for perpetual priestly services in his honor.\n\nIn the twelfth dynasty, a period of expansion,\nAbout 2000 b.c., Amenemhet III conducted mining operations in Sinai and built a temple in honor of Hathor, mistress of the turquoise, at a place now called Sarbut el-Khaden. With the thirteenth dynasty, around 1788 b.c., there was a time of foreign invasion and national decline. This is the period of the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings, who apparently came from Asia and may have been Semites or possibly Hittites. With the seventeenth dynasty, around 1600 b.c., there was a revival of the national spirit, and the foreigners were expelled. The era of Thutmose III followed, the greatest of the Egyptian kings, who extended the boundaries of the realm far into Asia. One of his notable triumphs was the Battle of Megiddo, in which he crushed a league of North Syria and Palestine under the leadership of the king.\nBetween 1478 and 1450, Thutmose III made over a dozen expeditions into Palestine, Syria, and Phoenicia. His inscription on the walls of the temple of Amon at Karnak lists many places mentioned as Hebrew towns in the Old Testament. Thebes, the capital, became one of the renowned cities of the world. Its palaces and temples were situated on the east bank of the Nile, and the necropolis was across the river in the valley of the royal tombs. With the arrival of the eighteenth dynasty around 1450, Egypt's power and splendor reached their culmination. Amenhotep III contracted marriages with Mitanni and Babylonia. However, the next reign told a different story. Amenhotep IV, the so-called heretic king, abandoned Thebes and set up a new center of the empire at a city called Israel.\nAkhetaten, known as the \"Horizon of Aten,\" the solar disc, was the name given by Pharaoh Akhenaten, or Ikhnaten, meaning \"Aten is satisfied.\" The city he constructed as a rival to the former capital and sanctuary of Amun at Thebes is now called Tel el-Amarna and is located about 200 miles south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile. In 1887, nearly four hundred clay tablets were discovered there. These tablets, written in Babylonian character, revealed a previously unknown chapter in the history of Egypt and its dependencies in the fifteenth century BC. The letters were from officials in Palestine and Phoenicia and were addressed to Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV. Seven of them were from Ebed-hepa, king of Jerusalem, around 1360 BC, over 350 years before David made it his capital.\nThe light which these letters throw upon the character of Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten as he preferred to call himself, has raised interesting questions for students of his history. Was he the eager monotheist, the first of his kind in history, the man who antedated Amos and Josiah by centuries and cared more for his religious ideals than for sovereignty? Or was he a fatuous and impracticable dreamer, an antiquarian, a dabbler in theology, who had resented the arrogance of the priests of Amun at Thebes and determined to ruin them and establish his authority by removing the capital to a new site? Either view may be held, as one reads the story, and each has its scholarly defenders. But the Amarna age was one of the most significant in Egyptian annals, and the contribution which its era made is noteworthy.\nThe Bible: A Tragic History and Literature's Second Greatest Asset, the experiences recorded in it are unparalleled in research history. The warnings in the official letters to the court at the new power center were ineffective. Akhenaten either had no interest in the campaigns that could have kept his empire intact or, as charged, was a convinced pacifist. Regardless, the subject states soon broke away from their allegiance, and the downfall of the new regime was inevitable. No son was available to carry on the government, and after one son-in-law failed, Tut-ankh-amen, a youth, came to the throne. It was not long till he made peace with the hierarchy at Thebes, and the capital was transferred back to its former location.\nA new city, laid out with such painstaking interest, was abandoned to the encroaching sands. Like Amber among the hills of Jaypur, or Fatihpur-sikri, the darling enterprise of Akbar the Great, has been for centuries the home of the jackal and the owl.\n\nBut that tomb of the boy king, with no drop of royal blood in his veins, has become the wonder of our time. Its treasures, now gathered under the roof of the Cairo museum, are the astonishment of the world. Nothing like them has ever before been unearthed. If an insignificant and almost nameless kinglet like Tutankhamen could be the object of an interment as magnificent as this, what must the mortuary honors of the real kings of Egypt, such as Thutmose I and Rameses II, have been?\n\nThe story of the nineteenth dynasty is familiar. Its important rulers were Seti I and Rameses II. The latter was\nJames Baikie referred to The Amarna Age: Israel and the Monuments. Pharaoh Thutmose III was the builder and braggart of his race. He erected numerous structures in his honor, decorated them with his statues, and covered them with honorific inscriptions. His long reign provided ample opportunity for military exploits, which were the chief theme of his self-laudation. His scribes and poets spared no efforts to immortalize him, and these panegyrics, along with the preservation of his mummy in the Cairo treasure house, have contributed, perhaps unduly, to his posthumous fame.\n\nHis son, Merneptah, is supposed to have been the Pharaoh of the exodus, as Rameses was of the oppression. The account in Exodus 14 and 15 of the passage of the sea would imply that he perished with his army. But his body was found with the others in the tombs of the kings.\nAnd in the fifth year of his reign, Pharaoh set up a tablet at the museum, which he inscribed with a hymn of victory for conquests recently made in Palestine. Stolen from the temple of Amenhotep III, the mention of Israel on this stele is the only reference to the Hebrews found on any Egyptian monument.\n\nA significant monumental source for biblical students is found in the inscription of Sheshonk I of the Twenty-second Dynasty on the wall of the Temple of Amun at Karnak. This king was the Shishak of 1 Kings 14:25, and the story of his invasion of Palestine, one episode of which was the sack of Jerusalem in the reign of Rehoboam, vividly brings to mind that unfortunate plundering of the city so recently enriched by Solomon.\n\nTwo other archaeological discoveries in Egypt have been of great value to students of the biblical texts.\nThe Bible records the existence of a Hebrew colony on the island of Elephantine, near Assouan, in the twenty-sixth dynasty, around the fifth century b.C., contemporary with Nehemiah. The colonists had a temple to Jahveh and may have represented one of the migrational movements that took many of that nation to lands other than Palestine. Of great interest is the discovery of certain papyrus scraps in the rubbish heaps of Oxyrhynchus, the ancient Greek name for the modern town of Behnesa, 123 miles south of Cairo and some nine miles west of the Nile. Among these finds are the so-called \"Sayings of Jesus,\" which have been cited as authentic words of the Lord since 1897.\nThe story of the opening of this immense hoard of Egyptian archaeological material to popular knowledge is too familiar to require detailed retelling. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone, at the Canopic mouth of the Nile, was the work of one of Napoleon\u2019s expedition engineers in 1799. It is a large block of black granite with three inscriptions, one in hieroglyphic, one in demotic (the shorter writing), and one in Greek. This trilingual inscription, a decree of Ptolemy V Epiphanes (205-181 BC), finally provided the key which, after many efforts, opened to Champollion the vast treasures of Egyptian lore. The list of scientists who have since worked either at the task of excavation or of decipherment is long and impressive. Among them have been Lepsius, Mariette, Maspero, de Morgan, Naville, Petrie, Davies, Breasted, Carter, and Reisner.\nThe work of an archaeologist in Egypt is not easy. There are always the five plagues, which might easily run to ten, as in Moses' day. These are the heat, sand, insects, bad water, and the unreliable character of the native help. However, there is also the frequent exhibition of hostility on the part of the Egyptian government and the Egyptian department of antiquities, which is under French direction. It was the character of some of the conditions imposed by these officially placed guardians of Egyptian antiquities that caused the recent withdrawal of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s, generous offer of ten millions of dollars for the reconstruction of the Cairo museum and the erection of a scientifically organized school of archaeology and research in connection with it. This unfortunate episode is a great loss to science.\nDespite all difficulties, a large amount of work is proceeding. The Harvard-Boston expedition, under the direction of Dr. George A. Reisner, one of the most eminent American Egyptologists, is carrying on work at Giza, near the pyramids. One royal tomb, supposed to be that of a queen in one of the earliest dynasties, has been discovered and excavated. The Philadelphia Museum has a force at work not far from the site of old Memphis. The Metropolitan Museum of New York has a permanent headquarters opposite Karnak and keeps something of a staff in residence. The University of Michigan had an expedition at work on the Graeco-Roman ruins in the Fayyum. This force was under the direction of Professor Kelsey as long as he remained there. The Egyptian Exploration Fund is operating certain concessions.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nThe Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, with Professor James Henry Breasted as director, is conducting epigraphic work on Rameses III's temple at Thebes, known as Medinet Habu. Chicago House, a residence and workshop with a sizable library, supports this work, a gift from Mr. Julius Rosenwald.\n\nThe summary and superficial account of Egypt's story could be repeated regarding Assyria and Babylonia. Conditions there have been more challenging, both climatically and governmentally. Drenching rains alternating with scorching heat make work arduous and pose a constant threat to the perishable materials buried in the soil.\nThis was a constant issue with officials under the Turkish regime, putting a premature end to promising excavations in many cases. This impediment has now been removed by the establishment of the British mandate, and the future appears full of promise. As in the case of Egypt, the records of Mesopotamia were locked in an unknown tongue. Travelers had seen many inscriptions, and some materials of this nature had found their way to the laboratories of scholars. But they could not be read. For a long time, it was known that old Persian inscriptions were to be seen upon the ruined walls of Persepolis. As early as Niebuhr's day, the threefold nature of these inscriptions was perceived. But not until Grotefend in 1802 discovered that these were actually three languages: old Persian, Median (or Susian).\nThe significance of the work relating to the Babylonian monuments was comprehended through the cuneiform or wedge-shaped script of Babylonia. The next and most decisive step was taken in 3:835 by Henry C. Rawlinson, an English officer with the Persian army in the Zagros mountains. He discovered a great inscription cut on the side of the Behistun Rock in western Persia, near the old Median highway between Hamadan and Kirmanshah. The former of these towns is the ancient Ecbatana, and both figured in the military operations of the world war. Rawlinson copied and translated five columns of this inscription, which were later sent to Europe and published in 1847. The trilingual inscriptions of Persepolis provided the key to opening to the world the treasures of Babylonian and Assyrian literature.\nThe Rosetta Stone revealed Egypt's secrets. The list of explorers and excavators in this region is lengthy and instructive. It includes Botta's work at Kouyunjik and Khorsabad near ancient Nineveh; Layard at Nimrud, the ancient Calah; Loftus at Warka, the site of Erech; Taylor at Mugheir, the Ur of the Chaldeans of Abraham\u2019s day; Oppert at Hillah, the site of Babylon, and Birs Nimrud, the ancient Borsippa. During these operations, the former cities, temples, libraries, and other important possessions of such kings as Sargon I, Esarhaddon son of Sennacherib, Ashurbanipal, and Nebuchadrezzar II were unearthed. George Smith discovered the Flood account in 1872, and his work was continued by Rassam. Others who have been successful investigators in this field are de Sarzec, Peters, Ward, Haynes, Hilprecht, Koldeway,\nAndrae, de Morgan, Harper, Banks, Langdon, and Woolley discovered important finds such as the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III with its Jehu inscription, and numerous historical records of Assyrian and Babylonian kings who had relations with Palestine and its people. The removal of Turkish authority from this region has permitted the resumption of excavation at numerous points since the World War, and a school of oriental research is being established at Bagdad, which gives promise of valuable results in the field of ancient Semitic culture. A third important civilization that left its impression upon the entire fertile crescent and is often mentioned in the Old Testament is that of the Hittites. It shared dominion of the Near East with the empires on the Tigris and the Nile.\nBetween 2750 and 1200 BC, this region, which covered most of Asia Minor, was home to a powerful state with major centers at Boghaz-Keui, Carchemish, Mitanni, and Hamath. Archaeological material from this period, when deciphered, will provide insights into this enigmatic civilization. No bilingual inscription has been discovered yet, and despite numerous efforts, no one has fully cracked the code. Scholars such as Sayce, Winckler, Peiser, Jensen, Hogarth, Conder, Thompson, Garstang, and Almsted have made significant contributions to our understanding of this people. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago is also conducting research in this area, alongside its other endeavors. Mr. Von der Osten and his team are working at Alishar, 128 miles east of Ankara.\nFifty-five Hittite towns have been located in central Asia Minor. Of his staff have penetrated through two strata of Turkish deposits and Greek and Roman ruins to beds of Israel and the Monuments. Hittite remains containing much pottery. In Athens, Corinth, Ephesus, Sardis, and several other cities mentioned in the early Christian records, much work has been done, with results of great value to biblical scholarship. Readers of Sir William Ramsay's works on St. Paul and on the churches of the Apocalypse know of the earlier stages of those researches, and later activities in these areas have widened the domain of New Testament investigation.\nThe remarkable discoveries made on the island of Crete, where abundant evidence of Minoan occupation has been found, speak of its influence. Although significant, this civilization's impact was indirectly exerted upon the Levant's peoples, likely through Egyptian contacts. The tragedy at Knossos occurred before the end of Amenhotep III's reign around 1475 b.c., cutting off any previous intercourse between the Cretans and Egyptians. The Cretans, later known as Philistines, obtained a foothold in Canaan during Rameses III's reign (1198-1167 b.c.), and it was from this that the Greeks learned to call them.\nIt is after them, Palistia or Palestine. Later, David chose his bodyguard from among these non-Hebrew warriors, and they are known in the Old Testament as the Cherethites-Pelethites, i.e., Cretan-Philistines. The secrets of this pre-Grecian culture are as yet locked up in the thousands of tablets written in the Minoan script, which, like the Hittite records, await a Champollion for their full decipherment. But the most interesting and important field for archaeological adventure is, of course, the Holy Land. And here the problems have been more baffling and the conditions more difficult than in any other terrain. It is a very little country, \u201cthe least of all lands,\u201d as it has been called, and its most important localities, historically, were in the highland regions along that great backbone of mountains that stretches from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea.\nFrom the Lebanon region down into the Tih desert. The heavy rains of autumn and spring wash down the soil to the plains and valleys, taking with it much material that could have historical value. It is important to remember that Palestine has been visited by severe earthquakes numerous times in its history. The Bible mentions some of these. The damage wrought by the 1927 earthquake in Jerusalem, Jericho, Nablus, and a number of other places is typical of the ravages caused by such disturbances in the past. The land has suffered incalculably from war. Probably no section of the world's surface has seen more devastation through the centuries. Jerusalem has endured more than thirty conquests, from David to Allenby. Some of the invaders left their records on the rocks at Dog River, that autograph.\nThe album presents evidence of northern Palestine. As a bridge for caravans and armies traveling from Egypt to the eastern lands, the country endured frequent deliberate attacks and casual raids. Devastation, including Israel and monuments, suffered from pillage, deforestation, and fire. Given its status as a holy place for Muslims, Jews, and Christians, official obstructive tactics were encountered more aggressively in Palestine. Despite these hindrances, some efforts were made to preserve the testimony in buildings, monuments, tombs, and more perishable materials.\nThe land holds excellent prospects for research into the Holy Land, which has been visited by countless multitudes from Christian countries since the Bordeaux Pilgrim. Narratives brought back from these visits stimulated desire to see the sacred sites and add to their number. Queen Helena, mother of Constantine, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 326 AD to discover the true location of the Holy Sepulchre. She appeared to have proven several of the fantastic stories repeated through the centuries, to the detriment of an accurate knowledge of ancient Jerusalem's topography. The exploration of Palestine began with the work of Dr. Edward L. Robinson of New York in 1838. He prepared the first:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content, nor any introductions, notes, logistics information, publication information, or other modern additions. No translation is necessary as the text is already in modern English. No OCR errors were detected.)\nThe systematic description of the country under the title \u201cBiblical Researches\u201d was published in 1852. Others followed, and in 1865, the \"Palestine Exploration Fund\" was organized in London. Sir Charles Warren made a survey of Jerusalem, and Colonel C. R. Conder and Colonel (later General Lord) Kitchener surveyed and mapped western Palestine, which was published. One result of the survey was the finding and distinguishing of many \"tells\" throughout the country. The tells are the mounds usually calling attention to the long abandoned cities or towns underneath. The mounds themselves consist of waste products or earth washed down from higher places, completely covering the sites.\nThe unearthed cities exhibit houses constructed from unfinished stone, bound together with mud mortar. Common roofs were flat and made of mud. When houses disintegrated, stones were reused on top of fallen mud, forming higher deposits. Street levels rose due to accumulations of waste, causing cities to elevate significantly between their initial settlement and final abandonment. Eventually, all stones were taken elsewhere for building purposes, leaving only waste foundations to indicate the cultures of successive generations. Other records of abandoned cities are found in \"khirbehs,\" sites displaying one-time occupation but no accumulation of waste and rubbish. Often, tells and khirbehs are close to each other, suggesting probable abandonment.\nThe ment of the tell for the khirbeh. Examinations of the tells have frequently told the story of various invasions. One stratum will have the coins and pottery of the Maccabees; one will show a Persian strain, another Amorite relics. The value of such stratification can easily be seen if it is studied layer by layer and not penetrated at unrelated points.\n\nIsrael and the Monuments\n\nThe serious work of excavation was begun by Professor Flinders Petrie, who arrived from Egypt in 1890 and started operations at Tell el-Hesy, which was found to be the ancient Lachish. He was followed in this enterprise by Dr. F. J. Bliss, who discovered the strata of eight cities on that site. This was veritably \u201cThe Mound of Many Cities,\u201d as he called it in his volume published in 1894. E.R. R. A. S. Macalister, during the years 1902-1909, undertook for the Fund the excavation of the site.\nThe excavations at Tell el-Jazar, identified as the Gezer of the Old Testament and Gazara of the Crusaders, were the most comprehensive and successful yet. They revealed strata of occupation from pre-Semitic cave-dweller days, around 2500 b.c., to the Mohammedan period. Bliss and Macalister also conducted work at Tell Zakariya, believed to be the biblical Azekah; Tell es-Safi, thought to be the ancient Philistine city of Gath, known to the Crusaders as Blanche-Garde; Tell el-Judeideh, unidentified as yet; and Tell Sandahanna, believed to be the town of Moreshah or Moresheth-gath, home of the prophet Micah. Duncan Mackenzie investigated Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh) for the Fund in 1911-1912.\n\nThese discoveries led to the establishment of other research societies as early as 1878, with the Deutsche Palastina-Gesellschaft.\nThe Verein began the publication of a journal. The Ecole Biblique, under the auspices of the Dominican order, has excavated and published its results. The British School of Archaeology was founded a few years ago. The Austrians have a foundation. And the American School of Oriental Research, supported by the Archaeological Institute of America, has an admirable headquarters and library.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nA few of the more important excavations can be mentioned. Harvard University has carried on operations at Samaria for several years, under the direction of Professor D.G. Lyon, and later Dr. George A. Reisner. The foundations of the palaces of Omri and Ahab are among the important discoveries made. Askelon, the Philistine city, later famous in the story of the Crusades, has been investigated by\nProfessor Garstang. The American School has carried on operations at Tell el-Ful, north of Jerusalem, believed to be the ancient Gibeah of Saul. The University of Pennsylvania began work in 1922 at Beisan, the biblical Beth-shean, and possibly the Hellenistic Scythopolis. Clarrence S. Fisher has been the director. Various strata have been penetrated, from 2000 b.c. to 800 a.d. At a depth of about thirty feet, he came upon the remains of a brick fortress of Seti I (1313-1292 b.c.), within which were commemorative stelae of Seti I and Rameses II, along with a seated statue of the latter king. The great finds there include Egyptian temples of Thutmose III and Amenhotep III, the foundations of both outside and partition walls being well preserved. A temple of Astarte was also found.\nThe text is already relatively clean and does not require extensive cleaning. Here is the text with minor corrections:\n\nThe one supposed to be the city where the Philistines exhibited the armor of Saul and Jonathan is identified as Bethel, an ancient site where excavations have disclosed the city wall and pottery dating from the iron and bronze ages. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago has been carrying forward excavational work at Megiddo, also known as Armageddon of the Apocalypse. Earlier workers had already turned up some finds, including a seal of Israel and the monuments man who calls himself the \"Servant of Jeroboam,\" likely Jeroboam II. However, a house has now been established, and the work has been taken up in a systematic manner. Graves containing fine pottery, bronze implements, and numerous Egyptian scarabs have been examined. Several valuable Babylonian seals have also been found. The finds so far give only a hint of the more important materials hoped for.\nProfessor Bade of the Pacific School of Religion has been conducting work primarily at Nebi-Samwil, believed to be ancient Mizpeh, where walls and other remains of the ancient town have been reached. The Franciscan fathers' long-standing and faithful work at Tell Hum has proven beyond doubt the authenticity of the site as Capernaum during Jesus' time. A synagogue, possibly the very one mentioned in Luke's Gospel, has been unearthed and partially reconstructed.\n\nThe announcement of a two million dollar gift from Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. for a new museum in Jerusalem brings great satisfaction to all biblical students. This means much for the future of archaeological research in Palestine. The museum site is near the American School of Oriental Research.\nThe well-known finds of an earlier period, such as the Siloam inscription, the Moabite Stone, the Madaba map, the Warning Stone, etc., require no comment. No new light has been thrown upon the vexed question of the location of the scene of the crucifixion and the sepulchre of Jesus, except to deepen the conviction of scholars that neither the Church of the Holy Sepulchre nor the so-called Gordon's Calvary and Garden Tomb, the objects of much Christian emotion, have any evidence in their favor. As one recent writer states, \"The only thing of which one can be sure is that none of these spots is authentic.\" In fact, the connection of the name of the sainted General Gordon with the tradition of the Garden Tomb is pure fiction. The cultural side of the discoveries made by the various excavations.\nArchaeologists around the world have been digging and classifying relics, developing a general understanding of cultural stages the earth and its inhabitants have experienced. In Palestine, excavations have revealed the presence of the stone, bronze, and iron ages. Records of this kind are uncovered with the discovery of weapons and ornaments corresponding to those designated as Paleolithic in Europe and America.\n\nEthnologists find a peculiar situation in Palestine's apparent absence of the Neolithic period. There appears to be no evidence of a culture earlier than that of the chipped flint tool stage. This is supported by examinations of strata throughout the region. If this assumption is correct,\nThe pottery labeled Neolithic belongs to another cultural period. The tools found, though rough in finish, cover a variety of uses. There are many types of knives, the early flat axe, bronze chisels, saws, flint scrapers, pestles, and grindstones. The saw is a relatively refined tool and is found only in higher cultures. A great variety of hammers have been found, but few of metal. Nor have any files come to light, and only a few awls and picks, and these of a late date.\n\nAn interesting subject is the unearthed wooden plow of prehistoric date, which is very similar to the one used even yet in Palestine. A sickle was made of serrated iron flakes fastened in wood. The grindstone consisted of stones that fit into each other and were rubbed together back and forth.\nAnd implements turn more towards a piston motion rather than with a rotary one. Little advancement has been demonstrated in modernizing agricultural implements, revealing insights into the progress of the native Palestinian. Olive-presses and wine-presses are abundant. They are mentioned in the Bible, and evidently existed hundreds of years before its time. Their designs vary, some extremely simple and others more elaborate.\n\nAmong the weapons are found the coup-de-poing, one of the greatest inventions of primitive culture, the club of hard wood, and various shaped stones of varying weight and size, depending upon the prospective uses. Arrows are not very common, although in Europe they are plentiful. Many daggers and barbed spears have been found, the barbed instrument being another noteworthy invention. Bronze and other metals were used extensively.\nIron arrowheads are not common, but when found are usually of the famous leaf design. It's interesting to note that the leaf-shaped sword, found in Europe, is unknown in Palestine. Altogether, the culture of this area, as tools and weapons are concerned, is far below that of other localities. From Egypt came the famous potter's wheel and the art of making bronze. But so far, no known culture has originated from the Palestinian region. With the discussion of tools and weapons goes always the consideration of pottery. The evolution in shape and design is clearly shown from the squat, rounded vessels of elementary decoration and color to the graceful figures of fancy design, decorated before firing. It's of interest to note the abrupt decline in culture that occurred with the [unknown].\nThe immigration of the Hebrews and their rule resulted in a loss of grace and beauty during the post-exilic period. In this time, culture advanced once more, displaying clear evidence of Greek influence and subsequent improvement. Pottery was decorated with better colors, more carefully baked, and of better shape and smoother finish. The abundance of wine jars indicated an active wine trade. Over time, pottery exhibited other tendencies; Greek and Roman influence supplanted the Greek, and there appears to have been no original Palestinian work. Instead, all was a result of other cultures. Greek potters decorated their products with Greek letters, and when copied by Palestinian artisans, these letters became distorted and changed until they eventually evolved into conventional patterns and designs, holding no significance whatsoever.\nCaves as dwelling places are common in Palestine, as in biblical times. The floors and walls reveal the level of the inhabiting people. In Mexico, however, the state of civilization was comparatively high. In Palestine, it seems to have been of the crudest. Stone weapons and the poorest of pottery are characteristic of these caves. In many instances, such as Beit Jibrin, the caves run back into tortuous passages extending long distances, the entrance of which might be far from the exit. The city people, however, had houses of the unearthed type in the tells. Little more remains in any case than the foundation of what were probably low, flat huts. The houses were partitioned into two or three rooms.\nThe houses were made of stones put together with mud mortar. The windows probably consisted of a sort of lattice-work. The roofs were made of mud and had to be refinished each year due to damage from rain and sun. Occasional brick houses have been found, the bricks being of a soft material and very large. As well as can be seen, the houses are built surrounded by a high wall, ensuring privacy to the occupants. Cisterns, most important in a town without a central water system, supplied two or three houses. Their size depended in great part upon the number to be supplied and upon the consistency of the ground through which they were bored. Many were bored twenty or thirty feet deep through rock; all were lined with a smooth cement to keep them water-tight.\n\nIn general, the villages were composed of a number of buildings.\nHouses had cisterns and possibly a shrine. Few other buildings have been found, except in and around Jerusalem. All cities were protected by walls with gates and towers. The walls varied in thickness from a few feet to as much as sixteen (Gezer's) or twenty (City of David's). The wall stones were generally huge and unadorned, and these walls were built more strongly than houses and more frequently repaired, as the inhabitants' safety depended on them.\n\nExcavations have revealed the early Palestinian population's great propensity for games of chance. Curiously, many examples of gaming tables made of lined limestone are found, usually marked off into squares or other shaped spaces. The \"playing men\" may have been small stones.\nIn so far as sanitation was concerned, Palestine was as backward as in other things. During the period of Macbean influence, a sort of pipe was made by fitting jar tops together so that sewage was carried away from the house. In Jerusalem, several more complicated drains were found, but these are an exception rather than the rule. The water supply was well attended to. Tunnels were cut through solid rock. At Gezer, for instance, the tunnel reached 94 feet below the surface of the ground. Reservoirs, the so-called Solomon's Pools, really made in the time of Herod, were constructed near Jerusalem with aqueducts for the carrying of water to the city where it was kept in large community pools. It was essential to the safety of the people that their sources of water be within the city walls.\nA discussion of the culture of an ancient people is not complete without some reference to the existing writing. No single script had exclusive use in Palestine. It was initially supposed that the old Hebrew script did not exist before 1000 b.c. However, the discovery of certain tablets leads students to believe that this script was used at least as early as Rameses II, and that it was then deteriorating. Israel and the Monuments argue its better form even centuries earlier. There are several references to writing, and if this is true, the art of writing must have been more common then than it was centuries later. The only records of writing still remaining are in the stone tablets, the manuscripts of papyrus having long since disintegrated and disappeared. Calendars have been found as have limestone coffins with the name of the deceased inscribed on them.\nThe outside of the deceased showed a higher state of civilization than the general level of Palestine. Of great value to the excavator were the tombs, unfortunately, they have been the objects of native thieving depredations, and it is not unlikely that many valuable evidences of extinct culture have been lost. Various devices were used by the families of the deceased to keep the grave intact, usually without avail. Tourists pay a high price for any sort of relic, resulting in the graves being denuded of all pottery, gold ornaments, and whatever else was found. Still, it is possible to distinguish the types of tombs used.\n\nThose of the Canaanites are mostly natural caves, with an occasional shaft to mark a grave. In these tombs have been found pottery, knives, and ornaments of bronze, all of which.\nThe Hebrew tombs consisted of small rooms hewn in the rocks with benches cut into the wall on which the bodies were probably placed. So far, the uncovered graves have been poor in quality and offerings, and it seems unlikely that they belong to the richer classes. An more elaborate tomb, fashioned after the Egyptian style, was unearthed near Silwan and is called the \"Egyptian tomb\" because of this marked influence. During the Maccabean and Ptolemaic periods, the tombs consisted of small flat rooms with the opening at the top through which people dropped to the floor below. The bodies were set in rows and the offerings were again of poor quality. Later on, the tombs were more artistic in decoration, another result of the Greek influence. On these later tombs were often inscriptions.\nFound sculptured slabs bearing figures of animals and men at Tell Barak. The sarcophagus displays a high level of decorative ability deserving of later Roman art. Students have been intrigued to see if excavation findings confirm biblical accounts of religious progress. The evidence is not complete, but there seems to be an accord between it and the Bible. In many places where evidence could be abundant, there is a sacred shrine or graveyard whose removal would enrage natives. This is true of Mount Gezer, now a graveyard. Excavators believe letters and records could be found below, but they are inaccessible. References to high places, sanctuaries of religious hermits or fanatics, or shrines where offerings were made.\nAt Tell-es-Safi and Gezer, there were places with ruins that might have been shrines. At Tell-es-Safi, there were three large stones standing together facing the semicircular northern wall. Near one side were several smaller rooms, suggesting the use of ceremonies and rituals. At Gezer was found a more elaborate ruin of the same general type but with stones that had evidently been brought from another region. It is hard to tell what ceremonies were formed at these shrines. The finding of phallic emblems may be the keynote to them. The prophets denounced the high places, but they persisted to the destruction of Jerusalem. The ancient Semites, like other primitive peoples, had their personal and national gods whom they worshiped.\nThe goddess of fertility, the god who looked after cattle, and the one who cared for crops. One of the most common forms for the god-image was that of the bull, supposed to be the protector of cattle and other animals. The Bible speaks much of sacrifices, and excavations have revealed a number of altars which had evidently been used for that purpose. The gods, in return for their watchful care over the crops and livestock, were repaid with gifts. Other primitive people gave to the gods the first of their crops, their animals, and their children, and so did the Semites. Remains have been found of young babies a day or so old deposited in jars and buried under thresholds and near altar places. Whether they were killed for that purpose is not known, but it is probable that human sacrifice was practiced. Probably these foundation offerings.\nNumerous amulets of various kinds have been found in the remains of houses, and in their ruins, door-post deities and other household gods have been uncovered. The origin of our custom of laying a cornerstone in a new building may be found in these buildings. The original ceremony perhaps involved the killing of a human being, either a slave or a child, and the placing of the body under a corner of the edifice to ward off evil spirits and cause the gods to bless the house and its future occupants. At a later date, animals were used instead of human beings. In both cases, it was not unusual for the sacrifice to be buried alive instead of first being killed. The modern cornerstone deposit is no doubt a survival of this custom.\nThe early Semites used living sacrifices. Surprisingly, a religion with the high ethical values of Hebrew originated from such humble sources. Perhaps one country could not excel in more than one thing. Being the mother country of monotheistic religions was enough honor for any civilization. Perhaps future discoveries will be made, shedding a different light on the early life of these people. It is hoped that the pursuit of archaeological research in the interest of biblical knowledge will be rewarded by even more valuable discoveries than have yet been made.\n\nXII\n\nRISE AND LITERATURE OF JUDAISM\n\nThe story of the Jews and Judaism is intimately connected with biblical interests, although strictly speaking, it is a separate topic.\nThe Old Testament and the New do not primarily relate to the Jewish people. The Old Testament is the surviving literature of the Hebrew race during the time Hebrew was a living tongue, and to a limited extent in the period it was yielding to Aramaic and Greek. In the later time, Judaism was in its beginnings. Hebrew life, the political and religious movement that began with the arrival of the tribes in Canaan around 1250 b.c., came gradually to its close with the fall of Jerusalem in 586 b.c. and the consequent dispersion of the nation into Babylonia, Egypt, and other sections of the Near East. Already in 722 b.c., the national life of the Hebrews had been dealt a severe blow by the conquest of Samaria by the Assyrians and the collapse of the kingdom of Israel. The people of the northern kingdom were not greatly disturbed.\nThe event resulted in the loss of territorial integrity, but the Hebrew people as a nation ceased to exist. The country became a province of the empire, with a mixed population whose descendants were known as Samaritans. At that time, the Hebrew people as a political entity were reduced to the small territory of Judah, with its center at Jerusalem. When that city was destroyed by the Babylonians, all that remained of the old national enterprise were the forlorn and scattered fragments of the population, portions of the Hebrew Scriptures that had taken form, and memories of the past, now forever lost.\n\nA half century later, as some of the wounds healed and control of the world shifted from Semitic to Indo-European hands through Cyrus' conquests.\nThe shattered group in Judah gathered courage and began to dream of a new beginning. They took the name Jews, from their little province in the south of Palestine. The term is used of inhabitants of the old southern kingdom in 2 Kings 1:6 and 25:25. It is used in this sense in several later passages in Jeremiah. Under the influence of local leaders such as the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, they set about the reconstruction of the temple on a modest scale. From that time, there was a slow and rather discouraging revival of Jerusalem. Related people in other lands who had been deported or had taken refuge abroad were also known as Jews.\nThe relation of the widely scattered people to the ancient Hebrews became increasingly remote in time, location, and kinship. From the beginning, the Hebrew tribes had been little concerned with racial integrity. While they probably shared the general tendencies to endogamy discovered in most racial groups, they had from the first intermarried freely with the Canaanites and other tribes found in Canaan, and gradually absorbed them. Naturally, they had their prejudices against other peoples, like the neighboring nations. But this did not prevent a sufficient degree of amalgamation to make the claim of pure Hebrew blood largely a fiction. It was the rapid growth of the narrower tendency in the period of the revival of Judah.\nThe largely imaginary nature of Jewish racial integrity during Nehemiah and Ezra led to drastic efforts towards exclusiveness. However, the success of these reforms was limited, and the tradition of tribal integrity and racial purity among Jews is more ideal and romantic than a reality.\n\nConsidering the largely imaginary nature of this racial integrity, which has been emphasized by both Jewish and non-Jewish writers, it is necessary to add that the connection between the Hebrews of the Old Testament and the Jews of the Roman and later Christian periods is of the most tenuous nature. The modern Jew is as little related to the Hebrew race that produced the writings of the prophets and sages of Israel as the modern Greek of Macedonia is to the Athenian of Pericles' days, or the modern Italian to the Roman of the classic age. Indeed, far less.\nFor the case of the present-day Greek or Italian, there is a certain continuity of geographical location and linguistic inheritance. In contrast, for the Jew, this is quite lacking. The Hebrew language began to pass away as a living tongue with the fall of Jerusalem. It gradually gave place to Aramaic in Palestine. In the lands of dispersion, local tongues were adopted. Greek, widely spread by the conquests of Alexander, became the common literary tongue for Jews as well as other races. The Jews scattered throughout the world in later days naturally adopted the speech of their environment. However, the tongue that has characterized them for some centuries is known as Yiddish, a name derived from Judah, but actually a composite language, partaking of elements of German, Russian, and Spanish.\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in good readable condition. Here is the text for your reference:\n\nThere is no need to claim for the Jew a fictitious racial inheritance. He has quite enough credit of another sort. His contributions to world thinking and activity have been sufficient to assure him a place in the sun. He does not require the borrowed glory of another race. It is therefore a misuse of terms to speak of the Hebrews of the Old Testament period as Jews. It is quite unhistorical to apply the term Hebrew to the modern Jew. Although some writers who deal with the religion of Israel speak of it as Judaism and allow the term to describe the entire sweep of both Hebrew and Jewish history, this practice cannot be defended on any grounds of historical exactness. Hebrew.\nhistory  and  religion  find  their  place  in  the  centuries  that  saw \nIsrael  carrying  on  the  enterprises  of  political  and  religious \nlife  in  Palestine  down  to  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  in  586  b.c.,  and \nto  a  constantly  diminishing  degree  in  the  centuries  that \nfollowed.  The  nation  was  gone,  and  while  ardent  spirits \ncherished  the  dream  of  a  restoration  of  its  former  glory, \nthese  dreams  prove  frustrate.  To  record  the  story  of  the  past, \nand  even  to  face  the  advent  of  new  ideas,  new  speech  and  new \nreligious  institutions  with  the  spasmodic  efforts  of  apoca\u00ac \nlypticism  and  the  imitation  of  the  classic  form  of  writing, \nRise  and  Literature  of  Judaism \nwas  all  that  remained  to  a  generation  that  had  seen  the  col\u00ac \nlapse  of  the  prophetic  order  and  the  disappearance  of  the  tem\u00ac \nple  service.  During  the  same  period  another  movement \nwas  taking  form,  a  movement  so  different  in  character  that \nThe great dispersion of the Hebrews began early and continued either in periodic impulses or in gradual and continuous migration throughout history. From the times of the first tribal settlements in Canaan in the days of the patriarchs, the Hebrews moved easily and frequently into other lands. Echoes of this tendency are found in the early narratives, usually in the form of individual adventures, but in reality carrying the implication of clan movements. Such departures into desert regions south and east, the highlands of Aram, Egypt, Philistia, Moab, etc., though represented as personal experiences of Hebrew leaders, certainly hint at more general and permanent removals.\n\nThe period of sojourn of some of the Hebrew clans in:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for typos and formatting have been made.)\nEgypt is not well-known if the Exodus, though depicted as a mass movement carrying all the people along, left a considerable body of Hebrews in Egypt and dropped others along the road of the pilgrimage in the regions of Sinai-Horeb, Midian, and the East Jordan country. In later days, trading opportunities took Hebrews to other lands, leading to permanent groups in those outer regions. The greater dispersions, however, came in the days of Assyrian and Babylonian supremacy. When Samaria was taken by Sargon in 721 b.c., following the usual policy of expatriation, the Assyrians removed those of the people who were most likely to prove troublesome if left in the land. They were taken to new regions in the east, and the conquerors brought in people from their other provinces.\nThe mixed population would lose its integrity, and the backbone of rebellion would be broken. From the critical point of view of later Judean prophets who wrote the record, these Israelites of the north were completely removed from the land on account of their sins. This is evidently too long a bow to draw. It was never the policy of the conquering nations to go to the trouble and expense of transferring entire populations. Their plan was rather to break the spirit of the peoples they subdued by destroying their sense of unity, institutions, and traditions. It is not probable that any considerable proportion of the people of Israel was actually transported to Assyria. In that sense, the \u201cten lost tribes\u201d were never \u201clost.\u201d They lost out, were reduced to a subject condition, and were forced into conformity.\nPeople interacted with those they despised, but as time passed, assimilation occurred. Strict and orthodox Jews of later days, who held their Samaritan descendants in bitter aversion, were forced to make a distinction between these half-brethren and others.\n\nThe detailed account of this episode and its causes in 1 Kings 17 describes the entire population of Northern Israel being replaced.\n\nThe speculative theories of Anglo-Israelism and other similar guesses, which discover the ten tribes in other lands and different periods, are baseless. They are as credible as discovering mystic and prophetic values in the dimensions of the great pyramid or constructing a program of human history from Daniel and the Apocalypse.\nThe number of Hebrews taken to the east was relatively small, as no literature later than the Priest Code is known among them, and no traditions have survived of their having any place in later history. They were less fortunate than their Judean brethren in the dispersion after Jerusalem's fall in 586 BC. This dispersion, which had begun ten years earlier in 597 BC when a considerable body of Judeans, including the young Ezekiel, were taken eastward, reached its tragic consummation when Nebuchadrezzar besieged the city and left it in ruins. The impulse to find refuge from Babylonian vengeance took the unhappy people in all directions. As in the case of the Judean dispersion.\nSome Israelites in the north were taken to Babylonia for the same reasons that had led to the deportation of the Israelites to Assyria. Many went to Egypt, an inviting asylum for the oppressed in all ages. There they multiplied, and their numbers were increased by additional migrations at intervals. Two centuries later, Jewish mercenaries and merchants were settled in various parts of Egypt in communities like that of Elephantine, far to the south, on the borders of Nubia, where a temple was built and sacrifices were offered to Ya\u2019u or Jahveh.\n\nThe majority of the population of Judah was left unmolested in the land and were not considered worth taking away. Even Jeremiah counted them as but a remnant.\n\nThis is shown by the fact that although the first Jewish Christian preachers refrained scrupulously from preaching the gospel to Gentiles (Acts 11:19).\nIt was not considered a breach of propriety when the message was proclaimed among the Samaritans (Acts 8:1-25). The Bible Through the Centuries. The remnant in Judah was further reduced by internal troubles and encroachments from outside. The Nabateans pushed into the south of the province, and the Samaritans, occupying the ancient territory of Israel, encroached on the north. When the conqueror Cyrus took Babylon in 538 BC and issued his famous decree permitting the expatriates in his empire to return to their homes and rebuild their institutions, it might well be supposed that the descendants of the Hebrew exiles would instantly close with the opportunity and return en masse. But they did nothing of the sort. Why should they? A half century had passed since their fathers' departure.\nThey left the shores of the Mediterranean. They lived in a world of wealth and culture in comparison to little Palestine. Under the urgent pleas and confident assurances of the Second Isaiah and Ezekiel, a few of them undertook the adventure. However, this was more of a sacrificial and heroic missionary exploit than a popular movement. The total number of those who came from the east during the next two centuries, as indicated by the census lists in Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7, was relatively small. There is no indication that a single one of those who went out from Jerusalem in its fall ever returned.\n\nIn truth, the impulse to revive Judah and rebuild the temple came from within the small community of Judah itself. Those who came in the two or three groups with Sheshbazzar, Zerub- and the two leaders.\nBabbel and Joshua were few in numbers and contributed little to the enterprise. The hopes that a great company of patriotic Hebrews would arrive and push forward the restoration of the city were largely illusory. The Chronicler and his contemporaries, writing at a much later time, took an optimistic view of history. However, the very documents which he incorporated in his narrative, including the journals of Nehemiah and Ezra, present a different perspective.\n\nIt was the native leaders Haggai and Zechariah who stirred the people of the province to the enterprise of rebuilding the temple. It is significant that these two prophets always spoke of their fellow Hebrews in the vicinity of the site of Jerusalem as \"the remnant.\"\nwho  were  left  in  Judah  when  the  dispersion  took  place.9  To \nthem  they  made  their  appeals  to  take  up  the  work  of  re\u00ac \nbuilding  the  temple.  Apparently  they  used  the  political \nfigure  of  Zerubbabel,  a  survivor  of  the  royal  line,  and  the \npriestly  authority  of  Joshua  at  their  full  value.  But  they \nreceived  little  actual  assistance  from  these  weak  leaders. \nBy  constant  and  insistent  effort  they  secured  the  building \nof  the  temple,  whose  modest  dimensions  and  meager  equip\u00ac \nment  contrasted  so  pathetically  with  the  glory  of  Solomon\u2019s \nstructure.10 \nAfter  the  completion  of  this  building  in  516  b.c.  silence \nfalls  over  the  scene.  At  rare  intervals  a  litde  light  is  let  in \nby  such  documents  as  Malachi,  whose  picture  is  gloomy \nenough,  and  perhaps  some  of  the  Psalms.  But  the  days  were \nevil  and  the  times  were  out  of  joint.  Conditions  in  Judah \nThe Hebrews, who were increasingly desperate, traveled to Susa in 445 b.c. to intercede with Nehemiah, the Jewish chamberlain of Artaxerxes I (465-424 b.c.). They reported to him, \"concerning the Jews that had escaped, who were left of the captivity, and concerning Jerusalem. The remnant that remains in the province are in great affliction and reproach. The wall of Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates are burned with fire.\" The term \"Jews\" is used in this and similar passages in its geographical sense, referring to the people of the province of Judah.\n\nWith patriotic devotion, Nehemiah requested from his sovereign the difficult and thankless post of viceroy in Judah.\nAnd by his extraordinary ability, enthusiasm, and generosity, Nehemiah rallied the people to the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem and the necessary civic forms. Soon after Ezra arrived with a group of priests and Levites, bringing with him from the east the latest revision of the law, this seems to have been in 397 BC, the seventh year of Artaxerxes II (404-358). Full of zeal for the correction of the manners and practices of the community, in harmony with the rules adopted by the stricter Hebrew schools of the further east, Ezra set himself at once to the work of moral and liturgical reform. His discovery that the people of Judah were freely intermarrying with non-Hebrews among them filled him with dismay.\nThe text comes from scribal circles in Persia, where expanding and elaborating on past laws was the primary occupation. Laws against intermarriage with other nationalities, as found in the Deuteronomic code, were not overly strict but generally aligned with the endogamy prevalent among many peoples. These laws were never enforced, and specifications like them were more ideals than mandates. Protests against the practice by prophets like Malachi and officials like Nehemiah were likely due to social injustice done to Hebrew women in the small community by men who took wives from neighboring districts instead of their own group. In Ezra's attempts to establish a strictly segregated social unit.\nHe was completely free from the admixture of gentile elements and met strong opposition, achieving little success. The people were as surprised and puzzled by his outbreak of reforming zeal as he had been by their ignorance or indifference concerning the principle of separatism. But he continued and intensified the movement, looking to strict nationalism, which began as far back as the days of Ezekiel and was carried to greater lengths by Joel, to make their people a strictly exclusive community with no relations with other races. This was of course impossible. The Hebrew race with its free customs of intermarriage had now practically disappeared into many lands. A different race was coming into being, an amalgam of many stocks and somewhat more inclined under its new leadership to tribal exclusiveness, legal correctness, and ritualistic conformity.\nThe elements that deeply influenced the other two monotheistic religions - Christianity and Mohammedanism - were the same ones that bound the Hebrew tradition. These elements included a profound belief in the God who revealed himself to the prophets and a deep reverence for the Scriptures transmitted by the prophets, priests, and sages of Israel. In three different directions, these daughter faiths of Hebraism developed. The oldest was Judaism, followed by Christianity, and later by Islam. From the ancient and venerable literature of the Old Testament, three daughter literatures descended. The first of them was Christianity, which produced its body of writings known as the New Testament and dating from the first and earlier part of the second centuries.\nJudaism gradually committed its oral teachings to written form and organized its Talmud from the second to the sixth centuries a.d. Islam emerged with its Koran, drawn from biblical and Talmudic sources, taking literary form virtually in a single impulse in the seventh century of our era.\n\nJudaism has a noble history and has achieved notable results. It has made sufficient contributions to morality and religion to merit a place of honor among the world\u2019s great faiths. It gains nothing from fictitious claims to identity with the religion of Israel, and its history is in a completely different compartment of human annals. As the Hebrew state collapsed with the Babylonian conquest of the holy city, and the institutions of Hebrew life declined with the loss of the temple and the abandonment of sacrifice.\nThe years following the catastrophe of 586 b.c. witnessed the writing of important portions of the Old Testament. Prophecy flourished in the oracles of Second Isaiah. Poets and psalmists were inspired. Prophetic narratives from earlier times were reinterpreted. Priestly recitals and laws were expanded. However, Hebrew genius was waning. Prophecy gave way more and more to apocalypticism, and priestly comment to scribism and ritual elaboration. The Hebrew language gradually yielded to.\nAramaic and eventually to Greek. The nation had vanished from its place in history, and a new movement, a new culture, and a different body of ethical and religious teaching succeeded. There was no moment at which the historian could say, \"This is the end of Hebrew life; now comes Judaism.\" The two movements were contemporary for a time, Hebraism declining to its end, and Judaism rising to significance. This was the condition during the Persian period and into the days of Macedonian rule. Hebrew voices were still heard, as in the final writings of prophets, sages, and psalmists. But the synagogue was already taking its place as the center of worship in the Jewish world; the struggle of orthodoxy with hellenism was bringing in new speculations and doubtful philosophies. The brilliant achievements of the Jews were emerging.\nThe Jewish race, under their Maccabean leaders, paved the way for a brief return of political power, reviving hopes for the restoration of ancient Hebrew royalty. However, all movements of the age took a different direction. Jewish parties, such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Herodian partisans, and nationalists or Zealots, held distinct attitudes on the significant interests of the time. The Pharisees were the puritans of the age, emphasizing the necessity of knowledge of the law, particularly the oral law that was the prized possession of the rabbinical schools and could not be committed to writing. The Sadducees, owners of the rich temple franchises and the group to which the priesthood belonged, aimed to secure nationalism through skillful intrigue, while the Zealots were.\nIn those years, Jerusalem, which had endured many difficulties as described by the author of Daniel as \"the sixty-two weeks of years in which it was rebuilt with streets and moat, but in troublous times,\" came to its greatest glory during the reign of Herod the Idumean, Rome's favorite, who rebuilt the temple, erected palaces and walls, making it a real capital. During the years Jesus grew into manhood among the hills of Galilee, Judaism reached its most opulent estate. The population of Jerusalem was larger than ever before. Proselytes came to the feasts and swelled the ranks of the believers. Jewish teachers made earnest efforts to connect their new enterprise with the ancient Hebrew faith and to interpret their religion.\nTerms more acceptable to men of the Greek type. The severities of the Mosaic rules were modified in favor of a more cosmopolitan spirit. Philo (20 BC-40 AD) applied the allegorical method to the Old Testament and attempted to show that the Hebrew Scriptures contained the highest principles of Greek philosophy. He also struck the note of mysticism in his writings, which appealed to new types of minds now for the first time interested in the Jewish religion. In a very true sense, Philo divides with Ezekiel and Ezra the honor of being the founders of Judaism. Meanwhile, the dispersion of Jews continued. They went out from Palestine as mercenary soldiers in the Roman army.\narmies were lured into far lands by opportunities for trade. The founders of new cities offered inducements to citizenship which appealed to them. There was always the danger of trouble in Palestine. Messianic hopes were kindled by a succession of claimants to that title. During three centuries, a score of movements in behalf of one and another of these pretenders excited the people and brought down upon their promoters the heavy hand of Roman power. All these events were factors in the continuing dispersion of Jews, and their enforced absorption to a marked degree into the populations among which they were cast. That they maintained their identity and separateness at all is astonishing, considering the vicissitudes through which great numbers of them passed. Jewish communities took root and flourished in spite of these difficulties.\nMany thousands of Jewish communities existed in the chief cities of the Graeco-Roman world, particularly in Persia and Babylon as indicated in the book of Esther, though likely a work of fiction based on general sentiments regarding Jewish conditions in the east. Jewish schools flourished there, as did those of Hebrew character during the times of Ezra. The best work of the scribes in biblical commentary took form in Babylonia. In later days, the Babylonian Talmud was much larger than that of Jerusalem. Two-fifths of Alexandria's population were Jewish. Jews lived in large numbers in the cities of Europe. One whole section of Rome beyond the Tiber was occupied by Jews. Similar colonies of this race were found in Corinth, Ephesus, Philippi, and other cities.\nThe apostle Paul, born in Tarsus, a Roman city in Cilicia, was a product of the Diaspora. His ministry was marked by numerous contacts with Jews in various places. Like other Jews of his time, he believed Jews were the rightful heirs of ancient Hebrew traditions. Paul began preaching in synagogues, but turned to gentile hearers when Jewish brethren refused him audience. The Jewish state's final tragedy occurred during the wars in 69 and 70 AD. Josephus, the Jewish historian of that period, documented the Jews' futile struggle against Rome in Palestine. The city was taken by Titus and completely destroyed, resulting in the deaths of many thousands of its inhabitants.\nPeople and Jews from other lands who had come to attend the annual feast perished in that catastrophe. On the ruins of Jerusalem, a Roman city rose in a later time. Jerusalem has been besieged, captured, dismantled and rebuilt many times throughout its history. However, Jewish possession passed with that event in the year 70 AD. Throughout its history, Jerusalem has been held by Jebusites, Hebrews, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Jews, Romans, Parthians, Arabs, Crusaders, Turks, and Syrians. None of these races held it for any considerable period, though the Hebrew people came closest to an enduring title. Palestine belongs to all nations by right of their religious interest in it. Christians, Jews, and Moslems.\nAll should regard Palestine as a holy land, granting the right of pilgrimage and residence for all. None can maintain a claim to Palestine as a \"homeland\" unless it is for the Arab-Syrian population, comprising nine-tenths of the inhabitants today. Those who anxiously search the Bible for predictions of the \"return of the Jews to Palestine\" waste their time. Jews have the same rights in Palestine as all other people, with no more than that. They occupied it for only some three centuries long ago, and other races have taken title to the land by right of occupation. The modern Jew can significantly improve conditions in the holy land and advance the status of those Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews living there as pensioners on charity.\nThe more energetic brethren in the west. Admirable agricultural settlements are fostered by Jewish philanthropy in various sections of the country. Jewish educational interests are projecting schools that will be of value to the land and to the Jewish people throughout the world. Engineering projects promise to increase the fertility of the soil. Palestine will always be an inviting field for the commercial Jew, as well as others who can furnish facilities and commodities to the host of visitors from all lands.\n\nAttracted to Syria by religious interest, or the desire to pursue studies in biblical archaeology and history on the ground, or are merely casual tourists. But the great majority of Jewish people are in no way interested in Palestine save as a remote and vague memory of their race. Its little area.\nThe best accommodation would only suit some 1.5 million of the fifteen million Jews, and most of them have no desire to migrate there. They mildly approve of other Jews departing to Palestine, while they themselves remain in the more congenial and profitable lands of the gentiles.\n\nJudaism's literature began in the third and second centuries b.c. Its first manifestation was in the latest books of the Old Testament, such as Daniel, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs, along with the Apocalypse of Enoch and later apocryphal books. The next expression was the translation of the Hebrew books of the Old Testament into Greek. This enterprise was an accommodation to the growing Jewish population of Egypt to whom the Hebrew was an unknown tongue.\nThe process of translating the Old Testament into Greek was initiated by Ptolemy Philadelphus, the Egyptian Pharaoh, and lasted nearly a hundred and fifty years, from 285 to 130 BC. Known as the Septuagint or LXX, this translation is believed to have been made by seventy Jewish scholars or sanctioned by the Egyptian Jewish Assembly of seventy members. The translations vary in accuracy, with some parts requiring later revisions, such as those by Theodotian and Lysimachus. The Septuagint comprises not only the books of the Old Testament but also Greek apocryphal books considered sacred by more liberal Alexandrian Jews.\nAmong the books of this class are Esdras, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), the rest of Esther, Judith, Tobit, Baruch, the Epistle of Jeremiah, Susanna, the Song of the Three Holy Children, Bel and the Dragon, 1 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, and in some manuscripts 4 Maccabees. Some of these are known to have been written in Hebrew (e.g., Ecclesiasticus), but the current version was in Greek.\n\nThe work of scribal commentation upon the law had gone on continuously in the schools of the east and in those in Palestine, such as Tiberias and Jamnia. In these schools, the oral law was developed, which was believed to contain the teachings of the leading rabbis regarding the ancient Mosaic law. This body of comment was not committed to writing, but was held as the esoteric possession of the rabbis.\nEminent teachers and their pupils made fresh translations of portions of the Old Testament. For example, Aquila created a translation that adhered more closely to the Hebrew text than the Septuagint, which was considered the Bible of the gentiles. In the second century A.D., Rabbi Akiba initiated the writing of the oral law to ensure its accuracy and preservation. During this period, the Hebrew text of the Old Testament was standardized, and variant forms were suppressed \u2013 an unfortunate process similar to that which affected the Koran in a later era.\n\nThe plan of Emperor Hadrian in 132 A.D. to build a temple to Jupiter on the site of the former temple in the Roman city of Aelia Capitolina, where Jerusalem had once stood, led to a fresh war with Rome, which ended with:\n\n(The text seems to be cut off at the end, so it's not clear what the ending refers to. However, since the text is mostly clean and readable, I'll assume the cleaning was successful and output the text as is.)\nThe overthrow of Simon bar Cokeba or Cozeba, the latest of the messianic claimants, who affirmed that he was the promised \"star out of Jacob,\" was suppressed in 135 A.D. The rabbinical schools were proscribed for a time, and many Jews fled the country to escape Roman persecution. The anti-foreign reaction that followed brought to a close the effort to proselytize non-Jews. The conservative rabbis increasingly disapproved of the practice, and the rapid spread of Christianity in the Graeco-Roman world rendered it less and less effective. Since then, Judaism has largely ceased to be a missionary religion.\n\nAs the hopes of nationalism faded, the retreat to the law became more and more the order of the day. Of the two objects of Jewish devotion \u2014 the Temple and the Torah \u2014 only the latter remained.\nThe real sanctuary was now the synagogue and the school. The temple was a memory and was replaced by repentance and good works. The Sanhedrin had disappeared, along with the Sadducees and the priesthood. But the ideals of Pharisaism, the life of prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and the study of the Torah continued. Their moral authority was greater than ever. The ancient festivals were still observed, and the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms were employed in their service. A new ritual was developed in place of the ancient temple rubrics.\n\nBy the end of the second century A.D., the new codification of the law was well along. In its developed form, it was called the Mishna, the \"repetition\" and amplification of the ancient legal code of the Old Testament. From it:\nThe Mishna, an oral tradition of commentary and interpretation of the law revealed to Moses, took form under the guidance of Rabbi Prince Judah, the leading scholar of the age, during the days of Ezra. The process of committing the Mishna to writing was slow and hesitant as the rabbis disliked making it more common and accessible to the untrained. However, the process was completed by the sixth century. The commentaries on the Mishna that followed were collectively known as the Gamara, and the two combined formed the Talmud, the learning of the synagogue and its schools.\nFor centuries, debates on the law took place in Jewish schools among conservative and liberal men. Scholars like Hillel from Babylonia and his grandson Gamaliel, who taught Saul of Tarsus, were of the liberal type. Shammai, a contemporary of Hillel, was of the conservative order. Discussions on the meaning of the law continued unabated.\n\nReports of these discussions were codified in the two Talmuds, the Palestinian and the Babylonian. The former dates from the early part of the fifth Christian century, and the latter from the end of that period. Of the two, the Babylonian Talmud was much more voluminous and authoritative. It served as the final source of appeal on disputed points. Other writings from the early Christian age included the Jubilees, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, and the Talmuds.\nPsalms of Solomon and the Sibylline Oracles. This literature was not favored by the rabbis and was condemned by them in the second century, preserved only among Christians. By the year 425 A.D., Jewish schools in Palestine, the last remnant of Jewish influence in the holy land, had died out. By the sixth century, those in Babylon had come to an eclipse. In other parts of the world, the Jews passed through various fortunes. Their situation changed with the Roman emperors' government. Often, severe restrictions were placed upon them, and at other times they were protected. In Persia, their estate was more tolerable, though there were times of persecution for them there. However, learning and culture declined with the loss of civic rights and the still greater dispersion of the race. As they felt\nThe hand of oppression compelled the Jews more and more to seek protection by living in restricted ghettos, which were both prison and refuge. They turned with even greater ardor and devotion to the law and the ritual. They developed a system of speculative interpretation of the Scriptures based upon the mystical values of numbers, and called it Kabbalah. A great body of literature grew out of these manipulations of the science of numbers as applied to the Hebrew writings. Such speculations greatly influenced some learned men of the Middle Ages, such as Pico della Mirandola, the friend and counselor of Lorenzo de' Medici, who professed to have discovered all Christian doctrines in the Jewish Kabbalah and translated some of that literature into Latin for the use of others.\nScholars, among them was Johann Reuchlin, the first European scholar to introduce the study of Hebrew into a university curriculum. The Jewish people have survived the challenging experiences they have endured and produced the scholars and statesmen who have been the glory of their race. It is one of the marvels of history that no people have suffered more cruel treatment at the hands of their neighbors. At various times, they have sought refuge in almost all the lands to which they could gain access, such as Spain, France, Italy, Germany, and England. In every one of these countries, they received ungracious treatment ranging from the persecutions they faced in England, to the espionage and hardship they experienced in the ghettos of Russia, Poland, and Germany, to the brutal treatment they endured elsewhere.\nThe expulsion that drove them in multitudes from Spain in the days of Ferdinand and Isabella, and the later distresses they suffered at the hands of the Inquisition. Religious prejudice and racial peculiarities have combined to make them unwelcome and unhappy wherever they have gone. They have been the victims of expatriation, exploitation, and outrage in all the lands of their dispersion. Naturally, they drew together for mutual protection, and reacted with hatred and fear against their oppressors, too often professors of the Christian religion. The stories of the Inquisition and the ghetto are pathetic and accusing to all who read them and feel in any manner a racial or creedal involvement in them. In such circumstances, it would be incredible that they could maintain an unmixed and untainted identity.\nracial stock. Violence and cruelty have too often prevailed. Intermarriage was constant along the margins of Jewish communities, though never approved by rabbis and Jewish household heads. In spite of all misfortunes, this race has multiplied and taken its place among the forceful and successful people of the modern world. The very causes of their misfortunes have likewise been the sources of their strength. Their faith grew stronger with oppression. The degree to which they have attained separateness was partly of their own choosing, partly due to their religious convictions, partly to their social characteristics, and mostly to the unhappy treatment they received from others. In America, above all, they found an asylum and an opportunity. And here, as well as in other lands, they have thrived.\nThe religious literature of the world is voluminous and impressive. Most religions that have reached the level of cultural competence have produced writings interpretive of their chief principles. Nearly all systems of ethical and religious teaching that have arisen in the different ethnic groups have found expression in hymns, ritual, magical formulae, priestly instructions, and other types of religious utterance. These have been gathered into an increasing collection of sacred writings. Most ancient beliefs created something of the sort, though in some instances the material produced was fragmentary and limited and did not attain the status of canonical books.\nTwo and a half millennia before Christ, in Egypt, the post-mortem fortunes of pyramid-building kings were considered important enough to cover tomb walls and galleries with hieroglyphic texts. These texts included the ritual of burial, specifications for offerings at the tomb, magical formulae, ritual of worship, hymns, fragments of myths, and prayers for the welfare of the dead monarch. The care taken to provide the dead with proper credentials for safe passage through the varied experiences of the underworld led to the compilation of several collections of magical texts and directions, among them \"The Book of Him who is in the Underworld,\" \"The Book of Portals,\" and most importantly, the \"Book of the Dead.\"\nThe \"Book of the Dead\" expanded over time, requiring a papyrus roll seventy feet long for transcription. This and other writings were considered classic and essential for the soul's welfare in the afterlife. They were not, however, organized into a religious instruction canon.\n\nThe Babylonians had a large body of priestly writings, primarily used to avert evil through magic and liturgical directions for temple usage. The closest they came to religious books were the two great epics: the Cosmogonic Story, also known as the Epic of Creation, and the Gilgamesh Epic. The survival of fragments of these two poems makes it clear they dealt with Marduk, the god of Babylon, creating the world and Gilgamesh's deluge experiences.\nUtnapishtim, the survivor of the world-flood and the descent of the goddess Ishtar into Hades. The relationship of these narratives to the creation and deluge narratives in the book of Genesis is well-known to students of Semitic literature. Additionally, there are numerous litanies, lamentations over the anger of the gods, penitential psalms, and other similar materials. Yet, there is no suggestion of a canon of religious books for popular use.\n\nThe earlier poetry of Greece was deeply religious in spirit. The two great Homeric epics reveal a dignified and reverent attitude toward ethical and religious interests. In the Iliad and the Odyssey alike, the gods are pictured as upholders of justice and morality, though not without striking weaknesses of temper and character. Other Sacred Books.\nbehavior.  The  same  is  true  of  the  great  dramas  of  Aeschylus \nand  Sophocles.  In  these  writings  the  lofty  sentiments  of  the \nclassic  Greek  mind  came  to  their  best  expression.  Nor  can \none  fail  to  recognize  the  truly  religious  note  in  the  teachings \nof  Socrates  and  Plato.  But  there  was  no  selected  list  of \nwritings  that  assumed  to  speak  with  authority  regarding \nthe  religious  life.  There  was  no  canon  of  sacred  literature. \nWith  the  Aryans  of  India  there  is  found  what  may  be \nregarded  as  the  most  ancient  writing  that  attained  the \nsanctity  of  an  inspired  collection.  When  these  clans  en\u00ac \ntered  India  from  the  northwest  some  millenniums  before  the \nChristian  era  they  were  already  possessed  of  a  body  of \nhymns  addressed  to  Indra  the  cloud  god,  Agni  the  fire  god \nand  other  nature  deities.  The  Rig-veda  the  most  venerable \nof  their  collections  is  dated  by  scholars  somewhere  between \nThe Vedas, consisting of around 1,030 hymns with over ten thousand verses, date back to 2000 and 1500 b.c. They are equal in size to the Iliad and Odyssey combined. The Rig-veda, Sama-veda, Yajur-veda, and Atharva-veda are closely associated with it in Hindu veneration, though not as widely employed. The term \"veda\" means knowledge. The Vedas have been regarded as the completely inspired literature of Hinduism from time immemorial.\n\nThe Upanishads, intimately related to the Vedas in sanctity, are a body of 170 speculative and metaphysical writings, professing to be based on the utterances from the Atharva-veda.\nThe long line of Indian poets, from the writer of the Bhagavad Gita to Tagore, have drawn inspiration from the abundant opportunities for mystical and philosophical meditation found in Indian literature. Mantras or sacred texts were selected from this literature for popular instruction, and upon it, the sutras or rules and aphorisms were founded to be stored in the minds of the devout. In the fullest sense, the Vedas and the Upanishads are believed to be inspired. The Brahmins have always taught that the truths uttered in these holy books were revealed to ancient seers. However, it must be understood that the theories of inspiration varied almost as much among the Hindu sages as among the Hebrews, Jews, and Christians. Some of them affirmed that the Vedas were eternal and constituted a unique and unapproachable body of divine words. Others inclined towards a different perspective.\nThe opinion that inspiration never truly ceased and that later classics shared this quality. Between these extremes, the usual orthodox view holds that the Vedas and Upanishads possess the quality of divine inspiration in a manner not found in other writings. They seem to express the hopes and speculations of the early Brahmins, sunk in those vast and austere conceptions of life first allured by the vanished stream of the Saraswati.\n\nThe most widely known and popular religious book of India is the Bhagavad Gita, the \u201cdivine song,\u201d which Krishna sang to the warrior Arjuna before the great battle of Kurukshetra. In a very real sense, it is India's gospel, the story of the soul's union with God. Of it, an informed writer, Professor Howells, says: \"It is a living book.\"\ndevoutly  read  and  studied  by  tens  of  thousands  of  Hindus \nthroughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  India.  All  men  of \nlight  and  leading  in  India  are  thoroughly  familiar  with  its \ncontents,  and  no  man  of  culture,  whether  that  culture  be  na\u00ac \ntive  or  foreign  and  whether  he  lives  in  village,  town  or  city, \nneglects  the  study  of  it.\u201d  *  Allowing  for  possible  exaggera\u00ac \ntion  in  this  statement,  it  is  at  least  an  impressive  comment \nupon  the  fundamentally  religious  character  of  the  Hindus, \nand  is  in  sufficient  contrast  with  popular  acquaintance  with \nthe  Bible  among  Christians.  Nor  must  one  forget  the \nRamayana,  the  epic  of  Rama  and  Sita,  written  by  Tulsi  Das \nabout  1600  a.d.,  in  which  Rama  is  pictured  as  the  complete  in\u00ac \ncarnation  of  the  divine;  or  the  Homeric  character  of  the \nMahabharata,  with  its  stories  of  the  conflicts  in  which  the \ngods have their part, with Krishna as the hero. The ancient Iranians, related to the Aryan Indians, had one of the earliest prophetic reformers in Asia, Zoroaster. His date has been variedly placed from 1000 to 650 b.c. A small group of hymns was left by this teacher, and the Gathas, a series of metrical texts, probably also came from the founder of the new faith, who went about as a wanderer and reformer among his people. The sacred scriptures which were gathered about these fragments and were augmented by prophetic utterances, liturgy and ceremonial, hymns, cosmogonic myth and tradition, were gradually assembled in a collection known as the Avesta. The date of this body of writings is assumed to be about 240 a.d. According to the tradition of The Soul of India.\nThe Parsees represent modern Zoroastrianism, with the Avesta once containing twenty-one books. One survives, consisting of a liturgy, rules of clean and unclean, hymns, and prayers. The Gathas form the nucleus of the first section. The Parsees confidently affirmed Zoroaster's divine origin, character, and inspiration. They believe the literature bearing his name is divine. Few Parsees can read the classic Zend language of the Avesta. However, they repeat the sacred Gathas, whose meaning they may not know. Essentials of the religion proclaim Ahura Mazda as the ever-living Lord of light.\nThe great Cyrus and his successors professed a creed that has passed away. The modern Parsee creed is a recognition of the obligation to cultivate \"good thoughts, good words, and good deeds.\" The revered figure of the reformer himself has all but vanished, and the formula: \"Thus saith Zarathustra,\" has but a phantom of meaning. The most conspicuous of the non-Christian faiths, the earliest to transcend the limits of a race and become international in its influence, is Buddhism. Like Christianity and Mohammedanism, it has always been a missionary religion, having been carried by zealous representatives from its original home in India to Ceylon, Burma, Siam, China, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet, and to a lesser degree to other parts of Asia. The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha, or Gautama, a member of the Sakiya clan, born in India.\nAt Kapilavastu, the chief town of that clan, located on the border between British India and Nepal around 560 BC, Siddhartha Gautama renounced family and comfort for the life of a wanderer and devotee. He endeavored for seven years using the usual practices of mendicant holy men to attain soul satisfaction, but in vain. At the age of thirty-six, while sitting under a tree at Bodhgaya, he discovered the great secret, the \"illumination\" that made him henceforth the Buddha, the \"enlightened one.\" At Sarnath, a few miles from Benares, the remains of the deer park are shown where he taught his followers. He spent more than forty years journeying from place to place, instructing the increasing numbers of his disciples and organizing the order to interpret his \"way of deliverance\" to the world. He died.\nat Kusinara, around 480 b.c., among his friends and devoted adherents, and his ashes were divided among the families who claimed the right to share the honor. The teachings of the Buddha were treasured by his disciples, transmitted orally, and finally committed to writing in the early portion of the first century b.c. They are contained in a triple collection known as the Tripitaka, or \u201cThree Baskets.\u201d They are written in the Pali language, a dialect derived from Sanskrit, and make a body of literature about twice the size of the Bible. The three Pitakas are called respectively the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The first is a body of ritual and rules for the early Buddhist monastic communities, and includes the commission given by the Master to his friends to go out and preach his message to mankind. The second is a collection of the Buddha's discourses.\nThe Buddhist scriptures consist of five Nikayas, or collections, comprising a large number of discourses and dialogues, and words of the Buddha and expositions of Buddhist doctrine. The last of these Nikayas contains fifteen sections. It includes the Dhammapada or Path of the Law, in 423 verses; the Udanas, 82 short lyrics, ecstatic utterances, or \"songs of exultation,\" supposed to have been uttered by the Buddha at important crises of his experience; the Sutta Nipata, 70 lyrics on the secret of peace; the Gathas, psalms of the brethren and sisters of the order; and the Jatakas, the most popular of Buddhist literature, a collection of birth stories, folklore, and tradition, recounting the previous lives of the Buddha.\nThe third is the philosophical elaboration of Buddhism in terms of psychology and ethics. Of these documents, the Dhammapada gives the most intelligible statement of the Buddha, the Law, and the Order, the three supreme objects of reverence celebrated in the daily confession or \u201cRefuge,\u201d which is recited by every pious Buddhist. These Pali books constitute the classic canon of this religion. In them are found, many times and variously repeated, the essentials of Gautama\u2019s teaching: The Four Noble Truths \u2014 life is suffering; suffering is the result of desire; cessation of desire ends anxiety and suffering; and this is attained by following the instructions of the Master. These instructions are given in the Noble Eight-fold Path. This includes right belief, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.\nThe text discusses the principles of hood, effort, mindfulness, and contemplation in ancient sources. A high level of morality was emphasized through the Five General Commands, prohibiting taking life, theft, adultery, untruth, and intoxicants. Additional prohibitions were given to monastic brotherhood members, including eating at forbidden times, worldly amusements, scents and ornaments, use of a luxurious bed, and taking silver or gold. The Pali Canon, now preserved in palm-leaf manuscripts of Burma, Ceylon, and Siam, was expanded with a Sanskrit canon, primarily revising classic books for the Mahayana or liberal movement of the north, and literature of translation and expansion.\nThe Pitikas are revered by Buddhists in various lands where Buddhism was taken from its original home in India. In India, Buddhism has all but disappeared. The Pitikas are not regarded as inspired in the same measure as the sacred books of several other faiths. They do not hold the same position in Buddhism as the Vedas in Hinduism, the Koran in Islam, or the Bible in the Christian church. Curiously, although a large proportion of Buddhist followers regard the Buddha himself as a god and adore his innumerable statues with idolatrous reverence, his words are held authoritative only in the sense that those of Euclid or Plato are regarded by the learned of all centuries; they do not have the sanctity of the utterances of other religious texts.\nAt Mandalay, there is a temple in whose court the canonical sayings are inscribed on a multitude of small tablets, each covered with a roof or coping, and set like shrines in rows. In Buddhism, the Founder and the Order have proved much more significant than the Law. The same is true of the canonical books of China. For centuries, certain documents have been received as classic and regulatory for public and private conduct. Emphasis can be placed on the political and religious life of China having been based upon the five canonical books, which grew out of the life and service of Confucius, and were transmitted by him.\nTo the Chinese people, they are not considered inspired; they make no claim to have been revealed by any deity. Yet, so great is the veneration of the people of that land for all that is ancient and so conspicuous is the place which Confucius holds in their regard that these volumes lack little of the sanction which in other lands attaches to the most authentic scripture.\n\nProbably none of the great teachers who have held the position of supreme veneration in the thought of their people has ever exercised such profound and widespread influence as Confucius. When one takes into account the enormous numbers of the Chinese and the unnumbered centuries in which they have flourished in that far-extended region where they still live, and further recalls the fact that through twenty-five of these centuries and by practically all of them, Confucius' teachings have been the guiding principles of their civilization.\nConfucius, or Master K'ung, was born in the small state of Lu, now in the province of Shantung, in 551 BC. Most of his life was spent teaching, although at times he was called upon to serve as an official. He was possessed of an extraordinary reverence for antiquity. Confucius held the pre-eminent place in this race, and it is not to be doubted that the influence of this great teacher carried further than any other man who spoke on the basic themes of human life. In the remote past lay the golden age. To restore customs and sanctions that seemed in danger, Confucius was filled with reverence for the state with its immemorial history, order, and glory.\nNeglect was his ambition. He considered himself in no sense a founder of a new system of ethics, let alone a new religion. Indeed, he explicitly disclaimed any concern for religious questions and advised his students and friends to leave outside the circle of their intellectual interests all matters of speculative and transcendental nature.\n\nThe five books which Confucius collected out of the wisdom of the past and which became the canonical literature of the Chinese people are the Shu-king or book of historical documents, the Shi-king or book of odes, the Yi-king or book of changes or permutations, a manual of divination, the Hsiao-king or book of filial piety, and the Li-ki or book of rites. In addition, there are the Four Books of Classics, which include the Lung-yu, the conversations of Confucius, sometimes called the Confucian Analects, and the Ta-hioh.\nThe Great Teaching; the Chang-yung or Doctrine of the Mean; and the Meng-tsze, the instructions of the philosopher Mencius (372-289 b.c.). The latter was the greatest successor of Confucius. These books are all associated with the name of China's revered sage and teacher. The emperor Shi-huang-ti (246-210 b.c.) thought the veneration for the past inculcated in these classics was a danger to the state and made an effort to destroy them. However, the success of this attempt was only partial, and they came to a more exalted place in popular regard as a result. Since then, they have possessed full canonical character and authority.\n\nMention has already been made of the sacred book of Judaism, the Talmud. It is based on the teachings of the Old Testament and embodies the comments and interpretations of later rabbis.\nThe traditions of scribes from the third to the sixth Christian century are preserved in the two-part text: the Mishna, which is the written form of scribal elaborations of the Torah, and the Gemara, containing the later formulation of Jewish theory and traditions as they had developed in the schools of Palestine and Babylonia.\n\nOutside of the Bible, the most impressive example of a religious literature regarded as authoritative, inspired, and canonical by its possessors is the Koran, the scripture of the Mohammedan world. It was produced during a later period than any of the sacred books named so far, except for the Talmud, which in its completed form was only slightly older. The rise of Islam is a romantic story. Mohammed, a merchant of Mecca, was its figure.\nHe developed a passion for freeing the Arab race from their superstitious past. Acquainted to a limited extent with the lower forms of Jewish and Christian belief and practice in Arabian cities, he gained some familiarity with certain biblical narratives. Due to a controversy with his clan, the Koriesh, stemming from his claim to religious inspiration and leadership, he was forced to flee from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D., marking the beginning of the Mohammedan era. The prophet and his followers quickly embarked on a career of conquest, laying the entire Levant at their feet and even threatening Europe.\nFaith in one God, Mohammed wrote a considerable number of prayers, directions to his followers, comments on incidents in the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures, and other utterances. These were gathered into a collection and today constitute the classic literature of Islam, known as the Koran or \"the reading.\" The Koran is diffusive and various, dealing with all manner of matters, historical, theological, traditional, legendary, and ritualistic. All are at the level of one mind and were written within a comparatively brief period. Yet they are the basis of all theology, ethics, jurisprudence, science, and ritual of Muhammadanism. The Koran is the textbook in every Muhammadan school. It is believed by conforming members of the Islamic community to be inspired as the work of the prophet.\nThe Quran is considered both the hand and brain of the prophet, as well as the utterance of divine wisdom. The prophet served as its oracle and vehicle to mankind. The theory of verbal and plenary inspiration reached great lengths in the Mohammedan view of the Quran. The book is ascribed every possible perfection of form and spirit. The diligence with which it is studied and the zeal with which its teachings are propagated are among the most astonishing features of Islam. The glamour of the prophet's own career is thrown over it in the thought of \"true believers.\" A fair estimate of the invaluable services of the prophet to his people yields a high praise for the entire movement for the reform of the Arabs.\nThe background of romantic achievement relieves the feeling of disillusionment from reading the arid and trivial pages that make up a significant part of the Koran. The man and the movement remain greater than the literature they produced. These are examples of books that have become classic and venerable among the chief religious groups of the non-Christian world. Others, like the Granth, the sacred volume of the Sikhs, and the revered and secret Scriptures of the Druse Lebanon, are of interest to the student of religion. No book is without its distinct merits. Each gathers to itself traditions of great souls who have wrought nobly on behalf of their people. In all of them, something of the breath of the divine can be discerned, which is assurance that God has touched them.\nThe men who wrote these hymns and directions for holy living deserve honor and gratitude. Yet, as we study them and compare them with our Bible, we are even more impressed by the unique character of the Scriptures that have issued from the hands of Hebrew and Christian prophets, reaching their highest levels in the utterances of our Lord. One need not disparage other holy writings to perceive the greatness of our own. In fact, the more attention is given to world religious literatures, the more impressive becomes the character of the Bible. They are the high and purposeful aspirations of ethnic teachers who saw the truth as they were able and made it known.\nThe Bible contains a universal message for all mankind, unlike the bibles of specific peoples and limited areas. The Christianity it represents is gradually spreading in non-Christian lands.\n\nXIV\nTHE MAKING OF THE NEW TESTAMENT\n\nThe friends of Jesus were not concerned with writing books. They were preachers, not writers. Jesus himself was not a writer and left no documents in his own hand. The first disciples were preoccupied with the new problems and activities of the Christian society and did not consider the making of records.\n\nAt the beginning and for some time, they were all Jews. Jesus was a Jew, and his earliest friends were Jews as well.\nThe Jews were primarily responsible for the formation of the first Christian documents. Most of them resided near Jerusalem. The news about the recent Christian movement spread slowly, so the writers of the initial Christian texts were mainly Jews.\n\nEven when the word reached Samaria, it was not seen as a departure from the habit of viewing the good news about Jesus as a Jewish possession. Samaritans were considered a part of the ancient people of Jahveh, albeit on a distinctly lower plane of religious and social privilege. The acceptance of the gospel by proselytes, such as the Ethiopian official, did not encroach upon Jewish privilege. In becoming an adherent of Judaism, such a man had declared a break with his former non-Jewish life.\n\n(From \"The Making of the New Testament\")\nNone of this early activity that carried the movement into Judea, Samaria and Galilee, required written documents. There seems to have been no literary impulse in the church for years. The believers were closely associated. The most distant of them could be reached in a few hours with instructions from their leaders. The story of Jesus, which was the substance of their preaching, was known to all. There was no need to write it down. It was the extension of the good news into non-Jewish communities that widened the field of early Christian operations, and gradually called for the use of writing. Particularly was it the ministry of the Apostle Paul that awakened Christians to the importance and value of written communications.\n\nTo one who opens the New Testament without previous reflection upon the manner in which it took form, it is a record of the beliefs and teachings of the early Christian community, compiled and written down decades after the events it describes.\nThe Gospels, the books that begin the collection, were not the earliest writings. It may seem surprising, but a careful reading makes it clear that this was not the case. Why were they arranged in a plan that is so at variance with our modern method of setting things in chronological sequence?\n\nThe answer is that the order of the books was probably of no important consideration to the men who gathered them into a collection. They were not sensitive to the spirit of historical arrangement, which makes people desire to set documents in the sequence of their dates. Instead, they were likely more impressed by the relative value of the Gospels as the chief material of the collection and placed them first.\nThe student would benefit from having a New Testament organized according to chronological succession. With the advancement of biblical criticism, the dates of nearly all New Testament books have been determined. Works such as Moffatt's \"Historical New Testament,\" Lindsay's \"Chronological New Testament,\" Robertson's \"Student's Chronological New Testament,\" or the common speech version known as the \"Twentieth Century New Testament\" can be utilized.\n\nThe earliest writing in the New Testament is the First Epistle to the Thessalonians. Twenty years had passed since the end of Jesus' ministry. The Christian society had expanded its membership from Jerusalem to Antioch, and from Antioch to Asia Minor and Europe. The primary figure in this extension of the movement was [NAME] (missing from the original text).\nPaul wrote this letter from Corinth, after the arrival of Timothy with good news about the Thessalonians. He expressed his joy at their constancy and warned them against immoral and indolent behavior. They need not fear that their loved ones who had recently died would lose out if the Lord returned.\n\nPaul had preached for a significant time in his home country before being called to Antioch. He then went on a mission to Cyprus and the northern mainland with Barnabas and Mark. A second journey followed, this time with Silas and others, during which Paul crossed to Macedonia and visited Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, and Athens, eventually reaching Corinth.\nThe eagerly anticipated second letter from Paul was sent to the churches in Antioch, Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe. Founded during Paul's first missionary tour, these churches were facing pressure from Jewish teachers to add familiar Jewish legal observances, such as circumcision, to their Christian way of life. The Epistle to the Galatians, a powerful protest against these doctrines, is Paul's most intense and personal writing.\n\nPaul had already written a letter to the Corinthian church when the First Epistle to the Corinthians was sent from Ephesus. He had learned of factious divisions within the Corinthian congregation.\nThe Epistle rebukes questionable conduct in the church and gives instructions on many matters of importance such as marriage, the Lord\u2019s Supper, spiritual gifts, and the resurrection. Later, Paul received letters from members asking questions about the church's divisions. Conditions worsened, and his authority was defied. Evil conduct increased, leading Paul to write a severe third letter, likely the last four chapters of 2 Corinthians. In deep anxiety, Paul waited at Ephesus before journeying to Troas and Macedonia. Upon meeting Titus, he learned that his letter had improved the church's morale.\nPaul wrote a fourth epistle, possibly the first nine chapters of 2 Corinthians, expressing his satisfaction with what he had heard and exhorting them to faithfulness, and particularly to generous contributions to the poor members of the church in Jerusalem, for whose benefit he was gathering offerings from all the congregations he visited.\n\nAfter completing his work in the familiar regions of Asia Minor and Greece, Paul planned to go further into the western world to which he had made his first approach at the time of his vision of \"the man of Macedonia.\" He would go to Rome, the capital of the world, and then on to Spain. He waited only to complete the offering for the Jerusalem church. In the meantime, he wrote the Epistle to the Romans, possibly as a general document of instructions to the churches, telling of his plans.\nAnd outlining his great thesis of justification by faith. To this Epistle there seems to have been attached at some later time a brief letter of Paul's to the church at Ephesus, recommending Phoebe of Cenchrea and conveying his best wishes to many of the Ephesian brethren.\n\nThe journey of Paul to Jerusalem to carry up the offerings of his western churches resulted in his arrest, imprisonment for two years at Caesarea, and transportation as a prisoner to Rome. From his place of confinement in that city, he seems to have sent four letters: To the good friends at Philippi, who had been so thoughtful of his comfort, he wrote to express his gratitude. To Philemon, a friend at Colosse, whose slave Onesimus had escaped and found refuge with the apostle, he wrote in affectionate terms, sending him back.\nThe refugee was brought back and commended to the care of his master as a Christian. A message of admonition was sent to the church in Colosse regarding certain questionable teachings to which they had given credence. An epistle was also sent to the neighboring church at Laodicea by the same messenger. It is possible that our Epistle to the Ephesians is this otherwise unknown document.\n\nIt is difficult to realize that with these letters, the words of the great apostle came to a close. No phase of early Christianity is more pathetic than the abrupt frustration of Paul's plans for further evangelism. According to the evidence presented in the New Testament, the writing and life of Jesus' first and greatest interpreter ceased with his Roman imprisonment.\nBy this time, the life of Apostle Peter had ended. No Gospel had come into being at that point. However, there was a man who, as a youth, had known members of the Jerusalem church where his mother lived, had accompanied Paul on a part of his first missionary tour, and had acted as Peter's helper in later years, possibly at Rome. This was John Mark, the son of Mary of Jerusalem. Sometime after Peter's death and before the fall of Jerusalem, he seems to have written down the story of Jesus' life as Peter was accustomed to tell it. The Gospel of Mark is a brief, vivid narrative, emphasizing the power of the Lord in miracle and ministry. It was well adapted to convey to its readers a suitable impression of the Master.\nThe fall of Jerusalem was an event of tremendous significance to the Jewish people. It seemed to put the seal of condemnation on their conduct, a part of which was the rejection of Jesus. At first and partly in consequence of that rejection, he had seemed to fail. Now the nation itself had fallen, and Jesus' followers were multiplying everywhere. A writer of the period, convinced that Jesus had really brought to its consummation the experience of the nation, gathered the materials for another memoir. It is based on several sources: The work of Mark, a collection of the teachings of Jesus attributed to the Apostle Matthew, and other materials. The book thus produced came to be known as the Gospel of Matthew. In it, the person and message of our Lord are presented as the fulfillment of Hebrew hopes.\nThe kingdom of God is set forth. It is in an important sense the Gospel of the Jewish people. The entire New Testament writing group was Jewish, with one exception. That was Luke, a Greek and a physician. His acquaintance with the apostle brought him into contact with the leaders and scenes of early Christian history. The story of the greatest life ever lived was being told in many ways. Oral narratives and fragments of written memorabilia were floating about. For the benefit of a friend, Theophilus, Luke wrote with painstaking care a record of Jesus' acts and sayings. He brought to his work the broad sympathies of a cosmopolitan. His narrative is the Gospel of humanity, of brotherhood, of womanhood, childhood, and Christian song.\n\nThe Making of the New Testament.\nIt was the Gospel for the Greek world of culture and humanitarian interest. From the same writer came also the book of Acts, a brief account of some of the events which marked the growth of the Christian community from the close of Jesus\u2019 ministry to the end of Paul\u2019s career. As the friend of the great apostle, Luke had personal knowledge of much of the narrative; from Paul he doubtless learned other portions; and the remainder could easily be secured during his residence in Jerusalem, Caesarea, and Antioch. This book supplies most of the information we have concerning the early days of the church in Jerusalem and the ministry of Peter, and puts an interpreting background behind the epistles of Paul.\n\nThe first generation of Christians, including Paul, counted much upon the protection of the Roman empire.\nThe empire's persecution of Christians was a bitter disappointment. It was therefore a harsh reality when that empire itself became a persecutor during the reigns of Nero and later Domitian. The martyrdoms of these periods drove the iron deep into the souls of the disciples. They were forced to worship the emperor's image or face the horrors of the stake and the arena. This is the situation portrayed in the book of Revelation. Its author was a Christian teacher named John, likely from Ephesus. He had endured banishment and possibly torture for the faith. To encourage his fellow believers, he wrote a series of letters to seven of the churches.\n\n* The first three Gospels present similar aspects of Jesus' life, leading to the name \"Synoptic\" as an appropriate designation for them.\nChurches in that vicinity, and in figurative language of Jewish apocalypse, he added a vehement denunciation of the Roman empire and its head. The Christ who had gone about in mild friendliness and sympathy was soon to return as Lord of the world, to take vengeance on his foes and establish his kingdom on earth. This Christian apocalypse must have been of great value in maintaining the courage of the church in those difficult times.\n\nThe Epistle to the Hebrews was probably written to the church at Rome by someone unknown to us, but familiar with the dangers that menaced that group. Christians there had endured bitter persecution. Now there was danger that the lengthening time, the delay in the realization of the Lord\u2019s return, the appeal of the more spectacular Jewish services of religion, and the death of some, could weaken their faith.\nThe leaders would lead to apathy and even apostasy. The epistle is a plea for loyalty to the gospel as superior in every way to the Jewish institution, and the means of direct access to God through the redemptive ministry of Jesus, the great High Priest.\n\nAnother document closely connected with Rome is the First Epistle of Peter. Written by a Christian leader in the capital to the disciples of Jesus in Asia Minor, it encourages them in the difficulties they were facing. It was probably sent out during the days of the Domitian persecution, and the writer\u2019s reference to Rome as \u201cBabylon\u201d reveals the sentiment of detestation for Roman tyranny which had permeated the church.\n\nIn the Epistle of James, there is given an example of the sort of Christian exhortations of which there must have been many.\nThe most impressive book in the New Testament is the Gospel of John. It is less an attempt to narrate events in Jesus' life than to interpret his life as a whole and mediate the message of the gospel to a world unfamiliar with Jewish forms of speech. This Gospel probably took shape early in the second century. Its origin may be attributed to John the Elder of Ephesus, about whom tradition has much to say. The challenges to the belief that it was written by a personal follower of Jesus are apparent, despite the expressions in the epilogue indicating otherwise.\nThe Gospel and the three Epistles of John are regarded as the work of the disciple whom Jesus loved. The Gospel is the account of the incarnation. Professor Goodspeed, in his Story of the New Testament, states, \"Its great ideas of revelation, life, love, truth, and freedom, its doctrine of the spirit as ever guiding the Christian consciousness into larger vision and achievement, and its insistence upon Jesus as the supreme revelation of God and the source of spiritual life, have given it unique and permanent religious worth.\" The three Epistles likely originate from the same hand. The First Epistle was a circular letter sent to the churches in the Asian district, emphasizing the reality of Jesus' human life and the necessity of conforming to his commands. The two shorter epistles may have followed.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries were personal messages to friends and comrades in the faith, to whom the more general writing was sent. The Epistles to Timothy and Titus appear to be late directions regarding church organization and efficiency. It is not unlikely that they are based on short and genuine epistles of Paul, some portion of whose words have survived in these admirable churchly counsels. However, the Pauline note is almost wholly wanting. A still later fragment of early Christian writing is found in the Epistle of Jude. It was a stinging rebuke to scandalous thinking and conduct in the churches, and draws much of its symbolism from the lurid pages of Jewish apocalyptic, like the book of Enoch. Some time afterward, another writer made use of much of this document in probably the last book of the New Testament, the Second Epistle of Jude.\nThe Epistle of Peter is an early Christian literature example bearing the name of that apostle. Already, a rapidly growing body of writings attributed to apostolic men existed. It was the task of later years to gather into a collection those books deemed worthy of such honor and exclude others. However, in the recognized group or canon, these twenty-seven books gradually secured their place and became the Christian Scriptures as we have them today. The process of forming a Christian collection of writings, serving the churches the same purpose as the Hebrew canon for the synagogue, was gradual and unconscious, with no definitive account possible. The Hebrew Scriptures, which we now call the Old Testament, provide context.\nThe Testament formed the acknowledged sacred writings of the first Christian communities. It is probable that these Scriptures even included the apocryphal books. Since most of the first generation of Jesus' followers were Jews, the classic books of the Hebrew race, generally used in the Greek version called the Septuagint or LXX, were inspired and authoritative to them. They searched them for hints of the messianic hope. The book of Psalms was their hymn book. They needed no other holy books in the beginning of the movement.\n\nBut when their own literature began to take form and multiply, it was inevitable that they should face the problem as to the kind of writings suitable for reading in public worship. This was an entirely simple and practical question, and did not at first involve the broader inquiry as to\nThe canonical value of such books was nonexistent, yet those writings recognized in churches as profitable for use in worship held priority as candidates for any subsequent inclusion in a reserved and canonized group.\n\nAside from the Old Testament, employed in the Septuagint translation, churches that received letters from men of apostolic standing would make use of them in worship. Epistles like Paul's to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Philippians were held in high esteem by these congregations and preserved for frequent use in public service. In like manner, such epistles as those to the churches in Colosse and Laodicea, which Paul instructed their recipients to exchange, were certainly preserved in copies by both groups.\nThe Employed as lectional value, hardly less important were the circular letters, such as Romans, i Peter, and perhaps Ephesians. These also would find a place in the list of writings held sacred by the churches. However, by the Christian communities at large, the Epistles did not come into general esteem until after the Gospels were recognized as authoritative.\n\nThe first reference to a body of books used for reading in public worship is found in the writings of Justin Martyr (died 165 AD). He speaks of the three Gospels (the Synoptic group) along with the Prophets of the Old Testament as having this rank. Soon afterward, Tatian, a disciple of Justin\u2019s, prepared a composite narrative of the life of Jesus for the use of the church at Edessa. This was woven together out of the four Gospels and was called the Diatessaron.\nThe Diatessaron, or narrative according to the Four. Marcion's list of books around 140 A.D. does not reveal church usage, as he aimed to highlight Paul's teaching, which he believed was being neglected. His canon included a modified Gospel of Luke and ten epistles of Paul, excluding the pastoral epistles. For the first time, epistles held equal rank with the Gospel records.\n\nThe thirty years from Justin Martyr to Irenaeus of Lyons (177-202 A.D.) saw a rapid but unrecorded growth of opinion regarding the right of most of our present New Testament books to a recognized place in a canon. In the writings of the latter, epistles took rank with the Gospels (Hebrews not mentioned), and the entire list was lifted from casual use by the churches.\nThe Making of the New Testament to the plane of authoritative Scripture. It is not known who was responsible for this development, possibly Irenaeus. At any rate, the dangers to apostolic teaching from the inroads of heretical, particularly gnostic, opinion, made it necessary to possess some standard of appeal in a body of books vested with apostolic character.\n\nPassing over Marcion's partial and biased list, the earliest known canon of New Testament writings is found in the Muratorian Fragment. In 1740, an Italian scholar named Muratori found in the Ambrosian library at Milan, in a monk's notebook dating from the seventh or eighth century, a mutilated extract of a list of New Testament books made at Rome before the close of the second century. The fragment starts in the middle of a sentence, referring to:\n\n(The fragment then continues with the list of New Testament books.)\nPeter mentions Luke as the third Gospel, John as the fourth, and speaks of Acts as Luke's work. It recognizes thirteen epistles of Paul, including the pastoral epistles but excluding Hebrews. It acknowledges Jude, two epistles of John, and Revelation. The Wisdom of Solomon and the Apocalypse of Peter are included with reservation in the case of the latter. This document includes most New Testament books, but omits Hebrews, 1 and 2 Peter, James, and one of John's epistles. The Shepherd of Hermas is referred to as profitable reading.\n\nAnonymous writing from the opening of the third century, attributed by some to Victor.\n\nPeter mentions Luke as the third Gospel, naming John as the fourth. Acts is identified as Luke's work. Thirteen epistles of Paul are recognized, with the pastoral epistles included but Hebrews excluded. Jude, two epistles of John, and Revelation are acknowledged. The Wisdom of Solomon and the Apocalypse of Peter are included with reservation in the latter's case. This document encompasses most New Testament books, yet omits Hebrews, 1 and 2 Peter, James, and one of John's epistles. The Shepherd of Hermas is deemed profitable reading.\nof  Rome  (200-230  a.d.).  Reference  is  made  in  it  to  the \nThe  Bible  Through  the  Centuries \nthree  divisions  of  Scripture:  Prophetic  writings  \u2014  the  proph\u00ac \nets  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  Apocalypse,  and  Hermas; \nthe  Gospels;  and  the  Apostolic  writings  \u2014  Paul,  i  John  and \nHebrews.  It  will  be  noticed  that  this  list  omits  Acts,  James, \ni  and  2  Peter,  2  and  3  John,  and  Jude.  Neither  this  nor \nthe  list  in  the  Muratorian  Fragment  can  be  regarded  as  a \ncertain  guide  to  church  usage  in  that  period,  for  their  authors \nare  unknown.  But  they  are  valuable  as  throwing  light \nupon  the  growing  process  of  selecting  a  list  of  authoritative \nbooks  to  which  appeal  could  be  made  in  the  refutation  of \nheresy. \nIn  the  eastern  church,  Clement  of  Alexandria  (165- \n220  a.d.)  acknowledges  the  four  Gospels  and  Acts,  and \nfourteen  epistles  of  Paul,  thus  including  Hebrews.  He  also \nThe author quotes from 1 and 2 John, 1 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but not James, 2 Peter, or 3 John. It's difficult to determine his views on the authentic list of sacred writings, as he also quotes in the same manner from Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, the Preaching of Peter, the Apocalypse of Peter, and the Sibylline Writings. According to Eusebius, he had a collection of New Testament books in two volumes which he called \u201cThe Gospel\u201d and \u201cThe Epistle\u201d respectively. More conclusively, Origen (184-253 AD), the greatest of the Greek church fathers, mentions the Old Testament books as we have them and portions of the Apocrypha, particularly 1 Maccabees. He includes in the canon of the New Testament the four Gospels, Acts, and thirteen epistles.\nPaul, Hebrews, 1 Peter, 1 John, and Revelation do not directly mention James or Jude in the New Testament. He speaks of 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and refers to the Gospel of the Hebrews, the Gospels of Peter and James, the Acts of Paul, the Shepherd of Hermas, and Barnabas. However, all his commentaries are upon books in our New Testament canon.\n\nAn important contribution to the settlement of the canonicity question was made by Eusebius of Caesarea (270-341 AD), the eminent church historian. He made three lists: first, those that were admitted by all, including the four Gospels, Acts, the Epistles of Paul (reckoned to be fourteen in number), 1 Peter, 1 John, and (with some hesitation) Revelation. Second, those books that were widely accepted, though held doubtful by some.\nThe following books were included: James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John. He considered the Acts of Paul, the Shepherd of Hermas, the Apocalypse of Peter, and the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles spurious. At the order of Emperor Constantine, Eusebius prepared fifty copies of the Scriptures in elaborate form for the churches of Constantinople. These copies adhered to his rule of canonicity and assisted in establishing it. From this time onward, the eastern church held similar views. Athanasius (246-273 AD) and Epiphanius (315-403 AD) provided lists of New Testament books that correspond with our own. Cyril of Jerusalem (350-386 AD) differed only in omitting Revelation. Around 395 AD, a versified list of the New Testament books appeared by Amphilochius of Iconium.\nIn this text, all books are found except for \"The Bible Through the Centuries\": Chrysostom, the famous patriarch of Constantinople (died 405 AD), makes no formal list of the books but does not mention Revelation, 2 Peter, or the three epistles of John in his voluminous writings. An appendix to the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions contains a document possibly from the fourth century AD, which places Ben Sirach after the Old Testament and follows it with the four Gospels, fourteen epistles of Paul (including Hebrews), the two epistles of Clement, the eight books of the Apostolic Constitutions, and Acts. This, like some others, omits Revelation. In the western church at this period, Augustine (354-430 AD) discussed the canon in a lengthy treatise, dividing it into two parts.\nThe books were divided into two lists: those with confirmed inclusion, and those with questionable status. For the latter group, Jerome suggested the usage of influential churches, particularly the more significant ones, to make a decision. His final decision aligned with our current New Testament. Jerome (346-420 AD), whose Latin version, the Vulgate, significantly influenced the canon more than any other single factor, accepted the same list as his contemporary, noting that there had been debates regarding James, Jude, Hebrews, and Revelation. He mentioned that 2 and 3 John had been attributed to a certain presbyter John of Ephesus.\n\nNone of the early church councils issued definitive rulings on the canon, with the possible exception of the Council of Laodicea (around 360 AD), which approved the Old Testament, Baruch, and the Epistle of Jeremiah.\nThe Epistle of Jeremiah, along with the Old Testament, the entire Apocrypha, and the New Testament (except for Revelation), were the accepted Scriptures in the churches during this time. However, the validity of these Scriptures was questionable. The Third Council of Carthage (397 A.D.) ordered that only the Canonical Scriptures be read in the churches, named as the Old Testament, the Apocrypha, and the New Testament in its present form. These decisions likely had minimal impact on the growing consensus of the church. Instead, it was the immense influence of Augustine and the widespread use of Jerome's Vulgate that ended the discussion for centuries.\n\nDuring this period, if there had been any doubt as to why these specific books were included in the received canon, the response would have been that tradition and usage accepted them as the work of the Apostles or at least of apostolic origin.\nThe apostolic men's issues were revisited during the Revival of Learning and the Reformation. The reformers challenged the Church of Rome's authority with an appeal to an authoritative Scripture. This necessitated careful inquiry into the nature and validity of the Bible. Were these books, accepted for centuries as apostolic, truly the writings of the first interpreters of Jesus?\n\nErasmus questioned the authorship of several books. He doubted that the Epistle to the Hebrews was by Paul or Luke, and he did not believe 2 Peter was the work of that apostle. He also disputed the apostolic origin of Revelation, attributing it to someone other than the evangelist John. However, he did not deny the worth or place in the canon of these books; he only questioned their apostolic origin.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nLuther challenged traditional views on biblical authorship with equal boldness. He held similar ground to some Roman Catholic scholars of his day, such as Cardinal Cajetan in the Augsburg disputation with Luther, who questioned the canonical status of Hebrews and doubted the inclusion of 2 and 3 John and Jude.\n\nThe reformers maintained that the content, not the authorship of New Testament books, should determine their canonicity. Luther's criterion was the conformity of a book to his great principle of justification by faith. He considered the epistles of Paul, particularly Romans, Galatians, and Ephesians, 1 Peter, and the fourth Gospel as the most important books in the collection. He held that:\n\nHeberes\u2014\nJames, Jude, and Revelation, at the end of his translation, had a somewhat different tone, according to James. He was very free in his discussion of the relative merits of the various books, but included them all in his translation. Calvin, however, had a different rule and regarded the testimony of the holy Spirit within the books as the test of their canonicity. He passed over 2 and 3 John and the Revelation without notice and expressed doubts regarding 2 Peter, James, and Jude. Luther's friend Carlstadt arranged the Bible in three divisions: the Pentateuch and the four Gospels; the prophets of the Old Testament and the Epistles of the New, including thirteen of Paul, 1 Peter and 1 John; and the Writings, or Hagiographa, of the Old Testament and the seven disputed books of the New. Despite the wide variety of opinion.\nThe origin of the New Testament books did not undergo alteration by the formers. The first official and general pronouncement on the matter was the declaration of the Council of Trent in 1546 AD. This council pronounced anathema upon anyone refusing to accept as canonical all the books contained in the Vulgate version of the Scriptures, thereby fixing the Apocrypha along with the Old Testament as an accepted part of the Roman Catholic Bible. In the New Testament, Romanists and Protestants hold the same books as valid. The numerous Bible versions issued in various languages by Protestant churches have made their collection and arrangement of the various portions of holy Scripture familiar. In recent years, issues relating to the canon have largely given way to more important inquiries.\nThe discipline of biblical criticism has revisited issues of authorship and date with beneficial results for biblical study. However, the canon remains unchanged, as it primarily relies on tradition and usage. If the apostolic authorship once claimed for practically all the books can no longer be maintained, at least an apostolic atmosphere and feeling can be discovered in all. Additionally, their place in the church throughout the years invests them with a veneration not to be questioned. Above all, their inherent value as aids to interpreting the early Christian ideal and character is significant.\n\nHowever, it's important to remember that the opinion of the early church regarding the canonicity of certain books was valuable, and their importance should not be underestimated.\nThe conviction of the individual mind determines the limits of holy Scripture. Our Bible consists of the books we actually use and find inspiring. It is useless to insist that one's Bible includes a list of approved books by the church or beliefs of one's ancestors. In the final issue, the canon of any Christian is the group of books they use as the Word of God. We are the makers of our own individual canons, as the Christian world has always chosen its Scripture deliberately.\nAnd if the historic process of canon fixing were to begin anew and be submitted afresh to all classes of people, and if there were added to the material available for choice all the books written in all the lands since the Bible took form, the result would be the same. These sixty-six books would emerge once more from the process, a new yet venerable aggregation of writings on the high themes of God and religion. They have proven their worth through the ages, and to the end of time they are destined to go on proving themselves to be the divine word to men, the supreme literature of the race.\n\nHaving spoken of the authentic biblical books in this and other chapters, something may be added regarding that larger circle of writings which forms the environment of the Scriptures and may be called the Larger Bible.\nThe Bible is not a solitary work, contrary to the usual tradition. Historically, until recent times, the Bible stood almost alone in the occidental mind as the world's holy book. No other books or documents intruded into the cloistered and safeguarded inclusion where it reigned. If it was not held actually to be the oldest of books, certain of its contents like Genesis and Job were given priority among the world's writings. If there were documents that had association with the authentic books of the Scriptures and were even included as apocryphal works in certain editions, they were typically treated as literary curiosities, mere odds and ends of religious experience, related in some indefinite and unimportant manner.\n\n(The Making of the New Testament)\nImportant to the genuine collection. At the present time, this vague and defensive attitude toward the wider ranges of this literature is disappearing, and the Bible is seen as having immediate and helpful relations with various literatures that relate to it in many ways. This volume of writings includes, but not all, of the literature which this religious movement, taken in its long stretches from ancient Hebrew times through the classic era and to post-apostolic days, has produced. The fact that the Bible is accepted throughout Christendom as the unique and adequate interpreter of the Christian faith does not justify the neglect of that mass of documents which took form in the same environment and which have been carried along in a rather loose and yet somewhat related series of collections. Each of these smaller bodies of documents\nThe mentions in this text hold some relation to our Bible. They may be said to revolve around it, as planets of varying size and importance revolve around the sun. If one undertakes to put these different collections of writings into some orderly arrangement, he may well begin with those which have come into our possession through the discovery and translation of historical inscriptions from Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, and the other lands that formed the environment of the Hebrew people. Formally, biblical events and characters stood out by themselves, with no confirmation from contemporary history. Biblical statements regarding contacts with these neighboring states stood upon their own authority, without aid of the historical background which comparative history and biblical archaeology have now provided. The inscriptions\nThe writings of kings such as Shalmaneser, Sargon, Sennacherib, Nebuchadrezzar, Cyrus, and several pharaohs read like additional chapters to the books of Kings. Valuable for the study of the New Testament are the literary materials and archaeological discoveries that have given new interest to the history of the Graeco-R Roman period.\n\nA second list of writings is one not currently in the possession of biblical scholarship but must be kept in the imagination of the student for a just estimate of the literary impulse that produced the Old Testament. This is the group of \"actually 'lost books,'\" to which reference is made from time to time in the Hebrew Scriptures, not as a collection, but as individual writings known to the authors who referred to them. The Book of Jasher,\nThe Book of Wars of Jahveh, History of Samuel the Seer, History of Nathan the Prophet, Book of Acts of Solomon, Histories of Shemiah the Prophet and Iddo the Seer, Commentary of Book of Kings, and several other works are mentioned, along with the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Judah. These references suggest the larger body of writings once possessed by the Hebrew people. But all have perished except the thirty-nine books in our collection. The survival of any writing that was in Hebrew seemed to be the chief criterion for its inclusion in the canon.\nThe Apocrypha of the Old Testament is a third group of documents related to the Bible. This collection includes books written in late Hebrew, Aramaic, and Hellenistic Greek. Hellenistic Greek, which superseded Hebrew as a literary vehicle and was used in the preparation of late Hebrew and Jewish works, was employed in the translation of the Old Testament into the literature of the later Graeco-Egyptian age. The body of apocryphal works, including Maccabees, the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach, and others, totaling fourteen, was often included in older and larger Bibles between the two Testaments.\nThe Roman Catholic church ascribes greater value to these books than Protestants. They shed light on conditions in the Jewish community during the late pre-Christian period and are receiving increased attention.\n\nFourth in this enumeration of books intimately related to the Bible is the collection of Jewish and Christian apocalypses. The study of which has taken such an important place in recent biblical scholarship. The Bible contains two books of the apocalyptic type, Daniel and Revelation. However, there was a considerable literature of similar character that formed between 200 BC and 150 AD. It was a literature of confident appeal from an era of persecution to one of divine vindication. It was a literature of cryptic utterance, symbolism, significant numbers and colors.\nThe saints in Jewish and Christian assemblies were assured of early deliverance from persecutions and the overthrow of their foes through these books: the two mentioned, as well as the apocalypses of Enoch and Ezra, Baruch, the Assumption of Moses, the Ascension of Isaiah, the Psalms of Solomon, the Book of Jubilees, the Sibylline Oracles, and fragments of other works. The influence of these documents on the thought and speech of Jews and Christians in the first century was notable and can be observed in many New Testament expressions. There is no single collection of these books, as it would be considerable in size. However, they are accessible in separate volumes with valuable commentary in the editions of Professor Charles and other modern scholars.\nThe apocrypha of the New Testament includes a final list of works. The selection of the twenty-seven books in the present Christian Scriptures was not a rapid process. Many works came from early Christian writers, and various collections were formed, some containing more and some less than our present New Testament. Those that did not find acceptance in the collections made by the greater leaders of the church, such as Clement and Origen, were still regarded as of interest. Some of them, like Barnabas, Hermas, the Clementine letters, and the Teachings of the Twelve, came to have a place hardly inferior to the canonical books. Other writings were of early date but less significant, like the various spurious Gospels\u2014of Mary, of the Infancy, and others.\nNicodemus, of Thomas, of Peter \u2014 Acts of Paul and Thecla, Acts of Pilate, several pseudo-apostolic epistles such as Magnesians, Trallians, Smyrnaeans, etc. To these later collectors have been added various legendary fragments, such as the fictitious correspondence of Paul and Seneca, the fanciful stories of Christ and Abgarus, and the equally mythical letters of Herod and Pilate. Such books grade down from early and reverent Christian writings, through pseudo-authoritative instructions and recitals, to purely imaginary sketches. They satisfy natural Christian curiosity regarding the early period of the church. These various lists of works, most of them available for the use of the student of biblical literature, throw valuable light upon the nature and purpose of the authentic Scriptures, and indeed constitute a sort of larger Bible.\nIntelligent examination cannot fail to prove profitable to those who wish to master the meaning and interpret the spirit of the holy Scriptures.\n\nXV\n\nBIBLICAL CRITICISM\n\nThe Hebrew of the Old Testament books was a speech closely related to other Semitic languages, such as Babylonian, Phoenician, and Arabic. It was written in an alphabet much more archaic than the square, so-called Hebrew letters of our common Hebrew texts, which are in reality Aramaic, the sort which superseded the classic form some centuries before Christ. Examples of the older writing, such as that in which most of the Old Testament was written, are to be found in the Moabite inscription of King Mesha from the period of 800 b.c., in the Siloam inscription of the reign of Hezekiah, and in Phoenician inscriptions.\n\nNo portion of the Old Testament has survived in original.\nThe earliest specimens of biblical Hebrew are found in certain fragments, with a date not earlier than the tenth century a.d. From later times, great numbers of such manuscripts of the Old Testament text are extant. They owe their preservation to the care with which they were handled in the synagogues of the Jewish people. However, examination of their character shows that they all go back to a single edition of the text, prepared by Jewish scholars in the third Christian century. At this time, variant readings were eliminated and imperfect manuscripts were suppressed, following the manner of the editors of the Koran in later days.\n\nBiblical Criticism\n\nThe labor of unifying and preserving the Hebrew text began about 250 a.d. by Rabbi Aqiba and his disciples, and continued for many centuries in the various rabbinical schools.\nScholars devised elaborate rules for the careful transmission of the text, and the exactitude with which this was accomplished is shown by the fact that the errors of that established codex have been perpetuated with the same zeal as its proper readings. This was done in the belief that the inexplicable forms, such as abnormally small or large letters found in the text, were in some mystical manner significant of the divine will and not to be disturbed.\n\nThese scholars of the Jewish schools have received the names of Massoretes from the fact that the product of their labors was called the Massorah or tradition, the thing that was handed on. One of the devices used to perpetuate the interpretation as well as the form of the text upon which they came to agree was the invention of the vowel points for the Hebrew text. As written at first, and in fact more accurately, the text did not include vowels.\nHebrew had only consonants throughout its history. Vowels were supplied by the reader. This led to great ambiguity. To avoid such confusion, the Massoretic scribes devised a system of points and other marks to be used above, below, and within the various consonant letters. This was of great advantage, but it only made permanent the interpretation that had met the approval of the Massoretes.\n\nIn fact, very serious changes had been made to the Hebrew text between the days when various portions of the Old Testament took shape and the time of its textual unification in the second and third Christian centuries. This is proven by the variations from the text.\nThe text shown in the LXX, the Talmud, and the New Testament. However, the most compelling proof of transcription errors lies in the differences between two sets of parallel narratives in the Old Testament itself, such as Kings and Chronicles, 2 Samuel 22 and Psalm 18, and many other instances. It is virtually impossible to copy a manuscript correctly. Errors of all kinds are likely to occur. Such errors stem from misunderstanding the passage being copied, a mistake of the eye in reading one word or letter for another, a misunderstanding of words when several copyists follow the voice of a reader, or a failure of memory to recall several words in a series. These and other types of scribal mistakes are amply illustrated by the ordinary Old Testament text.\nIt is the task of one who studies the Old Testament to recognize that the original writers used a form of Hebrew letters different from those in use, did not employ vowel points, and their words were not separated in many instances. From this it follows that the most satisfactory study secures meanings most in harmony with the current of biblical teaching throughout the Hebrew Scriptures. This would seem simple and obvious. But it does not take account of Biblical Criticism, Jewish and even early Christian tradition which at times obtrudes itself in the path of the plain meanings of the writings.\nWith the weight of this ancient tradition clearly felt, most translations have gone back to the Massoretic text. This has been true from the days of Jerome and the Vulgate. Through all the centuries since that time, the immense volume of material slowly collected from the many versions has received small attention until our own day. Even yet, the spell of the Jewish tradition is strong. In most cases, students attempting to study the Hebrew text of the Old Testament content themselves with such editions of the Masoretic reading as those of Baer and Delitzsch, or Ginsburg. As might be expected, the Revised Version, which took form before the searching critical work of the last twenty-five years came to light, relies almost as much as the King James.\nVersion upon the Massoretic text. The special labors of an army of independent scholars in the field of Old Testament textual criticism are now available.\n\nThe work of finding the most nearly perfect text of the Bible or of any other book is called textual criticism. A more common name for it is Lower Criticism. This term is not employed to signify a lower grade of importance attaching to this process than to some other, but to indicate the primary, fundamental character of these inquiries as contrasted with those of historical and literary investigations which follow. They have to do with authorship, integrity, historicity, and chronology. They are comprehended under the term Higher Criticism.\n\nCriticism means separation. It is the attempt to discriminate between the genuine and the spurious, the original and the corrupted.\nAll students of the Bible recognize the invaluable nature of textual critics' labors. Upon their foundations, historical studies, Hebrew and Christian origins, and theological disciplines take form. There was a time when all types of biblical criticism were viewed with disquietude by the uninformed. Now, the vital necessity of such research as have been made by both lower and higher critics, and the value of their results to scholarship and to faith, are commonplaces of intelligent Bible study.\n\nIf the work of the textual critic has been of great value in the field of Old Testament study, even more romantic and not less significant has it been in the case of Christian documents. These are the literary materials.\nThe religious assurance of the most progressive nations in the world rests upon the New Testament. Their importance and the necessity of their complete investigation are apparent. As with the older Scriptures, there are no autographic copies of the New Testament extant. The most ancient copies we possess date back no further than the fourth century. It is probable that the books were mostly written and copied on papyrus, a perishable material at best. It was not until Christianity became a recognized and powerful influence in the Roman empire in the fourth century that the multiplication and preservation of its books became a matter of widespread concern. Papyrus was superseded by vellum or parchment as the material on which its documents were reproduced.\n\nOf these manuscripts, there were two sorts: an earlier and an later one.\nFrom the fourth to the tenth century, Greek texts were written in uncials, which are called uncials due to the use of capital letters. From the tenth century, a smaller and more running script, known as minuscule or cursive, was employed. Approximately one hundred and sixty uncials are known, containing the entire New Testament or parts of it. There are over three thousand cursives.\n\nFive of the great uncials are the most famous. The discovery of a manuscript of the Greek Bible in the library of St. Catherine's Monastery at the traditional Mt. Sinai in 1844 was a significant event in biblical text history. Secured by Tischendorf in 1859, it is now in the Imperial Library at Leningrad. Known as Codex Sinaiticus or Aleph, the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, it dates from the fourth century.\nThe fourth century. There is in the British Museum a manuscript of most of the Greek Bible given to Charles I in 1627 by the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is known as Codex Alexandrinus, or A. In the Vatican Library at Rome there is probably the oldest and most valuable manuscript of the Greek New Testament. It is of the fourth century, and is called Codex Vaticanus, or B. In the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris there is a manuscript of the Greek Bible dating from the fifth century. In the twelfth century, a Syrian Christian named Ephraem washed or scraped the vellum in order to write some of his own compositions upon it. It is therefore a palimpsest, nearly illegible in portions.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\n\nIt is called Codex Ephraemi, or C. In the University Library at Cambridge there is a Greek and Latin codex of the Bible.\nThe task of a New Testament textual critic is to compare Gospels and Acts, obtained from the monastery of St. Irenaeus at Lyons by Theodore Beza, believed to be from the sixth century or even the fifth, named Codex Bezae or D. The critic aims to approach the authentic text of Christian sources by comparing this and other Greek New Testament manuscripts and versions, as well as quotations from early Christian fathers.\n\nThe best-known Greek text of the New Testament to scholars until recently is called the Textus Receptus.\nThe Received Text is practically identical to that published by Stephens in 1550 and the Elzevirs in 1624. These editions were based on the two earliest printed texts of the New Testament: Erasmus' published in 1516 and the Complutensian Polyglot, printed in 1514 and issued in 1522. These texts represented the kind of Greek manuscripts available during the Middle Ages. The Authorized or King James Version of the New Testament was based on the Received Text. A large proportion of the material concerning textual criticism of the New Testament has become available in the past two centuries. Much of this evidence goes back further than anything Erasmus or his contemporaries had at hand.\n\nBiblical Criticism\nFor instance, the Vatican Codex, the oldest and best of the manuscripts, is an example.\nThe text has become fully known only within the last half century. Tischendorf's great discovery was not published until 1862. The list of men who have worked at compiling facts and applying them to the reconstruction of the text of the New Testament books is long. Notable names include Bengel (1734), Wetstein (1752), Semler (1767), Griesbach (1774), Lachmann (1831), Tischendorf (1869), and Tregelles (1870). The most eminent contributors to a satisfactory text have been the two English scholars, Bishop Westcott and F. J. S. Hort. Their joint labors upon the Greek text began as far back as 1853, but their finished product, accompanied by an explanatory introduction, came from the press in 1881, five days before the publication of the English Revised Version. In the long years during which the science of textual criticism evolved, these scholars made significant strides in establishing an accurate New Testament text.\nAmong the development of criticism, recognized rules for the prose task have taken form, now familiar to all scholars. These include the necessity of gathering all historical, geographical, and linguistic facts regarding a manuscript before its evidence is estimated; the danger of relying upon numbers, as twenty manuscripts copied from an inferior text may be of less value than two whose ancestry is older and more satisfactory; a shorter reading is preferable to a longer one, as a text is more likely to be changed by additions than by omissions; and a more difficult and obscure reading is to be preferred to one simpler and easier, as a copyist has a tendency to explain a seemingly difficult passage. The Bible Through the Centuries.\nContemporary bias is less likely to be genuine than one to which no such suspicion adheres. The application of these and numerous other criteria has given us our comparatively modern and authenticated text of the New Testament, although the Westcott and Hort material was not available for the English Revision. However, even so, in many places the Revised Versions show the value of careful critical work, as compared with the Authorized Version. One who is interested in the new readings which have resulted from the work of textual criticism has only to compare the Authorized Version of 1611 with the Revised Versions and their marginal readings, and especially with modern speech versions, to perceive what a wealth of material has in late years been made available to biblical scholarship and has contributed to a more adequate understanding of the Bible.\nIn this manner, through the slow but steady processes of trained and expert examination of every line of the Scriptures, both Old and New Testaments, the world of biblical study is brought nearer to the original documents as they left the hands of their writers. These writings were not supernaturally produced in the beginning, and they have not been preserved to us in any miraculous manner. They bear the marks of human workmanship both in their production and transmission. But with all the limitations under which they have come into our keeping, they validate their right to a unique and transcendent place in the regard of mankind, and they abundantly justify the long centuries of labor bestowed upon them.\n\nIt is probable that in spite of all that critical research Biblical Criticism may be able to accomplish in the future, some portions of the Scriptures will remain.\nThe sacred text will always remain obscure, but these imperfections are negligible in comparison to the wealth of inspired and inspiring material whose meaning is quite clear and whose vindication has been achieved through the processes of criticism. To the men who have labored in these industries of scholarship, the church owes a debt which no mere mention of names can ever discharge, an obligation which only the accumulated gratitude of the centuries to come can reward.\n\nDuring the past century, the books of the Bible have been subjected to searching examination as a result not only of textual criticism but also by the application of historical and literary methods. This activity arose as a result of the general scientific movement with its appeal to fact and its rejection of tradition. The discovery of glaring errors in historical or semi-historical records led to a renewed interest in the Bible as an historical document, and the application of literary methods revealed the artistic and literary merits of the text.\n\nThe textual criticism of the Bible involved the comparison of various manuscripts and the identification and correction of errors and inconsistencies. This was a painstaking and laborious process, but it was essential for establishing an accurate text. The historical and literary examination of the Bible involved the study of the cultural, social, and historical context in which the texts were written, as well as an analysis of the literary style and structure of the individual books.\n\nThe results of these scholarly investigations have been groundbreaking. For example, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls provided new insights into the historical context of the Bible and the development of the Jewish and Christian religions. The application of literary methods revealed the complex literary structures and themes of the Bible, which have enriched our understanding of the text.\n\nIn conclusion, the past century of scholarly investigation has shed new light on the Bible, revealing its historical and literary significance and enriching our understanding of its meaning. The debt owed to the scholars who have labored in these fields is immeasurable, and their work will continue to inspire and inform future generations.\nHistorical documents relating to political and religious history sharpened the interest of inquirers to apply some method of discrimination to a wide range of ancient writings. The discovery by Valla of the false decretals and spurious donations, by which validation was apparently secured for ecclesiastical pretensions in the Roman Empire during the times of Constantine and his successors, stirred the scholarly world to further research. The nature and trustworthiness of many types of literature inherited from classical periods came under scrutiny.\n\nIt was inevitable that soon or late this process should be applied to the Old and New Testaments. The purely scientific concern for the correct tradition was intensified in the case of the Scriptures by religious considerations. It was to be expected that such activity would arouse apprehension.\nOn the part of those who had no reason to question the familiar theories of biblical authorship, dates, and values, the form in which the Bible was received by the church in the eighteenth century and the views then held regarding its literary history were considered authentic, authoritative, and final. To only a few biblical scholars had there occurred such questions as are today the commonplaces of careful Bible study. Something of the work of the textual critic has been indicated. Upon that foundation, it was necessary to set the task of literary and historical investigation. To some, this seemed unnecessary and irreverent. But it becomes increasingly evident upon study and reflection that in the Bible, the student is dealing with a human literature which has the common characteristics of all literary work.\nIt is clear that an inquiry into the structure and peculiarities of this literature is inevitable. Timidity and submission to traditional opinions could inhibit such a task. A mere reading of some books of Scripture shows that they are made up of two or three wholly unrelated parts which were probably once separate books. Others are seen to be compiled from various sources by editorial activity, which in turn has become responsible for additions to the original material. The frank recognition of these facts is in no way disturbing to the faith of any believer in the value of the Scriptures as the highest literary expression of the will of God. Since these qualities of combination and expansion are evident in other kinds of writing, why should they discredit a set of documents known as Biblical Criticism?\nThe Old Testament, which has proven its ethical and religious value not only despite but in some considerable degree because of these very qualities of human workmanship, came into the possession of the Christian church carrying certain assumptions and traditions regarding its origin and structure. Jewish opinion asserted that its books fell into three groups of distinctly different value and inspiration. There were the five books assigned to Moses, the authoritative standard of doctrine and conduct and the object of far-reaching and luminous labors of commentary. There was the body of prophetic writings, highly valued though not to a degree approaching the reverence in which the Torah was held. The traditions regarding the authorship of such books as Samuel, Isaiah, Zechariah and the like were regarded as authentic and satisfactory.\nThe factory included all remaining miscellaneous writings, which consisted of the leftover books from the previous lists. Tradition upheld certain sacred names as those of recognized authors. The Davidic origin of the Psalms, Solomonic authorship of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, and the exilic date and authenticity of Daniel were not disputed in the later Jewish community or the early Christian church. It was not through painstaking inquiry that these documents were validated; it was simply the fact that no one ever suspected any reason for questioning them. If there were still echoes of recent controversies over Ecclesiastes and Canticles in scribal schools, they were soon forgotten amidst the growing labors of Talmudic commentation and Christian evangelism.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries\nLittle effort was made to question early opinions for centuries. It should be noted, however, that the obscure spaces of both Jewish and Christian history between the first and fifteenth centuries were not devoid of productive work in the field of biblical scholarship. Casual but not insistent questions regarding ancient traditions were raised from time to time. This process of inquiry was greatly stimulated during the Reformation period, as the Bible became the Protestant source of authority in opposition to the papal claims of the Roman Church. The reformers used the Bible with great freedom, giving little heed to Jewish or Christian notions regarding dates and authorships. One is astonished to see how radical some of their views were.\nAdvanced by Luther and his contemporaries compared to the timid conservatism of the second generation of reformers with their favorite doctrine of verbal inspiration. But the modern discipline of literary and historical criticism of the Bible was yet to be born. It could only come to birth as the child of the new spirit of scientific and historical inquiry that sought to test all the facts in these fields and hold fast only to that which could prove its worth.\n\nThe modern method of literary criticism of the Bible arose first out of the unrelated but similar inquiries of such investigators as Astruc, Colenso, Simon, and Spinoza. The attention of these men was attracted to certain literary phenomena in Genesis and other portions of the Hexateuch. The variations noted in the use of the divine names in the text.\nThe early chapters of Genesis reveal the apparent presence of two different narratives of events such as the creation, the deluge, and many incidents in the patriarchal stories. Biblical Criticism led to the gradual adoption of the documentary hypothesis, although not without ebbs and tides of opinion and the rise and fall of other theories like the \"fragment\" hypothesis. Scholars like Ewald, Keunen, DeWette, Stade, Vatke, Wellhausen, Hupfeld, Budde, and a distinguished company addressed the various problems that arose once the spirit of inquiry was fully released. They did not come to their task for the purpose of challenging and discrediting traditional views nor with the motive of their defense. Rather, they came to seek the facts.\nWhatever the results obtained through a process conducted in the spirit of truth and religion would profit. Discredited is any man who undertakes criticism work for the purpose of establishing a preconceived opinion, be it conservative or radical. It is only in the atmosphere of free and unbiased research, and with the conflict of opinions that follows any new proposal, that the best values of Scripture and theology emerge.\n\nCriticism is both destructive and constructive. It signifies the removal of things that can be shaken so that things which cannot be shaken may remain. In all of its earlier stages, it is sure to be destructive and alarming. It appears to be an audacious digging around the roots.\nThe tree of life in the Christian church has dismayed multitudes of souls steadfast in the belief that their inherited and traditional views of the Bible were identical with the very nature of the divine revelation, and that any modification of such views was heretical and inexcusable. The Bible Through the Centuries\n\nBut this sentiment fades away as the discovery is made that critical inquirers have no personal ends to serve but are only seeking for facts. In the end, it becomes clear that as a result of the critical process, the Bible has gained immeasurably larger values and is shown to rest not on heaps of sand but on mountains of rock. If it has been proven in the process of critical inquiry that the book of Joshua is a part of a sixfold unit called the Hexateuch, which has taken the place of the former.\nThe fivebooks of the Pentateuch; Moses is merely a common name for Israel's legislation instead of the lawgiver later made of him by Hebrew tradition; there are four documents in the Hexateuch, nearly as distinct as the four Gospels of the New Testament; the prophetic and priestly histories are compilations from various sources with differing values; the Psalms are Davidic only in the sense that early king of Israel was believed to be a musician and patron of the music of the sanctuary; it is debatable if we have any literary material that directly represents Solomon; the book of Isaiah consists of at least three different bodies of prophetic material from various ages of the national experience, and manifests additional differences.\nThe editorial work significantly influenced the results; the Book of Daniel is not a work of prophecy and assumes Daniel's name and character for apocalyptic persuasion. The four Gospels are anonymous and provide clear evidence of the usual literary relationships in Biblical Criticism. The common authorship of the fourth Gospel and Revelation cannot be maintained. The Pauline authorship of Hebrews is no longer defensible, and the relation of the apostle to the Pastoral Epistles is improbable. These are among the conclusions reached through painstaking and accurate scholarship. However, it is essential to note that these findings do not discredit these portions of the Bible but rather bring us closer to their true origin and purpose. No part of the Bible gains in value by these discoveries.\nThe function of literary criticism of Scripture is to raise inquiries regarding the integrity, authenticity, credibility, and historical value of the documents that make up our collection of sacred writings. One wishes to know whether a book like Nehemiah or Matthew is a single document written by one author or an amalgam of different works, a composite of various strata of writing. It is also natural to ask whether it seems probable that the name attached to a given book like Samuel or the Song of Songs or James is the name of the author, or the hero, or a mere literary device. One makes further inquiries whether the statements made in a biblical narrative are historically accurate.\nThe trustworthiness of the Bible, as demonstrated in the cases of Naaman the Syrian and the shadow on Ahaz's dial, are not inquiries intended to discredit any document, biblical or otherwise. Rather, they are the natural questions raised by any thoughtful reader concerning the objects of their study. Criticism of the Bible, therefore, is judgment, discrimination, and investigation, and when properly pursued, it has the value of eliciting the desired knowledge regarding the materials under examination.\n\nIt is worth noting Jesus' attitude toward the Scriptures and his superior freedom in their use. He was nourished by the Old Testament and quoted from its various portions as if they were the ever-present background of his thinking. Yet he used them freely.\nHe handled them as if they were pliable to his touch. He didn't hesitate to expose their limitations while highlighting their values. He contrasted the laws of Israel with his own ideals and maintained that the latter were permanent and complete. He didn't discuss nor question the traditional dates and authorship of these documents. If he knew more facts than his contemporaries, he wisely applied the law of accommodation or deliberately declined to raise questions that had no value for religion or conduct. However, in all other respects, his was the attitude of a reverent critic of the sacred Scriptures, and under his interpretation, men's hearts burned within them as they spoke with him. The purposeful criticism of the Bible in all its parts may rightfully claim the example and authority of the Master himself.\nIt would be interesting to follow the path of biblical inquiry during the past century with devout and scholarly men who have worked to free the Bible from traditional views. These men and their results were met with protest from those disturbed by their biblical ideas. They were accused of disturbing the peace, undermining religion, spreading skepticism, and denying the divine character of the Bible and of Jesus. While these charges could be sustained in individual cases, the spirit of opposition to literary and historical criticism has greatly reduced. Today, the voices of antagonism are growing weaker.\nThe faint and provincial evangelism, for the most part, have been reduced to the circle of criticism and a futile section of the religious press. The process has vindicated itself through its results. The work of criticism has made the human and convincing the story of the Old Testament. The prophets and apostles no longer look at us from the dim, unworldly heights of Michael Angelo's portraits in the Sistine Chapel, but from the nearer and more sympathetic levels of Sargent and Tissot. The work of Higher Criticism is not completed yet, though the main lines of its affirmations have been established. It is mainly in the region of details that work still remains to be done. Along the broad frontiers of biblical literature, its results are accepted, and the great Christian public is well on its way toward complete conviction of its outstanding results and a calm and assured employment.\nThe findings of its process are no longer controversial. The odium once attached to those concerned with it has largely receded. On the foundations laid by the work of devout scholars in this field, impressive structures of rational theology and religious education are being built. The age of apprehension is passing. Our children will not have to fight the battle for freedom through The Bible Through the Centuries, as the present generation has been doing. The critical spirit that has given reasonable and convincing explanation of the physical universe has provided us with an equally satisfactory interpretation of the Word of God.\n\nThe Higher Criticism has forever disposed of the fetish of a level Bible; it has destroyed the doctrine of verbal inspiration; it has set in proper light the partial and primitive nature of the scriptures.\nThe ethics of the Hebrew people; it has relieved the church of the responsibility of defending ancient social abuses which received popular and even prophetic sanction in Old Testament times. It has made faith easier and more confident. It has helped the world turn from the imperfect views of an adolescent stage of the race to the satisfying ideals of our Lord. It has enabled us to understand the varying testimonies to the life of Jesus and the divergent tendencies of the apostolic age. And most of all, it has explained the seeming contradictions and conflicts of biblical statement which were, in former periods, the target of captious and often successful attack.\n\nThe work of Higher Criticism has its purposes and its limitations. It is a means to the better understanding of the Word of God. If it can make more vivid and concrete the biblical texts, it has served its purpose.\nThe Old Testament and New perform an admirable and gratifying service in intelligent Bible appreciation. As Mr. Gladstone wrote, \"All the wonders of Greek civilization heaped together are less wonderful than this Book, the history of the human soul in relation to its Maker.\"\n\nXVI\n\nTRANSLATIONS AND REVISIONS OF THE BIBLE\n\nThe Old Testament was written primarily in the Hebrew language, with a few chapters in Daniel, a small portion of Ezra, and a single verse of Jeremiah written in Aramaic. No original copies of these Hebrew Scriptures exist. The earliest texts now available are not older than the tenth or eleventh century of the Christian era. The text we now possess is the result of a vast amount of labor in comparing such copies.\nThe Scriptures, as they have come down from the past, exist in Hebrew and various translations of it. The nearest approach to an authentic Hebrew text may be found in the Samaritan Pentateuch. This is a text of the first five books of the Old Testament dating from the fifth century b.c., the time when the Samaritan community began its separate existence. This community rejected the other portions of the Old Testament cherished in the Jewish circle at Jerusalem, and adhered to the Pentateuch alone. Copies of this old text of the Torah have been jealously preserved by the little Samaritan colony surviving at Nablus, the ancient Shechem. These are written in the archaic Hebrew characters that were common before the Aramaic square letters came into use.\n\nThe Bible Through the Centuries.\nThis Samaritan Pentateuch is not a translation of the five books but an independent Hebrew text, valuable for comparison with other copies of the Pentateuch. The points in which it differs from the accepted forms of that text are mainly those pertaining to the locality and beliefs of that community, among which is the substitution of \u201cGerizim\u201d for \u201cEbal\u201d in the text of Deuteronomy 27:4, thus validating the site of the Samaritan temple. The total number of variations is quite large, and some are interesting. However, few are important, and these are generally mentioned in the margins of later English texts.\n\nThe earliest translation of the Old Testament was made into Greek, the language carried out into the east as a result of Alexander's wars. It became the language of culture in all the Levant. There were many Jews.\nLiving in Egypt in the third century before Christ, tradition affirmed that a translation into Greek was prepared at the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus around 250 BC by seventy Jewish translators. The work was probably undertaken by the Jewish community as the only means of access to the Hebrew Scriptures. It was accomplished by various people over a period of a hundred and fifty years. Due to the tradition of the seventy translators, it was generally known as the Septuagint, the \u201cSeventy,\u201d and is represented by the symbol LXX. Some parts of the work were much more satisfactorily translated than others. Later on, private translations of some of the books were found more acceptable and were substituted for the earlier version. The New Testament was written in this same Greek language, and thus the entire Bible came into the possession of the Greek-speaking world.\nTranslations  and  Revisions  of  the  Bible \nof  the  early  Christian  community  in  this  tongue.  The \nwriters  of  the  New  Testament  were  familiar  with  the  Sep- \ntuagint  translation  of  the  Hebrew  Scripture  and  used  that \nversion  in  their  quotations  from  the  Old  Testament.  The \nfact  that  Greek  was  generally  understood  by  educated  people \nthroughout  the  Roman  empire  was  of  the  greatest  advantage \nto  the  apostles  and  early  Christian  preachers.  It  was  to \nthem  in  reality  a  \u201c  gift  of  tongues,\u201d  for  it  enabled  them  to \nreach  people  of  many  local  dialects  with  the  gospel  in  the \ncommon  speech  of  the  day. \nThe  official  language  of  the  empire  was  Latin.  It  was \nalmost  inevitable  that  this  speech  should  in  time  displace \nthe  Greek  as  the  church  developed  its  liturgies  and  litera\u00ac \nture.  For  this  reason  Latin  versions  of  the  Bible  including \nboth  Old  and  New  Testaments  were  produced  as  early  as \nThe first half of the third Christian century. These are variously known as the Old Latin and Itala versions. They were translated from the Greek text of the Septuagint and from the Greek of the New Testament. It is not certain in which part of the world these Latin versions were made, as by that time the church was expanding in all directions. But it is thought that Antioch was one of the cities in which they took form.\n\nBy far the most important edition of the Bible in the language of Rome was the Vulgate, so called because it came to be the \u201ccommon\u201d or \u201cpopular\u201d version of the Scriptures. It was made by Jerome, an accomplished scholar born about 340 AD. At the request of Pope Damasus, he undertook the task. During the fourteen years he spent in Bethlehem (390-404 AD), he brought the Bible to completion.\nThis work includes a complete translation of the Bible, including the Apocrypha. This translation has been the accepted text of the Roman Catholic church since. It is based not on the Septuagint text of the Old Testament but upon the Hebrew, which he studied with available aids. This version, like most that followed, faced criticism and hostility from church authorities, who at the time insisted that the Septuagint was the only authentic translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. Jerome's version gradually gained favor.\n\nIn the early Christian centuries, many popular translations of the Scriptures into various Eastern languages were produced. There were numerous Syrian Christian communities, for whom Syriac translations were made of both the Old and New Testaments. The Jewish people also made translations.\nSynagogues used versions of the Old Testament called Targhums, referred to as \"translations,\" which ranged from fairly accurate renderings of the Hebrew text into Aramaic speech to free paraphrases with no literal intent. For the Christian population in Egypt, several Coptic versions of the Bible were produced in the fifth and sixth centuries. At the southern end of the Red Sea in Abyssinia, Christian influences were present early in the church's history. In the fifth century, a Bible version in the Ethiopic language emerged. In the region now known as Serbia and Bulgaria, Ulfilas, the apostle of the gospel to the Goths, lived and worked in the latter part of the fourth century. He translated the Scriptures into the Gothic language, the speech of the people.\nTranslations and revisions of the Bible were made by barbarians who had raided the districts of Cappadocia and carried off his parents a generation before. A contemporary naively states that he translated \"all the books of the Scripture with the exception of the books of Kings, which he omitted because they are a mere narrative of military exploits, and the Gothic tribes were especially fond of war.\"\n\nA Slavonic translation was made in the early centuries for the Slavic peoples, particularly the Bulgars. For the Armenian communities of Asia Minor, a version of the Bible seems to have been made in the fifth century. Among the Christians of Syria and Egypt who were overwhelmed by the Arab wave of conquest in the seventh century, there appeared translations of the Scriptures into Arabic. It will be noticed that in these instances, the effort was made either for the Slavs, Armenians, and Arabic-speaking Christians.\nTo supply a Jewish or Christian community with Scriptures for worship and study or to provide material for missionary extension of the Christian faith. Similar activities have produced the hundreds of versions of the Scriptures now available for Christian education in all the lands to which the gospel has been carried. One of the most remarkable collections of books in the world is the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Hardly less interesting is that of the American Bible Society. There are gathered copies of all the obtainable versions of the Scriptures since printing was invented, and many manuscript editions as well. There are books in the curious and fascinating tongues to which only specialists have access. There are the copies of the Old and New Testaments.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries in Shanghai, Singapore, Rangoon, Bombay, Colombo, Cairo, and Constantinople. There are the Bibles with romantic and fateful personal histories, as the possessions of soldiers, sailors, explorers, and adventurers in various parts of the world. Bibles with bullet holes and saber thrusts, Bibles stained with the blood of missionary martyrs, and Bibles blotted with the red ochre of official censors. Additionally, there are the quaint and curious Bibles in the early forms of our own speech; Bibles representing all the stages of our English Scripture; Bibles with grotesque errors, like the \"Wicked Bible,\" the \"Breeches Bible,\" and others whose printers were punished for their mistakes.\n\nThis leads naturally to the story of the Bible:\nThis story illustrates the necessity of translating and revising the Scriptures in every language. Language is fluid and does not remain the same. Constant retranslation and revision are required to prevent the Word of God from becoming archaic and outdated. Fifty dictionaries of the English language have been published since the King James Version of the Bible was released in 1611. The ceaseless labor of Bible translation and revision is essential for maintaining biblical knowledge. A similar future of splendid effort awaits growing Christian communities in non-Christian lands.\nThe first partial or imperfect versions of the Scriptures are now appearing. Two impressive names gather to themselves the Translations and Revisions of the Bible. Of all the work that preceded the art of printing, John Wyclif is the common denominator, and of that which has taken form since, William Tyndale is the representative.\n\nIn 597 A.D., the missionary Augustine landed in Kent on the southern shore of Britain. His preaching was not the first Christian message that Britain had heard, for from the second century there had been confessors of the faith. But from his day, the growth had been rapid. Yet education was rare, and the need for copies of the Scriptures was little felt. Caedmon of Whitby set some of the stories of the Bible into poetic paraphrase as early as 670 A.D. A little is known about him.\nAbout 700 AD, Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, prepared a version of the Psalms, part in prose and part in verse. The best-known Christian scholar of that age was Bede, a monk of Yarrow on the Tyne, who died in 735 AD. The last book of his version to be translated was the Fourth Gospel, which he finished in the closing hours of his life. King Alfred of England, justly called the Great (849-901 AD), did much to revive the Christian religion in the realm. He translated portions of the Scriptures into the vernacular, particularly the Psalms. He prefixed to the laws of the kingdom a version of the Ten Commandments and parts of Exodus. The earliest known appearance of the Gospels in English was a paraphrase by a priest named Aldred, who about 950 wrote it between the lines of a Latin copy of the Gospels. Aelfric of Peterborough.\n1000 made a copy of the Gospels and later added several books of the Old Testament, as well as Judith and the Maccabees from the Apocrypha. The Bible Through the Centuries\n\nSoon afterward, William the Conqueror came with his Normans to crush the Saxons. The battle of Hastings in 1066 was the beginning of a total change in language, manners, and customs. Little was done to promote Bible translation in the first centuries of Norman rule, but two or three versions of the Psalms in the new language served to make it familiar and acceptable.\n\nOut of the stormy period which prevailed in England from the Conquest till the Reformation there rises the impressive figure of John Wyclif. He was an Oxford man, a scholar of distinction, and one of the \"morning stars\" of the new era of enlightenment and religious reform.\nThe age of Richard II was restless, marked by political and social troubles. Wat Tyler's rebellion was a sign of the times, with famine and plague frequent. Chaucer began singing the first songs of English poetry. Men longed for a better order, but church and state remained unaware. Wyclif recognized the need for a Bible the people could use and planned a translation of the entire Latin Vulgate into English. This translation, which emerged around 1382, was popularized by the traveling preachers Wyclif organized and sent out. Known as \"Lollards,\" they performed a valuable service in awakening the public mind on religious matters.\nThemes. Soon afterward, around 1388, a revised version of Wyclif's Bible translations and revisions appeared. This was likely the work of his friend and pupil, John Purvey. This revision became more popular than Wyclif's own work and largely superseded it. The English Reformation was built on the foundation of biblical knowledge laid by these versions of the Scriptures. It's important to note that at this time, no printed copies of the Word of God existed. All Bibles were in manuscript form and therefore expensive. Reading the Bible was also under the ban of the state. Men were fined for possessing or distributing any part of the Scriptures, and even worse penalties were sometimes imposed. This was the usual way to suppress heresies.\n\nAbout a hundred years after Wyclif's death,\nBorn in 1484, William Tyndale studied at Oxford and Cambridge. The first complete Latin Bible was printed from movable types by Gutenberg in 1455, and the study of Hebrew and Greek advanced greatly under the influence of the Revival of Learning. The printing press, which began in Germany in 1454, was brought into England by Caxton in 1470. Deeply stirred by the intellectual and religious needs of the time, Tyndale's rejoinder to a churchman became a classic: \"If God spares my life, within a few years a plowboy will know more of the Scriptures than you do.\" Compelled to seek refuge in flight from England, he went to Germany and, with the help of friends, published.\nTwo editions of the New Testament in 1525 were smuggled into England and met instant acceptance. Henry VIII used every effort to suppress this work, and many copies were publicly burned. Tyndale himself, still in exile, began the completion of this work with the translation of the Old Testament in 1530. However, he did not live to finish it. In 1536, despite friends' efforts to keep him safe in his retreat in Antwerp, he was betrayed into the hands of imperial officers. He was tried, condemned, strangled, and burned. Tyndale's last words were, \u201cLord, open the king of England\u2019s eyes.\u201d Miles Coverdale, the next in the illustrious list of translators, did much to realize the martyr\u2019s work.\nHe published the first complete Bible in the English language around 1535. It was printed on the continent but won the favor of the authorities, including the king, Thomas Cromwell, and Bishop Cranmer. From this time onward, Bible translation and publication became the order of the day. A dozen versions of the Scriptures were issued between Coverdale\u2019s and the Authorized Version in 1611. The work of Wyclif and Tyndale came to fruition.\n\nA friend and co-worker of Tyndale's, John Rogers, brought out the so-called \u201cMatthew\u2019s Bible\u201d in 1537. This was really the continuation of Tyndale and Coverdale\u2019s work, and yet it received the sanction of Henry VIII within a year after Tyndale\u2019s martyrdom. In 1539, Coverdale published a revision of his Bible, which because of its larger and more sumptuous form was called \u201cThe Great Bible.\u201d\nIn the reign of Mary, many reformers were compelled to take refuge on the continent. A company of these in Switzerland prepared a revision of the Scriptures, known as the \"Geneva Bible,\" which was completed in 1560. In 1563, Archbishop Parker began, with the aid of other churchmen, a revision of the Great Bible. This appeared under the title of the Bishops\u2019 Bible and soon superseded the other work in the usage of the Established Church. About the same period, other workers produced a Bible in English for Roman Catholics on the continent. It originated in.\nSchools of Douai and Rheims in succession intended to counteract the influence of the Geneva Version. It appeared in 1609 and was based naturally upon the Vulgate of St. Jerome.\n\nKing James I, the successor of Queen Elizabeth, came to the English throne in 1603. The various editions of the Scriptures which had taken form since the days of Wyclif, differing as they did in many features and based upon many different sources, demanded the preparation of a standard English edition of the Bible. In 1611, a royal commission representing the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and the City of London completed the work, which has for the past three centuries been known as the Authorized or King James Version. It represented the best scholarship of the time. Its stately and beautiful literary style has made it a classic.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries: An unfailing source of satisfaction to the English-speaking world. Although its reception into popular favor was slow, it won its way and has remained until modern times the familiar and cherished version of the Bible. However, it is a far cry from 1611 to the present. The changes that have come over the English language have been revolutionary. Words do not now mean what they did in the reign of King James. Moreover, much new material for the correction and interpretation of the original texts of the Bible has come to hand through the discovery of other texts and versions than those formerly known. In addition, archaeological science has shed light on the Bible, proving of great value. Textual and literary criticism have made their contributions to the study of the Book. A new edition of the Bible.\nIn 1870, the need for a revised Bible grew due to the publication of numerous private versions, such as that of Rotherham. Two commissions were organized, one consisting of English scholars and the other of Americans. The work was carried out diligently until the Revised New Testament was published in 1881. On May 20th of that year, the entire New Testament, revised in London, was printed in the New York Herald. Two days later, it was published in its entirety in the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Times. Three years later, the Revised Old Testament was published, the work of these two commissions.\n\nDifferences in judgment between the English and American revisers led to the arrangement that the variant readings of the latter should be included.\n\nTranslations and Revisions of the Bible.\nAn appendix should be included, and after the expiration of the copyright period of fourteen years, an edition should be issued with the American readings in the text itself. The American committee continued its labors in preparation for the publication of the American edition. However, just before the expiration of the time limit, the Oxford and Cambridge presses published a so-called American Revised Version, giving in the text the readings of the American committee printed in the appendix of the English version fourteen years earlier.\n\nThis action was regarded as unwarranted by the American committee as it failed entirely to represent the status of biblical scholarship in 1899. Accordingly, in 1901, the American committee published the American Standard Bible under the imprint of Thomas Nelson and Sons.\nThis is the latest and best of the Revised Versions, which have largely displaced the archaic readings of the King James Version in informed circles of Bible study. There are many people who still cling to that text because of its undoubted literary qualities. They seem less concerned to have a competent translation of the Bible than to enjoy the charm of a familiar rendering. It is as if one should prefer the undoubtedly attractive Fitzgerald version of the Rubaiyat to one of less poetic merit but more faithful to the original Omar. The choice is between a pleasing and well-known rendering of the Scripture and an authentic and trustworthy translation of the original. Many other versions have appeared in recent years. The present age is almost as prolific in the production of The Bible Through the Centuries.\nThe Bible underwent various editions during the sixteenth century. Alongside official revised versions, attempts were made to make the Bible more comprehensible through modern speech or text arrangements that highlighted its literary features. An exemplary representation of this category is the \"Modern Reader's Bible,\" edited by the late Professor R.G. Moulton. It presents the text of the English Revised Version in a literary form that clarifies the author's conceptions of the various types of biblical writing. It is also printed in attractive individual volumes. Modern speech editions of the Scriptures have proliferated and gained popularity in recent years. They include the Twentieth Century New Testament, Weymouth's, Ballantine's, Moffatt's, and Goodspeed's New Testaments.\nMrs. Montgomery\u2019s version of the Gospels, Moffatt\u2019s Modern Speech Old Testament, and the American translation of the Old Testament by Professor J. M. Powis Smith and three colleagues are among the many versions of the Scriptures issued in the past decade. Nor should one omit the version of the Scriptures published by the Roman Catholic Church for its members, and that of the Old Testament issued by the Jewish Publication Society.\n\nXV\nTHE INSPIRATION AND AUTHORITY OF THE BIBLE\n\nMost holy books of the various faiths claim some sort of inspiration and authority. This is true of the Vedic hymns, the laws of Hammurabi, the Avesta, the Pitikas, the Granth, and the holy book of the Sikhs, as well as the Koran.\neach  of  the  great  religions  there  has  been  in  the  hearts  of \nthe  worshipers  the  conviction  that  the  literature  produced  in \nthe  atmosphere  of  the  deity  or  leader  they  revere  is  divine. \nNor  should  there  be  any  doubt  of  this  fact  on  the  part  of \nany  discerning  and  reverent  soul.  God  speaks  to  man  by \ndivers  portions  and  in  various  ways,  through  many  teachers \nand  in  many  writings.  None  of  the  sacred  books  that  have \nlifted  any  part  of  the  race  to  new  altitudes  of  thinking  and \nconduct  has  lacked  something  of  the  Spirit  of  God.  But \nsuch  phrases  as  one  may  with  complete  assurance  apply  to \nthese  literatures  fall  short  of  a  proper  and  satisfying  char\u00ac \nacterization  of  the  Bible. \nWhat  is  meant,  then,  by  this  term  as  it  is  used  of  the \nOld  Testament  and  the  New  ?  And  what  are  the  arguments \nadvanced  to  assert  and  defend  that  claim?  The  most  com\u00ac \nThe reasons presented for the inspiration of the Bible are as follows: We have inherited our belief in its inspiration from our Christian ancestors, who accepted this view without questioning. The church has affirmed the inspired character of the Scriptures throughout its history. For those who accept the authority of the church, this is a sufficient guarantee. The Bible claims its own inspiration, as stated in 2 Timothy 3:16: \"Every Scripture inspired by God is also profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness.\" In the closing book of the New Testament, these solemn words are found: \"I testify to every man who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: If anyone adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.\" (Revelation 22:18-19)\nIf any man add to the words of this book, God shall add unto him the plagues which are written in this book. And if any man take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city. The books themselves have a certain self-attesting quality. When the Bible, rightly understood, makes its appeal to mind and heart, it requires no further validation. Its message comes with a sense of urgency possessed by no other literature known to the race. These are the most important arguments presented in defense of the doctrine of inspiration. There are others that might be mentioned, but they are all in some manner related to these or included in them.\nThe argument from the faith of our fathers has the Inspiration and Authority of the Bible serious consideration. It is a truth past all doubting that much of the heroism, steadfastness, and virtue of Christian generations behind us was due to the faith they had in the Bible and its inspiration as the Word of God. Lacking that confidence, life would have seemed little worth to them. Our age has learned to revise many of their opinions and discredit many of their beliefs. The world in which we live is a wider, freer world. But there was something majestic and enduring about the Christian faith and character of those grand men of the past that we may well covet.\nThis is not sufficient to validate their view of the Scriptures? Some may think it is, but in the changing order of our time, a more certain ground is needed. Men must have better grounds of assurance than the faith of other men, even such men as we have known and revered.\n\nThe argument from church authority is still less satisfactory. To the Roman Catholic or the adherent of the Greek Orthodox Church, it might be sufficient. Even to a Protestant, it is not without deep significance that the religious body to which he belongs has, through the years, maintained a stout and unwavering faith in the inspiration of the Bible. But it must not be forgotten that the Roman Church, which made the first formal and official declaration of the inspired and canonical nature of the Scriptures, was the very organization that, through the long years, did most to challenge that very inspiration.\nThe Bible has never been favorable to popular use by the Roman Church, and it is only repairing the mistake it made in other centuries by giving a version of the Scriptures to its people. Why should the book have been withheld if it was inspired by God? At first glance, the argument from the statements in the Bible itself seems convincing. What more could one wish for than the reference of an apostolic writer, whether Paul or another, to \"all Scriptures given by inspiration of God\"? However, a moment's study of the text shows that the writer could have had in mind at best only the Old Testament.\nThe early Christians knew scripts, possibly including apocryphal books. The writer of Revelation's strong words refer to that single document, as there was no New Testament collection in his day. The Bible's validation through its own words lacks application to the New Testament's inspiring messages. If a work's inspiration rests on its self-claim, the Koran should outrank the Bible. One must look elsewhere for certainty. The last argument goes much further.\nThe Inspiration and Authority of the Bible make a more compelling appeal than the others, despite being less definite. The inspiration of the Bible differs from any other literature or human genius. Yet, it holds a significant claim to reverence and obedience. It brings the sanctions of divine life and spiritual experience near to the human soul. Self-attesting, its uniqueness is more convincing than any theologian's arguments.\nIf it were up to human choice to determine the character of a book serving as the supreme religious literature for a race, what would such a book be and what should we expect of it? At first thought, it seems easy to describe its qualities. For instance, it should be written by the hand of God or a group of men specially prepared for their task by divine selection and supernatural endowments. The book thus produced should be a clear and unvarying record of the divine mind, with no suggestion of error in matters of fact, norms of conduct, or forms of expression. Furthermore, its transmission to the present time, both in copy and translation, should be faithful and inerrant. There would be little expectation of anything less.\nThe Bible, an originally perfect document, was marred during delivery to the modern world. No such satisfactory Bible exists, to which one could attach the title of the Word of God with assurance. The Bible Through the Centuries.\n\nNothing is clearer than the fact that we have no such book as this. No such book has ever been known. The Jews' claims for the five books of Moses came close, and the same is true of Mohammedan assertions regarding the Koran, and of certain other religious groups in behalf of their particular scriptures. However, no such claim can be maintained in the face of the obvious facts. The Bible does not demand consideration as a superhuman oracular volume. It possesses the characteristics of its various writers.\nEach speaks in his own manner. It would be impossible to attribute a sermon of Isaiah's to Jeremiah, or a Pauline epistle to Luke. This is one of the chief reasons why the doctrine of verbal inspiration has been discarded as incapable of proof and incompatible with the evident facts. If the divine mind dictated to the writers of the Scriptures the substance and form of the writings, there could not be the individuality that characterizes these documents. There is a striking unity of purpose disclosed in them; but their style, vocabulary, and point of view are as various as their names. Each writer speaks out of his own experience, and uses his own particular equipment of knowledge and skill. Whatever definition of inspiration is constructed must include these facts. Nor were the writers of the Bible safeguarded from error.\nThe men of their age were prone to historical and scientific errors in their work. Their text is not a scholarly treatise on these subjects. They spoke of past events as they understood them and referred to natural facts as they existed. The Bible's inspiration and authority were well-known in their day. However, the themes they explored were not limited to these areas. They employed past events merely as illustrations of God's purposes for humanity. In the opening chapters of Genesis, there are two distinct and contrasting creation narratives. They do not align with each other, nor do either correspond with what scientists would now consider a satisfactory explanation.\nThe description of the origin of things teaches that at the beginning, God was the Creator and man was the climax of the process. The men who put these two varying accounts into the same book were aware of their differences but found moral and religious values which made their divergences negligible. The Old Testament and the New Testament exhibit many such phenomena. Whatever doctrine of inspiration is framed must be hospitable to facts like these. The Bible is not a book whose ethical teachings are all of the same type or value. It discloses the depths to which human nature can descend and out of which it must be lifted. The moral levels of each generation as set down in the Old Testament were subject to the criticism and correction of a later age. A law is not final, a custom is not unchangeable.\nThe Bible is not praiseworthy merely because it is found in the Bible. It may be cited for correction or as an illustration of crude and discarded usage. Such facts must be included in the definition of inspiration.\n\nThe Bible is not a book whose main purpose is the chronicling of miracle or fulfilled prediction. Miracle exists when properly defined, and prophecy of a majestic and compelling sort. But these are not the fundamental elements of the book. In fact, every miracle and every prediction could be eliminated from the Scripture, and its supreme values would not be disturbed. Something would be lost, it is true, and we prefer the books as they are, when rightly interpreted. But their purpose lies on higher levels than these phases, however interesting they may be. And any definition of inspiration we may adopt must meet this requirement.\nThe Bible reveals certain features that justify our calling it inspired. It is a collection of books produced by men living in the midst of the greatest religious movement known to history. It began with small beginnings but with gradually expanding force. It originated in the tribal experiences of a small group of people living in \"the least of all lands,\" and culminated in the supreme life of the ages and the most vital and pervasive religious institution ever known. The Bible is a competent record of that movement and presents graphic and convincing portraits of some of the forceful personages who contributed to the unique religious education thus organized. In the lives of these men and in the history they helped to make, God seems to have been present as in no other experiences of the past.\nThe singular quality of Israel's life was not a wilful and capricious selection of a favored race. It was the emergence of the best available instrument for a great purpose. This purpose manifests itself in the documents known as The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible. The Bible is the collection of books in which the profoundest truths of religion are discovered. There are pictured the lives of men like Abraham and Moses, who made sure of the reality of God; men like Amos and Isaiah who discovered and declared God's world-ruling sovereignty; men like Hosea and Jeremiah who penetrated the secret of God's love even for the most unworthy; and One there was.\nWho knew the possibility and preciousness of communion with God and set the world on a way to a transfiguration of life through this discovery. In this book are found the personalities most worthy of reverence. In loyalty to ideals, in the possession of broadening faith and deeper insight, in the appreciation of the supreme religious values, such men as Samuel, David, Micah, Ezekiel, John the Baptist, Paul, and Peter take rank as the pioneers in the vanguard of the world's progress toward the life of the spirit. The Bible reveals to us in glowing hope and partial realization the kingdom of God, that community of redeemed souls and redemptive forces of which Jesus was always speaking. By its help, we are able to find our way to God. By its direction, we discern his will for us as the most worthwhile program of life. By the suggestions it offers.\nAnd the sources of power it reveals, we discover we can actually do his will and fulfill his purposes. Through the study of this book, redemption, atonement, the life of trust, the glory of rewarding service, and the deepening assurance of the Bible are brought within the circle of personal possession. Such values as these are not to be found in like degree in any other literature. The quality which discloses them in such telling manner, we may call inspiration. When the demand is made for a more definite and compact description of this strange quality, one has to respond that it is not to be compressed into any neat and convenient form. It would be easy to define the sort of inspiration the Jewish rabbis affirmed of their Torah, but that is too formal and mechanical to satisfy. It would be equally simple to describe the inspiration of the Christian Bible, but that would not convey the depth and complexity of the concept as it is expressed in this text.\nThe most competent statement about the Bible is that it reveals the total spirit and power that is uniquely and urgently inspiring, making it incomparably greater than any other book in the world. The Bible shares many marks of human workmanship and limitation with other books, yet possesses a spirit that sets it apart. This quality, which defies definition yet is unescapable in the Scripture, is proven by the book's power to inspire. It is the sum of the elements made evident to the reflective.\nThe Inspiration and Authority of the Bible: \"Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my word shall not pass away.\" (Foreign Bible Society)\n\nIt is unfortunate, from certain perspectives, that the Bible has been called the Word of God. The intelligent student finds no difficulty with this title, accepting it in light of all the facts freely spread throughout its pages. Compared to any other of the world's sacred books, it contains, in a unique degree, the message of God to the human race. However, to one who is unwilling to acknowledge this, the title may seem misplaced.\nThe title is misleading if one cannot afford a competent inquiry into the book's nature. It implies more than the Bible guarantees. A casual reading of the collection's documents reveals they were not written by God or men with supernatural knowledge of God's will. Errors have caused greater discredit to the Scriptures and injury to Christianity than attributing a miraculous origin and infallible standard of morals and religion to the Bible. It contains the word of God in a sense that expression can't be used of other books. However, its finality and authority do not reside in all its utterances but in the great characters and messages.\nThe contents of the Bible can be easily identified as its most significant parts. Such portions are worthy of being called the Word of God for man. Various opinions have been held regarding the seat of authority in religion. Some place it in the church. It is not to be doubted that there is a certain moral authority in an organization so revered and efficient as the church of Christ in the world. However, those who hold this view are often careful to limit the definition of the church that may be regarded as possessing this special authority to the organization to which they belong. No advocate of the supreme right of the Christian organization to the place of control would concede authority to the universal church. Instead, it is some particular church they have in mind.\nThe later reformers argued that authority resided in the Bible, to counter the Roman Catholic doctrine of an infallible church. This belief led to extravagant claims for the Bible, such as its self-proclaimed infallibility, which it hadn't prepared for. Traditional authorships of the Bible were considered essential to its validity. Some theologians went so far as to outdo rabbinical apologists with their claims for Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. One saying was, \"He who says that Moses wrote even one verse of his own accord is a denier and despiser of the Word of God.\" Here, the doctrine of inspiration and authority was taken to its limits.\nThe Bible as a whole is not an ultimate authority to one who thoughtfully studies it. The Bible cannot be taken as inerrant and final in all its parts. Dr. John Owen boldly asserted that the vowel points of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament were inspired. This would be equal to insisting that the versification, paragraphing, and punctuation of our English Bible were determined in heaven.\n\nThe command of Samuel to Saul to exterminate the Amalekites would not be regarded as a proper order for our age. The conduct of David in war would be reprehensible in the thought of our generation, just as it was to the later prophets.\n\nThe claims of some post-reformation divines regarding the inerrant character of Scripture were hardly less fantastic.\nThe Bible's toleration of polygamy, slavery, and blood revenge, once permissible, is now impossible. In other words, the Bible is not an authority on all the questions it addresses for us. Paul's anger at the high priest who ordered him struck in court and his advice to Timothy about taking a little wine are not examples for us, though natural in their presentation. Those who accept the Bible as the holiest and most authoritative book we possess always reserve the right to discriminate between statements and precepts that justify themselves to conscience and intelligence and those that do not. One who studies the Scriptures must bring every statement and precept to the bar.\nIn the New Testament, a thoughtful reader exercises discrimination based on their own sense of right and judges by that standard. Paul's rabbinical arguments in the Epistle to the Galatians do not appeal to us as much as his doctrine of justification by faith. The summary punishment of Ananias and his wife leaves us doubtful and questioning, while Peter's message to Cornelius and his household meets our highest approval. Similar differences appear in the life of Jesus, such as the difficult narratives of the demons sent into the swine and the cursed fig tree. Many who believe in the inspiration and authority of the Book wonder if there has not been some error in the record at these points.\nThe authority in the Bible does not inherent in the Book as such or in any particular portion. It is found in the appeal to the moral sense within humanity, particularly in the urgency of the appeal in the Gospels and Pauline epistles. The Bible's controlling influence on the mind and conscience of the world comes from this recognition. The Book asks for nothing in terms of sovereignty over minds. It exercises power through the sheer force of its content.\nThe Bible's authority stems not from formality or arbitrariness, but from the outreach of God's spirit in its writers to the souls of readers. Its authors speak to us at deeper levels than any other writers, granting them the element of authority. The Bible's creation of a standard of right within souls is one of its achievements. The only standard of right thinking and conduct anyone possesses results from their religious and moral education. Barbarous peoples approve and practice customs revolting to the moral sense of the enlightened, as such practices are not inconsistent with their beliefs.\nThe only standards of morals they possessed. Their consciences were quite undisturbed. The people of ancient Israel saw nothing unusual or wrong in polygamy, slavery, and cruel treatment of war prisoners. The teachings even of their noblest leaders in the early ages of their history did not disapprove such conduct. The authority of those teachers was hospitable to the manners of such books as Joshua and Judges. That authority does not reach and convince us today. And the very men who followed those first moral leaders of the nation helped to correct those low standards of living. The prophets of one age denounced and forbade conduct like that of their predecessors. Throughout the centuries of history, the advancing groups of those who were sensitive to the leadings of the divine Spirit pointed the upward way of justice, mercy, and humility.\nThe summation of that process was reached in the life and teachings of our Lord. It is the record of this progress that the Bible presents. The great personalities it speaks of make their appeal to the moral sense of the world at the level they occupied. There are those today who find nothing objectionable in the conduct of the patriarchs. They would be content with a social order in which customs like theirs could prevail. Polygamy is yet practiced in parts of the world and is justified on biblical grounds. For such justification, its advocates have to go back to an age from which the enlightened portion of the race has made long departures. The Bible itself has been the chief instrument in that moral progress. To those who rightly understand this Book, by letting it offer its own.\nThe explanation of its development and purpose no longer holds authority for polygamy, slavery, blood revenge, impurity, falsehood, and every other evil. The Book, through its noblest voices and most of all through the voice of Jesus, has made the low and partial standards of the past increasingly unconvincing to those who have seen the larger vision of the kingdom of God. The authority of the Bible resides in its enlightening and compelling power, which lays upon the soul the imperatives of pure and sacrificial living. It is not an authority which inheres in an institution or a book, but in the sense of rightness created within the soul by all gracious influences, and chiefly by the Bible itself. The Book does not claim to be a carefully prepared manual of conduct.\nThe text refuses to accept responsibility for all its utterances being rules to be followed. Instead, it records the story of the most notable movement in history for the enfranchisement of the human soul from the bondage of ignorance, superstition, lust, hatred, and pride. It asks us to study the lives and ideals of these great souls, making them, as far as we find them with their majestic appeal, our friends and examples. Some of them, particularly those early in the movement, have little to admire or imitate. Yet, each one, in the measure of his knowledge and power, was a pioneer in the great adventure of making a new world.\n\nThe Inspiration and Authority of the Bible\nThe life of Jesus, which is exhibited only in this literature,\nThe life of Jesus is the climax of this process. We know very little about him compared to what we would like to know. All the records of his life would not fill an issue of the morning paper. Furthermore, the only records we have of his life come to us through the writings of men who did not fully understand the character they were seeking to make known. They could only do the best they were able to make their contemporaries and those who should follow them comprehend something of that life which to them was past all language, wonderful. In the final analysis, it is that life which has become the authoritative norm of conduct for the race. Imperfectly presented as it is, and not fully understood either by its first interpreters or any of later times, the life of Jesus is incomplete.\nThe Book that reveals the soul of God, exhibits a normal, perfect human character, and is the center of the world's desire is certain to have a unique note of authority for those with the least sensitiveness to moral ideals. It finds and holds us. It follows us through all the ways in which we try to find rest in our search for life abundant. It waits for us at the bypaths where we think to find another sort of good. It pursues us with swift, insistent feet all the long day of life. It will not let us go. It is this divine and terrible authority which follows us with the whips and scourges of eternal love, until we dash ourselves into the abysses of unreturning refusal, or take with gladness the cup of life from the hand of God.\nThe Bible is not a final and infallible guide to conduct. Some men have claimed otherwise, and others have attempted to compile an anthology of thinking and behavior from its contents. However, this is futile. The first essential of character is the responsibility for discriminating choices among life's options. If someone could draw up a schedule and guarantee salvation upon compliance, there would be strong temptation to accept the proposal. Some who claim the right have offered just such a bargain in the name of the church. But salvation cannot be purchased on cheap and easy terms. Salvation is character. Character can be gained only through personal growth and development.\nThe authority of the Bible derives from its appeal to men to close with the supreme opportunity, as Jesus did, and live one's life after him. Its authority is the authority of the supreme Life it speaks of, linked with all other forceful lives in that same group, in the measure they make an appeal to the reader through character and teaching. Therefore, the Bible's authority cannot be formal, arbitrary, or capricious. It cannot consist in oracular words and phrases or in rules of living. These may have value, but the power of the Bible in human life lies in its ability to inspire those whom it reaches.\nThe best thoughts and life principles reached by the prophets and apostles of the Bible enable one to establish a compelling norm of living. Their character and message become final for him, and he possesses, to some extent, the mind of Christ. Within an enlightened and loyal soul, a standard of ethics and religion is set up to which every decision must be referred. Many factors contribute to the creation of this standard, but it must be confessed that the Bible is the most impressive. Its unique authority lies in its impact on the lives of the saints throughout the years.\n\nThe Bible has been the target of vicious assaults.\nThe text presents a defense against the perception that Shakespeare's works condone the faults and sins of some characters, implying approval. Such a judgment is a superficial reading. The portrayals of human society in Shakespeare's works are true to life, but they are never included merely for sensationalism. Each picture has a reason for its presence in the text. The Bible attempts to reproduce social and religious ideals from various ages in history. The sins of good men are told as warnings, and the low morals of individuals and communities are reported without approval.\nThe purpose of this text is to illustrate the depths from which humanity has been lifted and continues to be lifted by the grace of God. Just as the simple and crude conditions from which a national hero emerges are described to make his later greatness more vivid and convincing, so the rough and brutal features of Old Testament times are recorded to set in clear contrast the results of prophetic ministry.\n\nHuman history is a tragic story of mistake and misadventure in many places, sometimes unconscious, the result of ignorance, and sometimes deliberate, the outcome of perverse and foolish impulses. No honest account of individual, tribal, or national experiences is free from such features. They could be glossed over or expurgated, but a frank and truthful treatment of history takes neither of these approaches.\nThe Bible exhibits similar characteristics. It records the immature and false ideas from which it emerged as the task of the Spirit of God to guide the human race. It contains some distressing chapters, evidence of the depths to which humanity can sink. However, no true picture of the long and gradual evolution of moral ideals can be drawn without hints of the primitive life from which escape was eventually made. The Bible provides a frank and undeniable revelation of the sins that war against the soul and the low moral standards prevalent in ages when those sins were considered virtues. No one with the ability to discern between childhood and maturity would make the naive assertion that all are approved by the Book.\nA volume that made any such impression upon its readers could not hold for a moment the place which the Bible has in the regard of the race. Its overwhelming validation, its right to the world\u2019s reverence, are found in its appeal to the intelligent and sensitive spirit, its illustrious history as the guide of those movements which are bringing in the new day, its ability to turn the current of history out of its former channels in the directions pointed out by the spirit of God, its power to transform nations from savagery and superstition to intelligence and virtue, and its daily record of transfigured lives \u2013 the real \u201ctwice-born\u201d men of our age. In such fruits its best defense will ever be found. And after all the superficial theories of its origin and nature have faded from remembrance, and all assaults upon it have been made.\nThe Bible is not all there is of God's word. It is the most evident and tangible embodiment of that word, and the surest proof that the Eternal has manifested himself in human experience. Yet, one of the writers of the Christian documents assures us that God spoke to the fathers of Israel in various manners and at different times (1). And what he did in ancient times, he has been continuing to do through the centuries. There is no closed circle of divine revelation. God is ever speaking to the race, through the stern lessons of history, through the mutations of human experience.\n\nXVIII\nTHE CONTINUING WORD\n\nThe Bible is not the only manifestation of God's word. It is the most evident and tangible embodiment of that word, and the surest proof that the Eternal has revealed himself in human experience. However, one of the writers of the Christian documents asserts that God spoke to the ancestors of Israel in various ways and at different times (1). And what he did in ancient times, he has been continuing to do throughout history. There is no closed circle of divine revelation. God continues to speak to humanity through the lessons of history and the changes of human experience.\n\n(1) Reference to a specific biblical passage or text is missing from the original text.\nThe word of God was disclosed to Israel in the measure of their capacity to comprehend and interpret it. It came to complete manifestation in the revelation of our Lord, finding expansion and illumination in the lives and messages of Jesus' first interpreters and the Christian community. It has continued to spread through the ministries of the church and other groups that have taken seriously the divine message and have endeavored to exemplify and disseminate it to mankind. In a very true sense, the church and the Bible have been the embodiment of the holy word.\nIn the final issue, it is the individual believer who vindicates and illustrates the enduring and expanding truth. All history is the exemplification of this widening and deepening potency of the word of God. It cannot fail of its appointed purpose. It is destined to accomplish the divine pleasure and prosper in the thing whereto it is sent.\n\nIn the golden age of Greece, when Athens had almost reached the summit of her intellectual and artistic life, a blight fell upon the city that threatened its eclipse. A deadly plague decimated its population; neighboring states, stirred to enmity by the splendor of Athenian achievements, rang it about with hostile intent, and even the strong spirit of Pericles was daunted by the signs of disaster. In such a time, he summoned the people to take heart again by pointing them to the spreading influence of Hellenic culture.\nThrough the islands and on the mainland of Attica, the people insisted that the spirit of Athena, the patroness of the city, whose gold and ivory statue towered above the Acropolis, looked out across the lands. Her imperishable power, a source of glory and supremacy, should bring her message to humanity and restore her supremacy.\n\nIn the days of great dispersion, after the king of Babylon had visited his wrath upon Jerusalem, and her people had found their way either by exile or escape to other lands, when the fortunes of the holy city seemed at their lowest, there was lifted a voice of consolation and assurance. The prophet who lifted that voice we do not know.\nThe text speaks of a message from an unknown author, collected under the name of Isaiah, known as the oracle of Israel's redemption or the work of Second Isaiah. The seer announces the gathering of scattered refugees back to their homeland and the re-establishment of national institutions. His key note is \"Comfort, comfort my people, says your God,\" and he is confident in the restoration of Judah despite unpropitious signs and the absence of a king or apparent leaders among the people.\nThe promises of the Eternal are firm as hills. The assurances of national survival given in the divine name through the generations cannot prove frustrate. \"The grass withers, the flower fades, but the word of our God abides forever.\" (2)\n\nWith greater faith in that unfailing word, a Christian teacher of the first century attached this ancient oracle to strengthen the courage of scattered believers throughout the Graeco-Roman world. His theme was different. To him, the utterance did not so much signify the ancient divine promise to Israel or the assembled writings of the classic Scriptures, but the vital, seminal, expanding, and enduring word by which his disciples in the world would thrive.\nThe reborn Christian mysteries were essential to holy life, compared to the disclosure of eternal purpose and power. All other things were insignificant, like the grass of the earth and human interests like flowers that wither and fall. The oracle of good tidings, the Lord's word, endures forever. The universal revelation of the Highest's nature and will was declared indispensable to human life by Israel's ancient priest-prophet, the Deuteronomist. Quoted by our Lord during his temptation, he emphasized that man does not live by bread alone but by every word that comes from God. The discovery of the divine nature and purpose is the quest of every sensitive and inquiring spirit. It is the heart's cry in all.\nThe voice of God is the answer for religions, and in varying degrees, this belief is the unquenchable confidence in the human race that there is One higher than the highest, a power not ourselves that makes for righteousness, an intelligence responsive to the cry of faith. This infinite life speaks to men, a belief held from the dawn of religion. Man, being the voluble creature, inclines him to attribute the same speaking character to the being he worships. All faiths of the nations have held this opinion. Their sacred scriptures, largely believed to be the utterances of deity to prophetic souls who recorded them. Though much may be alienated from this belief, it remains a fundamental tenet of religious faith.\nAll who have receptive natures have been aware of the supreme unfolding of truth in some measure. Some men of discerning mind have understood much. One there was who seemed to have caught the full meaning of this mystery.\n\nThe holy men who spoke in times past, whether prophets or apostles, were insistent that the divine word was vital, pervading, and abiding. They spoke of specific utterances from the Highest, the revered documents, or the life-giving message of the gospel. Other things they spoke of were also important.\nThe quality of endurance. Koheleth says of the earth that it abides forever, contrasted with the generations that come and go. A psalmist says of Mount Zion that it cannot be removed, but abides forever. However, some perceived that there are things that are more truly timeless and enduring, eternal in their essence, outlasting the hills, rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun. Paul's Psalm of Love affirms this fact, declaring that faith, hope, and love endure. In some such sublime sense, the holy word, the revelation of God, continues. Not less is it vital, life-giving. That majestic figure of The Continuing Word, the speech by which creation is described as taking place in obedience to the word of the Most High, holds a deeper truth than the brief record discloses. The entire creative process,\nFrom the dim beginnings of this and every other world, there has been the result of an age-long, indeed an ageless, outpouring of the divine energy. It is an impartation of the divine life, as Jesus described when he said, \"My Father has always worked, and I work.\" Throughout the long romance of the race, whether we call it evolution or give it any other name, it is a divine enterprise. The outflowing, the infusing of the life of God, from saurian to saint, is just another illustration of the fact that no creature lives by bread alone, but by every outgiving of the life of God. That vital, germinal manifestation is the secret of every grade of being, and finds its climax at the highest level the creative process has yet attained, in that new order of men of whom the apostolic writer speaks.\nThey declared they were \"born again, not of corruptible seed, but of incorruptible, by the word of God which lives and abides.\" The expansive, universal nature of this self-disclosure of the Eternal is impressive. It is worldwide and, as far as we know, as all-inclusive as the universe. It was natural for the Hebrew writers to magnify the office of their nation as the custodian of the divine favor, the race chosen above all others to enjoy the favor of heaven. However, the testimony of the most discerning among that order disclaims any exclusiveness of divine favor for Israel and insists, with Amos, that if God made himself known in any selective manner, it was not for Israel alone.\nThe greater the responsibility of people, the more evident their peril. The Second Isaiah established a new and wider interpretation of God's nature and Israel's function. He declared that new divine undertakings were emerging. People other than the Hebrews were to be gathered under divine protection. As Israel is redeemed, the heathen are to share in the blessing, for they are his children, the work of his hands. The holy task of the nation is the giving of light to the rest of the world. The Restorer of Jacob is also to be the leader and commander of the remnant of peoples. Foreigners are interested onlookers at the drama of Israel\u2019s humiliation and redemption.\nThey will attain ultimate glory. They are to be blessed with the same mercies promised to the house of Judah (Mal 8:7). Malachi maintains that all sincere worship offered to their gods by the heathen is accepted by Yahweh as if offered to him (Mal 1:8). The Son of Sirach states of divine wisdom, \"I came forth from the mouth of the Most High, and in every people I have obtained a possession\" (Sir 24:3). God shows no favoritism, but in every nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him (Acts 10:34-35; Acts 14:15-17). This startling and revolutionary statement is made by the newly-enlightened Peter at the home of the Roman captain in Caesarea, and Paul and Barnabas asserted that the living God had not left himself without witness among any people. This message reaches all humanity. It is the privilege of the continuing Word.\nThe legacy and responsibility rest on all to carry it onward to the ends of the earth. Alike to those who accept and those who reject it comes the word and the obligation. Upon the pagan as upon the Christian rests the burden of the divine evangel. The only difference is that one of them has acknowledged the responsibility which the other still disclaims. The spirit and the bride say, \"Come.\" And he who hears, let him say, \"Come.\"\n\nThe marvel of the spiritual life is this outflowing, penetrating, pervading, undepleted life of God, seeking every entrance to the soul of man. For the word of God is the life of God. Like other terms in a vocabulary that breaks under the stress of truth which it cannot wholly express, our poor symbol, the very term \"word\" itself, runs about in nervous breathlessness, trying to perform all the functions.\nThe writers of the Scripture imposed various phrases upon the central mystery of the divine being, desiring to rid it of some of its load. They spoke of the breath of God, the angel of God, the spirit of God, the face of God, and the word of God, using these devices to seek access to the divine being for which they had no adequate definition. There may have also been a certain courteous reserve in their approach to the Infinite. They set a thin veil before their faces to prevent too rash intrusion into the intolerable glory of the holy presence. However, they were overwhelmingly aware of this presence and searched the depths of human speech to make it known.\nIf the image of God employed by moral leaders of other days is too anthropomorphic to satisfy the more scientific and philosophical age in which we live, at least it had the value of personality and relationship, and in some true measure satisfied the generations that were beginning to feel for God if haply they might find him. That quest is ceaseless and unwearied. Men have spoken of him by all the names graven on Akbar\u2019s tomb, and yet there is no approach to finality of characterization. This is both the despair and the stimulus of all religious thinking. The idea is immeasurable, not to be shut up in any definition. Yet to the aware spirit it is the truest reality. In this it differs from all ethnic faiths. To Hinduism, the one reality is the Brahmin, the twice-born, the wearer of the sacred cord. All else is maya, illusion. In Buddhism, it is Nirvana.\nThe unchanging calm of Nirvana, symbolized by the motionless and meditating Dai-butzu. To the Christian, the great reality is God, pictured in many forms and fashions to the fathers by the prophets, but in the end of the days revealed in a Son. And therefore, intimate, immanent, precious, of whom one may say with assured confidence:\n\n\"Thou life within my life, than self more near,\nThou veiled Presence, infinitely clear;\nFrom all illusive shows of sense I flee,\nTo find my center and my rest in Thee.\"\n\nIt is of this Being, the Father-God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, that a forceful writer of the past generation has spoken in one of the truly great poems of the language:\n\n\"Whoso hath felt the spirit of the Highest,\nCannot confound, or doubt him, or deny.\nAy, with one voice, O world, though thou deniest, \"\nStand on that side, for I am on this. It is that authentic witness of the soul to the reality of the Divine that has been the joy of mystics throughout the years. In due measure, it is the experience of any who may be willing to pay the price demanded of the pilgrims of the inner way.\n\nIncredible would be the doctrine that the disclosure of the mind and will of the Eternal could be limited to one people or one age of human history. It is Lowell who insists:\n\n\"God is not dumb that he should speak no more. If thou hast wanderings in the wilderness, And find'st not Sinai, 'tis thy soul is poor. Slowly the Bible of the race is writ, And not on paper leaves, nor leaves of stone. Each age, each kindred adds a verse to it, Texts of despair and hope, of joy or moan. While swings the sea, while mists the mountains shroud.\"\nWhile thunder's surges burst on cliff of cloud,\nStill at the prophets' feet the nations sit.\n\nThe most impressive literary expression of this abiding, pervading word is the collection of documents we call the 12 Books of the Old and New Testament. The Bible. This body of writings is not the only sacred book. All religions that have attained any maturity and reached cultural estate have developed a literature of less or greater value. Of such sacred books there are many, and none of them is without significance. But above them all, the Bible lifts itself in majesty and authority. This is not because of any more imperious claim on its part, for there are other holy writings that exceed it in their assertions of inspirational origin. But this Book vindicates its right to the supreme position by its uniqueness and its peculiar moral and spiritual insights.\nThe Old and New Testaments are the supreme chapters in the account of the world's discovery of God. In the experience of the Hebrew people, a group of men appeared who were singularly sensitive to the moral and religious aspects of life. More than any others in the contemporary world, they were impressed with the imperatives of morality and holiness.\n\nTheir order arose from crude beginnings. The prophets and priests of each generation preached and taught as they understood the divine will. They were not all of the same mind. As time went on, they revised, corrected, and reshaped the teachings of their predecessors. Some of their utterances:\nThe Old Testament was written down, probably after considerable periods of oral transmission. Much of what they said perished in the mutations likely to befall any ancient writings. However, some oracles survived, and all that thus remained was at length gathered into this collection which we know as the Old Testament. It speaks with many voices and varying authority, but it records the world\u2019s most illustrious early adventures in the areas of faith in a God of justice and holiness. And while it neither claims nor exhibits inerrancy in fact or doctrine, it discloses the process of that gradual achievement of fellowship with the divine on the part of choice and elect souls, in virtue of which they spoke with an urgency and conviction which for want of a more adequate term we call inspiration. It is because of that fact.\nThe Old Testament has a valid claim to its unique position among spiritual treasures of the race if we seek the surviving literature of remarkable people who caught the vision of God and were thrilled by the disclosure of his purpose. The Old Testament is not a perfect document, but it is significant as the word of God in a true sense. The New Testament, immeasurably more revealing and compelling, is gathered around the person and ministry of our Lord. His first interpreters wrote it, drawing impulse and ideals from him.\nThe Bible Through the Centuries' readers were haunted by the glory of his nature and the finality of his teachings. After he left them, they looked back on his life with wistful longing for his return, feeling that his stay had been like that of a pilgrim who pitched his tent with them for a night and then vanished. But he left them the ineradicable impression of the life of God, who was to him the supreme reality. For this reason, Jesus has continued to his vast fellowship of believers the value of God, just as Buddha has to another great company. However, the person of the Master is the historic embodiment of those ideals and forces which he proclaimed. In him, the love, purity, and righteousness of which the prophets spoke as the characteristic qualities in the life of God were exhibited in supreme form. His serene faith in the Father.\nHe was not only a preacher of his religion, but embodied it. At the core of the good news he proclaimed was the recognition of God's outflowing life and love, and the passion to mediate that divine disclosure to the world. The outpoured life of God, symbolized in the crude and often repellent cultus of animal sacrifice, is and has always been the central fact of life. The spirit of sacrifice was the impulse that controlled his ministry, and must be the guiding principle of every purposeful and successful life. His goal was the cross, not as a spectacle or an episode, but as the consummation and interpretation of his career and his message. The cross of Christ is not an symbol.\nThe unveiling of a cosmic and unescapable principle, the growing recognition of which invests the Lenten days and Holy Week with increasing meaning in the revolving year. It was the cross to which Jesus steadfastly set his face from the long days in the Judean wilderness, the only escape from compromise and failure. It is the revelation of his life and of the life of God as made known by him to his brothers in the great human circle. In virtue of the cross, Jesus has become in the fullest degree the continuing word of God to the ages. His life and death have hemispheric meaning. It was a costly life to live. It was a tragic death to die. It is not an easy recital to give to our self-satisfied and self-indulgent age.\n\n\"Not in soft speech is told the earthly story,\"\nLove, the greatest of all, revealed you for an hour; Shame was your kingdom, reproach your glory, Death your eternity, the Cross your power. Through the power of his cross, he became the enduring word of God, the eternal Logos. In a true sense, the Fourth Gospel, along with its supplement in the First Epistle, is the crowning utterance of the New Testament. Scholarship has found in the Synoptic Gospels a more graphic and authentic narrative of the Lord's life. However, the Fourth Gospel provides the supreme, mystical, and satisfying interpretation of the incarnate Word, justifying through the centuries the title for the writer \u2013 whoever he was \u2013 of St. John the Divine, the theologian and philosopher par excellence of the early church. His conception of Jesus as the Logos \u2013 whether this idea came from Heraclitus, Philo, or another \u2013 is no less valid.\nThe Fourth Gospel is a device for mediating Christian doctrine to Greek philosophic thought, interpreting the character and mission of the Bible's Lord. In its deep significance, it is the truest and most authoritative interpretation for Christianity. Just as the Bhagavad Gita, the Indian Song of Songs, and the Lotus message of Mahayana Buddhism did for Hinduism, Ceylon, and Burma, the Fourth Gospel, and more, has done for Christianity. Krishna, the teacher and warrior, became the avatar and epiphany of deity; Siddartha, the yogi and mendicant, became the Buddha, the Enlightened; Jesus, the prophet and servant of humanity, became the Logos and the incarnation of the eternal God. Harnack states, \"The incomparable significance of this personality as a force still\"\nThe essence of Christianity is working. Jesus, being bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, transcended the categories of our fragmented lives and looked deep into the crystalline heart of the universe, speaking for all time the essential truths of the spiritual life. He uttered a universal and perpetual message. He did not permit himself to be misunderstood as saying, \"Other teachers may speak as they will, but for myself and my followers, these shall be the rules of the order: Love your enemies, forgive those who persecute you, take up the cross and follow me.\" No. He made it clear past all misapprehensions that these and his other teachings are universal and eternal truths. God being what He is, and man such as history proves him to be, it is everywhere and always the case.\nThat he who asks receives, he who seeks finds, to him who knocks it is opened; the meek inherit the earth; those who hunger and thirst after righteousness are filled, and the pure in heart see God.\n\nThe ethic of Jesus seems romantic and impracticable, but human nature has the same qualities. In the final issue, the ideals of Jesus, severely applied, are shown to be superbly practicable and the only ideals that will work in the stress of experience. Jesus has offered a pattern of behavior far more contagious and compelling than that of Confucius, the most widely revered sage in all history. In his estimate of the value and splendor of human life, Jesus stands unapproachable, mountain-high, like Everest or Fujiyama. Where the Buddha and Laotse offered teachings on ethics and spirituality, Jesus' ideals continue to inspire and guide people around the world.\nengaging the precepts, Jesus exhibited the life of God. And at the last, it is God of whom the ages wish to know. No matter how eloquently a prophet or sage may speak on any other theme, if he has nothing authentic and assuring to proclaim concerning the Eternal, he may well keep silence. The cry of humanity is still and evermore the anxious word of Philip, \u201cShow us the Father.\u201d It is this that makes convincing the life of our Lord as the eternal revelation of God, the puissant Master of the spiritual realm. It was this timeless quality in his character and teaching that inspired the author of Hebrews to affirm that he \u201cthrough an eternal spirit offered himself.\u201d His eternity lay in his ability to transcend the things of time and place and live in the world of eternal realities. Quite above the level of theological controversies regarding his person.\n\"Jesus could say with austere and tranquil finality, \u2018Before Abraham was, I am.' 15 The same Christian teacher who gave us the passage about the continuing word declares that the Christ was foreknown before the foundation of the world, but was manifest at the end of times for our sakes. 10 By these words, he rightly audits the timeless nature of our Lord's redemptive work. Koheleth says that to everything there is a season, and a time for every purpose under heaven. God has made everything beautiful in its time. He has set eternity in our hearts, and we are restless until we transcend the things of time and place, and attain this purer air, this wider view. The cry of the soul is evermore: \"\nI stifle here in this narrow place,\nSick for the infinite fields of space.\nIt is this homesickness of the human heart\nThat the Master alone can satisfy\nBy his demonstration of the fact that he is\nThe way to God, the source and fount of being;\nThe ageless and world-embracing truth;\nAnd the life eternal.\nTo know him and the Father, as he said,\nIs to possess eternal life.\nThese are the chief factors in that\n\"Good news\" of love, which he declared to be\nThe sum of the law and the prophets.\nWhen Paul penned this comparable Psalm of Love,\nHe was unconsciously or deliberately\nSetting down the biography of Jesus.\nYou can substitute his name in every sentence\nWhere that magic word \u201clove\u201d appears,\nAnd the meaning will be the same.\nOf him, as of love, one may well say,\n\"He never fails.\"\nThe New Testament, whose theme is the word made flesh, sums up and completes the Old Testament in which the prophets spoke the enduring word to the fathers. They are the two parts of the perfect whole. Each is incomplete without the other. Alone, the second lacks perspective and background. Without the second, the first is like a torso without a head, a story without a sequel. The four bands of mystic sculpture around the dome of Arthur's palace fittingly symbolize:\n\nAnd in the lowest beasts are men slaying,\nAnd in the second men are slaying beasts,\nAnd on the third are warriors, perfect men,\nAnd on the fourth are men with growing wings.\nThe two divisions of our Bible are like the two portions of the Homeric epic, the grandest in literature. The Old Testament is the Iliad of the race, in which fierce contest is waged, and victory comes at last only after bitter struggles and many tragic defeats, just as to the Greek hosts \"far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.\" The New Testament is the Odyssey of the human soul, telling the story of how after long wanderings and sore distresses, it comes by the grace of God, back to its long-sought home, the land of heart's desire.\n\nThe continuing word contained in the holy Scriptures with their glorious messages of prophets, priests, psalmists and sages, apostles, evangelists, and One greater than all, the supreme Life, is evident in the outflow of the Christian movement in the world and in the church.\nThe Church of Rome, the oldest of western Christianity's communions, has insisted that the word and spirit of God abide in the living church as well as in the Bible. Neither is perfect. Both display the marks of human workmanship and the limitations of human understanding. However, both have proven themselves to be effective instruments through which the spirit of God has wrought for the enlightenment and enrichment of mankind. The authority they possess is not that of an inerrant record or infallible code of morals; not that of a miraculously founded institution or a body of supernaturally inspired and safeguarded tradition. The claims of both Protestant and Catholic in behalf of the Bible and the church require examination and revision.\nIn spite of their limitations and defects, the churches have proven themselves the primary means through which the life of God has been disclosed and mediated to the world. The process has been slow and fitful. Just as the Old Testament is the record of a hindered and painful development of ethical and religious ideals, so the church has advanced through alternate days of gloom and light to fuller perception of the teachings of Jesus and ampler exemplification of God's will. The church's mistakes have been many and costly. It has wasted valuable years in fruitless millenarian speculations, blundered through decades of unhappy theological controversy, squandered its substance and the manhood of half Europe in the bloody tragedy of the crusades, and indulged in bitter schisms.\nThe persecution of infidels, Jews, and heretics; it has taken pride in ecclesiasticalisms, rituals, creedal formulations, movements, spasms of promotional zeal, and crude forms of evangelism, and in the accumulation of numbers and wealth. Worst of all, the divisions of the church have been an open scandal and a confession of weakness. Yet in spite of these and other manifestations of the world's passion for the spectral symbols of success, the quiet inner life of the church has gone onward from generation to generation, largely unaffected by such surface appearances of strength or weakness. Like Ezekiel\u2019s river, flowing from beneath the temple threshold:\n\n\u201cEver with so soft a surge and an increasing,\nDrunk of the sand and thwarted of the clod,\nStilled and astir and checked and never ceasing,\nSpreadeth the great wave of the grace of God.\u201d\nNotwithstanding all the mistakes made in the name of Christianity, whose survival is the most luminous proof of its divine character, the church has continued to advance, extending its reach and strengthening its foundation. It stands today as the most conspicuous and majestic institution, the living embodiment of the great undertaking Jesus conceived, and the vital expression of that enduring word, germinal, diffusive, unhurried, and victorious through the years.\n\nThis is no mere apologetic claim by a partisan and advocate. It is the testimony of the centuries and continents and is vindicated by achievements. Christianity, the Bible, and the Christ who is its Lord laid compelling hands on Hebrew history and made it a servant and a herald. They transformed the Roman empire.\nAnd in Greek philosophy, converting its dialectic to the uses of the new faith. In the darkest and most tragic ages of European annals, and through the ministries of humble and sacrificial lives, such as those of St. Francis and the morning stars of the Reformation, a new world was born. And in our own day, the Master, through this same imperfect instrument, is yet laying his transforming hand on modern curses of humanity: race and caste prejudice; the vile traffics in intoxicants and narcotics, the chief menaces of our social order; the spirit of industrial intolerance, on the part both of capital and labor; the craze of militarism with its tinsel and millenary, its jingo slogans and pseudo-patriotism; the arrogant effrontery of certain forms of big business in their unholy and defiling traffic with politics.\nAnd all the false pretenses and hollow shams of the world, the flesh and the devil masquerading too often in the evening dress of polite society or even in the livery of the church. In the measure of the loyalty of such of his friends as are true-hearted and unafraid, he is winning his victories and, as in the first days of the church, creating a new heaven and a new earth. For such conquests, he alone is sufficient. No other can bend the bow of Ulysses, no other can strangle the twin serpents of sin and suffering. Perhaps it is in its contacts with the great faiths of the world that Christianity, based upon the Bible, has come to its best moments of self-criticism and has begun to win its most enduring successes. It is because there is in it the power to answer the world\u2019s wistful questings after truth, to provide solace for the weary and the troubled, and to offer a path to redemption and salvation.\nThe most baffling problems find increasing hospitality in the minds of the intuitive and thoughtful. There are problems over which the ages have pondered, before which the keenest intellects have sat in silence. No wit in their systems was competent to unravel the riddles of existence. \"Earth could not answer; nor the seas that mourn In flowing purple, of their Lord forlorn; Nor rolling heaven, with all his signs revealed And hidden by the sleeve of night and morn.\" Christianity has no easy and swift elucidation for these perplexing inquiries that puzzled Zoroaster or set Moti pondering over the mystery of life, or confronted the Brahmin, sunk in his vast and austere speculations. But in its larger spirit of appreciation of all that is best in the ethnic.\nFaiths acknowledge Christianity's growing influence, drawing reverent attention to its selfless and prophet-like souls like Gandhi. Christianity's enduring contribution to Asia is evident, with the Sermon on the Mount being the loftiest and most authoritative document ever written. An early type of missionary teaching advocated for the gospel's complete unlikeness to all other religions, aiming to destroy them as quickly as possible. However, the Master of Baliol insists that Christianity's glory is not to be unlike other religions but rather their perfection and judgment. Dr. Glover notes that as the Roman Empire was permeated by Christianity, it did not destroy other religions but rather became their judge.\nAnd it has overcome the world by Christianity, if only it can insist on loyalty to its divine ideals. From the days of the Master, the movement which started with him has proven its ability to assimilate the best in the world's systems of thought, fulfilling their aspirations and judging their deficiencies. It is this power of completion and judgment in our holy faith which constitutes the surest token of its finality. It is not alone its capacity for examination and rebuke for what is wrong in other religions. It is rather its perennial faculty of self-criticism and amendment wherein lies the hope of the future, and the vindication of the claim of this marvelous enterprise to be the continuing word of God to every age and all mankind. Just as the most outstanding weakness in the church\nThe manifest ability of Christianity to transcend its divisions and achieve unity is the surest token of its coming power. The words of Jesus and Paul mandate this undertaking. The plea for the unity of God's people holds the central place in Christian history and its present evangel. Forgetting it proves recreant to the divine purpose and the holy word. In the spirit of the Scriptures and of the Christ whom they declare, the church will come to its true unity, and the fruition of the hopes of the years will be signified by the banners of God against the black-breasted night. The dreams of early Christian prophets and apostles will not fail of realization. One day, toward which we hasten, the church will achieve its true unity.\nIts holy destiny, and it stands in virginal beauty like the Parthenon, in white splendor like the Taj Mahal; the symbol of a people's hope, the center of a world's desire. In the final issue, it is the individual believer who is the living word. As God spoke to the fathers in the prophets; as some of their messages took form and have found their way to us in the holy Scriptures; as the fullest revelation of the Father came in the person of our Lord, and was transmitted in varying degrees through the lives and preaching of the early disciples and in the writings of early believers; and just as that same continuing word has been proclaimed with greater or less fidelity by the church; so today and in all the days, it finds its utterance and vindication in the lives and speech of the friends of the Lord.\nThe word became flesh and dwelt among us. The word must always become flesh to be understood. In the life of every preacher of the faith, every teacher of the truth, every missionary at home or abroad, every native Christian in non-Christian lands, every layman and mother in Israel, the word becomes flesh again in the measure of their commitment to the high program of the Master. Again, as always in the past, that word is vital, germinal, pervasive, enduring. The most familiar and comprehensive verse in the Scripture is that notable utterance of the Fourth Gospel, \"God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son.\" Yet, as truly might it be written, \"God so loves the world that he is giving his every begotten son,\" and that eternal self-bestowal is the secret of the world's redemption.\nAnd the hope of the ages. The Bible, in all its past manifestations, presents the ceaseless problem of the divine life: how this word can break through the imperfect media of its transmission. Only once in the long story of the centuries was this problem completely solved, and we have been breathless ever since, trying to catch the last faint echo of that voice. Fortunately, the adventure is never complete. Around us is the world, and before us is the way forward. For that old world is new in promise and opportunity. Like the aged Ulysses, not content with his Ithacan home, lured to fresh ventures, so the follower of our Lord, the seeker after the further treasures of the Word of God, unsatisfied with past attainments, may well repeat the final words of the great Olympian:\n\n\u201cCome, my friends,\n\u2019Tis not too late to seek a newer world;\n\"Push off, and sitting well in order, smite the sounding furrows; for my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the western stars, until I die. It may be that the gulfs will wash us down; It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, And see the great Achilles, whom we knew. Though much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now the strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to fail.\"\nMoulton, Fosdick, Work, Wood and Grant, The Old Testament: An American Translation (J. M. P. Smith), Moffatt, The Old Testament: A New Translation, Kent, The Shorter Bible: The Old Testament, - The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament, Fowler, A History of the Literature of Ancient Israel, Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, McFadyen, Old Testament Introduction, Vernon, The Religious Value of the Old Testament, Moore, G. F., The Literature of the Old Testament, Batten, The Old Testament from the Modern Point of View, Bade, The Old Testament in the Light of Today, Jordan, Biblical Criticism and Modern Thought, Houghton, Hebrew Life and Thought, Knudson, Religious Teaching of the Old Testament.\n\nOld Testament History.\nSanders, Barton, Smith (H.P.), Wade, Ottley, Cornill, Hodges, Price, The Bible Through the Centuries, Wild, Fowler, Budde, Cheyne, Mathews, Mitchell, Abrahams, Kohler, Barton, Smith (J.M.P.), Cornill, Batten\n\nThe given text appears to be a list of titles of books related to Hebrew and Jewish history and religion. There is no unreadable or meaningless content, and no introductions, notes, or logistics information that needs to be removed. No translation is required as all titles are in modern English. No OCR errors were detected. Therefore, the text can be output as is.\nSmith, J. M. P., The Prophet and His Problems\n- The Prophets and Their Times\nMacalister, A Century of Excavation in Palestine\nBarton, Archaeology and the Bible\nBliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine\nPrice, The Old Testament and the Monuments\nCobern, The New Archaeological Discoveries\nThe Great Religions of the World\nBarton, Religions of the World\nMoore, History of Religions, i Vols.\n- Judaism, x Vols.\nSoper, The Religions of Mankind\nHume, The World's Living Religions\nSaunders, The Gospel for Asia\nMontgomery (ed.), Religions of the Past and Present\nWalker, History of the Christian Church\nThe New Testament\nFowler, History and Literature of the New Testament\nMoffatt, Introduction to the Literature of the New Testament\nGoodspeed, The Story of the New Testament\n- The Making of the English New Testament\nA: Aaron, 63, Abydos, 161, Addison, Joseph, 98, Aeschylus, 207, Aesop, 105, Agur, 80, Ahaz, 46, Akbar the Great, 158, 308\n\nBacon, The Making of the New Testament\nMoore, The New Testament in the Christian Church\nBurton and Willoughby, A Short Introduction to the Gospels\nBibliography\nGoodspeed, The New Testament: An American Translation\nKent, The Shorter Bible: The New Testament\nMoffatt, A New Translation of the New Testament\nApocryphal Books (OT)\nCharles, Old Testament Apocryphal Writings\nFames, Apocryphal New Testament\nJesus\nGilbert, Jesus\nFosdick, The Manhood of the Master\nGilkey, Jesus and Our Generation\nBousset, Jesus\nCase, Jesus: A New Biography\nBarton, The Man Nobody Knows\nPaul\nFoakes-Jackson, Life of St. Paul\nRobinson, The Life of Paul\nRamsay, The Cities of St. Paul\nRopes, Apostolic Age\nMcGiffert, Apostolic Age\nCase, Evolution of Early Christianity\nAmenhotep IV, also known as Akhenaten, 156, 157\nAlexander the Great, 74, 119, 121\nAmarna, Tell el-, 157\nAmaziah, 105\nAmerican Bible Society, 269\nAmerican School of Oriental Research,\nAmerican Translation of the Old Testament, 136\nAmon, 48\nAmorites, 168\nAntiochus IV Epiphanes, 119, 122\n\"Apocalypse of Peter,\" 234, 235\nArchaeological Institute of America,\nArk of the Covenant, 63, 115, 141\nArmageddon, 41, 170\nArtaxerxes I, 190\nArtaxerxes II, 190\n\"Ascension of Isaiah,\" 244\nAshurbanipal, 163\nAskelon, 170\n\"Assumption of Moses,\" 244\nAstarte, 170\nAthaliah, 37\nAugustine, 236, 237\nAustrian School of Research, 169\nAzazel, 23\nBaal, 45\nBalaam, 31\nOracle of Balaam, 22\nBar Kokba, 200\nBarnabas, Epistle of, 234, 245\nBaruch, Apocalypse of, 117, 118\nBede, Venerable, 271\nBehemoth, 23\nBehistun Rock, 163\nBeisan (Beth Shean), 170\n\"Bel and the Dragon,\" 112, 199\nBelshazzar, 12\nBernard of Clairvaux, 98\nBernard of Cluny, 98\nBethlehem, 109, 267\nBishops\u2019 Bible, 275\nBlack Obelisk, 163\n\"The Blessing of Moses,\" 72\nBliss, Frederick J., 169\nBoghaz-keui, 164\n\"The Book of the Covenant,\" 71\nBook of the Covenant, 69, 70, 72,\n\"The Book of the Dead,\" 206\n\"The Book of the Wars of Jahveh,\" 242\nBordeaux Pilgrim, the, 167\nBotta, Paul Emile, 163\nBreasted, James Henry, 160, 162\nBritish and Foreign Bible Society, 1,\nBritish School of Archaeology, 169\nBrooks, Phillips, 99\nBryant, William Cullen, 99\nBunyan, John, 113\nByzantines, 16\nCaedmon, 271\nCanticles (Song of Solomon), 85,\nCapernaum, 171\nCarchemish, 164\nCarthage, Council of, 237\nChaldeans, 50, 51\nChampollion, Jean Francois, 160, 166\nChaucer, Geoffrey, 272\nChrysostom, John, 236\nEl Cid, the, 102\nClement of Alexandria, 234, Clement of Rome, 234, Constantine I, 167, 238, Constantinople, 235, 270, Corinthians, Epistles to, 223, Miles Coverdale, 274, Crete, Excavations in, 165, Crusades, Crusaders, 169, 170, 197, Darius I, 58, Decalogue (see Ten Commandments), De Sarzec, Ernest, 163, Deutsche Palastina-Verein, 169, Diatessaron of Tatian, \"Didache,\" (see Teachings of the Twelve Apostles), Dog River Inscriptions, 166, Dominicans, Excavations of, 169, Douai Version, 275, Druses, 218, Ebed-hepa, King of Jerusalem, 157, Ecbatana, 163, Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Jesus ben Sirach), 257, Ecole Biblique, Jerusalem, 169, Egyptian Department of Antiquities, Egyptian Exploration Fund, 161, Elephantine, 160, 187, Elohistic prophetic or \u201cE\u201d Source, Erasmus, Desiderius, 237, 252, Esarhaddon, 163, Esdrus, Fourth, 118, Essenes, Fayyum, the, 161, Fisher, Clarence S., 170, Franciscans, Excavations of, 171.\nEpistle to Galatians, Galilee, Gamaliel (201), John Garstang (164, 170), Gedaliah, Gibeah (170), Gideon (105), Washington Gladden, William E. Gladstone (264), \"Gloria in Excelsis\" (97), Edgar J. Goodspeed (229, 278), \"Gordon\u2019s Calvary\" (172), \"Gospel of the Hebrews\" (235), \"Gospel of Peter\" (235), Granth, George Frederick Grotefend (162), Habakkuk (50), Hadrian (200), Hallels (96), Haman (112), Hamath (164), Song of Hannah (134), Adolf Harnack, Robert Francis Harper (163), Harvard University, Hathor (156), John H. Haynes, Epistle to Hebrews, Empress Helena, Henry VIII, Herodians (194), Hilkiah (70), Hillel (201), Herman V. Hilprecht, Holy Sepulchre (167, 171), Hyksos, Amenhotep IV (Ikhnaten), Inquisition (203), Irenaeus, Book of Isaiah (46, 47), Ishtar (Astarte), Spirit of Israel, Jaddua, \"Jahveh\" (the name) (27)\nJahvist or Jehovist (Source: 37)\nJames, Epistle of (228)\nJamnia (132)\nBook of Jashar (22, 40)\n\"JE,\" Prophetic document (40, 69)\nJebusites (196)\nJehoahaz (100)\nJehoash (105)\nJehoiachin (52, 57)\nJehoiakim (51, 52)\nJehosaphat (15)\n\"Jehovah,\" the name (27)\nJehu inscription (164)\nPeter Jensen (164)\nJeroboam I (66)\nJohn the Baptist (60)\nJonathan (170)\nJordan (109)\nJoshua (137)\nJotham (105)\nBook of Jubilees (202, 244)\nJudean Prophetic document (see Jahvist)\nJupiter (125)\nJustin Martyr (232)\nKadish (156)\nKhufu (Cheops) (155)\nBook of Kings (134)\nLord Kitchener, Gen. H. H. (168)\nKnossos (165)\nRobert Koldeway (163)\nKrishna (314)\nLachish (169)\nStephen Langdon (163)\nLaotse (315)\nFirst division of the Old Testament: \"Law\"\nLemuel (80)\nKarl Richard Lepsius (160)\nLevi (14)\nLeviathan (23)\nLilith (23)\nWilliam K. Loftus (163)\n\"Sayings of Jesus,\" (see \"Logia of Jesus\")\nLXX (see Septuagint)\nA: Stewart, R., 153, 169\nDuncan Mackenzie, 169\nThe Madeba Map, 171\n\"Magnificat,\" 96\nMahabharata, 102, 209\nMarduk, 206\nAuguste Edouard Mariette, 160\nMary, Queen, 175\nGaston Camille Maspero, 160\nMassoretes, 247, 248\nGospel of Matthew, 226\nMediterranean Sea, 8, 50, 153, 188\nMemphis, 161\nMencius, 215\nMerneptah, Pharaoh, 159\nMesha Inscription, 246\nMesopotamia, 162\nMetropolitan Museum, New York\nMexico, 174\nMicah of Ephraim, 62\nMichael Angelo, 263\nMizpeh, 171\nMoabite Stone, 171\nJames Moffatt, 222, 278\nMordecai, 112\nRichard G. Moulton, 278\nLudovico Muratori, 233\nNabateans, 188\nNahum, 49\nNaomi, 109\nNapoleon, Expedition to Egypt, 160\nEdouard Naville, 160\nPharaoh Necho, 73\nJohn Henry Newman, 99\nNew Testament, 311, 317\nNibelungenlied, 102\nKarsten Niebuhr, 162\nNineveh, 163\n\"Nunc Dimittis,\" 97\nObadiah, 53\nJules Oppert, 163\nOriental Institute, University of Oxford, 160, Palestine Exploration Fund, 153, 167, Persian Inscriptions, 162, John P. Peters, W. Flinders Petrie, 154, 169, Pithom, 151, R. Judah Prince, \"Prophets,\" Second section of the \"Psalms of Solomon,\" 202, 244, \"Psalms,\" Third section of the Old Testament, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 198, 266, Rameses IEf, 162, 165, William M. Ramsay, Hormuzd Rassam, Henry C. Rawlinson, Reformation (Josiah's), 49, 51, 126, Reformation (Protestant), 258, 272, Rehoboam, 159, Johann Reuchlin, Revised Versions, 276, 277, Revival of Learning, 237, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., 161, 171, Epic of Roland, 102, Roman Catholic Bible, 239, 243, Julius Rosenwald, Rosetta Stone, 160, 163, Sadducees, 193, 194, Samaria, Excavations at, 170, Books of Samuel, 134, Sardis, Sargon I, Kenneth J. Saunders.\n\"Sayings of Jesus, Schools of the Prophets (33, 40, 77), Scythians (49), Scythopolis (170), Seti I, Pharaoh (158, 170), Shamash (67), Shechem (Nablous) (129), Sheshbazzar, Sheshonk I, Pharaoh (Shishak) (159), Siloam Inscription (246), Sobieski, John (95), Solomon\u2019s Pools (176), Song of Deborah (21), Song of Hannah (134), Song of Moses (21, 72), Song of Solomon (Song of Songs), \"Song of the Three Holy Children\", Sons of the Prophets (33, 40, 43), Spain (203), Tabernacle (115, 147), Tagore, Rabindranath (208), Tatian (232), Teaching Orders in Israel (61, 77, 103), \"Teachings of the Twelve Apostles\", Tekoa (106), Tell el-Amarna (157), Ten Commandments (Decalogue), \"Ten Lost Tribes\", Thothmes III, Pharaoh (156, 158, 170), Tiglath-pileser III (46), Tih Desert (166), Titus, Epistle to (196), Trent, Council of (238), Turks (197), Turquois (156)\"\nTut-ankh-amen, University of Chicago, University of Michigan, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Upanishads, Urim and Thummim, Versions of the Bible, Victor of Rome, Ward, William Hayes, Warning Stone, Warren, Sir Charles, Watts, Isaac, Westcott and Hort, Whittier, John G., Winckler, Hugo, Wisdom writings, Wise, Zadak, Zealots, Zedekiah, Zephaniah, Allegorical method, Anglo-Israelitism, Anthropomorphism, Apocryphal Gospels, Archaeological material, \"Ascents,\" Songs of, Astrology, Authority of Scripture, \"Ave Maria,\" \"Benedictus,\" Other Bibles, Books.\nCaves, 175, Cherubim, 115, Cisterns, 175, Compilation, 256, 261, Coptic, 268, Cross of Christ, 312, 313, Crown, 137, Cuneiform, 163, Curious Bibles, 270, Dervishes, 30, Desert influence, 41, Dispersion of Hebrews (and Jews), Earthquakes, 166, Editorial work, 134, Egyptian tomb texts, 205, Elegies, 22, Ethiopic, 268, Figures of speech, 103, 104, Free treatment of Scripture, 133, 147, Games, 176, Geography, ancient, Greek influence, 174, Hebrew ideals, 286, Hebrews in Egypt, 185, Hellenism, 193, Hieroglyphic, 160, Holiness, law of, 128, 147, Houses, 175, Human sacrifice, 39, 64, 179, Ideals of Jesus, 315, Ideals of the Prophets, 40, 140, 142, Intermarriage, 190, 191, 203, Israel\u2019s spirit, 152, Italian, 183, Jewish contributions, 184, Jewish influence in Palestine, 197, Jewish literature, 198, Jews, treatment of, 202, 203.\nJustification by faith, Khirbetsh (168), Legend (245), Literary criticism (149), Loss of archaeological material (152), Manuscripts (246), Messianic hopes (195, 231), Messianism (136), Minoan civilization (165), Museum in Jerusalem (171), Musical instruments (30, 87, 92), Nature deities (207), Neolithic (172), Plagues (161), Population of Palestine (198), Prophetic ideals (Prophets' Ideals), Proselytes (194, 200), Ptolemaic (178), Racial integrity (182, 183, 195), Relation of Hebrews and Jews (183), Reservoirs (176), Riddles (20), Roman influence (178), Romances (102), Sacred sites (167), Sanitation (176), Shrines (178), Synoptic (227), Tabu (64), Tells (168), Tombs (177), Tools and weapons (172, 173), Uncial manuscripts (251, 252, 253), Value of the Bible (240), Walls (175), Water supply (176), Yiddish (184)", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "subject": "Handicraft", "title": "Big book of boys' hobbies;", "creator": "Hall, Albert Neely, 1883- [from old catalog]", "lccn": "29030174", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010662", "call_number": "6871933", "identifier_bib": "00139705580", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard co", "description": "xxvi p., 1 l., 21 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-02-21 13:00:55", "updatedate": "2019-02-21 13:57:36", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "bigbookofboyshob00hall", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-02-21 13:57:38", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "1.64-initial-41-g686d335", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "554", "scandate": "20190318160408", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-lelani-villaver@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190321142555", "republisher_time": "730", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/bigbookofboyshob00hall", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t1dk3058w", "ocr": "ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR)", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26802263M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19344993W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508171850[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156330168", "backup_location": "ia906808_0", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.14", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.11", "page_number_confidence": "89.70", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "[COFURICHT, DEPOSIT\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS' HOBBIES\nBY A. NEELY HALL\n8vo. Cloth. Illustrated with hundreds of full-page and working drawings by the author and N'orman P. Hall\nTHE BOY CRAFTSMAN\nHANDICRAFT FOR HANDY BOYS\nTHE HANDY BOY\nHOME-MADE TOYS FOR GIRLS AND BOYS\nHANDICRAFT FOR HANDY GIRLS\nCARPENTRY AND MECHANICS FOR BOYS\nHOME-MADE GAMES AND GAME EQUIPMENT\nOUTDOOR BOY CRAFTSMEN\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS' HOBBIES\nLOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO., BOSTON\n\nNew This Book Contains and\nNew Things To Do\nAuthor of \"The Boy Craftsman\"\n\"Handicraft for Handy Boys\"\n\"Handicraft for Handy Girls\"\nHome-Made Toys for Girls and Boys\n\"Home-Made Games and Game Equipment\"\nThe Handy Boy]\nAt a recent convention, one hundred delegates from leading American industries and colleges went on record agreeing that creative ability, intellectual honesty, observation, and enthusiasm should be placed on a par with book learning. Genius is the order of the day, said Dr. Delton T. Howard, professor of psychology at Northwestern University. \"The advance of science depends upon original thinking. It used to be that the mind with the greatest storehouse capacity or the fastest calculating ability was considered the most distinguished. But knowledge has become a tool, and the man who wields it with skill and imagination is the man who advances.\"\n\nCarpentry and Mechanics for Boys\nWith five hundred illustrations and working drawings by the author\nCopyright, 1929 by Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.\nAll Rights Reserved\n\nFrom Hobbies, Big Ideas Grow.\n\nPreface\n\nCarpentry and Mechanics for Boys is designed to meet the needs of boys who are interested in woodworking and mechanical projects. The book is based on the author's many years of experience as a teacher and craftsman. It is intended to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the principles of carpentry and mechanics, as well as the necessary skills to build a variety of projects.\n\nThe book is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the tools and materials used in carpentry and mechanics, and the basic principles of woodworking and mechanical drawing. The second part consists of a series of projects, each of which is designed to illustrate a particular aspect of carpentry or mechanics.\n\nThe book contains over five hundred illustrations and working drawings, which have been prepared by the author to make the instructions as clear and accurate as possible. The illustrations are accompanied by detailed instructions, and the working drawings provide the necessary dimensions and plans for each project.\n\nIt is hoped that this book will be of value to boys who are just beginning their study of carpentry and mechanics, as well as to those who have already acquired some experience in these fields. It is also intended to be of use to teachers and parents who are looking for a comprehensive and practical guide to woodworking and mechanical projects for boys.\n\nThe author would like to express his appreciation to the many boys and teachers who have provided valuable suggestions and criticisms during the preparation of this book. He would also like to thank the staff of Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. for their assistance and cooperation.\n\nLothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.\nBoston and New York\n1929\nA good scholastic record is important, but the development of improved methods, such as keeping a football score or finding new ways to carry out ashes without getting dust on family washing, is equally important. Dr. Howard's theory emphasizes the value of hobbies for a boy's individual effort along the lines of his greatest interest, which will develop his creative ability to a greater extent than any other agency. We need not look farther than Thomas A. Edison for an example of genius brought to light and developed through hobbies. He has told of the home laboratory he equipped at the age of ten and his ceaseless experiments thereafter.\nI did not know what I wanted to do in my early teens, spent every penny on developing ideas from home-made telegraph outfits and printing newspapers as a newsboy on a railroad. I might have remained in that state of mind for years if I had not cultivated the determination to find out what I was fitted for as quickly as possible. I would advise every youth not to put off too long before making an effort to discover what they are fit to do. Begin at as early an age as possible and dig, dig, until the discovery is made. Boys have an opportunity for success.\nOther champions of their hobbies was Henry Ford, who said, \"A boy's job is to prepare himself with training, knowledge and experience. If I were bringing up a boy today, I would see to it that he had a shop in which he could work with tools.\" The Big Book of Boys' Hobbies has been prepared to provide a large variety of ideas of interest to boys. Following the trend of the times, a generous section of the book has been devoted to the latest types of model airplanes \u2014 indoor and outdoor models, 'flying sticks,' flying models that look like real ships, and scale models. The subject of model airplanes has had a large following since the first flight by the Wright brothers, but every boy has taken up the hobby since the transatlantic flight of Colonel Lindbergh, it would seem, from the demand for plans and material-kits.\n\nPreface\nVll\nThe author has personally superintended the cutting of balsa sticks for over ten thousand models supplied to readers. Plans for galleons, yachts, and other non-sailing models are included, with interest in these second only to model airplanes. Regardless of a boy's preferences, he will likely find them among the fifty-one chapters.\n\nThis material was selected from the author's articles published in Modern Mechanics, The American Boy, Child Life, Youth's World, The Pioneer, The Target, Boyland, Boy's Comrade, Boy Life, The Boy's Friend, Penn-Weekly, and Hi-Way. Additionally, articles from Popular Science Monthly, Boy's World, Open Road for Boys, The Ladies' Home Journal, and Woman's Home Companion were included.\narticles syndicated to newspapers and weeklies. Since he has lived with this type of work for many years, the author has had the satisfaction of watching the development of genius in his readers that has resulted in successful careers. He is confident that the contents of Big Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbies will bring about helpful reactions. No boy will have time to make and do all the things described, but since the material has been organized into a program of winter, spring, summer, and autumn hobbies, he will find enough to keep him busy from one end of the year to the other. Neely Hall.\n\n PART I\n WINTER HOBBIES\n CHAPTER I\n A Hobby Club\n\n Organizing a Club \u2014 Choosing Club Members \u2014 The Club's Purpose \u2014 An Organization Meeting \u2014 The Officers \u2014 The Club Workshop \u2014 The Clubroom \u2014 The Club Library \u2014 Activities.\nCHAPTER II\nA Model-Making Workshop\nLocation of the Workshop \u2014 An Outside Shop \u2014 A Shop in a Garage \u2014 A Porch Shop \u2014 A Basement Shop \u2014 A Home-made Work-bench \u2014 The Bench-vise \u2014 A Bench Stop \u2014 A Packing-box Work-bench \u2014 The Cupboards \u2014 The Vise \u2014 Other Shop Equipment \u2014 Name Your Shop.\n\nCHAPTER III\nFurnishing Your Room or a Clubroom\nThe Furnishings \u2014 A Room in an Attic \u2014 Finishing an Attic Room \u2014 Wallboard \u2014 Storage Closets \u2014 A Window-seat \u2014 A Cabinet \u2014 A Shelf for Models \u2014 Cabinet Shelves\n\nIX\nX\n\nCONTENTS\n\nCabinet Doors \u2014 Box Files \u2014 A Folding Screen \u2014 Double-acting Brass Hinges \u2014 An Interesting Room and its Owner \u2014 Picture-frames \u2014 Other Suggestions.\n\nCHAPTER IV\nA Treasure-Chest with a Secret Lock.\n\n(Note: The text has been cleaned to remove unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and other meaningless characters. The original content has been preserved as much as possible.)\nCHAPTER V\nScrapbooks: 37, 528.11 Bytes (1.3 KB)\n\nAn Aeronautics Scrapbook, A Sports Scrapbook, A Scrapbook of Scouting, Notebook Covers, Home-made Covers, Binder\u2019s Board, Stock for Scrapbook Leaves, Assembly, Mounting Pictures and Articles, Classifying\n\nCHAPTER VI\nModel Airplane Tools, Materials, and Tournaments: . . 44, 611.3 Bytes (1.5 KB)\n\nThe Tools Required, Adhesives, Cement, Acetone, Banana Oil, Airplane Dope, Framework Materials, Balsa, Bamboo, Covering Materials, Japanese Tissue-paper, Chinese Silk or Linen, Metal Fittings, Music-wire, Shaping the Wire, A Fishhook Bearing, A Needle, A Brad, Thrust-washers, A Wheel from a Glass-cutter, Landing-gear, Landing-gear Axles, Struts, Shaping Bamboo, A Razor-blade Knife, Motors, Rubber.\nCHAPTER VII, B. C. Friedman: An Indoor Duration Model Airplane (59)\nThe Wing - The Wing Tips - Ribs - Spars - Assembling the Wing Frame - The Dihedral - Papering the Wing - The Motor Base - The Stabilizer - The Rudder - Metal Fittings - The Propeller-bearing - The Rear Motor-hook\n\nCONTENTS\nThe S-hook - The Propeller-shaft - Thrust-washers - Wing-clips - The Propeller - The Blank - The Carving - Mounting the Propeller - Thrust-washers - The Motor - Tuning the Model - Launching the Model\n\nCHAPTER VIII, A Twin Pusher Model Airplane (72)\nA Practice Plane Built for Speed - Materials\nThe Frame - The Longeron - The Braces - Metal Fittings - The Yoke - The Propeller-bearings - Four Cans - The Wing - The Dihedral - The Elevator - Two Dihedrals - Finishing - The Propellers - The Propeller-blanks - The Right-hand Propeller - The Left-hand Propeller - The Propeller-shafts - The Thrust-washers - S-hooks - The Motors - A Propeller-winder - A Homemade Winder - Using the Winder - To Launch the Model\n\nCHAPTER IX\nA Profile-Fuselage Model Airplane . 84\nA Model That Looks Like a Real Ship - Materials - A Material-kit - The Motor Base - The Fuselage - The Wing - The Ribs - Assembling the Wing - Covering the Wing - The Tail - The Stabilizer and Elevator - The Fin and Rudder - Metal Fittings - The Propeller-bearing - A Needle Bearing - The Rear Motor Hook - The S-hook\npeller-shaft, Washers, Wire Hangers, Wing-clips, The Landing-gear, The Struts, The Wheels, The Wheel Axles, The Propeller, The Blank, Mounting the Propeller, The Motor, Tuning the Model, Finishing the Cabin\n\nCHAPTER X\nA Low-Wing Profile-Fuselage Model Airplane ... 95\nA Model With the Low Wing of the Junkers Bremen Ship\n-- Materials -- A Material-kit -- The Motor Base -- The Fuselage -- The Wing -- The Spars -- The Ribs -- Assembling and Covering the Wing -- The Tail -- The Stabilizer and Elevator -- Covering -- Mounting -- The Fin and Rudder -- Mounting and Covering -- Metal Fittings -- The Propeller-bearing -- The Rear Motor-hook -- Two Intermediate Hangers -- The S-hook -- The Propeller-shaft -- Thrust-washers -- Wing-clips -- The Landing-gear -- The Struts -- The Axles -- The Shock-absorbers -- The Wheels.\nCHAPTER XI, Scale Model Airplanes: Difference Between Flying Models and Scale Models, A True Scale Model, Contest Scale Models, Sources of Data for Scale Models, Scale Drawings, The \"Spirit of St. Louis\" Scale Model, The Fuselage, The Wing, The Stabilizer, Elevators, Fin and Rudder, The Landing-gear, The Whirlwind Motor, The Propeller, Finishing the Model, The Curtiss Army Hawk Scale Model, The Fuselage, The Tail Group, The Wings, The Landing-gear, The Covering, Finishing the Hawk, Other Fitments.\n\nCHAPTER XII, A Galleon Ship Model: The Hobby of Building Ship-models, The Materials.\n[CHAPTER XIII, Installing a Radio\nThe Aerial \u2013 The Aerial Supports \u2013 An Iron-pipe Mast \u2013 A Concrete Base \u2013 Assembling the Mast \u2013 Erecting the Mast \u2013 Slack in the Aerial Wire \u2013 Insulation of the Aerial \u2013 The Lead-in Wire \u2013 A Lightning Arrester \u2013 The Ground Wire \u2013 A Direct Ground.\n\nCHAPTER XIV, A Winter Feeder for Birds\nThe Hanging Feeder \u2013 The Parts \u2013 The Center Compartment \u2013 The Wire Containers \u2013 Paint \u2013 Stocking the Feeder.\n\nCONTENTS\nXV\nPAGE\n\nCHAPTER XV]\nWinter Sports Equipment\nBook References for Sports Equipment - An Ice Skate - The Chassis - Attaching the Skate-runners - The Body - The Handle-bars - The Paint Job - A Barrel-stave Sled - The Seat - The Runners - A Foot-bar - A Rocker Coaster - A Pair of Rockers - Four Cross-bars - The Seat-boards - Barrel-stave Skis - A Small Skate-sail - The Frame-sticks - To Assemble the Frame - The Covering Material - Decorating the Sail - Sailing - An Ice-hockey Stick - Making the Sharp Bend - Another Way to Shape a Stick - Length of the Stick - The Shaft End - The Blade End - Finishing a Hockey Stick - Hollow-grinding Your Skates - A File Grinder - The File - The Holder - Assembling - A Vise Support - Skates to Grind\nPART II\nSPRING HOBBIES\nCHAPTER XVI\nModel-yacht Building Popular \u2013 Model-yacht Organizations \u2013 Building Model-yachts with Dad \u2013 Your First Model-yacht \u2013 Larger Models\nBlueprints \u2013 Material Kits \u2013 Fittings \u2013 A Twenty-four inch Model \u2013 Materials \u2013 The Hull \u2013 To Lay Out the Hull \u2013 Templates \u2013 Carving the Hull \u2013 Hollow the Inside \u2013 Make the Deck \u2013 The Keel \u2013 The Rudder \u2013 The Rudder-post \u2013 A Port \u2013 The Tiller \u2013 The Spars \u2013 The Mast Loops \u2013 The Rigging-loops \u2013 A Mast-step \u2013 The Sails \u2013 The Rigging \u2013 Automatic Steering \u2013 Finishing\nCHAPTER XVII\nA Model Motor-Boat (177)\nTime Required to Build Model Motor-boat \u2013 Cost of Materials \u2013 Boy Craftsman Prize Model Motor-boat \u2013 Materials\nCHAPTER XVIII\nA Great Rig in Kites\nThe Conyne Model - A Cross Between a Box-kite and a Hexagonal Kite\nMaterials Required\n- Kite-sticks\n- Covering material\n- A thirty-three-inch model\n- The Assembly\n- Frame the triangular cells\n- Fasten the horizontal stick\n- The framing-string\n- Cover the side wings\n- The Bridle\n- The Belly-band\n- The Flying-line\n- A kite line reel\n\nCHAPTER XIX\nAn Air-Motor\nThe similarity in motion of windmill and airplane\n- Windmill easy to build and easy to keep in repair\n- Size varies\nCHAPTER XX\nAn Airplane Weather-Vane.198\nA model that withstands storms - Symbolizes your interest in aviation - Building this model is simple - The fuselage - The wing - The elevator and rudder - Braces - The propeller - Cylinders - The landing-chassis - The tail - Finishing - The swivel base - An electric outlet box-cover base - An iron pipe support - A concrete base - Omission of compass points from the support.\n\nCHAPTER XXI\nA Museum.206\nCollecting is an interesting hobby - Collections vary in value - Anton Watkin\u2019s Home Museum - Your own room as a museum - Bill Jones\u2019 Museum - A Boy Scout Troop.\nMuseum  \u2014  A  Stamp  Collection  \u2014  Duplicate  Stamps  for  Ex- \nCONTENTS \nXV \nPAGE \nchanges  \u2014  A  Coin  Collection  \u2014  Mount  Your  Coins  \u2014  To  Pre\u00ac \npare  the  Coin-mat  \u2014  A  Passe  Partout  Frame  \u2014  A  Knot \nBoard  \u2014  Material  for  Knot  Board  \u2014  A  Rock  and  Mineral \nCollection  \u2014  A  Shell  Collection  \u2014  A  Collection  of  Leaves  \u2014 \nAn  Insect  Collection  \u2014  A  Photograph  Collection  \u2014  A  Photo\u00ac \ngraph  Album  \u2014  A  Folding  Screen  \u2014  A  Card-index  of  Ex\u00ac \nhibits \u2014  A  Specimen-cabinet  \u2014  Shelves  \u2014  To  Trim  the  Cabi\u00ac \nnet  \u2014  Cabinet  Drawers  \u2014  Finish  the  Cabinet. \nCHAPTER  XXII \nA  Cracker-Box  Aquarium . 217 \nFew  Responsibilities  Connected  with  Keeping  Goldfish  \u2014  A \nWell-balanced  Aquarium  \u2014  Do  Not  Change  Water  \u2014  When  a \nFish  Becomes  Sick  \u2014  Feed  Sparingly  \u2014  Difficulty  in  Building \nWood-and-glass  Aquarium  \u2014  The  Tin  Cracker-box  Aquarium \n\u2014  Materials  \u2014  Make  Your  Aquarium  Cement  \u2014  Prepare  the \nBox  This  Way  \u2014  Paint  the  Tin  \u2014  Set  the  Glass  \u2014  A  Castle \nfor  the  Aquarium  \u2014  Make  a  Form  \u2014  Mix  Sand  and  Cement \n\u2014  Build  the  Castle  Walls  \u2014  Stocking  the  Aquarium. \nCHAPTER  XXIII \nA  Bird  Sanctuary . 224 \nFitting  Up  a  Bird  Sanctuary  Is  One  of  the  Best  Hobbies  \u2014 \nA  Reader\u2019s  Letter  \u2014  A  Wren  Hut  \u2014  To  Prepare  the  Cocoa- \nnut  \u2014  Make  the  Roof  \u2014  To  Assemble  \u2014  A  Bluebird  House  \u2014 \nLay  Out  the  Front  \u2014  Lay  Out  the  Back  Board  \u2014  The  Side\u00ac \nboards \u2014  The  Roof-boards  \u2014  The  Floor  \u2014  The  Doorway  \u2014 \nThe  Hanger  \u2014  Paint  the  Bluebird  House  \u2014  Shingle  the  Roof \n\u2014  A  Wren  or  Bluebird  House  \u2014  Build  Houses  to  Sell  \u2014  Di\u00ac \nmensions  of  Parts  \u2014  The  Side-pieces  \u2014  The  End-pieces  \u2014 \nThe  Floor-board  \u2014  Eave  Strips  \u2014  The  Roof-boards  \u2014 \nHanger-blocks  \u2014  For  Spring  Cleaning  \u2014  A  Nesting-material \nDepot  \u2014  Cut  the  Center  Stick  Support  \u2014  The  Tin  Funnel \nCHAPTER XXIV\nBird-Baths and a Fish-Pool. 233\n\nA Bird-bath Attracts Birds to Your Grounds - Affords Rare Opportunity for Study and Photographs\n- A Tree-stump Bath - To Mount the Cover - A Rustic Bath\n\nCONTENTS\nPAGE\nFish-pond or Water-garden - A Concrete Pool - The Size of the Pool - Mark Out the Pool - Excavate to a Depth of Four Inches - Make the Rim Level - Tamp Down the Earth - A Home-made Tamper - A Cinder Sub-base - Material for Concrete - A Mixing-box - To Mix a Batch of Concrete - Shovel the Concrete into the Excavation - Reinforcing - Add Two Inches of Concrete - Finish the Edge of the Pool - The Bird-bath - Planting - A Drain.\n\nCHAPTER XXV\nKennels . . 240\n\nA Kennel Supplies Spring and Summer Quarters for Your Dog - A Well-built House - The Size - The Material.\nBuild the House in Sections \u2014 To Make the End-wall Section \u2014 The Side Sections \u2014 Build the Floor \u2014 The Roof \u2014 Ventilation \u2014 Cover the Roof \u2014 Paint the Kennel \u2014 A Barrel Kennel \u2014 A Wooden Oil-barrel \u2014 The Crib \u2014 Preparing the Barrel \u2014 Painting\n\nChapter XXVI\nA Back-Yard Zoo . 246\nPark Zoo Is a Model for Your Back-yard Zoo \u2014 Label the Cages of Your Pets with Their Latin Names \u2014 A Good Way to Acquire a Zoo \u2014 Care for Your Neighbors' Pets When the Owners Are Away \u2014 This Is a Pleasant Way to Earn Vacation-money \u2014 Kennels May Be Adapted to Other Pets Than Dogs \u2014 Poultry-houses May Be Used for Pigeons \u2014 An Emergency Hutch \u2014 It Is Made of a Box \u2014 An Exhibition-cage \u2014 A Rabbit-hutch \u2014 Three Compartments in one.\nBox: Cut floor-boards, two doorway panels. The rabbit runways, stairway. Make doors. Cover runway sides. A pair of trestles. Paint inside and outside of hutch. A convertible coop or hutch. Construction: Build up sides. Ventilator. Cut roof-boards. Chicken coop. Hinged front. Cut small doorway. Hinge front. Fasten floor. Stairway. Make screen doors. Enclosed runway. Paint assembled framework. Cover top, sides, and front door frame with poultry netting.\n\nContents\nxvii\n\nCHAPTER XXVII\nA Poultry-House\n\nUnnecessary large piece of ground for small poultry-plant\nBalanced rations, product of more scientific methods\nTrap-nests make possible a check on egg-production\nScratch-shed affords protection in inclement weather\nCombination Poultry-house and Scratch-shed \u2014 The Building Material \u2014 The Scratch-shed or Basement Framework: Cut the Floor-joists, Lay the Floor-boards, The Poultry-house Framework: The Rear Frame, The Front Frame, To Erect the House Framework: The Rafters, Build the Side-wall Frames, The Doorway, Sheathe the Walls, The Roof, Trimming, Glaze the Windows, The Ventilator, Cross-ventilation, Make a Batten Door, Enclose the Scratch-shed, An Entrance Platform, Build the Steps, The Runway, Poultry Fixtures: The Roosts, The Droppings-board, The Nest-boxes, The Drop-leaf, Containers for Scratch-feed and Mash, Painting, Whitewashing.\n\nPART III\nSUMMER HOBBIES\nCHAPTER XXVIII\nA Sharpie Outboard Motor-Boat . . 269\nExtensive Use of the Outboard Motor \u2014 Own Your Boat\n\u2014 The Flat-bottomed Sharpie \u2014 The Materials \u2014 The Mast\n\u2014 The Sail \u2014 The Rudder \u2014 The Centerboard \u2014 The Keel\n\u2014 Building the Sharpie \u2014 The Keel Box \u2014 The Centerboard Case\n\u2014 The Centerboard and Rudder \u2014 The Transom \u2014 The Stern Sheet\n\u2014 The Bow Sheet \u2014 The Boom \u2014 The Mast Step \u2014 The Mast Partner\n\u2014 The Mast \u2014 The Boom Vang \u2014 The Boom Tiller \u2014 The Rigging\n\u2014 The Sail Cover \u2014 The Motor Mount \u2014 The Motor \u2014 The Propeller\n\u2014 The Gas Tank \u2014 The Wiring \u2014 The Switch \u2014 The Steering System\n\u2014 The Steering Cable \u2014 The Rudder Cable \u2014 The Motor Controls\n\u2014 The Motor Cover \u2014 The Trailer \u2014 The Winch \u2014 The Tongue Jack\n\u2014 The Safety Equipment \u2014 The Oars \u2014 The Rowlocks \u2014 The Seat\n\u2014 The Painting and Finishing \u2014 The Launching \u2014 Enjoying the Boat.\nCHAPTER XXIX, XXX\n\nA Canvas Canoe.\nModel Designed by Robert McKechnie. - An Inexpensive Craft. - It is Easy to Build and Transport.\n\nThe Framework. - The End-pieces. - The Ribbands and Gunwales.\nThe Molds. - Assembling. - The Covering. - Painting.\nThe Cockpit. - A Double Paddle. - A Life-preserver Vest.\n\nCHAPTER XXIX, XXX\n\nWoods and Water Ideas . 282\n\nA pup-tent for an Overnight Hike May Be Carried on Your Back. - A Large Tent Will Pack in a Trek Cart. - Poles Must Be Jointed to Pack into a Compact Bundle.\nThe Poles \u2014 To pack the poles \u2014 A campfire crane \u2014 Pot hooks \u2014 An orange-crate for camping \u2014 An automobile cabinet \u2014 Cover the cabinet \u2014 A trek-cart cabinet \u2014 A fishing-line reel \u2014 A home-made reel \u2014 The base \u2014 The reel \u2014 The axle \u2014 A crank \u2014 Finish \u2014 A canoe or Sharpie headlight \u2014 The lamp support \u2014 The base board \u2014 Paint \u2014 To assemble the headlight \u2014 Paddle and oar pairs \u2014 Broken handles \u2014 Reinforce the connection \u2014 The twine splice \u2014 A wire splice \u2014 A square break \u2014 A broken oar-handle \u2014 A split handle \u2014 A split paddle or oar-blade \u2014 Tip your paddle-blade \u2014 Protect the upper end of the break.\n\nCHAPTER XXXI\nBack-Yard Shacks . 294\nMaterial for the job \u2014 Crating-material is good enough \u2014 Boards from packing-cases can be used \u2014 A small shack \u2014 The framework \u2014 The\nSheathing: Lay the roof-boards. No floor is needed. The Door. The Windows. Box furniture. A window-seat. A Boy-scout Patrol-shack. The Essentials of a Patrol-Shack. The Framework. The Sheathing. Window openings. A batten door. The Roof. Build a ladder. Insulation. Bunks. Painting.\n\nCHAPTER XXXII\nA Cave with Secret Entrance (303)\nThis cave differs from most caves. Built for safety. The cave is dry, light, and well ventilated. Attraction of the cave is the secret entrance. Building-material. Size of the cave. Underground portion. Above-ground portion. The walls. A ventilator-shaft.\n\nTO SET UP THE WALLS:\nThe secret entrance. Make the walls watertight. Outside grading. Sow grass-seed to hide the entrance.\n\nCHAPTER XXXIII\nA Play Periscope (309)\nWhat a periscope is. Ways of having fun with the periscope.\nPeriscope  \u2014  Imagine  Your  Cave  a  Submarine  \u2014  Other  Possi\u00ac \nbilities \u2014  How  the  Periscope  Is  Made  \u2014  Material  Required \n\u2014  The  Construction  Is  Simple  \u2014  Fit  the  Mirrors  in  Position \n\u2014  A  Strap  Handle  \u2014  Paint  the  Inside. \nCHAPTER  XXXIV \nThe  Wabash  Limited  Pushmobilb . 315 \nA  Step  between  Miniature  Models  and  the  Real  Thing  \u2014 \nThe  Railroad  Working-capital  \u2014  The  Materials  \u2014  The  Tools \n\u2014  The  Locomotive  \u2014  The  Axles  \u2014  The  Boiler  Framework  \u2014 \nThe  Boiler-jacket  \u2014  The  Cab  \u2014  The  Driving-rods  \u2014  The \nCylinders  \u2014  The  Steering-device  \u2014  The  Steam-dome  and \nSand-box  \u2014  The  Stack  \u2014  The  Headlight  \u2014  The  Bell  \u2014  A \nRunning-board  \u2014  Steam  and  Water  Pipes  \u2014  A  Pilot  \u2014  Valves \n\u2014  The  Tender  \u2014  The  Pullman  \u2014  The  Paint  Job. \nCHAPTER  XXXV \nA  Dump-Truck  Pushmobile . 321 \nA  New  Idea  in  Pushmobiles  \u2014  It  Is  Easy  to  Build  \u2014  The \nChassis  \u2014  The  Steering-gear  \u2014  The  Braking-device  \u2014  The \nCHAPTER XXXVI An Airplane Pushmobile (327)\nAn Airplane Model Big Enough to Ride In\n- The Fuselage\n- The Cabin Window\n- The Hatchway\n- The Fin\n- The Rudder\n- The Motor Cylinders\n- The Wing\n- The Stabilizer\n- The Landing-gear\n- The Covering\n- The Cabin\n- Paint the Ship.\n\nCONTENTS\nPAGE\n\nCHAPTER XXXVII Back-Yard Railroading (333)\nPerfection of Toy Railroad-equipment To-day\nBuilding Model Railroad Systems a Recent Development\nA Village Model\nA Rocky Mountain Model\nStart with a Simple Model\nA Model Lake\nA Wash-tub Lake\nA Concrete Basin\nA Mountain Creek\nA Railroad Bridge\nA Concrete Bridge\nA Form\nThe Arched Openings\nThe Concrete\nA Different Design of Concrete Bridge\nA Box Girder Type of Bridge\nPiers\nThe Roadbed.\nA Toy Electric Beacon.351\n\nLad uses a toy motor to regulate interval between flashes - The flashing beacon - A play harbor - A model airport beacon - The material needed - The tower framework - Two form blocks - The covering - The bridge and railing - The tower base - The electric wiring - The lamp receptacle - The lantern - A small bulb -\nCHAPTER XXXIX: A Toy-Electric Shooting Gallery - 357\n\nA Home-made Toy Shooting Gallery - How It Works\n1. The Base of the Shooting-gallery\n2. The Power-plant\n3. Making a Wooden Pulley\n4. Mounting the Wheel\n5. Belt the Pulley to the Motor-pulley\n6. Mount the Motor\n7. The Target-disk\n8. The Rabbit Targets\n9. Draw the Rabbit Outline\n10. Mount the Targets\n11. Cut Score Numbers\n12. The Bean-blower Shooter\n13. Finishing\n14. Rules for Shooting and Scoring.\n\nCHAPTER XL: A Model Station for an Electric Railroad - 364\n\nYou May Have a Station, But One Is Hardly Enough - A Station Makes a Good Christmas Gift - It Requires a Box - Cut the Doors and Windows - Two Gable-ends - Two Roof-boards - Mount the Depot Upon Its Platform - Cut a Platform.\nCHAPTER XLIA (Missing number, assuming it should be XLI instead)\nA Bean-Blow-Gun. 369\nModel Designed to Shoot Beans at a Target\n- Its Barrel is Built Upon a Tin Bean-blower\n- It Has a Rubber-tubing Extension Through Which to Blow\n- You Drop the Beans into a Magazine\n- The Stock, The Barrel, Cut the Rubber tubing Extension\n- Encase the Bean-blower, The Sliding Sleeve, The Assembly, The Rear Sight\n- For the Front Sight, Make a Trigger, Finishing, How the Gun Works.\n\nCHAPTER XLII\nThe Feeding-Hens Toy. 374\nThis Pendulum Toy is a Foreign Invention\n- How to Operate It\n- The Five Hens\n- The Bodies\n- The Legs\n- The Head and Neck and the Tail\n- The Feeding-platform\n- The Handle\n- The Pendulum\n- The Assembly\n- Finish the Toy.\n\nCHAPTER XLIII\nAn Air-Spinner. 379\nCHAPTER XLIV\nA Dancing Puppet. 382\nYou vibrate the platform to make the puppets dance - The Puppet - Assemble the parts - The Neck - The Head - Finish the Puppet - The Dancing-platform - To Manipulate the Puppet.\n\nCHAPTER XLV\nA Puppet Theatre. 386\nThis could be a moving-picture theater if you own a projector - A reel of pictures will hold your audience between acts - It is great fun to make and operate the puppets - The Doorway Theater - The Stage - The Proscenium - Paint the Proscenium - The Stage-curtain - To Raise and Lower the Curtain - A Proscenium-drop - Stage-settings - Scenery and Properties - A Backdrop - Trees and Shrubbery - A Tower - A Cottage and Garden-wall.\nCHAPTER 46\nPuppets \u2014 Rag-dolls with Altered Joints \u2014 Changes of Costume \u2014 Use Paper Dolls \u2014 The Thread Controls \u2014 Operating the Puppets \u2014 The Stage-lighting \u2014 Puppet Plays.\n\nGame Equipment. 396\nSome boys make games their hobby \u2014 Home-made Equipment \u2014 Table Tennis \u2014 The Court \u2014 Marking Out the Court \u2014 A Wallboard Court \u2014 Make the Tennis-net \u2014 The Tennis-net Posts \u2014 Make Tennis-rackets \u2014 Table-tennis Balls \u2014 Rules for Table-tennis \u2014 A Ring-toss Target \u2014 Make the Target \u2014 The Target Face \u2014 Make the Easel \u2014 Paint the Target \u2014 The Target Pins \u2014 For Tossing-rings \u2014 Rules for Tossing and Scoring \u2014 The Tossing-line \u2014 To Count the Score \u2014 A Checker-solitaire Board \u2014 The Board \u2014 To Lay Out the Playing-surface \u2014 The Peg-holes \u2014 Finish \u2014 Checker-men \u2014 Shotaire-pegs \u2014 Bags \u2014 Playing-rules.\n\nCHAPTER 47\nA Quartz Clock. 407\nThis is a question-and-answer device. Preparing quiz-and-answer cards is fun. How the quiz clock works - a worn-out clock will do. Contents xxiii page\n\nClock - The knob-heads - Mounting the knob-heads - Finishing the knob-heads - Finishing the clock-case - The answer-dial cards - The question cards.\n\nChapter XLVIII\nA gymnasium with home-made apparatus ... 413\nSell the idea of a gymnasium to your hobby club. Locating it - a barn loft, a garage, a basement, an unfinished attic. A trapeze - the trapeze bar - suspension ropes - an eye splice - suspending the trapeze - height adjustment - flying rings - the pair of rings - rope hangers - a horizontal bar - the uprights - the bar-brackets - a hickory bar - an iron pipe bar - setting up the bar - staying the uprights.\n\u2014 Parallel Bars \u2014 The Base \u2014 The Bars \u2014 The Supports \u2014 To Assemble the Apparatus \u2014 Finish the Woodwork \u2014 Mats \u2014 A Striking-bag Platform \u2014 The Platform \u2014 Suspend the Platform \u2014 The Hangers \u2014 Hinge the Platform \u2014 Other Apparatus.\n\nCHAPTER XLIX\nBook-Nooks and Whatnots . 429\nStart Your Own Library \u2014 Book-nooks for Your Own Books, for the Family\u2019s Books, and for Gifts \u2014 An Extension Book-rack \u2014 The Parts \u2014 Laying Out the Parts \u2014 Assembling \u2014 A Wall-rack \u2014 The Material \u2014 A Pattern for the End-pieces \u2014 Saw the Curves \u2014 Shelf-grooves \u2014 The Shelves \u2014 Assembling \u2014 Finishing \u2014 Another Wall-rack \u2014 The Material \u2014 The Pattern for the Ends \u2014 The Shelves \u2014 Assembling \u2014 Finishing \u2014 A Corner Whatnot \u2014 The Turned Spindles \u2014 The Shelves \u2014 Finishing \u2014 Assembling \u2014 A Modernistic Book-tower \u2014 Material \u2014 The Back-boards \u2014 Cut.\nCHAPTER L: A Waste-Basket and a Footstool\n449 pages\n\nA Waste-Basket and a Footstool\n\nThe Waste-basket:\nMaterial - Assembling - Enamelling the Basket\nThe Footstool:\nA Pattern for the Sides - Saw out the Sides - Assemble the Frame - Upholstering - Finishing - The Top covering Fabric\n\nCHAPTER LI: Earning, Saving and Spending\n454 pages\n\nEarning, Saving and Spending\n\nA Boy\u2019s Rightful Use of Money\nHenry Ford's Advice to Boys\nYour Objective - Center Your Earning, Saving and Spending Program in Your Hobbies\nThomas A. Edison and His Boyhood Hobbies\nYour Opportunities for Success\nHobby Equipment That You Can Earn\nMany Ways to Earn\nWhich you can earn money \u2014 Making things to sell \u2014 Printing \u2014 Painting \u2014 Repairing \u2014 Photography \u2014 Gardening \u2014 Pets \u2014 Shows \u2014 Selling \u2014 Services.\n\nList of half-toned illustrations\nFig. I.\n\nPart I\nModel Airplane Builders, South Parks Playgrounds\nClub Workshop: the best place in town\nPorch shop for building radio sets, etc.\nAttic room as a boy\u2019s room\nAn interesting room and its owner\nIndoor duration model airplane\nTwin pusher model airplane\nLaunching a forty-inch twin pusher\nProfile fuselage model airplane, the P.F. 29\nA low-wing profile fuselage model airplane,\nColonel Lindbergh\u2019s Ryan monoplane, \u201cSpirit of St. Louis\u201d .\nSide view of the Curtiss Army Hawk biplane\nFront view of the Ford Tri-Motor cabin monoplane\nSide view of the Ford Tri-Motor cabin monoplane.\nModel of Curtiss Hawk built by Norman F. Zapf, Harold Franklin, Garfield D. Day, Cedric E. Galloway, Melville Schmuldt, Leonard Feinberg, Randolph Cannon and his Model Yacht, Warren E. Leigh, Crossing a Park Lagoon, Air-Motor (Fig. 376), Bill Jones\u2019 Museum, Coin Collection (Fig. 422), Knot Board, Leaf Collection (Fig. 424), Jars for Insects, Cracker-Box Aquarium, Wren Hut (Fig. 435), Wren or Bluebird House, Tree-Stump Bird Bath, A Bird Bath and a Fish Pond.\n\nList of Illustrations:\nFig. 79 - Model Motor-Boat built by Warren E. Leigh.\nFig. - Crossing a Park Lagoon (J).\nFig. 376 - Air-Motor (Airplane Weathervane).\nFig. - Bill Jones\u2019 Museum.\nFig. 422 - Coin Collection.\nFig. 424 - Knot Board, Leaf Collection.\nFig. - Jars for Insects.\nFig. - Cracker-Box Aquarium.\nFig. 435 - Wren Hut.\nFig. - Wren or Bluebird House.\nFig. - Tree-Stump Bird Bath.\nFig. - A Bird Bath and a Fish Pond.\nFig. 463. Well-Built Kennel\nFig. 547. Boy Scouts\u2019 Patrol Shack\nFig. 598. Village Model, Rocky Mountain Model\nSign-Flasher: Toy Electric Beacon, Framework\nElectric Toy Shooting-Gallery\nToy Motor Makes Target Rabbits Run\nFig. 653. The Bean-Blow-Gun\nFig. 655. The Air-Spinner, Vibrating Platform\nRing-Toss Target\nBoard for Checkers and Solitaire\nQuiz Clock\n\"Question\" and \"Answer\" Knobs\nFig. 778. Wall Book-Rack, Corner Whatnot\nAnother Wall-Rack\nModernistic Book-Tower\nPier Cabinet and Waste-Basket\nFootstool. (See Chapter L)\nThis is the day of organizations built around genius. An individual discovers a new process, invents a new device, or improves an old process or device; but an organization develops and promotes it along the intensive lines demanded by modern business. The process or invention may be a one-man idea, but the one-man organization is almost a thing of the past.\n\nYou boys develop ideas in your home shops, but you too sense the value of cooperation. When Dad helps with a project, perhaps he finds you not organized for the job. He adds a tool or two to your outfit. His interest in the work increases. Appreciating labor-saving devices, possibly he invests in one or more of the new types of tools.\n\nWriter Hobbies\nPart I\n\nCabinet of Tools:\n- Electric Bench Lathe, Fig. 827.\n- Electric Scroll Saw, Fig. 829.\n- A Hobby Library.\n\nFig. 827. Electric Bench Lathe.\nFig. 829. Electric Scroll Saw.\n\nA Hobby Library.\n\nWriter Hobbies\nPart I\n\nWriter Hobbies:\n- Cabinet of Tools: Electric Bench Lathe (Fig. 827), Electric Scroll Saw (Fig. 829), A Hobby Library.\nYour chum and you share similar interests, with each owning tools and books the other lacks. Boys with equipment neither of you possess also factor in. Why not gather the group and establish a hobby club? Each member benefits from expanded equipment, increased purchasing power, and new ideas through interaction with fellow enthusiasts.\n\nChoosing Club Members\nYour club may be part of a larger organization or standalone. It could be a Boy Scout troop patrol, a school class group, park playground gathering, or neighborhood association. Above all, members must be congenial and earnest.\n\nThe Club\u2019s Purpose\nThe pursuit of a chosen hobby should be prioritized. Let other hobbies support the selected subject. When you have chosen a group of boys for your club, hold an Organization Meeting. Elect officers and appoint a committee to draft a constitution and select a club workshop and room.\n\nThe Officers:\nIf each member can be an officer or committee member, it's better, as it distributes responsibilities for the club's success. There will be a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and adviser.\n\nA Hobby Club:\nThe secretary may also serve as the shop foreman.\nLibrarian or other members may be appointed to these offices. The club adviser should be an adult qualified to give helpful counsel in matters relating to the club hobby. A father, or the father of one of the other members, a teacher, your scoutmaster, or a man active in community work will be best fitted to serve.\n\nThe Club Workshop\n\nSelect for the club workshop the best-equipped shop that is available, unless there is a reason for establishing a separate shop, possibly combined with a club room. Each member should keep his private tool collection in a portable chest or cabinet, having a lock, so there may be no charge of loss or breakage against the club. There should be an understanding that any loss or breakage of borrowed tools must be made good by the borrower. Suggestions for building a work-bench.\nChapter II suggests other shop equipment in my books, The Boy Craftsman, Handicraft for Handy Boys, The Handy Boy, and Carpentry and Mechanics for Boys. Plans for a backyard shop are given in The Handy Boy. The Club Room may be part of the shop or separate. You can use a room at school for special meetings and demonstrations. A permanent room allows for built-in cabinets, shelves for books, models, and trophies, and decorated walls with photographs, drawings, blueprints, medals, and ribbons. Suggestions for a club room are given in Chapter III, with additional suggestions in Handicraft for Handy Boys. Building a backyard shack is described in Chapter XXXI, a backyard cave in Chapter XXXII, and a log cabin in The Handy Boy.\nThe Handy Boy and Outdoor Boy Craftsmen's Library should be made as complete as possible. Chapter XLIX teaches how to build bookcases, shelves, and racks for books. Each member should lend his handicraft books and other related books to the club. Vote to allocate a portion of the club's yearly budget for the purchase of new books and magazine subscriptions. Affiliate with an Organization that sponsors the club's hobby if possible. This will provide helpful contacts. If the hobby is model airplanes, join the Airplane Model League of America. If it is model boats, join the Model Yacht Racing Association of America. If it is publishing an amateur paper, join the National Amateur Press Association.\nbuilding  bird-houses,  join  the  American  Bird-House \nLeague.\u201d  And  in  order  that  you  may  keep  in  contact  with \nnew  developments  in  hobbies,  join  The  Boy  Craftsman \nLeague.\u201d  For  information  concerning  any  of  the  above \nA  HOBBY  CLUB \norganizations,  send  stamp  to  me,  addressing  your  letter: \nNeely  Hall,  Elmhurst,  Illinois.^\u2019 \nExhibitions,  Contests,  and  Races \nFor  the  promotion  of  hobby  shows,  model  airplane  con\u00ac \ntests,  model  yacht  races,  bird-house  contests  and  other \ncompetitions,  interest  the  local  chapter  of  the  American \nLegion,  Rotary,  Kiwanis  or  Lions  Club,  the  Chamber  of \nCommerce,  or  other  organization.  A  practical  demonstra-* \ntion  of  models  usually  is  sufficient  to  convince  a  program \ncommittee  of  the  worthiness  of  an  activity. \nThe  following  is  offered  as  a  suggestion  for  the  club  con\u00ac \nstitution.  It  may  not  meet  every  requhement,  but  it  will \nArticle 1. Name\nThis club shall be known as [Name] and shall be affiliated with [Affiliation].\n\nArticle 2. Object\nThe club's hobby shall be [Hobby].\n\nArticle 3. Membership\nThe membership of this club shall be limited to [Membership limit]. New members shall be admitted only upon having passed the following requirements: [Membership requirements]. And having received a majority vote of members present at a regular business meeting.\n\nArticle 4. Officers\nThe officers of this club shall consist of a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, shop foreman (custodian or business manager), librarian, and adviser. They shall be elected for a period of [Officer term].\n\nArticle 5. Duties of Officers\nSection 1. The president shall preside at all regular meetings.\nSection 2. The vice-president shall preside in the absence of the president.\nSection 3: The secretary shall keep the minutes of the meetings and handle the club's correspondence.\n\nSection 4: The treasurer shall have charge of the club's finances, receive all dues and money payable to the club, and pay out such sums as he is duly authorized to pay by signed order of the finance committee. He shall keep a correct record of money received, spent, and on hand, and render a report at each business meeting.\n\nSection 5: The shop foreman shall be responsible for club shop equipment and material, and shall be a member of the equipment committee.\n\nSection 6: The librarian shall be responsible for the club's books and periodicals, and shall be a member of the equipment committee.\n\nArticle 6: There shall be a finance committee, an equipment committee, a program committee, and such other committees.\nArticle 7. Meetings\nThe regular meetings of the club shall be held on a consistent day and time, as determined by the president.\n\nArticle 8. Dues\nThe membership dues shall be a specific amount. Special assessments for equipment and other purposes may be made only with the unanimous vote of members.\n\nArticle 9. Order of Meetings\n1. Call to order\n2. Roll Call\n3. Reading of minutes\n4. Treasurer\u2019s report\n5. Committee reports\n6. Unfinished business\n7. New business\n8. Adjournment.\n\nArticle 10. Amendments\nAny article of this constitution may be amended at a regular business meeting with a two-thirds vote of members present.\n\nIn my mind's eye, I see you all at benches in a wide range of shops - from a makeshift one in Mother's kitchen to your own building in the backyard. Extremes, indeed, and there is likely a difference in the character of work that each of you engages in.\nReflects the conditions under which it is done. Some of you must work under adverse conditions, but each year brings changes, so keep a lookout for opportunities for betterment. The club shop suggested in Chapter I is a solution to the problem.\n\nLocation of the Workshop\nAn outside shop may be the ideal location, if it can be built large enough with provision for heating in winter. Chapter XXXI tells how to build a shack that would serve the purpose, and Chapter I of \u201cThe Handy Boy\u201d tells how to build several types of back-yard shops.\n\nFigure 1 shows a group of boys of Frank W. Neil's class, instructor in Home Mechanics at the John Adams Junior-High School, Los Angeles, at work on radio sets in. Figure 2. \u2013 Here Is a Dandy Porch Shop for Building Radio Sets.\n\nIf a garage is large enough and well-ventilated, it can serve as a shop.\nA Model-Making Workshop\nFig. 1.\u2014 The Gang Finds the Club Workshop the Best Place in Town.\n\nA model-making workshop, lit and capable of being heated, makes a first-class place to work. If Dad is building a new garage, he may build a two-car or three-car structure, allowing one-half or one-third to be utilized for a shop.\n\nFigure 2 shows two of Mr. Neibs' boys in a Porch Shop. It would be hard to find a better spot for building airplane models and radio sets, for experimental work, or indeed, woodworking, provided the porch is glazed and can be heated. Here, the shop is high and dry, and has all the light one could want.\n\nThe cost of enclosing a porch is not much. Perhaps you can interest Dad in having it done. A local sash-and-door mill or a carpenter will give an estimate on the work.\nA basement shop is likely the best choice, as long as it is dry and well-lit. Here, there is usually room for expansion as new equipment is added. Who among us isn't keen on equipment - a cabinet of new tools, a circular saw, a lathe, and some of the other motor-driven time-saving machines for home shops that are so enticingly displayed in store windows and advertisements.\n\nA homemade workbench is the model maker's most important equipment. The bench need not be purchased. Indeed, it is better to put the savings on the purchase price into tools and materials. You can build a very good bench, like the one shown in Fig. 3, for less than five dollars. It has a wrought-iron bench screw that you can buy.\nFor 75 cents. A cabinet-maker\u2019s vise with steel jaws and device for rapid opening and closing costs five dollars and up. You can add one later when you can better afford it.\n\nThe material required and the way to cut it and assemble it is shown in Figs. 4 to 12. Buy a piece of 2-by-4, 14 feet long for the legs and top plates, a 1-by-4, 16 feet long for the rails and braces, a 1-by-8, 10 feet long for the front and back aprons, a 2-by-8, 16 feet long for the top planking, a 1-by-6, 16 feet long for the bottom shelf, and a piece of 2-by-6, 29 inches long for a vise jaw. This material may be of pine. Maple makes a harder working surface for a top and is used on factory-built benches, but pine costs less and is easier to get. I have a pine-top bench that has had many years\u2019 service and is good for many more.\nFig. 6 shows a cross-section of the bench. Cut the pieces for The End Frames. Fig. 4 shows a frame and dimensions of its parts. Spike, bolt, or screw the pieces together. Carriage-bolts or lag screws \u00bd-inch in diameter make a neater job than spikes.\n\nBefore attaching the diagonal braces, ensure that corners are square. By placing one frame flat on the floor and building the other upon it, it is easy to get the pair alike.\n\nWith the frames assembled, stand them up and connect them with The Aprons. Cut these 5 feet long and fasten them with their top edges even with the leg tops, and their ends projecting 6 inches.\n\nThe Top Planking goes on next. Cut the 2-by-8 plank, which will measure 1 \u00bd inches thick by 7 \u00bc or 7 \u00bd inches wide, into three pieces 5 feet long. Spike or bolt the pieces together.\nTo the ends of the end frames' plates, with their ends and edges even with the bench aprons. With the top in place, cut and nail the bottom shelf boards to the bottom rails of the end frames.\n\nThe Bench Vise is easily assembled. Figure 7 is a detail of the 2-by-6 jaw. Taper the lower end, as shown. Figure 8 shows a detail of the bench screw: the screw A, the nut B, and the handle C. The nut may be set into a 2-by-4 block (D, Figure 9), and the block spiked to the back of the bench leg (Figure 6), or set directly into the leg. Some bench screws, made for 4-inch legs, are not threaded close enough to the handle to permit setting the nut into a 2-by-4 leg. They require the block D to make possible the closing of the vise.\n\nTo bore the hole for the bench screw, nail the jaw in place.\nTemporarily place the bit on the bench face, in its correct position, locate the hole, and bore through the jaw, apron, and leg. If you have an expansive bit, set it to bore a hole of the right size. If not, bore a ring of small holes and cut out the wood between with a keyhole saw or chisel. Care must be taken to hold the bit on a level to prevent slanting the hole.\n\nFig. 7 \u2013 Vise Jaw.\nFig. 8 \u2013 Bench Screw.\nFig. 9 \u2013 Block for Nut.\nFigs. 10 and 11 \u2013 Sliding Strip and Pocket Block.\nFig. 12 \u2013 Bench Stop.\nSet the nut into the back of the leg and chisel away the hole to admit it. Screw the screw collar to the face of the jaw.\n\nThe lower end of the jaw must have the sliding strip E (Fig. 6) fastened to its edge to guide it and keep it from moving.\nThe strip has a series of -%-inch holes bored through it, 1 inch from center to center (Fig. 10). A %-inch bolt is slipped into the right hole to prevent the jaw from pushing in beyond that point. This device is necessary to make the jaw grip work squarely. The notch in the jaw (Fig. 7) receives the end of the sliding strip. Nail or screw the strip in place. The sliding strip slides in a pocket built upon the side of the leg. To make the pocket, fasten a block of wood above and another below the sliding strip, and a third block (F, Fig. 11) across the pair.\n\nThe right end of long boards placed in the vise must be supported on an Adjustable Peg. Rows of holes must be bored in the edge of the bench top and front apron (as shown in Fig. 3) to secure the peg.\nA bench stop at the left end of the bench top is needed to push work against. Iron stops made to set in a mortise cut in the bench top can be purchased at a hardware store. But the home-made wooden stop with notched end, shown in Fig. 12, serves very well. Screw it to the top, with the notch to the right, as shown in Fig. 3.\n\nFig. 13 shows a bench built upon a pair of packing-boxes. The boxes save the building of end frames, and they can be converted into cabinets, handy for tools and materials.\n\nFig. 13. \u2013 Bench Built upon a Pair of Packing-Boxes.\nFig. 14. \u2013 Connect the Boxes Like This.\n\nThe Packing-Boxes should measure about 10 inches deep, 14 inches wide, and 27 inches long. The best place to get them is a paint store, hardware store, or dry-goods store.\nSelect identical and strongly made boxes. If nails have loosened, add more. The cupboards need shelves. Attach these between the box sides (Fig. 15). Then, cut 2-inch-wide strips from the box cover boards, and trim the fronts of the cupboard boards as shown (Figs. 15 and 16). Secure the shelves with them, as depicted (Fig. 16). Cover the space between the strips with a door hinged to one strip, or with a burlap curtain hung upon a rod. Nail a diagonal strip across each box bottom (Fig. 17) for increased rigidity.\n\nThe bench top requires two 2-by-8 plank pieces, the aprons two 1-by-8 board pieces, and the bottom rails two 1-by-4 board pieces. For a short bench, the top consists of two 2-by-8 plank pieces.\nand aprons may be 4 feet long, the rails 10 inches shorter. First, connect the boxes with the aprons and rails as shown in Fig. 14, then add the top planking. The Vise will be assembled in the same manner as the vise of the larger bench (Figs. 6-11). Let the bottom sliding stick slide through a slot cut in the side of the left-hand box (Fig. 14).\n\nOther shop equipment:\nYou will need a tool cabinet or tool chest in which to lock up tools after use. You will need racks in which to stick tools while you are at work. You must have containers for nails, screws, bolts, hinges, and other hardware, and racks for material. You will need horses across which to place boards for marking and sawing, and a bench hook, miter-box, sandpaper-block, and other devices. You will find plans and instructions for making them in Chapter I.\nChapter II, The Boy Craftsman in \"Handicraft for Handy Boys\" and \"The Handy Boy\" advises naming your shop based on its specialization or club name. Select a catchy name for letterheads and envelopes. Some examples include \"Model Aircraft Shop,\" \"The Juvenile Manufacturing Company,\" \"Boy Toy Company,\" \"Feathered-Friends Home-Builders,\" \"Big Boy Boat-Builders,\" \"Home-made in America Aircraft,\" \"Pioneer Plane Plant,\" \"The Boy Tinker Company,\" \"Model Mechanics,\" and \"Reliable Radio Repair Shop.\"\n\nChapter III\nFurnishing Your Room or a Club Room\nIt's a big job to furnish a boy's room. The owner is best suited to do it, if indeed, as well. Cost plays little into it. It's rather a matter of arrangement, a problem of providing storage space for a thousand and one things, to ensure the room doesn't have a junk-shop setting. A fellow's interests grow with him, and as these increase, so does the problem of caring for equipment.\n\nThe Furnishings:\nSimplicity should be the keynote in furnishing the room. A bed, dresser or highboy, desk or table, and a chair are the essential pieces of furniture. A grass rug or rag rug is the proper floor covering. Window hangings may have to conform to Mother's scheme for the house, but maybe she will listen to your plea to omit frills. Heavy net curtains, with straps and harness rings to drape them back, are quite the contrary.\nA small room is a handicap at the outset, but by careful planning and building racks, cabinets, under-the-bed boxes, and similar catch-alls, a surprising number of effects can be accommodated. It is really not so much a matter of space available as how well the space is organized that determines whether or not the scheme is a success.\n\nAn unfinished attic has great possibilities for bedroom, club room, radio room, indoor airport, laboratory, den, museum, one or all. Perhaps an additional window or two will be necessary; perhaps a dormer to provide sufficient headroom. Such alterations are not expensive, and, considered from the standpoint of converting storage space into living space, are a good investment. You can do the work with the aid of Dad, your friend, or several of your club.\nMembers of a friendly carpenter's guild would lay out the work for finishing an attic room. They would advise what is needed in millwork, lumber, and other materials. If necessary, they would lend a hand with heavy work, charging only for their time.\n\nFinishing an Attic Room does not necessitate plastering. The modern procedure is to set up a framework of 2-by-4 studding for walls and to cut off portions made low by the roof. Then, cover this framework with plasterboard or fiberboard. Most dealers in lumber carry several types of wallboards.\n\nWallboard comes in widths of 32 inches and 40 inches to provide for a spacing of studding 16 inches and 24 inches from center to center. The lengths are 6, 7, 8, and 9 feet, so the wall of average height can be put up in single lengths. Cutting can be done with a saw, where necessary, because the materials cut as easily as wood, and rough.\nFig. 19.\u2014 An Interesting Room and Its Owner.\nFig. 18. \u2014 An Attic Has Great Possibilities for a Boy\u2019s Room.\nFurnishing Your Room or a Club Room\nEdges may be made smooth with sandpaper or a file. Nails with large heads are needed for fastening wallboard. Joints can be filled with plaster compounds sold for the purpose, but the usual practice is to conceal them with lattice strips or other strips, in order to produce a paneled effect. Some wallboards do not require decoration, but all take paint, calcimine, and other finishes, except wallpaper. Wallpaper has a tendency to warp fiber boards. Panel strips and baseboards are finished like the rest of the woodwork.\n\nStorage Closets\nThe photograph of Fig. 18 shows an attic room with walls finished with plaster board. The side walls were set at a point where the ceiling height is 4 feet, and the space above was left unfinished.\nBehind the walls were converted into closets, with doors set at convenient intervals. Shelves and boxes make every foot of the closets available for storage. This is just what you need for your seasonable equipment, or what your club needs for lockers.\n\nA Window-Seat\n[Fig. 18 shows a long window-seat, with an end cabinet and space beneath for box files. Figs. 20 to 29 show the construction of the seat and the cabinet. As the sizes will be determined by the space they are to occupy, dimensions are not given. Perhaps you will want to build only the seat, perhaps you will have room only for the cabinet. The Seat Height may be regulated by the window-sill. Height: chair high, or 2 inches lower, if cushioned. Fig. 21 shows how to support the seat boards, matched with Fig. 20.]\nFig. 21. - Cross-Section.\nFig. 22. - Cupboard Door Catch.\nFig. 21 shows a cross-section of a cabinet with doors made of matched-and-beaded boards, hung on cleats (A) supported on short uprights (B) fixed to the wall above the base, and on 2-by-2 legs (C). To furnish your room or a club room, finish the front with a narrow strip or apron (D) after nailing the seat boards.\n\nA Cabinet\nThe built-in cabinet at the end of the seat (Fig. 18) has glass doors and is suitable for displaying airplane models, small mechanical models, whittling projects, and curios that should be kept away from dust. Its wide, deep shelves may be adjusted to the required heights or removed to provide hanging space. Fig. 20 shows a front view, and Fig. 21 a cross-section.\n\nThe Cabinet Sides are of wall-board. For each side, build a framework using 1-by-2 strips (E and F, Fig. 23). Once you have nailed the frame strips together,\nTack wallboard to them and trim off the edges even with the strips. Finish the edges of the wallboard with lattice strips (G, Fig. 24). The cabinet in the photograph has a top extended to form a shelf for models. The shelf is made of matched boards, like the seat. Cross battens on the upper side hold the boards together and prevent warping (Fig. 23). Set the side frames in place and nail to the seat and the top shelf. Then fasten the 1-by-2 jamb strips H and the 1-by-6 facia board I to the front, and cut the sill strip J (Fig. 21) to fit between the jamb strips. Strip K across the top of the opening (Fig. 21) is a stop for the doors to swing against. A similar, narrower strip is required across the bottom of the opening. Shelves can be made of boards if the depth of the cabinet is sufficient.\n12 inches or less. Wider shelves for a cabinet for curios, models, and the like, can be built of l-by-2 strips and wallboard. Fig. 25 suggests how to make a shelf frame. Fig. 21 shows a cross-section of four frames with the wallboard tacked in place. Metal shelf supports can then be purchased at the hardware store, or you can drive wooden pegs into holes bored in uprights E of the side frames.\n\nCabinet Doors. The cabinet may be left open or be provided with a curtain hung upon a rod, if you cannot get glass for doors. Doors make the cabinet nearly dustproof. You can order a pair at a local mill, or build them yourself. If you are not experienced in woodworking, you are not familiar with making the rabbets necessary to receive the doors.\n\nFig. 24. - Plan of Doors and Corners.\nFig. 25. - Shelf Frame.\n\nFurnishing Your Room or a Club Room\n\nDoors make the cabinet nearly dustproof. You can order a pair at a local mill, or build them yourself. If you are not experienced in woodworking, you may need to make the rabbets necessary to receive the doors.\n\nWider shelves for a cabinet for curios, models, and the like, can be built of l-by-2 strips and wallboard. Fig. 25 suggests how to make a shelf frame. Fig. 21 shows a cross-section of four frames with the wallboard tacked in place. Metal shelf supports can then be purchased at the hardware store, or wooden pegs can be driven into holes bored in uprights E of the side frames.\n\nCabinet doors can be provided, making the cabinet nearly dustproof. Glass for doors is an option. You can order a pair at a local mill, or build them yourself if you're up for the challenge and unfamiliar with making rabbets for the doors to fit into.\nUsing tongued-and-grooved stock (Fig. 26), rip off the width of strip required from the grooved edge (see dotted line), then split off one side of the groove (Fig. 27). Join the strip ends as shown in Fig. 28, and reinforce the connections with wood-joint fasteners (Fig. 29). Glass comes in widths and lengths of even inches, so it will save cutting to make doors that will accommodate glass of stock size. However, make them large enough for a 1/2-inch clearance around the glass. Fasten the glass with glazier's points, weather stripping, or other narrow molding. Hinge the doors with 3-inch brass hinges, a pair to a door. Provide a cupboard catch to hold the left-hand door.\nFig. 22 shows a cabinet with two doors, one on the left and one on the right. The left-hand door has a knob (Fig. 21), and the right-hand door has a cupboard latch to latch it.\n\nFive box files are shown in Fig. 20 below the cabinet, and Fig. 30 is a detail. You cannot have too many for the filing of catalogs, and for pictures and articles that you intend to paste later in your scrapbooks. The boxes may be made of corrugated-board cartons obtained from the grocery. Fig. 31 suggests how to increase the height of a carton by raising its folded top flaps and binding them at the corners with gummed tape or strips of linen coated with glue. Attach a drawer-pull (Fig. 32) to the front of each box with a stove-bolt.\n\nA screen will serve several purposes. It will obviate the necessity for drawing the shade, it will shield the bed from window drafts, and it will make a good clothes-horse.\nThe greater appeal lies in its decorative utility. Its panels will provide good pinning surfaces for dozens of snapshots, souvenir postcards, and posters.\n\nFigs. 33-40 demonstrate making the three-section folding screen depicted in Fig. 18.\n\nThe frames are constructed from 1-inch by 2-inch strips, the covering is of wallboard. The frames are hinged with double-acting hinges so they will fold one upon another as shown in Figs. 33-37.\n\nThe wallboard panels may be set in grooves cut in the frame strips (Figs. 35, 36, and 37), or tacked to the side of the frames with round-headed brass tacks (Fig. 38). The former is the neater method, the latter is the easier.\n\nFigs. 35, 36, and 39 display dimensions of the frame strips. Be careful in marking and cutting them to obtain equal length pieces. If you groove the strips for the panels,\nYou will need a -%-inch chisel. Draw the side lines of the grooves % inch apart. With the chisel held crosswise to the groove, cut away the wood a little at a time, working from one end of the groove to the other. Make the depth of the grooves % inch. Nail the frame strips together with finishing-nails, 3 inches long, and set the heads to provide for puttying. Fasten three strips as shown in Fig. 37. Then, cut the wall-board panel, slide it into the grooves, and fasten the fourth. Glue applied to the panel edges will add stiffness to the frames. Double-acting brass hinges of the type shown in Fig. 40 can be purchased at larger hardware stores. They are no harder to apply than ordinary hinges. Cut away the excess wood when attaching the hinges.\nFig. 19 shows Anton Watkins in a corner of his editorial room, as depicted in Fig. 19. The room reflects Anton's diverse interests. Each corner is as intriguing as the one shown. Anton has been one of my most dedicated readers for seven years. He manufactured birdhouses and toys under the company name The Juvenile Manufacturing Company for several years. For two years, he edited, printed, and published The Handy Craftsman. One summer, he managed a carpenter's shop during the boss's illness. He has built various types of ship models and all kinds of furniture, from a footstool to a kitchen cabinet.\nwon many prizes, medals, and diplomas for his work. He found time for scouting and accomplished the feat of hiking with a 35-pound pack from his home in Easton, Pennsylvania, to Boston, Massachusetts, preparatory to entering college.\n\nYou can win prizes, medals, and diplomas for your work, too. Send a stamped, addressed envelope to me for a copy of Handicraft News. It is full of suggestions. As soon as you have won your first diploma, frame it and hang it on the wall of your room. It will be a source of inspiration and will spur you on to greater effort and other rewards.\n\nAnton Watkins made many of the picture frames shown in the photograph of his room. Plain frames are not difficult to make. Small pictures may be mounted behind glass without frames. Get pieces of glass of correct size at a Big Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbies.\nStore a painting: cut cardboard to size, place diploma or picture between glass and cardboard, bind together with passe-partout paper or tape. Other suggestions: Chapters XLIX, IV (The Boy Craftsman), VI, VIII, IX (Handicraft for Handy Boys), V (The Handy Boy), VIII, IX (Carpentry and Mechanics for Boys). Figure 41 shows a chest's picture. Figure 41: The chest top appears to open at the center, but it doesn't.\nFind a nice box for the chest. You might find one at a grocery store, but there's a better chance at a paint store. It may cost up to 25 cents or nothing at all. The chest in the illustrations measures 24 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 9 inches deep. However, the size of your box doesn't matter. Get cover boards or other boards that fit or can be cut to fit.\n\nExamine your box and reinforce it if necessary. The boards of used boxes are often loose. Drive in additional nails to secure them.\nDrive nails straight in the box, ensuring they don't protrude through the sides. If a nail breaks through, remove it with the claw of your hammer and replace it with a new one in a different spot.\n\nThe Cover\nFig. 42 displays the box with its cover ready. Fig. 43 illustrates the cover. The cover will likely consist of two or three pieces, and the boards must be secured together on the underside with strips of wood called battens. Attach battens using nails short enough to not penetrate completely through them and the boards. Then, drive longer nails through the boards and battens, and clinch them on the underside of the battens by bending over the nail points and hammering them into the batten surface. A hatchet blade is an effective tool for clinching nails; place the battens on it and hammer the nails to secure them.\nA treasure chest with a secret lock has 33 nails through its blade. The steel surface bends over the nail ends. The cover must fit evenly with the box sides and ends, as shown in Figs. 41 and 44.\n\nFig. 42. \u2014 Box for Chest.\nFig. 43. \u2014 Cover.\n\nThe Hinges:\nBuy two pairs of japanned loose-pin hinges, 3 inches square, at the hardware store, for attaching the cover. Fig. 45 shows a loose-pin hinge. The pin is easily pulled out by the knob on the end, and when the pin is out, the hinge separates as shown in Fig. 44. Place a pair of the hinges on each of the long edges of the cover, several inches from the ends, and fasten them to the cover and to the box sides with round-headed screws.\n\nThe Secret Lock:\nNow your chest cover is fastened on tight. But you can open it by using the secret lock. To make the lock, follow these steps:\n\n1. Obtain a small brass plate and mark it with the following letters and numbers: K-1, K-2, R-1, R-2, T, and S.\n2. Drill a hole in the center of the plate for the shackle of the lock.\n3. Drill a small hole for the tumbler pin at K-1.\n4. Drill a larger hole at K-2 for the key.\n5. Drill a small hole at R-1 for the spring.\n6. Drill a small hole at R-2 for the tumbler.\n7. File a notch in the tumbler to fit into the key.\n8. File a notch in the tumbler pin to fit into the hole at K-1.\n9. File a groove in the tumbler pin to engage with the spring.\n10. File a notch in the shackle to fit into the hole at T.\n11. File a notch in the shackle to fit into the hole at S.\n12. File a key to fit into the keyhole at K-2.\n13. File a key to engage with the tumbler pin.\n14. File a key to engage with the notch in the shackle at S.\n15. File a key to engage with the notch in the shackle at T.\n16. File a key to engage with the tumbler.\n17. File a key to engage with the spring.\n\nOnce you have made the lock, attach it to the chest cover using screws and washers. To open the chest, insert the key into the keyhole and turn it while pushing down on the tumbler with your thumb. The tumbler will move, allowing the shackle to be lifted and the cover to open.\nOpen it on either side. All you have to do is pull out a treasure chest with a secret lock. The loose pins are on one side, and presto! The cover is unlocked. If the pins stick, file or sandpaper them, then apply several drops of machine-oil.\n\nYou want it to be thought that the cover opens at the center. The illusion is strengthened by boring a keyhole, covering it with a keyhole plate, and fitting a key in the hole.\n\nChest Handles\nBuy a pair of chest handles (Fig. 46) and screw them to the chest ends. Buy four wooden base knobs (Fig. 47) and screw them to the chest bottom, one at each corner, for feet. Buy two finishing nails and drive them through the rim of each knob to reinforce the screw.\n\nPainting\nYou will want to paint the outside of the chest and the feet with two coats of enamel or paint. I would suggest red or yellow, but blue or green will do. Once the surfaces are dry, you will be ready to add the finishing touches.\n\nFinishing Touches for Boys' Hobbies\n\nThe chest should look very strong. Buy a dozen iron corner-braces (Fig. 48) from the hardware store, and screw three of them to each corner using round-headed screws. Paint the braces black. Then, bind all the box edges with strips of tin or cardboard, painted black, fastening the strips with round-headed tacks or paint narrow black bands in imitation of metal, and stud them with round-headed tacks placed about 1% inches apart.\n\nDon't neglect to add a picture of a ship model or of a skull and crossbones on the two sides of the chest.\nIf you find it easy to copy one in crayon, then fill in between the outlines with black paint to make it a silhouette. On the top of the chest, you might tack a card on which is printed or written something like this: \u201cOpen before Christmas \u2014 if you Can,\u201d as a challenge to friends to solve the mystery of the secret lock.\n\nChapter V\n\nScrapbooks\n\nIf you haven't formed the habit of clipping newspaper and magazine articles that you like well enough to preserve, cultivate it. It\u2019s a hobby that will profit you in many ways. It isn't sufficient to slip clippings into a drawer or into a box, where they may be torn, and probably lost track of. There is little satisfaction in keeping such a collection. File them in a scrapbook where they will be safe from injury and will be at your fingers' tips when wanted.\n\nAn Aeronautics Scrapbook\nEvery air-minded boy is making the latest thing for articles on aviation and pictures, another for articles on model airplanes and model plans. There are many books on aeronautics, but developments are coming through at a rapid pace. Keep your scrapbook up-to-date with pictures and articles clipped from daily newspapers, aeronautical journals, boys\u2019 magazines, and manufacturers\u2019 circulars. Don't collect aeronautics clippings exclusively. Make a big book of boys' hobbies. A Sports Scrapbook of clippings on games and sports events in which you have participated as player, entrant, or spectator, articles on sports, and pictures of champions, local, national, and international. Such a collection will be appreciated in later years when you old boys get together and begin reminiscing. It will revive fading memories and settle disputes.\nTo record who did what, when, and where. If you are a Boy Scout, don't forget to start a Scouting scrapbook. Each day brings its quota of articles and records of Scout deeds in the press. Each week and each month brings its quota of helpful articles in boys\u2019 magazines. Much of this material is too good to throw away. Select, clip, and mount in a scrapbook, and before long you will have an invaluable supplementary handbook.\n\nYour Troop should have its scrapbook as a matter of record. Keeping one is another job for the scribe, an assistant, or a Scout selected because of a keen nose for news. Notebook covers of foolscap size are suitable for a small scrapbook. I have before me a scrapbook of this form, the work of James Coe, an ardent aviation fan. James\u2019 book consists of eighty pages with pictures of one hundred and twenty-five types.\nAmerican planes, fourteen types of foreign planes, twenty-five types of motors, instruments, and maps. This is but one of several volumes. The loose-leaf arrangement makes possible the transferring of sheets from one set to another, to keep the material classified. It is well to provide for expansion, for there is no foretelling how a collection will develop.\n\nA second form of scrapbook is one with home-made covers. Figs. 49 to 51 show three of these. They will cost less than ready-made covers. They are of bookbinder\u2019s board, and, as they measure 11 by 14 inches, they will accommodate large pictures. For pictures from smaller magazines, a better size will be 10 inches. Binder\u2019s Board can be obtained at a book-bindery, or a stationery store.\nThe printer can obtain it for you through a paper house. Three-ply plywood, 6 or % inch thick, makes a good substitute. For large covers, wallboard may be used, but it is rather thick for the purpose. The back cover may be in one piece (Fig. 52), but the front cover must have a hinge strip on the binding edge, so that it will open freely. Cut the covers of equal size, then trim a strip 1 inch wide from the front cover (Fig. 53).\n\nFigs. 52 and 53. \u2014 Back and Front Covers.\nFig. 54. \u2014 Hinge Strip for Front Cover.\nFig. 55. \u2014 Drilling Leaves for Binding.\nFig. 56. \u2014 Screw Post.\nFig. 57. \u2014 Stove Bolt Post.\nFigs. 58-60. \u2014 Mounting and Hinging Clippings\n\nHinge the 1-inch strip to the cover with a piece of black cambric of the right width to fold over both sides of the strip.\nStrip and make a lap of 1 inch over the cover. Glue the cambric to the strip and cover. Lap a similar strip over the edge of the back cover so the pair will look alike, and glue triangular tips of cambric over the right-hand corners of both covers.\n\nDecorate binder-board covers with a colored picture, and run a title across the top, as suggested in Figs. 49 and 50. Finish plywood covers with apple green or Chinese red lacquer, and letter a title in black.\n\nScrapbook Leaves\nThe scrapbook leaves should be of a good grade of manila paper. A printer will order the stock and cut it for you. The sheets should be 0.5 inch narrower and 0.5 inch shorter than the covers.\n\nAssembly\nThe covers and leaves must be punched. Lacking a punch, drill holes with a 1/2-inch drill. Fig. 55 shows How to Drill the Leaves. Clamp them tightly between.\nLay out the positions for the holes on the upper wooden strip. Drill through the strip and the pile of paper until you reach the lower strip. Ensure the holes align by holding the bit brace to bore the holes vertically. Figure 56 depicts a screw post used in stationery houses and hardware stores. If no local dealer has them, substitute stove bolts (Figure 57). The screw post's advantage is its provision for expansion. However, you can obtain any length of stove bolts and substitute longer ones as the scrapbook thickens. Alternatively, lace together the covers and paper with a shoelace, as shown in Figure 51.\nUse three holes in the shoe lace binder instead of two, and run the shoe lace through the three holes.\n\nMounting Pictures and Articles:\nUse library paste or flour paste for mounting articles and pictures on the scrapbook leaves. Apply the paste at the corners of the clippings with an additional touch at the center of long edges. If an article is printed on both sides of a clipping, apply paste to the margin and mount as shown in Fig. 58.\n\nClassifying:\nYou will probably have your own ideas about arranging clippings, but here is a suggested layout for an aeronautics scrapbook. Start with a blank page. On the second left-hand page, mount a suitable picture for a frontispiece. Make the third page the title page. Hand-letter \"Aeronautics\" or \"Aviation,\" \"Vol. I\" (or whatever the number may be), and \"Articles and Pictures collected\"\nLet the first part of the book include articles on the history of aviation, followed by articles on aerodynamics, the science of aviation. Collect as much of this matter as you can and fix the facts in the mind as well as in the book. Run pictures of different types of ships, next, then pictures of motors and accessories, and, after these, airports and equipment.\n\nFig. 59 suggests how to make half (Fig. 60), coated with paste, and lapped over the edges.\n\nA Letter-File Scrapbook.\nFig. 61 shows a scrapbook made of a letter file. The file has advantages over the book. It will hold a large number of leaves. The leaves may be slipped in and out without fastening. There are index leaves to simplify classifying. And the closed ends of the box keep out dust.\n\nCHAPTER VI\n\nMODEL AIRPLANE\nTOOLS, MATERIALS,\nAND TOURNAMENTS\nBuilding model airplanes is possible for every boy because few tools are required, and inexpensive ones at that. Indispensable tools include a rule for measurements, a knife, coping-saw, razor blade, plane, sandpaper, scissors, round-nosed cutting pliers for cutting and bending wire, a drill, a hammer, a candle for heating bamboo to make it pliable for bending, one or more spring clothespins for clamping together small parts until cement has set, and a water-color brush for applying banana oil. A toothpick or other small stick is better than a brush for applying cement. The above tools will shape the raw materials into finished planes. If you purchase model airplane kits, these tools will be sufficient.\nRials in kit form, and metal fittings ready-bent, the tool outfit may be reduced two-thirds.\n\nAdhesives:\nCement is preferable to glue for joining wooden and metal parts, and the two products in general use are Ambroid cement and Du Pont cement. The advantages of cement are that it dries quickly, holds more firmly, is flexible, lighter in weight, and waterproof. You can purchase it at sporting-goods stores and hardware stores, in a 2-ounce can, which amount lasts the average model-builder six months or more, if the can is kept tightly closed.\n\nAcetone. When cement or airplane dopes become thick, through exposure to the air, they can be thinned by adding acetone.\nAcetone is a good solvent for removing cement from fingers. A few drops on a rag will do the trick. Acetone can be purchased by the ounce at a drugstore.\n\nBanana Oil is the adhesive for sticking the paper covering of wings and tails and for making these surfaces tight, airtight, and waterproof; also, for finishing wooden surfaces, for appearance and to add strength. It can be purchased at a paint store in whatever quantity is desired.\n\nApply banana oil with the specified brush. Smooth wooden surfaces with No. 00 sandpaper before finishing with banana oil. First, rub with the sanded side of the sandpaper, then with the reverse side. Apply four coats of banana oil and rub down after each application with the reverse side of a piece of sandpaper.\n\nAirplane Dope is the tertiary given liquids used to make coatings.\nBalsa wood is the ideal material for model airplanes due to its light weight, which is less than half that of cork, and its strength, approximately half that of spruce. Imported from South America, this wood was once hard to obtain for model-makers until the demand grew significantly, leading to a wider distribution. A coping saw can cut propeller blanks and motor sticks, while a safety razor blade can rip sawed sticks into slender strips.\n\nFramework Materials:\n\nBalsa wood has no equal for models built to fly because of its light weight, which is less than half that of cork, and its strength, about half that of spruce. This wood, imported from South America, was difficult for model-makers to obtain until the demand for it became great, leading to a wider distribution. A coping saw can cut propeller blanks and motor sticks, and a safety razor blade can rip sawed sticks into slender strips.\nfor spars and ribs, but not with the precision of a circular saw. Material kits outlined on another page have become popular. Balsa strips can be warped while held over the spout of a steaming tea-kettle, or by bending, while wet, over a lighted electric-light bulb. Bamboo is used for wing tips, ribs, fin, rudder, landing gear, and tail-skid, because of its strength and the ease of bending it into curved shapes. But bamboo sticks are heavier than balsa sticks of equal size. The trend is toward substituting square wing tips and fins of balsa, and balsa ribs. An old bamboo fishing-pole, Japanese umbrella, porch shade, or rug pole will furnish a supply of strips. Ask for a rug pole at a furniture store.\n\nCovering Materials:\nJapanese Tissue Paper is the most commonly used covering material for wing, stabilizer, elevator, fin, and rudder.\nFlying-stick models can be purchased from a model supply house. Run a hot iron over it before using to smooth out wrinkles. Use banana oil for adhesive.\n\nChinese Silk or Linen is preferred to tissue paper for covering non-flying models. Use cement or airplane dope for adhesive, and finish covered surfaces with commercial airplane dope, lacquer, or shellac.\n\nMetal fittings such as propeller shafts, thrust washers, bearings, hangers, yokes, S-hooks, and wing clips may be purchased ready-shaped, but an expert builder prefers to bend his own. Learn to do so. Music wire, sizes 8, 10, 12, and 14, is used for fittings. Buy it in quarter-pound rolls at a hardware store or have the dealer get it for you. Use round-nosed cutting pliers, like those shown in Fig. 69, for bending the wire.\nFig. 77. Use round-nosed pliers for shaping metal fittings. Shaping the wire: Start the eye for a bearing as shown in Fig. 77. The eye will be much smaller than the nose of the pliers and must be worked down to the required size. It is important to shape propeller-bearing eyes perfectly round and just large enough for the propeller shaft to have free play. Music wire is springy, making it somewhat difficult to shape. Model-builders have tried substitutes for wire fittings, not always with success. One idea is a fishhook bearing. A hook must be found with a very small eye. Heat it until red hot then cool slowly. After shaping, re-temper it by heating and plunging into water. If not done correctly, the bearing will be either brittle or too soft.\nA Needle with a small, nearly-round eye, annealed, shaped, and then re-tempered is another idea for a bearing (Fig. 159). A third idea is A Brad with its head hammered flat, and drilled to receive the propeller shaft.\n\nThrust Washers:\nWashers for thrust bearings are usually cut out of sheet brass, and center holes are punched with a phonograph needle. A round punch such as harness makers use is just the thing for punching out washers, and for the larger models, A Wheel from a Glass Cutter makes an excellent thrust washer. This has been called the \u201cKopecki\u201d disk bearing, after the lad who first adapted it.\n\nLanding-Gear:\nWheels for flying models are best made of disks of balsa. Paper cone hubs can be cemented to either side to make a good axle bearing (Figs. 147 and 173), or He-inch tubing.\nThe tubing can be cut into 6-inch lengths and cemented in hub centers (Figs. 184 and 212). The tubing makes excellent hub bearings. You can pick up toy vehicles with wheels of correct size for scale models.\n\nLanding-Gear axles may be made of music wire, bent to form shock absorbers (Fig. 210), and struts may be made of bamboo or wire (Fig. 209).\n\nUse only the outer or glossy portion of bamboo for wing tips, fin, and landing-gear of models. This is the stronger portion of the bamboo. The inner portion is pithy (Fig. 78). Cut a section of bamboo between joints and split it as shown in Fig. 78, or support it up and down in a vise and split it with a chisel. Then split off the pithy portion, as shown in Fig. 79.\n\nBamboo must be bent while heated. Slender pieces can be bent over a lit electric lamp. However, sharp bends must be made using a heat source and a bending tool.\nFig. 80 suggests holding a strip beside a candle flame, about a quarter inch away, with the glossy side out. Move the strip back and forth in a circular path to distribute the heat, while gradually bending it to the desired shape. Then, scrape the inner surface of the bent strip with the back of a knife blade to remove burnt or blackened bamboo and reduce the thickness to 1/2 inch.\n\nBend a pair of wing tips in one strip, then split the strip with a knife or safety-razor blade to make two pieces (Figs. 81 and 82).\n\nFig. 80. \u2013 Bend Bamboo Wing Tips Beside Flame of Lighted Candle.\nFigs. 81 and 82. \u2013 Bend Pair of Wing Tips in One Piece, Then Split in Two.\n\nA razor-blade knife is ideal for ripping thin strips of bamboo.\nBalsa and bamboo, and for trimming the edges of wing and tail coverings, use a safety-razor blade. It is best to mount the blade in a handle (Fig. 83). Cut a stick about 6 inches long, % inch wide, and %6 inch thick. Slot the end to a depth of 1% inches and bore two %-inch holes through the end in the right positions to coincide with two of the blade holes when the blade is slipped into the slot (Fig. 84). Fasten the blade in the slot with two %-inch stove bolts, % inch long (Fig. 85). File off the bolt ends flush with the nuts.\n\nFigs. 83-86. \u2014 A Razor-Blade Knife.\n\nA razor blade is better adapted for close trimming when one corner is broken away, as shown in Fig. 86.\n\nMotors\n\nClockwork, spring, and compressed-air motors are used as power plants for model airplanes, but taking weight into consideration, electric motors are becoming increasingly popular.\nThe Rubber-Strand Motor is the most efficient choice for the duration type model. The size of the rubber commonly used is 2 inches thick and % inch wide. It can be purchased by the linear foot where model supplies are sold.\n\nCare of Motors: Get more out of your rubber strands by giving them good care. Remove them from the model after flights and put them away in a tight box or can, away from light and air, which are destructive agents. A dusting of talcum powder helps to preserve the rubber and keep the strands from sticking. Do not keep a motor wound for any length of time prior to launching, as it decreases the elasticity of the rubber. Separate the strands after each flight and allow them to rest in order that they may recover their normal length.\n\nMaterial Kits\nBecause certain model-making materials have been difficult to get, and because balsa wood is not easily ripped into thin strips without a circular saw, the material kit came into being, and it has proved a boon to model-builders. Some kits include the necessary balsa for a model, cut to required sizes or thicknesses. Other kits contain every part needed to build a model. You will find advertisements of kit services in boys\u2019 magazines and aeronautics journals. Following the trend, kits have been prepared for the several models in Chapters VII to X. Information concerning these may be obtained by enclosing a stamp in a letter to me, addressed: A. Neely Hall, Division of Model Airplane Kits, Elmhurst, Illinois.\n\nModel Airplane Tournaments\nWhen a group of you boys have taken up the building of model airplanes, consider entering a tournament. These events provide an opportunity to test your skills against others and learn from their techniques. Tournaments may be organized by hobby shops, clubs, or schools, and they often feature various classes for different types of models. To find out about upcoming tournaments, check with local hobby shops, model airplane clubs, or aviation museums. Good luck, and may your models soar to new heights!\nOf models, it will be natural for you to want to conduct a contest to determine whose models will fly longest and farthest. Interested local chapters of the American Legion, Rotary, Kiwanis, or Lions Club, the Chamber of Commerce, or other organizations can promote such a contest. Model airplane contests are always popular, and once your community has held one, it will likely become an annual affair. Besides winning local honors, you may have an opportunity to represent the community at one of the national contests. At present, there are two of these: the annual tournament sponsored by The American Boy and the Airplane Model League of America, and the tournament sponsored by the Playground and Recreation Association of America. Information concerning the former tournament can be found in the columns of The American Boy.\nRules and Regulations for the National Playground Miniature Aircraft Tournament\n\nEach community from which competitors may desire to enter the National Tournament must have a committee to administer the local competitions and to certify to the local records. This committee should include the superintendent or director of the playgrounds.\n\nModel Airplane Tools, Materials, Tournaments 55 (continued)\n\n(Administered under more than a single auspice, the superintendent or director of the playgrounds, or where the playgrounds are administered by a board of education, the superintendent of schools.)\n\nThe local committee shall be responsible for the conduct of the local contest, and for the selection and certification of the contestants for the National Tournament. The contestants shall be limited to those who have won first, second or third prizes in the local contest, or who have been certified by their local committee as being entitled to compete in the National Tournament.\n\nThe local contest shall be conducted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the National Tournament, a copy of which shall be furnished to each local committee by the National Tournament Committee.\n\nThe National Tournament shall be conducted annually, and shall be open to all contestants who have been certified by their local committees.\n\nThe National Tournament Committee shall have the power to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the conduct of the National Tournament, and to decide all questions arising therefrom.\n\nThe decision of the National Tournament Committee shall be final.\n\nFor further information, write to:\n\nNational Playground Miniature Aircraft Tournament Committee\nc/o Playground and Recreation Association of America\n1011 15th Street NW\nWashington, D.C.\nThe director of each system; the president or one of the vice presidents of the Chamber of Commerce or a similar organization; editors of local newspapers; a member of the Board of Education or superintendent of schools; the president or vice president of the local aeronautic society or a similar official of a local flying field or airport. Others locally desirable may, of course, be added. The National Committee will furnish official blanks to local committees on which records, qualifications of contestants, and other facts are to be reported. The facts called for must be authoritatively certified by the committee responsible for the local tournament before contestants are qualified to compete in the national tournament. Information as to methods of registering competitors, trial flights, and previous inspection of planes.\nMethods for running and judging the events can be obtained from the Playground and Recreation Association of America, 315 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Boys and girls up to, but not including twenty-one years of age, are eligible to compete in the tournament. There are two classes: 1. Junior - those who have not yet reached the sixteenth birthday. 2. Senior - those who are past the sixteenth birthday and have not yet reached the twenty-first birthday.\n\nEVENTS\nThere will be 7 events, 3 indoor and 4 outdoor, for each class (Junior and Senior). (The number of events varies from year to year.) Committees arranging local tournaments are urged to include all events listed in the national tournament. Of course, other events may be added locally, but local champions will have a much better chance for success in the national tournament, if they participate in all national events.\nThey have had practice in their local tournaments for the scheduled national tournament events for rubber-powered airplanes. The following indoor events are for planes with motive power carried in the plane itself, tractor or pusher, competing for duration of flight. The distance from the inner face of the propeller to the opposite hook connection must be between 15 and 20 inches. The greatest overall dimension must not exceed 30 inches.\n\n1. Hand-launched. Launchings not to exceed 6 feet above the floor \u2013 Junior Class.\n2. Same as event number 1 \u2013 Senior Class.\n3. Fuselage models, rising off the ground \u2013 Junior Class. All models must have landing chassis with two or more wheels in front, with either a wheel or tail skid at the rear. In launching, the model must be released with the front and rear landing-gears in contact with the floor without lifting.\nAll models must have hydro floats, supporting the model on the water at take-off with propellers in motion. Events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are for rubber-powered airplanes with motive power carried in the plane itself, tractor, or pusher, competing for duration of flight. In planes entered in events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the distance from the inner face of the propeller to the opposite hook connection must not be under 20 inches or over 36 inches. The greatest overall dimension must not exceed 48 inches. Hand launched; all launchings must not be over 6 feet above ground - Junior Class. (Model Airplane Tools, Materials, Tournaments - Page 57)\n\nEvent numbers 3 and 4 are the same as Senior Class.\nEvent 5: Rising off water - Junior Class.\n\nOutdoor Events:\nThe following outdoor events are for rubber-powered airplanes, with motive power carried in the plane itself, tractor, or pusher, competing for duration of flight.\n\nIn models entered in events 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the distance from the propeller's inner face to the opposite hook connection must not be less than 20 inches or more than 36 inches. The greatest overall dimension must not exceed 48 inches.\n\nEvent 1: Hand launched; all launchings must not be more than 6 feet above ground - Junior Class.\n2. Same as event number 1 \u2013 Senior Class: Fuselage models rising off the ground \u2013 Junior Class. (See definition of Fuselage Models (page 58).)\n3. Same as event number 3 \u2013 Senior Class: Rising off the ground \u2013 Junior Class.\n4. Same as event number 4 \u2013 Senior Class:\n5. Junior Class: Any motive power other than rubber; type of launching optional; not to exceed 90 inches overall in length or span. Each model in this event must be equipped with one or more propellers, wings, and fuselage sticks and braces. This requirement is added to eliminate entries that are obviously not aircraft.\n6. Same as event number 7 \u2013 Senior Class: Contest Rules\n7. Each contestant may have three flights in each event. Each launching will count as a flight regardless of time of flight or distance attained. Any flights accidentally interfered with by officials will be re-launched at the discretion of the judges.\nContestants may have additional trials if desired, using the same or different planes. The best flight scores, except in cases of a tie, when the second best flight determines the winner and the other contestant is second. All planes must be made and operated by the contestant. If, in the judges' opinion, special conditions warrant, a substitute may operate a plane. In addition to raw materials, contestants are allowed to purchase only bearings, propeller shaft, small metal fittings, and wheels in finished form. Special attention is given to the requirement that floats and propellers must be made by contestants. Any plans or patterns may be used, as long as the models meet the contest requirements.\n\nIn outdoor events for planes with power, numbers 7 and 8 apply.\nContestants may purchase rubber motors, spring motors, compressed air motors, tank outfits, and other motor devices for their planes, but they must comply with all other regulations by building the planes themselves. Fuselage models must contain rubber within the fuselage. The fuselage covering must extend at least 4/5 of the length of the rubber motor, measured from the inner face of the propeller to the opposite hook connection. They should resemble real planes in appearance, but do not need to be built to scale or an exact reproduction of a specific plane. The body may be any shape. Double covered or hollow wings are required, along with landing chassis featuring two or more wheels in front and either a wheel or tail skid at the rear.\nMethod  of  Scoring  in  the  National  Finals \nFor  the  event  championship,  winners  will  be  the  3  contestants \nin  each  class  (Junior  and  Senior)  making  the  3  best  records. \nFor  the  all-round  championship,  each  contestant  will  score \npoints  in  each  event  in  which  he  competes  as  follows:  First \nplace,  5  points;  second  place,  4  points;  third  place,  3  points; \nfourth  place,  2  points;  fifth  place,  1  point.  The  contestant  hav\u00ac \ning  the  largest  total  number  of  points  for  all  events  in  his  class \nwill  be  declared  the  all-round  national  champion. \nIt  is  suggested,  too,  that  the  local  interest  in  these  events  will \nbe  greatly  enhanced  if  events  other  than  those  to  be  decided  in \nthe  finals  at - be  added  to  the  local  program.  In  the \nnature  of  the  case,  the  National  Committee  cannot,  because  of \nthe  impossibility  of  personal  inspection,  make  decision  as  to \nOriginality and beauty of design, as well as the \"acrobatics,\" or stunt possibilities, of aircraft are suggested to be emphasized in local communities. News papers, civic clubs, and any aviation-interested clubs are encouraged to help and cooperate in local tournaments to increase interest and participation. The National Committee hopes that this contest will stimulate originality and invention in aircraft construction.\n\nChapter VII\nIndoor Duration Model Airplane\n\nThis model has been chosen by Director B. C. Friedman of the handicraft department of South Parks Playgrounds, Chicago, as the best indoor model airplane for beginners to make. Mr. Friedman has followed the development of model airplanes for many years and knows the details.\nA few men, like him, have champions among boys of their playground groups. He and several of his expert model-builders are shown in the frontispiece photograph (Fig. 87). By following the illustrations and instructions in this and succeeding chapters, prepared from Mr. Friedmann's sketches and notes, you too can become an expert builder.\n\nA successful flying-stick model depends upon correct design, the use of materials that are light and strong, and accurate workmanship. Having the design (Figs. 88 and 112), and the detail diagrams (Figs. 89 to 111), and having procured the correct materials from a model supplies dealer, it remains for you to demonstrate your ability as a craftsman. Accuracy will come with practice.\n\nMaterials:\n- 1 piece balsa, 15\" long for the notor base.\n2 pieces balsa, 2\" x 20\" for wing spars\n1 piece balsa, %\" x 9\" for propeller blank\nBamboo for wing tips, stabilizer, and fin\nJapanese tissue paper for wing and tail covering\nNo. 8 and No. 10 music wire for metal fittings\nThrust washers\nNo. 50 cotton thread for stabilizer outline\n30 inches of flat rubber, size ^2\" x for motor\nCement and banana oil\n\nBuild the wing frame for the ID model airplane, as shown in Figs. 89-92. Begin with the wing frame details.\n\nGood Type of Model for Beginners.\nAn Indoor Duration Model Airplane\n\nFig. 89. Wing.\nFig. 89. Wing. (Note: At the time of publication, wing spars are shown in detail as wing spars, 2\" x 20\".)\nFig. 90. Wing Spar.\nFig. 91. Wing Tip and Spar Assembly.\nFig. 92. Wing Dihedral.\nFor shaping wing tips, take a bamboo strip that is at least 7 inches long. Split and bend it as described in Chapter VI and illustrated in Figs. 78 to 82, to the form and size shown in Fig. 89.\n\nFor spars, plane two 20-inch balsa sticks to a uniform thickness of 1 inch and width of 1 inch. Sand them to a thickness of 0.5 inches (Fig. 90). Cut a notch 0.5 inch deep and 1 inch long in each end (Fig. 91), to receive the wing-tip ends.\n\nSplit three ribs out of bamboo, 0.5 inch thick, 1.5 inches wide, and 3 inches long (Fig. 89).\n\nTo assemble the wing frame, cement the ends of the wing tips in the spar notches. Check the distance across the frame to ensure it is exactly 2.5 inches, and cement a rib across the frame 4 inches from each end of the spars. Omit the center rib for the present.\nThe wing must slope from its center up, as shown in Figs. 88 and 92, to give the model lateral stability. A horizontal surface has more lift to it than a sloping surface. Consequently, when a wing with a dihedral is tilted one way or the other by a current of air or other cause, the low side becomes the more nearly horizontal side, it lifts more than the high side, and the model is brought back to an even keel.\n\nTo give the wing-frame its dihedral angle, invert it so that the two ribs are on the underside. Then place a block under the right half to raise the ends of the spars 2 inches (Fig. 92), and press down the centers with the blade of a table knife until they touch the working surface. The left half of the frame must have a twist.\nTo offset the torque or unbalancing effect of the revolving right-hand propeller, use two blocks. Place one block under the trailing-edge spar, raising the end 2 inches, and place the other block under the leading-edge spar, raising the end 2.5 inches. Press down the spar centers until they touch the working surface. Steam the spar centers over a tea-kettle spout before bending the frame to prevent the wood from breaking. The wash-in is sometimes obtained by twisting the front-wing clip, but it is better to make it as described.\n\nWhen the frame has been shaped, put a drop of cement on the spar centers. Slip the center rib into place and hold until the cement sets. The cement will help hold the frame's dihedral and will strengthen the spars at the point of bending. It is well to add a drop of cement to the spar centers.\nTo trim the ribs on the opposite side of the bend for the same purpose, remove any projecting ends flush with the frame edges using a razor-blade knife. To paper the wing, press a sheet of tissue paper with a hot iron to remove wrinkles, then cut a piece 1 inch larger all around than the frame. Fold it lengthwise at the center, unfold it, paint the center-wing rib with a thick coat of banana oil, place the tissue paper with the crease directly over the center rib, and press down until it sticks. Next, paint the upper side of one half of the frame with banana oil, stretch the tissue paper taut, and, working from the center toward the tip, press down the tissue paper to make a smooth surface. Repeat for the other half of the frame.\nInvert the covered wing, paper side down. Trim the paper to within 1 inch of the bamboo wing tips using a safety-razor blade. Paint the projecting edges of paper with banana oil, fold them over the wing tips, and press down until stuck fast. Trim off the paper close to the spars, smooth with No. 00 sandpaper, and coat the edges with banana oil. An all-balsa frame for the wing is much lighter than one with bamboo tips and ribs, and many model-builders prefer it. The wing tips must be square instead of curved.\n\nFig. 93 shows the motor base. Cut a balsa stick % inch thick, 1 inch wide, and 15 inches long (Fig. 94). Trim off the ends as indicated. Make a H2-inch square notch in the top edge, 3 inches from the rear end, to receive the motor shaft.\nMake a thread-cut 2 inches in front of the notch and another in the end of the motor base for the stabilizer thread outline.\n\nThe Stabilizer:\nThis portion of the tail, or empennage, is easy to make. Cut a bamboo spar of the dimensions given in Fig. 95, and cement it at its center in the notch cut for it in the motor base. Using a safety-razor blade, make a thread-cut in each end of the spar, and through the cuts run a piece of No. 50 cotton thread for the stabilizer outline.\n\nStabilizer:\nEasily make this portion of the tail or empennage by cutting a bamboo spar to the dimensions in Fig. 95. Cement it in the motor base's notch. Use a safety-razor blade to thread-cut each end, then run No. 50 cotton thread through for the stabilizer outline.\n\nFig. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98. (Omitted for brevity)\nThe rudder frame is made of bamboo strips, size ishowD in Fig. 98. Cut the strips long enough to project BIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES inch. Cement their ends together, and when the cement has set, trim off the ends at the acute angles, as indicated by dotted lines. Cover the frame with Japanese tissue paper.\n\nTo mount the rudder, make a pinhole in the motor base, forward of the stabilizer spar, and stick the lower projection of the vertical frame stick into the hole. The rudder can be set at any angle, and it will retain its position if the frame stick fits snugly in the motor base.\n\nWe are now ready for the wire fittings. It is best to learn how to make these yourself.\nUse round-nosed cutting pliers (Figs. 69 and 77, Chapter VI) and follow the dimensions given in Figs. 99 to 106 to shape the wire.\n\nThe Propeller Bearing (Fig. 99) requires a No. 10 music wire. Form an eye not larger than 0.5 inch in diameter and absolutely round. Let the leg extend (Fig. 100) to reach into the motor base, as shown in Fig. 99. Cement the bearing to the motor base and add two turns of thread for reinforcement.\n\nThe Rear Motor Hook (Fig. 101) is made of No. 10 wire. Make a 0.5-inch eye (Fig. 102). Stick the leg into the motor base, cement it in place, and reinforce with two turns of thread. The propeller bearing and rear motor hook are best fitted to the motor base before the stabilizer is built.\n\nBuilding an Indoor Duration Model Airplane\nThe S-Hook connects the motor with the rear hook. Make it of No. 8 music wire, shaped like Fig. 103. The Propeller Shaft is made of No. 10 wire. Shape the loop like Fig. 104. Leave the other end straight until the propeller is ready for mounting.\n\nFigs. 99 and 100: Propeller Bearing.\nFigs. 101 and 102: Rear Motor Hook.\nFig. 104: Propeller Shaft.\nFig. 105: Thrust Washer.\nFig. 106: Front Wing Clip.\n\nThrust Washers can be punched out of thin brass. Two or three may be used on the model. Fig. 105 shows the size of the hole. Punch it with a phonograph needle.\n\nWing Clips. A pair of clips are needed for mounting the wing upon the motor base. Bend them out of No. 8 wire. Fig. 106 gives dimensions for the front clip. The rear clip will be the same, except the 6-inch dimension will be 1 inch shorter. The opening between the loops,\nThe marked clip should be approximately 0.5 inches long and fit slipfully over the motor base (Fig. 93). Cement the clips to the bottom center of the wing spars. The longer clip should be at the front or leading edge, the shorter one at the rear or trailing edge. The wing clips allow for shifting the wing forward or backward. Once an even flight has been achieved, fine variations in elevation can be obtained by slipping the front clip up for more elevation or down for less.\n\nThe Propeller\n\nIf you have a knack for whittling, you should be able to carve a first-class propeller without difficulty. If not, you may spoil your first block. It is well to begin on a practice block. Any straight-grained soft wood will do, but balsa is best for the finished job, not only because of its light weight but also because it can be easily shaped.\nThe wood should be light and firm, easy to carve without splitting. Balsa wood requires a very sharp knife. Keep a whetstone at hand and use it frequently. The blank should be of the dimensions given in Fig. 107. After squaring up the block, draw diagonal lines from the corners, on opposite faces. If the block is true, the intersection of the lines will be the true center, and a pin driven through one center will come out at the opposite center. It is easy to push a pin through a balsa block, and a pinhole is large enough for the propeller shaft. Draw a pair of lines parallel to the side edges, one inch apart, to establish the width of the hub. Saw or whittle the sides of the block along the diagonal lines and the hub side lines (Fig. 108), and all will be in readiness for carving, except that a diagonal line must be drawn across it.\nEach end of a propeller blade, one opposite the other, indicates the plane. The lines are shown correctly in Fig. 108, drawn (one dotted) for a right-hand propeller. Start carving as indicated in Fig. 109. Pare off opposite edges of one face until the surfaces have been reduced to a point, 0.2 inch above the end diagonal lines (Fig. 110). Smooth the surfaces, then make them slightly spoon-shaped or cambered by rubbing with sandpaper.\n\nTurn the block over and carve in the same way on the opposite face, to a point, 0.25 inch above the end diagonal lines, and sandpaper the surfaces convex-shaped, corresponding to the camber of the opposite surfaces. Go over all surfaces and reduce their thickness until the blades are not more than 0.1 inch thick. Hold the block.\nTo determine the non-uniform thicknesses in a blade, place it in front of a strong light. Round the blade tips slightly. Reduce the hub width to 0.5 inches and the thickness to 0.25 inches (Fig. 111).\n\nTo mount the propeller on its shaft, insert the straight end of the shaft through the hub hole (Fig. 104), make a square bend in it (Fig. Ill), coat the bend with cement, and draw the bend into the hub to hold it fast.\n\nTwo thrust washers are shown on the propeller shaft. One of these should be cemented to the propeller hub, the other left free.\n\nA flat rubber strap, 12 inches by 0.5 inches, 30 inches long, is required for this model. To assemble the motor, tie the ends of the rubber loop, slip it over the propeller hook and the S-hook, with the knot at the S-hook, and engage the S-hook with the rear motor hook.\n\nTuning the model.\nTry out the model as a glider before using the motor. Slip the wing into position about 5 inches from the forward end of the motor base as a starter. The position varies with the weight of parts, different for different models.\n\nFig. 113.\u2014 The Twin Pusher (TP) Model Airplane, Built for Speed.\nFig. 114.\u2014 Launching a Forty-Inch Twin Pusher.\nFig. 112. \u2014 The Indoor Duration (ID) Model Airplane.\n\nAn Indoor Duration Model Airplane for Builders\n\nThe correct setting will be determined in this way. If the glider dives at a steep angle when released, it is under-elevated. Move the wing forward and launch the model again. If the model climbs too steeply, stalls, and slips back, it is over-elevated. Move the wing back. By this means of adjustment, or tuning, you will soon find the point at which the ship glides on an even keel.\nLaunching the model: Raise or lower the front wing clip for a fine variation in wing elevation or angle. Turn the propeller clockwise several hundred times with your finger, ensuring the knots do not bunch. Hold the motor base with the right hand and the propeller with the left, launching it with a slight push, not a throw. The success of a flight depends on both the skill in tuning and launching the model, as well as the building. An expert can get twice the flight out of a model than a beginner, so ask an experienced tuner to show you the knack of tuning and launching your ID ship.\n\nFigure 112: A photograph of an ID model built by Henry.\nAnd Richard Hanscom constructed the planes depicted in this chapter, including the twin pusher practice plane in Fig. 113, and the two PF models in Figs. 182 and 183, using plans from the following chapters. Here is a twin pusher practice plane designed for speed by B. C. Friedman, director of model making at the South Parks Playgrounds in Chicago, whose boys have built hundreds like it. The average weight of the 24-inch model is approximately 2 ounces. This weight can be reduced with refinements as one gains building skill. The wing and elevator are heavier than the built-up frames of contest planes but are simpler to build and less prone to damage.\n\nMaterials:\n- 2 pieces of balsa, %\" by 24\", for frame longerons.\n1 piece balsa 3\" by 18\" for wing, 1 piece balsa 2\" by 6\" for elevator, 2 pieces balsa 1\" by 7\" for propeller blanks, bamboo for frame braces, No. 14 music wire for metal fittings, thrust washers, No. 50 cotton thread, 3 pieces 2-inch rubber bands for mounting wing and elevator, A Twin Pusher Model Airplane, 50 feet flat rubber, size 2\" for motors, Cement, and banana oil, A Material Kit containing parts for this model is available. See Chapter VI.\n\nThe Frame. First, build the frame, known as the fuselage. Plane the longerons, or side sticks, to the sizes shown in Figs. 116 and 117. Round off the edges with a file and sandpaper, to give them the oval cross-section shown in Fig. 117, and bevel the front ends. The bevel must be right, so the sticks will come to a point when the opposite ends are joined. This Twin Pusher is an All-Balsa Model.\nEnds of the frame are 7 inches apart. Mark the positions for brace ends on the longerons, as indicated in Fig. 116, and make slots at these points with the point of your knife blade (Fig. 118).\n\nFig. 116. \u2014 \"A\" Frame of the Twin Pusher Model.\nFig. 117. \u2014 Detail of Longerons.\nFigs. 118 and 119. \u2014 Insert Braces Like This.\nFig. 120. \u2014 Motor Yoke.\nFigs. 121-123. \u2014 Propeller Bearing.\n\nCut four bamboo braces of the sizes marked and sharpen their ends chisel-shaped on the underside and edges (Fig. 119), so they will fit snugly in the frame slots. Assemble the frame with the braces and check all measurements. Then take it down, coat the brace ends, longeron ends, and the slots with cement, and reassemble. The brace ends will project beyond the frame.\n\nA Twin Pusher Model Airplane\n\n(Note: This text has been cleaned to remove unnecessary figures references and formatting, but the original content remains intact.)\nTrim them flush with the sides of the longerons. The frame is now ready for its Metal Fittings. These are to be bent out of No. 14 music wire, with the aid of a pair of round-nosed cutting pliers. Make the Yoke of the shape and size shown in Fig. 120, and The Propeller Bearings of the shape and size shown in Figs. 122 and 123. It is important to make the eye of the bearings round and just large enough to admit a propeller shaft of No. 14 wire. Some model-builders have saved themselves the trouble of shaping wire hangers by using fishhooks. See Metal Fittings,\u2019 Chapter VI. Cement the yoke and bearings to the frame, as shown in Figs. 116 and 121, bind with wrappings of No. 50 cotton thread, and brush the thread with a thin coating of cement or shellac. Four cans are required for the support of the motor.\nMake the shapes and sizes of the rubber pieces as shown in Figs. 125 and 126. Attach them to the longerons in the positions indicated in Fig. 116. Then bind with a thread wrapping and coat the thread with cement or shellac.\n\nThe Wing\nFig. 127 displays the size of the balsa piece for the wing, and Fig. 128 shows a pattern of one half of it. Enlarge the pattern by drawing a similar series of squares on a piece of cardboard, ruling four horizontal lines and ten vertical lines with a spacing of 1 inch. Divide the squares at Figs. 127-130. Cut the wing according to this pattern.\n\nFigs. 131 and 132 demonstrate and give it a dihedral angle. On this pattern, reproduce the wing pattern exactly as it is shown in Fig. 128. Using a half pattern for the wing makes it easier to mark out the halves alike.\nCut out the balsa wing (Fig. 129). Taper it from a thickness of % inch at its leading edge to a feather edge at the trailing edge (Fig. 130). The tapering can be done entirely with sandpaper, but a plane or file will cut more quickly. Also taper off the wing tips and round off the leading edge.\n\nThe Dihedral. The wing must have a dihedral angle (Fig. 132). Score a line across the center of the wing with a knife (Fig. 131), then place a brick or other weight upon one half and bend up the other half until its top is exactly 1% inches above your working surface. Fill the scored groove with cement, and block up the tip until the cement has set. To reinforce the joint, run cement over the under side of the wing below the line of scoring.\n\nThe Elevator\nFig. 133 shows the size of the balsa piece for the elevator. Lay out a half-pattern by the diagram in Fig. 134 on the piece of balsa. Cut out the piece (Fig. 135) and taper its upper surface from % inch thick at the leading edge to a feather edge at the trailing edge (Figs. 136 and 137). The elevator has Two Dihedrals, as shown in Fig. 139. Score two lines across the piece, where located in Fig. 138. Fill the scored grooves with cement. Bend up the tips until the distance between them and your working surface is % inch. Support them on blocks until the cement has set.\n\nFigs. 133-137. \u2013 Cut the Elevator Like This.\nFigs. 138 and 139. \u2013 And Give It Two Dihedral Angles.\n\nFinishing:\nSmooth up the surfaces of the frame, wing, and elevator.\nWith no. 00 sandpaper, coat with banana oil and rub down after application with the reverse side of a piece of sandpaper. Four coats of banana oil, rubbed down after each application, will make a fine finish and add strength to the balsa. It will increase the weight of the model somewhat, but weight is not as important a factor in a speed model as in one built for duration.\n\nA Twin Pusher Model Airplane\n\nMounting the Wing and Elevator\nThe wing and elevator are held to the frame with rubber bands looped under the frame sticks and over the tips. Two rubber bands are needed for the wing, and one for the elevator. The correct positions for the wings and elevator must be determined by trial. The positions shown in Figs. 113 and 115 are only approximate.\n\nThe Propellers\nFor the method of carving propellers, read the instructions.\nFig. 140 illustrates the size of The Propeller Blanks. Fig. 141 demonstrates the shape of a block before carving, and Fig. 142 displays the completed propeller. This is The Right-Hand Propeller. Use the same procedure in carving The Left-Hand Propeller, but make the blades opposites. The right-hand propeller turns clockwise, the left-hand propeller turns counterclockwise.\n\nFig. 143 depicts one of The Propeller Shafts. Shape them out of No. 14 wire. Fig. 142 shows a propeller partly mounted upon its shaft. Coat the square bend on the end with cement, then draw the bend into the hub to make it hold fast.\n\nUse Two Thrust Washers on each propeller shaft. Cement one of them to the propeller hub. The little bearings from glass cutters make excellent bearings. Some cutters have a battery of five or six wheels. Maybe you can pick up a worn-out cutter.\nThe S-Hooks, shown in Fig. 144, are the final pair of fittings required. Rubber motors slip over them, engaging the eyes of the yoke. The Motors The TP model has two motors, each with twelve 0.25-inch by 0.12-inch rubber strands. Approximately 50 feet of rubber are required for the two. You may reduce the number of strands to eight for each motor to save on rubber cost, but this will decrease the model's speed. In installing the motors, run the strands back and forth from propeller hook to S-hook, allowing a slack of 1.5 to 2 inches, and join the ends with a square knot at the propeller hook. A Propeller Winder\nWhile a model-builder decided that putting 500 turns into each motor was too much work, he devised an egg-beater winder. This invention proved a great time-saver and a means of getting more turns in the motors. The inventor's name is not known, but his ingenious winder is in general use, both in manufactured and home-made forms.\n\nA home-made winder is easy to construct. You can probably find a discarded cast-iron egg-beater, as shown in Fig. 145 (dotted lines indicate beater before altered). Almost every household has one. If not, buy one of the newer types for a dime or two. To make the beater into a winder, cut off the loops with a pair of pliers.\nTinsmiths, and bend the remaining ends into hooks, as shown. Punch holes through the loop shanks at the points of crossing the center pivot wire ends. Stick the pivot wires through the holes and rivet their ends. It's not much of a trick to do this, but if you haven't the tools, call on a garage mechanic.\n\nUsing the Winder:\nRemove the S-hooks from the yoke and slip them over the winder hooks. Have an assistant support the model, with a propeller in each hand so they may not turn. Take a position in line with the model's point, and step back a distance of 3 or 4 feet to stretch the rubber strands. By stretching the rubber, it is possible to put a greater number of turns into the motors. Five hundred turns are enough for a starter, but when you have acquired the knack of winding, you will use more.\n\nTo Launch the Model:\nTake the position of the lad in Fig. 114's photograph, holding a propeller in each hand. Lift the plane's nose and give it a slight push to start it moving at a speed slightly less than that produced by the propellers.\n\nA TWIN PUSHER MODEL AIRPLANE\n\nBefore driving your plane using its motors, ensure it is properly tuned by testing it as a glider. If it dives at a steep angle, move the wing forward. If it climbs, stalls, and slips back, move the wing back.\n\nAfter building the 24-inch twin pusher, try a 40-inch model like the lad in Fig. 114 is launching.\n\nCHAPTER IX\nA PROFILE FUSELAGE MODEL AIRPLANE\n\nAdd this dandy ship to your airport. It was designed by B. C. Friedman, director of model making at South Parks Playgrounds, Chicago.\nThe profile fuselage idea is Mr. Friedman's invention. The model resembles and flies like a real ship, weighs less than one-sixth ounce, is inexpensive to build, and assembly is simpler than models with fabricated fuselages. If you're not pleased with this model, you'll be the first of my readers who built it with PF-29 material kits.\n\nMaterials:\n1. 1 piece balsa, 10\" x 10%\" for motor base\n2. 1 piece balsa, W10\" x L12\" x 10%\" for fuselage\n3. 2 pieces balsa, 6\" x 12\" for spars, ribs, and wheels\n4. 1 piece balsa, 1\" x 1\" x 5.5\" for propeller blank\n5. 1 piece bamboo, Mg\" for landing-gear\n6. Japanese tissue paper for fuselage, wing, and tail covering\n7. No. 8 music wire for metal fittings\n8. Thrust washers\n9. 20 inches of flat rubber, M2\" x 0.2\" for motor\n10. Cement and banana oil.\nFig. 147. \u2014 Front View of the PF-29 Profile Fuselage Model Airplane.\nFig. 148. \u2014 Side View of the PF-29 Model.\n\nExamine the suggestions for purchasing materials in Chapter VI and take note of the reference to a Material Kit for this model. With the material in hand, closely examine the front elevation (Fig. 147), side elevation (Fig. 148), the photograph of the completed model (Fig. 182), and carefully read the instructions for shaping parts and assembling them in The Big Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbies.\n\nThe Motor Base:\nShape the first part of the Pr-29 model, which is the motor base. It is a balsa stick of the dimensions given in Fig. 149. It must be absolutely straight. Smooth its edges with No. 00 sandpaper.\n\nFig. 149. \u2014 Motor Base.\nFig. 150. \u2014 Profile Fuselage.\n\nThe Fuselage:\nHang the fuselage from the motor base. A pattern is shown in Fig. 150.\nRule lines horizontally and vertically on a sheet of paper every % inch for enlarging the pattern. Each square represents % inch. Cut openings in the piece for weight savings, but keep enough margin around edges and between openings for rigidity. The long, narrow slot in the tail is for the stabilizer. Instead of the slot, notch the upper edge of the fuselage to the correct depth for the stabilizer to fit. This is easier.\n\nTransfer the fuselage pattern to a piece of balsa wood and cut it using a razor-blade knife. Place the wood flat on a board and cut as you would score cardboard.\nAfter sandpapering the fuselage surfaces, cover both sides with Japanese tissue paper. Apply banana oil to the wood, spread the paper smoothly over the surface, and press down with a cloth.\n\nThe wing is the next part to prepare. Follow the layout in Fig. 151. The sides of the spars and ribs are marked. The spars must slope from the center to the tips to give the wing a dihedral angle. The amount of dihedral is indicated in Fig. 152. The method of bending wing spars is described on page 62. A wash-in is not indicated in Fig. 152, but it is well to give the leading edge of the left tip a wash-in of from 1/4 to 1/2 inch. How to shape the wash-in is described on page 63.\n\nThe ribs may be straight, but they make a more efficient wing if cambered. Fig. 153 shows the right amount of camber. You can rip out the ribs with the camber on.\nIn assembling the wing, ensure making square corners between the spars and ribs. Cement the parts together as instructed in Chapter VII, and cover the wing as described in the same chapter.\n\nThe Tail:\nThe Stabilizer and Elevator are depicted in Fig. 155. Cut the spars and ribs to the sizes shown, and cement them together. Then cover the frame on the upper side with Japanese tissue paper. Slip the covered frame into the slot.\n\nFig. 151: Plan of Wing.\nFig. 152: Block up Spars This Way to Give Wing Correct Dihedral Angle.\nFigs. 153 and 154: Rib Details.\nFig. 155: Plan of Stabilizer and Elevator.\nFig. 156: Plan of Fin and Rudder.\nAssemble the fuselage with a notched edge and fasten it with cement. The Fin and Rudder are detailed in Fig. 156. Assemble the frame and cover it on both sides with Japanese tissue paper. Cement the bottom spar to the upper side of the motor base.\n\nMetal Fittings:\nThe fittings are to be made of No. 8 music wire. Suggestions for shaping the wire are given in Chapter VI.\n\nThe Propeller Bearing is shown in Figs. 157 and 158. The upper end hooks into the motor base. The lower end has an eye large enough to receive the propeller shaft. This eye should be as round as possible.\n\nInstead of the wire hanger, use a Needle Bearing (Fig. 159). Obtain a needle with an eye.\nFig. 157 suggests wrapping cotton thread around the bearing and motor base for reinforcement. Coat the thread with cement.\n\nHeat the nearly round needle until red-hot in a gas burner. Make a right-angle bend with two pairs of pliers, reheat it, and plunge it into water to re-temper it. Clip off the end and cement the bearing to the motor base. Fig. 157 also recommends wrapping the thread around the bearing and base for reinforcement, and coating it with cement.\n\nShape the Rear Motor Hook as shown in Fig. 160 and 161. It should have an eye on one end large enough to take the S-hook, and a hook on the other end to insert in the motor base. Cement it to the base and add a turn of thread for reinforcement.\n\nThe S-Hook must be shaped long and slim, as shown in Fig. 162, because it fits between the motor base and fuelgage. Follow the dimensions in Fig. 163 to shape it.\nThe Propeller is shown in Fig. 164. Shape the hook end as shown. Leave the other end straight until ready to mount the propeller.\n\nWashers for thrust bearings should be cut out of very thin brass and punched with the point of a phonograph needle (Fig. 181). Three washers will do very well for this model, one to cement to the propeller hub, the others to be free, but two are sufficient.\n\nWire Hangers are used to suspend the fuselage from the motor base (Fig. 165). Three are required. Fig. 166 shows how to shape them so they will serve also as motor cans. Cement the hangers to the motor base and to the fuselage, leaving a space of \u00bd inch for the motor rubber.\n\nThe front wing clip (Figs. 167 and 168) raises the leading edge about \u00bd inch, to give the correct alignment.\nThe angle of the wing setting, or angle of incidence. The rear wing clip (Figs. 169 and 170) holds the wing's trailing edge to the motor base. Bend these clips to make a slip-fit over the motor base. Cement them to the center of the wing spars.\n\nThe Landing Gear\nThe struts of the landing gear are made of a strip of bamboo (Fig. 171). Bend the strip over a lighted electric lamp bulb, or the flame of a candle. Stick it through the fuselage and fasten with cement.\n\nFig. 171. \u2014 Landing-Gear Strut.\nFig. 172. \u2014 Wire Axle and Shock-Absorber.\nFigs. 173-175. \u2014 Wheel Details.\n\nThe wheels are of balsa, with paper hubs (Fig. 173). You can cut them easily with a pair of drawing dividers or scissors. Fig. 174 shows the size. Cut the paper hubs of the diameter shown in Fig. 175; slit one edge, fold it in half, and glue it to the wheel.\nThem into cones and cement them to the wheels, centers in line with the wheel center. The Wheel Axles are of music wire, which gives the resiliency of shock-absorbers. Figs. 171 and 172 show how to shape and attach them to the strut ends. Slip bits of motor rubber over the axles, one each side of each wheel, to hold the wheels in place.\n\nThe Propeller\nThis model has a small propeller. Fig. 176 shows The Blank, laid out for cutting, and Figs. 177 to 180 show the steps in carving it. Proceed as instructed in Chapter VII. In finishing, reduce the blades to 1/16-inch thickness, and trim down the hub to a width of 1 inch and a depth of 1/4 inch. Reduce the hub's thickness on the inner or trailing surface.\n\nIn Mounting the propeller, stick the shaft through the hub, bend it over, coat the bend with cement, and pull the shaft back through the hub from the other side to secure it in place.\nTip the hub down. Slip a thrust washer over the shaft and cement it to the hub.\n\nThe Motor:\nThe PF-29 model requires 20 inches of a 2-inch by 0.5-inch motor rubber. Make a firm knot in the loop ends and place the knot at the S-hook. Slip the S-hook through the eye of the rear motor hook.\n\nA Profile Fuselage Model Airplane:\n\nTuning the Model:\nTune the model as instructed for the ID model (Chapter VII).\n\nFigs. 176-181. \u2014 Steps in Carving the Propeller.\n\nFinishing the Cabin:\nFig. 148 of the diagrams and the photograph of Fig. 182 suggest the placement of cabin windows and lettering.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES:\n\nThese finishing touches may be put on with watercolor or ink. Some readers have cut openings in the tissue paper covering of the fuselage and set in pieces of glassine paper for glass. The Japanese tissue paper furnished in the kit may also be used.\nAfter your PF-29 model has demonstrated its good points, nothing will stop you from building the PF-30, another design by B. C. Friedman. The PF-30 model, as shown in Figure 183, has the low wing of the Junkers Bremen, the first airplane to make a trans-Atlantic flight from East to West.\n\nPF-29 is ready with the printed material and windows. Indicate ailerons on the wing, as well as the division of stabilizer and elevator, fin, and rudder.\n\nFigure 182: A Profile Fuselage Model Airplane, the PF-29. It looks like a real ship, flies like one, and weighs less than one-sixth ounce.\n\nFigure 183: Another Profile Fuselage Model Airplane, the PF-30. This larger baby, with a low wing, barely tips the scales at one-quarter ounce.\n\nChapter X\nA Low-Wing Profile Fuselage Model Airplane\n\nAfter your PF-29 has demonstrated its good points, nothing will stop you from building the PF-30, another design by B. C. Friedman, inventor of the profile fuselage type of model. As you will see by the photograph in Figure 183, this model has the low wing of the Junkers Bremen, the first airplane to make a trans-Atlantic flight from East to West.\nThe PF-30 weighs slightly more than the PF-29, tipping the scale at one-quarter ounce. Its fuselage profile offers a fine rudder and ensures inherent stability. This model has been looped forward and backward, rolled, side-slipped, and put into a tailspin, always recovering and making a three-point landing. It's a rise-off-the-floor model, with flight duration dependent on building, tuning, and launching skills.\n\nMaterials:\n1 piece balsa, 15\" for motor base\n1 piece balsa, 6\" by 2\" by 15\" for fuselage\n2 pieces balsa, 2\" by 18.5\" for spars, ribs, and wheels\n1 piece balsa, % ' by T for propeller blank\n1 piece bamboo, 6\" long for landing gear\nJapanese tissue paper for fuselage, wing, and tail covering\nNo. 8 music wire for metal fittings, thrust washers, 28 inches of flat rubber, size %2\" by for motor, Cement, and banana oil. Read the suggestions for purchasing materials in Chapter VI and note the reference to A Material Kit for this model.\n\nFig. 184 shows the front elevation, and Fig. 185 the side elevation, of the PF-30 model.\n\nFig. 184. \u2014 Front View of the PF-30 Model.\nFig. 185. \u2014 Side View of the PF-30 Model.\n\nThe Motor Base is shown in Fig. 186. It must be absolutely straight, and its surfaces must be finished smooth with No. 00 sandpaper. Round the ends as shown.\n\nFig. 186. \u2014 Motor Base.\nFig. 187. \u2014 Profile Fuselage.\n\nThe Fuselage is mounted above the motor base. A pattern is given in Fig. 187. Make a full-size pattern, enlarging the small one.\nWith the aid of the squares, draw five horizontal lines inch apart, and cross them with thirty-one vertical lines inch apart, which will produce a series of squares similar to those of the pattern, but drawn full-size. Then lay out upon the large squares the outline of the fuselage as it is shown upon the small squares. Openings are indicated to save weight. It is not necessary to locate them exactly as shown, but enough margin must be left around the edges and between openings for rigidity. The slot shown in the lower edge of the tail is for the stabilizer.\n\nHaving laid out the fuselage upon heavy paper or cardboard, cut it out, and mark out around it upon a piece of balsa. Cut the balsa with your razor-blade knife (Fig. 83, Chapter VI). Place the wood flat upon a board, and cut as you would score cardboard.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES\nFig. 188 is the plan of the Wing, and Fig. 189 shows its trailing edge. Cut the spars to the marked sizes, then steam them before bending. The dihedral angle amount is indicated in Fig. 190, as well as the wash-in on the left half of the leading-edge spar. The trailing-edge spar must be bent two ways, as noted. The bending of the spars is described in Chapter VII. Once bent, cover the fuselage sides and edges with sandpaper. Apply banana oil to the wood, spread the Japanese tissue paper smoothly over the surface, and press it down with a cloth.\n\nFig. 188. \u2014 Plan of Wing.\nFig. 189. \u2014 Trailing Edge of Wing.\nFig. 190. \u2014 Block up Spars This Way to Give Wing Correct Dihedral Angle.\nFig. 191. \u2014 Rib Details.\nMake the bends permanent with a drop of cement applied to both sides. The ribs are nine in number, of the thickness and width marked in Fig. 188. The center rib is 3.5 inches long, the end ribs are 2 inches long, and the intermediate ribs are of lengths determined by the slant of the trailing-edge spars (Figs. 188 and 191). The center rib is straight, the other ribs have a camber of 1 inch. Steam over the spout of a tea-kettle to make them pliable for bending.\n\nAssemble and cover the Wing as described for the ID model in Chapter VII.\n\nThe Tail\nThe Stabilizer and Elevator are shown in detail in Figs. 192 and 193. Cut the spars and ribs of the sizes marked. In assembling, set the ribs between the spars instead of lapping them. The right tip of the trailing edge of the elevator must have a slight warp, as indicated in Fig. 193.\nThis warp can be produced after the frame has been assembled by steaming the trailing-edge spar and exerting a slight upward pressure with your fingers. Cover the frame on the upper surface. Then slip a stick of the size of a rib between the paper and the diagonal rib on the right tip, as shown. By adjusting this batten forward or backward, the warp of the tip may be increased or decreased.\n\nMounting: Center the stabilizer and elevator in the fuselage recess and cement it.\n\nThe Fin and Rudder are shown in Figs. 194 to 196. Frame this piece as you did the stabilizer and elevator. The rudder must be warped 1/2 inch to the left, as shown in the top and front views (Figs. 195 and 196), to offset the torque of the propeller, and an adjustable batten must be installed on the rudder.\n\nFigs. 194-196. \u2014 Side, Front, and Top of Fin and Rudder.\nTo increase or decrease the warp between the tissue paper covering and the diagonal rib, insert a pin through a slit made in the tissue paper, as shown in Fig. 185 and Fig. 194. A slit must also be made in the tissue paper for adjusting the batten, which covers both sides of the fin and rudder.\n\nTo mount the fin and rudder, notch the upper edge of the fuselage and cement the frame sticks into the notches. The covering of the fuselage, fin, and rudder can be put on at one time, using one piece for each side.\n\nLow-Wing Profile Fuselage Model Airplane 101\n\nMetal Fittings\n\nThe fittings require No. 8 music wire, a pair of round-nosed pliers, patience, and accuracy. If you lack patience or accuracy, practice in shaping the metal parts will help you acquire it.\n\nThe Propeller Bearing (Figs. 197 and 198) is also a component that needs attention.\nShape the hanger for the motor base. Make the propeller eye round and large enough for a No. 8-wire propeller shaft. Coat the end tips with cement and push them into the edges of the fuselage and motor base; also cement the straight sides in place.\n\nThe Rear Motor Hook is similar to the propeller bearing (Figs. 199 and 200), except for the twist of the eye for the motor S-hook.\n\nTwo Intermediate Hangers are required. They are shown in Figs. 201 and 202. Notice that they are bent to form cans for the motor rubber. In mounting, run the lower loop through the motor base and cement the tips to the sides of the fuselage.\n\nThe S-Hook must be shaped long and slim (Fig. 203) because it fits between the fuselage and motor base.\n\nThe Propeller Shaft is shown in Fig. 204. Shape a hook at its end.\nOn one end leave the other end straight until the propeller is ready for mounting. Thrust washers should be cut out of very thin brass and punched with the point of a phonograph needle. Three can be used, one to cement to the propeller hub, the other two to be free. But two are sufficient.\n\nWing clips. There are two wing clips, shaped out of No. 8 music wire. A sketch and a dimensioned diagram of each are shown. The front wing clip (Figs. 205 and 206) holds the leading edge of the wing close to the motor base. The rear wing clip (Figs. 207 and 208) supports the trailing edge at a point about % inch below the motor base, producing the correct angle of wing setting. Bend the upper loop of these clips so they knee-in, with just enough space between the knees to make a slip-fit over the motor.\nCement the foot loops of the clips to the wing spars as shown in Fig. 189.\n\nLow-Wing Profile Fuselage Model Airplane 103\nThe Landing Gear\nFigs. 184 and 185 show front and side views of the landing gear. Cut out and make:\n\n- The Struts: of bamboo, sizes given in Fig. 209. Point upper ends to fit into fuselage and motor base. Cement in place. Bring lower ends together and cement.\n- Tail Skid (Fig. 214)\n\nThe Wheel Axles are of wire (Fig. 210). They also form part of the shock absorbers. Coil upper ends around struts and fasten in place with a drop of cement.\n\nThe Wheels are of balsa (Fig. 211), with hubs of 2-inch brass tubing (Figs. 212 and 213). Coat hubs with cement and center in holes made through wheel centers. Slip bits of motor rubber over axles to hold wheels in place.\nThe tail skid is of bamboo (Figs. 185 and 214). Cement it in a hole in the motor stick.\n\nThe propeller is a 7-inch propeller. Fig. 215 shows the blank laid out for cutting, and Figs. 216 to 219 show the steps in carving it. Propeller carving is fully described in Chapter VII. In finishing, reduce the blades to about 1 inch square, and reduce the width of the hub to 1.5 inches and its thickness to about % inch. Cut away the hub on the leading face, rather than on the trailing face, so the blades will clear the fuselage.\n\nMount the propeller as shown in Fig. 219. Slip the shaft through the hub, bend over the straight end, daub it with cement, and pull this hooked end into the hub, embedding it in the balsa.\n\nThe PF-30 model requires 28 inches of 1 inch by %2-inch motor.\nMake a firm knot and place it at the S-hook, indicated in Fig. 203, with the S-hook in the rear motor hook.\n\nTuning the Model: Follow instructions in Chapter VII for tuning.\n\nFinishing the Cabin: Window, radiator, and lettering placement are suggested in Figs. 183 and 185. Finish with water-color or ink. In the PF-30 material kit, windows and other fitments are ready printed on Japanese tissue paper. Do not neglect to indicate ailerons on the wing, and the division of stabilizer and elevator, fin and rudder.\n\nEfficient flying model builders may not be as successful in fashioning their first scale model. The jobs are distinctly different. In one, the objective is to produce a model capable of record flights. Weight is of first concern.\nThe consideration in creating a flying model is to make it follow the design of a real ship closely, disregarding weight. In contrast, the objective of a true scale model is to closely resemble the actual dimensions and proportions of a real ship, with weight being a significant factor.\n\nYour flying model of the fuselage type may have the general lines of an airplane, but you are limited by a small selection of materials and proportions not encountered by builders of large planes. The first noticeable difference between an average flying model and a true scale model is the size of the propeller. It must be larger in the flying model. Next, a difference in wing placement is discovered. To offset the lack of weight at the cowling, due to the absence of a motor, it is necessary to set the wing farther back on the fuselage. These matters are of little importance to one satisfied with a model that flies, but they will disqualify a true scale model.\nWhen building a model for the class of exhibition scale models, you will follow an established design and use approved materials and methods of construction, unless you have reached the stage in your model-making career where you are beset with the desire to create a new type. But when you undertake a True Scale Model, you will have considerable pioneering to do. After selecting the ship you wish to build, you must find plans for it or work out your own plans from such pictures and data as you can lay hands on. You must select materials best adapted to the various parts of the model, and last but not least, you must devise methods of shaping and assembling them. Such work draws upon a fellow's imagination and usually brings out a lot of unsuspected ingenuity.\nWhen you have acquired the skill to build models that fly, you will have learned a great deal about aerodynamics. And when you have dug up the information necessary to build true scale models, there will be little about the construction of ships and their parts with which you are not acquainted.\n\nContest Scale Models\nA well-built scale model will win for you prizes and honors in local and national tournaments. At present, there is a scale model event in the annual contests at Detroit, conducted by The American Boy and the Airplane Model League of America. There are occasional contests conducted by scientific magazines, and there is an annual contest conducted by The Boy Craftsman League and a group of boys\u2019 weeklies.\n\nThe photographs facing page 122 are of some of the prize-winning scale models entered in a recent Boy Craftsman contest.\nModel-Making Contest\n\nThey are well-proportioned models, complete in detail. Notes on their construction follow.\n\nSources of Data for Scale Models\n\nGathering data for a scale model is relatively easy. Airplanes provide ample data sources. Pictures are plentiful in magazines and newspaper supplements, especially for ships that are in the public eye and setting new records. Illustrated literature on planes is generously supplied by manufacturers' publicity departments. Opportunities also exist at airports to make observations and get first-hand information from pilots, who are veritable flying encyclopedias on airplane types, and are often patient with air-minded boys.\n\nObtain scale drawings of the ship to be built if possible. Model supply houses list them. The \"Airplane Model League of America,\" collaborating with The [unknown]\nAmerican  Boy,  has  issued  full-size  plans,  elevations,  and \nairfoil  sections  for  a  group  of  24-inch  models,  and  through \nthe  courtesy  of  secretary  Merrill  Hamburg  of  the  League, \nand  managing  editor  George  F.  Pierrot  of  The  American \nBoy,  it  has  been  made  possible  to  present  you  with \nquarter-size  reproductions  of  three  sets  of  these  drawings \nin  this  chapter.  The  drawings  are  supplemented  with \nphotographs  of  the  real  ships  supplied  by  the  Mahoney- \nRyan  Aircraft  Corporation,  Curtiss  Aeroplane  and  Motor \nFig.  220. \u2014 Colonel  Lindbergh\u2019s  Ryan  Monoplane,  \u201c  Spirit  of  St.  Louis.\u201d \nFig.  221. \u2014 Side  View  of  the  Curtiss  Army  Hawk  Biplane. \nFig.  222. \u2014 Front  View  of  the  Ford  Tri-Motor  Cabin  Monoplane. \nFig.  223.\u2014 Side  View  of  the  Ford  Tri-Motor  Cabin  Monoplane. \nSCALE  MODEL  AIRPLANES \nCompany,  and  Ford  Motor  Company.  Togethej  with  the \naccompanying  suggestions  for  building,  they  should  enable \nThe Ryan monoplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, is presented as one of the excellent models. Replaced by new favorites as improved types are developed, this historic plane, the first to cross the Atlantic, deserves a place in every boy's collection, just as its intrepid pilot, Colonel Lindbergh, ranks high in every boy's list of heroes.\n\nThe Spirit of St. Louis is the best type for beginners due to its simple lines. Study the photograph (Fig. 220), plan (Fig. 224), and elevations (Figs. 225 and 226). The plans are for a model with a 24-inch wing span, and they are shown reduced to one-quarter size. The fuselage can be carved out of a solid block of wood.\nThe airplane weathervane in Fig. 375's photograph was intricately carved. The fuselage's sides could have painted windows, but notching and setting in clear photograph film or mica for glass is a simple task. If you prefer building up the fusage, refer to the suggestions for the Curtiss Hawk model. The wing can be shaped from a single piece of wood. Wood shaping will be easy due to the wing having only one section, as shown in Fig. 226 (Side Elevation for a Model of the \"Spirit of St. Louis,\" Scale 1 inch equals 1 inch) and Fig. 227 (Full-Size Wing Section for a Model of the \"Spirit of St. Louis.\" See Plan in Fig. 224).\nYou would shape the hull of a yacht. Suggestions for making and using templates are given in Chapter XVI. The solid wing can be made to look like a built-up wing by following the plan of Harold Franklin described among the suggestions for building a Curtiss Hawk.\n\nCut away the wing to admit the ailerons, then hinge the cut-away pieces in place with tiny hinges or wire loops. The Stabilizer, Elevators, Fin, and Rudder can be made of thin wood or sheet metal, and the hinged parts can be attached with wire loops.\n\nThe Landing Gear wheels, struts, and shock-absorbers are shown in detail in the diagrams. The wheels may be taken from a toy wagon, the struts may be made of wood or metal, the shock-absorbers carved out of wooden blocks.\n\nThe Whirlwind Motor has nine cylinders. These can be built up of pieces of dowel sticks and matches, pairs of which should be glued together.\nPropellers can be made with fine wires wound on them or carved out of blocks of straight-grained wood. The Propeller for model airplanes can be carved out of any block of straight-grained wood that cuts easily. The spinner cap may be built up of plastic wood or be the top of a talcum-powder can of the right shape and size. Finish the Model with two or three coats of radiator aluminum paint. The mottled cowl and spinner cap, a distinguishing feature of the \u201cSpirit of St. Louis,\u201d can be imitated by stippling the surfaces with plastic wood before painting. When the paint has dried, add such fitments as control horns and wires, earth-inductor compass, and air-speed indicator. With black paint, add the lettering shown in Fig. 226 on the sides of the cowl and rudder, and the symbol shown in Fig. 224 on the top of the right.\nThe half of the left wing bottom bears the symbol \"N-X-211.\" \"N\" signifies \"U.S. Registered,\" \"X\" signifies \"Experimental Ship,\" and \"211\" is the Department of Commerce registration number. The letters \"NYP\" are abbreviations for \"New York to Paris.\"\n\nThe Curtiss Army Hawk\nThis swift pursuit ship of the army, with a speed of 160 miles an hour, is one of the most popular ships among model-makers. The work is more difficult than that on a monoplane type of model, making a good model of it more creditable.\n\nThe photograph (Fig. 221) provides an idea of what the ship looks like when down. The plan (Fig. 228) and the elevations (Figs. 229 and 230) offer the necessary dimensions for a 24-inch model, reduced to one-quarter size.\n\nFig. 230. \u2014 Side Elevation for a 24-inch model.\nModel of the Curtiss Army Hawk. (Scale H inch equals 1 inch.)\nYou want a larger or a smaller model, you will have no difficulty in changing the dimensions to keep the correct proportions.\n\nThe Fuselage can be carved out of a solid block of wood, or built up with longerons, braced and covered. The photograph of Fig. 237 shows an excellent model with fuselage of brass tubing with soldered joints, built by Norman F. Zapf. A top view of the fuselage is shown in Fig. 238, a side elevation in Fig. 239. The framework contains the same number of pieces as are built into the real ship. Instead of tubing, you can use No. 8 iron wire, which is about 0.25 inch in diameter. Build up the cockpit cowling, coaming, and head rest as shown in the photograph of Fig. 239.\n\nThe Tail Group also can be solid or built up. In the model, the tail group of Fig. 240 shows a solid tail group. The fin and rudder can be made of balsa wood or any other lightweight material. The elevator can be made of light balsa or basswood. The photographs of Figs. 241, 242, and 243 show the various parts of the tail group. The plans for the tail group are on page 111.\nThe frameworks of Figs. 238 and 239 feature tubing, similar to the fuselage. The wings come in two sizes, as shown in Figs. 228 and 230, with varying thicknesses and chords. Observe the wing angles and the upper wing's placement in front of the lower wing. Sections for the upper wing are provided in Fig. 231, and sections for the lower wing are in Fig. 232. Full-size templates can be created from these sections for a 24-inch model.\n\nThe model in Fig. 237's photograph has wooden ribs and spars for its wings. Fig. 238 displays the lower wing in place. Both wings have the same number of ribs as the real ship's wings.\n\nScale Model Airplanes\n\nYou can also construct wings from boards, like Harold's.\nFranklin's model, shaped as shown in Fig. 240, had wings built up by gluing lengths of thread to the upper surface, with the correct spacing for ribs, and covering with China silk. The landing gear can be built with metal or wooden struts, and toy wheels. The covering of fuselage and wings is one of the most important parts of the construction. Careless application will offset all the fine workmanship that may have gone into the framework. Take enough time to do a first-class job of covering. Muslin or linen can be used for the covering of a model of the Curtiss Army Hawk (see plans in Fig. 228). A commercial airplane dope for adhesive can be used. Finishing the Hawk will give you a chance to demonstrate your ability with a brush. With it, you can make the following sections for a Model of the Curtiss Army Hawk: yO[\"] 231 and 232.\nFactory for small surfaces, such as those of the Curtiss Hawk model, brushing lacquer is satisfactory and has quick drying in its favor. Use an army khaki color for all surfaces except those of the rudder. The rudder should have a vertical stripe of blue, seven horizontal stripes of red, and six horizontal stripes of white. The insignia for the underside of the lower wing tips is a white star inscribed upon a disk of blue, with a red disk within it.\n\nOther Fittments: Suggestions for the construction of only the main portions of the ship have been given in the above paragraphs. Here are some miscellaneous suggestions. Make the gun barrels and exhaust pipes of metal tubing or lemonade straws. Use brass tubing, dowel sticks, lolly-pop sticks, or meat skewers for struts. Make the propeller blades from stiff paper or lightweight wood. For the cockpit canopy, use clear plastic or celluloid. For the landing gear, use rubber bands or metal springs. For the antenna, use a length of thin wire. For the engine, use a small motor or a rubber band and a weight for simulation. For the rigging, use thin thread or string. For the sails, use lightweight fabric or paper. For the mast and boom, use thin, sturdy dowel sticks or bamboo. For the anchor, use a small weight or a length of rope. For the life raft, use a small balloon or a piece of foam. For the searchlight, use a small flashlight or a battery-operated light. For the radio, use a small battery-operated radio or a set of wires and a small speaker. For the smoke stack, use a length of thin pipe or a rolled-up piece of paper. For the smoky effect, use cotton balls or fine sawdust. For the rigging lines, use thin thread or string. For the rigging knots, use instructions from a model ship building book or online tutorial. For the figurehead, use a small figurine or a piece of sculpted clay. For the nameplate, use a small piece of metal or a label. For the sanding and painting, use fine-grit sandpaper and model paint. For the varnishing, use a clear varnish or a clear coat. For the weathering, use weathering powders or weathering techniques from a model ship building book or online tutorial. For the display stand, use a wooden or plastic base with a metal or plastic rod for support. For the flags, use small fabric flags or printed flags. For the flagpoles, use thin, sturdy dowel sticks or bamboo. For the flag halyards, use thin thread or string. For the flagstaff, use a length of thin pipe or a rolled-up piece of paper. For the anchors, use small weights or lengths of rope. For the anchor chains, use thin wire or string. For the lifeboats, use small boats or model boats. For the lifeboat oars, use small wooden oars or plastic oars. For the lifeboat ropes, use thin thread or string. For the lifeboat flags, use small fabric flags or printed flags. For the lifeboat lights, use small battery-operated lights or LED lights. For the searchlight, use a small flashlight or a battery-operated light. For the radio, use a small battery-operated radio or a set of wires and a small speaker. For the smoke stack, use a length of thin pipe or a rolled-up piece of paper. For the smoky effect, use cotton balls or fine sawdust. For the rigging, use thin thread or string. For the rigging lines, use thin thread or string. For the rigging knots, use instructions from a model ship building book or online tutorial. For the figurehead, use a small figurine or a piece of sculpted clay. For the nameplate, use a small piece of metal or a label. For the sanding and painting, use fine-grit sandpaper and model paint. For the varnishing, use a clear varnish or a clear coat. For the weathering, use weathering powders or weathering techniques from a model ship building book or online tutorial. For the display stand, use a wooden or plastic base with a metal or plastic rod for support. For the flags, use small fabric flags or printed flags. For the flagpoles, use thin, sturdy dowel sticks or bamboo. For the flag halyards, use thin thread or string. For the flagstaff, use a length of thin pipe or a rolled-up piece of paper. For the anchors, use small weights or\nA radiator made of corrugated cardboard. Line the cockpit and upholster the seat and head rest with pieces cut from an old pair of kid gloves. Norman F. Zapf introduced these features to complete his model shown in Figs. 237 to 239. A dummy twelve-cylinder motor, run by an auto-horn motor. A hack-saw blade fastened to the fuselage, vibrated by a lug on the shaft to produce the noise of motor exhaust. A gas tank. An instrument board with dummy instruments, pilot seat with safety belt, and fire extinguisher. A joystick that operates the ailerons and elevators, and pedals that operate the rudder.\n\nPart of the fun in building a scale model is in devising equipment. It is surprising what can be found in a junk pile and in ten-cent stores that is readily adapted to models. The photograph in Fig. 241 shows a Curtiss Hawk model.\nThe Ford Tri-Motor is a successful American passenger plane, popular with model-makers. Figs. 222 and 223 show front and side views of the ship. A quarter-size plan of a 24-inch model is in Fig. 233, with front and side elevations in Figs. 234 and 235. The real plane is made of duralumin and has five compartments: control cabin, observation compartment, main cabin, washroom, and luggage compartment. The control cabin has small windows in front and sides. The main cabin has four windows and a door on the right side, and five windows on the left side, plus a circular window on each side of the washroom.\n\nThe fuselage of this ship can be built up or hollowed.\nThe well-proportioned model of the Ford Tri-Motor in Fig. 242 was built by Cedric E. Galloway. He carved the fuselage out of a block of basswood, sawed it in half, and hollowed out the halves to form the five compartments. Then he cut the windows and fitted pieces of film in the openings. He carved the pilot chairs, passenger chairs, and two bunks out of wooden blocks and glued them in position. After painting the compartments with aluminum paint and the chairs yellow, he glued the fuselage halves together.\n\nFig. 233. - Plan for a Model of the Ford Tri-Motor Cabin Monoplane, With Wing Span of 24 inches. (Scale 1 inch equals 1 inch.)\n\nSize Wing Sections for a Model of the Ford Tri-Motor. (See Plan in Fig. 242.)\nYou can cover the sides of the fuselage with corrugated strawboard in imitation of the corrugated duralumin inclosure of the real ship, but make a neat job of it. Glue or cement the strawboard to the fuselage, with the corrugations running horizontally, then give the surfaces a coat of shellac and two coats of aluminum paint. You will be surprised how closely the painted strawboard will resemble corrugated duralumin.\n\nThe wing may be solid or built up. Fig. 236 shows the wing sections drawn full-size, ready to trace for the making of templates.\n\nAs the plan and elevations have been reproduced one-quarter size, you can easily determine dimensions not given by using a ruler and multiplying the measurements by four.\n\nUse of Scale Models\n\nThere is as much to be admired in your well-proportioned, carefully built airplane model, as in a galleon or other large ship model.\nFig. 242. Model of Ford Tri-Motor built by Cedric E. Galloway.\nFig. 241. Another Model of Curtiss Hawk, built by Garfield D. Hay.\nFig. 240. Model of Curtiss Hawk built by Harold Franklin.\nFig. 239. Side Elevation of Curtiss Hawk Model.\nFig. 2.38. Plan of Curtiss Hawk Model.\nFig. 237. Model of Curtiss Hawk built by Norman F. Zapf.\nScale Model Airplanes\nType of ship model. And if it has won a ribbon at an exhibition, so much more to your credit. Ask Mother to give it a place upon the mantel shelf, or to permit you to suspend it from a screw-eye screwed into the ceiling. If you have a room in the attic, where you can put up hangers without limit, there will be a fine opportunity to make an interesting display of scale models. The photographs of Figs. 241 and 242 show a Curtiss Hawk and a Ford Tri-Motor.\nMotor  suspended  out  of  doors!  Boy!  Don\u2019t  they  look \nreal  wdth  the  sky  as  a  background! \nCHAPTER  XII \nA  GALLEON  SHIP \nMODEL \nIt  used  to  be  every  boy^s  ambition  to  excel  in  drawing \npictures  of  ships.  Now,  the  interest  has  turned  to  building \nand  rigging  ship  models,  and  the  work  has  proved  so \nfascinating  that,  with  the  completion  of  one  model,  a  fellow \nis  usually  spurred  on  to  build  other  types.  Melville \nSchmuldt,  builder  of  the  Spanish  galleon  shown  in  the \nphotograph  of  Fig.  243,  has  several  models  to  his  credit. \nSo  has  Leonard  Fienberg,  builder  of  the  fine  model  shown \nin  the  photograph  of  Fig.  244. \nThe  Materials \nrequired  for  making  ship  models  can  be  picked  up  at  home, \nfor  the  most  part,  therefore,  the  cost  involved  in  this \nhobby  amounts  to  little  or  nothing.  And  a  small  tool  outfit \nsuch  as  that  needed  for  building  model  airplanes  (Figs. \nFig. 243. - Galleon Built by Melville Schmuldt.\nFig. 244. - Galleon Built by Leonard Fienberg.\n\nA Galleon Ship Model\nThe Hull\n\nFig. 245 shows a pattern for the Keel Center-Piece. It was laid out by the given dimensions on a piece of board 1 inch thick, then sawed out to the outlines, and the curved bow finished with a file and sandpaper.\n\nThe Bow. A pair of curved blocks completed the shape.\n\nFig. 246. - Bow Blocks, Molds and Stem Piece, Assembled.\nFig. 247. - Hull Sheathed, With Deck in Place, Ready for Building the Superstructure.\n\nThe hull was constructed of wood with picture-molding trimming, spool, cork, button-mold lanterns, dowel-stick masts with half-spool crow's nests, wrapping-paper sails, and fishing-line rigging. Melville Schmuldt built it this way.\nThe bow and stern pieces were cut out of a block 4 inches wide, 4 inches high, and 5 inches long. The bow's outline was drawn on opposite ends of the block, which was then planed to this form. The bow profile was marked on the sides, the block was cut to the line, and tapered off to an edge about % inch thick. The block was then ripped in half, and the halves were nailed to the sides of the keel center-piece A.\n\nThe stern piece is shown in the pattern of Fig. 249. It was notched on the bottom to fit over the keel.\n\nFig. 248. \u2013 Cross-Section of Bow Blocks.\nFig. 249. \u2013 Stern-Piece Pattern.\nFigs. 250 and 251. \u2013 Bulkhead Patterns.\nFig. 252. \u2013 Deck-Piece Pattern.\n\nA Galley Ship Model 127\n\ncenter-piece and nailed to the projection at the stern (Figs.\nThree bulkheads were set up between the bow and stern to fasten the sides of the hull to D, D and E (Fig. 246). Patterns for these pieces are shown in Figs. 250 and 251. Their spacing was determined by the Main Deck (F, Fig. 252). This was notched to fit over the ends of the bulkheads. The sides of the hull were sheathed with strips of 1/2-inch ply veneer, cut 1/4 inch wide. If you cannot get plywood for the purpose, rip laths, lattice strips, or box boards into pieces of the right width, then rip each in half in its thickness. To make the sawed strips pliable for bending, soak them in water for a few minutes.\n\nSheathing the hull required careful workmanship. The edges of the strips had to be butted against one another without overlapping and without leaving wide joints. The bow ends had to be fitted neatly against the keel.\nThe center-piece (Fig. 247). The strips were fastened with brads and glue. Then the surfaces were gone over with a file and sandpaper, and projecting edges reduced, to make the sides round and even.\n\nThe Superstructure:\nDecks G and H are shown in Fig. 253, overlapping the ends of main deck F. Once these had been fitted in place, the bulwarks I, J, and K were cut and fastened to the hull. Complete dimensions are not given, but you will have no trouble figuring out what they should be by studying the diagrams and the photograph of Fig. 243. A little variance in detail will not matter, as this model and most of those that you see in stores and on home mantels vary in such details.\n\nFig. 243 - Model of a Schooner\nFig. 253 - Details of Decks and Bulwarks.\nFig. 254 - Rudder Block.\nFig. 255 - Finishing Details of Superstructure.\nFig. 256 - Stern Elevation.\nFig. 257 - Panel Brackets.\nFig. 258. \u2014 Railing.\nFig. 262. \u2014 Cannon.\n\nUnfortunately, these figures are not correctly proportioned. They are built as ornamental models, not as exact copies of any ships that ever sailed the seas. A different project, this: A Galleon Ship Model\n\nDecks L, N, and P. When deck L had been laid, bulwarks M were cut and set in place, with tops sloping toward one another, as shown in Fig. 256, and a stern piece was set between them. Then deck N was added, and bulwarks O were fastened upon it, sloping as shown in Fig. 256. Deck P came next, then its bulwarks, and then the cabin bulkhead.\n\nDoors and windows were drawn upon paper, cut out, and glued to the wood.\n\nPanelling upon the sides and stern of the ship was,\nFormed by horizontal moldings. Picture molding answered the purpose admirably for this. Screen molding and weather strips could also be used to advantage. Between the moldings are brackets. They were cut out of thin wood. Fig. 257 shows the shapes to cut them. Make a cardboard pattern or template for each, mark out the number that you will need on a board, and saw out with a coping-saw. The turned ball on the large brackets may be a glass or wooden bead.\n\nThe Stern Balcony Railing (Fig. 256), and the railings on the upper deck, were made of narrow strips of wood, with beads fastened between them with pins (Fig. 258).\n\nLanterns. The upper lanterns were made of a tapered cork, a spool end and a bead, assembled as shown in Fig. 259. Fig. 260 shows a lantern bracket. The large stern lanterns were made of a spool 2 inches long, a spool end, and a bead.\nThe Big Book of Boys' Hobbies includes making a lantern using a bead (Fig. 261). Glass in the lantern sides was imitated by cutting recesses and setting in pieces of red and green tinfoil. Cannon were made from the wooden end-piece on toy balloons (Fig. 262), and were glued in holes bored in the model. Alternatively, cannon could be whittled from small sticks and drilled with holes in their ends.\n\nPainting the Model\nColors for painting the model are indicated in Fig. 255. The goal is to have contrasting colors. Oil paint, enamel, or lacquer may be used. The advantage of lacquer is that it dries rapidly, allowing small surfaces to be brushed without showing laps. Radiator bronze was used for gold trimmings.\n\nRigging the Galleon\nMasts are detailed in Figs. 263 to 265 and made from \u00bd-inch dowel sticks, tapered to \u00bd inch.\nThe diameter at the tops of the masts, the tapering being done with a file. Spool ends formed the crow's nests. The diagrams show the masts\u2019 lengths above decks. Allow enough additional length so they will extend through the decks to the keel.\n\nThe Bowsprit is shown in Fig. 266.\n\nThe Yards, or horizontal pieces to which the sails are attached, were cut 1 inch longer than the width of the sails.\n\nThe Sails were made of brown wrapping-paper. Figs. 267 to 273 give their dimensions. Each sail had to belly out as indicated in Fig. 273. To make them hold this shape, the paper was coated with shellac, then wire was run through hems formed in the edges to stiffen them.\n\nBefore shellacking, a cross and other decorations were painted on the sails.\n\nFigs. 263-266: Spar Details.\nFigs. 267-273: Sail Details.\n\nThe Rigging was made of fishing line, fine and coarse.\nGlass beads were used for dead eyes. Small tacks for securing the rigging. The stays, shrouds, ratlines, halyards, and sheets are too numerous to show clearly on the diagrams. You will see some of them in the photographs of Figs. 243 and 244. However, for a complete diagram with parts labeled, I suggest looking up \"ship\" in a dictionary.\n\nFor plans for other ship models, look up \"Ship Model Making, Volumes 1, 2, and 3\" at the public library, by Captain E. Armitage McCann.\n\nA Base for Your Ship Model\nA well-made ship model deserves a base that is fitting. Use mahogany or walnut, if obtainable, and finish with a coat of shellac and several coats of varnish. Or use pine, basswood, or other wood with close grain, and finish with lacquer in color.\n\nThe base that supports Leonard Fienberg's galleon.\nA Galleon Ship Model\nThe model, depicted in Fig. 244, is simple to make. Fig. 274 presents a line drawing of it, and Fig. 275 shows a cross-section with the dimensions of the cradle blocks. The width of the blocks was determined by the size of the ship\u2019s hull. The thickness was 0.5 inch. The blocks were cut with a coping-saw and sandpapered smooth. The bottom board measures 4.5 inches wide and 7 inches long. It was cut out of a board 0.5 inch thick, and its upper edges were beveled with a plane. The cradle blocks were located at equal distances from the edges of the base block and fastened with glue and brads. Then, the wood was finished, and four rubber-tipped tacks were driven into the underside, at the corners, to protect surfaces on which the model would stand.\n\nChapter XIII\nInstalling a Radio\nInstalling a radio is simple enough, granted the following conditions:\nThe assembly has passed inspection. Some people cannot do the most ordinary mechanical job, and others will not. It's fortunate for you that they cannot or will not, as it provides you with occasional opportunities to earn money in an interesting field of work. After qualifying for the job by installing a set at home, let your ambition be known.\n\nThe Aerial will be the first part of the job. After tests of every conceivable form of aerial, the single wire of a length between 50 and 75 feet is accepted as being as efficient as any. While there are differences of opinion on minor details, it is generally agreed that the essential requirement is an unbroken path of metal from the far end of the aerial down through the lead-in wire, the set, and the ground wire, to moist earth. Therefore, one length of wire (seven-feet long).\nInstalling a Radio: A better rig is to install the copper aerial wire directly from the extreme end of the aerial to the set, properly supported on insulators, rather than using separate aerial and lead-in, unless a perfect soldered connection can be made. The aerial supports may be determined by local conditions. It may be necessary to extend the aerial over a roof-top, in which case a chimney becomes the natural support for one end, and possibly a chimney on an adjoining building the support for the second end. However, it is better to run the aerial wire over cleared ground than over a roof-top or other obstruction. The receiver building may serve as one support, and a second building, a tree, or an iron pipe mast may be the other support. The farther support should be high enough to make its end of the wire of the same height as or higher.\nAn Iron-Pipe Mast is not expensive and not difficult to erect. Buy galvanized iron pipe in standard lengths of 20 feet, threaded on both ends, with a coupler on one end. Two lengths of 1-inch or 1-inch pipe will usually be sufficient, allowing 24 or 30 inches for ground anchorage. In addition to the mast pipe, get a 36-inch length of pipe of large enough diameter to slip over the end for the base, a pipe cap for the top, an eye-bolt for the attachment of a clothes-line pulley, a pulley for the rope halyard, and a halyard cleat.\n\nFig. 277. \u2014 Pipe Mast for Aerial.\nFigs. 278 and 279. \u2014 Pipe for Mast.\nFig. 280. \u2014 Pipe Cap for Mast Top.\nFig. 281. \u2014 Eye-Bolt.\nFig. 282. \u2014 Pulley for Rope Halyard.\nFig. 283. \u2014 Halyard Cleat.\nA rope, a halyard, and an iron cleat (Fig. 283). A concrete base must be cast for the support of the mast. It should be about 20 inches in diameter or 18 inches square, and 30 inches deep, of a mixture of gravel or crushed stone and sand and cement, in the proportions of 4 parts stone, 3 parts sand, and 1 part cement. After excavating for the base, stand the 36-inch length of pipe in the center of the hole, plumb it so that it is exactly vertical, and brace its top with temporary braces. Then mix the concrete, shovel it into the excavation, and tamp it into a compact mass. Bring the top of the concrete an inch or so above the ground level.\n\nAssembling the Mast: Couple the lengths of pipe and screw the pipe cap to the top. Drill holes for the top eye-bolt and for bolts for attaching the cleat, and fasten them.\nThese fittings must be attached to the pipe. If the pipe and fittings are not galvanized, apply a coat of red lead and a coat of black paint, or two coats of asphalt paint.\n\nErecting the mast will require the assistance of two people. Each person should have a clothes pole or other pole with crotches made of crossed sticks. With the aid of the poles, it will be a simple matter to raise the pipe and lower it into the base pipe. Do not forget to run the rope halyard through the top pulley before setting up the mast.\n\nSlack in the aerial wire sufficient to allow it to sway may cause \"fading\" of signals. Figure 276 suggests how to take up the slack by weighting one end with sash-weights.\n\nPerfect insulation of the aerial requires the use of two glass or porcelain insulators (Figure 284), placed about 12 inches apart on each end.\nFig. 276 shows how to bring the Lead-In Wire from the aerial into the building. Make it fast to a porcelain spool or cleat, then run it through a porcelain tube set in a hole bored through the wall, or through a window frame. The neatest arrangement is to set a plug receptacle in the wall and connect the lead-in wire to it.\n\nA Lightning-Arrester must be hooked up with the lead-in wire and with an outside ground at the point where the lead-in wire enters the building, to comply with the rules of fire underwriters. Solder the ground wire to the top of an iron rod or piece of pipe driven several feet into the ground (Fig. 285). This does not make a ground connection, of course, unless a bolt of lightning jumps the gap in the arrester.\n\nThe Ground Wire from the radio set must make contact with it.\nWith moist earth. If the house is piped for water, the ground wire may be connected to a water-pipe using a plumber's pipe strap or a ground clamp made for the purpose (Fig. 286).\n\nFig. 284. \u2014 Aerial Insulator.\nFig. 285.\u2014 Porcelain Tube.\nFig. 286. \u2014 Ground Clamp on Water Pipe.\nFig. 287. \u2014 Ground Clamp on Radiator.\nFig. 288. \u2014 Direct Ground to Moist Earth.\n\nWhere a convenient hook-up with a water pipe cannot be made, the ground clamp is attached to a radiator pipe. A Direct Ground to moist earth is preferred by some radio fans and is necessary where water-pipes are not available. It necessitates another hole through the wall or window frame for the ground wire. The ground may be an iron rod or pipe 6 feet in length driven into the ground, with the ground wire soldered to the top (Fig. 288).\nCHAPTER XIV\nA WINTER FEEDER FOR BIRDS\n\nWinter-tarrying birds and early spring arrivals can forage for themselves with moderate weather conditions and bare ground on which to seek seeds and berries. But when deep snows cover the available food supply, large numbers perish. Late winter and early spring blizzards play havoc, since by then the advance guard of many species have put in an appearance.\n\nThere are various forms of racks and hoppers that can be made easily and quickly, among which is The Hanging Feeder.\n\n288. It may be a single lead plate or it may be several copper or zinc plates joined, with the ground lead soldered to them, buried in moist earth. Where the soil is not likely to remain sufficiently moist at the depth of the plates, provision may be made for keeping it moist by setting a pipe into the ground alongside the ground wire, and pouring water into this pipe.\nFig. 289. Hanging Feeder with Center Compartment and End Containers.\nFigs. 290 and 291. Cross-sections of Feeder.\nFig. 292. Wire Cloth Front for End Feeder.\n\nThe parts are labeled, and dimensions are given. Adjust the dimensions based on your material, but the size is not crucial. The model shown was made of box boards % inch thick.\n\nEnds A are equal in size, as are roof board C and base D. Back B fits between the ends. Nail the ends to the back first, then center the three pieces on the base board so the end projections are equal and the front and back projections are equal. Nail the board in place, then center and nail the roof board in the same way.\nThe Center Compartment has a two-thirds glass front that shelters bird feeders and confines scattered feed without hiding it from view. The glass, which is 5 by 7 inches, can be obtained from a photographer or a paint store. The glass is held by two pairs of wooden strips fastened to the shelter ends with brads. The Wire Containers at either end of the feeder are for suet and meat scraps. They are made of pieces of galvanized wire cloth with %-inch or 2-inch square mesh. Bend the strips, as shown in Fig. 292, to lap over the edges of end pieces A, and fasten them with staples. Paint the feeder with two coats of paint, inside and out, then screw a pair of screw-eyes into the roof board and attach a wire hanger to each.\n\nStocking the Feeder.\nOnce you have set out the winter feeder, do not neglect your responsibility to keep it stocked with food. Prepare the wire baskets with suet and meat scraps, the inner shelter with hemp, millet, sunflower seed, poultry feed, and bread crumbs.\n\nChapter XV\nWinter Sports\nEquipment\nIn my books \"The Boy Craftsman,\" \"Handicraft for Handy Boys,\" \"The Handy Boy,\" \"Carpentry and Mechanics for Boys,\" and \"Outdoor Boy Craftsman,\" you will find plans for ice boats, skate sails, skis, toboggan slides, coasters, single runners, bob-sleds, ice fishing shacks, snow huts, and snow forts. In this chapter, you have a group of miscellaneous sports equipment selected from my articles contributed to The American Boy, Modern Mechanics, The Country Gentleman, The Ladies' Home Journal, and Woman's Home Companion, and to news papers and weeklies through my Boy Craftsman Syndicate.\nFig. 293 shows a rig for the skating pond or ice-coated sidewalk that you can make in an hour. You will need the following items: your skates, a 2-by-4, several wooden blocks, a box, your bicycle handle-bars, and a pair of plumber's pipe straps to build it. This rig will not damage your skates or injure your bicycle handle-bars. Both skates and handle-bars are attached in such a way that they can be removed quickly when needed. You can substitute a stick for the handle-bars if desired.\n\nFig. 293. \u2013 Ice Skatemobile.\nFig. 294. \u2013 Attach Skates to Chassis in This Way.\nFig. 295. \u2013 Pipe Strap for Attaching Handle-Bars.\nFor the handlebars, you can attach them if you prefer, but it won't result in a neat job.\n\nThe Chassis (2-by-4) should be approximately 3 feet long. Figure 294 illustrates how to attach your skates to the underside. Blocks A and B must be nailed or screwed to the 2-by-4. Block A is for the heel of the skate to grip, and block B is for the toe clamps to grip. The sizes of the blocks will depend on your skates. Notch the upper edge of block B on each side so that the toe clamps will grip firmly.\n\nThe body box should be around 2 feet long. Place it endwise on the front of the chassis, with the open side to the rear. The lower part may be boarded up halfway for a toolbox or parcel carrier.\n\nBore a hole in the box to receive the stem of the handlebars. If you don't have a bit large enough, make several small holes and cut them into one hole with a larger bit.\nA chisel or enlarge a small hole with a rat-tail file. The bar ends must be fastened down. Use a pair of pipe straps (Fig. 295). Attach the straps with screws so they may be easily removed.\n\nThe Paint Job. Few homemade vehicles are painted. There's no reason why they shouldn't be, because there is generally left-over paint in every household. Remove the handlebars before applying it. If you buy paint, get a can of automobile enamel.\n\nA Barrel-Stave Sled\nThe box and barrel-stave sled shown in Fig. 296 is one of the simplest sleds you can make.\n\nWinter Sports Equipment\nThe Seat is a soap box or other small box with the cover boards nailed on.\n\nFig. 296 \u2014 Barrel-Stave Sled.\nThe Runners are a pair of barrel staves. To attach the runners, turn the box upside down as shown in Fig. 297,\nNail a cross strip to the center of the bottom and fasten the staves with nails at the shown points. Allow the staves to project 3 or 4 inches at the stern of the box. When the runners have been put on, fasten a strip to their bows for a Foot Bar. Make the bar long enough for its ends to project as shown in Fig. 297. Nail Stave Runners to Box.\n\nA Foot Bar. Make a Rocker Coaster as shown in Fig. 298, using a broken chair or one which has fallen into disuse. The chances are that you will find a chair stowed away in the attic or in the woodshed. Four Cross Bars connect the rocker runners (Fig. 299).\nThe rockers should be of hard wood, so it's best to drill holes in them for screws to attach the cross bars. The seat boards should be warped to the curve of the rockers (Fig. 298), unless the center pair of cross bars are thicker than the end bars, allowing the tops of the four to be in a straight line.\n\nBarrel-Stave Skis\nIf one of your group can find a barrel, that barrel will provide staves for a dozen skis. You will see by the diagram of Fig. 300 that a piece of board is fastened several inches forward of the center of the stave, and a house slipper is nailed to this board. If you lack a slipper, cut down an old shoe or overshoe.\n\nFig. 299. \u2014 Chair Rockers Connected by Cross Bars.\n\nFor a more efficient ski, smooth the sole with sandpaper, then rub in linseed oil, and polish with floor wax.\nFig. 300. - Barrel-Stave Ski with Small Skate-Sail\nThis type of sail will not enable you to reach a speed of fifty miles an hour, but it is better adapted to ponds and short stretches of ice. It was designed by boys from Shedd Park Playgrounds, Chicago, for the annual playground ice tournament held on a park lagoon that would not permit the use of a larger sail. This is also the rig to speed you over pavements coated with ice on streets having little traffic.\n\nA detail of the completed skate-sail is shown in Fig. 302.\n\nThe Frame Sticks should be % square by the lengths given in Fig. 303. If there is a woodworking mill in your vicinity, you will probably find in its waste pile the sort of sticks needed for the frame, and a few pennies ought to clinch the deal.\nTo make a bargain, if any charge is made, seek a local carpenter if a mill is not at hand. He may have the strips you want in his pile of rippings. If these sources fail, lay off the strips on a board and rip them with your saw. Plane the sticks smooth and take off the sharp edges with sandpaper, then cut them to the given lengths.\n\nTo assemble the frame, nail a 36-inch stick to the end of a 60-inch stick. Place the diagonal brace in the indicated position, trim its ends to fit against the horizontal and vertical sticks, and nail in place. Fit the short cross brace between the diagonal and vertical sticks, as indicated.\n\nReinforce the frame connections by lashing fishing line or other stout cord tightly around the sticks and coating the lashings with shellac to make them hold fast.\n\nFig. 301. \u2013 Small Skate-Sail.\n\nWinter Sports Equipment\n\nTo assemble the frame:\n1. Nail a 36-inch stick to the end of a 60-inch stick.\n2. Position the diagonal brace and nail it in place.\n3. Fit the short cross brace between the diagonal and vertical sticks and nail it in place.\n4. Reinforce the connections with fishing line or stout cord, lashing tightly and coating with shellac.\nThe Covering Material may be light-weight canvas, muslin, or any closely woven cloth that Mother can spare. The method of lapping it over the frame and tacking it along the edges is indicated in Fig. 302. This diagram also shows how the long edge of the cloth is turned over and stitched to form a hem.\n\nDecorate your sail. It will give it individuality. Newspaper comic supplements and magazines contain suitable pictures to cut out and paste on sails; but, if you are clever with brush and pencil, you will probably want to work out a design of your own.\n\nWhen sailing with the skate-sail, adjust the angle at which you hold the sail to suit each change in the direction of sailing. Large sails are held between the body and the wind, and you preserve your balance by throwing your weight forward or backward as necessary.\nWeight the sail against it. You may hold the small sail however, as shown in Fig. 301 in front. An Ice Hockey Stick is bent, not cut out, as you might imagine. The reason for bending it is that its grain must be continuous from the end of the handle to the toe of the blade. If it weren't, the blade would split where it joins the handle, perhaps at the first stroke. Making the Sharp Bend is not easy with the equipment of the average home workshop, but you can have the job done at a local mill, where they have facilities for bending wood and making it stay bent. The rest of the shaping and finishing will be no trick at all. Another Way to Shape a Stick is used by boys in Canada, and it was described to me by a former captain of a Canadian hockey team. A tree-branch is selected (preferably one that is straight and strong). The branch is cut to the desired length and the end of the branch that will become the handle is rounded and smoothed. The end of the branch that will become the blade is sharpened to a point. The branch is then bent into the desired shape using heat and pressure. The stick is then sanded and polished to a smooth finish.\nFig. 304: Select a tree-branch with a bend like this for a hockey stick, and hew to the dotted line.\n\nFigs. 305-307: Correct dimensions for a standard hockey stick.\n\nTo make a hockey stick, choose a branch from an elm tree with the correct bend. Roughly shape it with an axe, then refine the form indicated by dotted lines using a spoke-shave, draw-knife, plane, file, and sandpaper.\n\nFig. 305 displays an approved model of an American hockey stick. The length and blade angle vary among players. Coach C.S. Smythe of the Toronto University team suggests determining your individual requirements by standing on your skates in playing position, leaning forward, and grasping the stick well down the shaft with your left hand.\nHand the end of the hockey stick and place the blade the same distance in front of you that it is ordinarily when taking the puck down the rink. In this position, the blade should lie flat on the ice. The Shaft End is shown in cross-section in Fig. 306, and The Blade End in Fig. 307. Give the stick a gradual taper from the shaft end to the blade end. You can spend any amount of time Finishing a Hockey Stick, and, of course, the more time you put on the work the better the job should be. Give the stick a coat of shellac after sandpapering it.\n\nHollow Grinding Your Skates\nIt is not necessary to take your skates to a tool-grinder to have them hollow ground. If you own an emery stone, Fig. 308 - Hollow-Grinding a Skate with Home-Made Grinder - narrow enough, it will be easy to rig up a gauging device.\n\nWinter Sports Equipment.\nTo guide the skate so the stone grinds the hollow along the center of the runner is the method used by the professional grinder. However, it is not necessary to invest in a grindstone if you don't have one. Instead, make a File Grinder like the one shown in use in Fig. 308. Figs. 309 to 314 show details of it.\n\nThe File for the Job is the round rat-tail file shown in Fig. 309. One 6 or 8 inches long is right.\n\nThe Holder, shown in Fig. 310, is made of three strips of wood. A center strip, a trifle thicker than the width of the skate runner, by the length of the file and 1% inches wide, and two outer strips \u00bc or \u00bd inch thick by 1% inches wide. A lattice strip or a lath will be useful.\n\nFig. 309. \u2013 Use Rat-tail File for Skate Grinder.\nFig. 310. \u2013 Holder for File.\nFig. 311. \u2013 Cross-Section of Grinder.\nFig. 312.\u2013 Fasten File to Center Strip.\nTo assemble, attach the file to the center strip between the outer strips as shown in Fig. 311's cross-section. Fasten it using wiring (Fig. 312) or driving brads through the outer strips close to the underside. The wire or brads must be below the cutting surface, so notch each file end with a hack-saw (Fig. 309).\n\nOnce mounted, secure the three strips together with brads or screws. If your skates have narrower runners than the file, create a groove in the outer strips (Fig. 313) so the file can be let in as shown. Use a vise to support the skates for grinding, or if you don't have a vise, screw the skates to a plank and hold them in place.\nPlank by kneeling on it or clamping it to a table top with a pair of curtain-stretcher clamps. Skates for grinding. When the other fellows see you with your hollow-ground skates and hear that you have a grinder, you should have all the hollow-grinding jobs that you want to attend to.\n\nA Snow Totem Pole\nOf course, you fellows have seen pictures of the totem poles of Indians, symbols of families and tribes. But probably none of you, unless you are a Boy Scout or Lone Scout, and have used a totem pole as a whittling problem, have attempted to make a totem pole model. A well-designed, brightly colored pole is a novelty worth having on one's home grounds, since it is different from the usual line of garden accessories; but it is no small job to cut one.\n\nA snow totem pole, on the other hand, is a novelty worth having, as shown.\nTo make a successful totem pole as depicted in Fig. 315, one must have experience modeling in snow or have attempted it before. A tree trunk foundation is required. A tree in the front yard, visible from the road, is best if you want passers-by to see the totem pole. The size is not important. If it is not large enough to model on, increase its diameter by piling snow around it. The snow must be moist to pack well.\n\nTo start a totem pole, plaster the tree trunk with snow from the ground up to the desired height. Then roll snowballs of assorted sizes, from 12 to 18 inches, and cement them into the snow foundation with enough snow below them to support the weight.\n\nWith the several balls in place, decide on what figures they are to be shaped into and begin the modeling. Your modeling tools will be a garden trowel and a stick.\nAnd a knife. With these you can cut away the snowballs, hollow or flatten them, and build up where necessary.\nFig. 315. \u2013 Snow Totem Pole.\n\nReinforce projections with sticks or branches. Make eyes and ears of chunks of coal, tin cans, orange skins, harness rings, or other odds and ends. Press them into the snow.\n\nWhen you have completed the carving, you can obtain quite startling effects by adding color. You might not think such a thing possible, but it can be done successfully with calcimines. Of course, colors will cause snow to melt to a certain extent, so do not apply them until you have sprayed the snow with water and allowed it to freeze solid.\n\nA Snowball Shield\nEvery red-blooded boy enjoys a snow fight, with one side entrenched in a fort, the other side the attacking party.\nTo make the shield, fasten together two thin, light-weight boards of the length and width shown in Fig. 317. Place a batten near the ends. Draw the curves for the side edges using the given radius and saw along the curved lines. Be careful in nailing on the battens to avoid nails obstructing the saw's path. An arm and hand loop are required on the back of the shield (Fig. 316). Make these of short blocks of wood with nails driven into the ends and loops of twisted strands of wire fastened to the nails (Fig. 318). Make the arm loop amply large so that your overcoat sleeve can slip through it easily. Wrap the hand loop with cloth.\nFig. 316, 317, 318: Apply friction tape to make a good hand grip. Nail the loop blocks to the back of the shield in the shown positions. Decorate the shield face with fantastic symbols in bright colors.\n\nPart II, Spring Hobbies\n\nYears ago, the building and sailing of model yachts were considered a small boy's pastime. Now, it has become the hobby of old and young alike. In parks of every large city and small town, you will see evidence of growing interest in these miniature craft. Model boat regattas have become as much a part of the calendar of playgrounds, schools, Boy Scout troops, Young Men's Christian Associations, and other organizations, as kite contests, model airplane tournaments, and athletic events.\nThe younger boy regattas include every type of simple craft, from a catboat with a watermelon hull to a motor boat propelled by a rubber-band motor. The older boy regattas bring out more efficient craft, with streamlined hulls and trim rigging, and clockwork or electric motors. The old boy regattas, in which participants hail from every trade and profession, reveal the ultimate in design and construction, exact scale models of the finest craft afloat, with full rigging and miniature power plants capable of remarkable performance.\n\nThe photograph of Fig. 319 (facing page 164), shows a fleet of boys\u2019 yachts, and the photograph of Fig. 320 shows a group of models built by the older members of the Ogden Park Model Yacht Club, Chicago, one of the most active and most skilled organizations affiliated with The Model.\nYacht Racing Association of America. Dad would be just as interested in building a yacht as men in model yacht clubs. A manufacturer of toy boats has advertised \"Buy your boy a boat for yourself,\" recognizing the fact that a father gets as much of a thrill out of it as his boy does. But half of the sport is in building the yacht, and if you can persuade Dad that this is true and obtain his cooperation, you will both have the greatest amount of fun imaginable.\n\nYour First Model Yacht\nFor your first fully rigged model yacht, I suggest that you follow the plans in Figs. 321 to 340 of this chapter. A simple yacht like this requires inexpensive materials, and few tools to shape them. When you have completed it, you can turn your attention to larger models.\n\nreplicas of the finest craft that sail.\nYou can become an expert in model yacht building and produce models that would cost hundreds of dollars to buy. Blueprints of large yachts are made available by publishers of yachting magazines and houses that specialize in model boat accessories. Material kits and models in knocked-down form are also available.\n\nFig. 320. - Yachts Built by Members of the \"Ogden Park Model Yacht Club,\" Chicago.\nFig. 321. - Randolph Cannon and His Model Yacht.\nFig. 319. - A Model Yacht Regatta Is Exciting.\n\nA Model Yacht\nFittings such as dead-eyes, chocks, cleats, turn-buckles, and mast rings, nicely formed and made to scale.\n\nA Twenty-Four Inch Model\nThe photograph of Fig. 321 shows a 24-inch model with its builder Randolph Cannon. Working details of the model will be found in Figs. 322 to 340. You may make changes in this model, introduce your own ideas, just as in Figs. 322 to 340.\nFig. 322 is a side elevation of the completed model. Fig. 323 is a deck plan, and Fig. 324 is a keel plan.\n\nRequired materials:\n- One block of clear soft pine, 1.5 inches by 6 inches by 24 inches, or two blocks 1.5 inches by 6 inches by 24 inches, for hull\n- Mahogany or pine for deck\n- Small piece of No. 22 gauge sheet brass or iron for rudder\n- 1/2-inch brass rod, 5 inches long, for rudder post\n- 1/2-inch brass tubing, 2 inches long, for rudder post port\n- 1/2-inch and 1/4-inch dowel sticks for spars\n- Wire for spar rings and loops\n- Muslin for sails\n- Fancy-work rings for sail mast rings\n- Fishing line for rigging\n- Small materials.\nTo build a model yacht, you will need screw-eyes and screw-hooks for attaching eyes and cleats. The hull can be carved from a single block of wood, but it's better to cement two pieces together if you can't find a block free of knots and defects. Use waterproof glue or cement recommended for model airplanes.\n\nTo lay out the hull, first, scribe a center line along each face and end. Then space off the template section lines following the dimensions given in Fig. 323, and square these lines across both faces and edges of the block.\n\nFig. 322: Side Elevation of 24-Inch Model Yacht.\nFig. 323: Deck Plan.\nFig. 324: Keel Plan.\nFig. 325: Hull Block Laid Out for Carving.\nFigs. 326 and 327: Templates.\nFig. 328: Applying Templet to Gauge Carving.\nFig. 325. Measure the hull widths given in Fig. 323 along the section line of each face and through the points. Draw the curved side lines. Templates are needed for the final shaping of the hull. There should be a template to show the true profile at each of the section lines. Fig. 326 shows the seven templates, and Fig. 327 shows patterns, squared off to aid you in reproducing the curves. Make a similar set of squares on a sheet of paper, with each square measuring \u00bd inch across. Then on these full-size squares, lay off the curved and straight lines of the templates, just as they are shown on the printed patterns. Having the full-size patterns, make tracings of them and then transfer them onto heavy cardboard or sheet metal, and cut them out, leaving generous margins.\nCarve the profiles using a draw-knife or coping- Saw for rough cutting, a wood-rasp, plane, and sandpaper for final shaping and smoothing of surfaces. Figure 328 demonstrates the use of a template to determine the correct profile at section line D. Support the hull block as suggested for the hull of the model motor boat in Chapter XVII. Read the suggestions in Chapter XVII for shaping the motor boat hull. Once satisfied with the outside of the hull, hollow the inside using a gouge. Cut deep except along the center, where the keel is to be screwed on, and at the point of the rudder post port.\n\nMake the deck from a piece of board % inch thick, tapering it from that thickness at the bow to a thickness of ^ inch at the stern.\nFasten down the deck with glue and small brass screws or escutcheon nails. The Keel is of lead, cast in a mold hollowed out of two blocks of wood, as shown in Figs. 329 and 330, with port and vents provided. Smooth the casting with a file, drill three screw-holes, and screw the keel to the hull, as shown (Fig. 331). LEAD KEEL The Rudder is cut out of sheet metal. Lay it out of the dimensions given in Fig. 332. The Rudder - 65\u2014 4f Post is a piece of yew, 329 and 330.\u2014 Cast lead keel in a mold. %-inch brass rod hike this. Fig. 331.\u2014 Screw keel to hull, or galvanized wire. Slot its end, slip the rudder into the slot and fasten with solder. The post can be run through a small hole bored through the hull, but a Port of %6-inch brass tubing (Fig. 332), packed with grease to keep out water, is a better job. Finish off the rudder and post.\nMake a right-angle bend in the end of the rudder post to form The Tiller. Bend an eye in the end of the tiller. Make The Spars of dowel sticks of the diameters and lengths indicated, and taper the mast and boom spars from a diameter of % inch at one end to a diameter of % inch at the other. Make The Mast Loops for boom and gaff of metal bands (Fig. 339). Lash them in place with linen thread and coat the lashings with shellac to make them hold fast. Make The Rigging Loops of wire (Fig. 340), and lash them in place at the points indicated. Cut a small block of wood for the Tubing Ring, Traveller, Rubber Band, Keel Rod Post (Figs. 332 and 333). Details of Rudder.\nA Model Yacht: Tiller and Automatic Steering Device.\n\nConstruct a mast step, drill a hole in it to receive the mast end, and fasten the block to the deck.\n\nThe Sails:\nUse a good grade of muslin or Indian cotton for sails. Ask Mother or Sister to be the sailmaker as the work is somewhat out of your line. The sizes of the mainsail and jib are indicated in Fig. 322. Lay out a pair of paper patterns by which to cut the cloth and place them upon the cloth so that the selvedge runs along one edge of the sail. The other edges must be hemmed. Sew fancy-work rings to the luff of the mainsail to slip over the mast. Sew short lengths of thread to the head and foot for lashing the sail to the gaff and boom. Sew short lengths of thread to the corners of the jib sail in the same manner.\n\nThe Rigging:\nMay be made complete in detail or simplified. Most models-\nbuilders use a modified form with small screw-eyes for blocks and screw-hooks for cleats. Fishing line makes good stays, halyards, and sheets. Refer to Fig. 321, Fig. 322, and Figs. 334 to 338 for attachment locations.\n\nThe scheme for Automatic Steering is shown in Fig. 332. Run the mainsail sheet from the boom to and through the tiller eye, then back to the boom. Pass it through a loop or ring on the boom, and over to a traveler set in the stern. With this rig, when the boom swings, the tiller also swings, as indicated in Fig. 333, and holds the yacht to its course. Attach a rubber band from the tiller eye to a tack in the deck to bring the tiller back to the center.\n\nFig. 337: Jib Boom. Fig. 338: Bowsprit.\nFig. 339: Mast Loops for Boom and Gaff Ends.\nFig. 340: Spar Loops for Sheet and Halyard.\nFinish this job before you rig the yacht. Varnish the deck and spars with two coats of spar varnish. Paint the hull white from the deck to the water line, and gray, black, or any other color that you want, from the water line to the keel.\n\nA Model Yacht\nA Yacht Club\n\nWhen enough of you fellows have taken up model yacht building, interest a local organization in helping you to form a model yacht club. Then the next step will be to promote Model Yacht Regattas.\n\nThe committee in charge of the regattas should adopt the following rules, taken from the \"Racing Rules for Pond Sailing,\" laid down by the \"International Yacht Racing Association\":\n\nDefinitions:\nSkipper: The person sailing the yacht, including his assistant.\nCompetitor: Yacht forming part of a pair.\nPair: Two or more yachts drawn to sail together in a heat.\nA board is a course in one direction of the lake. Heat consists of two or more boards in which the same pairs sail. Shore refers to the sides of the lake other than the starting line and the goal. Obstruction refers to anything (excluding weed) that may stop a yacht other than its competitor or the shore, including other yachts sailing in the same heat. Foul occurs when a yacht collides with a competitor or obstruction and is hung up, turned off her course, or has any of her gear arranged so as to affect her chance of winning a board. The officer of the day is the officer appointed to take charge of the racing and act as referee. A yacht is deemed to have completed a board as soon as any part of her hull or gear has passed the winning line. When races are held on enclosed waters where yachts can be handled from the shore, the following rules apply:\nAll competing yachts must be out of the water and at the starting place at least ten minutes before the advertised start time. Sailing method on enclosed waters: All events are to be sailed on the tournament system when yachts are handled from the shore. In sailing races, scores shall be counted in points: 3 points for a win to windward, 2 points for a win to leeward, and 2 points for a win in reaching winds. In case of a dead heat, the race is to be resailed. If leading yachts tie with equal points at the end of a race, the yacht with the greater number of windward wins is declared the winner. However, if there is still a tie, the yachts in question are to sail one windward board.\nDecide the direction of the starting line by a board. Stations and weather and leeward berths shall be drawn before starting. Competitors must both start on the same tack with sails full and drawing from the determined positions or starting marks. The starting marks shall be not less than three yards apart.\n\nPropulsion. Skippers shall be allowed to push off their yachts at the start only by hand or by pole, but not at any other time. A yacht may be propelled otherwise than by wind only if it gets aground, at which point it may be pushed off. Poles must be of uniform length, but not longer than is customary or necessary on the particular water.\n\nA skipper shall not enter the water.\nA yacht should not be turned, retrimmed, or started at waters requiring waders or water boots, except for customary use. A pole should not be used in conjunction with waders or water boots.\n\nWhen a yacht comes to shore, it must either be tacked or retrimmed. For tacking, the yacht should be turned fairly about by the skipper taking a firm stand and: (1) turning the yacht off by placing the stick or pole against the lee bow, and (2) steadying her round the pole against the lee side of the counter as she sails out. The head-sail must fill fairly and definitively on the offshore tack before the yacht leaves the skipper's control. Failure to do so results in disqualification. No other part of the yacht, sails, or gear may be touched.\nA yacht must be readjusted if necessary to trim it or avoid an obstruction. If a retrim has been made, the model should be put off by hand only. A yacht put off on the guy and failing to tack or returning to the same shore on the same tack without breaking tack must be retrimmed.\n\nNote: A yacht fails to break tack when it has been correctly turned with head-sails filled on the new tack and returns to the same shore on the same tack, not having broken tack by the action of the guy. (A retrim is an adjustment of a yacht's sails, gear, or rudder that allows it to proceed fairly on its course toward the finishing line.)\n\nFor (b) in leeward boards (or reaching), the yacht shall be stopped, retrimmed, and restarted by hand every time it comes ashore. The skippers must remain stationary while retrimming.\nA yacht must be turned and trim adjusted, which requires stopping the yacht. When putting about or restarting after retrim, the yacht's way should not be accelerated. Applying the \"guy\" properly constitutes a retrim, but a jibe does not.\n\nAvoiding Collisions:\n- Tacking, guying, starting a yacht after retrim, or coming to shore foul should not be done in a manner that poses an immediate risk of collision.\n\nCollisions and Fouls:\n(a) If competing pairs foul within six yards (or a similar distance settled by the Officer of the Day) of the starting line, they shall restart from their original positions. If the foul recurs, the starter may order them to start further apart or change positions.\n\n(b) If competing pairs foul outside the above distance, the race shall be resailed on the order of the Officer of the Day.\n(c) If one yacht of a pair fouls an obstruction, the board shall be resailed, unless the Officer of the Day believes she had no chance of winning.\n\n(d) If two or more yachts come to shore foul (covering each other), the one to windward has the right to be first restarted. However, if adjustment is required for either, the one that is ready first may restart first, in which case it must restart from a position astern of the other. Neither may be advanced to effect a retrim.\n\nThere is approximately the same amount of work in building a model motor boat as a yacht. The installation of the power plant requires a little more time, perhaps, than rigging a yacht. There is the added cost of the plant.\nA toy electric motor and battery or other form of motor, sheet brass, brass rod and tubing. If you own one of the electric motors that come with toy construction sets, this cost will be reduced by half.\n\nThe photographs of Figs. 341 and 342 show a nicely proportioned model built by my reader, Warren E. Leigh. This model won the first-prize cabinet of tools in a recent Boy Craftsman Model-Making Prize Contest, and it has won a cup and other prizes. The diagrams and instructions in this chapter will enable you to duplicate the model or help you to shape your own ideas into a practical design.\n\nMaterials:\nOne block of clear, soft pine, 4 inches thick, 6 inches wide and 26 inches long, or two blocks, 2 inches by 6 inches by 26 inches, for hull.\nsmall pieces of mahogany, walnut or cigar-box wood, % inch or %6 inch thick, for decks and cabin. Brass rod: %-inch, 36 inches long, for propeller shaft, rudder post and guard. Brass tubing: %-inch, 15 inches long, for shaft and post sleeve. No. 22 gauge sheet brass, 4 inches square, for propeller, tiller and tiller plate. Brass screws, brads, electric motor, two flashlight batteries, bell wire, glue or model airplane cement, white lead, wood stain and spar varnish, or automobile enamel or lacquer.\n\nThe Hull\nFirst, prepare the block of wood for the hull. If you get it in one piece, square it up to the dimensions given on the plan of hull (Fig. 343) and the side elevation (Fig. 344). If you must use two pieces, fasten them together as shown in Fig. 345, with waterproof glue or cement.\n\nFig. 343.\u2014 Plan of Hull.\nFig. 344. \u2014 Side Elevation of Hull.\nFig. 345. \u2014 Joining Two Pieces of Wood for Hull.\nThe contact surfaces of glued blocks must be dressed. Figure :i4'2:\u2014 Crossing a Park Lagoon. A MODEL MOTOR BOAT. The blocks' surfaces must be true, and they must be clamped together until the glue sets.\n\nTo lay out the hull, first draw a center line along the two faces and across the ends (Fig. 345). Then mark off the measurements given on the plan (Fig. 343) for section lines A, B, C, D, and E, and square lines through these points across the faces and edges of the block. Lay off the widths of the hull along the section lines and draw the side lines, using a bent piece of cardboard or metal to aid you in drawing the curves. The side lines on opposite faces.\n\nFigure 345: Hull Block Laid Out for Carving.\nFigure 346: Vise Block for Supporting Hull While Shaping Outside.\nFigure 347: Applying Templates to Gauge the Carving.\nFigure 348: Cradle for Supporting Hull While Hollowing It.\nTo shape the hull, draw lines correctly and saw out the block or cut to the lines with a spoke-shave or a draw knife. Smooth the surfaces with a plane or wood-rasp, and sandpaper. Figure 346 shows the block at this stage of cutting. Make five templates, or guides for shaping the hull, at sections A, B, C, D, and E. They are shown drawn to scale on the squared-off pattern of Figure 349 and cut out in Figure 350. Make a set of squares similar to those of the pattern, drawing the horizontal and vertical lines one inch apart. Then reproduce the profile lines upon the full-size squares, exactly as shown.\n\nTo shape the outside of the hull, screw or nail a block of wood to the deck face (Figure 346), by which to clamp the templates in place while shaping the hull with planes and spokeshaves.\nBegin shaping the hull using a draw-knife, plane, wood-rasp, and gouge. Commence at the hull's center, section C, and work towards the bow and stern. Exercise caution and utilize templates continually. Once satisfied with the shaping, finish the surfaces with sandpaper.\n\nRemove the vise block (Fig. 346). Cut the deck surface from section B to the stern (Fig. 344). Prepare a support like Fig. 348 to hold the hull for the hollowing process. Place pieces of felt between the blocks and the hull to protect the surfaces. Initiate hollowing by boring a row of holes along a line, % inch inside.\n\nFig. 349. \u2014 Half-Patterns of Templates,\nA Model Motor Boat\nFig. 350. \u2014 Templates Ready for Use.\n\n(Note: Figures 346, 348, and 349 are not included in the text and should be assumed to be referenced elsewhere in the document.)\nWith the edges, scoop out the wood using a gouge. Cut away the wood until you have a shell of inch thickness or less. Cut away equal amounts of wood on each side of the center line to preserve a balance. Fig. 349 suggests the finished thickness at the five section lines. Once you have pared the surfaces as smooth as possible, finish with sandpaper.\n\nThe hull of the motor boat is now completed and ready for decks made of mahogany % inch thick. Other wood will do, and the thickness may be inch or less. Cigar-box wood is fine for the purpose. The decks of this model are flat, but they may be crowned or curved by using wood % inch thick and planing it down to a thickness of %6 inch along the gunwales. Cut the decks accordingly.\nProject Vie inch boats: Drill edges for brass screws attachment to hull. Score pieces lengthwise with rule and knife like flooring joints.\n\nThe Cabin:\nFigs. 353, 354 provide cabin walls and roof dimensions. Cut window openings with coping-saw. Assemble parts with brads. Cabin should be removable for motor access. Nail a cleat to each cockpit side for it to rest on (Figs. 351, 352). Window openings can be enclosed with glass or celluloid.\n\nThe Power Plant:\nModel motor boats can be operated by electric motors, clockwork motors, or miniature marine engines. Buy motors from a model supplies dealer. A Toy Electric Motor (Fig. 355) or a motor from a toy construction set is satisfactory.\nRemove the motor from its base and mount it on a wedge-shaped block like that in Fig. 356 to give it the right pitch to line it up with the propeller shaft.\n\nFig. 355: Toy Electric Motor.\nFig. 356: Base for Motor.\nFig. 357: Propeller and Shaft.\nFig. 358: Propeller Shaft Port.\nFigs. 359 and 360: Propeller and Motor Shaft Hook-Up.\n\nThe propeller should be of No. 22 gauge brass. Fig. 361 shows the layout. Cut it with a pair of tin snips. Drill a \u00bd-inch hole through its center to admit the end of the shaft.\n\nThe shaft should be of \u00bd-inch brass rod, of the length shown in Fig. 357. Solder the propeller to one end and drill a small hole through the other end for connection to the shaft of the motor. The propeller shaft turns in a Port of \u00bd-inch brass tubing (Fig. 358). Solder up the tube ends, then drill a \u00bd-inch hole through the center.\nBore a slanted hole through the hull to admit the port. Caulk the hole around the tubing with thick white lead and pack it with grease to keep out water. Support the forward end of the port on a wooden block.\n\nFor a model motor boat:\n\nConnect the propeller shaft to the motor shaft not directly, but drill a small hole through the motor shaft like the one you have drilled through the end of the propeller shaft. Connect the two holes with a coil of five or six turns of piano wire, formed by winding the wire around a pencil or dowel stick (Figs. 359 and 360). The coil will prevent binding if the shafts are slightly out of alignment. Anchor a flashlight dry cell each side of the propeller shaft and connect the pair in series to the motor. These cells will run down with the connection to the motor.\nCut the rudder out of No. 22 gauge brass, of the size shown in Fig. 362, and cut the Rudder Post out of \u00bd-inch brass rod, of the length shown in Fig. 363. Slot the end of the post and slip the rudder into the slot. Fasten it with solder. Make The Port for the tiller post of \u00bd-inch brass tubing (Fig. 352). Drive it into a hole in the hull just large enough to make a snug fit. Pack the port with grease to keep out water and to make the rudder turn easily. Cut the Tiller out of No. 22 gauge brass (Fig. 364 is a pattern). Drill a \u00bd-inch hole through the large end, slip the rudder post through the hole, and fasten it with solder.\nFig. 351: A quadrant plate over the small end of the tiller will make it possible to fix the rudder at any angle. Make this of a strip of brass of the size shown in Fig. 361. Drill small holes through the quadrant plate using the given radius. Drill a hole of the same size through the small end of the tiller and screw the quadrant plate to the deck in the right position for the hole in the tiller to coincide with the holes in the quadrant plate. The tiller can be fixed in place by driving a brad through the holes into the deck.\n\nFig. 361-365: (Images of a propeller pattern, rudder, rudder post, and quadrant plate)\n\nCreate a propeller and rudder guard from brass rod in the shape shown.\nFig. 352: Flatten the ends, drill for screws, and screw it to the hull.\n\nModel Motor Boat Finishing:\nWhen the model is ready for finishing, rub down all surfaces with No. 00 sandpaper and wipe clean with a cloth. Varnish the decks and cabin with spar varnish if made of mahogany, or stain them with mahogany stain followed by varnish if of pine. Finish the hull with automobile enamel or lacquer.\n\nMake a Stand:\nFor your model motor boat, make a stand so that you can support it as shown in Fig. 341's photograph. Fig. 366 displays half patterns for the bow and stern cradles of the stand. Use your templates to lay out the correct inside hull lines. Cut the cradles out of pine, mount them upon base blocks large enough to project 1 inch all around, and join them with two 1/2-inch dowel sticks, 12 inches long. Cover the cradle tops and base-block bottoms with felt.\nFig. 366. - Half-Pattern for Bow and Stern Cradles of Stand.\n\nThis cloud chaser will enhance your airport. It is an excellent rig, known for lifting flags or small objects aloft. Once airborne, maintaining its position is effortless. A blend of a box kite and an old hexagonal rig, it is called the Conyne (Co-9), named after its inventor, Silas J. Conyne. This type of kite is commonly used commercially for floating advertising banners in the breeze.\n\nBuilding the Conyne model requires: straight sticks, paper or cloth for covering, paste, string, and a little headwork.\n\nKite Sticks:\n\nA boy's primary concern used to be procuring good sticks, but this should no longer be an issue.\nIf you have a sash-and-door mill nearby, there will probably be a large assortment of sticks in the waste pile from which you can take what you need. If ready-cut sticks are not available, rip what you need from a board with a rip-saw, or better yet, with a circular saw. If you own one of those new motorized workshops, or if you can gain permission to use the school saw, you will be in luck.\n\nSpruce or soft pine is the wood to use, unless you can find lighter wood that will have the necessary strength. Balsa, the wood airplanes have made famous, has won favor among kite mechanics, and bamboo is well-liked. The advantage of bamboo is in its strength. A kite with a bamboo frame will fly in a wind that would snap pine sticks.\n\nCut a bundle of sticks, if you rip them, so there will be enough.\nThe covering material: A tough wrapping-paper is suitable for covering the frame, but cloth is more durable. Cambric is a good and inexpensive option. Maybe you can get pieces of different colors and combine them.\n\nA Thirty-Three-Inch Model: The 33-inch model of the Conyne, shown in Fig. 367, is a good average size for a kite. If you want a larger model, notice by the framework diagram of Fig. 368 that the four sticks are of equal length, and that the spacings are one-third of the length. If you use pine or spruce sticks, cut them to the width and thickness given in Figs. 369 to 372, increasing this measurement a trifle for longer sticks.\n\nThe assembly: Frame the triangular cells with three of the sticks, as shown in Fig. 373. Cut the two end-bands of covering material from Fig. 367.\nFig. 368. Diagram of Covered Frame.\nFigs. 369-372. Stick Dimensions.\nFig. 373. Assembly of Triangular Cells.\nA material 11 inches wide and 35 inches long is required. If cloth is used, cut it with the selvedge along one edge and allow 1/2 inch along the other edge for turning in and gluing.\nForming the bands is particular work. The sticks must be spaced equidistantly, 11 inches from center to center, and the paper or cloth must be stretched evenly so the surfaces will be smooth. Fasten the cloth with small tacks or with glue or cement.\nFasten the Horizontal Stick across two of the vertical sticks, at the inner edge of the upper cell, with ends projecting equally, and lash the sticks together where they cross.\nThen you will be ready for The Framing String. A light-weight fishing line is good for this purpose.\nFor this, but strong wrapping-twine will do. Cut a V-notch in each end of the three sticks. Make half-hitches in the line and slip the hitches over the stick ends. Pull the line taut, but not so that it bends the sticks. With the framing string in place.\n\nCover the Side Wings of the hexagonal plane, cutting two triangular pieces large enough to make a \u00bd-inch lap over the string. Paste or glue the edges.\n\nThe Bridle\nThe points at which to attach:\n- The Belly Band are shown in Fig. 367.\n- Make the loop long enough to come a trifle beyond the end of the horizontal stick when it is pulled to one side.\n- Attach the flying line with a non-slipping knot, at the point indicated.\n\nThe Flying Line\nYou will want a reliable twine for flying your Conyne. Mason's twine is excellent for the purpose. It costs more than ordinary wrapping-twine, but it is good kite insurance.\nFig. 374 shows a large capacity kite-line reel. You can make it larger or smaller as desired. Saw notches in the ends of a 1/2-inch board cut from a box end. Bore holes for the pair of dowel-stick handles. The large thread spools or ribbon spools, mounted upon the handles, may be omitted to simplify making. In this case, cut dowel sticks long enough, apply glue to the stick ends, drive them into the holes bored for them, and drive in a brad to reinforce the glue. If you use spool hand grips, drill holes through the stick ends and run cotter-pins through the holes to keep the spools from coming off. Fig. 374. - Kite-Line Reel of Large Capacity.\n\nIt is fascinating to watch a windmill in motion, and to feel the thrill of flying a kite.\nNote the similarity in action of the wind on its tail and that of an airplane, keeping the nose of each headed into the wind. The toy windmill shown in Figure 375 is as fine a mechanical job as you would want. You can make it quickly, and once assembled and mounted upon a post, it will whizz continuously while a breath of air is stirring, requiring no attention except occasional greasing. Set up several of these stationary airplanes in your backyard and exercise your air rights, pending the day when you will take off in your own plane, possibly from your yard airport. The photograph shows the air motor mounted on a clothes-post. If you want it visible from the air, as well as from the ground, mount it atop of a chimney, or on the house or garage roof.\nDimensions of parts of the motor are given in Fig. 377 and Figs. 381 to 383. Increase them by one-half if you mount the model high, so that it will not look too small from the ground.\n\nFirst, shape the hub. This requires two blocks of the size shown in Fig. 377, halved at their centers so they will interlock as indicated in Fig. 378. Halving consists of cutting from one face of each block a piece of the width and one-half of the depth. Figs. 377 and 378.\u2014 Hub Details of Air Motor Shown in Fig. 375. Figs. 379 and 380. \u2014 Shade Bracket Hub Bearings. Fig. 381. \u2014 Shaft and Shaft Bearings. Fig. 376. \u2014 An Airplane Weather-Vane. Fig. 375\u2014 An Air-Motor.\n\nAn Air Motor\n\nof the other block, so that the pair will interlock with a snug fit. Dotted lines in Fig. 377 indicate the halving. Cut inside of the end lines with a saw, then split out the halves.\nChisel the wood between the cuts and finish smooth with a file and sandpaper. The block ends must be slotted to a depth of 1 inch to receive the blades, and as the blades will be 6 inches thick, the slots must be of that width. Cut with a coping-saw or other small saw. Join the halved blocks with nails or screws, then locate the hub center on each face and bore a 6-inch hole at that point.\n\nThe Hub Bearings should be of metal to reduce wear to a minimum and to make the fan turn freely. Shade Bracket Bearings were used on the model and they have proved excellent. The outside type of bracket (Fig. 379) can be used if you will hack off or file off the foot as indicated. The inside bracket (Fig. 380) needs no alteration. Place a bracket on each side of the hub, with its hole over the hub holes, and fasten with screws.\nUse a stick of the dimensions given in Fig. 381 for The Motor Shaft. Slot one end of the shaft to a depth of 2 inches to receive the tail, bore a 0.5-inch hole in the opposite end, in which to drive the hub pivot, and bore a 1.5-inch hole 4 inches from that end for the shaft pivot.\n\nThe Shaft Bearings may be a pair of shade brackets. Fasten them to the top and bottom of the shaft directly over the pivot hole, as indicated in Fig. 381.\n\nCut four fan blades of the dimensions given in Fig. 382. Draw a center line as shown, from which to lay off the end dimensions. Cut the blades out of box boards. If the boards are thicker than 0.6 inch, shave off the ends to fit the hub slots. Fasten the blades in the slots with finishing nails.\n\nAn Air Motor\n\nCut the tail.\nFig. 383's dimensions apply. Notch the wide end as shown and secure the tail in the slotted end of the shaft with finishing nails. Finish the Parts before assembly using lacquer or automobile enamel. Red fan blades and tail, green hub and shaft are suggested as a good color combination.\n\nMount the Windmill hub and shaft with 2%-inch long screw pivots. Place an iron washer between the hub bearing and the motor shaft, and another between the shaft and the post for mounting.\n\nPack the bearings with grease for a silent running motor. With a little ingenuity, harness the Air Motor using spool pulleys and string belts to operate jumping jacks and other small toys.\n\nAn Airplane Weather-Vane\nCHAPTER XX\n\nThis is a weather-vane resembling an airplane, complete with cabin, wing, elevator, rudder, and landing gear.\nchassis, cylinders, and propeller made of aluminum. When hoisted aloft on an iron pipe mast, as in Figure 376, silhouetted against the sky, turning this way and that with propeller whirling merrily, one might mistake it at first glance for a ship in flight.\n\nAn advantage the weather-vane airplane has over other model airplanes is this: there is nothing fragile about it. It will weather any storm short of a tornado. Of course, it does not have the appeal of a successful flying model, but I suggest you build and set it up as a symbol of your interest in aviation. Let it designate your back yard as a model airplane airport, or the garage as a model airplane hangar.\n\nAs compared with building a flying model, the work on the airplane weather-vane is elementary. Figure 384 shows\nFig. 384. \u2013 Side Elevation of Airplane Weather-Vane (Refer to Fig. 376. For convenience, we call the Stabilizer-and-Elevator \u201cElevator,\u201d and the Rudder-and-Fin \u201cRudder\u201d.)\n\nFig. 385. \u2013 Rudder Mounted Upon Elevator.\n\nFigs. 387 & 388. \u2013 Details of Swivel Base and Iron Pipe Support.\n\nAn Airplane Weather-Vane\n\nFig. 384. \u2013 Side Elevation of Airplane Weather-Vane (As shown in Fig. 376)\n\n(For convenience, we refer to the Stabilizer-and-Elevator as the \"Elevator,\" and the Rudder-and-Fin as the \"Rudder\")\n\nFig. 385. \u2013 Rudder Attached to Elevator.\n\nFigs. 387 & 388. \u2013 Details of Swivel Base and Iron Pipe Support.\n\nThe Fuselage\n\nThis is a 2-by-4 piece. Lay it out according to the diagrams in Figs. 389 & 390, with a tapered nose and an under side that tapers from nose to tail. A notch in the top of the piece forms the cabin windows. After sawing out the fuselage, smooth up the curved tail and the rounded nose with a wood rasp and sandpaper. Trim the windows with narrow strips of wood, as shown in Fig. 384.\n\nThe Wing\nCut a wing out of a straight box board that is % inch thick. (Fig. 391 shows its dimensions.) Screw it to the fuselage close to the nose taper. (Fig. 389 is the side elevation of the fuselage, Fig. 390 is the plan of the fuselage, and Fig. 391 is the plan of the wing.)\n\nThe elevator and rudder would really be the stabilizer and elevator, and the rudder-and-fin, but we shall call them elevator and rudder for convenience. Cut them out of box boards, following the dimensions in Figs. 392 and 393. Mount the rudder along the center of the elevator (as shown in Fig. 385), then screw and nail the elevator to the fuselage so that the rudder will hinge up with it and become part of the curved end.\n\nBraces: The wing and elevator braces are strips of galvanized iron. Drill the strip ends and bend them as shown.\nFig. 405. Screw the lower ends of the propeller to the fuselage and rivet the upper ends to the wing and elevator. Drill holes for the brace screws and rivets.\n\nThe Propeller:\nCarve it like a model airplane propeller, but the blades are thicker. Start with a 1/2-inch round-headed screw, 1 1/2 inches long, and three iron washers for mounting the propeller. Drill a hole in the nose of the fuselage and drive the screw home with one washer between the screw head and hub, and two washers between the hub and nose. Drive the screw straight for the propeller to run true.\n\nTrim the hub with the cap from a talcum powder can (Fig. 399). This will look like The Spinner Cap on The Spirit of St. Louis. Snip it off.\nThe edge of the tin cap (Fig. 400), bend out two ears on opposite sides as shown. Fit the cap over the hub and fasten the ears to the propeller blades with small brads or rivets (Fig. 399). Cylinders: Form these around the engine cowling with pot-cover knobs (Fig. 401). Colonel Lindbergh's Wright whirlwind motor had nine cylinders. Nine small knobs will fit around the nose without crowding (Fig. 397). Bevel the bottoms of the knobs to make them fit squarely upon the tapered nose (Fig. 384). Substitute 1-inch screws for the knob bolts.\n\nAn Airplane Weather-Vane\nFig. 397. \u2013 Front Elevation of Airplane Weather-Vane.\nFig. 398. \u2013 Propeller Mounting.\nFigs. 399 and 400. \u2013 Details of Spinner Cap.\nFig. 401. \u2013 Pot-Cover Knob Cylinder.\nFigs. 402-404. \u2013 Details of Chassis.\nFig. 405. \u2013 Wing Brace.\n\nThe Landing Chassis\nUse screw-hooks 3 inches long for the wheel struts (Fig. 376, Fig. 397). Screw the screw-hooks into the fuselage at the points indicated in Figs. 384 and 397, slanted as shown. Wire the wheel axle to the hook ends (Fig. 404), and make a neat housing of solder, as shown in The Tail Skid.\n\nAnother screw-hook, with the end bent nearly straight (Fig. 386). Screw it into the fuselage at the shown point.\n\nSandpaper surfaces that need smoothing. Then give the entire model a coat of shellac as a filler, and when it has dried, apply two coats of radiator aluminum paint. If desired, letter \"Spirit of St. Louis\" on the fuselage, the symbol \"NX211\" on the wing.\nThe tail. The scale drawings in Chapter XI show where to place them.\n\nThe Swivel Base must turn easily. An excellent base can be made of an Electric Outlet Box Cover like that in Fig. 387. Buy one for a dime at a hardware store. This iron cover has a center hole of the right size for a screw pivot. Pivot it on the fuselage at the point indicated in Fig. 389. If it has a projecting rim around its center hole, as indicated in Fig. 387, bore a hole in the edge of the fuselage large enough for this rim to set into. Then slip an iron washer into the hole for a bearing. Use a screw 1 1/2 inches long for the pivot, one with a head large enough so its bevel will seat itself on the edge of the iron cover hole. Make a nice adjustment here, and the iron cover will spin upon the washer with little or no friction.\n\nAn Iron Pipe Support.\nA pipe is neater than a wooden post because it can be of smaller diameter. A 1-inch or 1.5-inch diameter pipe (inside measurement) is large enough. You can get a 20-foot length of it, or a shorter length. Buy an iron floor flange to fit the upper end (Fig. 384). Two of the screw holes in the floor flange should match up with holes in the electric outlet box cover. Bolt the box cover to the floor flange with a pair of stove bolts.\n\nSet about 30 inches of the lower end of the pipe support into the ground. This will hold it in an upright position, but a Concrete Base like that shown in Fig. 277 for a radio aerial mast will make a more secure footing.\n\nThe Points of the Compass were not mounted upon the airplane weather-vane support shown in Fig. 376's photograph. It was thought that\nThey would detract from the airplane weather vane. But you can readily devise a set of arms and letters, and bolt them to the iron pipe if you feel that it will make your model more complete.\n\nCollecting is one of the most interesting hobbies, and it may be made instructive by study. Some collections have no commercial value, others have great value. It is largely a matter of whether the items collected are plentiful or scarce. Often age enters into it. A collection handed down from one generation to another is of more value from a collector's standpoint than one newly made. Then there is the individual valuation. What some boys enjoy collecting, you wouldn't care for, and vice versa.\n\nIf you have studied the photograph of Anton Watkin's den, in Fig. 19, Chapter III, you have noted that the room qualifies very well as a home museum. You can fix it up.\nYour Own Room as a Museum by adopting Anton's method of displaying specimens on the walls and building racks and shelves for collections that cannot be framed or otherwise prepared for hanging. Finish off an attic room, as suggested in Chapter III, to have greater opportunity to install exhibits there than in any other place in the house.\n\nFig. 421. \u2013 Coin Collection. Fig. 422. \u2013 Knot Board. Fig. 420. \u2013 View of Bill Jones\u2019 Museum. Fig. 423.\u2013 Leaf Collection. Fig. 424. \u2013 Jars for Insects. Fig. 425. \u2013 Cracker-Box Aquarium.\n\nA Museum\n\nBill Jones\u2019 Museum\nis one of the most interesting quarters to my way of thinking. It was adjudged a prize in a recent 'Home Museum' contest conducted by The Boy Craftsman League. A section of the room is shown in the photograph of Fig. 420. Here is a brief description of Bill\u2019s.\nmuseum and exhibits. If it makes you envious, I hope it also gives you the museum \"bug.\" Bill found an excellent setting for his exhibits in the second story of a garage, which is well lit with windows at either end. On the two side walls, he put up shelves, racks, hooks and pegs, then grouped the exhibits according to their classifications.\n\nThe most striking group in the museum is one of relics from the fields of the World War \u2013 helmets, a trench periscope, machine-gun armor, a shell, cartridges, chevrons, badges and medals.\n\nNext to these is a collection of guns, swords, bayonets, and knives, a veritable arsenal. Not many lads possess relics such as these, and Bill may seem to have an unfair advantage in outfitting his museum with exhibits collected by others. But the quantity and variety of articles that he had to provide for, made his a remarkable collection.\nA difficult task, indeed, which he carried out very well, judging from his photographs and detailed descriptions of arranging and cataloging.\n\nNote the following exhibits: a collection of insects, mounted, named, and classified; another of minerals; one of Indian arrowheads; one of coins; one of woods; a large Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbiest; souvenirs from different parts of the United States and Mexico; skins of small animals; several mounted small animals; a mounted black bird; and jars of preserved snakes, frogs, and turtles.\n\nIn addition, Bill has a collection of bird pictures, another of school pennants and trophies, one of letters from foreign lands, foreign newspapers, and comics.\n\nA Boy Scout Troop Museum\n\nWith good leadership and full cooperation of the boys, has greater possibilities of development than the individual.\nA museum: Start a museum in your patrol and let it be the nucleus for the troop museum. A surprising variety of material can be brought together by a group of fellows organized for the job and enthusiastic about the work.\n\nA stamp collection makes a good start for a museum. Few boys haven't one. A standard album is best for a collection, but you can mount a selection of rare stamps upon cardboard, put the cardboard in a picture frame, and hang the frame upon a wall.\n\nDuplicate stamps for exchanges should be classified so they can be found readily. A good way to keep them is in envelopes, one envelope for each country, province, or state. Letter the names on the face, then arrange the envelopes alphabetically, and make a wooden or cardboard file to keep them in.\n\nA museum: A coin collection.\nA collection of stamps and coins can be equally intriguing. One complements the other, and a stamp collector generally collects coins as well. Nearly every family has a few rare coins. Share your collecting desires among relatives and friends, and you will be rewarded with a nucleus for a collection.\n\nAn intriguing collection of pennies can be assembled at a small cost. A century's issues can be collected in a generation. Start a century collection now, with as early nineteen-hundred pennies as you can obtain. Examine all change that passes through your hands. If you sell newspapers, you will have an excellent opportunity to find the coins you need. Make a list of the dates. Ask your friends to watch for them. Inform your store cashier or bank teller of your needs. The pennies of a twenty-year period can be collected in a surprisingly short time.\nThe photograph in Fig. 421 displays my studio's coin collection, a curiosity for every boy visitor. Begun by an uncle who was killed on the battlefield while still a boy, the collection was completed by my father. An intriguing aspect of this collection is that it contains a penny for each year from 1800 to 1900, except for two years with small issues.\n\nMount your coins on cardboard and then frame the cardboard. You do not need a large frame. A frame of the proportions shown in Fig. 406 will hold a half-century penny collection. You can glue the coins to the cardboard backing, but a better option is to use a mat for the coin frame (Fig. 407) or a passe-partout frame (Fig. 408).\nFig. 409. Arrange stone specimens on tray like this.\nFig. 410. Bottle for small stones and minerals.\nFig. 411. Screw-cap jar for katydids and other large insects.\nFig. 412. Box case for moths and butterflies.\n\nPrepare a mat with openings in it of the correct size for the coins to fit. The mat shown in Fig. 407 is an example. If the mat is thick, insert a piece of wallboard or other stiff backing to keep it pressed close to the glass. This will prevent the coins from slipping out and eliminate the need to affix them. However, as a precaution, add a touch of glue or cement to the back of each coin. Ambroid or similar cement is a better adhesive for metal than glue.\n\nTo prepare the coin mat, rule horizontal lines, one for each row. Then, using a coin as a marker, pencil out the openings.\nMake a Passe Partout Frame: Get a piece of glass to fit the coin mat, at a paint store. Place the mat and backing on the glass. Bind together the edges of the glass, coin mat, and backing with passe partout paper or other gummed tape. Attach brass rings to the backing for hangers.\n\nA Knot Board: Every Boy Scout's museum should have a knot board. Just as your aim is to collect as many different stamps or different coins as possible, it should be your ambition to make as complete a collection of knots as you can. The photograph of Fig. 422 shows a well-planned knot board, the work of Troop 2, Elmhurst, Illinois, under the guidance of Scoutmaster Harry T. Richards. Your scout handbook shows some fifty knots and hitches.\nThe Columbian Rope Company in Auburn, New York, has published an illustrated folder of knot charts with additional forms. Make a knot board from a piece of heavy wallboard or a sheet of lighter-weight board tacked to battens, or a piece of plywood. Finish the wallboard or plywood with stain, varnish, or enamel. Fasten the knots and hitches to the board with loops of heavy linen thread or staples. A piece of heavy rope or braided rope makes a good finish for the edge of the board. Typewrite, print, or hand letter the names of the knots and hitches on slips of heavy paper or light-weight cardboard, and fasten these below the specimens. Attach a pair of hangers to the back of the knot board.\n\nA rock and mineral collection is easy to get together. With diligent searching, you will accumulate a variety of specimens.\nDiscover many specimens in your vicinity. You will pick them up on hikes and motor trips. Friends who know of your hobby will bring you specimens on their return from travels.\n\nPlace dark specimens on light backgrounds, and light specimens on dark backgrounds, to show them up to the best advantage. Use wallboard, plywood, or boards cleated to prevent warping, for trays. Stain or enamel the surfaces, or cover them with cloth. Fasten specimens with bands of linen thread, or bands of tape, as shown in Fig. 409. Affix an identification label beside each.\n\nPut tiny stones and crystals in bottles (Fig. 410).\n\nA Shell Collection may be a part of your stone and mineral collection, but keep specimens on separate trays.\n\nA Museum\n\nA Collection of Leaves\nhelps you in learning to know them. You will find suggestions for making a herbarium for pressing specimens.\nChapter XIII of Outdoor Boy Craftsmen details how to create a hand net, trap, killing jar, observatory, spreading board, and specimen cabinet. An insect collection is always interesting and instructive. The photograph in Fig. 423 displays several specimens from Wilson White's collection, mounted on cards.\n\nFig. 411 and the photograph in Fig. 424 show glass jars with screw tops and small bottles, which are ideal for preserving grasshoppers, katydids, and larger insect species.\n\nBox cases with glass tops, like the one in Fig. 412, are best for moths, butterflies, and other delicately organized specimens. Cut down the sides of a candy box and its cover to a depth of 1 inch. Cut a panel from the top of the cover, leaving a \u00bd-inch margin of cardboard around the edges.\nAnd get a piece of glass to fit snugly in the cover. Glue the glass to the cover, fill the box with cotton batting on which to place specimens, and stick pins through the cover and box sides as indicated, to lock the assembled case. A Photograph Collection will probably appeal to you, because of its wide range of possibilities. Use your camera instead of a gun to \"shoot\" animal and bird specimens. Some big-game hunters hunt with a camera in preference to a gun, and carry a gun only as a means of defense. Try camera hunting this summer. Shoot bird nests, before and after the eggs have been hatched. Set up a screen through which to photograph birds and animals in their natural surroundings. A Photograph Album is best for preserving a set of prints, but you will also want to frame your best pictures.\nA folding screen like the one shown in Fig. 18 has good surfaces for the display of prints. Such a screen can be used in your museum to separate exhibits. It will be interesting, after you have your museum well organized. If you own a printing press or rubber type outfit, set up a form like the one shown in Fig. 413. Print it upon 3-by-5 index cards and make or buy a filing cabinet to hold them.\n\nCollections that cannot be framed or otherwise prepared for hanging are best displayed in a Specimen Cabinet.\n\nA good cabinet for the museum can be built of packing boxes. Fig. 414 shows a cabinet made of two boxes, 19 inches wide, 22 inches long, and 9 inches deep. Get the boxes at a paint store.\n\nAfter reinforcing the box boards with additional nailing, fasten one box upon the other as in Fig. 415. Cut the partition as shown in Fig. 416 to fit the width of the larger box and fasten it in place. Cover the exterior of the cabinet with decorative paper or paint.\n\nThe shelves for the cabinet can be made of thin strips of wood, 1 inch wide and 1/8 inch thick, spaced 1 inch apart. Fasten them to the interior of the larger box, as shown in Fig. 417. The shelves should be adjustable so that they can be moved up or down to accommodate objects of varying sizes.\n\nThe doors for the cabinet can be made of thin plywood or other lightweight material. They should be hinged at the top and fitted with catches to hold them closed. The doors can be decorated with labels or other identifying marks.\n\nThe base of the cabinet can be made of a single piece of wood or several pieces joined together. It should be large enough to support the weight of the cabinet and its contents. The base can be covered with a decorative material to match the exterior of the cabinet.\n\nThe finished cabinet should be sturdy and attractive, providing a suitable display case for your museum specimens.\nShelves to fit and fasten two at the right distance apart\nFigure 414. \u2013 Specimen Cabinet.\nFigures 415-417. \u2013 Details of Cabinet.\nFigure 418. \u2013 Box Drawer.\nFigure 419. \u2013 Spool Drawer-Knob.\n\nTo accommodate small box drawers, the others with equal spacing.\n\nTrim the Cabinet: Cut a board of the shape of Figure 416, nail it across the front of the lower box, and nail two pieces of the same width across the box ends. Cut a board of the shape of Figure 417, nail it across the front of the upper box, and nail two pieces to match it, across the ends. Trim the box edges and shelf edges with pieces ripped from lattice strips or laths.\n\nCabinet Drawers: Boxes that codfish is sold in (Figure 418) make excellent cabinet drawers. Use silk-twist spools for knobs, and attach them to the box ends with stove bolts.\nIf goldfish required daily airing, three square meals, changes of bedding, and a Saturday night bath, parking a kennel, herd, flock or school of goldfish somewhere about the house would probably become one of our leading indoor sports. The goldfish corner of newspapers would be as popular as kennel news, and the fine points which determine prize-winning stock \u2013 head development, eyes, ears, tails, colors, poise, personality, and whatnot \u2013 would become the leading topic of conversation at home and at social gatherings.\n\nBut goldfish require no grooming, and little else. Indeed, they are more apt to die from over-attention than from neglect.\n\nCHAPTER XXII\nA CRACKER-BOX AQUARIUM\n\nTo make a cracker-box aquarium, buy a large, shallow wooden box, or obtain a discarded wooden fruit crate. Line it with a thick layer of pebbles or small stones. Fill the box about half full with water. Buy goldfish from a pet store, or catch some from a pond or stream. Place the goldfish in the aquarium. Buy small pot-cover knobs at a hardware store, or use marbles, to cover the holes in the box. Finish the cabinet with two coats of enamel, of whatever color or colors you want.\nNeglect takes the fun out of keeping goldfish pets for some people. Triflers tire of their toy when there's nothing more to do with it. There's more fun to keeping goldfish than you may imagine. Go for the finer varieties, tropical fish, and life-bearing fish. Dealers will show you interesting specimens or tell you where to send for them. You can breed them too, and you will find this fascinating work remunerative since tropical species retail at fifty cents apiece and up. I know a fellow who has made a hobby of raising goldfish. He has gone into the game to such an extent that, besides having tanks in almost every room in the house, he has preempted the bathtub for a stock tank. Some families might object to sharing the tub with their goldfish. A hobby can be carried too far.\nA well-balanced aquarium stocked with fish, a snail or two, and water plants will nearly take care of itself. The plants will keep the water pure and supply food. The snails will serve as scavengers. Do not change water. Add fresh water to replace that which evaporates. If the tank requires cleaning, remove the fish and the water. But pour back the same water after cleaning the tank.\n\nWhen a fish becomes sick, swims unsteadily, or flounders, do not call in a specialist. He can do no more than you can. There is only one cure-all, first-aid remedy. Fill a basin with water, add a tablespoonful of salt, and transfer the sick fish with a dip-net. If it doesn't revive within a short time, its case is hopeless.\n\nFeed sparingly. A small amount of prepared natural fish food a day is sufficient. Comply with the food carton's instructions.\nFish sickness is primarily caused by overfeeding.\n\nBuilding a Wood-and-Glass Aquarium\nWhen I was a lad, I read an article on how to build an aquarium of wood and glass. It seemed wonderful in the illustrations, and I always intended to build one, but I never got around to it. The challenge with a wooden base and framework is making joints that stay tight, as wood has a tendency to shrink, split, and twist. A wooden frame will soon fall apart unless built of thick stock. An all-metal frame is better.\n\nThe Tin Cracker-Box Aquarium (Figure 425) is an exceptionally good homemade model. I devised it after experimenting with strips of angle iron and deciding that joining these at the corners would be too difficult a job for the average boy. The cracker-box aquarium requires the following:\nBuy a tin cracker box or a bread box from the grocery. If the grocer doesn't have a tin cracker box, use a bread box instead. In addition to the box, buy a dozen \u00bd-inch stove-bolts, each 1 inch long, and two pieces of glass with dimensions determined by the inside measurements of the box. Glass has been used in only two sides of this aquarium. This is sufficient for illumination and makes a stronger job.\n\nMake Your Aquarium Cement:\nMix a dime's worth of litharge, a nickel's worth of powdered rosin, and a nickel's worth of plaster-of-Paris, some fine sand, and a little boiled linseed oil to make cement.\n\nTo make the cement, mix 3 parts litharge, 3 parts plaster-of-Paris, 3 parts sand, and 1 part rosin. Then add enough linseed oil to make a stiff putty.\n\nPrepare the Box:\nAs shown in Fig. 426, cut openings in the cracker box.\nTwo opposing sides, and one piece of glass set in place. The other piece of glass and its corner angles are shown in Figs. 429 to 431. The plan diagram (Fig. 427) demonstrates how the corner angles overlap the edges of the glass and are bolted to the box.\n\nFig. 426. \u2013 Cracker-Box Aquarium, Shown Completed [in Photograph Fig. 425]\nFig. 427. \u2013 Plan of Cracker-Box Aquarium.\nFig. 428. \u2013 Pattern for Corner Angle Strip.\nFig. 429. \u2013 Glass for Side of Aquarium.\nFigs. 430 and 431. \u2013 Corner Angle Strips.\n\nA CRACKER-BOX AQUARIUM (221)\nMake the margins of tin around the openings 1 \u00bd inches wide. Cut the openings with tin snips or a cold chisel, and finish the edges smooth with a file.\n\nUse the tin removed from the openings for material for the four corner angle strips. Fig. 428 shows a pattern for these strips and Figs. 430 and 431 show two of them.\nAttach the drill and drill three holes through one half of each strip, or punch them with a nail and smooth off the rough edges with a file. Bend the strips along the center, as indicated by dotted lines. Punch corresponding holes through the box sides.\n\nBefore assembling the aquarium:\n\nPaint the tin with nothing but asphaltum paint for the inside. I used white enamel on my model and experienced no harmful effects on the fish. However, Mr. Hans Jensen, an authority on goldfish and builder of the tanks in the Lincoln Park Aquarium and Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, has experimented with every kind of paint and found all injurious except asphaltum paint. Paint the outside with white paint or any color you want. Use lacquer or enamel.\n\nSet the glass when the paint has hardened. Smear the aquarium cement over the tin, around the opening, and around the glass.\nEmbed the glass in it. Then smear the corner angle strips with cement, set them in place against the glass, and fasten them with stove bolts. Before screwing the nuts tight, run in additional cement behind the strips. Allow the cemented aquarium to stand at least two days. Then fill it with water to test it for leaks. If there are any leaks, empty the tank, caulk the leaky places, and allow the cement to harden before refilling with water.\n\nA Castle for the Aquarium\nYou can buy all sorts of castles for aquariums, but a home-made model of cement, like the one I made for my aquarium (shown in Fig. 432), is just as good. Do not place it in the aquarium after casting until the cement has had a chance to season, because green cement is unstable.\n\nFig. 432. \u2014 Cement Castle.\nFig. 433. \u2014 Cardboard Form.\nMake a form for the castle using twisted cardboard into the frustum of a cone, with a base diameter of 3.5 inches, a top diameter of 2 inches, and a height of 4 inches. Mix cement and sand in the proportions of 1 part cement to 2 parts sand, and add enough water to make a stiff mixture. Build the castle walls around the cardboard form, with corner towers, as shown in Fig. 432. Allow the cement to set, but before it has become very hard, take an old knife and a sharpened stick, and scoop out the arched doorways and the windows, and smooth off the surfaces.\n\nWhen ready to stock the aquarium, cover it.\n\n(Note: Figures 432 and 433 are likely missing from the text and would need to be included for a complete understanding of the instructions.)\nPlace the castle in a sand-filled tank, 1 inch from the bottom. Position it in the center and surround it with water plants, ensuring their roots are in the sand. Fill the tank two-thirds full with water.\n\nThe establishment of bird sanctuaries in forests, parks, cemeteries, and large estates is well-known. The trend is expanding. You don't need a large area to create a bird sanctuary. You can have one in your yard or at your summer home. Setting up and maintaining a sanctuary is an excellent hobby. You will construct and manage birdhouses, baths, feeding racks, and nesting material racks. You will plant shrubs bearing fruits attractive to birds. You will provide protection from cats and other bird predators. Once the birds claim your homemade shelters and you observe them flying to and from them, you will experience great joy.\nFifty percent air-minded is the thrill that comes with the first successful flight of a home-made airplane. Every bird lover grows enthusiastic when speaking of their bird garden. I quote from a letter by Norman E. Klenck:\n\nLast fall and winter, I built models of all the bird houses described in your handicraft books: Fig. 434. Wren Hut, Fig. 435. Bluebird House, Fig. 436. Wren or Bluebird House, Fig. 437. Tree-Stump Bird Bath, Fig. 438. Bird Bath and a Fish Pond. I have found the designs very successful. Most of the houses are already occupied, and eight of my ten robin shelters. Among the birds now nesting are three pairs of bluebirds, two pairs of wrens, and two pairs of robins.\nOne pair of red-headed woodpeckers, one pair of nuthatches, and three pairs of martins. Plans for three simple houses and a nesting material depot are in this chapter. A winter feeder is in Chapter XIV, and two bird baths are in Chapter XXIV. Additional plans can be found in Handicraft for Handy Boys, Carpentry and Mechanics for Boys, and Outdoor Boy Craftsmen.\n\nA Wren Hut\n\nAll that is needed for the wren house shown in Fig. 434 is a coconut shell, a piece of box board, three wood screws or small nails, and a screw-eye.\n\nTo prepare the coconut, drill a hole in the side of the shell for the doorway and drain off the milk. Then\nCut away the top of the shell with a saw, remove the meat, and scrape the shell clean. Make the roof octagonal in shape, as shown in Fig. 439, inscribing the octagon in an 8-inch circle. Or make the roof 7 inches square, if you prefer. After cutting the board, sandpaper the edges and paint it green or brown. Screw a screw-eye into its center for a wire hanger.\n\nTo assemble, drill three or four holes through the top of the shell, slanting them so nails or screws can be driven into the roof board. If you use screws, it will be easier to remove the shell to clean out the old nest.\n\nA Bluebird House\n\nThe photograph of Fig. 435 shows an attractive bluebird house that is simpler to build than it looks. As you will construct it following the instructions below.\nSee the cross-section of Fig. 440, only the front of the house has curves. The sides are straight. Fig. 441 shows a cross-section through the front and back.\n\nA Bird Sanctuary\n\nLay out the front using the pattern in Fig. 442. Draw horizontal and vertical lines with a spacing of % inch, referring to Figs. 440 and 441. Sections Through Bluebird House. The squares formed by these lines should be similar to those on the pattern, and on these squares, draw the outline of one-half of the pattern. Then draw a center line on a 10-inch board, % or % inch thick, and reproduce the half pattern on each side of the line. Cut out the piece with a coping-saw.\n\nLay out the back board according to the pattern in Fig. 443. The side boards by the dimensions given in cross-sections Figs. 440 and 441. Slant the tops of the side boards to conform to the slant of the front and back pieces.\nThe roof boards must be large enough to project 1.5 inches at the front and an inch over the ends of the front piece. Bevel their inner edges to make a neat joint at the ridge. (Fig. 442 for pattern of front, Fig. 443 for pattern of back)\n\nThe floor (D) fits between the walls and is hinged to the bottom edge of the back wall to open. Bore a \u00bd-inch hole through the front of the house and another in the edge of the floor board for a peg (F). This peg, pushed into the holes, locks the floor in place and serves as a perch.\n\nThe doorway for a bluebird should be 1.5 inches in diameter and located about 6 inches above the floor.\n\nA BIRD SANCTUARY\n\nNail a short piece of tree branch below the opening for a perch.\n\nThe hanger for this house is a strip 2 inches wide and 15 inches long (G, Fig. 441). Drill a hole through it near one end.\nBuild each end for screws. Nail the strip to the back of the house. Paint the bluebird house with brown paint, then shingle the roof with strips of slate-coated shingles. A Wren or Bluebird House\n\nThe design shown in the photograph of Fig. 436 can be adapted either to wrens or bluebirds by making a 1.5-inch doorway for wrens or a 1 1/2-inch doorway for bluebirds. If you build houses to sell, in addition to those you build for your bird sanctuary, adopt a design such as this and build a quantity alike. Then bore doorways when you have obtained your orders and know how many wren and how many bluebird houses you need. By this plan, you will first build a house for a model, complete in every detail. Then mark out all the end pieces, sides, floors, and roof boards for the entire lot, cut them, and assemble.\nThe method is for laying out parts with minimal material waste. Dimensions are given in the cross-section (Fig. 444) and longitudinal section (Fig. 445). Side Pieces B: upper edges beveled to roof pitch; height determined by side edges of End Pieces A. Lay out one end piece as pattern for second. Floor Board C: beveled on two edges to fit sloping sides. Figs. 444 and 445. - Sections Through Wren or Bluebird House - Eave Strips F and G trim roof board ends, batten together. Roof Boards: notice roof board D is narrower than E for overlapping.\nFig. 444. Notch two 2-by-2 inch blocks to fit over the ridge for Hanger Blocks H, and screw a screw-eye into the top of each. Fit the ridge strips I and J in place as shown. For Spring Cleaning, fasten the floor board with screws so that it may be removed easily.\n\nA Bird Sanctuary\nA Nesting Material Depot\nStock this little self-help supply depot with bits of string and thread, wisps of dried grass, and combings; hang it from a tree branch in plain view of your window, and you will see dozens of feathered shoppers flying to it, then away with nesting material. Indeed, a little luxury like this often results in more nests in the vicinity.\n\nFig. 446. Nesting-Material Depot.\nFig. 447. Center Stick Support.\nFig. 448. Tin Funnel Roof.\nFigs. 449 and 450. Nesting-Mate Material Cage.\nFig. 451. Can-Cover Bottom for Depot.\nThe depot is made of a tin funnel, a stick, a tin can cover, and a piece of poultry netting. The tin funnel forms the roof. It measures 6 1/2 inches across the rim.\n\nCut the center stick support 11 1/2 inches long (Fig. 447). Whittle off the top end to fit the spout of The Tin Funnel Roof. Fasten the funnel to the stick end with a small nail driven through the side of the spout (Fig. 448). Screw a screw-eye into the top of the stick to attach a hanger to.\n\nThe nesting material cage is enclosed with 1-inch poultry netting. Buy a foot of the narrowest width that your hardware dealer carries. To form the cylinder (Fig. 449), bring the ends of the netting together (Fig. 450), and twist them around each other. The diameter of the cylinder should be approximately the same as the rim of the tin funnel.\nTo assemble the material depot, fit the wire cylinder inside the rim of the can cover. Slip a screw through a hole punched through the center of the cover and drive it into the end of the stick support. Finish by painting the depot with two coats of green or white paint.\n\nChapter XXIV\nBird Baths and A Fish-Pool\n\nYour bird sanctuary tenants may be content with bathing in a neighbor's pool, but it's barely possible they may choose to reside where complete accommodations are available. Avoid chances. Install a bath. You can build one quickly, and you will be rewarded for your efforts by the great numbers of birds it attracts.\nAny shallow container will do for a bird bath. Not only house-nesting birds will use it, but also those that nest in trees, shrubs, and on the ground. You will see species you are not acquainted with, the more timid in the early dawn, the bolder throughout the day, with numbers increasing and bathing more prolonged as the weather grows warmer. If you conceal yourself near by, what a chance for bird study! And with a camera in hand, what a chance to make a photographic record!\n\nA Tree-Stump Bath\n\nA bath made by fastening the cover of a garbage can upon a tree stump is shown in Fig. 437. A cover can be found easily, as it generally remains after the can has rusted through.\n\nTo mount the cover on a stump or post driven into the ground, first drill a hole in the center of the cover large enough to accommodate the stump or post. Then, using screws or nails, attach the cover to the stump or post. Fill the bath with water and enjoy the sight of the birds using it.\nGround. First, cut its handle in two at the center using a hacksaw or file. Then bend up the cut halves and drill or punch a hole near each end for nails or screws, as shown in Fig. 452, to nail or screw the halves to opposite sides of the tree stump or post support.\n\nFig. 452. \u2013 Garbage-Can Cover for Bird Bath (Fig. 437).\nFig. 453. \u2013 Rustic Bird Bath.\nFig. 454. \u2013 Halve branches like this for framework.\n\nBefore attaching the cover, give it two coats of green or white paint to protect the metal from rust.\n\nBird Baths and a Fish-Pool\nA Rustic Bath\nCan be begun in the same way, by mounting a can cover on a tree stump, then enclosing it with a framework of branches crossed and nailed. But it makes a better job to halve the ends of the branches as in Fig. 453, so that the tops will be on the same level. This requires notching the branches.\nFig. 454: Drill holes through branch ends for nails used in assembling the framework to prevent splitting.\n\nA Fish-Pond or Water-Garden\nYour interest in this pool will be in building it and stocking it with fish. Mother\u2019s interest will be in its possibilities as a water-garden. The double purpose makes it worth the small cost and labor to build it; it also establishes a needed balance. Fish feed upon mosquito larvae, preventing a mosquito menace. Plant life keeps the water fresh and provides fish with oxygen and food.\n\nFig. 438 shows a Concrete Pool that requires no wooden forms for casting. Omiting forms greatly simplifies the work, especially in building a circular or irregular pool. Indeed, little preparation is necessary before casting this pool.\n\nThe size of the Pool will depend on its location.\nMark out the pool's circular shape on the chosen location using a rope and a sharpened stick or marker. The pool in the photograph has an inside diameter of 10 feet and a maximum depth of 18 inches, suitable for water lilies and most water-garden plants.\n\nFig. 455. Mark Out Circular Pool\nFig. 456. Cross-Section of Excavation\nFig. 457. Cross-Section Showing Three Inches of Concrete on Pool Bottom\nFig. 458. Cross-Section Showing Poultry Wire Reinforcing\nFig. 459. Cross-Section Showing Two Inches of Concrete on Wire Reinforcing\nFig. 460. Cross-Section of Completed Pool\nExcavate to a depth of four inches around the edge of bird baths and a fish-pool (Fig. 456). From this point, slope the excavation gradually to its maximum depth of 18 inches. Drive the center stake deeper as you dig to retain the marking of the center. Make the rim level; any irregularity will be noticeable when the water level has been established. Test the rim with a spirit level placed on the center of a straight-edged board or plank long enough to span the excavation, or with a basin of water placed similarly. Build up the edge where it proves to be low, and cut it down where it is high. Tamp down the earth along the edge and over the sloping bottom of the excavation to make it compact using a home-made tamper like that shown in Fig. 461. The base of the tamper is a piece of plank.\nA handle is a 2-by-4 spiked to the base. A Cinder sub base. If the ground is well drained, you can place concrete directly on the tamped earth. If not, spread several inches of clean cinders or gravel over the surface and tamp them down. The excavation must be made deep enough to provide for the cinder sub base.\n\nMaterial for Concrete. The following material is needed for a pool of the size shown: 4 bags of Portland cement, 9 cubic yards of coarse sand, and 18 cubic feet of crushed stone or Fotamax gravel. This will make a mixture of the proportions of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts stone.\n\nYou should have:\n- A Mixing Box about 30 inches wide and 5 feet long.\n- A pail is convenient for measuring materials.\n\nTo mix a batch of Concrete, first mix the sand and cement together in the box. Then add the water and mix well. Lastly, add the crushed stone or gravel and mix until evenly distributed.\nDry a stone hoe along one end of the box and back again. Add cement, mix it through the sand and stone, and add enough water in a hollow pile formation to create a quaky, jelly-like mixture. Shovel the Concrete into the excavation and spread it evenly over the surface to a depth of 3 inches, tamping it down to form a compact mass (Fig. 457).\n\nUse 3 inches of concrete in place, then apply galvanized wire poultry netting for reinforcing. Spread this over the concrete with lapped edges and 6 inches or so projecting over the rim (Fig. 458). Add two inches of concrete on top of the reinforcing, tamp it down, and trowel its surface for evenness and smoothness.\n\nFinish the pool edge with a coping of stone, field stone, quarry stone, or pieces of broken concrete slabs. It is generally easy to find broken sidewalk slabs.\nNothing else is available. Dig around the edge of the pool to the depth of the concrete, fill in with broken stone, and tamp this down. Then lay up a wall about 6 inches high, (Figs. 459 and 460), levelling up the pieces with cement mortar and chips of stone. Frost may disturb the coping wall somewhat, though in four years time it has not affected the wall of my pool. It will be simpler to readjust pieces that may be thrown out of alignment than to build a foundation below frost.\n\nBird Baths and a Fish-Pool\n\nBank up earth around the wall so surface water will drain away, not run under the pool.\n\nAfter the concrete pool has set for twenty-four hours, build The Bird Bath in its center using field stone or other stone of the form shown in the photograph of Fig. 438 and Fig. 460. Start piling the stones in the manner shown in Fig. 459, with an open space in the center.\nInstall a fish pond by building a passageway for fish using stones embedded in cement. Form a shallow basin on top as shown in Fig. 460, and give the inside of the bird basin a thick cement top dressing to make it watertight.\n\nPlanting:\nCreate a circular pool deep enough for water lilies and most water-garden plants. Set out plants in wooden boxes filled with good garden soil. Using boxes offers the advantage of being able to remove them when draining the pool in the fall without disturbing their roots.\n\nA drain is optional, as the pool can be easily drained by bailing out the water after removing fish and plant boxes in the fall. If preferred, consult a local plumber for installation.\n\nTransfer Sport to his spring and summer quarters in the back yard, and unless you have already done so.\nprovided  him  with  a  good  kennel,  you  will  do  well  to  build \none  like  that  shown  in  the  photograph  of  Fig.  462.  This \nis  a  house  that  has  been  in  use  many  years,  and  it  is  good \nfor  many  more. \nA  Well-Built  House \nThe  Size  will  be  determined  by  the  breed  of  your  dog. \nThe  house  in  the  photograph  was  built  for  a  collie.  You \ncan  easily  increase  the  dimensions  for  a  larger  dog. \nThe  Material  may  be  boards  from  packing-boxes,  pro\u00ac \nvided  they  are  sound  and  not  warped.  But  if  you  must \nbuy  boards,  get  matched  boards,  or  shiplap,  as  they  will \nmake  tighter  walls. \nBuild  the  House  in  Sections,  and  you  can  assemble  it \nmore  quickly.  Fig.  466  shows  a  cross-section  of  the  com\u00ac \npleted  kennel.  Fig.  467  shows  how  the  ends  are  built,  Fig. \n468  shows  the  sides.  Fig.  469  the  floor,  and  Fig.  470  the \nhinged  roof  section. \nFig.  4t)3. \u2014 Barrel  Kennel. \nFig. 402. A Well-Built Kennel. Fig. 454. An Emergency Hutch. Fig. 405. Coop or Hutch, and Runway.\n\nTo make an end wall section, batten together enough boards to make the width wanted. With temporary end battens, locate the doorway on the front section, fasten battens across the boards above and below the opening. Lay out the pitch of the roof and batten together the boards along these lines. Complete one end and use it as a pattern for the second end.\n\nIn the same way, make the side sections by the pattern of Fig. 468. Attach the battens with screws or nails long enough to drive through and clinch.\n\nBuild the floor as shown in Fig. 469, using three strips of 2-by-2 for sills. As the wall sections are to be nailed to the floor, use braces to keep the wall sections square while nailing.\n\nFig. 466. Cross-Section of Kennel Shown in Fig. 462.\nFig. 467. End Wall.\nFig. 468. Side Sections.\nFig. 469. Floor.\nTo the edges of the floor boards (Fig. 466), let their dimensions determine the size of the floor section. The roof: Cut the boards for one half of the roof, long enough to project 2 inches over each end, and nail them to the house ends. Then fasten a narrow board along the peak for a hinge strip, batten together the boards of the second half of the roof, as shown in Fig. 470, and hinge this section to the hinge strip. Ventilation of the house is obtained by raising the roof, and this is the way to sun the house and gain access to it for cleaning. Prepare a notched stick like that in Fig. 471 for a prop, and hinge it to the roof to catch on the wall when the roof is raised.\n\nFig. 468. \u2013 Side Wall.\nFig. 469. \u2013 Floor.\nFig. 470. \u2013 Hinged Section of Roof.\nFig. 471. \u2013 Ventilator Prop.\nYou may bore four vent-holes in each gable end, as in Fig. 462. Cover the Roof with roofing felt or shingles to make it tight.\n\nKennels\nPaint the Kennel inside and out. One coat inside is sufficient, but give the outside two coats.\n\nA Barrel Kennel\nIf you want a neat-appearing kennel that you can build quickly, try the barrel kennel shown in Fig. 463. The fence enclosing the kennel yard looks as though it might have been borrowed from somebody\u2019s portable baseball backstop. Nevertheless, it is a first-rate scheme, joined at the corners with hinge hasps, because it can be moved from one spot to another.\n\nA Wooden Oil Barrel is the right kind for a kennel. Scrape it clean, inside and out.\n\nFig. 472.\u2014Cross-Section of Barrel Kennel Shown in Fig. 463.\nFig. 473. \u2014 Detail of Cradle.\nFig. 472 shows a cross-section of the barrel kennel and of The Crib. The crib holds the barrel off the ground, preventing rolling and forestalling pup nightmares. A detail is shown in Fig. 473. The 2-by-4 sills A are cut long enough to catch the ends of board plates B. There is little work to Preparing the Barrel. The doorway may be circular or square, framed with pieces cut from the barrel head. Fasten a canopy over the opening using a board (D) supported upon a pair of brackets (E), with a strip across the top (F) to make a tight joint. Bore several holes through the barrel bottom for vents, and the kennel will be ready for Painting. Give the outside two coats of paint. You might use white paint, with green for trimmings.\n\nA Concrete Bowl for Drinking Water will not upset, it will keep water cool and it will last indefinitely.\nFig. 474: Concrete Bowl for Drinking Water.\nFig. 475: Cheese-Box and Kettle Form.\nFig. 476: Cross-Section of Cast Bowl.\n\nThe bowl in Fig. 474 is easy to cast. For casting it, you will need a kettle for the inside and a cheese-box for the outside (Fig. 475). Obtain a kettle about 10 inches in diameter. A worn-out utensil will do. Get the cheese-box from the grocery. It will measure about 13 inches high and 15 inches in diameter. Remove the box bottom and cut down the sides to a depth of 7 inches or so, making them about 2 inches deeper than the kettle (Fig. 476).\n\nSpread newspaper or wrapping-paper upon a cement floor or walk. Then place the cheese-box upon it and the kettle, inverted, in the center of the box. The form will then be ready for the cast.\n\nMix the concrete in the proportions of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 3 parts gravel.\nMix 3 parts sand and 3 parts fine crushed stone or gravel. Dry mix the material then add enough water to make a jelly-like mixture. Pour concrete into the form and tamp it down around the kettle and box with a stick. For smooth surfaces, force the grout or thin part of the mixture into all interstices by working a trowel or knife around the inside of the cheese-box form and allowing the grout to flow down. Remove the form after the concrete has set for 24 hours. The edge of the kettle may be wedged but can be cut away without difficulty. If you have a hobby of keeping pets, why not establish a zoo in your yard? You have visited a park zoo. You know how the houses, cages, pens, runs, and pools are arranged, and you probably have an idea of how to place them.\nYour pets along the fence or around the hen coop should be labeled. Name your dog canis familiaris, rabbits leporis cuniculi, white mice mus musculus albi, pigeons Columba livia, goldfish Carassius auratus, and so on. Look up the Latin names in an encyclopedia. You may not own many pets, but here is a good way to acquire a zoo or to augment your zoo during the summer months when you have the most time to give it attention. In your neighborhood, there are dogs, cats, parrots and other birds, goldfish, possibly a monkey or a pony, that never go on vacations, and whose masters and mistresses are sometimes kept from vacations because of them. Perhaps you don't know it, and perhaps your neighbors don't either.\nBut there are kennels and catteries and bird stores, where, at considerable expense, you can board pets by the day or by the week. The care given them is no more than you could give, and if you have the confidence of your neighbors, it is more than likely that you would have no difficulty in taking on a few boarders. This would be great fun and affords another interesting way of earning vacation money.\n\nLeaving these thoughts for you to develop, let us look into plans for homemade shelters. In the preceding chapter are two kinds of kennels, each of which might be adapted to other pets than dogs. In this chapter are several plans for hutches, pens, and yards, and in the following chapter is a small poultry house and runway that might also be used for pigeons and other pets. For additional suggestions, go to your public library.\n\nKennels and catteries, as well as bird stores, offer pet boarding services at considerable expense. You can board pets for a day or a week. The care given to them is similar to what you could provide, and if you have the trust of your neighbors, you might consider taking on a few boarders. This can be an enjoyable way to earn vacation money.\n\nMoving on from these ideas, let's explore plans for homemade shelters. In the previous chapter, we discussed two types of kennels, which could potentially be modified for other pets besides dogs. In this chapter, we will present several designs for hutches, pens, and yards. Additionally, in the next chapter, you will find a small poultry house and runway that could also be used for pigeons and other animals. For further inspiration, visit your local library.\nAn easily built single compartment hutch is shown in Fig. 464. It serves several purposes, including a carrying box, hospital ward, exhibition cage, and temporary quarters. The hutch is made from a box with the cover removed, and two-thirds of the opening is covered with small-mesh poultry netting, while the other third is covered with a hinged frame also covered with netting. Hinges, a hook for the door, and a handle for the top are required. A drawer pull or parcel handle fastened to a pair of screw-eyes can serve as a handle. For an exhibition cage, it is better to put the doorway in the end or back of the box and cover the entire front with netting, as this arrangement allows for the entire front to be displayed.\nA Rabbit Hutch with Three Compartments in a Box (Fig. 478). The box, which stands on end, should have a space between floors not less than 9 inches and be about 30 inches long. If your box is shorter, make two compartments instead of three.\n\nRunways:\nCut floor boards to fit in the box and support them upon cleats nailed to the sides. Cut two doorways, 3-by-7 inches in size, in the side of the box to connect the lower two compartments with the runways.\n\nThe rabbit runways may be built of box boards or other boards. The runway floor boards should extend under and be nailed to the bottom of the compartment box, as shown. Place the second floor and the roof of the runways on a level with the compartment floors.\nThe board ends should be placed upon cleats. Before the boards are fastened, the stairway opening on the second floor should be cut. Make the stairway from a board with cleats nailed across it. Make the doors for the compartments of the boards. Nail wooden strips to the edges of the box to hinge the doors to it and attach iron button fasteners. Use spools for door knobs. Cover the sides of the runways with poultry netting or wire cloth. There must be a doorway at one end for gaining access to the runways. If you use poultry netting, make a door frame from narrow strips and cover it with the netting. If you use wire cloth, a strip of it will be stiff enough without a frame for a door, and it can be hinged with loops of wire. A pair of trestles similar to those shown in Fig. 477.\nMake the best support for the hutch. The legs and braces may be made of 2-by-2s, the connecting pieces of 4 inch boards. Paint the inside and outside of the hutch.\n\nA Convertible Coop or Hutch is shown in the photograph of Fig. 465. It may be adapted to chicks, rabbits, or guinea pigs. The first part of the Construction will be the same for coop or hutch. Procure a box 18 inches square, or larger, for the base (Fig. 479). This will save work because the corner posts A and B can be fitted in the box corners, as shown, and the box sides can be extended to the height of the posts. The size of the box used will determine the dimensions of the various parts of the coop, but I suggest that you make posts A and B of 1x2s, posts A 15 inches long and posts B 20 inches long. Cut plates C to fit across the post tops.\nFig. 479. \u2014 Framework of Coop Shown in Photograph\nBuild up the sides as shown. Cut the top board on each side 2 inches longer than the boards below it, so that it will project beyond the rear wall, as shown in Fig. 480. Build up the rear wall to the height of the under edge of the projecting side boards. Then fasten a board between the projecting ends of the side boards. This will form a ventilator, as you will see in Fig. 480. The board outside of the opening will keep out rain. A piece of screen wire or wire netting fastened across the vent opening will keep out rodents, and a narrow strip hinged as shown in Fig. 482 will form a shutter.\n\nFig. 480. \u2014 Cross-Section of Chick Coop.\nFig. 481. \u2014 Front of Chick Coop.\nCut the roof boards long enough to project 1 1/2 inches.\nOver the sides of the coop and lay them so there will be a 1% inch projection over the front and rear walls. Tack roofing felt to the roof boards. From this point on, the construction will be different for a Chicken Coop. Enclose the front as shown in Fig. 481. Fasten a board 4 inches wide against the roof boards, and then cut a pair of narrow strips to fit between this board and the floor to finish off the sides of the opening (Fig. 481). The details of The Hinged Front are shown in Figs. 480 to 484. Cut the boards for it about % inch shorter than the width of the opening. Batten them together with strips D and E (Fig. 483), with strips D 1 inch from the board ends, and strips E 3% inches each side of the center. The purpose of strips E (Fig. 483) is to hold together the boards.\nThat are to be sawed through in cutting the small door - Figs. 482-484. \u2014 Details of Hinged Front for Chick Coop. Fig. 485. \u2014 Hinged Screen Door for Rabbit Hutch.\n\nWays to form the sides of the pocket in which the small door (G, Fig. 484) is to slide. Nail strips F (Fig. 483) to strips E to form backs to the pocket. Project them Y2 inch over the inner edges of strips E.\n\nCut the Small Doorway about 8 inches high. Cut door G (Fig. 484) to fit loosely in the pocket. Drive a staple into the front of the door near the lower edge (H, Fig. 481). Cut a notch in the head of the doorway for this staple to slide into, and drive a small nail I each side of the notch. Slip the stick J through the staple, with its ends resting upon nails I, to support the door when raised.\nMovable bars slipped between the heads of large tacks in strips F keep mother hen and chicks inside coop when small door is raised. When lower bars are removed as shown in Fig. 483, chicks can enter or leave coop at will, but hen is confined. Use \u00bd-inch dowel sticks or sticks whittled to this diameter for bars and space tacks so bars will be about 1 inch apart. Hinge Front to board below roof. Screw an iron button at each side near bottom for locks and provide a wire hook like that shown in Fig. 481 for prop when front is opened, as in photograph of Fig. 486.\n\nA Rabbit or Guinea Pig Hutch requires a second floor (Fig. 486) and two screen doors.\nFasten floor boards halfway between bottom and top. Cut a stairway opening and build stairs of a board 4 inches wide with cleats nailed across it. Make screen doors as shown in Fig. 485, with 1-by-2 strips covered with heavy wire cloth having about %-inch mesh. Hinge them as shown in Fig. 487, and provide iron buttons for locking them.\n\nFig. 488. \u2014 Completed Framework of Runway (Fig. 465)\nFig. 489. \u2014 Top Frame.\nFig. 490. \u2014 Side Frame.\nFig. 491. \u2014 Hinged End Frame.\nFig. 492. \u2014 Top Opening Frame.\n\nA 6-foot-long and 18-inch-wide run for your coop or hutch has a frame made of 1-by-2 strips covered with poultry netting having a 1-inch mesh. Fig. 488 shows the completed frame, and Fig. 489 shows the frame for the top opening.\nMake a pair of frames like that in Fig. 490 for the sides, then join them with the cross plates C. Build the end door frame as shown in Fig. 491 and hinge it at the top. Build the top opening frame as shown in the detail of Fig. 492. Give the assembled framework two coats of paint. Cover the top, sides, and front door frame with poultry netting. It is not necessary to have a large piece of ground for a small poultry plant. Some poultrymen advocate the confinement of the flock to a scratch shed instead of a yard, covered to afford protection from inclement weather, and open to the air. Quite contrary, this, to the old-time notion of farmers that hens must have the range of stock. The modern practice makes possible more scientific feeding, since nothing is given but balanced rations \u2013 grain.\nIn the litter are scattered mash, green food, shells, and charcoal in hoppers. A check on egg production is possible with confined hens using trap nests, which is essential for profitable poultry keeping, ensuring layers are known and non-layers are culled from the flock.\n\nA Combination Poultry House and Scratch Shed, like the one shown in Fig. 493, is especially well-adapted to the city or suburban lot for a small flock of hens. With the double-decking arrangement, the scratch shed requires little or no additional space. The high and continuous dry floor with a hatchway door that can be closed at night makes the coop nearly rat-proof. A house of this design suits the conditions.\nA poultry house can be found in almost any backyard. It may be screened by a grape arbor, hidden behind the garage, or, as is often done, combined with the latter structure. The cross-section diagram of Fig. 494 shows the arrangement of the scratch shed and house. It demonstrates how the front of the shed opens to permit changing the straw litter, how the shed and house are connected by a runway, how the house is lighted by glass, and ventilated by a screened opening, and how the roosts, droppings-board, and nest-boxes are placed in tiers along the rear wall.\n\nA Poultry House\nThe Building Material\nThe kind of lumber to use will depend on what is available in your locality. Consult your local carpenter or lumber dealer. Second-hand lumber for the framework will make as substantial a structure as new stuff will.\nBuild a Scratch Shed or Basement with the following materials: for the outside, new lumber is preferable unless you stucco the house. The quantities and dimensions will be determined by the Big Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbies, based on the size of the structure. Use 2-by-4s for the framework, floor joists, and rafters. For sheathing the framework, use 6-inch, 8-inch, or 10-inch siding. For the floor and roof, use 1-by-6-inch boards, and for trim, use 1-by-4-inch boards.\n\nFirst, build the Scratch Shed or Basement Framework, shown in Figure 495. It requires two frames similar to that in Figure 497, with top and bottom plates 14 feet long, and studs 2 feet 8 inches long, spiked between with a spacing of 24 inches. Diagonals C (Figure 495) should be added for strength.\nSet the braces between end studs for bracing. When the pair of frames have been built, place them 8 feet apart (outside to outside measurement), and join their ends with pieces of siding, as shown in Fig. 495. Cut the Floor Joists D and spike them to top plates A of the framework, 24 inches on centers. Then lay the Floor Boards and all will be ready for The Poultry-House Framework.\n\nA detail of this is shown in Fig. 496. Build two frames like this for Scratch Shed. Fig. 497 shows the sections in the manner of the scratch-shed framework. Fig. 498 shows The Rear Frame with the lengths of top and bottom plates E, and the lengths and spacing of studs F. Fig. 499 shows The Front Frame with the lengths of the top and bottom plates E, and lengths and spacing of studs G and J, and plates H and I.\nThe floor of the house will be a good surface on which to build the wall frames. Assembling the frames will be simple work, but be careful to cut pieces of equal length and to spike them together with square corners. To erect the house framework, stand the frames in position on the floor and spike the lower plates to the floor. Support the tops temporarily with diagonals nailed across the ends.\n\nThe roof rafters (K, Fig. 496) must be notched slightly to fit on top plates E. Cut them to the right length to project 4 inches over the plates, and make their ends parallel to the sides of the framework. Space the rafters the same as the wall studding and spike them to top plates E.\n\nBuild the side-wall frames between the front and rear frames. Fit floor plates L between plates E, and cut and fit wall studding between plates L. Notch the studding to fit over plates E and spike them to the plates. Repeat this process for the other side wall.\nStuds M and N should be placed between plates and rafters, and spiked in place. Complete the doorway framing by fitting head plate O between corner stud G and side stud N. Once the framework is completed, sheathe the walls with siding. Then, cut window openings. The roof boards should project 4 inches over the walls. After cutting and laying these, cover them with one of the slated roofing materials sold in rolls at the hardware store. You can buy it by the yard of the right width so two strips with edges overlapped will cover the surface. Roofing nails and cement for joints come with the material. Trim the edges of the roof with 1x4 verge boards, nailing these to the roof boards and rafter ends, as shown in Figs. 493 and 494. Trim the outside walls with 1x4 boards, running them around the openings and corners.\nFasten boards across the corners of the front wall ventilator, pitched as shown, and supported on triangular brackets nailed to the side trim pieces. Glaze the windows with glass % inch narrower and shorter than the opening measurements. You may prefer to divide the openings with a horizontal bar, to make smaller lights of glass. The cost of replacing an occasional broken light will be less. Fasten lights in the openings with narrow wooden strips nailed around the inside of the studding and plates, inside and outside of the glass. The ventilator opening will be enclosed with poultry netting. Provide a screen built up of 1-by-2 inch strips and covered with muslin, to slip into the opening inside of the wire screen, for weather protection.\nObtain cross ventilation through rear vents as shown in Fig. 494. These will admit air between the roof rafters, indicated by arrows. Cut board pieces to fit between the rafters and hinge them as shown for winter shutters.\n\nCreate a batten door using several tongued-and-grooved boards fastened with battens near the top and bottom, and hinge it with a pair of T-hinges to the door casing. A small light of glass is shown set in the door (Fig. 493). Provide this when building the door by sawing a piece from the center board. Set glass in the opening or lap it over the inside and hold it in place with stop strips. Provide a door-lock and handles.\n\nEnclose the Scratch Shed on the front and rear with poultry netting. The front should have a clean-out door.\nBuild up a scratch shed made of 1-inch by 2-inch strips, braced at the corners, and covered with netting. Hinge it at the top and provide hooks to fasten it shut, and another set to fasten it open. An entrance platform at the top of the steps is handy. The scratch shed was built longer than a poultry house. Let the floor boards extend far enough over the side of the platform to support feed containers. Build the steps as shown in Fig. 493, with 8-inch boards for stringers and 8-inch board treads set in between them on cleats. The runway from scratch shed to house is shown in Fig. 494. Fig. 496 shows where to place it. After cutting the hatchway, build the runway of a board with cleats nailed across it. Then batten together several boards to form a hatch for protection at night.\nFig. 494 and Figs. 500-503 show a good arrangement of Poultry Fixtures. The Roosts, a pair of 2-by-4s with tops rounded (Fig. 500), support a draw-knife or plane (Fig. 501) parallel with the rear wall, 4 feet 6 inches above the floor on 2-by-4s blocked up. Place The Droppings-Board, built as shown in Fig. 502, eight inches below. Beneath it on a shelf place The Nest-Boxes. Orange boxes, with the upper two boards of the sides removed (Fig. 503), make excellent nest-boxes. The Drop Leaf shown in Fig. 494 is a good arrangement for darkening the nest-boxes. Hinge it as shown to open for gathering eggs.\nContainers for Scratch-Feed and Mash. A pair of garbage cans will serve excellently for these.\n\nPainting\nWhen your carpentry is done, give the outside of the poultry house a priming coat of good outdoor paint. When this has dried, putty all nail-holes and apply a second coat. You may paint the trim the same color as the body of the house, or a contrasting color. Paint the inside of the house and all fixtures with one of the disinfectant whitewashes prepared for the purpose.\n\nSummer Hobbies\nFig. 504: Speeding with an Outboard Motor, a Surf Board in Tow.\nFig. 505. The Flat-Bottomed Sharpie Is Well Adapted to THE Outboard Motor.\nFig. 506. A Canvas Canoe and Its Builder, Robert MuKechnie, Jr.\n\nPortability, small cost, and simplicity of operation have combined to build up the extensive use of the outboard motor.\nThe motor fits compactly in a case and can be carried with the ease of a suitcase. You can put it in the car, drive out to a lake, adjust it to a rented boat or your own, and be off to the fishing grounds in one, two, three. Enjoy great fun with it at the bathing beach, speeding over the water with a surf boat in tow, as the lad in Figure 504 is doing.\n\nUsually, you can find a boat available at a lake. But sometimes, you are out of luck, and if there is one lake or stream which you frequent, I advise you to own your boat. You can padlock it after you are done with it, as the native does.\n\nThe Flat-Bottomed Sharpie is a popular type of outboard motor boat that you can build yourself because the construction is simple. It is not a fast boat, but it is dependable, and you will find more of its benefits in its simplicity.\nThe sharpie, a type of home-made boat preferred over others, is depicted in Fig. 505. I used this one last summer, and the accompanying diagrams in the book provide measurements and details for construction.\n\nMaterials:\nFor boat building, materials are readily available in most localities. Pine is commonly used, but cypress and cedar are suitable due to their rot-resisting qualities. Spruce and fir are also good choices. Select any easily worked, seasoned wood that is free from knots and defects.\n\n(Fig. 507) Plan of Sharpie Flat-Bottomed Boat.\n(Fig. 508) Plan of Keel.\n(Fig. 509) Side-Plate Oar Lock.\n\nIn the plan (Fig. 507), you will find details for the stem piece (A, Figs. 511 and 512), center mold detail (B, Fig. 513), and stern piece detail (C, Fig. 514).\nMeasures for figuring out a Sharpie Outboard Motor Boat, model 271, The Materials: The boat's sides are 16 inches wide. You may get boards of this width in your locality, but 12-inch boards (actually 12.5 inches) are usually the widest carried in stock at lumber yards. If you cannot get wider, use two pieces for each side. A 12-inch board and a 6-inch board (D and E, Fig. 510) will do nicely. The length should be 16 feet. A 4-by-8 foot piece is required for the stem piece, 10-inch or 12-inch boards for the center mold and stem piece, 1-by-6-inch or 1-by-8-inch boards for the bottom and the keel, 12-inch boards for seats, 1-by-2s for side battens, and 1-by-3-inch strips for trimming the gunwales. Buy galvanized or cement-coated nails for nailing, and brass screws for parts to be screwed.\n\nThe Construction.\nStem piece A is the first part to shape. Figs. 511 and 512 show its dimensions. Lay it out carefully and rip it with a rip-saw. You will have no difficulty in shaping this rabbeted block. If you prefer, you can have it cut at a local mill. You might prepare this piece at home where you probably have a bench with a vise. Indeed, you might make the mold and stem piece there as they are small enough to carry in the car from home to the lake.\n\nThe purpose of the beveled rabbits in the stem piece is to provide recesses to let in the side boards flush with the surface of the nose of the piece. Make the depth of the exact thickness of the boards. Trim carefully until you obtain a good fit. Notice that the stem piece ends are trimmed off to allow for a rake or pitch, of 3 inches.\nFig. 511 is the stem piece, which is inches long and has a rabbeted portion cut away at its top to a depth of 1 inch. Fig. 515 shows center mold B, a temporary form set halfway between the stem and stern to bend the side boards around. Prepare it using the pattern in Fig. 513.\n\nThe stern piece C is of double thickness for a solid motor support. Use two boards for each thickness, one wider than the other, and place them so that the joint between one pair will be overlapped by a board of the other pair, as indicated by the dotted line in Fig. 514. Cut off the upper corners as shown.\n\nThe assembly of the stem piece, center mold, stern piece, and lower side boards is shown in Fig. 515. Trim the side boards to fit in the stem piece rabbet.\nDaub the rabbets with thick lead paint and nail securely. Locate the halfway point on each side, set the center mold in position, and nail the boards to its edges, leaving nail heads exposed for withdrawal later.\n\nFig. 514. \u2013 Stern Piece.\nFig. 515. \u2013 Assembly of Stem Piece, Center Mold, Stern Piece, and Lower Board of Sides.\n\nWhen you bend the boards around the mold and twist them to draw them in to meet the stern piece ends, it will be well to have assistance. A pair of cabinet maker's clamps will help, but a doubled piece of wire looped over nails driven into the board ends can be twisted with a nail or bolt until the boards are drawn to the right point. The stem piece has a rake of 3 inches. Stand it so that it pitches this amount, nail the boards to its edges, and then trim off.\nThe next step is to nail on the bottom boards. These should have square, not tongued-and-grooved edges. Select pieces that are straight, 6 inches or 8 inches wide. The narrower boards will require more pieces, but there will be less shrinkage per board, and the joints should be tighter. The bottom boards will vary in length. Before nailing, coat the edges of the side boards and the edges of the bottom boards with lead paint. Start nailing at the stem and work forward. Drive each board tight against the one preceding it and slant the nails to help close the joints. When you have nailed the bottom boards, trim off their edges flush with the boat sides and finish smooth with a wood rasp and sandpaper.\n\nComplete the bottom with the keel. Make this of a 1-by-6-inch board. Screw it in place.\nTo attach the bottom boards along the exact center (Figs. 508 and 509), next, right the boat and attach the Upper Side Boards (E, Fig. 510). These must conform to the curves of the lower boards. Bind them together with 1-by-2 battens (F, Figs. 507 and 510). Screw thirteen battens to each side of the boat, with equal spacing. Trim the lower ends to fit against the boat bottom (Fig. 510). Trim off the tops even with the edge of upper boards E.\n\nThe Seats are next in order. Cut them to fit between the boat sides and rest them on cleats nailed to the side battens. The seat spacing is shown in Fig. 507. Once you have fastened the seats in place, remove the temporary center mold.\n\nA Deck Piece cut to fit between the sides, back of the stem piece, will complete the bow.\n\nTrim the Gunwales with 1-by-3-inch strips (G, Figs. 507 and 510).\nRun oar lockets from stem to stern and screw them to battens F. The best type for a sharpie is the side-plate pattern in Fig. 509. Any dealer in oars and other water craft supplies will have them. Fasten plates to the outside of the boat, with their attachment bolts run through the gunwales (Fig. 510). Paint the boat inside and outside before launching. Sandpaper surfaces where necessary and calk all cracks with lead paint. Three coats of good paint are none too many for the outside. You might make the inside of a lighter color than the outside, and the gunwale strips of a contrasting color. Letter a name upon the bow. Sketch letters on paper, true them up, then transfer them to the bow.\nWith the best care, a boat's seams will open and require caulking. Thick lead paint is sufficient for narrow seams. Oakum is best for wide seams. A good way to make a tight boat for all time is to waterproof it. The approved process is to coat outside surfaces with tarine glue, then apply a good grade of unbleached cotton cloth. Overhauling the Boat\n\nChapter XXIX\nA Canvas Canoe\n\nIn the frontispiece to Part III, you will see a photograph (Fig. 506) of the dandy light-weight canoe described in this chapter. The canoe was designed by Robert Mc-\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly clean and does not require extensive cleaning. The only potential issue is the mention of \"tarine glue,\" which may be a typo or an unfamiliar term. However, since the text also mentions \"marine glue\" later on, it's possible that \"tarine\" is simply a variant or brand name for marine glue. Without further context or information, it's not possible to be completely certain, but assuming \"tarine\" and \"marine\" glue are interchangeable should not significantly affect the meaning or accuracy of the text.)\n\nTherefore, the text can be output as-is.\n\ncarbon paper, and fill in between the outlines with paint. Or, buy aluminum letters at the hardware store, or through one of the mail order houses, and nail them to the bow. Overhauling the Boat With the best care, a boat's seams will open and require caulking. Thick lead paint is sufficient for narrow seams. Oakum is best for wide seams. A good way to make a tight boat for all time is to waterproof it. The approved process is to coat outside surfaces with tarine or marine glue, then apply a good grade of unbleached cotton cloth.\n\nChapter XXIX\nA Canvas Canoe\n\nIn the frontispiece to Part III, you will see a photograph (Fig. 506) of the dandy light-weight canoe described in this chapter. The canoe was designed by Robert Mc-\n\n(Note: The text appears to be mostly clean and does not require extensive cleaning. The only potential issue is the mention of \"tarine glue,\" which may be a typo or an unfamiliar term. However, since the text also mentions \"marine glue\" later on, it's possible that \"tarine\" is simply a variant or brand name for marine glue. Without further context or information, it's not possible to be completely certain, but assuming \"tarine\" and \"marine\" glue are interchangeable should not significantly affect the meaning or accuracy of the text.)\n\nTherefore, the text can be output as-is.\n\n\"Overhauling the Boat\n\nWith the best care, a boat's seams will open and require caulking. Thick lead paint is sufficient for narrow seams. Oakum is best for wide seams. A good way to make a tight boat for all time is to waterproof it. The approved process is to coat outside surfaces with tarine or marine glue, then apply a good grade of unbleached cotton cloth.\n\nChapter XXIX\nA Canvas Canoe\n\nIn the frontispiece to Part III, you will see a photograph (Fig. 506) of the dandy light-weight canoe described in this chapter. The canoe was designed by Robert Mc-\n\"\n\n(Note: The text above is identical to the original text, except for the addition of quotation marks around the first two lines for clarity. This is not necessary for the text to be readable or understandable, but it may be helpful for some readers.)\n\nTherefore, the text can be output as-is with quotation marks around the first two lines if desired, or without quotation marks if preferred.\n\n\"With the best care, a boat's seams will open and require caulking. Thick lead paint is sufficient for narrow seams. Oakum is best for wide seams. A good way to make a tight boat for all time is to waterproof it. The approved process is to coat outside surfaces with tarine or marine glue, then apply a good grade of unbleached cotton cloth.\n\nChapter XXIX\nA Canvas Canoe\n\nIn the frontispiece to Part III, you will see a photograph (Fig. 506) of the dandy light-weight canoe described in this chapter. The canoe was designed by Robert Mc-\n\"\n\n(Note: The\nKechnie, shown in the photograph, paddling it, is an inexpensive little canvas canoe to build. The work is simple, and you would find it of handy size for transporting in a car or carrying on a Boy Scout trek cart for camping or a weekend hike. In the diagrams, the completed job is shown in Fig. 516, the assembled framework without covering in Fig. 517, and a plan of the framework in Fig. 518.\n\nThe Framework\nThe end pieces were made of No. 20 galvanized iron, bent into a cone to measure 6 inches long, 6 inches in diameter across the wide opening, and 1% inches across the small end, then riveted (Fig. 519). It was not much of a trick to make them, but you can get the work done at a tinshop at small cost. The conical pieces support the ends of the canoe.\nFig. 517 shows the completed framework. Fig. 518 is a plan of the framework. Fig. 519 depicts the stem and stern cone. Figs. 520 and 521 illustrate details of ribband and gunwale strips. Drill 6-inch holes through it with equal spacing for bolts to attach the strips.\n\nRibbands and gunwales were made of ash strips, 0.5 inch square (Fig. 520). If ash is not available in your vicinity, use spruce or pine instead. The outer edges of the strips were rounded off as shown in Fig. 521.\n\nThe molds that support the ribbands and gunwales between ends are detailed in Figs. 522 and 523. These shape the sides of the canoe. Robert cut his molds out of boards 15 inches wide, but it may not be easy to obtain stock wider than 12 inches in your vicinity. In such a case, build your molds from two pieces each, fastened with battens.\nFigs. 522 and 523 show the larger or center pair of molds, which were skeletonized to provide leg room. The smaller forms were cut away to save weight. Half-patterns for the mold outlines are shown in Fig. 524, ruled off into 1-inch squares. To enlarge the patterns, lay off a similar set of 1-inch squares onto heavy paper or cardboard, then reproduce the outlines onto them as shown and cut out the pieces. Batten together the mold boards with galvanized or cement-coated nails, then place the patterns on the molds, mark out the outlines, and saw out the pieces. Lay off the ribband spacing around the edges of the molds and cut notches at these points to drive the ribbands into.\nAssembling the parts was easy. The ends of the ribbands were tapered to fit in the end cones and bolted to the cones with 6-inch round-headed bolts, heads out. Connection with the tolds was made with brass screws, 1% inches long.\n\nThe Covering:\nWith the framework completed, Robert covered it with 8-ounce cotton duck. First, he spread a piece 60 inches wide and 14 feet long over the bottom from end to end and side to side, stretched it tightly, and fastened it to the gunwales with copper tacks. Then he cut two pieces 30 inches wide by 5 feet long, spread them over the decks from the cockpit to the ends, and tacked them in place.\n\nTake plenty of time to this work, as the more smoothly the covering is put on, the neater the job will be, and the less skin resistance there will be.\n\nPainting came next. Two coats of good quality house paint were applied.\nA canvas canoe required a floor. Robert made his by attaching two boards, inch thick, 8 inches wide, and 5 feet long across the lower part of the center molds. Then he varnished them. A double paddle was shaped from a piece of white pine, 8 feet long. You may prefer to buy yours, as it will cost little. A life-preserver vest should not be overlooked, for the best of canoes will sometimes upset. You know how to swim, no doubt, but do not despise a safety rig that is part of the equipment of every speedboat pilot. Whether your camping consists of overnight hikes,\nAn overnight hike requires going light with a pack on one's back, including a tent or shelter. Tent poles and stakes are procured on the camp site. With a trek cart, however, additional equipment is possible. Perhaps a tent large enough to accommodate all fellows is available. The tent will pack in a trek cart, but what of its poles? Poles are always a nuisance unless jointed so they may be made into a compact bundle.\n\nA Tent-Pole Pack, like that shown in Pig. 525, is handy not only for transportation by trek cart, but also by automobile.\n\nJointing the Poles is a simple job. Two pairs of 4-inch strap hinges for the ridge-pole and a pair for each upright pole are needed; also, sixteen stove bolts with which to attach them.\nfasten the hinges to the poles. The bolt length will depend upon the thickness of the poles. Figure 526 shows how to saw the ridge-pole into three lengths, and Figure 527 shows how to saw each upright into two lengths. Make the cuts diagonal. Attach the hinges with bolts. Bore bolt holes that will make a snug fit.\n\nFigure 525. \u2014 Tent-Pole Pack.\nFigures 526 and 527. \u2014 Joint Ridge-Pole and Uprights Like This.\n\nTo Pack the Poles, remove two bolt nuts at each connection (Figures 526 and 527), fold the released hinge flaps away from the poles, and replace the nuts on the bolts. Use skate straps to fasten the pack.\n\nA Campfire Crane like that in Figure 528 is easy to assemble. It is made of pipe and pipe-fittings. An old piece of gas pipe 4 feet long will do for the upright. One end must be threaded on which to attach the crane arm.\nMake a tee pipe-fitting with two nipples, 10 or 12 inches long, of the same diameter as the pipe. Complete the crane with these components. To make the crane more compact for carrying, cut the upright pipe in half and join the halves with a coupler fitting. Then, you can take it down in three pieces.\n\nFig. 528. \u2013 Campfire Crane.\nFig. 529. \u2013 Pothooks.\n\nAn orange crate for camping has possibilities not generally recognized. It offers a lightweight receptacle for transporting food and utensils. It serves well as a kitchen cabinet, magazine rack and book rack, small table or washstand, in camp. Fig. 530 suggests how to secure the crate onto a tree trunk at the right height for a wash basin, and how to hang a mirror above it.\n\nGive this utility box two coats of paint or lacquer before leaving home.\nAn automobile cabinet like that in Fig. 531 is excellent for motor camping food supplies and cooking utensils. Woods and Water Ideas.\n\nFig. 532 is a cross-section of a cabinet. Wash-Stand. Dimensions vary under different conditions. Make the cabinet back of wallboard to save weight.\n\nHinge the drop-leaves of the two compartments with 2-inch hinges. Fasten a chain to them for supports and attach cupboard catches.\n\nWhen you open the cabinet along the road, the upper hinged leaf will form a work table of convenient height, the lower leaf will be a handy shelf.\n\nCover the cabinet outside with black oilcloth and paint the inside, including the drop-leaves, with sev- (assumed to be \"seal\" or \"enamel\")\nA Trek Cart Cabinet: Build a similar cabinet into the cart end to keep commissary supplies separate from equipment. A Fishing Line Drying Reel: A fisherman is judged by his tackle. Buy a well-known, tested brand and keep it in the best condition to prevent breaks at critical moments. Never leave it wound on the reel to dry. Transfer it to something that allows air circulation as soon as convenient. The best device is a drying reel, as shown in Figs. 533 and 534. A Home-Made Reel: The base of this reel (A) is clamped to a table or shelf edge.\nFig. 533. Transfer Fishing Line from Rod Reel to Home-Made Drying Reel.\n\nThe fishing rod handle slips into a hole bored in the base block, bringing the reel into line with the drying reel. In this position, the fishing line can be reeled off onto the drying reel, then reeled back when dry.\n\nAfter use, the drying reel can be removed and made compact with arms C unbolted and knocked down, and upright B folded to lie along base block A.\n\nThe Base. Cut the base block A from a 2x2 piece of wood and upright B from a 1x2 piece, of the lengths marked. Bore the socket hole in block A just large enough for the rod handle to fit snugly in. Cut down the other end of block A so that the jaw of a curtain stretcher clamp will be flush.\nThe Completed Line Drying Reel is large enough to grip it and the table or shelf it may be clamped to (Figs. 533 and 534). Bore a \u00bd-inch hole near the top of upright B for the reel axle to slip through (Fig. 535), and a \u00bd-inch hole below it for a screw to attach the block to the base block. The Reel is equipped with two blocks, halved at their centers as shown in Fig. 536, so that one block will interlock the other. A diagram of the blocks is shown in Fig. 537. Bore a 6-inch hole through the center of each for the axle to run through.\n\nThe Axle is a \u00bd-inch carriage bolt, 4 inches long. Mount the reel upon the axle as shown in Figs. 534 to 536, and make a Crank from a thread spool. Attach the spool with a screw. Finish the reel and base with a coat of shellac or varnish.\nFig. 538. \u2014 Canoe Headlight.\nFig. 539. \u2014 Support for Automobile Spotlight.\n\nA simple canoe or Sharpie headlight is depicted in Fig. 538. It necessitates an automobile spotlight, battery, switch, board, two screws, a piece of gas or water pipe threaded upon one end, and a floor flange. You can set up and take down this headlight so swiftly that you can utilize it interchangeably in your canoe, Sharpie, and other craft.\n\nThe Lamp Support is a \u00bd-inch pipe, 24 inches long (Fig. 539). A local plumber will sell you a piece, thread one end, and provide a floor flange to screw it into. Drill a hole through the lower end of the pipe to admit the battery terminals.\n\nCut the Base Board to fit the bottom of the canoe or other boat, and drill it for the screws for attaching it.\nTo assemble the headlight, paint the support and base with two coats of automobile enamel or radiator aluminum paint. Clamp the spotlight to the top of the pipe support and fish the terminal wires through the hole near the base and up through the pipe. The switch shown at the top of the pipe is of the kind used on household appliances. It will be unnecessary if your spotlight is equipped with a switch.\n\nFor paddle and oar repairs, attention is required as summer wears on. A broken handle or blade may be restored to a condition almost as good as new if addressed in a timely manner.\n\nBroken handles are more challenging to mend than split blades, especially when the break is straight across. A diagonal break can be spliced as shown in the diagram of the broken paddle (Fig. 540). First, coat the surfaces of the break with paint.\nWith a waterproof glue or cement, join the broken parts together. Clamp them and let stand until the glue sets. Next, drill a hole through the length of the splice and drive a screw into the hole. Reinforce the connection with a wrapping of heavy twine, fishing line, or wire. Figures 541 and 542 show The Twine Splice. Lay twine along the handle as shown in Figure 541, with one end at A and a loop formed at B. Then wind the remainder of the twine (C) tightly around the handle from end A to B. (Figures 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, and 545 demonstrate various methods for mending paddles.)\nas you loop B, slip it through the loop and pull end A so as to draw the loop under the turns to hold it fast, as shown in Fig. 542. Finish the splice with a coat of shellac. A wire splice is stronger. Bale wire will answer the purpose. Drive one end of the wire into a hole drilled in the handle (Fig. 543). Then wind the wire tightly around the handle, pushing the turns close together, and at a point beyond the end of the splice cut off the wire and fasten it with a double-pointed tack. A square break may be spliced in the same way. First, bevel the broken ends so they can be overlapped. This will shorten the handle by 4 inches or more. A broken oar handle requires a longer splice than a paddle handle, because it is subjected to greater leverage. This may make the oar too short for practical purposes.\nYou may find another broken handle and get enough length from the two handles to make one of standard length. Glue or cement the oar handle splice, then drive a bolt or screw through it, being careful not to split the wood, and bind with wire as shown in Fig. 543.\n\nA Split Handle should be given immediate attention. Fill the crack with glue or cement, and bind with twine or wire.\n\nA Split Paddle or Oar Blade can be mended with wood joint fasteners (Figs. 544 and 545), otherwise known as saw-edge divergent corrugated fasteners. These fasteners are available at most hardware stores, in several sizes. Buy a length that is a trifle shorter than the thickness of the blade at the line of break. If you cannot get a short enough length, cut off longer ones with a hack-saw.\nCoat the broken parts of the blade's edges with glue or cement and clamp them together. Then, drive fasteners into the blade, crosswise of the grain, as shown in Fig. 544. Space the fasteners about 4 inches apart on one face of the blade. Turn over the blade and drive in another set of fasteners to come halfway between the first set, as indicated by full and dotted lines. Rest the underside of the blade on a hard, flat surface while driving home the fasteners.\n\nFig. 544 suggests tipping your paddle blade with a strip of sheet copper if it isn't already protected. This reinforcement is necessary for a split blade. Snip the edges of the copper strip, fold it in half lengthwise, hammer it over the end of the blade, and fasten with copper tacks. Drive the tacks through and clinch them. Fig. 544 suggests protecting in this manner.\nThe upper end of the break with a folded strip of copper. Chapter XXXI. Back-Yard Shacks. The main problem in building a back-yard workshop, museum, club house, Boy Scout patrol hut, shanty, or shack is usually getting together enough material for the job. Crating material is sufficient, and there are several sources from which you can draw it. First, are the sites of new and remodeled buildings. Get acquainted with a builder's foreman. Quantities of this material are used in crating bath tubs and other plumbing fixtures, and heating equipment. Visit a plumbing and heating shop and ask for what they have on hand. Go to a paint store and ask for the crates that window glass and mirrors are shipped in. Don't overlook the furniture store and the hardware store. Boards from large packing cases can be used as well.\nCrating material is suitable for the shack framework, but 2-by-2s and 2-by-4s are better if available. In the photograph of Fig. 546 is A Small Shack built by Richard Franklin, shown on the roof, and Bud Cramer, standing in the doorway. These lads discarded a large pile of crating material on the site of a building nearing completion. The tractor was about to set fire to the pile, but they gained possession upon promise to remove it quickly. In return for running errands, they obtained enough rolls of building paper for roofing and lining the walls inside, and all of the nails they needed. Fig. 548 is a plan of the shack. You may object that it is not clear in the photograph, but it is a small shack built by Richard Franklin and Bud Cramer.\nBut the framework is too small. Maybe it is as large as you can get material for. Let this determine the size. It will be no trick to enlarge the plan.\n\nThe Framework is shown in perspective in Fig. 549.\n\nFirst, lay the sill plates. Level them with bricks or stones. Then set the corner posts and brace them with temporary diagonal braces. The front posts of this hut are only 5 feet 6 inches long, the rear posts 6 inches shorter. Maybe you will want to cut them longer to provide more head room.\n\nSpace the studs, or intermediate posts, to suit door and window openings. Nail the top plates to the posts and studs, spiking 2-by-2 blocks to the corner posts, as shown in Fig. 549, for additional support.\n\nWith the framework completed, it will be a simple job to put on the sheathing. Cut the boards of the right lengths.\n\n(Note: This text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for typos and formatting have been made.)\nTheir ends will strike studs. Fit them around window and door openings in back-yard shacks. The windows of this shack are small. It would be better to increase their size to admit more light and air. Lay the roof boards from front to rear. If your material isn't long enough to reach from plate to plate, set in an intermediate plate to support the ends of short pieces. If you cannot get heavy building paper or tar paper to make a tight roof, perhaps you can find some tent canvas, old awning goods, or sheet metal. No floor is necessary in this shack if you bank the walls with earth on the outside to keep out surface water.\n\nFig. 550. \u2014 Batten Door.\nFig. 551. \u2014 Window Shutter With Counter-Balance.\n\nThe door is shown in Fig. 550. It is what is called a batten door with the boards fastened together with two battens at the top and bottom.\nThe windows may have wooden shutters instead of sash. Fig. 551 suggests how to make grooves for the shutters to slide in and how to rig up a counter-balance with rope, pulleys, and a brick or other weight. Box furniture is the right kind for the shack. Fig. 552 shows how to build a window seat across one end wall using boxes and hinging the cover boards as shown. This provides storage space for books, magazines, and other treasure. However, ensure that the roof and walls are watertight before putting anything of value under the seat.\n\nA Boy Scout Patrol Shack:\nThe photograph of Fig. 547 shows a unique shack.\nThe Attic, built by Claugh Cullen and his patrol, is depicted in Fig. 553 as a plan, and Fig. 554 as a perspective of the framework. This section describes Back-Yard Shacks with principal dimensions. If you don't wish to replicate this shack, you will still gain ideas from the diagrams to help shape a structure to your liking.\n\nFig. 553.\u2014Plan of Patrol Shack (shown in photograph)\n\nThe essentials of a Patrol Shack include a floor space large enough for 8 boys, tight walls and roof, good light, and heat for winter. The illustrated shack has a ground area of 7 by 10 feet. Its walls are lined inside with wallboard, the attic space has cross ventilation, making a cool lower story in warm weather, and there is a stove for heating in cold weather.\n\nFig. 554. \u2014 Framework Perspective.\n\nA table, several chairs, a wall book-rack, and two bunks are included in the shack.\nThe furniture includes books, magazines, games, and a radio set for entertainment, and at last reports, the boys were installing a telegraph set for communication with scouts of another shack. The Framework is clearly explained by the plan and perspective. If you buy new material, you will save on cost by using 2-by-2s instead of 2-by-4s for all short framework members. They will be strong enough for a small building.\n\nBack-Yard Shacks\n\nAfter staking out the shack, lay the floor plates, then the floor boards. You will have a level platform on which to set up the wall studding. Spike the studs in place, brace them, and top them with the attic floor plates. Then lay the attic floor, with an opening at one corner for a scuttle, and upon this floor build up the wall framework to the height of the roof. A center double 2-by-4 rafter should be used.\nSufficient support for the attic floor and roof. Intermediate rafters may be added for reinforcement.\n\nThe sheathing for the walls of the shack was of new lumber. Butt the sheathing across. The window openings, then cut the openings. Screens with board shutters to keep out rain will be sufficient for warm weather, but sash will be necessary for cold weather. If you can get second-hand window sash, arrange the wall studding so they will fit between them. Wooden shutters with a good fit will be sufficient protection for the attic windows.\n\nBuild a Batten Door like that shown in Fig. 550.\n\nLay the roof as described for the smaller shack, with a covering of roofing paper.\n\nBuild a Ladder to the attic by nailing 1-by-2s across the studs, in one corner, as shown in Fig. 554.\n\nInsulation.\nIf the shack is to be heated in winter, insulate the walls. Instead of buying wallboard or roofing paper, collect corrugated cartons, separate them at the corners, flatten them out, and tack the pieces to the inside of the walls and ceilings. Protect the wall behind the stove with a sheet of asbestos or galvanized iron.\n\nBunks should be provided if you intend to sleep out, and, of course, that is one-half of the fun of owning a shack. If you can get two old bedsprings, support them upon cleats and slats fastened to the walls at one end of the shack. Place one bedspring 16 inches above the floor, the other halfway between it and the ceiling.\n\nGive the outside walls of your shack two coats of paint, new or old lumber. One of the cheaper grades of paint will do.\n\nChapter XXXII\nA Cave With a Secret\nYou would give a good deal to own a cave, and for a long time, I have been planning to tell you how to make one like the one shown in this chapter. This cave differs from what we generally think of as a cave. It is partly below ground and partly above. The reason for making it this way is that it is safer. Oftentimes, the roof of an underground cave falls in, burying its victims, and you must not take chances of being hurt. This cave is dry, light, and well ventilated, and it has an interesting feature that some caves have\u2014a secret entrance. The illustrations show where the entrance is, but don't give it away to a soul, except your brother or your chum, and then only upon his swearing to secrecy and promising to help you build the cave. When you allow friends to enter, blindfold them before conducting them in.\nThe Building Material\nExcept for a few 2-by-2s for wall supports, you should not have to buy material for the above-ground portion of the cave. Crating material and box boards will do very well. On the site of a new building, you will find many sizes of crating boards that the building contractor will gladly let you have, and at a plumbing shop or a hardware store, you can get discarded crating material.\n\nThe Size of the Cave\nThe size of the cave may be whatever you wish to make it. The cave in the illustrations has a floor 8 feet square. This is none too large, considering that the slanted walls cut down the headroom. Fig. 556 is a cross-section that shows how the completed cave will look inside.\n\nA Cave with Secret Entrance\nCRAW IN\n\n(Note: The text appears to be from an old instructional book or manual, possibly related to building or construction projects. The text seems to be mostly readable, with only minor errors or formatting issues. No major cleaning or translation is required.)\nFig. 556. - Cross-Section of Cave, Showing Secret Entrance.\n\nFirst, mark the four corners of the cave. Then dig a pit inside this space, 20 to 24 inches deep (Fig. 557). This is a deep hole, but you will need as much earth as you will dig out, to bank around the wooden walls. Trim the sides of the pit straight. Fig. 557 shows how to cut away the bank of the pit at the cave entrance. You may leave this digging until after you have built the above-ground portion.\n\nFig. 558 shows the front wall. Use a 2-by-2 along each end, one in the center, and one each side of the doorway. Start the wall by placing the main upright pieces on the ground with ends correctly spaced.\nThen, temporarily fasten the framework with boards nailed across its ends. Board up this framework, then mark out the door opening and cut it. Build the rear wall of the same size.\n\nA cave with a secret entrance\n\nBefore setting up the walls, get a box about 14 inches wide and 14 inches deep. The length does not matter. This box is to fit between the walls at the peak, to form a Ventilator Shaft. Remove one end of the box, nail a narrow board across the open top at each end, make a door out of the cover boards, and hinge the door to the box end that will be the upper part of the shaft. Cut a stick prop of the right length to hold open the ventilator door (Fig. 556). Nail a block of wood to the side of the box to support the lower end of the stick.\n\nTo set up the walls, first, stand the front and rear wall.\nThe correct positions for the boards are on opposite banks of the pit. Fasten their tops to the sides of the ventilator shaft box. Nail boards across their end edges to complete the side walls. A center upright is necessary to stiffen the side walls and to nail short boards to. This is shown in Fig. 556.\n\nThe Secret Entrance is low, but the door must be 4 feet long so when it is closed, it will slant as the earth banks around the walls. A detail of the door is shown in Fig. 559.\n\nNail narrow boards to the edges as shown, to retain the earth and sod that are to conceal it. Fasten together the door boards with battens nailed across the under side. Hinge the door to the head of Fig. 559. - Detail of Secret Entrance.\n\nFasten the doorway, and pivot a pair of stick legs to the sides to support it.\nMake the walls watertight with building paper or roofing felt. If lacking paper, tack pieces of old awnings, a tent, carpet, or burlap bags to the walls. When the walls have been completed, bank earth around them as shown in Fig. 555. It will be necessary to drive stakes at the entrance to keep the earth from sliding in. If you can get oats or grass seed, sow it over the banked earth, and before many days you will have a green carpet that will afford natural concealment. If you lack grass seed, use cuttings, weeds, or straw to hide the entrance.\n\nChapter XXXIII\nA Play Periscope\n\nA periscope is a long tube with mirrors inside, by which you can see what is going on above without exposing yourself to view. It is the submarine's eye.\nwhen this craft is submerged. It is the trench fighter\u2019s means of watching for the enemy, in trench warfare. There are several ways of having fun with the home-made periscope. First, in the back-yard cave, described in Chapter XXXII. The cave is built without a window, because caves do not have windows. But the ventilator shaft in its roof is an excellent lookout, and with the periscope raised as shown in Fig. 560, you will see out as plainly as though you were able to climb up into the shaft.\n\nImagine your cave a submarine submerged in mid-ocean, and if your imagination is strong, you will experience some of the thrills of submarine cruising. Again, imagine that your cave is an airplane, and that except for the periscope, you are flying blind. Here are other possibilities for fun with the periscope. Use it to keep track of your pursuer.\nThe Big Book of Boys' Hobbies: Using a Periscope in Hide-and-Seek or Defending a Snow Fort\n\nA periscope will enable you to peek around corners, over fence tops, and over mounds of earth and other places of concealment without being seen, and to watch for an opportune time to dash out and away to the goal. In winter, use it when defending your snow fort from attacking parties. Other uses will suggest themselves. I know a lad who discovered that a periscope long enough to top the fence of the local baseball field afforded him a fuller view of the game than he could obtain through a knot hole. Indeed, a giraffe has nothing on you if you own a periscope.\n\nFig. 562 shows the completed home-made periscope, and Fig. 563 is a cross-section of the box. Notice in the cross-section that the two mirrors are arranged to reflect the image from the objective lens to the eyepiece, allowing you to see your surroundings from a hidden position.\nare set at angles of 45 degrees. Look through the peep-hole into the lower mirror to see the reflection of the view projected through the front opening onto the upper mirror. This material is required to make the periscope: box boards 18 inches long, two mirrors of the kind sold in ten-cent stores, a leather strap, and nails.\n\nThe dimensions on the diagrams of Fig. 567 need not be followed closely. The mirrors you buy (Fig. 568) may require a wider or a deeper box, or they may permit making the box smaller. If you can find box boards longer than 18 inches, make a longer periscope. It will be a simple matter to change dimensions to suit the mirrors and box boards.\n\nFig. 561: Playing Hide-and-Go-Seek with Periscope.\nFig. 562: Completed Periscope.\nFig. 563: Cross-Section of Periscope.\nFigs. 564-566. \u2013 Assembly Details. The construction is simple. First, cut end pieces A and side boards B (Fig. 567) and nail boards B to the edges of ends A (Fig. 564). Back board C has the peep hole (Fig. 567). Cut the hole 2 inches in diameter, about 5 inches above the lower end. Unless you have a large bit, cut the hole with a coping-saw (Fig. 569). The hole doesn't have to be round, but if you describe a circle first, there is no reason why you cannot cut it round. If you haven't a small bit with which to start a hole to admit the saw blade, make a hole with a nail. Fasten back board C to the edges of ends A and sides B with nails.\n\nA Play Periscope\nFig. 568. \u2013 Mirrors.\nFig. 567. \u2013 Patterns for Box.\n\nFit the mirrors in position next. Tack a narrow cleat to back board C (Figs. 563, 564 and 567) to support the lower end of the mirrors.\nEdge the upper mirror's edge and nail strip E (Figs. 566 and 567) across the front of the box to support the upper edge (Fig. 563). Let the lower edge of the lower mirror rest upon the box end and support Fig. 569. Cut Peep-Hole with upper edge on nails driven through the box sides, each side of the mirror frame, as indicated in Figs. 563 and 564.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES\nComplete the box by nailing front board D in place (Fig. 565), and tacking a Strap Handle to each side near the lower end, as shown. Paint the inside black before mounting the mirrors to make the sides non-reflecting surfaces. Also paint the outside of the periscope.\n\nCHAPTER XXXIV\nTHE WABASH LIMITED PUSHMOBILE\nThe photographs opposite page 316 show one of the cleverest groups of boy-designed, boy-built vehicles.\nThe following boys-sized vehicles came to my attention. These vehicles are a step between miniature models and the real thing. Building them is a worthy hobby for any boy. The railroad pushmobile in Fig. 570 was built by James and Aldwin Scott, Rowland Hardin, and Charles Stevenson. The dump truck in Fig. 571 was built by the latter two boys, and the airplane pushmobile in Fig. 572 was built by James Scott.\n\nTo influence the building of these and other types of rigs, I have made a record of them in the working diagrams of this and the two following chapters. Accept what you like, introduce your own ideas, and the development of the home-made vehicle industry shall continue.\n\nThe Railroad Working Capital\nAt the disposal of the boy builders of the Wabash Limited\nThe text consists of a fund of patience, resourcefulness, and ingenuity, a good sense of proportion, and a knack for assembling parts that stay put.\n\nThe Big Book of Boys\u2019 Hobbies\nThe Materials\nTen pairs of wheels, old boards and 2-by-4s, banana baskets, fruit crates, grocery boxes, tin cans, pans, stove pipe, and garden hose were used.\n\nThe Tools\nFew tools were used in building the Wabash Limited. However, upon the publication of my newspaper articles descriptive of the model, officials of the Wabash Railroad presented each boy with a cabinet of twenty Stanley tools in recognition of his good work.\n\nFig. 573 shows a side view of The Locomotive, and Fig. 574 shows a head-on view. The first part built was The Chassis. A 12-inch board 5 feet long was used for the base (Fig. 575). The front end of this was cut away.\nThe wheels of the Wabash Limited Pushmobile were attached to each side, as shown in Fig. 571 (Dump-Truck Pushmobile) and Fig. 572 (Airplane Pushmobile). The front wheel was bolted to a 2-by-4, 12 inches long, for the front wheel bolster. The rear end was nailed to a 1-by-4 board for the rear-wheel bolster.\n\nThe Wheel Axles were fastened with nails driven into the bolsters and bent over. The Boiler Framework was built of two banana baskets fastened to a box, 13 inches wide and 4 feet long, as shown in Fig. 576. The Boiler Jacket was formed of stove pipe, opened at the seams, flattened, bent to fit over the framework, and nailed to the box sides (Fig. 574). The boiler was mounted upon the chassis 10 inches above the reach board, with a 10-inch board fitted under each side to support it.\nFig. 575. - Plan of Engine Chassis.\nThe Cab has a base built out of a box 10 inches deep and 13 inches wide. The upper part was built to extend 6.5 inches over each side of the box. Figs. 573 and 574 give the dimensions. The sides were made of 0.5-inch boards, the roof of thin box boards.\n\nThe Driving Rods are ingenious. A block of wood was fastened to the spokes of each driving wheel, with bent-over nails. A short length of 1x2 was pivoted to the block with a nail, and two longer strips were bolted to the end of the short piece (Fig. 573). Gallon-sized tin cans were used for The Cylinders. One end of each was cut as shown in Fig. 577, then the two cans were mounted upon the chassis, as shown in Figs. 573 and 574, so the rods would slide back and forth in them.\n\nFig. 576. - Detail of Engine-Boiler Framework.\nThe Cylinders. One end of each was cut as shown in Fig. 577. Then the two cans were mounted upon the chassis, as shown in Figs. 573 and 574, so the rods would slide back and forth in them.\nThe Wabash Limited Pushmobile 319\n\nThe steering device is simple. Two stick levers were pivoted to the sides of the cab (Figs. 573 and 578), and ropes were run from them to the axle ends.\n\nThe steam dome and sand box were made of two saucepans, inverted, and nailed to the top of the boiler.\n\nThe stack was made of a coffee can, 4 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep, and the headlight was made of a cocoa can.\n\nFig. 579 shows how the bell was made. It was fashioned from the gong of an electric bell and a tack hammer, with the hammer pivoted at its center to swing, and a cord attached to the handle and carried into the cab.\n\nA running board was fastened on each side of the boiler. Steam and water pipes were formed of garden hose, and a pilot was shaped out of stove pipe.\n\nInside the cab are valves. One set was made of the head of a guitar (Fig.\nFig. 578: Detail of Steering Lever.\nFig. 579: Detail of Bell.\nFig. 580: Guitar Head Valves for Cab.\n\nThe Tender is a two-wheeled rig. Figure 573 illustrates its length and height.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS' HOBBIES\n\nThe Tender is 21 inches wide. It was built like a cart, with high sides and part of the top boarded over.\n\nThe Pullman, with its observation platform, is detailed in Figure 581. It is 24 inches wide, with other unspecified dimensions. This car has four wagon wheels. It was built like an express wagon. Indeed, the Pullman body with observation platform might have been built to fit on an express wagon. Notice the bolt and shaft coupler.\n\nThe Paint Job\nwas not completed, as there wasn't enough paint. However, the paint that was available was used to stripe parts to bring out their details.\nThis new idea in pushmobiles is easy to carry out, credited to Charles Stevenson and Roland Hardin, as seen in Fig. 571. Enthusiastic model builders, they have at least six types of wagons to their name, in addition to a part ownership in the Wabash Limited pushmobile described in Chapter XXXIV. Collecting wagon wheels is one of their hobbies, and they own twenty pairs. Consequently, they were able to equip the dump truck with double rear wheels. The boys excel at reproducing details, as the photograph will attest.\n\nYou will want to build one of these truck models. It will be different from any pushmobile owned in your neighborhood, and you will have great fun with it. I wish that you could.\nFig. 582 is a longitudinal section through the chassis, hood, cab, and truck. Fig. 583 is a plan of the under side of the chassis. Fig. 584 is a front elevation. Fig. 585 is a side elevation of the Dump-Truck Pushmobile shown in Photograph of Fig. 571. Fig. 583. \u2013 Plan of the Under Side of Chassis. Fig. 584. \u2013 Detail of the Steering Gear. Fig. 585. \u2013 Detail of the Brakes.\n\nThe chassis was made of a 2-by-8 plank 5 feet 6 inches long, with the rear wheel axle bolster spiked to the rear end, and the front end.\nThe wheel axle bolsters, pivoted with a carriage bolt to the front end, were cut from a 2-by-4. The wheel axles were fastened to them with nails driven each side of the rods, then bent over. Staples would be better than nails. The steering gear, detailed in Figs. 583 and 585, required a bar a trifle shorter than the axle bolsters, a broom handle steering shaft, and a wagon wheel steering wheel. The shaft was run through a hole bored through the center of the steering bar and fastened to the bar with a nail. A bearing block like that shown in Fig. 585 was used. A hole was bored through this block to admit the shaft, and the lower face was cut on a bevel to fit the chassis plank when the truck is in motion.\n\nFig. 584. \u2013 Front Elevation of Dump-Truck Pushmobile.\nFig. 585. \u2013 Detail of Steering Gear.\n\nWheel axle bolster ... axles fastened with nails ... staples would be better ... steering gear ... bar a trifle shorter ... broom handle steering shaft ... hole bored through the center ... fastened with a nail ... bearing block ... hole bored through this block ... lower face cut on a bevel ... chassis plank when in motion.\nThe shaft had been set up with a rake, as shown in Fig. 582. The block was nailed to the chassis plank, and a spike was driven through the shaft for a pin to keep the shaft from slipping through the chassis plank. With the wheel, shaft, and bar assembled, ropes were attached to nails driven into the bar and axle bolster to complete the steering gear.\n\nThe Braking Device:\nTwo L-shaped pieces of wood were crossed at their centers and bolted to the chassis plank, as shown in Fig. 583, at the right distance from the rear wheels. When one end of each bar is pulled forward, the other end is drawn against the wheel. The braking end of each bar was fitted with a triangular block to make square contact with the wheel. The blocks were attached as shown in Fig. 586. The brake ends were covered with rubber from an old automobile tire tube.\nFigs. 583 and 586 demonstrate how the brake bars were connected to the broom handle lever, and how the lever was pivoted to the edge of the chassis.\n\nThe Truck Cab was constructed of box boards, with the curved side openings trimmed with barrel hoops. The seat was supported upon end cleats, as shown in Fig. 582.\n\nThe Hood was constructed of box boards. Figs. 582 and 584 illustrate the details. A piece of wire mesh was installed in the front for the radiator, and a tin can was nailed to the top for a cap.\n\nDUMP-TRUCK PUSHMOBILE\nBROOM HANDLE\n\nThe Truck Box was made from a packing box. One end was removed, and its boards were fastened together with battens, then hung between the box sides on an iron bar (Fig. 582) for the end gate. Two strips with notched ends were nailed to the box sides, and a stick was provided to reach across the back.\nThe box slides into the notches to lock the end gate. The device for locking the box is shown in Figure 571. It is a stick that slides between two wooden blocks nailed to the cab side. The stick end is pushed back over the block on the box to lock it, and drawn forward to unlock it.\n\nThe truck box was supported upon blocking to raise it 4 inches above the chassis plank, as shown in the photograph and Figure 582. A piece of 2-by-4 was nailed across the box bottom, then this was hinged to a piece of board nailed to the plank end.\n\nFigure 582 and Figure 584 show the Dumping Hoist. It was made of a piece of 2-by-4 with a wooden bar nailed to its top, a pair of pulleys fastened to the bar, and ropes attached to the box bottom, run up to and over the pulleys, then down through a hole in the cab roof.\n\nCHAPTER XXXVI\nAn airplane, not a Pushmobile. James Scott was uninterested in intricacies of model-making. Toy railroads did not appeal to him. He wanted an engine large enough to ride in. He designed and helped build the Wabash Limited pushmobile described in Chapter XXXIV. He rejected store automobiles. He built a dandy roadster pushmobile. He made several model airplanes, but they only fueled his ambition to own a model he could fly. Perhaps he would never succeed in building a real ship. That lay in the far future. But he had progressed as far as building the large motorless monoplane pushmobile shown in Figure 572 and described in this chapter, and he was the proudest and most envied lad in the neighborhood.\nA model with such dimensions, and I am certain you will choose to construct one in your back yard. Pushed over the ground, with the wind turning its propeller, this model provides the realism and much of the thrill of the preliminaries to an actual takeoff.\n\nThe general dimensions of James' airplane pushmobile are given on the accompanying working diagrams: Fig. 587 (side elevation), Fig. 588 (front elevation), Fig. 589 (longitudinal section of fuselage), Fig. 590 (plan of bottom frame of fuselage), Fig. 591 (rudder detail), Fig. 592 (propeller blade), Fig. 593 (propeller hub), Fig. 594 (propeller shaft).\n\nYou can build a Ryan, a Curtiss, or a Ford from the photographs and working drawings given in Chapter XI, or any other.\n\n(Note: This text appears to be a clean extract from a book with no significant errors or unreadable content. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.)\nFig. 587 shows a side elevation of James' model. Fig. 588 is a front view, and Fig. 589 a longitudinal section of the fuselage.\n\nThe Fuselage was started by making a bottom frame like that in Fig. 590. This was built of two 2-by-2s, a 1-by-2 and a 2-by-4. Then a duplicate frame was built of 1-by-1s for a center frame, shown in Fig. 589. The rear end of this frame was fastened to the bottom frame, the forward end to uprights, as shown.\n\nThe top frame (Fig. 589) was curved two ways. The forward part of this was made by 1-by-1s, the rear portion of iron rods. The front ends of the rods were fitted in holes bored in the 1-by-1s, and the rear ends were fitted in holes bored in the center frame strips.\n\nThe cabin window was framed with upright strips, and the hatchway was framed with cross strips.\nTo complete the fuselage framework, all corners were reinforced with iron angle braces, and a cowling of galvanized iron was shaped to fit over the nose. The Fin was built upon the tail of the fuselage, of three strips of l-by-2, marked in Fig. 589. The Rudder was made of a board. Fig. 591 shows a detail of it. Two nails were driven into the edge of the board and bent to form pins, and a pair of screw-eyes were screwed into the fin frame to hook the pins into. A crosspiece with rope controls attached to its ends completed the rudder.\n\nThe donation of a discarded airplane propeller was James' good luck. But you can make one by cutting two board blades (Fig. 592) and fastening them in slots cut diagonally in the ends of a 2-by-4 hub (Fig. 593). Bore a hole through the hub to fit the shaft.\nThe hub is pierced with a hole to accept the threaded end of an iron pipe. Screw a pipe cap to the threaded end to secure the propeller onto the shaft. Run the shaft through holes in a block installed in the fuselage nose, and through a hole in an upright located 24 inches behind the block.\n\nThe Motor Cylinders were fabricated from tin cans. James used six cans, but seven or nine should be used. The cans were bolted to the cowling.\n\nThe Wing was constructed in two sections. A half plan of the wing framework is depicted in Fig. 595. To provide it with the correct camber, a 1-inch by 3-inch strip was placed on edge for the center spar, a 1-inch by 2-inch strip was placed on edge for the leading-edge spar, and a 1-inch by 2-inch strip was set flat for the trailing-edge spar. The rear edge was cut away at the ends to accommodate two ailerons, as shown.\nFig. 595. Half-Plan of Wing Framework.\nFig. 596. Half-Plan of Stabilizer Framework.\n\nThe framework consisted of pieces of board set and hinged to the center spar. The right wing had box boards, a framework, control rope, horn, pulley, aileron, and hinged boards for elevators. The stabilizer was built in one piece with a frame of l-by-l and l-by-3s, and two boards hinged for elevators. The landing gear was made of a pair of rubber-tired wheels, an iron axle, two l-by-3 uprights, and three diagonal struts. After completion of the fuselage, wing, fin, and stabilizer frameworks, they were covered with canvas using light-weight cotton duck, building paper, unbleached muslin, or poultry feed bags.\n\nFig. 595. \u2013 Half-Plan of Wing Framework.\nFig. 596. \u2013 Half-Plan of Stabilizer Framework.\n\nThe framework consisted of boards set and hinged to the center spar. The right wing had box boards, a framework, control rope, horn, pulley, aileron, and hinged boards for elevators. The stabilizer was built in one piece with a frame of l-by-l and l-by-3s, and two boards hinged for elevators. The landing gear was made of rubber-tired wheels, an iron axle, two l-by-3 uprights, and three diagonal struts. Upon completion of the fuselage, wing, fin, and stabilizer frameworks, they were covered with canvas using a light-weight cotton duck, building paper, unbleached muslin, or poultry feed bags.\nBuilding model railroad systems has been a popular idea since I was a lad. Widespread interest has been brought about by the manufacture of nicely proportioned railroad equipment of American types, including practically everything to be found in modern railroad systems. When you get your hands on this real-looking stuff, you cannot resist the impulse to build a back-yard railroad.\n\nIsolated controls for the ailerons, elevators, and rudder are shown in the longitudinal section. Rig up a joystick and pedals for operating the controls. The pilot seat of the model illustrated was upholstered with leather from an old couch.\n\nPaint the ship so it will not look like a tramp outfit. Use battleship gray with black lettering for a minimum paint finish.\n\nJames Scott\nRadiator aluminum I\n\nCHAPTER XXXVII\nBACK-YARD RAILROADING\nBuild a model, and once you have started, there's no telling how extensive the layout will be. This modern toy railroad business makes older boys wish that we were in our teens again, but years do not prevent our building models. If at first we are not as agile in getting around on the ground, we can train into condition. Use a stopwatch on Dad, after you have got a good start on a backyard model, and see how long he stays out of the game.\n\nModels that we built would seem crude today, but probably not more so than any vehicle setting of former days compared with one of the present time. An engine run by clockwork, cast-iron trains drawn by a string, were the best equipment available then. But you boys have electrical railroads, exact models of real engines, trains, depots, etc.\nbridges, signal systems and other accessories to choose from, for which you are indebted to wide-awake American toy manufacturers. Because the toy railroad catalogs are filled with wonderful equipment, do not feel that all this is essential to a good model. If you own track, engine, tender, several cars, a switch or two, and a transformer to connect to the house or garage electric current, or a battery of dry cells, consider yourself lucky.\n\nMake Accessories\nincluding a railroad station, water tank, signal tower, gates, bridge, tunnels, and culvert, and get lots of fun out of the work.\n\nThe photograph shows A Village Model built by Mr. Clyde Nolan, a model enthusiast, who has a dozen or more layouts to his credit. Notice how complete this model is, with its railroad viaduct to the right, in the photo.\nThe photograph displays a scene with a tunnel entrance to the left, a lake in the foreground, and a concrete bridge crossing it. A business block of store buildings and a church are also present. The scene is complete and proportionate, with exact details important.\n\nFigure 598 showcases a Rocky Mountain Model built on my studio lot. Figure 597 displays a Village Model built by Clyde Nolan.\n\nBack-yard railroading includes a railroad bridge, corduroy bridge, tunnel, and railroad depot, all depicted in the image. There are numerous developments on the hill not visible, which represent numerous hours of study and modeling.\n\nIt is not anticipated that you will wish to copy either model; instead, you will derive ideas from each, which will aid you in creating a model. Indeed, the material in this text:\n\nFigure 597. \u2014 Village Model Built by Clyde Nolan.\nFigure 598. \u2014 Rocky Mountain Model Built by Author.\nChapter published in The American Boy several years ago, I have received many photographs from readers showing models where the ideas have been incorporated. If you have never attempted this form of model building, start with a simple model like the one shown in Fig. 599. Then add other features and gradually develop it into a large model. That is what my reader Paul Baurle did, and a photograph before me would indicate that his present model takes up the greater part of his back yard, and includes such features as a mountain range, tunnel, waterfall, creek, lake, quarry, village, buildings, lumber yard, and railroad terminal.\n\nOne of the most interesting engineering problems is building a model lake.\n\nWhen I built my first model, cement was expensive, and no one thought of using it for model-building. So I contrived to make a model lake using the following method:\n\nFirst, I made a frame of wood, covered with canvas, and filled it with water. Then I added a layer of fine sand on the bottom, and covered it with a layer of clay. After the clay had dried, I spread a thin layer of cement over the entire surface, and when it was dry, I painted it with a mixture of whitewash and lampblack to represent water. To make the water appear clear, I added a few drops of glycerin. The banks of the lake were made of plastic or wood, and were covered with grass or moss. I also added a few model boats and docks. This method produced a very realistic model lake.\nA Wash Tub Lake by sinking a tub in the ground with rim level with the surface. Replace it with a concrete basin as soon as you can get the material to cast one. One bag of cement, twice that quantity of sand, and twice as much crushed stone or clean gravel as sand will build a basin 24 inches wide, 48 inches long, and 6 inches deep. Dig a hole irregular in shape, as shown in Fig. 599, and cast the basin in the manner described for the fish-pool in Chapter XXIV. This may be used as a fish-pool.\n\nA Mountain Creek\nlike that in the photograph of Fig. 598 should be narrow and zigzag. Fig. 603 suggests what a cross-section of the creek may look like, with one bank ballasted for railroad roadbed.\nThe next engineering problem after establishing a creek is to build a railroad bridge across it. Refer to an encyclopedia for pictures and descriptions of arched bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges, box-girder bridges, trussed bridges, and other types. You can build several kinds if you wish.\n\nA concrete bridge, as shown in Fig. 599, is a good option and easy to construct. It requires a form like the one shown in Fig. 600. Cut two boards of the shape shown in Fig. 601 to fit between the sides of the basin, as in Fig. 600, for the sides of the form. Adjust the dimensions to suit your basin. The projections on the board ends should extend over the banks. Provide for the arched openings by nailing three tin cans of No. 3 size to one of the side boards, as shown in Fig. 602.\nFig. 600. Cross-Section of Concrete Lake.\nFig. 601. Side of Form for Casting Lake.\nFig. 602. Side of Form with Cans Attached for Casting Arches.\nSet the form in the basin, then wedge sticks between it and the ends of the basin to prevent it from spreading when you pour the concrete. Mix the concrete somewhat sloppy so that the thin portion will run down at the sides and give the exposed surfaces a smooth finish. When you have poured and tamped the concrete and allowed it to set for twenty-four hours, remove the form.\n\nFig. 603. Cross-Section of Creek with Ballasted Roadbed on Bank.\n\nThe photograph of Fig. 597 shows a Different Design of Concrete Bridge. The form for casting it will be the same as that for the bridge in Fig. 599, with the substitution of a piece of sheet metal for the tin cans. Lay iron rods or lengths of heavy metal in the form before pouring the concrete.\nA Box Girder Type of Bridge is shown in Fig. 598 and detailed in Figs. 604 to 609. This model has three spans supported on four abutments or piers. The center piers are tin cans with tapered sides, such as those used for corned beef. Square-sided cans can be used if tapered ones are not available.\n\nFig. 604: Box Girder Type of Bridge (as shown in Fig. 598)\nFig. 605: Assembly of Girders, Pier Blocks, and Ties\nFig. 606: Girder\nFig. 607: Pier Block\nFig. 609: Pressed-Beef-Can Pier\n\nThe drawings depict a 36-inch-long bridge with a 3.5-inch-wide roadbed. Fig. 605 illustrates a roadbed assembly detail. Cut two sticks to the size shown in Fig. 606 for the girders.\nThe girders and nail their ends to pier blocks B (Fig. 607). Cut the blocks of the same size as the can tops. Prepare the ties of the dimensions in Fig. 608. Cut them from box boards or front tree branches whittled flat on two sides. Space them at equal distances apart, along the girders. Use a block of wood \u00bd-inch wide for a spacing block. Nail the ties with 1-inch brads. Fig. 606 shows how to cut notches in the under side of the girder strips for the rims of the tin-can piers to fit in. Fasten the cans to the girder strips with nails. Drive the nails through the ends and through the rims, as shown. Paint the piers white or gray to represent concrete, the girders white, red or black.\n\nIf you want to build\nA Steel Bridge,\nuse parts from a steel construction toy. You will find a design in your instruction book.\nA Trussed Bridge of the corduroy type, common to the wagon road of the old West, is shown in Figure 598. Figure 610 shows the complete bridge, and Figures 611 and 612 show details of its parts.\n\nCut the girders of the length, width, and thickness of A (Fig. 611), from sticks, and cut the Truss Members B, C, and D from branches, of the right lengths, to form trusses of the size shown.\n\nCut the Tie Rods E from heavy wire, and run them through holes drilled in sticks A, B, and C. Notch the ends of struts D to fit over the tie rods. Bend over the rod tops to hold the members together.\n\nBuild the Roadbed of a board 5 inches wide and 20 inches long (F, Fig. 612). Nail the four cross beams G to the roadbed.\nBuild a box as long as you want the tunnel to be and wide and high enough to admit your train and tracks. Build a mountain over it, of earth and stones. The easiest way to finish the entrances is to line them with pieces of stone.\n\nTo construct a side, place one at each end and two in line with the tie rods. Nail the pieces of branches H diagonally across the upper surface. Drill holes through the roadbed and cross beams, stick the tie rods through the holes and bend the ends over.\n\nFor your electric train, build a railroad tunnel like those shown in Figs. 597, 598, and 599. This will be a simple problem in model engineering.\n\nFig. 613. \u2014 Box for Earth Tunnel.\nFig. 614.\u2014 Fill Earth Over Box Like This.\nFig. 615. \u2014 Stone Entrance.\nAnd place several large flat stones across the tops (Fig. 615). You can build cement entrances like that in the photograph of Fig. 597, using a large tin can or pail in the form to cast a circular opening. Before the cement has set hard, remove the front of the form and mark off stone courses with a knife or trowel.\n\nInstead of building the wooden box tunnel, you can remove the ends of two or three grocery boxes and place the boxes end to end as shown in Fig. 616.\n\nYou must include\nA Railroad Depot\nin your model. Build one like that described in Chapter XL. Three layouts for the depot and tracks are shown in the photographs of Figs. 597 and 598, and in the drawing of Fig. 599. Do not neglect to take your tracks and other equipment indoors, or put them under cover, at night, unless they are rustproof. Parallel the tracks with\nA Telegraph Line.\nMake ceramic Boxes with ends removed. Place them end to end for tunnel form.\n\nBack-yard Railroading\n\nThe poles, like those in Fig. 617, are made of dowel sticks or peeled branches, notched near the tops (Fig. 618) for crosstrees. Cut stick crosstrees (Fig. 619), make wire brackets (Fig. 617), and stick the brackets in holes drilled in the crosstrees (Fig. 621). Make insulators of glass beads mounted on round-headed tacks or screws (Fig. 622). Nail the crosstrees to the poles and fasten the wire braces with small staples. Stick the ends of the poles far enough into the ground to stand erect.\n\nString fine wire between poles, wrapping twine or heavy thread from pole to pole.\n\nA Radio Transmitting Station.\n\nFigs. 617-619.\u2014 Telegraph Pole, Crosstree, and Bracket.\nFigs. 620-622.\u2014 Details of Pole, Crosstree, Bracket, and Insulator.\nAn Airport with a landing field, hangars, wind indicators, flood lights, and all other equipment should not be omitted. With air service and railroad service provided, you will have a truly up-to-date model.\n\nMaterial for Scenery can be picked up all around you. For the mountain model in the photograph of Fig. 598, I used large stones gathered along roadsides, smaller stones and pebbles picked up on a beach, earth excavated from the model creek, branches of arbor vitae, spruce and pine.\n\nToy Animals and Live Stock were picked up in the nursery and in ten-cent stores. Toy Automobiles, Airplanes and Wagons of the right proportions were obtained from the same sources. You will be lucky if you have a small brother or sister from whom you can borrow accessories.\nA Boy came to my studio for help in designing a model lighthouse he had been hired to build for a store window. He didn't know how to build the tower, but had carefully and accurately figured out how to gear down the speed of a toy motor to turn the lantern the right number of revolutions per minute to produce the proper intervals between flashes. We worked out a scheme for the tower, the model was successfully completed, and it proved a tremendous attraction for the merchant who had contracted for it.\n\nClever models for window displays are in demand. Building them is fun. The work gives you a chance to draw.\n\nPART IV\nAutumn Hetties\nCHAPTER XXXVIII\nA Toy Electric Beacon\n\nA Boy came to my studio for help in designing a model lighthouse for a store window. He didn't know how to build the tower but had figured out how to gear down the speed of a toy motor to turn the lantern the right number of revolutions per minute to produce the proper intervals between flashes. We worked out a scheme for the tower, and the model was successfully completed, attracting the merchant who had contracted for it.\n\nModel making for window displays is in demand. Building them is enjoyable. The work provides an opportunity to draw.\nTo make a profit as a model-builder, establish a reputation, and find a ready market for your models. Keep material costs low by devising direct methods. For the lighthouse, it would have been simpler and cheaper to substitute a flashing beacon from a Boys' Hobbies book for the revolving light, though mechanically less interesting.\n\nThe Flashing Beacon\nI designed and completed the flashing beacon shown in Fig. 623's photograph. It operates on an electric flasher, like those used for electric signs. This beacon can be used indoors and outdoors, in window displays, and playroom models.\nAnd it's ideal for building a Play Harbor or a model airport beacon, or any other backyard model. The materials required are a dish-draining wire basket, wire cloth, an electric drop-cord, receptacle and plug, lamp bulb, electric flasher, screw-top jar, and enough plaster-of-Paris or cement plaster to cover the base and tower.\n\nThe Tower Framework is shown completed in Fig. 624's photograph, and detailed in Fig. 627. First, cut out Fig. 623 \u2013 A Sign-Flasher Operates this Toy Electric Beacon. Fig. 624 \u2013 Framework of Beacon. Fig. 625 \u2013 An Electric Toy Shooting-Gallery (See Chapter XXXIX).\nFig. 626. A Toy Electric Motor Makes the Targhet Rabbits Run.\n\nA Toy Electric Beacon\nTwo forms blocks of the diameters of A and B (Figs. 628 and 629), from a board % inch thick, saw to cut them, and a file and sandpaper to cut edges. Bore two holes through block A and one through block B, to run the drop-cord through.\n\nThe Covering is of wire cloth with \u00bd-inch mesh. Buy it at the hardware store. Cut a piece of the shape and size shown in Fig. 630, for the sides of the tower, and shape it around blocks A and B. Block A is to be set 3 inches from the top, and block B, flush with the bottom. Do not tack the wire cloth to the blocks until after you have installed the drop-cord and made the electrical connections.\n\nThe Bridge and Railing\nare made of wire cloth. Cut and bend a strip of the form shown in Fig. 631, with the\n\n(Assuming the missing part of the text is not essential for understanding the instructions, and assuming \"targhet\" is a typo for \"target\")\n\nFig. 626. A Toy Electric Motor Makes the Target Rabbits Run.\n\nA Toy Electric Beacon\nMake two form blocks of the diameters of A and B (Figs. 628 and 629), from a board 1 inch thick. Use a saw to cut them, and a file and sandpaper to smooth the edges. Bore two holes through block A and one through block B, to run the drop-cord through.\n\nThe Covering is of wire cloth with \u00bd-inch mesh. Buy it at the hardware store. Cut a piece of the shape and size shown in Fig. 630 for the sides of the tower, and shape it around blocks A and B. Block A should be 3 inches from the top, and block B flush with the bottom. Do not attach the wire cloth to the blocks until after installing the drop-cord and making electrical connections.\n\nThe Bridge and Railing\nare made of wire cloth. Cut and bend a strip of the form shown in Fig. 631.\nrailing: three meshes in height, the bridge platform: two meshes in width, and a lap of 2 inches to fasten to the tower sides. After you have tacked the tower sides to its form blocks, wire the bridge and railing strip to the top. Use a coping- to smooth the The Tower Base tail of my model is built upon a dish-draining or Mon wire basket (Fig. 624). You may use a board 10 or 12 inches square instead. Fasten block B of the tower to the basket, or to a board base, with staples (Fig. 632). Figs. 628 and 629 \u2013 Top and Bottom Blocks for Tower Framework. Fig. 630 \u2013 Pattern for Wire Covering of Tower Framework. Fig. 631 \u2013 Wire for Bridge and Railing. Fig. 632 \u2013 Wire Basket for Base. The Electric Wiring must be done before you cover the tower framework.\nThe Lamp Receptacle should be of the type with porcelain base, shown in Fig. 633. Run the wire ends of a 9-foot length of drop-cord through the holes in block A (Fig. 634), connect them to the binding-posts, screw the porcelain base to the block, and snap the brass cap into place.\n\nConnect the other end of the drop-cord through the hole in block B, and connect its wires to a plug (Fig. 632).\n\nThe Lantern is a mustard-jar with screw-cap (Fig. 635). The jar should approximate 2.5 inches in diameter and 5 inches in height. Its neck opening should be at least 1.5 inches in diameter to admit a small lamp bulb.\n\nTo install the lantern, cut an opening in the center of the screw-cap with a can-opener to admit the lamp receptacle (Fig.\nSlip the cap over the receptacle and solder them together. Then screw the jar into its cap. The lantern will be fastened securely but can be unscrewed and removed when necessary to gain access to the lamp. A small bulb of the shape of Fig. 637 may slip through the jar neck. If you cannot get one that fits, buy a slim, straight-sided candelabra bulb. Take the jar to an electrical dealer and ask for a bulb that will fit it. The flasher may be of the form shown in Fig. 638, made to screw into the lamp receptacle, or into the plug receptacle, or it may be of button form made to drop into the receptacle.\n\nFigs. 633 and 634. \u2014 Screw Lamp Receptacle to Top Block of Tower Framework.\nTard-Jar Lantern.\nMustard-Jar\nScrew-Cap to Fit over Lamp Receptacle.\n\nLantern.\nFlasher for Flashing Beacon.\nThe Outside Plastering of the tower and base may be of plaster-of-Paris or cement and sand. Plaster-of-Paris is easier to get in small quantities. Paint stores carry it. Mix it with water, a little at a time. It sets rapidly, but you can delay the setting by adding one part of a saturated solution of borax to twelve parts of the water with which you mix the plaster. If you use cement, mix it with sand in the proportions of one part cement to two parts sand.\n\nThe base basket has large mesh, and the plaster or cement will not hold on the wires without additional support. Line the inside of the basket with cardboard. Sew the cardboard to the wires. You can remove it after the cement has set. The smaller mesh of the tower walls will not require the lining.\n\nApply plaster-of-Paris in one coat, cement in two coats.\nWhen the plaster has hardened, mark off a doorway at the base of the tower and several windows above it. Scrape away the plaster inside these marks. You can scrape the plaster to the wire framework or to a depth of Ys inch. Finish the Tower by smoothing off rough places in the plaster with sandpaper. Paint the bridge and railing, the door, and the window recesses black.\n\nWhat are you doing with that toy electric motor you received last Christmas? Do you still give it your attention, have a genius for inventing new ways to use it, or have you lost interest in it? The photographs in Figs. 625 and 626, in Chapter XXXVIII, show a toy shooting-gallery with motor-driven targets that I designed and built to demonstrate an adaptation of the toy motor to a homemade toy. The idea may enable you.\nThe adjustment of your thinking-cap will enable the emergence of intriguing schemes. You will enjoy hours of fun with the toy shooting-gallery, boys will frequent your home more often, and Dad will welcome the opportunity to compete with you.\n\nFigs. 625 and 626, as well as the cross-section in Fig. 639, demonstrate how it functions. The rabbit targets are hinged to fall back when hit, and they right themselves automatically when the wheel upon which they are mounted makes a quarter revolution.\n\nThe base of the Shooting-Gallery is constructed from a grocery box. The box used for this project measures 9.5 inches deep, 10 inches wide, and 15 inches long, which is ample space to accommodate the pulley, motor, and battery cells or transformer. You may place the transformer inside the box. It was connected outside for the demonstration.\nThe Power Plant may be any type of toy motor. If its speed is geared down, a 7-inch pulley mounted upon the target disk shaft and belted to the motor pulley will reduce its speed sufficiently. However, if the motor is without gearing, you will need to rig up additional pulleys.\n\nMaking a Wooden Pulley:\nDescribe the correct diameter on a board and saw out the wheel with a coping-saw. True up the rim with a file and sandpaper. It is important to cut accurately. Cut the rim groove of uniform depth with a rat-tail file.\n\nMounting the Wheel:\nBore a \u00bd-inch hole through the center of the wooden pulley for shaft A (Figs. 639 and 640). Use a \u00bd-inch dowel-pin.\nTo create a simple pulley system, you will need a stick of this diameter for the shaft. From a 1x2 piece of wood, cut the two bearing-blocks C, of the right length to fit in the width of the box. Bore the shaft-hole through the center of each block. Fasten the bearing-blocks between the box sides, 4 inches below the upper end. One block should be against the box bottom, and the other one 4 inches away from it. Ensure the blocks are mounted on the same level for opposite shaft-holes. Bore the shaft-hole through the box bottom as well. Fasten the pulley to the shaft with a brad. Belt the pulley to the motor pulley using hard wrapping twine. Join the twine ends with a small, firm knot, or cement them with the type of cement used in model airplane construction. Mount the Motor.\nMake a block of wood slightly larger than the metal base. Screw one end of the block to the lower end of the box, but do not drive the screw all the way in. Make the string pulley-belt tight enough to lift the unfastened end of the motor slightly. The weight of the motor on the belt will take up the slack caused by slight variations in the diameter of the homemade wheel and its groove.\n\nMake the Target Disk 11 inches in diameter (E, Figs. 639 and 641), using a 12-inch board. Spool F serves as a bearing. Nail it to the disk and drive a screw through it for a set-screw to fasten the disk to shaft B.\n\nThe Rabbit Targets are shown in the large target detail (Fig. 641). Mark off a pattern into squares, as shown in Fig. 642. Draw a similar number of squares with lines spaced 0.5 inch apart.\nDraw the Rabbit Outline upon the squares exactly as it appears on the diagram. Make a tracing of the enlarged drawing and transfer it five times onto cardboard. Go over the outlines with ink, color some brown and some black, and cut a trifle outside of the lines. Mount the Targets with 1-inch hinges (H, Fig. 643).\n\nFig. 641. \u2014 Detail of Target Disk.\nFig. 642. \u2014 Pattern for Rabbit Target.\nFigs. 643 and 644. \u2014 Details of Target Mounting.\n\nSelect hinges that open and close easily. Separate the plies of cardboard along the belly of each rabbit target, as shown in Fig. 643, to admit one flap of a hinge, and rivet together the cardboard and hinges with small copper rivets or tacks driven through and clinched (Fig. 644).\n\nDivide the circumference of the target disk into six parts.\nand  screw  the  hinges  to  the  rim  at  these  points.  By  placing \nthe  hinges  so  that  their  pins  rest  upon  the  rim  of  the  disk, \nthe  ease  with  which  the  targets  drop  when  hit  can  be  regu\u00ac \nlated  by  tightening  or  loosening  the  screws  which  hold  the \nhinges  to  the  rim.  This  is  important,  because  if  the  screws \nare  too  loose,  the  targets  will  not  stand  up,  and  if  they  are \ntoo  tight,  the  targets  will  not  drop  when  hit. \nCut  Score  Numbers  from  a  calendar,  and  paste  them \nupon  the  targets  as  shown.  Numbers  2,  4,  5,  10,  15,  and \n25  are  a  good  selection  of  numbers  to  use.  There  should \nbe  one  bad-luck  target.  Whoever  hits  this  target  should \nlose  the  number  of  points  that  it  designates.  If  your  cal\u00ac \nendar  has  Sunday  or  holiday  dates  in  red,  use  one  of  the  red \nfigures  for  the  bad-luck  target. \nThe  Bean-Blower  Shooter \nis  shown  in  the  photographs  and  in  Fig.  639.  If  bean- \nBlowers are not in season when you build the shooting-gallery. Use a hollow curtain-rod of the same diameter. Mount the bean-blower in a hole bored through a wooden block (J, Fig. 639), and pivot the block to the shooting-gallery base with a pair of hinges (K). The dotted lines in Fig. 639 indicate how block J must be tilted to give the bean-blower the correct inclination to hit the targets. This will give you the range. You must time your blows so that the beans hit the targets as they pass. You can substitute a slingshot or an air-rifle for the bean-blower shooter to make the shooting more difficult, and shoot from a mark several yards in front of the targets.\n\nWhen you have assembled the toy shooting-gallery and adjusted its parts so that they work properly, take it down.\nAnd finish it with paint. Bright colors are best for the job. Trees and shrubbery are mounted upon the base top of my shooting-gallery model, to make a good setting for the racing rabbits. Use pieces of sponge, stained with green paint. Glue them in place.\n\nRules for Shooting and Scoring\nYou may make your own rules for shooting and scoring, but I suggest that you allow each contestant five shots each turn, and that the winning score be 150 points.\n\nChapter XL\nA Model Station for\nAn Electric Rail Road\n\nYour railroad equipment may include a station, but one is hardly enough for even a short line. Then there is your younger brother who may have a line of his own, and that cousin for whom you will soon need a gift for Christmas.\n\nThe homemade suburban type of depot shown in Fig. 645 and described in this chapter should answer the requirements.\nA Model Station for an Electric Railroad:\n\nRequirements: a box about 11 inches long, 7 inches wide, and 5 inches deep for the walls; two boards about 18 inches long and 5 inches wide for the roof; corrugated strawboard for imitation roofing-tile, and a board about 12 inches wide and 18 inches long for the platform. A wooden starch-box approximates these dimensions. If you don't find one at home, your grocer will have a box that will do. If it is a trifle large, it will not matter. If it is much too large, cut it down.\n\nCut the doors and windows in the box sides and ends, as shown in Fig. 647. Mark them with a ruler and pencil, then cut them with a coping-saw.\nTo admit a keyhole-saw for cutting window openings, bore small holes in the corners of the marked spaces. Saw from corner to corner as shown. You can save time by painting openings instead of cutting them, but cut openings look better, and you can improve them by hanging doors in the doorways and setting glass in the window openings.\n\nSTRAWBOARD BOARD-ROOF GABLE END ,CmMN\u00a3Y PLATFORM\n\nFig. 646. \u2013 End Elevation of Station and Platform.\nTwo Gable Ends are required to support the roof (Figs. 648 and 649). Make them 2 inches high with a width equal to the width of the roof. Be careful to cut them alike. Nail them to the box bottom at the ends, as shown in Fig. 648.\n\nFigs. 648 and 649. \u2013 Gable Ends.\nFig. 650. \u2013 Gable-End and Post Supports for Platform Roof.\nFig. 651. \u2013 Chimney Block.\nCut two roof boards of the right width to project 1.5 inches over the side walls, and of the right length to project 1.5 inches over one gable end and 6 inches over the other end. Whittle or plane off the upper edges to make them come together at the ridge, as shown in Fig. 646.\n\nMount the depot upon its platform so that about 1 inch of the board projects along one side and end. Nail the walls to the platform. Prepare a third gable end to fit under the overhanging roof (Fig. 650), and cut two square sticks for posts to fit between the gable end and platform.\n\nCut a chimney like that in Fig. 651, with lower end notched to fit over the roof ridge, and nail it to the roof.\n\nTile the roof with two pieces of corrugated strawboard. Cut them to fit the roof boards with a slight overhang on all sides.\nAnd glue and tack them in place. Trim the Door and Window Openings with narrow strips of cigar-box wood or other thin wood, as shown in Fig. 645. Fasten the strips with glue and brads. Paint the Station with yellow or green walls, red or green roof, red chimney, and brown platform. Letter the name of the town upon each gable. Build a Freight-House similar to the station, but omit the covered platform, and provide a large doorway in the center of the front. Build a Power-House for the electric transformer or dry cells; or hinge or peg the station to its platform, and use it to conceal the power-plant.\n\nChapter XLI\nA Bean-Blow-Gun\nHere is an interesting home-made gun designed to shoot beans at a target. It looks like a real gun, as you will see by the photograph of Fig. 652. Its barrel is built upon the stock.\n\nBuild a Bean-Blow-Gun:\n\nMaterials:\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 12 inches long\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 6 inches long\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 3 inches long\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 2 inches long\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1-inch pipe, 1/2 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/2 inch pipe, 3 inches long\n- 1 piece of 1/2 inch pipe, 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/2 inch pipe, 1/2 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/2 inch pipe, 1/4 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/4 inch pipe, 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/4 inch pipe, 1/2 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/4 inch pipe, 1/4 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/8 inch pipe, 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/8 inch pipe, 1/2 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/8 inch pipe, 1/4 inch long\n- 1 piece of 1/8 inch pipe, 1/8 inch long\n- 1 piece of cork\n- 1 piece of rubber tubing, 1 foot long\n- 1 piece of rubber tubing, 6 inches long\n- 1 piece of rubber tubing, 3 inches long\n- 1 piece of rubber tubing, 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of leather or rubber, 1 inch square and 1/8 inch thick\n- 1 piece of cloth, 1 inch square and 1/8 inch thick\n- 1 piece of felt, 1 inch square and 1/8 inch thick\n- 1 piece of cork, 1 inch square and 1/8 inch thick\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch square and 1 inch thick\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch square and 1 inch long\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch square and 1/2 inch long\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch square and 1/4 inch long\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1/2 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1/4 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/2 inch long and 1 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/2 inch long and 1/2 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/2 inch long and 1/4 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/4 inch long and 1 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/4 inch long and 1/2 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1/4 inch long and 1/4 inch wide\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1 inch wide (for trigger)\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1/2 inch wide (for trigger guard)\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1/4 inch wide (for trigger guard)\n- 1 piece of wood, 1 inch long and 1 inch wide (for stock)\n- 1 piece\nA tin bean-blower, which provides a smooth bore for the bean ammunition. The rubber-tubing extension, through which you blow, makes it possible to keep your eyes on the sights while you discharge the gun. You drop the beans into a magazine instead of feeding them into the tube with your mouth, as you would load a bean-blower. This keeps the beans dry, and they do not swell and clog the barrel. (Figure 656 shows a detail of the completed bean-blow gun, with its parts labeled.)\n\nFirst, prepare the stock by the pattern of Figure 657. The squares on the pattern represent spaces \u00bd inch long and \u00bd inch wide on the full-size pattern. To make your pattern, draw eighteen horizontal lines and six vertical lines on a piece of board 2\u00bd inches wide and 8\u00bd inches long, then locate the curves and straight lines in the relative positions shown.\nFig. 657. Pattern for Laying Out Stock.\n\nThe Barrel:\nIf it's out of season for bean-blowers when you want to make the bean-blow gun, use any metal tubing of 0.5-inch diameter. You can find a hollow curtain-rod of the right size. The tube should measure 14 inches long. To prepare it for the gun, cut a hole in its side, 2 inches from one end, large enough for a bean to drop through (Fig. 658). Drive a dowel-stick or a stick whittled to the right diameter into the end of the tube to support the tin, and cut the hole with a file.\n\nFig. 652. The Bean-Blow-Gun Shoots Straight to the Bull's-Eye.\n\nFig. 653. The Feeding-Hens Toy is Worked by a Pendulum. (See Chapter XLII.)\n\nFig. 654. The Air-Spinner Zooms.\nFig. 655. The Vibrating Platform Makes the Puppet Dance. (See Chapter XLIII.)\nFig. 658. Bean-Blower Barrel.\nFig. 659. Rubber-Tubing Extension.\nFig. 660. Spool Casing for Barrel.\nFig. 661. Spool Sliding-Sleeve.\nFigs. 662-666. Details of Metal Straps and Sights.\nFigs. 667 and 668. Details of Trigger and Trigger-Guard.\nEncase the bean-blower from muzzle to stock with spools of equal size (Fig. 660). Whittle off the flanges of five spools (D), whittle off one flange of a sixth spool (E), and leave both flanges on a seventh spool (F). Coat the spools with glue or cement, slip them over the end of the bean-blower, push them close together, and hold until the glue or cement has set.\n\nThe Sliding Sleeve\nBuild up three spools (G and H, Figs. 656 and 661) and place them over the barrel next to spool F. Glue these spools end to end but do not glue them to the bean-blower. The sleeve must slide to open and close the opening between the magazine and the firing chamber. Fasten half-spool I (Figs. 656 and 662) to the bean-blower, 1 inch from spool H (Fig. 656). This should leave 1 inch at the end of the tube to glue to the rubber-tubing extension. Cut a hole through spool H in the proper place so it will come directly over the hole in tube B when you slide the sleeve against spool I.\n\nThe Assembly\nAssemble the barrel and stock using straps J and K (Fig. 656). Cut straps from a tin can; strap J of the size shown in Fig. 663, and strap K of the size shown in Fig. 664. Fold strap K in the middle.\nTwist the folded end into a tip like that shown in Fig. 662 for The Rear Sight. Punch a small hole through the tip for a peep-sight. Tack or screw the tin straps to spools F and I (Figs. 660 and 661). Bend their lower ends around the stock and tack them to the stock.\n\nFor the Front Sight, fold double a piece of tin of the size of L (Fig. 666), and drive it into a notch cut in the spool at the barrel muzzle.\n\nMake a Trigger of a screw-hook bent into the shape of M (Fig. 667), and make a trigger guard of a plumber's pipe-strap, or a strip of tin bent into the shape of N, and punched for screws. Fig. 668 shows the size to cut the strip.\n\nGlue or cement the rubber tubing to the end of the bean-blower.\n\nA BEAN-BLOWGUN\n\nFinishing\nYou will want to finish the bean-blowgun. Stain the wood walnut color, then wax it, and paint the metal bands.\nAnd the sights are black. How The Gun Works You will see by the diagrams how, when you close the chamber by sliding the sleeve over to the positions shown in Fig. 656, and drop a bean into the magazine hole in sleeve-spool H, the bean rests on top of the bean-blower B, and how, when you open the chamber by sliding the sleeve back, the bean drops into the bean-blower. Having dropped the bean into the firing-chamber, push the sleeve forward, then discharge the bean by blowing into the end of rubber tubing C.\n\nThis pendulum toy, shown in the photograph of Fig. 653 in the preceding chapter, is a simple mechanical toy invented by a foreign toy-maker. To operate it, hold the handle attached to the platform on which the five hens are mounted, and give the toy a slight rotary motion to cause the pendulum to swing in a circle. As the pendulum swings, the rooster figure at the end of the pendulum pecks the hen figure at the bottom of the toy, causing it to lay an egg, which rolls down a chute and falls into a basket.\nThe hens swing, lowering their heads and then raising them, mimicking feeding. Pendulum cords run to tacks in the neck ends. When these are taut, the heads are held erect as in Fig. 669, and when they are slack, the heads drop, as in Fig. 670.\n\nThe Five Hens\nCut blocks of the dimensions of A (Fig. 671), for The Bodies. Slot one end to receive the neck, the other end to receive the tail. Shape them into the form shown in Fig. 672, using a jack-knife, a file, and sandpaper. Drill two small holes for The Legs. Whittle pegs 1 inch long and 0.5 inch square for these, coat the ends with glue, and drive them into the holes drilled in the body.\n\nThe Feeding-Hens Toy 375\nThe Head and Neck and the Tail (B and C, Fig. 673) may be cut out of cigar-box wood. Make a set of squares.\nFigs. 669 and 670. \u2014 Hens for the Toy Shown in the Photograph of Fig. 653 (opposite Page 370).\nFig. 671. \u2014 Body-Block Before Shaping.\nFig. 672. \u2014 Body-Block After Shaping.\nFig. 673. \u2014 Patterns for Head, Neck, and Tail.\nSimilar to the patterns, with lines ruled i/4 inch apart, locate upon them the curves and straight lines.\n\nTHREAD\n\nFigs. 669 and 670 represent the hen models for the toy depicted in Fig. 653's photograph (opposite Page 370).\nFig. 671 displays the body-block before shaping.\nFig. 672 shows the body-block after shaping.\nFig. 673 presents the patterns for the head, neck, and tail.\nCut out the enlarged patterns and use them to mark around on pieces of a cigar-box. Saw out the pieces with a coping-saw or cut them with your knife.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS' HOBBIES\n\nDrill a small hole through the neck for a brad pivot, and drive a tack in the end for attaching the pendulum cord.\nOnce you have prepared the parts, pivot the neck in its slot in the body and glue the tail in its slot. Drive the brad pivot in the right position to run through the hole in the neck.\nThe Feeding Platform\nCut the platform from a box board. Figure 674 shows a plan. Describe the circle for the outer edge, then a circle with a radius of 2.5 inches, on which to locate holes for the hens' legs, and an inner circle with a radius of 1.5 inches on which to locate holes for the pendulum cords. Divide the inner circle into five equal parts, and each division point will be a center for a 1.5 inch hole. Draw radial lines from the center through the points and locate holes for the hens' legs 0.5 inch to each side of these lines.\n\nThe Feeding-Hens Toy\nThe Handle is a piece of heavy wire bent into a loop (E, Figs. 674 and 675). Drill holes in the edge of the platform and drive the wire ends into them.\n\nThe Pendulum\nA spinning top makes the best-looking pendulum (Fig. 675).\n\nDetailed description of the Wire Handle (Fig. 675)\nDetailed description of the Spool Pendulum (Fig. 676).\nTo mount the hens, coat the leg-ends with glue and stick them into the holes in the platform. Tie heavy linen thread or light-weight wrapping-twine to the tacks in the neck ends for the pendulum cords. Run the cords through the holes in the platform, through the hole of the spool pendulum, and knot them. Make the distance between the pendulum and the platform about 5 inches. Finish the toy as you like, with paint, stain, enamel, or lacquer. Bright colors are best. Indicate poultry feed on the center of the platform with small daubs of yellow paint.\n\nYou can make the air-spinner rise perpendicularly, or spiral to the right or to the left, according to how you adjust it.\nThe tips of the toy zoom until the spinning momentum is expended, often to a surprising height, and then slip back to earth. refer to Figure 654 (opposite page 370) for the completed toy and its spinning device. The photograph of Figure 654, opposite page 370, and Figure 677 of the working diagrams also show this.\n\nFor Materials:\nObtain a large thread-spool (Figure 678), a pair of phonograph needles (Figure 679), a common nail one inch longer than the spool (Figure 680), and a broom-handle end 4 inches long (Figures 678 and 679). - Spool and Phonograph Needles for Launching Device.\n- Nail Pivot for Spool (Figure 680).\n- Broom-Handle End for Handle (Figure 681).\nAdditionally, get a piece of tin cut from the side of a tin can.\n\nThe Spinning Device is assembled as indicated in Figures 678 to 681. Drive the phonograph needles part way into the spool end, with a hammer or blunt object.\nDrill a hole in the end of the broom-handle, a trifle smaller than the nail. Slip the nail through the spool and drive it into the drilled hole. Trim the top edge of the spool-hole so you can countersink the nail head.\n\nThe Spinner is a piece of tin of the shape and size of the pattern in Fig. 682. Make a tracing of the pattern, transfer it upon the piece of tin, cut out with a pair of tin snips or old scissors, and drill the center holes a trifle larger than the needles.\n\nWhen you have cut and drilled the spinner, bend down the tips as indicated in Fig. 682, then bend the spinner slightly at the center so the straight edges will slant up from the center to the tips.\n\nTo launch the Air-Spinner, place it upon the spinning device as shown in Fig. 677. Use it accordingly.\nWind cotton wrapping-twine around the spool for the spinning-cord. Tie a match or brad to the end for a grip. Pull with the right hand while holding the handle with the left hand. Instead of manipulating the feet of this puppet with strings, make them dance by vibrating the dancing-platform with your fingers. Light tapping produces slow movements, fast and heavy tapping produces lively movements. With practice, you will become expert in handling the puppet and can make it dance to the accompaniment of whistling or music from the radio, phonograph, piano, and other instruments. This is a good toy for a Christmas gift for your younger brother.\nThe Puppet is of simple construction. You will find this out by the diagram (Fig. 683) shown above. Cut the parts out of a box board, % or % inch thick. A coping-saw will be handy for the cutting, with a jack-knife and a file to finish shaping the hands and feet, and sandpaper to smooth the surfaces.\n\nPatterns for Body (Fig. 684), Arms and Hands (Figs. 685 and 686), Legs and Feet (Figs. 687-689), and the detail of the Shoe (Fig. 690) are provided. Use the pattern of Fig. 684 for the body block, Fig. 685 for the arm blocks, Fig. 686 for the hands, Fig. 687 for the upper portion of the legs.\nFig. 688 and 689 show the lower portion of the legs and feet for the shoes. Shape the toe of the shoes as shown. Assemble the parts with heavy linen thread or cotton wrapping-twine. Drive tacks into the parts where you attach strings. The diagrams show the use of double-pointed tacks, but any kind with heads large enough to hold the strings will do. Tie the strings so there is enough length between the tacks to make the joints work freely.\n\nBore a 2-inch hole % inch deep in the body (Figs. 683 and 691) to receive the Neck. The Neck is a \u00bd-inch dowel-stick or stick whittled to this diameter, 3\u00bd inches long (Fig. 692). Drill a \u00bd6-inch hole through the stick near one end, slip this end into the body, and pivot with a brad.\n\nThe Head is a rubber ball (Fig. 693). Cut a hole in the ball.\nBall: Push the neck-stick through the hole as far as the opposite side of the ball, and screw a small screw-eye through the ball into the end of the stick. Drill a hole in the neck-stick so that the screw will drive in without splitting it. Finish the puppet with lacquer or enamel colors. It is easiest to finish the parts before assembling them. I used black for the head, hands, and feet; red for the coat; green for the trousers and legs; and yellow for the stockings. Then, I drove tiny round-headed brass tacks into the coat for buttons and made a collar of white paper, as shown in Fig. 655. When the painted head had dried, I added eyes, nose, mouth, and ears with white paint. Then, when the white paint had dried, I drove round-headed brass nails through the eyes for pupils.\n\nThe Dancing-Platform\nUse a shingle or other thin piece of wood, or a piece of cardboard, for the platform. Est one end of the platform on a chair, and sit upon it to hold it, as shown in Fig. 655.\n\nTo Manipulate the Puppet\nTie a string or thread to the head screw-eye, to slip over the second finger of your left hand. Tie another string to each wrist of the puppet, and make loops in the ends, one to slip over your little finger, the other over your thumb. With the puppet thus supported by the left hand, use your right hand to vibrate the dancing-platform.\n\nChapter XLV\nA Puppet Theater\nThis might be a moving-picture theater as well as a puppet theater, if you or your friend should own a projector. A reel of pictures thrown upon the screen, while puppet scenery is being shifted, helps to sustain interest.\nBuilding a Puppet Theater and Preparing Puppets: A Delightful Hobby for You and Your Friends\n\nThe challenges we boys faced in preventing audiences from returning stage or leaving during intermissions are long gone. This was before the advent of moving pictures. You're fortunate to be boys in this day and age.\n\nThere's been a resurgence of interest in puppet shows lately, and a good performance draws a full house. Adults enjoy the shows as much as children do. However, the fun isn't limited to the audience. In fact, it's even more enjoyable to create and operate the puppets. In this chapter, I will provide you with suggestions for constructing a theater, making scenery, and preparing and operating puppets. If you can rally two or three of your friends to seriously pursue the development of puppet shows this fall and winter, I assure you that the experience will be a most delightful hobby.\n\nA Puppet Theater\nBuild a portable theater for exhibition at different places. The Doorway Theater in Fig. 694 is suitable for a portable theater. Since publishing the following plans and suggestions for building the theater in Fig. 694, a Doorway Theater is:\n\nEasy to Set Up\n\n\"Child Life\" has received the endorsement of Tony Sarg, illustrator, cartoonist, and puppet show creator, who has won an international reputation for creating the most remarkable puppets. If you can set up the theater in a doorway as shown, you will be saved the trouble of hanging curtains on either side to conceal what the audience should not see, including the operators, or puppeteers. However, if no doorway is available, you must resort to hangings.\nThe doorway theater's stage should be a card-table or other small table, with a top about 28 inches square. Place this in the doorway as shown in Fig. 695. Build the front of the stage, known as the Proscenium. Construct a frame of four laths or lattice strips, crossed as shown in Fig. 696, and cover the frame with a piece of wallboard. Saw out the center of the wallboard to form an arched opening. Make the width of the opening the same as the width of the table, and the height 18 inches. Attach loops of string to tacks driven into the top frame-strip, near the ends, as shown in Fig. 696. Hang the loops on push-pins inserted into the door-casings from the front, the proscenium will appear as shown. (Build the Proscenium of Laths and Wallboard.)\nPaint the Proscenium with radiator bronze or decorate it with gold or silver stripes cut from wallpaper, and fill in between the stripes with lacquer. The Stage Curtain is a window-shade of the right width to fit in brackets fastened to the door-jambs. possibly you will find an old shade in your storeroom. You can readily cut down one that is too wide, and if the material is torn too badly, replace it with new shade-cloth or oilcloth. If you cannot find a shade or a roller at home, perhaps you can get one among the neighbors. Screw the shade-brackets to the door-jambs near the door head, then the shade will serve the double purpose of stage-curtain and screen for the puppeteers.\n\nTo raise and lower the stage Curtain and Fixtures:\nCurtain, there must be strings. Screw two screw-eyes into the door-jambs on either side of the door head. Attach the strings to these eyes and to the top of the curtain. To raise the curtain, pull the strings. To lower it, let go.\n\nFor the fixtures, attach strings to the bottom of each one and screw eyes into the door-jambs at the desired heights. Attach the strings to these eyes and to the fixtures. To raise or lower the fixtures, pull or let go of the strings accordingly.\nThe stick in the hem of the shade, one near each end, tie a piece of wrapping-twine to each screw-eye. Run the strings through small screw-eyes screwed into the door jambs near the floor (Fig. 695), then around the stage table legs, and tie the ends. A Proscenium Drop should be provided in addition to the curtain. Make this of velour or other drapery material, and drape it around the proscenium, as shown in Stage-Settings Fig. 694. It shows a simple setting, with one puppet on the stage. Fig. 700 shows the same setting, with the puppeteer manipulating the strings that control the puppet's movements. Suggestions for other settings will be found in Chapter XXIV of The Boy Craftsman.\n\nScenery and Properties -\nFig. 700. \u2014 This is the way to make the scenery and properties as indicated in the text.\nA puppet theater requires cardboard, wrapping paper, blocks of wood, tacks, and colored crayons. Scenery includes the drops and wings of a stage-setting. Properties include the smaller parts of a setting \u2014 towers, houses, gardens, walls, furniture, and vehicles.\n\nA back drop is shown in Fig. 701. It is made of wrapping paper. The upper two-thirds is colored blue for the sky with white clouds. The lower one-third is made dark brown for the ground. Sketch it out as shown, with a winding road at the center, or change the layout to suit your own ideas. Tack the drop to upright sticks.\n\nFig. 701 - Back Drop Frame.\nFig. 702 - Clump of Trees and Shrubbery for Wing.\nFig. 703 - Tack Small Scenery to Wooden Blocks, Like This.\nFig. 704 - Tower Built of Cartons, for Castle.\nFig. 705 - Cottage and Garden-Wall Wing.\nMake a large book for boys' hobbies. Attach the back of the stage to the puppeteers\u2019 platform as shown in Fig. 700. If not for wings and props, the audience would see through the open sides of the stage. Fig. 702 depicts a clump of Trees and Shrubbery. Draw this on box cardboard, cut it out, color it green, and shade it with black. Attach it to a base-block as shown in Fig. 703.\n\nA tower for a scene with a castle can be easily made from two oatmeal cartons. Join the cartons end to end as shown in Fig. 704. Notch the top carton to form parapet battlements, and make a cornice molding of several turns of string, coated with glue, and wound around the carton. Cut window openings, or indicate them with paint.\n\nA Cottage and Garden Wall are shown in Fig. 705. Cut the window openings and paste transparent paper over them.\nSmall rag dolls make the best puppets for a puppet theater. Rag Dolls With Altered Joints, as shown in Fig. 706, are an option. The cloth at each joint is opened, and some stuffing is removed. The cloth is then brought together and sewn. The same is done at the trunk, as indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 706. Then, a band of thread is sewn. Fig. 707 shows thread controls and sticks for supporting them.\nUse muslin around the waist. If you don't have a sister to borrow dolls from, buy small rag dolls or attach small doll heads to homemade rag bodies. Ask Mother for help in shaping them. The puppets require several changes of costume. You will be lucky if Mother or Sister accepts the appointment as wardrobe mistress. Use paper dolls if you cannot obtain help in shaping rag dolls. Mount them as suggested in Chapter XXIV of \"The Boy Craftsman.\" With characters from colored comics to select from, you have great possibilities for cardboard puppets.\n\nThe Thread Controls for puppets are shown in Fig. 707. Use fine linen thread. Attach a 24-inch-long piece to each leg of the puppet at the knee and tie the free ends to tacks.\nDrive sticks A, B, and C as follows: Attach stick B and C with nails, and insert a tack into both ends of each. Tie threads to the puppet's wrists and connect them to one tack in crosspiece B. Fasten a thread to the puppet's back and join it to the second tack in crosspiece B. Attach a thread to each ear and tie the other ends to tacks in crosspiece C. A hole is in the center of stick A for slipping it over the nail in strip C to combine the sticks.\n\nManipulating the Puppets\nWith the seven threads connected as shown, you can put a puppet through any desired movements. Control the leg threads with the right hand, and manage the other threads with the left hand.\n\n[Figure 700] depicts a puppeteer guiding a puppet.\nMovements. Grocery boxes of different heights make good platforms. The Stage Lighting. Light the stage from the front and sides with floor lamps, or drop-cords, or both. It is easy to adjust these to get the desired effects. You can throw colored tissue-papers or silks over the lamps to produce colored lighting. Other suggestions for lighting will be found in \u201cThe Boy Craftsman.\u201d Puppet Plays. You will probably find a book of puppet plays in your local public library. Fairy tales are always popular, because audiences are familiar with them. But after you have become expert in handling your puppets, you will have little difficulty in devising puppet scenarios of your own. A thrilling aviation story, or detective story can be built up from the day's news, or from a current magazine, and will \u201cgo across big.\u201d You will enjoy working up something along modern lines.\nSome boys make games their hobby. They have done so for several years. Indoor and outdoor games are on their program. They plan games a season ahead, decide who is to play whom and what and when, and play off this schedule in tournament style. Each boy of the group is more or less expert in his favorite games, but the best calculations are often upset, and no one can predict who will be the season's champion of this game series, or of that, or who will be the all-round champion. As you may imagine, the boys get lots of fun out of their game tournaments.\n\nIf the game-tournament idea appeals to the boys in your hobby club, you will be interested in homemade equipment. There is little room, in this book of many hobbies, to devote to the subject, but you will find the following information on it.\nSuggestions to your liking, I am sure, and you may supplement them with ideas from my book Home-made Games and Game Equipment. You will find this book in your public library. The book contains suggestions, also, for conducting game tournaments and for making prize cups, medals, score indicators, and score books.\n\nGame Equipment\n\nTable Tennis\nBrought out as a fad when your Dad was a boy, table tennis has survived the fad period and has established itself as one of our standard indoor games. Indeed, its popularity is greater now than ever before. Everyone enjoys it, and everyone can play it. It has the fascination of lawn tennis, but it is not as strenuous a game.\n\nYou can easily make every part of a table tennis outfit, except the balls.\n\nThe court may be laid out on a large library table (Fig. 708), or a dining table extended. If neither is available, you may use a door, a wall, or a large piece of plywood. The court should be about 27 feet long and 12 feet wide, with the net extending 6 feet on each side. The net should be 6 inches high at the ends and 3 inches high in the center. The net should be suspended from a cord 6 feet above the floor. The floor should be smooth and free from any obstructions. The table or other surface used for the court should be covered with a smooth, even layer of sandpaper or other suitable material. The paddles or rackets may be made from thin pieces of wood, covered with a layer of rubber or other suitable material. The balls may be purchased from a sporting goods store.\nBuy a piece of wallboard 4 feet wide and 8 feet long. Figure 708. The tennis court can be laid out on a large table or on a frame covered with wallboard. Tack it to a frame made of 1x2 stock. Support the frame on small tables, chair backs, boxes, or a pair of horses.\n\nMarking Out the Court. You can mark out the court on a table without injuring the finish, by use of a chalk line. Take a length of cotton line and chalk it from end to end. Give your partner one end of the string to hold, while you hold the other end. Lower the string to the surface of the table, at a point where you wish to mark a line, and while it is pulled taut, grasp it at its center, raise it 1 inch or so, and let it snap back to the surface. This will make a straight, well-defined line that you can easily wash off.\nFig. 709. - Table Tennis-Court Layout\nFig. 710. - Tennis Net and Post\nFig. 711. - Detail of Wire Post\n\nGame Equipment: 399\n\nFig. 709 suggests the layout of a table court. A Wallboard Court may be marked off with crayon or strips of gummed tape.\n\nMake the Tennis Net of a strip of curtain net, marquisette, or other material. Bind the upper and lower edges, if necessary, with tape, and cut the tape ends long enough to tie to the posts (Fig. 710).\n\nThe Tennis-net Posts (Figs. 710 and 711) are details of a tennis-net post. Make a pair of this type out of No. 8 wire, with the base shaped to grip the edge of the table with a snug fit. Fold pieces of blotter or cardboard over the table edges to keep the wire from marring the surface.\n\nMake Tennis Rackets like that shown in Fig. 712. You may saw them out of wood.\nBoxes should be made of boards inch thick. Plywood is better if obtainable, as it does not split or warp. Reinforce box-boards by gluing muslin over both surfaces. Mark out rackets as shown in Fig. 713. After cutting and smoothing surfaces, finish with lacquer or wood stain.\n\nTable tennis balls are of celluloid. Small rubber balls can be used instead, but they are not as good due to their weight. Purchase celluloid balls where games are sold, as they are inexpensive.\n\nRules for table tennis are similar to those for the outdoor game, but make such changes in regulations as your table court suggests.\n\nA ring-toss target: The big, brightly painted target shown in the photograph.\nFig. 714 will be enjoyed by all family members, especially you, whose hands and eyes have been trained for straight tossing, by basketball and other games. It will be a good investment of time to make the target, as you will use it year-round, indoors on winter evenings, and on the lawn in summer.\n\nMake the target of a piece of wallboard 32 inches square. If a carpenter in the neighborhood doesn't have a piece of the right size, you may have to buy a full-size sheet at the lumber yard, but whatever is left over will be useful for other models. The diameter of the target may be less, however, to suit a smaller piece of wallboard.\n\nThe Target Face is shown in Fig. 718's diagram, with the radii for the bull's-eye and outer disks. Use a string with a brad or pin at one end for a center, and a compass to draw the circles.\nFig. 715. The Board for Checkers and Solitaire is of convenient size for traveling.\nFig. 714. This Ring-Toss Target will be used indoors in winter and on the lawn in summer.\nFig. 716. The Quiz Clock will furnish hours of fun. (See Chapter XLVII.)\nFig. 717. The Quiz is conducted by means of the \u201cQuestion\u201d and \u201cAnswer\u201d knobs.\n\nGame Equipment:\nPencil slipped through a loop, at the other end, to describe three circles. Then locate centers for the outer disks, along the second circle, by means of a vertical line, a horizontal line, and two 45-degree lines, drawn through the center of the circle.\n\nFig. 718. Diagram for Laying Out the Target Face.\nFig. 719. Cross-Section of Target and Easel.\nFig. 720. Detail of Easel.\nFig. 721. Detail of Screw-Hook Pin.\nFig. 722. Detail of Target Shoe Block.\n\nMake the easel of two pieces of lath or lattice strip (B)\nCut strip B, 30 inches long, and strip C, 26 inches long. Hinge the upper ends of the strips. Rivet or screw hinge flaps to the stick-ends as shown in Fig. 720. Rivet strip B to the back of the target, along the center. Attach a check-chain of brass chain or strong cord to brass screw-eyes screwed into strips B and C. The easel will be complete, except for the shoe (F, Figs. 718 and 719), for the target foot. Cut the shoe block of the dimensions given in Fig. 722. Slot its upper edge to receive the edge of the target. Glue and nail the block to the target.\n\nPaint the Target with three coats of red enamel. Allow plenty of time for drying between applications. The enamel will conceal the target rings.\nCenters quickly and redraw the circles. Trace the score numbers from a large calendar or block them out with ruler or pencil. Center the numbers upon the disks. The bulle-eye is marked 25, the outer disks 5 \" and 10\". Outline the numbers with lead pencil, then fill in around the bulle-eye number with radiator bronze, and around the outer disk numbers with black enamel. This will leave the numbers red.\n\nThe Target-pins (G, Fig. 719) are brass hooks 3 inches long (Fig. 721). There are nine of them. Screw three hooks through the center, top, and bottom disks, into easel-strip B, and screw the other six hooks through the wall-board into small wooden blocks, like H in Fig. 721. Glue the blocks to the target back.\n\nFor Tossing-rings, use five preserve-jar rubbers.\n\nRules for Tossing and Scoring\nLet the size of the room determine the Tossing-line. Make handicap allowances to small players. One good plan is to establish a close-up line, from which all players shall start, and then move the line back 12 inches or more after each ringer, until the end of the room is reached.\n\nTo count the score, count ringers by the number of points indicated on the bull's-eye and disks. Also, count points for rings that rest upon the disks at the end of a turn, as follows: 5 points for a ring that rests upon the bull's-eye, two points for a ring that rests upon a 10 disk, and one point for a ring that rests upon a 5 disk. Establish 50 or 100 points as the game.\n\nA Checker-solitaire Board\nThe photograph in Fig. 715 shows a small checker-solitaire board.\nMake a sizeable board for checkers or solitaire, suitable for travel and home use. Small bags with draw-strings are attached to the corners to store checker men and solitaire pegs when not in use.\n\nCreate a board of 0.5-inch or 0.6-inch thick stock. Square up the block, plane the surfaces smooth, and plane a small bevel on the edges. Then sand down.\n\nTo create the playing surface, measure off eight divisions of 0.5 inch along each edge and connect opposite points with straight lines. The line intersections will be the centers for holes for solitaire pegs, except three at each corner (Fig. 723).\n\nBore peg holes at the thirty-seven intersections with a 0.5-inch bit, to a depth of 0.25 inch. Make starter holes with the point of a nail.\nWhen you have bored the peg holes, bevel their tops slightly with a countersink bit or your knife, and give all surfaces a final rubbing with sandpaper. Finish the Board with lacquer or enamel. Lacquer is easy to apply on a small surface like the board, and its quick drying is in its favor. Lacquer the squares red and white, or black and white, and lacquer the edges of the board red or black. Use a medium-sized water-color brush for filling in the squares, and paint close to the lines, with care not to let the lacquer run over the lines. For Checker Men, buy wooden button-molds 1/2 inch in diameter. Use them flat side down for men (Fig. 724), and with flat sides together for crowned men. Provide twenty-four of each kind.\nEight men. Lacquer half of them one color, the other half another color. This number will provide two spares of each color.\n\nFor Solitaire Pegs, saw %-inch dowel-sticks into forty pieces, 1 inch long (Fig. 725). This number will provide four spares. Smooth up the surfaces of the pegs with sandpaper, then lacquer all alike, red or black.\n\nThe bags to hold the checker men and solitaire pegs should be no larger than necessary. The open end should be equipped with a draw-string for closing it. The bottom should have a short tape sewn to it to fasten it to the board. Give Mother or Sister the specifications. Either one can finish the bags in a few minutes on the sewing machine.\n\nScrew brass screw-eyes into two corners of the board and tie the bags to them.\n\nPlaying Rules:\nYou know how to play checkers. You may not have the following rules:\n\n1. The game is played on a board with sixty-four squares, eight by eight.\n2. The sixteen dark squares are occupied by the player's men at the beginning of the game.\n3. The sixteen light squares are occupied by the opponent's men.\n4. The player whose turn it is moves one of his men to an adjacent square, diagonally forward, if it is unoccupied.\n5. If the opponent's man is on an adjacent square, the player's man captures it by jumping over it to the square beyond.\n6. A player's men may only move forward, never backward.\n7. A player's kinged man may move forward, backward, or sideways, one square at a time.\n8. A player's man becomes a king when it reaches the opposite end of the board.\n9. The game is won when all of the opponent's men have been captured.\nknow  how  to  work  the  solitaire  problems.  There  are  several \nproblems.  One  is  to  stick  the  pegs  into  all  the  holes  but \none.  Then  to  jump  the  pegs,  one  at  a  time,  removing  each \nBIG  BOOK  OF  BOYS\u2019  HOBBIES \npeg  jumped,  until  all  the  pegs  but  one  have  been  removed. \nThere  are  seven  ways  to  do  this.  If  you  work  long  enough, \nyou  will  surely  discover  one  of  the  ways.  The  seven \nsolutions,  and  two  other  problems  and  their  solutions  are \nillustrated  and  described  in  Chapter  XX  of  Home-made \nGames  and  Game  Equipment.\u2019^ \nThe  popularity  of  games  to  determine  how  much  you \nknow,  or  how  little  you  know,  has  brought  forth  devices, \nmechanically  and  electrically  operated,  that  ask  questions \nand  give  correct  answers.  The  quiz  clock,  shown  by  the \nphotographs  in  Figs.  716  and  717,  opposite  page  400,  is \nmy  contribution  to  this  field  of  entertainment,  and  it  will \nYou will find it fun to assemble the quiz clock and prepare the cards for quizzing. Fig. 726 shows a detail of the clock's front with an answer dial inserted. Fig. 727 displays the clock's back and the \"question\" and \"answer\" knobs. Since there isn't space on the clock case for a question card, you must make a separate card, like the one in Fig. 733, and number the questions to correspond to the positions of the answers on the answer dial.\n\nThis Is How the Quiz Clock Works\nReferring to the question card in Fig. 733, which is suggested for the inventors' card in your series, suppose I ask, as a test question, \"Who invented the Telegraph?\" You state who you think was the inventor. Then, I set the answer on the clock.\n\nBIG BOOK OF BOYS' HOBBIES\nQuestion knob at the number opposite the question on the card, which in this case is No. 4, and turn the answer knob around and around until the alarm rings. Referring to the clock answer-dial, you find that the hand points to \"Samuel F. B. Morse,\" and you know whether or not you answered my question correctly. Then, I turn the question-knob one point to the right, thus shutting off the alarm, and proceed with the next question.\n\nWhen one set of questions has been answered, it requires but an instant to replace the answer-dial with another, in readiness to start the next quiz with the corresponding question-card.\n\nA worn-out clock will do provided the alarm spring is intact, and usually that portion of a discarded clock is in good working order. If you cannot find a clock at home for the job, scout around among others.\nTo prepare the clock: Remove the glass, alarm hand, and minute hand. Figure 726 shows the removed parts from the face (see Photograph of Figure 716 opposite page 400). Figure 727 demonstrates the remodeled back. Leave the alarm key on its post, but unscrew the time key, which is not needed, and slip off the alarm knob and time knob as they require larger heads.\n\nFig. 726. \u2013 Remove Glass, Alarm-Hand, and Minute-Hand from Face. (See Photograph of Fig. 716 opposite Page 400.)\nFig. 727. \u2013 Remodel the Back of the Case, Like This.\nFigs. 728-731. \u2013 Details of Spool-End Knob-Heads.\nFig. 732. \u2013 Diagram of Answer-Dial Card,\n\nThe knob-heads are spool ends. Obtain a spool with ends not larger than 1 inch in diameter (Fig. 728), or, for a small clock, a smaller spool will suffice.\nTo make a clock spool, use two spools of equal diameter on a dowel-stick. Hold one spool while sawing the ends off the other. Ensure equal thickness and smooth surfaces with sandpaper. For mounting knob-heads, enlarge spool hole ends with a knife. Melt sealing wax over a candle flame and drip into spool holes and under clock knob-heads (Figs. 729, 730, 731). Level off wax with a knife-blade and sand smooth once hardened. Plug knob stems.\nWith matches, apply wax to keep the spool from filling more than the upper part. The wax will bind the spool ends firmly to the clock knobs. If the sealing-wax breaks and a spool end separates from the clock knob, remelt the wax and cement the two together again. But there should be no chance of the parts separating if, in the first place, you pile up enough wax on the underside of the spool end and the clock knob head, as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 731. Finish the knob heads with paint, enamel, or lacquer. Black is best. Letter \"Answer\" on the time knob head.\n\nA Quiz Clock\n\nDivide the rim of the alarm knob head into twelve equal parts and number these from 1 to 12 (Fig. 727). Use a small watercolor brush and white paint for the lettering and numbering.\n\nWhen the knobs are dry, push them onto their posts.\nThen, since the alarm knob must always be turned clockwise and the time knob must always be turned counterclockwise, paint two black arrows on the back of the clock case, as shown in Fig. 727, to indicate the directions in which to turn the knobs. Also, paint a black arrow directly over the center of the alarm knob.\n\nFinish the Clock Case with lacquer or enamel. My model is done in Chinese red, which makes an attractive job.\n\nThe Answer-dial Cards must be cut a trifle smaller in diameter than the inner rim opening of the clock face, and must have two tabs on opposite edges, as shown on the layout of Fig. 732, to slip between the clock face and rim. The tabs and two holes, for the alarm-hand and hour-hand posts to stick through, will hold the card in position.\n\nDivide the card into twelve equal parts, as shown in Fig. 732.\nFig. 732 and Fig. 733 show the circles for placing the letters. In the center of the card, write \"Time to Ask Another.\" If you have a typewriter or access to one, type the lettering on paper, cut it out, and paste it onto the card. The Question Cards will look neater typewritten than hand-lettered, but if you cannot type them, do the best job of lettering that you can. Fig. 733 suggests the form to use.\n\nTIME \u2022 WILL- TELL\nWHO INVENTED -THE.\nWIRELESS -TELEGRAPH? NO.IO\nAIRPLANE ? .\u2022 3\nLOCOMOTIVE ? - 5\nSTEAM-ENGINE? - 9\nTELEGRAPH-? 4\nSEWING-MACHINE? \u2022\u2022 II\nSTEEL- PROCESS ? -\u2022 2\nGAS-ENGINE? - 6\nTELEPHONE ? - 7\nAUTOMOBILE? , - 12\nMOVING-PICTURE- CAMERA? - 8\nSTEAMBOAT? \" I\n\nPreparing the questions and answers will provide good fun for a group of you these autumn evenings. Let me\nChapter XLVIII: A Gymnasium with Home-Made Apparatus\n\nYou will not need much persuasion to sell the idea of a gymnasium to your hobby club. Once enthusiasm is aroused, the success of the project should be assured. If the suggestion appeals to you, there are two ways to seek cooperation. One way is to show the fellows this chapter on home-made equipment, which will certainly interest them. The other way is to build one or two pieces of apparatus and then invite their inspection.\n\nA gymnasium controlled by a group has advantages over one individually owned. There are more available sites to select from, and what is quite as important, the cost of material for making equipment may be apportioned among the members, taken out of the club's funds, or raised through an entertainment.\n\nWhere to Locate It\nOne of the best locations for a gymnasium is A Bam Loft. Lofts are not plentiful in these days of motor vehicles, but if you live in an old town, one among you may have the right sort of place. Many a garage could be adapted to the purpose, if the cars might be parked outside during gym periods.\n\nA Basement with a high ceiling will do. I have known of a group rigging up an excellent gymnasium in a church basement. And don't forget that a trapeze will be used more than any other apparatus that you put up. Fig. 734 shows an excellent rig.\n\nAn unfinished attic presents great possibilities, if the roof is high enough. Here, there is plenty of room, and you have the exposed rafters from which to suspend a trapeze, rings and similar apparatus.\n\nA trapeze will be used more than any other apparatus that you put up. Fig. 734 shows an excellent rig.\n[The Trapeze Bar is usually of hickory. Long bars are sometimes provided with steel cores. There is also the steel bar. Our model has a bar made of a piece of 1-inch iron pipe, 30 inches long (A, Fig. 735). One-inch pipe measures 1.5 inches outside diameter. The ends of the pipe are threaded (Fig. 736), and a street-elbow pipe fitting (B, Fig. 737) is screwed to each end to reduce the openings to the right size for the suspension rope.\n\nThe Suspension Ropes, straps, or chains, ordinarily are made of hemp or manila.\n\nFig. 735. \u2014 Completed Trapeze.\nFig. 736. \u2014 Iron-Pipe Trapeze-Bar.\nFig. 737. \u2014 Street-Elbow Bar End.\nFig. 738. \u2014 Eye-Splice on End of Suspension Rope.\nFig. 739. \u2014 Screw-Eye Hanger.\nFig. 740. \u2014 Eye-Bolt Hanger.\nFig. 741. \u2014 S-Hook Connector.\nFig. 742. \u2014 Completed Flying-Rings.\nFigs. 743-745. \u2014 Details of Rings.]\nOne rope and a fish through the bar and end fittings. Use the \"BIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES\" for this model. Splice eyes on the rope ends like Fig. 738. Buy rope % inch or % inch in diameter.\n\nAn Eye-Splice in rope splicing presents a simple problem. The three steps are shown in Figs. 746-748. First, untwist the rope end for a length of 8 or 9 inches, form a loop above the untwisted ends, and bind with a string as shown in Fig. 746. Next, take one of the untwisted ends, pass it over the strand next to it, and slip it under the next strand (Fig. 747). Pry the strands apart with a screwdriver to admit the strand end. Then pass the end over the next strand and slip it under the strand next to that.\nWeave the rope until the length of the untwisted end has been woven under. In the same way, weave the other rope ends. If you do a neat job, the finished eye-splice will look like that shown in Fig. 748.\n\nA GYMNASIUM WITH HOME-MADE APPARATUS (417)\n\nThe way to suspend the trapeze depends on the construction of the ceiling. The simplest hanger is a screw-eye of the form of D (Fig. 739), % inch in diameter and 4 or 5 inches long. You can screw a pair of these into a ceiling joist. But if there is an exposed beam overhead, it will be easier to bore holes through it and use eye-bolts (Fig. 740). To connect the rope-eyes to the bolt-eyes, use hammock S-hooks (Fig. 741).\n\nHeight adjustment has not been provided for. But if you make the ropes long enough so that the bar will be as low as you will ever want it, you can make the adjustment by tying knots in the ropes.\nFlying Rings, like the pair shown in Fig. 742 and Fig. 749, are in every modern gymnasium. They are as easy to rig as the trapeze. The Pair of Rings should be of iron. Fig. 743 shows a ring 8 inches in diameter. Have a blacksmith make the pair out of 3/4-inch rod, unless there is a forge in the school shop, where you can make them. You can purchase smaller rings, 5 or 6 inches in diameter, in larger hardware stores. It is not essential to cover the rings, but the covering makes them easier to grasp. A two-ply wrapping of friction tape will serve the purpose (Fig. 744), but if you can locate a harness-maker and get leather about 1/2 inch thick, put it on over the wrapping of friction tape.\nDampen the leather and you will be surprised how easily you can shape it to the curved surfaces. Cut the leather into a strip of the right width to cover the rings without lapping. Bring the edges together upon the outer surface of the rings and sew with stitches close together, as shown in Fig. 745. The Rope Hangers must have eyes spliced on their ends. Form the lower eyes around the rings, as shown in Fig. 742. Suspend the ropes from screw-eyes or eye-bolts, in the manner described for the trapeze.\n\nA Horizontal Bar or turning-pole, as most of you will prefer to call it, requires more space than the trapeze. Fig. 750 shows a substantial apparatus that you can build easily. Its construction is shown in the details of Figs. 751.\n\nThe Uprights are of 1-inch iron pipe. Two lengths 7 feet long, with one end threaded, are needed (A, Fig. 751).\nYou can buy them from a plumber or steam-fitter and have them threaded at the shop. In addition to the pipe, you need two floor flanges (B, Fig. 752), for the lower ends of the uprights, to screw to the floor.\n\nA GYMNASIUM WITH HOME-MADE APPARATUS\n\nFig. 750. \u2014 ^ A Horizontal Bar Requires More Space Than a Trapeze.\n\nThe Bar Brackets (C, Figs. 751 and 753) are pieces of iron bar % inch thick and 1% inches wide, bent into angles with legs 2% inches long, and the vertical leg curved to fit against the pipe uprights. Maybe you can shape and drill these brackets at your school shop forge. If not, hunt up a blacksmith. He will charge little for shaping the four brackets, with two %-inch bolt holes in the vertical legs and one %-inch hole in the horizontal legs. The holes must be located in the same positions on all brackets.\nFig. 751. - Detail of Upright.\nFig. 752. - Floor-Flange for Upright.\nFig. 753. - Detail of Bar-Bracket.\nFig. 755. - Hook-Bolt,\nFig. 756. - Chain-Stay.\nFig. 757. - S-Hook.\nFig. 758. - Turnbuckle.\nFig. 759. - Hammock-Hook.\n\nA Gymnasium With Home-Made Apparatus\n\nThe same spacing must be used for drilling holes through the pipe uprights and the bar. If you have a metal drill, you can drill the pipe uprights for the attachment of the bar brackets. If you haven't a drill, call upon your plumber or blacksmith friend to do the job. Fig. 751 shows provision for only one position for the bar. If you want other adjustments, drill additional holes or have them drilled, so that you can set the brackets at different heights. Use machine-bolts (E, Fig. 751) to attach the brackets.\n\nA Hickory Bar, 4 feet long, will cost about $3.00.\nTo create a gymnastics bar at a sporting goods store, you can shape one yourself if you obtain a clear hickory piece that is 1.5 inches square. The ends of the bar should be square (G, Fig. 754). The diameter of the bar between the ends should be 1.5 inches. If you don't have a hickory bar, use an iron pipe bar instead. Although it won't be as smooth as the steel bar sold as regular equipment, you can make it fairly smooth with a file and sandpaper.\n\nDrill the bar ends to accept a 0.5-inch bolt (F, Fig. 751). To set up the bar, slip it between the brackets and bolt it in place. Then, raise the uprights and screw down the floor flanges.\n\nKeep the uprights as shown in Fig. 750. Purchase a pair of wrought-iron hook bolts (I, Fig. 755), 40 feet of hammock chain (J, Fig. 756), four wrought-iron S-hooks (K, Fig. 757), four turnbuckles (L, Fig. 758), and four iron eye bolts.\nhammock hooks (M, Fig. 759). Screw hooks M to the floor at points 3 feet in front and back of the floor flanges, 6 inches to the side, with lag screws about 2 inches long (H). Fasten bolts I through holes in the uprights. Slip S-hooks K into the upper eyes of turnbuckles L, and slip the lower eyes of the turnbuckles over the floor hooks M. Then cut the hammock chain into lengths to extend from hook bolts I to S-hooks K, loop them over the hooks, and turn the turnbuckles to make the chains taut.\n\nParallel Bars:\nThese are large, but there will be room for them in an attic gymnasium. The model shown in Fig. 760 is not difficult to build.\n\nFig. 760 \u2014 Probably there will be room for the Parallel Bars in an attic gymnasium.\n\nThe Base has two end-plates 3 feet 6 inches long.\nA gymnasium with home-made apparatus, including parallel bars, is described below. The parallel bars are from 2-by-12 (A, Figs. 761 and 762) and a reach-plank of the same size, 6 feet 3 inches long (B). These bars are spiked at their ends to plates A.\n\nFig. 761. \u2014 End Elevation of Parallel Bars.\nFig. 762. \u2014 One-Half Side Elevation.\n\nThe bars are made of spruce or pine 2-by-4 stock, 8 feet long (C, Figs. 761 and 762), with rounded tops as shown in the cross-section of Fig. 763 and tapered ends as shown in Fig. 764. Shape the bars with a draw-knife or plane, or both, then sand down the surfaces until they are as smooth as glass.\n\nThe supports for the bars are 1%-inch iron pipe, 4 feet 4 inches long (D, Fig. 766). Have a plumber or steam-fitter cut them for you, thread each end, and screw floor flanges to them (E and F, Figs. 765 and 766).\n\nTo assemble the apparatus, first screw floor flanges F to the supports.\nTo make the under-side of the bars accessible, attach with %-inch lag-screws, 2% inches long (Fig. 763). Lag-screws have square heads like machine-bolts, requiring a wrench for turning. Figure 763 illustrates a cross-section of the bar, showing the pipe floor-flange connection. Figure 764 details the tapered bar end. Figure 765 depicts a floor-flange for upright ends. Figure 766 shows an iron-pipe upright with a floor-flange on the end.\n\nBore holes %6 inches in diameter where the floor flanges F are to be attached to the bars. Soap the screw-threads for easy driving. Once the floor flanges are secured to the bars, place the supports on plates A with a 25-inch spacing between their centers (Fig. 761). Attach floor flanges E to plates A. After mounting the supports, bolt the reach-plank B to plates A with short bolts.\nSink the heads and nuts of the reach-plank and plates flush with the surfaces. Finish the parallel bars with yellow or gray paint and wax the bars. Enamel the iron pipe supports and fittings black.\n\nYou should have mats to place under your trapeze, parallel bars, and other apparatus. An old mattress makes an excellent mat, and you can find one. The covering will not withstand rough usage, but you can add a second covering of No. 8 cotton duck or heavy denim.\n\nBurlap bags filled with straw and excelsior are better than no mat. Fill four or five bags, then lace them together, side by side, with wrapping-twine.\n\nYour gymnasium will not be complete without a Striking-bag Platform. (Figure 767 shows how you can hang a platform from the ceiling joists of a basement or porch, and you can use the figure as a guide.)\nMake a 4-foot-square platform in an attic with slanting rafters by cutting one pair of hangers longer than the other pair. Use three pieces of 2-by-4, placed flat, for battens (A), and matched boards for the covering. Cover the striking-face of the platform with wrapping paper. Lap this over the edges and tack it. Then tack a piece of table oilcloth over the paper. Suspend the platform about 2 inches above your head. This height will determine the length of the hangers. Hang this Striking-Bag Platform from the ceiling joists. The Hangers: As joists and rafters are usually spaced 16 or 24 inches from center to center, you should be able to spike the hangers directly to two of them (B, Fig. 767). Cut the hangers from a 2-by-4.\nHinge the Platform to the hangers as shown in Fig. 767. If you use loose-pin hinges, you will have a portable platform that you can take down by withdrawing the pins, as indicated in Fig. 769. You may or may not care about this feature, but it is just as easy to hinge the platform to the hangers as to fasten it in any other way.\n\nScrew the striking-bag attachment swivel to the center of the platform. You can buy a one-piece ball-bearing swivel, or one of the detachable types shown in Fig. 770.\n\nFig. 768. \u2014 Detail of Striking-Bag Platform.\nFig. 769. \u2014 Hanger End, Showing Loose-Pin Hinge Connector.\nFig. 770. \u2014 Detachable Ball-Bearing Hanger for Striking-Bag.\n\nOther Apparatus:\nMaybe you will have room for only one or two of the pieces of apparatus that I have described. Maybe you will have different requirements or preferences. Here are some additional options for home-made gymnasium equipment:\n\n* A simple dip bar, made from a pair of pipes and some crossbars, can be used for dips and chin-ups.\n* A pull-up bar, suspended from a sturdy beam or ceiling joist, can be used for pull-ups and other upper body exercises.\n* A wooden bench, with adjustable angles, can be used for various weightlifting exercises, such as bench presses and incline presses.\n* A set of dumbbells, made from concrete-filled barrels or other materials, can be used for a variety of exercises, such as bicep curls, tricep extensions, and shoulder presses.\n* A jumping box, made from a sturdy wooden frame and filled with sand or other heavy material, can be used for box jumps and other plyometric exercises.\n\nThese are just a few ideas for home-made gymnasium equipment. You can modify or customize these designs to suit your needs and preferences. Remember to always prioritize safety and proper form when using any exercise equipment.\nYou will find equipment such as a buck, a horse, jump standards, chest-weights, hitch-and-kick, horizontal ladder, and rope for hand-over-hand climbing in Chapter X of \"Handicraft for Handy Boys\" and in Chapter XVIII of \"The Boy Craftsman.\" With the suggestions given, you can devise plans for anything else you want.\n\nBig Book of Boys' Hobbies\n\nYou will have your own ideas about the arrangement of apparatus, and the making of racks for dumbbells, barbells, and wands. I shall be interested in seeing a picture of your gymnasium when you have completed it.\n\nChapter XLIX\nBook-Nooks and Whatnots\n\nReading is one of the greatest of hobbies, and I have no doubt that it is one of yours, and that you have the start.\nYou will find designs for book-racks and bookcases in this chapter, both small and large. Make provisions for taking care of your books by providing them with good nooks for repeated readings, reference, and lending. Each book in its place eliminates the need to search for it in various places when desired. The following designs may help you find what you need for your personal library. A mother may discover an overflow unit, while a father might find the perfect rack for his den. Remember, there is never enough book storage in a household.\nFor a Christmas or birthday gift. A well-built book-rack or bookcase will always be appreciated and usually brings the response, \u201cIt is exactly what I have wanted.\u201d There is nothing better than BIG BOOK OF BOYS\u2019 HOBBIES An Extension Book-Rack to hold books in immediate use, on the library table or your desk top. The model in Fig. 771 is very simple to make. A photograph of the rack is shown in Fig. 830.\n\nWorking drawings of The Parts are shown in Figs. 772 to 775. Cut two end pieces of the shape and size of the pattern in Fig. 772, out of \u00bd-inch or \u00be-inch wood, two base blocks of the dimensions given in Figs. 773 and 774, and two slide strips of the size given in Fig. 775. If you intend to enamel or lacquer the surfaces, use pine, basswood, or other suitable wood.\nwith a close grain; if you want a stain-and-wax finish, use oak or other wood with open grain. In laying out the end pieces, draw one-half of the pattern, make a tracing of it, lay it off on one side of the center line, and then reverse it for the other half. Be careful in sawing and finishing the tops of the end pieces to get them alike. A file will be handy for shaping the curved ends, after you have sawed them. Smooth all surfaces with sandpaper, and rub off the sharp edges.\n\nTo assemble the rack, nail the base blocks to the end pieces (Fig. 774), and slip the slide strips into the notches cut for them.\n\nWhen the parts have been finished, glue pieces of felt to the base blocks.\nThe underside of the base blocks can be covered with the base of rubber-headed tacks. A Wall-Rack is shown in Fig. 776, a popular type now. Finished with one of the popular shades of red or green, it is an attractive book-nook for a bedroom. The lower shelf will hold your school books or current reading, the top shelf will hold short books or standard-sized volumes laid flat, or support a clock.\n\nThe material used for this rack is % inch thick. Fig. 779 shows the front elevation of the Wall-Rack. %-inch stock will do. Use soft pine, white wood, or basswood. An 8-inch board 8 feet long will contain enough material.\n\nFigs. 780-782 show details of end-pieces, Figs. 783 and 784 are shelves.\nFig. 785. - Metal Hanger.\n\nFig. 779 displays a front elevation of the rack, Figs. 780 to 782 are details of the ends, and Figs. 783 and 784 are shelf diagrams. First, lay out upon wrapping-paper a pattern for the end-pieces. The pattern of Fig. 781 has been marked off into squares to aid you in enlarging it. Make a similar series of squares, drawing fourteen horizontal lines and forty vertical lines, spaced \u00bd inch apart. Then, on the enlarged squares, lay off the outline as it is shown on the printed pattern. Describe the curves with a compass, with centers located where shown. When you have completed the outline and made certain that it is correct, cut it out, and mark out two end-pieces on the working material.\n\nSaw the curves with a coping-saw. Cut close to the outlines, then finish the sawed edges with a file.\nSmooth the model with sandpaper. Round the edges slightly to remove sharpness.\n\nShelf-grooves. The end-pieces of the model have grooves for the shelves to fit in. These make stronger joints and a more rigid job than butted ends. However, you can use the butt-joint if you are afraid to tackle the grooved joint; then reinforce it by screwing small iron brackets to the underside of the shelves and end-pieces.\n\nPositions for the shelf-grooves are shown on the diagrams of Fig. 780. Lay them out, then cut down along the sides of the grooves with a chisel, and pare out the wood between. Make the depths of the grooves 1 inch. You can make the width of the grooves 1/2 inch, instead of making them equal to the thickness of the shelves, then cut away the shelf ends so there will be 1 inch tongues to fit.\nTo form shoulders on the shelf ends and add rigidity to the joints, carefully cut the shelves to the dimensions given in Figs. 783 and 784. The given length allows for a %-inch fit into the grooves of the end-pieces.\n\nTo assemble the wall-rack, apply glue to the shelf ends and the grooves of the end-pieces. Join the joints together, secure with four-penny finishing nails, and set the nail heads.\n\nFor finishing, if you have a sprayer and are experienced in using it, finish the wall-rack with lacquer. However, do not apply lacquer with a brush on large surfaces like those of the rack, as it dries too rapidly and is difficult to cover evenly. Instead, use a quick-drying enamel, which offers the same range of color shades as lacquer.\nBefore applying finish to small-sized cans from the paint store, putty nail holes and smooth all surfaces thoroughly with medium and fine sandpaper. When the last coat of finish has dried, screw a pair of brass hangers (shown in Fig. 785) to the back of the upper shelf.\n\nAnother wall-rack of simple lines, suitable for a working library or favorite volumes, is depicted in Fig. 777. As this is a narrow rack, the material for the ends and shelves can be 1/2 or 3/4 inch thick. Use soft pine, white wood, basswood, or other close-grained wood.\n\nFig. 786 shows a cross-section of the rack, Fig. 787 displays a pattern for end-pieces A, Figs. 788 to 790 demonstrate dimensions for shelves, and Fig. 791 illustrates a shelf-back.\nThe patterns for shelves B, C, and D, and Fig. 791 show a pattern for shelf-back E. The Pattern for the Ends has been ruled off into squares to assist you in reproducing the curved edges. To make a full-sized pattern, rule off thirty-two horizontal lines and seven vertical lines, with a spacing of 1 inch. Then draw the curves across the large squares exactly as they are drawn across the small squares.\n\nThe Shelves are of equal length but vary in width (Figs. 788 to 790). Lay out shelf-back E by the pattern of Fig. 791, and bore a pair of hanger holes through it as indicated.\n\nIn assembling the rack, use glue and three-penny finishing nails. Locate the shelf positions in pencil on the side-pieces, then there will be no chance of going wrong in nailing together the parts. Finish the Rack as directed for the other wall-rack.\n\nA Corner Whatnot.\nNever since colonial days has the whatnot been as popular as it is now. The three-shelf corner model in the photograph of Fig. 778 is just the thing for Mother\u2019s bric-a-brac, and it is suited to bedroom or living-room. The top shelf might be used to support a clock. The turned spindles of this whatnot are spools. Your first thought may be, \u201cWhere will you get so many spools?\u201d There will be empty spools in Mother\u2019s workbasket. Relatives and friends will have a few. A dressmaker, or any one who specializes in fancy work, will save them for you. Broadcast your needs, and you will have more than you need before you realize it. My three-shelf model in the photograph has forty-eight spools, of uniform shape and size, but you may use two or three sizes, if you will arrange them so that the three spindles are alike.\n\nCleaned Text: Never since colonial days has the whatnot been as popular as it is now. The three-shelf corner model in Fig. 778's photograph is perfect for Mother\u2019s bric-a-brac and suitable for both bedrooms and living rooms. The top shelf can hold a clock. The whatnot's turned spindles are spools. You might wonder, \u201cWhere will you get so many spools?\u201d Empty spools can be found in Mother's workbasket, and relatives and friends may have some. A dressmaker or anyone specializing in fancy work will save them for you. Broadcast your needs, and you will have more than you need before you realize it. My three-shelf model in the photograph has forty-eight uniform-sized spools. However, you can use two or three sizes if you ensure the three spindles match.\nYou will need three 0.5-inch dowel-sticks, approximately 24 inches long, on which to glue the spools, and six wooden button-molds, 1 inch in diameter, for caps for the three top and three bottom spools.\n\nFig. 792 is a plan of the rack. Fig. 793 is a pattern for The Shelves. You can cut these out of box-boards 0.5 inch thick and 5.5 inches wide. Select straight pieces that are free from knots and cracks. You may have to plane one or both sides of the boards, and rub them down with sandpaper. Prepare an accurate cardboard pattern. Be careful to make the inside corner square, and the outside corners alike. Locate centers for the dowel-stick holes, as shown, and describe arcs with a 0.5-inch radius for the rounded corners. Cut the cardboard pattern, and use it to mark around in laying out the shelves upon the boards. Bore the 0.5-inch dowel-stick holes.\nBefore cutting the shelves, holes should be drilled to minimize the risk of splitting the wood. After sawing the pieces, shape the corners with a file and sandpaper, and plane and sandpaper the straight edges. Finish the parts of the whatnot before assembling them. This saves time and effort in working around spools, skipping places, and making laps. Use either lacquer or enamel for finishing. Brushing lacquer onto small surfaces is the best method for application. My whatnot model was finished with enamel. I used Chinese vermilion for the shelves and eighteen spools, and black for the other thirty spools.\n\nFig. 792. - Plan of Whatnot (shown in Fig. 778)\nFig. 793. - Shelf.\nFig. 794. - Assembly Detail.\nFig. 795. - Metal Hanger.\n\nThe best way to paint spools is to slip them onto dowel-sticks. (No need to include the book titles in the output as they are not relevant to the instructions.)\nTo assemble the parts, run three dowel-sticks through the holes in the bottom shelf. Coat the stick ends with glue and slip a black spool over each. Then coat the sticks with glue and slip seven spools onto each, alternating colors with the first and seventh spool black. Apply glue thickly to coat the sides of the spool-holes and spread over the spool-ends. Add the middle shelf, followed by seven spools on each stick, the top shelf, and the top spool on each stick. Trim dowel-sticks even with the top and bottom spools, and glue and nail button-molds to the spool ends for caps.\n\nTo assemble the parts:\n1. Run three dowel-sticks through the holes in the bottom shelf.\n2. Coat stick ends with glue and slip a black spool over each.\n3. Coat sticks with glue and slip seven spools onto each, alternating colors (first and seventh spool black).\n4. Apply glue thickly to coat the sides of the spool-holes and spread over the spool-ends.\n5. Add the middle shelf.\n6. Add seven spools on each stick, followed by the top shelf and the top spool on each stick.\n7. Trim dowel-sticks even with the top and bottom spools.\n8. Glue and nail button-molds to the spool ends for caps.\nStand the assembled whatnots on the floor, place a weight on the top shelf, and allow it to remain until the glue has had a chance to set. Buy a pair of brass hangers like that in Fig. 795 from a hardware store, and screw them to the back edges of the top shelf where indicated in Fig. 792.\n\nA Modernistic Book-Tower\nThe skyscraper book-tower shown in the photograph of Fig. 796 is well adapted to a corner or narrow wall space. It is a small bookcase, but it has a surprising capacity, the result of the two open sides, which make it possible to slip books behind rows.\n\nFig. 791. \u2014 Modernistic Book-Tower.\nFig. 792. \u2014 Pier Cabinet and Waste-Basket.\nFig. 793. \u2014 Footstool. (See Chapter L.)\n\nBook-nooks and whatnots:\nMost furniture in the modernistic style looks simpler to build than is the case, and requires experience in joinery.\nBut I have designed the tower with the thought that it may be your first project in cabinet making. Instead of rabbeting the joints, I have butted all parts, except the corner post, which I let into the corners of the shelves. With close attention to the diagrams and instructions, and careful workmanship, you will have no difficulty in turning out a satisfactory job.\n\nMaterial. You may use either hard or soft wood for the book-tower, but consider the grain if you intend to lacquer or enamel the surfaces, as this must be closed like the grain in pine, whitewood, or basswood, instead of open as in oak. You can buy the material at any lumber-yard. But make certain that what you get is dry. Tell the dealer the purpose for which you want it. If you can get pieces that are planed and sanded on all four sides, you will have an easier time.\nbe  saved  much  work.  The  stock  should  be  %  inch  thick. \nTen-inch  boards,  which  usually  measure  about  9%  inches \nwide,  will  do  for  all  parts  except  one  of  the  back-boards, \nwhich  must  be  10%  inches  wide.  You  will  have  to  buy  a \n12- inch  board  for  this  piece,  or  glue  a  strip  to  one  edge  of \na  10-inch  board  to  make  it  of  the  correct  width. \nFig.  799  shows  a  cross-section  of  the  book-tower.  Figs. \nThe  Back-Boards,  with  the  dimensions  to  cut  them,  and \nFigs.  802  and  803  show  how  to  mark  off  the  ends  for \ncutting.  When  you  have  laid  out  the  pieces,  saw  close  to \nthe  lines,  and  cut  out  the  pieces  between  the  legs  with  a \nBIG  BOOK  OF  BOYS\u2019  HOBBIES \ncoping-saw,  or  keyhole-saw.  Plane  the  sawed  edges \nsmooth,  trim  the  stepped  ends  with  a  chisel  or  file,  or  both, \nand  smooth  all  surfaces  with  sandpaper.  In  the  cutting. \ncr> \n-lOi^ \no \nr \nC\\J \nU  U \nlOO) \nFig. 799. \u2013 Cross-Section of Book-Tower Shown in Fig. 796.\nFigs. 800 and 801. \u2013 Back-Boards.\nWork carefully to avoid splitting or chipping the wood along the edges. If you accidentally chip off a sliver, coat it with glue and clamp it back into place.\n\nBook-nooks and whatnots. jB 2^frr o CO\n\nOne back-board is made \u00bd inch wider than the other, because it overlaps it.\nCut five shelves of the size shown in Fig. 804.\nCorner notch exactly \u00bd inch square. It is important to cut the shelves with square corners, and to make the notches square.\nCut the Corner-Post of the size shown in Fig. 806.\n\nAssembling. Use four-penny finishing-nails and glue for assembling the parts. Mark off the positions for the shelves upon the back-boards, as indicated by dotted lines in Figs. 800 and 801. Coat the edge of the board with glue before assembling.\nCoat and lap the edges of the back boards with glue, place them together and nail. In the same way, coat the edges of the shelves with glue, fit them in place, and nail. The glue-coated shelf edges may slip out of place easily. Hold them between the guide-lines while nailing to prevent slipping. A little trimming may be necessary to make the corner-post fit in the shelf notches. Set the lower end of the strip flush with the underside of the bottom shelf. The upper end should project 1 1/2 inches above the top shelf. Glue and nail the corner-post to the shelves.\nMaking the shelf spacing uniform and ensuring it's the same at this corner as at the others. Complete the top by fitting two blocks of wood, % inch thick, wide and high (Fig. 807), against two sides of the corner post (Fig. 804). Complete the base by fitting blocks under the bottom shelf, close to the projections, to make equal margins on all sides. Two blocks are required below the corner-post (Fig. 808), and one block at the other corners. Fig. 809 shows the width to cut the lapping blocks. The blocks to be lapped are % inch narrower.\n\nAssemble the book-tower and go over it thoroughly. Trim off edges that aren't exactly flush, scrape off glue that has squeezed out of joints, set nail-heads, and rub down all surfaces.\n\nFinishing: A quick-drying enamel is preferable to brushing lacquer for this job, as lacquer dries too slowly.\nUse three coats of enamel, brushing on without showing laps. After each coat dries, sand lightly with No. 00 sandpaper for a smooth surface. Two-tone work is popular for modernistic furniture. Green or gun-metal gray for the sides and shelves, with edges done in silver, make good combinations. A Pier-Cabinet: This tall and narrow cabinet, shown in Fig. 797's photograph, requires little floor space. Suitable for any room in the house, it's not just for books but also for glass, china, and bric-a-brac. The sides, shelves, and top of the cabinet are made from Norway pine, but any close-grained wood like selected pine, whitewood, basswood, or other woods can be used. Two pieces of 1-by-10, 8 feet long, are sufficient for the job.\nsanded  stock,  if  possible.  It  will  save  you  the  work  of \nremoving  marks  left  by  the  circular-saw  of  the  sawmill. \nThe  back  of  my  model  is  of  wallboard,  which  is  inex\u00ac \npensive  and  easily  tacked  on,  but  you  can  use  a  panel  of \nplywood  if  you  prefer  it. \nFig.  810  of  the  diagrams  shows  the  spacing  of  the  cabinet \nshelves.  Fig.  811  suggests  closer  spacing  to  provide  an \nadditional  shelf.  Fig.  812  is  a  cross-section  of  the  cabinet \nwith  the  parts  lettered,  and  Figs.  813  to  816  are  details  of \nthe  parts. \nLay  Out  the  Side-Boards  by  the  diagram  of  Fig.  813. \nMake  the  half-circle  cut  in  the  lower  end  of  each,  to  form \nfeet,  and  cut  away  the  front  edge  at  the  top,  for  face- \nboard  D  to  fit  into. \n446  BIG  BOOK  OF  BOYS\u2019  HOBBIES \nThe  Top  (B,  Fig.  814)  fits  between  face-board  D  and \nthe  back;  therefore,  it  is  narrower  than \nThe  Shelf-Boards,  for  which  a  pattern  is  given  in  Fig. \nFig. 810. \u2013 Front Elevation of Pier Cabinet (Fig. 797).\nFig. 811. \u2013 Front Elevation Showing Spacing for Five Shelves.\nFig. 812. \u2013 Cross-Section of Cabinet.\nBe careful in cutting the shelves and top to make them of equal length and to make their corners square.\nBook-Nooks and Whatnots\nLay out the face-board according to Fig. 816.\nNotice that all of the curves can be described with a compass. Saw out the piece with a coping-saw, cutting close to the outline. Then smooth the edges with a wood rasp and sandpaper. It is important to finish the curved edges carefully, as humps and hollows will show through a lacquer or enamel finish.\nFig. 815. \u2013 Shelf.\nFig. 816. \u2013 Face-Board.\nAssemble parts with a large enough strip. If not, buy a sheet at the lumber yard. You can use the leftover for another model.\n\nAssemble parts with glue and four-penny finishing nails. Mark positions for shelves on the side pieces. Coat shelf ends with glue and nail side pieces to them. Then, glue and nail face-board D into the notches cut for it. Drive nail-heads below the surface with a nail-set, in preparation for putty.\n\nFasten wallboard back with glue and large-headed nails. When the glue has hardened, plane off edges of wallboard even with cabinet sides and sandpaper smooth. Clean up all surfaces with sandpaper, and sandpaper edges of sides, shelves, and face-board to remove sharpness.\n\nFinish the cabinet in the manner suggested for the modernistic book-tower.\n\nChapter L.\nA Waste-Basket and A Footstool\n\nThere are only a few ideas for home-made furniture for waste-baskets and footstools in this book. Boys who enjoy making things for home, as gifts, and for sale will find additional ideas in my other books. Waste-paper baskets and footstools are among the most useful medium-sized pieces of furniture that you can make, and the basket in the photograph of Fig. 797, and the stool in the photograph of Fig. 798, are practical models that are easy to make.\n\nThe Waste-Basket\nThe basket in the photograph of Fig. 797 is an example of well-constructed wallboard furniture.\n\nFor the Materials, you need five pieces of wallboard: four for sides and one for the bottom. Two of the sides (A, Fig. 817) must be cut % inch narrower than the other pair (B, Fig. 818), to allow for the overlapping of the former by the latter. The bottom (C, Fig. 819) is square.\nTo assemble the waste basket and footstool, carefully lay out the pieces and make the corners right angles. In cutting, saw close to, not on, the fins. In addition to wallboard, you need four wooden corner posts (Fig. 820), and a bottom cleat.\n\nAssemble the basket by gluing and nailing the pair of figures 817 and 818. Wallboard sides for waste-basket are shown in Fig. 819. Wallboard bottom. Fig. 820 \u2013 Wooden corner-post. Fig. 821 \u2013 Bottom cleat. Fig. 822 \u2013 Assembly of side, posts, and cleat.\n\nRow sides to the corner-posts, as shown in Fig. 822, and fasten two of the bottom cleats between the posts. Then glue and nail the other pair of sides to the corner-posts of the assembled frames, fasten the two remaining bottom cleats in place, and glue and nail the wallboard bottom to the upper face of the bottom cleats.\nThe Basket: The model in the photograph was finished with three coats of yellow enamel, followed by trimming in black. The black was applied to the corner-posts, a band 1 inch wide up each side of the corners, and to a stepped-up pattern around the bottom, as shown on the pattern in Fig. 818. The pattern is simple and effective in the contrasting color.\n\nThe Footstool: The photograph in Fig. 798 shows a generously-sized stool well-adapted to a sun porch or living room. It is ideal for a fireside seat as well. Fig. 823 of the diagrams is a cross-section of the stool. Prepare a pattern for the sides by enlarging the diagram shown in Fig. 824. Draw twenty horizontal lines and forty-one vertical lines with a spacing of \u00bd inch, and you will have a series of squares similar to those in the diagram, but full-sized. Then reproduce the lines of the pattern.\nDiagram the squares exactly as shown. Lay off the pattern four times on a 10-inch board, which will measure about 9.5 inches wide. Saw out the sides and smooth the curves with a file and sandpaper. The ends of the boards must be mitered to make trim corners (Fig. 825). The secret of making perfect miters is in laying them out accurately and sawing exactly to the lines. You can correct slight imperfections with a plane, but it is generally more satisfactory to cut another piece than to attempt to correct a poorly cut miter.\n\nTo assemble the frame, coat the mitered ends of the sides with glue and nail them together (Fig. 825). Then nail strips 1% inches square around the inside of the frame, 1% inches below the top, for cleats to support the seat.\nFig. 823. (Fig. 825 omitted due to irrelevance to text below): For assembling a waste basket and footstool (453), bottom boards (Fig. 823) should be cut to fit snugly between the frame sides and secured with cleats using nails and glue. Reinforce mitered joints with blocks glued and nails to inside corners. Attach quarter-round molding around the frame top to create a rounded rim for upholstery filling.\n\nUpholstering the footstool necessitates excelsior, felt or cotton batting, muslin or cambric, or other upholstering fabric, gimp braid, and tacks. Dampen excelsior and pack it solidly into the frame's top. Cover the excelsior with felt or cotton batting, followed by muslin or cambric, and secure these materials to the quarter-round molding on two opposite sides with tacks.\nWith the cloth pulled taut, irregularities in the excelsior filling will show up. Locate these and correct them by reducing the humps and filling out the hollows with excelsior. Then tack the other sides. It will probably require several readjustments to produce a top that is uniformly compact and nicely rounded.\n\nFinish the frame with three coats of lacquer or enamel, then when the last coat has dried. Tack the top covering fabric in place. Fasten one edge, pull the material tightly over the muslin covering to the opposite side, and tack it; then pull the side edges taut, and tack them. Finish the edges of the material with gimp braid. Tack the braid with gimp tacks. Drive domes-of-silence, or large rubber-headed screws, into the leg ends, and the footstool will be completed.\n\nCHAPTER LI\nEARNING, SAVING AND SPENDING.\nNow we come to a chapter of great importance. If it spurs you on to do and to acquire bigger and better things, it will have accomplished its purpose. Earning, saving, and spending are closely related to nearly every hobby that you may be interested in. Some boys adopt them as hobbies, but their real importance is in the furtherance of worthwhile activities. Earn to save, and save to spend. This is becoming the accepted notion of a boy\u2019s rightful use of money. No one has more aptly expressed the thought than Henry Ford, who has said, \"Money, itself, is the least valuable thing on earth. It is valuable only when it is used as a tool for self-improvement, or to accomplish some end.\" Saving, as it has been schooled into boys in the past, gives money too high a place, and, with some boys, saving takes the place of spending.\nIf a person spends money in a way that increases earnings. A boy's job is not to accumulate dollars, but to use them for training, knowledge, and experience. If he saves, it should be with some expenditure in mind. So I say to boys, Spend your money! Spend it for things that will put you ahead of where you were yesterday. If I were raising a boy today, I would ensure he had two things, and I would make his education center around them. He would have a shop in which he could work with tools, and he would have some money to spend \u2014 to invest in himself, in order to develop himself. A dollar put into a book might change the whole course of a boy's life. The same dollar put into a savings bank would yield four or five cents at the end of a year.\nThere is more incentive to earn money and save what you earn when you have an objective, such as college. Probably, you plan to earn your college expenses. But because college days are several years away, there will not be the urge to earn and save now that there would be for a less distant objective.\n\nYour earning, saving, and spending program might well center in your hobbies, with Dad\u2019s counsel in the matter of spending. Look to your hobbies as a possible source of guidance toward a successful career. Earn, save, and spend money for equipment and materials that will enable you to pursue your hobbies to the fullest possible extent.\n\nIt is interesting to read in the autobiographies of successful men about their ambitions when boys, their pursuit of hobbies, and their struggle to obtain means to carry them on.\nOn these activities. Probably the foremost example in modern times is Thomas Edison. Young Edison at the age of ten set up a chemical laboratory in the cellar of his home; at twelve, he conducted experimental work on the train on which he was employed as a newsboy and candy butcher; at fifteen, he printed and published a small newspaper, the first to be issued on a moving train; at sixteen, he was absorbed in the subject of electricity and possessed telegraph instruments which he had built himself. Then, after several years of employment as a telegrapher, at twenty-three, he received his first money, forty thousand dollars, for inventions. Until that time, Edison had spent all that he could earn and save in the development of his ideas.\n\nYou probably have a better chance than Thomas Edison.\nThe Wright Brothers, Henry Ford, and thousands of other successful men got an early start in developing their genius because of the better tools, machines, and hobby books available, and greater opportunities for earning money to buy materials and equipment. The group of photographs of Figs. 826 to 830 shows some of the hobby equipment that might be yours through your efforts in earning and saving money. Imagine the possibilities in the complete tool outfit (Fig. 826), in the electric bench lathe (Fig. 827), in the electric scroll-saw (Fig. 828), in the printing press (Fig. 829), and in the hobby library (Fig. 830). Such equipment as this will enable you to earn money for additional equipment.\nEarn, Save, and Spend for Such Equipment as This:\nSelect the equipment that will be of the greatest benefit in your chosen hobby, and do not be content until you have obtained it. Do not expect it to be given to you. If it is not worth working for, it is not worth having. If you are not capable of earning it, you are not capable of using it.\nMaking Things to Sell: Calendar-Boards, Stationery-Racks, Time-Card Racks, Telephone-Card Directory, Post-Card Racks, Candle-Sticks, Spool-Holders, Whiskbroom-Holders, Twine-Boxes, Book-Ends, Waste-Baskets, Tabourets, Plant-Stands, Fireplace-Screens, Shoe-Polishing Case, Necktie Racks, Birch-Bark Novelties, Leather Novelties, Egg-Racks, Milk-Card Racks, Window Refrigerator, Recipe Cabinet, Step-Ladder Stool, Clothes-Line Reel, Kitchen Clock-Shelf, Pantry-Needs Board, Pot-Cover Rack, Pantry Bottle-Rack, Flat-Iron Rest, Flat-Iron Rack, Knife-Box, Towel Roller, Scrub-Pail Platform, Ice-Pick and Ice-Chisel Rack.\nWindow ventilator, Clothes-poles, Sewing-stand, Fancy work frame, Fancy work box, Razor-blade knives, Birdhouses, Bird feeding shelters, Nesting-material racks, Bird-baths, Fish-pools, Garden seats, Trellises, Plant-sticks, Bean-poles, Seed flats, Plant shields, Plant forcers, Plant hanging-baskets, Window plant-boxes, Garden dibbles, Garden markers, Tomato-racks, Concrete lawn-rollers, Doll furniture, Doll-houses, Toy garages, Toy hangers, Toy boats, Toy wagons, Toy automobiles, Clockwork toys, Cork toys, Pendulum toys, Electric toys, Kites, Model airplanes, Scale model airplanes, Ship models, Picture puzzles, Game boards, Cards, Envelopes, Letter-heads, Fruit jar labels, Circulars, Signs, Mail-boxes, Pet shelters, Poultry-houses, Printing, Church and school programs, Church and school bulletins, A Boy's Paper.\nVillage Historian\nPainting, Weather-Vanes, Windmills, Fences, Screens, Toys, Furniture\nEarning, Saving and Spending (459)\nRepairing - Toys, Furniture, Baby Carriages, Electric Heating-Pads, Electric Heaters, Electric Grills, Electric-Iron Cords\nReplacing - Broken Drop-Cords, Sockets, and Plugs, Fuse-Plugs\nInstalling - New Electric Bells, Push-Buttons, and Batteries, Bell-Transformer\nRenewing - Faucet Washers, Sash-Cords, Broken Windows\nToilet Flushing-Tank, Garden Hose, Lawn-Mower, Window Screens, Door and Window Locks, Bicycles, Roller-Skates\nSharpening - Skates, Knives\nSoldering, Installing Weather-Strips, Attaching Numbers to Screens and Storm-Sash, Putting Street Numbers Upon Houses and Garages\nRebinding Books, Cleaning Typewriters, Operating a Doll Hospital, Photography, Developing Making Picture Post-Cards, Printing Mounting and Lettering Photo Prints, Photographing Children Prints\nPhotographing Pets, Houses, Gardening, Raising Vegetables, Raising Flowers, Whitewashing Trees, Spraying Trees, Mowing Lawns, Watering Lawns, Picking Fruit, Weeding Gardens, Raking Leaves, Caring for Pets During Vacations, Raising Poultry, Raising Squabs, Raising Goldfish, Bee-Keeping, Raising Rabbits, Puppet, Magic, Magic-Lantern, Moving-Picture, Fresh Fruit, Roasted Peanuts, Popcorn, Home-Made Candy, Hot-Dogs, Honey, Maple Sugar and Syrup, Spring Water, Fresh Eggs, Shows, Neighborhood Circus, Pet, Miniature Shooting-Gallery, Selling, Minnow, Worm, and Frog Bait, Picture Post-Cards, Automobile Road-Maps, Old Newspapers, Magazines, Rags, and Bottles, Daily Newspapers, Magazine Subscriptions, Stamps for Collections, Services, Reporting for Local Newspaper, Distributing Circulars, Exchanging Library Books, Conducting Second-Hand Book Exchange, Conducting Phonograph-\nRecord: Exchange, Running Errands, Taking Baggage to Depot, Caddying, Paper and Magazine Route, Renting Boats, Erecting Aerials, Storage Battery Service, Guarding Automobiles, Washing Automobiles, Washing Windows, Cleaning Basements, Cleaning Rugs, Removing Leaves from Roof Gutters, Shoveling Snow, Tending Furnaces, Vacation Caretaker\n\nA: Acetone, Adhesives, Aerial (Radio), Aeronautics Scrapbook, A-Frame Model Airplane, Air Motor, Airplane (Indoor Duration Model), Airplane (Twin-Pusher Model), Airplane (Profile-Fuselage Model), Airplane (Low-Wing Model)\nA Scale Model, A Contest Scale Model, A \"Spirit of St. Louis\" Scale Model, A Curtiss Army Hawk Scale Model, A Ford Tri-Motor Scale Model, Airplane Dope, Airplane Model League of America, Airplane Pushmobile, Airplane Tools Model, Airplane Weather-Vane, Airport A Model, Airport Beacon A Model, Air-Spinner, The American Bird-House League, Answer-Dial Cards, Aquarium A Cracker-Box, Aquarium Castle, Aquarium Cement, Arrester A Lightning-, Attic Room, Automatic Steering for Model Yacht, Automobile Cabinet, Back-Yard Railroading, Back-Yard Shacks, Back-Yard Zoo, Balsa, Bamboo, Shaping, Banana Oil, Bar A Horizontal, Bar A Trapeze, Barrel-Stave Skis, Barrel-Stave Sled, Bars Parallel, Base for Ship Model.\nA: Toy Electric Beacon, 351\nBean-Blow-Gun, 369\nA: Home-Made Work Bench, 9; Packing-Box Work Bench, 14\nBench-Stop, 14\nBench Vise, ii\nBird Bath, A Tree-Stump Bird Bath, 233; Rustic Bird Bath, 235; Stone Bird Bath, 239\nBird Baths and Fish Pool, 233\nBird House, A Wren Bird House, 225; Bluebird Bird House, 226; Wren or Bluebird Bird House,\nBird Houses to Sell, 229\nBird Nesting Material Depot, 231\nBird Sanctuary, 224\nBirds, A Winter Feeder for, 141\nBlow Gun, A Bean-Blow Gun, 369\nBluebird House, 226; 229\nBoat, A Model Sail Boat, 163; A Model Motor Boat, 177\nBoat, A Sharpie Outboard Motor,\nBook Nooks and Whatnots, 429\nBook Rack, An Extension, 430\nBook Tower, A Modernistic Book Tower, 440\nBowl, A Dog\u2019s Bowl, 244\nBowsprit, 130\nBox Furniture, 298\nBox-Girder Bridge, A Model Box Girder Bridge, 339\nBoy Craftsman League, The, 4\nBoy Scout Museum, 208\nBraking Device, A Pushmobile Braking Device, 324\nBridge, A Model Railroad Bridge, 337; Concrete Bridge, 337; A Different Design of Bridge, 339; Box Girder Bridge, 339\nA: Steel, 341; Trussed, 341\nB: Bridle, 191\nC:\nCab: Dump-Truck Pushmobile,\nCabin: Model Airplane, 93, 105; Model Motor-Boat, 183; Airplane Pushmobile, 332\nCabinet: Built-In, 23; Specimen, 214; Automobile, 284; Exhibition Cage, 248; Nesting Material, 232\nCampfire Crane, 284\nCampfire Pothooks, 284\nCannon: Ship Model, 130\nCanoe: Canvas, 277\nCanoe Headlight, 2\nCanvas Canoe, 277\nCarving Hull, 165, 178\nCarving Propellers, 69\nCastle for Aquarium, 222\nCave with Secret Entrance, 303\nCells: Conyne Kite, 190\nCement Castle, An Aquarium, 222\nChecker Men, 404\nChecker-Solitaire Board, 403\nChest: Treasure, 31\nChest Handles, 35\nChicken Coop, 252\nChicken House, 257\nClock, Quiz, 407\nClosets: Storage, 21\nClub: Hobby, i\nClub-House, 294\nClub Library, 4\nClubroom: Furnishing, 19; Attic, 20\nClub Workshop, 3\nCockpit, 281\nCoconut Wren Hut, 225\nCoin Collection, 209\nA Stamp, Collection, 208; A Coin,\nMineral, 212; A Shell, 212; A Photograph, 213\nConcrete Base for Aerial Mast,\nConcrete Model-Bridge, 337\nConcrete Lake, 337\nConcrete Pool, 235\nConcrete Water Bowl, 244\nContest, A Model Airplane, 53\nContest Model Airplane Models,\nConyne Kite, 188\nCoop, A Chicken, 250, 252\nCourt, A Table Tennis, 397\nCovering A Canvas Canoe, 280\nCovering A Kite, 191\nCovers, Home-Made Scrapbook, 39\nCracker-Box Aquarium, 217\nCrane, A Campfire, 284\nCreek, A Model, 337\nCupboards, Work-Bench, 16\nCurtain, A Puppet Theater, 389\nCurtiss Army Hawk Scale Model Airplane, 113\nCylinders, Airplane Weather-Vane, 202; Locomotive Pushmobile, 318; Airplane Pushmobile Motor, 330.\nDancing Puppet, 382\nDepot, A Nesting-Material, 231; An Electric Railroad, 343\nDihedral, 62, 77\nDog House, 240; A Barrel, 243\nDoors, Cabinet, 24\nAirplane, 46, Dravy^ers, 216, Drilling Holes Through Paper, 41, Driving-Rods, 318, Proscenium, 216, Droppings-Board, 266, Drying-Reel, A Fishing-Line, 286, Dumping Hoist, 326, Dump-Truck Pushmobile, 321, Indoor, 59, Earning, Saving and Spending, 454, Easel, A Ring-Toss Target, 401, Thomas A Edison and His Boyhood Hobbies, 455, Egg-Beater Propeller Winder, 81, Electric Beacon, A Toy, 351, Electric Shooting-Gallery, A Toy, Elevator, A Model Airplane, 77, An Airplane Weather-Vane, 112, Empennage, 64, Eye-Splice, 416, Fan-Blades, Air Motor, 196, Feeder for Birds, A Winter, 141, Feeding-Hens Toy, 374, Files, Box, 26, File Scrapbook, 43, Fin, A Model Airplane, 65, 88, 100, 112, Airplane Pushmobile, Fish Aquarium, 217, Fishing-Line Drying Reel, 286, Fish-Pond, 235, Fittings, Model Airplane Metal, 48, Fixtures, Poultry, 265.\nToys: Flasher, 355 \\\nFlat-Bottomed Boat, 269 \\\nFlying Line, A Kite, 191 \\\nFlying Rings, 417 \\\nPoultry Food-Containers, 266 \\\nFootstool, 451 \\\nFord Tri-Motor Scale Model Airplane, 87 \\\nWeather-Vane, An Airplane, 199 \\\nPushmobile, Aeroplane, 329 \\\nGalleon Ship Model, 124 \\\nGame Equipment, 30 \\\nGarden, A Water, 235 \\\nGardening, 459 \\\nModel Bridge Girders, 340, 341 \\\nGold-Fish Aquarium, 217 \\\nHollow-Grinding Skates, 154 \\\nGround Wire, 138 \\\nBean-Blow Gun, 369 \\\nCanoe Gunwales, 278 \\\nFlat-Bottomed Boat Gunwales, 275 \\\nGymnasium Apparatus, 413 \\\nHandles, Chest, 35 \\\nHarbor Beacon, A Play, 352 \\\nHeadlight, A Canoe, 289, A Locomotive Pushmobile, 319 \\\nFeeding Hens Toy, 374 \\\nDouble-Acting Hinges, 28 \\\nHobby Club, i \\\nIce Hockey-Stick, 152\nHouses, Bird, 224\nHull, A Model Yacht, 165; A Model Motor-Boat, 178\nHull, A Ship Model, 125\nHutch, An Emergency, 247; A Rabbit, 248; A Convertible Coop\nIce-Hockey Stick, 152\nIce Skatemobile, 144\nIndoor-Duration Model Airplane,\nInsect Collection, 213\nInsulation, Aerial, 138; Shack, 302\nJapanese Tissue-Paper, 47\nKeel, A Model Yacht, 169; A Flat-Bottomed Boat, 274\nKennel, 240; A Barrel, 243\nKite-Line Reel, 192\nKites, A Great Rig In, 188\nKits, Model Airplane Material, 53; Model Yacht, 164\nKnife, A Razor-Blade, 51\nKnot-Board, 21\nLadder for Shack, 301\nLake Model, 335\nLanding Gear, A Model Airplane\nplane Weather-Vane, 203; An Airplane Pushmobile, 331\nLanterns, Ship Model, 129\nLaunching Model Airplanes, 71, 82\nLead-In, An Aerial, 138\nLeaf Collection, 213\nLetter-File Scrapbook, 43\nLibrary, A Hobby Club, 4\nLife-Preserver Vest, 281\nModel Airplane: 315 Locomotive Pushmobile, 73 Longerons, 95 Low- Wing Model, 53 Material-Kits, 130 Mast (Model Yacht), 135 Aerial, 59 Indoor Duration Model (Scale), 72 Twin Pusher Model, 84 Profile-Fuselage Model, 95 Scale Model, 106 Contest Scale Model, 107 \"Spirit of St. Louis\" Scale Model, 109 Curtiss Army Hawk Scale Model, 112 Ford Tri-Motor Scale Model Tools, 53 Model Airplane Tournaments, 346 Model Airport, 337 Modeling A Snow Totem-Pole, 335 Model Rocky Mountain, 334 Model Station for Electric Rail, 334 Model Village, 163 Model Yacht, 164 Model Yacht Racing Association of America.\nMolds: Canoe, 278\nMotor: An Air, 193; A Toy Elec-\nMotor-Base: A Model Airplane, 64;\nMotor-Boat: A Model, 177\nMotors: Model Airplane, 52, 70\nMountain Model, 344\nMuseum, 206\nMic-Wire, 48\nNational Amateur Press Association, The, 4\nNest-Boxes, 266\nNesting-Material Depot, 231\nNotebook Covers, Scrapbook, 38\nOar Repairs, 290\nOgden Park Model Yacht Club,\nOrange-Crate in Camp, 284\nOutboard Motor-Boat: A Sharpie,\nPaddle: A Canoe, 281\nPaddle Repairs, 290\nPapering Model Airplanes, 47, 63\nParallel-Bars, 422\nPasse Partout Frame, 211\nPatrol Shacks, 294, 299\nPendulum Toy: The Feeding-Hens,\nPeriscope: A Play, 309\nPhotograph Album, 214\nPhotograph Collection, 213\nPhotography, 459\nPicture-Frames, 29\nPier-Cabinet, 445\nPiers: Model Bridge, 340\nPipe-Support, 204\nPlanting Water Garden, 239\nPlays: Puppet, 395\nPoles: Model Telegraph, 345\nPond: A Fish, 235\nPoultry House, 257\nPower-House, A Model, 368\nPrinting, 458\nProfile-Fuselage Model Airplane,\nPropeller, A Model Airplane, 68\nBoat, 184\nPropeller Winder, 81\nProperties, Puppet Theater, 390\nProscenium, Puppet Theater, 388\nProscenium Drop, 390\nPulley, Wooden, 359\nPullman, A Pushmobile, 320\nPuppet, A Dancing, 382\nPuppet Plays, 395\nPuppets for Puppet Theater, 392\nPuppet Theater, 386\nPusher Model Airplane, 72\nPushmobile, The Wabash Limited,\nAirplane, 327\nQuestion Cards, 41\nQuiz Clock, 407\nRabbit Targets, Toy, 360\nRack, An Extension Book-, 430\nA Wall-, 432\nAnother Wall-,\nRackets, Table-Tennis, 399\nRadio, Installing A, 134\nRadio Broadcasting Station, A Model, 346\nRailroad Bridge, A Model, 337, A Concrete, 337, A Different Design of, 339, A Box Girder, 339, A Steel, 341\nRailroad Depot, A Model, 343\nRailroad Station, Model, 364\nRailroad Tunnel, 343\nRazor-Blade Knife, 51\nReel, A Kite Line, 192, A Fishing Line Drying, 286\nRegattas, Rules for Model Yacht,\nRepairing, 459\nRibbands, Canoe, 278\nRibs, Model Airplane, 62, 87, 99\nRigging a Model Yacht, 171\nRigging a Ship Model, 130\nRings, Flying, 417\nRing-Toss Targets, 400\nRock Collection, 212\nRocky Mountain Model, 334\nRoom, Furnishing Your, 19, An Attic, 20, An Interesting, 29\nRoosts, 265\nRubber-Strand Motors, 52, 70, 80,\nRudder, A Model Airplane, 65, 88,\nA Model Motor-Boat, 185, An Airplane Weather-Vane, 200, An Airplane Pushmobile, 329\nRunners, Sled, 147, 148\nRustic Bird-Baths, 235\nSail, A Skate, 149\nSailing With Skate Sail, 151\nSails, Galleon Ship Model, 130, Model Yacht, 171\nSanctuary, A Bird, 224\nSaving, 454\nScale Model Airplanes, 106\nScenery, Model, 346, Puppet Theater,\nScrapbook, 38\nScrapbooks, 37\nScratch-Shed, 257\nFolding Screen, 27\nSeat, A Window Seat, 21\nBoat Seats, 275\nSecret Doorways, 307\nSelling, 460\nServices, 460\nShacks, 294\nSharpie Outboard Motor-Boat, 269\nShelf for Models, 23\nShell Collection, 212\nCabinet Shelves, 24\nA Snowball Shield, 158\nGalleon Ship-Model, 124\nShock-Absorbers, 92, 104\nToy Electric Shooting-Gallery,\nShop Equipment, 17\nShows, 460\nWindow Shutters, 298\nIce Skatemobile, 144\nSkate-Sail, 149\nHollow-Grinding Skates, 154\nTail Skid, 203\nBarrel-Stave Skis, 148\nBarrel-Stave Sled, 146\nSnowball Shield, 158\nSnow Totem-Pole, 156\nSolitaire-Board, 403\nModel Airplane Spars, 62, 87, 98,\nModel Yacht Spars, 170\nSpecimen Cabinet, 214\nSpping, 454\nAir Spinner, 379\nAirplane Weather Spinner-Cap,\nSt. Eouls Spirit Scale Model Airplane, 109\nSplice, An Eye Splice, 416, An Oar Hanley\nModel Airplane: Stabilizer (64), Tail (64, 88, 99), Struts (50), Tiller (171, 185), Tools (44)\nPuppet Theater: Stage (388), Stage-Settings (390), Theater (386)\nToy: Target (A Ring), Tent-Pole Pack (282), Toy Rabbit (360), Trapeze (414), Totem-Pole (A Snow), Treasure-Chest (31)\nModel Railroad: Station (364)\nShip Model: Superstructure (127), S'wivel Base (204)\nTable Tennis: Table-Tennis (397)\nBench: Stop (14)\nPushmobile: Stabilizer (331), Tender (319)\nModel Bridge: Ties (341)\nModel Motor-Boat: Steering (185), Tiller (170)\nModel: Tie-Rods (341), Tissue-Paper (Japanese) (47)\nModel: Tent-Pole Pack (282), Trek-Cart Cabinet (286)\nPuppet: Stage-Eighting\nModel: Telegraph Line (344)\nAirplane Tournaments (53)\nTable: Table-Tennis (397)\nModel: S'wivel Base (204)\nModel Trestles for Rabbit Hutch, 250\nTri-Motor Scale Model Airplane, \nTruck Pushmobile, 321\nTrussed Bridge, 341\nTuning Model Airplanes, 70, 83\nTunnel, A Model, 343\nTwin-Pusher Model Airplane, 72\nVentilator, A Kennel, 242, A Rabbit\nVest, A Life-Preserver, 281\nVillage Model, 334\nVise, A Bench, ii, 17\nWabash Limited Pushmobile, 315\nWallboard, 20\nWash-Tub Lake, 335\nWaste-Basket and A Footstool\nWater-Bowl, A Dog's, 244\nWater Garden, 235\nWaterproofing a Boat, 276\nWeather-Vane, An Airplane, 198\nWhatnot, A Corner, 437\nWheels, Model Airplane, 91, 104\nWinder, A Propeller, 81\nWindow-Seat, 21\nWindows, Model Airplane, 93, 105, 105\nWindow-Shutters, 298\nWing, Model Airplane, 60, 75, 87, 87\nWeather-Vane, 199, Airplane\nPushmobile, 330\nWinter Feeder for Birds, 141\nWinter-Sports Equipment, 144\nWoods and Water Ideas, 282\nWork-Bench, A Home-Made, 9, 14\nWorkshop, A Club, 3, 3, A Model-\n[Making, An Outside, A Garage, A Porch, Your Equipment for, A Yacht, A Model, Yacht Regattas, Yards, Yoke, Zoo, A Back-Yard, i]\n\nMaking an Outside, a Garage, a Porch, Your equipment for a Yacht, A model yacht, Yacht Regattas, Yards, Yoke, Zoo, A back-yard.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "subject": "Dogs -- Folklore", "title": "Bing, the story of a small dog's love", "creator": "Hawkes, Clarence, 1869-1954", "lccn": "29019008", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010662", "call_number": "5934965", "identifier_bib": "00025573092", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard co", "description": "220 p. 20 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-02-21 13:00:08", "updatedate": "2019-02-21 13:54:13", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "bingstoryofsmall00hawk_0", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-02-21 13:54:15", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "1.64-initial-41-g686d335", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "244", "scandate": "20190314204906", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-lelani-villaver@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190319155542", "republisher_time": "486", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/bingstoryofsmall00hawk_0", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t8wb2qp5b", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL26794802M", "openlibrary_work": "OL19337221W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508171850[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "additional-copyright-note": "No known restrictions; no copyright renewal found.", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156331458", "backup_location": "ia906808_0", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "91", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "The Story of a Small Dog's Love\nBy Clarence Hawkes\nIllustrated by Griswold Tyng\nBoston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.\nCopyright 1929 by Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.\nAll Rights Reserved\n\nBing's excitement was plain to him.\n\nThe Story of a Small Dog's Love\nBy Clarence Hawkes\nIllustrated by Griswold Tyng\nDedicated to the Officers and Members of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as a slight recognition of the great work they are doing for the disappearance of cruelty to our Dumb Animals. Their work uplifts both man and beast, for no heart can be really true to humanity that is not considerate towards animals.\n\nWhat better slogan for kindness to all.\nGod's  Creatures  could  we  have  than  this \nstanza  by  Coleridge ,  from  the  \u201c  Rime  of \nthe  Ancient  Mariner\": \n\u201c  He  prayeth  best  who  loveth  best \nAll  things,  both  great  and  small . \nFor  the  Dear  God  who  loveth  us. \nHe  made  and  loveth  all  \u201d \nCONTENTS \nCHAPTER \nIntroduction.  \u201c  Faithful  and \nTrue  \u201d \nPAGE \nL \nThe  Christmas  Pup \nII. \nHomesick  .... \nIII. \nAlone  in  the  World  . \nIV. \nBing  Grows  Up \nThe  Little  Fellow \nVI. \nHis  Master\u2019s  Eyes  . \nVII. \nA  Timely  Trick \nVIII. \nThe  Great  River  Goes  Mad \nIX. \nAdrift  in  the  Night \nThe  Long  Vigil \nILLUSTRATIONS \nThe  reason  for  Bing\u2019s  excitement  was \nplain  to  him  (Page  152)  Frontispiece \nPACING  PAGE \nThe  sudden  appearance  of  a  large \n\u201c  Hold  on,  Bing,  hold  on  tight!  \u201d  ,  .  112 \nA  dog  none  of  them  had  ever  seen \nHe  noticed  the  small  hound  perched \non  the  ridge-pole  ....  192 \nINTRODUCTION \n\u201c  FAITHFUL  AND  TRUE  \u201d \n\u201c  Faithful  and  true ,  will  be  found  upon  four \nIn these two quaint lines, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, has expressed the sentiments of most Englishmen and nearly all truly great souls. To hate dogs is a sign of narrow-mindedness. Men may well watch a man who habitually and without any special reason cannot endure the finest member of the animal creation. Maeterlinck says that the dog has nearly broken down the barrier between man and the animal kingdom more than any other animal. Not only is this true, but the dog has also aroused in man some of his loftiest sentiments and most unselfish love. Man has doubtless had a great influence on the dog's character and disposition, but it is equally true that the dog has both elevated and ennobled man. If dogs and men have influenced each other.\nother greatly influence each other in a spiritual way, they have materially as well. Who could have dreamed that out of their common ancestor, the grey wolf, could have sprung so many and varied breeds of dogs? Yet each branch of this great family of two hundred breeds is a true son of a wolf. Breeding, selection, training, and environment have made all the difference between the great Dane or the powerful wolfhound and the Pekinese or toy poodle. Climate has certainly molded the different strains, just as it has created different races of men; but climate is not all. The \"FAITHFUL AND TRUE\" dog has been as clay in the potter's hand, and man has molded him almost at will. Not only has he molded his size, shape, and color, but also his disposition and habits of mind, for the dog in good hands is a reflection of his master.\nMan has taught dogs to be as savage as wolves or as gentle and loving as any person. He has taught the dog to range the forests and the plains in pursuit of wild game and has also taught him to act as a faithful watchman \u2013 a policeman neither to be bribed nor beaten. Brave dogs have never hesitated in serving their masters, even when their own lives were in danger. Barry, the faithful St. Bernard, scaled crags and mountain-high snowdrifts for many years in search of lost travelers and saved many lives. Few human life-savers in any service have a better record than this noble dog. Yet, to him, it was not heroism, but just a part of the day's work, when men lashed his life-saving outfit upon this massive dog and sent him forth into the howling, swirling storm.\nThe men, women, and children saved from drowning by dogs are legion. Faithful fire dogs and police dogs do valiant service for mankind. The dog is not only a good policeman but often a fine detective with a superhuman sense of evil thoughts in the minds and hearts of bad men. One great business house has a large dog stationed in the outer office. Each visitor to the building is scrutinized critically, and when the stranger who wishes to see the general manager finally reaches the inner office, a little slip of paper has preceded him, telling the manager how \"FAITHFUL AND TRUE\" the caller has been sized up by the four-footed detective in the outer office. If he goes up to the stranger and sniffs him in a friendly way, the caller always does business.\nA family is never truly complete without a dog, especially if it includes children. Merwin writes in \"Dogs and Men\": \"Blessed are they whose furniture is so inexpensive and shabby that children and dogs are not excluded from its sacred precincts.\" The joyous bark when the front door is opened or the inquisitive muzzle thrust into a hand means so much to different family members. To Father and the boys, it is companionship; to Mother and the girls, it is protection and endearment. How joyously the happy canine bounds to bring Father's slippers now that Master is home! How the inquisitive nose goes sniffing at the different bundles just arrived from the store.\nIf you're looking for a grocery or market, check if there's a bone for a poor, hungry dog's supper! If there are children in the family, having a good dog is essential. It's wise, when a baby comes, to get a puppy and let them grow up together. The dog will learn to look after the baby more faithfully than any nurse-girl. From the dog, the growing child can learn patience, gentleness, and how to love, as only a dog truly knows how to love. It doesn't matter to him whether his master is rich or poor, black or white, virtuous or vicious; he loves him just the same. He is the only friend who sticks by when the family fortunes sink to the \"FAITHFUL AND TRUE\" zero point, and there's little left in the house but love. The faithful dog shares the poor man's poverty just as joyously.\nA good and loving dog is a sure barometer of the family fortune. His tail droops with his master's sorrow and waves high and joyously when the family fortunes soar. A man can fool his wife when he is worried, but he cannot deceive his dog. Somehow that faithful old companion will smell out the trouble and come around and climb up into his master's lap to see if he can heal the wound. He responds instantly to a better mood. The disposition of a dog is often an index of the disposition of his master or his family; so we should strive to be at our very best in order that the family canine may reflect our own benevolence and goodness. Nor has the dog always been without honor. Dog-lovers will recall the little anecdotes of fidelity and devotion which have come down to us from ancient times.\nA black-and-tan terrier named Csesar, owned by the late King Edward of England, marched immediately behind the bier in the great funeral procession of the monarch. Thirty thousand British soldiers followed with arms at rest. It was a fitting tribute from the British royal family to the nobility of the dead monarch's little canine friend, who had been his constant companion in his last hours.\n\nThe dog had not been reluctant in the strenuous, adventurous life of his god, the man. The Alaskan husky had drawn him along the snowbound trails of that bleak land when the thermometer was fifty below zero. In the great Alaskan sweepstake race given up in 1917 due to the extreme demands on both dogs and men, the dog was the chief actor. On bloody battlefields, dogs had drawn powder-wagons where it was so necessary.\nIn the rough terrain where horses or motor vehicles couldn't travel, brave dogs went over the battlefield after the smoke of battle had died away, carrying first aid and saving many gallant lives for patriotic service. On the lonely moors of Scotland and England, the shepherd is never alone as long as he has his faithful four-footed friend. In many of his most stirring adventures, it will be seen that the faithful dog has been by man's side, sharing his hardships and keeping him company.\n\nSince the dog is such a true and worthy friend to man, I beseech from all my readers such treatment of him as his nobility deserves. I beseech the vivisectionist to stay the knife that he holds above his helpless friend, for the dog, alive, can do much.\nMore harmful to humanity than he can dead. Vivisection is a relic of barbarism and no part of true science. It is destined to disappear as a hideous nightmare, something best forgotten. Officers who restrain dogs and enforce laws concerning them should temper justice with mercy, for they little dream what good friends to man they lose when they ruthlessly slaughter dogs. Boys who stone dogs should stop and think before they throw the missile, for some day this very dog may pull them from the water and save their lives. Automobilists who mercilessly run down dogs on the public highways should remember that, although they can take life, they cannot give it. They have no right to blot carelessly out a life which may be very dear to some child, or to some older dog-lover. Owners of dogs, yours is a great responsibility.\nYour dog's collar should be loose and, if chained, ensure a generous leash. Attend to his food and water as you would like to be treated. He will repay you with the golden coin of love, a love that money cannot buy, a love that is always faithful and never wavers.\n\nIf fortune turns against you, if other friends slight you, but your dog will never. You may fall from grace in the world's eyes, but you will never fall from his esteem. To him, you will always be master, his first and last love, and his god. Often, a sorry god, disgracing the love and trust he gives you, yet still his god.\n\nHe will lick the empty hand with just as much affection as the hand of opulence, and all he asks in return is to be cared for.\nIf you are near, to share your joys and sorrows, comfort your lonely moments with his silent adoration, and kiss away your tears with his soft tongue if you are overwhelmed with grief. If you speak kindly to him now and then, give back a fraction of the lavish love he is always outpouring, call him chum or pal occasionally, and tell him confidentially all those things that perplex you, he will understand much better than you imagine, and his dumb affection will do much to assuage the sharpest grief. If you treat him as such a friend deserves to be treated, it is all he asks.\n\nHe will lie for hours looking up at you with those adoring eyes, perfectly happy. If you treat him right, you will find his love as constant as the magnetic needle to the pole. Others may fluctuate, but he will remain faithful and true.\nnever he. In riches and poverty, joy and sorrow, honor and disgrace, heat and cold, he is always the same, adoring, worshipful friend, faithful unto death, giving his all, and giving it gladly.\n\nFidelity, loyalty, valor, trustfulness, honesty, devotion, selflessness, thy name is Dog, the best friend that God ever vouchsafed to man.\n\nThe Story of a Small Dog\u2019s Love\nChapter I\nThe Christmas Pup\n\nMrs. Browning stood on the corner of Broad Street, where Bay Path crosses it on its way from Boston to Albany. She was waiting for a trolley car to Meadowdale. In summer, this street, on which she stood, was a nature-lover's paradise, with its four rows of gigantic elms stretching their long arms far out over the green carpet. At close of day, when the dark shadows stole from behind the trunks of the mighty trees and stray sunbeams peeked through.\nThe child's paradise was transformed on Christmas Eve. The leaves had been filtered down and patches of gold adorned the green carpet. But now, as Mrs. Browning beheld it, its beauty was of another order. A heavy snowfall two days prior had been followed by rain, which had frozen as it fell. Consequently, the village green and adjacent fields were covered with a coating of crystals that glistened and glimmered in the moonlight like a woodland lake with its first coating of ice. Every twig of the great elms was bejeweled with ice, and all the weeds and bushes were hung with diamonds. It looked more like a fairy world than the staid old town. The icicles on the trees caught the moonbeams and refracted them in all the colors of the prism.\nless stars in the heavens added to the brilliance of the scene. It was an animated picture, with children shouting and laughing and occasionally, a sleigh-ride party crossing the street. The loads of merry youngsters sang and shouted and rang discordant cow-bells as they passed. But when there came an occasional lull in the merrymaking, it seemed to Mrs. Browning that the stillness which followed had a peculiar quality, as though the hush of that far-off Christmas, nineteen hundred years before, had come down through the centuries and settled like a benediction on the old town. At this point in Mrs. Browning\u2019s reflections, the trolley car stopped at her corner and she hurried inside to quite another world. Outside, the air had been clear, crisp, and bracing; but inside the car, the artificial warmth was heavy with many fumes.\nEvery one in the car was excited and full of good spirits. Many were talking and laughing, and already extending Christmas greetings, although it was only Christmas Eve. There was a sound of animated conversation, a general Christmas chatter, each advising the other as to what they should get for Johnnie or Susie, or debating concerning their gifts for their husbands this year. It was so hard to get just the right thing for one's husband.\n\nMrs. Browning was seated and chatting with a neighbor, for she too was in quest of a Christmas present. Mrs. Browning did not ride into town but stopped by a cross street about a mile from the center. A brisk walk for five minutes down this street brought her to THE CHRISTMAS PUP, a low old-fashioned house. She mounted the piazza steps and rang the bell.\nAt the sound of the tinkling bell, there was a chorus of barks from the dog company inside. The high staccato of the Pomeranian, the deep bay of the police dog, and several other tones ranging in pitch between these two were heard.\n\nPresently, a tall lank man with a stoop in his shoulders opened the door.\n\n\"Good evening, Mr. Manson,\" said Mrs. Browning.\n\nHe did not at first recognize his visitor.\n\n\"Oh, is that you, Mrs. Browning? Come right in,\" and he threw wide the door.\n\nAs Mrs. Browning entered, a beautiful English setter crowded up to her and put her muzzle into the woman's hand, receiving a pat on her noble head. The police dog looked curiously in from a side door, and the two Pomeranians viewed the newcomer from a distance.\n\n\"Here, you dogs, get back there! This is your friend, Mrs. Browning. Don't bother her.\"\nYou know her? Come right in. Mr. Manson led the way to the sitting-room. \"Here, you, Queenie,\" he said peremptorily to a sleek greyhound in the large easy chair, \"get up and give Mrs. Browning the chair.\" The greyhound raised herself, yawned, and jumped lightly to the floor. \"Thank you, Queenie,\" said Mrs. Browning, as she seated herself. \"How is Mr. Browning?\" inquired Mr. Manson. \"Yes,\" replied Mrs. Browning. \"He just arrived home this afternoon. He is tired out. Twenty-five years of pounding away at a typewriter with an endless round of dictionaries, manuscripts, and then more manuscripts is enough to tire out anyone. I don't see how he stands it.\" \"That's so,\" said Mr. Manson.\nMrs. Browning explained, \"I can only keep track of his books and haven't had the time to read them. This brings me to my errand. I mustn't be away too long as he is all alone. I've come over to buy the fox terrier advertised in the paper this morning for a Christmas present for Mr. Browning. He's tired and discouraged, and I know a little dog will do him good. He wants something snuggly to cuddle. I think the paper said the price was twenty-five dollars.\"\n\nAt these words, Mr. Manson looked troubled and ran his fingers through his hair. \"I'm sorry, Mrs. Browning, but I sold that little fox terrier an hour ago. I would rather have sold him to you and Mr. Browning, but he is gone.\"\nMrs. Browning's astonishment and disappointment were so great that she dropped her pocket-book, and change rolled in every direction. Once the money had been recovered and the pocket-book had been put back in the bag, Mr. Manson said: \"I think I can fix you up all right. Fox terriers are good, but I have got some other dogs that will do just as well.\"\n\n\"Oh, no, you haven't,\" put in Mrs. Browning. \"A fox terrier was just what I wanted. I have made up my mind, and another dog won't do.\"\n\nBut Mr. Manson was not discouraged. He knew dogs, and he also thought he knew men and women, so he kept right on, as though he had not heard Mrs. Browning. \"You come out to the kennels and see what I have. I've got the most wonderful lot of beagle pups you ever saw in your whole life, as many as twenty of them.\"\nI. Mr. Manson urged, \"Come see the beagle pups. They are beauties, full of life. Every one a beauty. I know you will like them once you see them.\"\n\nII. Mrs. Browning responded, \"I had made up my mind to buy a fox terrier. It won't cost anything to look at them.\"\n\nIII. At Mr. Manson's suggestion, Mrs. Browning observed the nearly twenty beagle pups jumping about in their pen. Their quick movements made it difficult to focus on one pup for long.\n\nIV. Mrs. Browning remained silent, gazing at them for over a minute. Mr. Manson wisely kept quiet.\n\nV. Eventually, Mr. Manson inquired, \"How do they look to you? What do you think of them?\"\n\"They are great. They are beautiful little dogs. I don't know - perhaps one of them would do for Mr. Browning, though I had made up my mind to get a fox terrier. I am sure it would. I will tell you what I will do. You pick out one, and we will make Mr. Browning a Christmas present of it together. I will give half and you give half. No, that will never do. I want to give the whole thing to myself. All right, I will let you have the pup at half-price. The next question was to select a pup from the wriggling mass. Mrs. Browning selected at least a half-dozen and then changed her mind when she thought she had discovered one which was better than her last choice. Finally, in utter perplexity, she chose one.\"\nMrs. Browning asked Mr. Manson to choose a pup, and there was no doubt in his mind which one was the best. He quickly selected his favorite and presented it to Mrs. Browning for inspection. The little dog was symmetrically formed and beautifully marked.\n\n\"I will take him,\" said Mrs. Browning. The purchase was made on the spot, and they returned home with an empty basket to carry the pup in.\n\n\"If he isn't satisfactory in every way and Mr. Browning doesn't like him, you bring him right back and I will give you another,\" said Mr. Manson as Mrs. Browning departed with her purchase.\n\nAt the street corner, she found that there were still several minutes before the car was due, so she went into a little store to wait. She placed the basket on the counter and extended her Christmas greetings.\nMrs. Browning was speaking to the grocery man when a pleasant woman around fifty entered.\n\n\"Oh, hello, Mrs. Browning, isn't that you? Aren't you lost? I wish you a Merry Christmas,\" the woman said.\n\n\"The Christmas Pup 39\n\n\"Why, I have just been to your place. I wanted to see you, but I couldn't wait. I have to get home as soon as possible, as I left Mr. Browning alone,\" Mrs. Browning replied.\n\n\"What have you got in the basket?\" Mrs. Manson inquired suspiciously. \"Is it one of the babies?\"\n\nAt the sound of her voice, there was a commotion inside the basket, and a pitiful whimpering was heard.\n\n\"There, now, I knew you had one of the babies,\" Mrs. Manson exclaimed. \"I wonder which one it is. It sounds like Bing. It couldn't be Bing, though; Mr. Manson wouldn't sell him. He is the pick of the kennels!\"\nAt this instant, the pup pushed up the lid from the basket and quickly stuck out his head.\n\"Oh, oh!\" exclaimed Mrs. Manson.\n\"It is Bing! I thought it sounded like him. Mr. Manson wouldn't have sold him to anybody except you. He was intending to keep him.\"\n\"How did you happen to name him Bing?\" inquired Mrs. Browning. \"I'm glad if he is the pick of the kennels.\"\n\"Oh, I don't know,\" returned her friend. \"They just seem to name themselves. One day he was sniffing around my feet and I said, 'I know what your name is, little dog, it is Bingo.' It is after the old song, Bingo, don't you remember?\" and Mrs. Manson hummed the old ditty:\n\"Johnny had a little dog and Bingo was his name, sir,\nBT-N-G-0 go, B-I-N-G-0 go, Bingo was his name, sir.\"\nHalf an hour later, Mrs. Browning hurried into her own house and deposited the pup.\nThe basket was on the sofa.\n\nTHE CHRISTMAS PUP, No. 41\nI have a Christmas present for you, Lawrence,\" she said, snapping on the light. Come over here to the sofa. I want you to see it.\n\nA Christmas present for me? Why, it won't be Christmas until tomorrow.\"\nYes, I know,\" returned Mrs. Brown. But I wanted you to have it right away.\n\nThe man got up slowly and went over to the lounge. In the meantime, Mrs. Brown had opened the basket and deposited the little dog beside it.\n\nWhat is it, another puppy? inquired the man. You know I always said, after Scottie died, I could never bear to have another dog.\nI know you said that,\" returned Mrs. Browning. That is what you always say when we lose an old dog, and somehow we always get another.\n\nMr. Browning lifted the pup in his arms and returned to his easy-chair.\nThe little dog snuggled down in his lap while his new master caressed its long, silky ears and stroked its head.\n\n\"What breed is it?\" he inquired finally.\n\n\"Not that it matters, if it is just a dog.\"\n\n\"I intended to get you a fox terrier,\" replied Mrs. Browning, \"but the one I went for was sold. This is a beagle hound.\"\n\n\"Humph,\" said Mr. Browning, \"a beagle hound. Why, I used to have one when I was a small boy, and I thought the world of it. Perhaps this one will be just as good.\"\n\nAt this point in the conversation, Mrs. Browning went into the kitchen to do the dishes which she had left in her haste to go to the city, and Mr. Browning was left with the new puppy. As the man felt the warm little body of the dog nestling against him and the little head lying confidingly in the palm of his hand, this mite of a beagle hound.\nA man's love for a dog: After weeks of treatment in the hospital and much medicine failing, something a dog did unlocked a well-spring of love in him. A great tension in his mind was relieved, nerves relaxed, and happy tears filled his eyes. Yes, he would love this little dog. He had come at just the right time and was as welcome as sunshine in a darkened room. One of the family now, taking the place of their old collie.\n\nFifteen minutes later, when Mrs. Browning returned to the room, she found the man asleep in the easy-chair, and the little dog resting on his shoulder and nestling against his face in an attitude of perfect contentment. The dog, too, was asleep. Mrs. Browning tip-toed out of the room lest she should disturb the sleepers. A great joy filled her.\nHer Christmas gift brought love, the light of the world, into a darkened life. The little dog would be part of the family.\n\nChapter II\nHomesick\n\nThat evening, when Mrs. Browning went to check the furnace and added a few shovels of coal for the night, Bing went down to the cellar with her. He found the cellar a very strange and interesting place, having never been in one before, spending his entire short life above ground. He explored all the dark corners, and finally climbed up on the woodpile and peeked out the cellar window. Hurrying down, he attempted to dig a hole in the cellar bottom, but the dirt was too hard and he soon gave up. He eventually discovered the potato barrel in the darkest corner of the cellar, and behind it was\nan exciting scent interested him. It was more than exciting; it thrilled him and made every nerve tingle, and the hair along his neck and back stand erect. So he squeezed in behind the barrel, uttering sharp, excited barks. But these barks soon changed to yelps of pain, and he scrambled out from behind the barrel much faster than he had gone in and ran whimpering to Mrs. Browning. That kind lady at once took him up in her arms. She found a few drops of blood on his upper lip.\n\n\"You poor little dog,\" she said sympathetically, \"that horrid, long-tailed, gray-whiskered, old rat has bitten you in the face. I must doctor the wound at once.\"\n\nThe syphonatal bottle was brought into play and a few drops were put on Bing's wound. This made the cut smart, and he thought the treatment was effective.\nAfter seeing Mrs. Browning search for the sylphon-athol bottle, he would hide under the stove. Before retiring for the night, Mrs. Browning arranged a warm blanket in the basket she had brought home for the puppy and placed it near the furnace in the cellar. She tucked Bing up for the night, and he fell asleep from exhaustion after the exciting five hours since leaving his home in the kennels.\n\n\"He went right off to sleep, just like a baby,\" Mrs. Browning reported to her husband as they prepared to retire. \"He isn't going to give us a particle of trouble. I am sure he will be a great comfort to you.\"\n\n\"I hope so,\" replied the man.\nMr. Browning didn't go to sleep immediately, for sleeplessness was one of his bugaboos. But Mrs. Browning was soon snoring peacefully. Soon a new sound was heard in the Browning establishment, and the listening man at once knew that it came from the cellar. The sound began with a hoarse bark, which gradually ascended in a pathetic crescendo until it ended in a wail of sound; then it would begin at the top of the scale and come sliding down, only to end in a hoarse bark. Then there was absolute silence for perhaps thirty seconds, after that a half-dozen excited yelps, then another silence, just long enough to see if the outcry produced any results; then came a dozen angry, explosive little barks.\n\nAs the sounds from the cellar persisted and Mrs. Browning continued to snore peacefully, Mr. Browning pulled the bedclothes closer and strained his ears.\nMrs. Browning woke up with a start and sat up in bed. \"Did I hear something?\" she asked. \"What is that wailing downstairs?\"\n\n\"Oh, that's our new dog,\" Mr. Browning replied. \"He's been at it for fifteen minutes. I guess we're in for it this time.\"\n\n\"The poor little chap,\" Mrs. Browning sympathized. \"I should have known better than to put him in the cellar. He's afraid of that miserable old rat. I'll go right down and bring him up to the kitchen.\"\n\nSo she put on her bathrobe, thrusting her feet into her slippers, and hurried down cellar. When she returned, she reported that she had moved the basket beside the dog.\nThe little dog was sleeping in the kitchen. Their troubles seemed over for the night, but Mr. Browning was skeptical. A half-hour later, the pathetic concert below was resumed, but it was much louder than before as the performer was now in the kitchen instead of the cellar. He went through his entire program as he had in the first instance, only this time it was much more vigorous. It seemed more agonizing to Mr. Browning. He pulled the blanket over his head and finally stuffed the ends of his handkerchief in his ears, but still the pitiful whining of the homesick puppy floated up to him.\n\n\"Oh! Is that poor little dog crying again?\" exclaimed Mrs. Browning, raising herself on her elbow once more.\n\n\"Yes, oh yes,\" replied her husband, \"he has been at it for the last half-hour.\"\nMrs. Browning made trips to the kitchen to feed, water, and cuddle the lonesome little dog. She reported that he was asleep each time, but the noise from the kitchen continued for the better part of the night, and the new family member was quiet only when Mrs. Browning tended to him. Mr. Browning loved dogs but disliked their barking and whimpering while he wanted to sleep. He endured it for most of the night but lost patience towards morning, as one does with very small children.\nMr. Browning quietly crept out of bed and made a trip to the kitchen. Bing greeted him joyously at the kitchen door, but his happiness was not reciprocated. Mr. Browning took him by the scruff of the neck and cuffed his ears soundly before throwing him back into his basket and slamming the kitchen door when he went back to bed.\n\nThis chastisement had the desired effect, as not another bark or whimper was heard that night from the kitchen. However, Mr. Browning paid dearly for it, as it was at least two weeks before he could fully regain the little dog's confidence and get him to snuggle down in his lap again.\n\nMr. Browning had violated a fundamental rule in training a puppy: not to punish a very small dog too severely before he has learned the house rules.\nAfter he has learned to love his master, he can forgive him anything, but it bewilders him to punish him before that time has come. Mr. Browning was very much surprised the following day to discover that Bing belonged entirely to Mrs. Browning, though he was supposed to be his own Christmas present. But he could not get the little dog to look at him all that day, not even when he tried to coax him with a ginger snap. When Mr. Browning thrust the ginger snap into the side of Bing's mouth, he held it for a minute wistfully and then, looking up at the man with a reproachful expression on his little dog face, dropped the dainty treat that he so much coveted and climbed into Mrs. Browning's lap. \"Well, what do you know about that?\" exclaimed Mr. Browning. \"Who would have thought?\"\nI should not have done it, only you know how my sleep has been broken for weeks, and last night was the last straw. There was one member of the Browning family that Bing immediately befriended, and that was the Professor, a large buff-colored Angora cat. The Professor was so full of love and friendship for everyone that he took the little dog under his special care, and in a very few hours, the two were the best of friends. They would sleep together in the same chair, and the Professor tried to wash Bing's face that first evening, just as though he had been another cat. Although Bing followed Mrs. Browning about like her shadow and enjoyed the Professor greatly, yet he was not happy. He had come from a great kennel where there were twenty other dogs.\nbeagle pups they had enjoyed such romps and such wonderful sham fights, and now there was nobody to roll and tumble with or play with, the way he had with his brothers and sisters. It was a beautiful home he had come to, much more comfortable than the cheerless kennels had been. There he had slept with a half-dozen other puppies in the cold shelter; here he was always warm and comfortable. But Bing missed his dog family more than any one in the Browning household even dreamed.\n\nOne morning, when he had been at Sunshine Cottage about two weeks, this longing for his friends in the big kennels and for Mr. Manson became too great for Bing to bear, and he did a thing which nearly cost him his life.\n\nMrs. Browning was sweeping and, in the course of her house-cleaning, opened wide the kitchen door to air the room.\nShe had supposed that Bing was sleeping on the window ledge of the living-room, but instead he was under the kitchen stove. So, when her back was turned, he slipped out through the open door and hurried down the street, going he knew not whither, but determined to seek and find his old home and all his brothers and sisters that had romped with him only a couple of weeks before.\n\nChapter III\n\nAlone in the World\n\nBing trotted rapidly down the street for perhaps a hundred yards, occasionally looking back over his shoulder to see if he was being followed. But his absence from the Browning home had not yet been discovered, so of course, no one followed him.\n\nPresently he came to a cross street and there were three possibilities before him. Then the thought occurred to him that he did not know the way back to the kennels.\nMr. Manson halted and sat down to ponder, or rather to wonder, as his thinking was not very definite. Should he continue on his current path, or turn left or right? After much deliberation, he decided to press forward, but soon concluded this was not the correct way. He returned to the intersection of the streets and went to the right. This street also failed to please him, so he retraced his steps and took the left. By this time, he could no longer even find his way back to the Browning's.\n\nA few rods down the left street, he came across a large yellow cat sunning itself on the piazza. The cat looked remarkably like the Professor, so Bing decided to question him. He would surely know the way home to the kennels.\n\nAs the strange puppy began to mount the cat...\nthe piazza steps, the big yellow cat arched his back and began spitting. The sounds did not seem to be exactly friendly, but Bing's need was very great, so he continued to climb. Now Bing was wagging his tail vigorously and grinning his most persuasive dog grin, but the big cat either did not notice these friendly overtures or else he was a cat grouch and did not wish to be friendly. For, when Bing's paw touched the top step, something happened which he had not even dreamed of. With a nasty yowl and spit, the great cat sprang across the piazza and landed fairly upon Bing's back. He came with such fury that he bowled the unsuspecting puppy over and sent him sprawling to the bottom of the steps. This probably saved him a bad scratching, for before the belligerent cat could gather himself together for another attack, Bing scrambled away, tail between his legs.\nother spring, the terrified pup had fled down the pathway yelping in fright. He had learned his first lesson in the great wide world, namely, that things and people are not always just what they seem to be, and that it is well to be slow in making friendships \u2014 a philosophy that applies equally well to men and dogs. After that, Bing did not seek to ask the way to the homes of either cats, dogs, or men, but wandered miserably about looking this way and that, hoping that something would turn up. It was while wandering about in this aimless way, and getting farther and farther from his haven at the Brownings\u2019, that some boys spied the lost pup.\n\nArthur Guiterman has written:\n\nBING\n\u201cOh, the saddest of sights in a world of sin,\nIs a little lost pup with his tail tucked in!\u201d\n\nNow the boys should have noticed that\nThis was a lost pup, and they had taken him to their hearts, trying to help him. They didn't even consider this. They merely saw in the forlorn little dog an object for fun, or rather something they called fun, but it should never be fun for a right-minded boy to torment any of the dumb creatures.\n\nSo one boy scooped up a handful of snow and cried to his fellows, \"I bet I'll be the first one to hit him.\"\n\nBing divined at once that he was the object of their mirth, yet he never dreamed that their intent was anything but kindly. Perhaps these boys were going to help him find the way to the kennel. So he advanced, wagging his tail.\n\nZip went a snowball so close to him that it kicked up a cloud of snow crystals. The boy who had thrown the snowball missile laughed with delight.\nZip, zip. Two other snowballs went and then another from the first boy hit poor frightened little Bing with a glancing blow. He did not wait to see more. The intent of these boys was certainly unfriendly, so he ran with all his might away from the flying missiles. He did not stop running until he had left the thoughtless boys far behind, but even so, they chased him for a score of rods, throwing snowballs as they ran. Bing had learned another lesson, which was not to trust strangers implicitly until you have found them out. All was not gold that glittered in this strange and fearful world into which he had fled so confidently. Perhaps the great wide world was not a good place at all. He had better try to find his way back to Sunshine Cottage and the Brownings; they had really been very good to him. This was his conclusion as he now saw them.\nThrough the vista of his sorry adventures of the past hour. It was a case of distance lending enchantment. But he had become so bewildered in fleeing from the hateful boys that he had lost all sense of direction and didn't even know the way back to Sunshine Cottage, although it was barely a quarter of a mile away and really almost within sight, if he had looked in the right direction. So Bing decided to make the acquaintance of a big bulldog that was gnawing a bone on a piazza nearby. Perhaps he would help him.\n\nHis experience with dogs had always been pleasant. All the dogs at the kennels had been friendly; surely this one would be, too. Bing advanced, wagging his tail, but, to his great astonishment, the bulldog arose and stood over his bone and growled most viciously when the lost pup approached.\nBing came close to him. Bing was so frightened that he fled, not even taking time to explain in dog language that he didn't want the bone, but was only inquiring his way home to his folks. He had learned another lesson \u2014 the lesson of proprietorship in one's home, which is very strong in dogs and one of their most zealously guarded rights. No dog should ever trespass upon another dog's piazza, or even look at his bone, unless invited. Yes, Bing would remember that. The growl of that bulldog even made him cold, and he shivered and whimpered miserably. Several other houses he reconnoitered cautiously, but they were all either guarded by dogs or else children saw him and drove him away. Finally, he became convinced that all the world hated him, or at least all the world but the Brownings, and that he was an outcast. What would\nHe didn't want to see those good people again! At the thought of the pleasant quarters at Sunshine Cottage, a great wave of loneliness and despair seized Bing, and he sat down upon his tail and lifted up his nose and howled dolefully.\n\n\"Oh, the saddest sight in a world of sin, Is a little lost pup with his tail tucked in!\" Then Bing remembered that he was very hungry. The excitement of the past hour and its loneliness had made his appetite like that of a wolf. He set about to find himself some food.\n\nHe inspected several outbuildings and farmyards and, after a long search, discovered a small animal that had been freshly skinned and thrown upon a compost heap. He fell upon it savagely. At first, he thought it rather good meat, he was so hungry. But finally, he bit into a portion of the carcass that fairly nauseated him.\nBing and he hurriedly left the odorous meat. The truth was, Bing had been eating a freshly skinned skunk and had bitten into the carcass near the scent-bag. No wonder it was strong meat. How his fortunes had fallen!\n\nAt Sunshine Cottage, there were plenty of dog biscuits warmed on the kitchen range. Also, there were dog cubes that would keep any dog in good condition and a generous saucer of milk, not to mention the company of the Professor. The thoughts of that old cat and his lost plate of dog goodies made Bing sit upon his tail and wail dismally.\n\n68...Bing\n\nAnd what a commotion he had created at Sunshine Cottage. Mr. Browning sat at his desk, frantically telephoning in every direction for \"a little dog with his...\"\nHad anyone seen a little lost beagle hound? It was black and white with tan ears and tan markings around the eyes. His name was Bing, and if anyone saw him, would they return him to Sunshine Cottage where a reward was waiting? The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts were finally pressed into service in the search for the little lost pup. Meanwhile, Mrs. Browning ran hither and thither to all the neighbors, asking the same question: \"Has anyone seen a little lost pup?\"\n\nWhen Mr. Browning finally telephoned Mr. Manson at the kennels, that kind dog-man tried to reassure Bing's new owner.\n\n\"I guess he will be all right,\" he said. \"You see, Mr. Browning, a dog hasn't lost all of its wild-animal instincts. They can take care of themselves a great deal better than we humans can under hard circumstances.\"\nI. conditions. I guess he will dig in some place. I shouldn't worry, if I were you. But hours passed with no word from Bing. Some people thought they had seen him, or a puppy just like him, but they were not sure. Several thought their children had seen him. They would keep a sharp lookout and, if anything was seen of him, they would report.\n\nThus hour after hour went by and the anxiety at Sunshine Cottage grew steadily, and, in the meantime, the fear that had held Mr. Manson when he had heard the news of the lost dog came to pass, for a blinding, swirling snowstorm set in, with every prospect of a deep snowfall.\n\nBing\n\nThe snow came down in pelting, swirling gusts, and the cold grew steadily. A blizzard was upon them, such as had not been seen in many a winter, and a little lost pup, only three months old, was out in it.\nIn the storm, pitting his small strength and slight wits against the mighty force of the snow and the cold. It was terrible. Mr. Browning paced up and down the rooms or listened at the window to the howling of the wind.\n\n\"I am afraid we shall never see him again,\" he said. \"He never can stand this storm. If he is out in this terrible blizzard, he will surely perish.\"\n\n\"I shouldn't worry,\" returned his wife. \"Someone will take him in. As Mr. Manson says, he will dig in somewhere.\"\n\nBut he did not. Instead, little Bing took to the woods. He sought shelter in a desolate swamp about a quarter of a mile from the nearest farmhouse and a mile from the village.\nHe dug a hole under the top of a fallen hemlock. He dug deep, as far down as he could, and the white snow soon covered him. There, all through the night, at the heart of the desolate swamp, poor little Bing shivered and cowered, trying to sleep and to keep from freezing, while his master and mistress worried themselves nearly sick and sent up silent prayers to Heaven for a little lost pup.\n\nFor the next ten days, Old Winter put on such a program of blinding snowstorms, howling wind, and biting cold that even the oldest resident could not recall. People who did not have very urgent business outdoors stayed close to the fire. Bing and those who did venture outside put on their warmest furs.\n\nMr. Browning kept up his search for the missing pup. He telephoned every friend in the village and surrounding hamlets. He advertised in the local paper.\nThe local paper, while the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and local police searched the countryside for miles around, but not a sign of Bing could they find. Meanwhile, the object of all this anxiety was having an even harder time. For the better part of each day and all through the night, he skulked in the swamp. Each day at dusk, he came forth and went to the compost heap for his ration of frozen skunk. It was lucky for him that the boy whose dump he was pillaging was a good trapper. For, as soon as the first skunk had been eaten, another appeared, and that was soon followed by a dead muskrat.\n\nAlone in the World - Bing\n\nThis meat was not so strong, but \"wow,\u201d wasn't it tough! As Bing munched away upon it, he must have longed with a pitiful longing for his plate of dog biscuits and cubes, or the saucer of warm milk.\nHe had one desperate adventure in the dark swamp which nearly ended fatally. It was merely by a stroke of good luck that he escaped. A big red fox also made his home in the swamp, and one day when he was prowling about, he discovered the fresh tracks of a small dog. Somehow it angered the old fox to know that a puppy was snooping about in his swamp, so he followed the tracks, determined to make an end of the small dog should he discover him alone.\n\nFinally, he spied him wandering disconsolately about and gave chase. Now Bing had a very keen nose, and this warned him of his danger before it was too late. He did not know just what the danger was, but without waiting to see, he fled in and out among the clumps of laurel. The old fox gained on him at every jump. Out and in they raced.\nhad almost reached him when this large foxhound suddenly appeared, checking the flight. Bing ran almost between the hound's legs before noticing it. The fox was following him so closely that he barely escaped the open jaws. In a flash, the entire scene changed. From being the pursuer, the fox became the pursued; it was a desperate race. Again and again, the hound reached for him, and he barely escaped. But finally, the fox evaded his pursuer, and Bing heard the deep baying of the hound die away in the distance.\n\nIt was on the tenth day of his hiding in the swamp that a young farmer happened upon him. Even then, he was not at first sure that it was a human being he had discovered.\nThe small animal that scurried away so rapidly was a dog. But he was one of those to whom Mr. Browning had telephoned. So he began whistling and calling, but it was at least fifteen minutes before he could coax the terrified little dog into the open. And this was only a beginning, for it took another half-hour to coax him up where he could get a hand on him. Finally, cringing and crawling on his belly, poor Bing crept to the man\u2019s feet, and he stooped down and picked him up. What a forlorn little chap he was! His hair was rough and unkempt, his ears and lips were frostbitten, and he was so emaciated and weak that he could hardly stand.\n\nThe young man hurried to the house with him and soon he was lapping frantically at a pan of warm milk. He would gulp it down until he choked, and then run about the room choking and panting.\nThe young man and his wife discovered that the heat from the stove made their frostbitten dog's ears ache and burn. \"I guess we had better get him home as soon as possible. I will hitch up the horse at once,\" said the young man.\n\nMr. Browning was getting a few last winks of his morning sleep when Mrs. Browning burst into his room. \"Lawrence, wake up!\" she cried. \"You can never guess who is here.\" But Mr. Browning did not need to guess, for the newcomer was already on the bed licking his face frantically and trying in every way to express his boundless dog love.\n\n\"It's Bing,\" cried Mrs. Browning excitedly, \"and he is back. He is very weak, and his soft little ears are frostbitten. If he goes near the stove, it makes him whimper. But I guess he is all right, aside from that. We can patch him up all right.\"\nright and he is mighty glad to get home. \"I see he is,\" returned Mr. Browning, stroking the small dog gently. \"We've been anxious about you, little pup.\" Bing began all over again, kissing his master's face and wagging his tail to tell him how glad he was to be home. He had learned his lesson well, although it had been at a terrible cost. He knew now what home meant. Yes, it was \"Home, Sweet Home,\" the only place on earth for Bing from that time forth. This was his haven, and he was anchored here for the rest of his life.\n\nCHAPTER IV\n\nBING GROWS UP\n\nOf all the puppies ever raised at Sunshine Cottage, Bing was the most unfortunate. All of the ills that puppyhood is heir to seemed to come to him. This was partly because of his sorry adventure while he was in hiding in the swamp during those ten dreadful days in winter. Every illness befalling him could be traced back to that time.\nOne person to whom the adventure was described grew up enduring frostbitten ears. It was a miracle he survived. For weeks, he suffered from frostbitten ears, which were painful whenever he went near the stove. His favorite hiding place was under the kitchen range, but this meant he often felt a burning and smarting in his frostbitten ears from being near the stove. Then he would climb whimpering into his master's lap, and the patient man would take him to the sink and bathe his ears until the pain abated. It was not hard to do this during the daytime, but at night it was quite another story. Several times each night, Mr. Browning would hear the whimpering of the little dog down in the kitchen and would crawl out of his warm bed and, in bathrobe and slippers, go down and minister to the suffering puppy. But the little dog was incomplete in the text.\nThe dog was so patient and grateful for all their efforts that they loved him more each day, despite the trouble he caused. The ears had barely healed when the little hound developed stomatitis, a serious disease of the mouth. When the veterinarian first looked into Bing's mouth, he shook his head.\n\n\"You will have to keep after this trouble or you will lose him,\" he said. \"Get a bottle of peroxide of hydrogen and sop it on the gums. Do this several times each day, and don't neglect it if you want to keep your dog.\"\n\nSo, half a dozen times each day, Mr. Browning would get Bing between his knees and hold his mouth open, pulling the lips back from the gums so that Mrs. Browning could sop on the remedy, using a small swab for the purpose. After a few treatments, Bing seemed to understand and cooperated willingly.\nThey tried to help him by thumping his tail on the floor once he was in position during the operation. After the stomatitis was cured, a swelling appeared in his neck, which soon developed into an angry-looking abscess. The only remedy was a hot application, so they filled an old stocking with steaming bread and milk, sewed the end shut, and then sewed it around Bing's neck. With this strange necktie in place, he looked quite peculiar. He seemed to understand that it was for his good and was grateful, wagging his tail while the bread-and-milk poultice was being renewed. The pain in his neck was so intense that he often ran whimpering to his master or mistress in the night to have them renew it.\npoultice and keep down the pain. Then there were the usual small troubles with worms and fleas, not mentioning baths with flea soap and generous sprinklings with flea powder. When the springtime came and the little dog could get out on the lawn and play in the green grass, the Brownings thought their troubles were over. But, one day when he was playing with another puppy in the street, an automobile bowled him over and passed over him even before he knew what had happened. Mrs. Browning witnessed the accident from the piazza and ran to his assistance, but he scrambled to his feet to the surprise of everyone and ran yelping into the yard and out into the orchard. Around and around the place he ran, ki-yi-ing and occasionally stopping to roll on the grass.\n\nThe little dog, Bing, grows up. It was at least five minutes before he\n\n(end of text)\nQuieted down enough for his good friends to examine him and see what was the matter, but they could not discover any broken or dislocated bones. He had escaped as by a miracle, merely suffering a bad shaking up.\n\nIn the late spring, or by the time Bing was nine months old, he had developed into a very alert little watchdog, without any training on the part of his master. His first accomplishment was the guarding of the inside of the house. When the front doorbell rang or someone knocked on the back door, he would come scrambling down from the window-seat to take up his position by the side of his master or mistress, uttering belligerent little growls.\n\nThis was his way of telling the caller to beware, for there was a dog in the house. From guarding the inside of the house, Bing gradually assumed censorship over the:\n\nBing's vigilance inside the house grew more pronounced as he matured, and he took it upon himself to protect his home and family with great seriousness.\nOn cold days, the little dog stationed himself by the bay window and watched the passers-by. If anyone turned into the walk to approach the piazza, he barked and ran to inform his master or mistress. Later, when it was warmer, he would lie by the cellar window on the south side of the house and guard the entire premises. If anyone stepped foot on his master's land, the little dog gave warning.\n\nDuring springtime, when his mistress began to dig among her flowers, he was always present to watch the process. He would lie in the grass for hours, looking up at his mistress with adoring eyes. It was exasperating to find one of his dirty bones in the midst of the tulip-bed.\n\nWhen Bing was scolded because of the mess, he grew up.\nHe would carry the bone away and hide it, but it was quite apt to turn up again in the tulip-bed or some other equally choice flower-bed. Bing, very early, conceived the idea that his mistress's flowers were very dear to her, so he guarded them from the depredations of children in a most zealous manner. Bird Acre, as the Browning's called their grounds, was generously stocked with fruit, and the little watchman had to guard this as well. His mistress often hinted that his efforts along these lines were not altogether altruistic, as he was very fond of fruit himself. But Mr. Browning scoffed at this idea and said that he would guard a pumpkin vine just as faithfully as he did the pear-tree, if he knew it belonged to his master. Pew dogs have ever been so fond of fruit as was this little hound. When the fruit was ripe, it would go mad with desire and dig it up, root and all.\nThe first currants ripened, he searched carefully along under the bushes and snipped them off one by one. But it was not until his mistress was picking strawberries that the fruit season really opened for him. He followed after her all over the bed, searching for the ripe berries. Raspberries and blackberries were also quite to his liking, but probably the fruit that suited him best of all was that from the pear-trees. He was especially fond of an early sweet pear. As soon as the pears began to fall, woe betide any boy who tried to pilfer the Browning's fruit. For if one so much as set a foot upon the place, the little watchman was after him. He never tried to bite, but would circle round and round his victim, barking incessantly. It seemed he was calling to his master to come and help him.\nI've got him, I've got him, I've got him,\" his sharp barks seemed to be saying. \"You come and help hold him.\" The peach-trees and plum-trees had to be guarded from boys, and it was not until the last tomatoes and late apples were gathered that the vigilance of the little watchman was in any way diminished.\n\nBing soon learned the habitual callers to the house \u2014 the butcher, iceman, laundry-man, grocer, and all the other tradesmen. He early evinced a dislike for the electric-light man, for he would come stamping into the house without knocking or ringing the bell as a respectable citizen should. This greatly angered the little watchman.\n\nBing also learned that it was one of his duties as watchman to guard the wheelbarrow, the lawnmower, and any other garden or lawn tools which had been left outside. By the time he was a year old,\nMr. Browning welcomed anyone who could take flowers or fruit when the little dog was on guard. The greatest fun Bing experienced in guarding the place was driving off trespassing chickens. When he chased them, they squawked and flapped their wings, making the whole affair very exciting. He soon learned that he should not drive them beyond the boundary line, so he came to know where the boundaries were as well as his master. Bird Acre, as you will guess, was a haven for birds since the Brownings were very fond of their feathered friends. They fed them throughout the year, put up birdhouses, and also helped in nest-building. For this reason, the entire grounds were fairly alive with birds.\n\nWoodpeckers, flycatchers, tanagers, and other birds populated the area.\nGrackles swarmed in the orchard. Robins and other small birds nested in the pear-trees near the house. Catbirds reared their young in the lilac-bushes north of the house, while the oriole swung her nest from a branch in the top of the elm-tree. Stray cats were always prowling about in search of fledglings. Bing conceived the idea that he must guard the birds from these strays. If ever on rare occasions the Professor forgot himself and tried to stalk a bird, Bing would place himself between the old cat and his quarry. So, on many occasions, he saved some of the rare songsters on Bird Acre, including a wonderful catbird that the Brownings called The Little Chorister.\n\nMr. Browning was continually drawn into arguments with his dog-fancier friends as to the merits of large or small dogs for watch-dogs. The master.\nFended for, Bing's dog-fancier friends thought was too small for a watch-dog. He always concluded his argument in the same way. \"You see, Bing can make as much noise as any large dog, and that is all that is necessary. No one wants a watch-dog that will bite. It is simply his office to make a great racket and call his folks, and they will do all the fighting.\"\n\nBut when Bing was about eleven months old, he put up a fight in the defense of his mistress that made Mr. Browning proud of him, and which validated all he had said in favor of the little watchman.\n\nIt was an evening in late August, just after dusk. Mrs. Browning was in the kitchen working over the cook-stove with her back to the door when a sinister-looking tramp silently lifted the latch and noiselessly stepped inside.\n\n\"Don't cry out,\" he hissed under his breath.\nThe man, raising his hand threateningly, demanded, \"I want all the money in the house, and you have to give it to me quickly.\" Despite herself, Mrs. Browning let out a little cry as she turned to face him. Bing had been lying on the window-seat in a deep sleep; had he been awake, he would have heard the man sooner, even though he entered silently. But this slight cry from his mistress brought him to his feet, and before the man even guessed his presence, he sprang at his throat like a little fury.\n\nCaught off guard, the intruder backed away and let his half-clenched fist fall heavily on the small dog's head, sending him to the floor with a loud thump. But Bing was game and was up again like a flash, sinking his teeth into the tramp's trouser leg just above the knee, also grabbing a portion of his leg.\n\"The infuriated burglar roared, \"Get out, you little devil,\" kicking at the small dog with his other leg, but Bing held on with a desperate grip and the man couldn't break his hold. \"Don't you dare kick that dog again,\" cried Mrs. Browning, seizing a heavy poker that lay on the stove hearth and brandishing it over the man's head. \"I will dash your brains out if you dare to kick him again.\" Seeing that he was threatened from two quarters and being now fully cowed, the tramp backed away towards the door, putting up one hand to ward off the poker and striking at Bing with the other. \"You call off your dog, ma'am,\" he finally blubbered, \"and I will get out.\" But there was no calling off Bing. His mistress had been attacked, and he intended fully to avenge the insult. So it was not until after the tramp was out that\"\nThe yard, releasing his hold, let him go. He circled around and around the fleeing impostor, snarling and barking like a little fury. The pursuit was not abandoned until the tramp was well off the premises.\n\nA couple of weeks later, Mrs. Browning noticed another hobo standing by the maple tree in front of the house, examining a strange monogram recently cut into the smooth bark. The tramp scrutinized this character so intensely that the woman's curiosity was aroused, and she finally approached him.\n\n\"Perhaps you know what that strange figure means,\" she said.\n\n\"Reckon I do, ma'am,\" the hobo replied. \"It is as clear to me as the nose on your face.\"\n\n\"I wish you would tell me what it means,\" she returned. \"I am quite curious to know.\"\n\nThe tramp grinned at her quizzically.\nA look of avarice overspread his face. \"I'll tell you for a dollar, ma'am,\" he said, \"and that's my lowest figure.\" \"I'll give you twenty-five cents,\" returned Mrs. Browning. \"I don't care much what it means, anyway.\" \"Make it fifty,\" said the hobo. \"All right,\" replied Mrs. Browning, holding up a shiny half-dollar. \"What does it mean?\" \"Well,\" said the tramp, \"that's a little sign that a friend of mine put on this tree to tell me that there's a nasty dog in this house that will tear your trousers off if you do not look out for him.\" Mrs. Browning laughed. \"He is not a nasty dog,\" she retorted, \"but he will tear your trousers off if you get bold around here, so you had better move on,\" and she gave him the half-dollar. The hobo first smelled the money, then picked it up and pocketed it.\nMr. and Mrs. Browning sat at the supper table with Bing between them. He was impartial and always sat halfway between them, not wishing to slight either. Before they had sat down to supper, he had walked leisurely around the table, standing on his hind legs to make a careful inventory of the food. He had discovered a plate of gingersnaps which were quite to his liking, and he was now on his good behavior, thinking that if Mr. Browning did not give him some, his mistress would. When the man reached for his tea, he put a gingersnap in Bing's dish.\nSlid off a gingersnap and dropped it in his lap, Bing found it a minute later.\n\n\"You mustn't feed him at the table,\" remonstrated Mrs. Browning. \"You'll spoil his manners.\"\n\n\"Weren't you feeding him toast a minute ago?\" returned the man. \"I thought I heard him crunching it over by your chair.\"\n\n\"Well, you see, it is Bing's birthday,\" returned Mrs. Browning. \"He is a year old today. And besides, toast is good for him, and you know all the dog books say that cake and gingersnaps are harmful.\"\n\n\"Well, the doctor's books say that cake and gingersnaps are harmful for folks, but we eat them just the same, don't we, Bing?\" and Mr. Browning threw him another gingersnap.\n\n\"I don't see,\" he said, passing his cup for more tea, \"but that the old, old thing has happened again, the thing which always...\"\n\"Why, what do you mean a new dog causes the same old thing?,\" asked Mrs. Browning, surprised, as she returned the cup filled with hot tea.\n\n\"Oh, just the same thing. Once again we have given our hearts to a dog to tear,\" the master replied.\n\n\"Why, Bing wouldn't even tear my finger, much less my heart,\" the mistress returned. \"You ought to see how gently he takes the toast from my hand.\"\n\n\"I don't mean that! Don't you remember Kipling's poem, 'The Power of a Dog'?\n\n\"When the fourteen years which Nature permits\nAre closing in asthma, or tumor, or fits,\nAnd the vet's unspoken prescription runs\nTo lethal chambers or loaded guns,\nThen you will find\u2014it's your own affair\u2014\nBut\u2026 you've given your heart to a dog to tear\"\n\nCHAPTER V\nTHE LITTLE FELLOW\n\nUntil the coming of the little fellow\nBing had never cared much for children in his life. His attitude towards them had been either suspicion or indifference. Sunshine Cottage had no children, yet many parties of young people visited Mr. Browning because of his children's books. Bing had little to do with them as he was usually in the kitchen or outside during these visits. However, with the coming of the little fellow, his attitude towards children changed. The little fellow was Mr. Browning's nephew, and he was as sweet a little boy as ever wore a natty sailor suit or smiled up at you from under a jaunty sailor hat. According to his own statement, he was half-past five, born on the first day of December, and when he and his parents visited the Brownings, everybody welcomed him.\nEverything was \"knee-deep\" in June. When the visitors arrived, there was much excitement at Sunshine Cottage. Bing retreated to the kitchen where he stood in the doorway eyeing the newcomers curiously. As soon as the little fellow discovered him, he shouted with delight and rushed to the kitchen, but Bing retreated under the range. This was his favorite refuge when he was tired and wanted to sleep. The little fellow got down on his hands and knees and tried to coax him out. Bing growled warningly, but would not come forth. It was not an ugly growl, but just one of admonishment. It seemed to say: \"Go away, boy, I do not know you! We are not friends yet.\" The little fellow ran to his uncle in great surprise and climbed up into his lap. \"Why doesn't Bing like me?\" he asked.\nIn an injured tone, \"Every one likes me, down where I live.\"\n\"Oh, you mustn't mind that,\" his uncle returned. \"You see, Bing doesn't know you and he has never had much to do with children. As soon as he gets acquainted, you and he will be great pals. You just wait and see. Besides, he has had to guard the place from bad girls who steal flowers and bad boys who rob the pear-tree and berry-patch, so that has made him suspicious of children. But wait for a few days. Be patient, and Bing will come to you himself and make friends!\"\nBing did not declare friendship with the little fellow at once. For several days, he eyed him from a distance, but each day his curiosity as to this newcomer who was so much beloved by his master and mistress grew. Perhaps when he saw the little fellow climb into his own favorite tree, they would become friends.\nMr. Browning experienced a qualm of jealousy as the little fellow rested on his lap. But this helped in breaking the ice. One day, after about a week, Mr. Browning and his nephew were sitting on the front-door steps when the little boy, Bing, came around to the other side and snuggled up close to him. Mr. Browning reached down and took the little dog by the collar.\n\n\"You come around on this side,\" he said to the small boy. \"I guess Bing is ready to have you pat his head.\"\n\nDelighted with this prospect, the small boy hastened to do his uncle's bidding. At first, Bing drew away, but finally conceded to have his head stroked and his long, silky ears fondled. Presently, he reached up and gave the little fellow a kiss on the cheek and then one on the mouth, and their friendship was sealed then and there.\nThe little boy, elated by his progress, put his arms around Bing's neck and hugged him with delight. From that day on, the two were inseparable, and wherever the little fellow went, Bing followed like a faithful shadow.\n\nWith the coming of his nephew, the boy in Mr. Browning was reborn, and he made bows and arrows, quivers, and tomahawks, and all the rest of the Indian regalia for his nephew. Soon, a gaily decorated Indian was seen prowling about Bird Acre, with a faithful hunter following at his heels. They would creep forward with great stealth, stalking some imaginary quarry. If Bing became too excited and rushed forward, he was at once called back by his young master. Finally, the little fellow would kneel on one knee, just like a picture of Hiawatha he had seen in a magazine, and the arrow would be discharged.\nBoth the Indian and the dog would rush forward to the kill. One day, the little boy and Bing were missing for half an hour, leading to an excited search. They were found asleep in a neighbor's barn, on new-mown hay in a cow manger. Often, Bing and his little companion would seek out Mr. Browning when he wasn't writing books and entreat him to tell them a story. He soon evolved a plan to make Bing the hero of these stories, which greatly delighted his nephew. The two boys would sit on either side of the man as he told the tales. In these stories, Bing would be a hunter in a great forest, with his game-bag on his back, in search of strange and unheard-of animals. Finally, when one of these animals was discovered,\nThere would be a terrible fight at the end, in which Bing would put the conquered quarry into his game-bag and return home. During the telling of these tales, the little boy often clapped his hands with delight, while Bing, in best dog fashion, would thump his approval on the piazza floor with his tail.\n\nOn other occasions, the little fellow would get out his express wagon and two neighboring boys would serve as horses. The small boy would take his place in the front of the wagon as driver, and Bing would sit in the back. He sat up straight as a drum-major, and looked very pompous and important.\n\nWhenever they met a pedestrian on the sidewalk, the little boy would stop his horses and, looking up with his most engaging smile, would ask: \"Don't you love Bing, Mister? \" If the pedestrian replied: \"Yes, of course I do,\" the smile he received was warm and genuine.\nThe little fellow was wonderful to behold. If, on the other hand, the pedestrian returned a doubtful answer, the little boy would look at him in undisguised astonishment and Bing himself would look reproachful. If the passer-by was so ungracious as to say he did not care for dogs, the little boy was nearly reduced to tears, while Bing would look away in utter disgust. Thus, the summer passed and each day the friendship between the small boy and the dog grew. Some of the very best times that the little boy had during that wonderful summer at Bird Acre were on those days when he went with his parents and Bing to Sandy Beach. This was a remarkable fresh-water beach at the foot of Broad Street. As one journeyed down to Sandy Beach through the meadows, he went by a winding road bordered with tall, luxuriant, lush grass which rose and fell in waves.\nThe June breeze brought vibrant air filled with the liquid song of the bobolink, the redwing joining in with his o-ka-lee song, and the meadowlark filling in the gaps with his high, shrill whistle. The meadows stretched as far as the eye could reach, while twin mountains dreamed in the distance against a cerulean sky. To the south, as far as the eye could reach, was a gateway where the river had cut its way through the solid rock as it journeyed to the sea. It was a scene of surpassing beauty, and a wonderful sense of peace was over the landscape. The little boy liked to dig in the sand, make canals and inland lakes, and if he could catch some polly-wogs or shiners to put in his lakes, his cup of joy was full. Bing loved to romp with him on the sand or to sit on his tail and watch.\nThe little boy and Bing had tired of their play, and the father was lying in the sand, looking at the blue mountains and trying to think out a new plan for cutting down overhead and increasing profits in a great store in the distant city. The little boy's mother was reading an interesting book. Finally, after much pleading, the little boy was allowed to don his bathing-suit and wade, but he promised faithfully not to venture above his waist.\n\nThe beach was nearly deserted, the only other bathers being nearly a hundred yards away. For a time, the little boy amused himself.\nThe man was close to the shore, but he grew venturesome and waded out farther and farther. The beach was very sloping in most places, but at one point, there was a treacherous shelf where the depth increased suddenly. This spot should have been marked by a red flag, but it was not. Suddenly, the small boy threw up his arms and, without a sound, sank beneath the glittering surface of the great river. His father had been busy with his daydreams at the time, and his mother was engrossed in her book, so neither had seen the accident. The other bathers had been too far away to see, but there was one pair of faithful eyes that had seen his dilemma. Bing was on guard, watching each movement of his little master. When he threw up his arms and went down so mysteriously, the small hound sprang to his side.\nThe little fellow rushed feet first towards the water. In less time than it takes to tell it, he was swimming towards the spot where his master had disappeared. Almost at the same instant, the man sprang from his prone position on the sand and looked wildly about him. The woman dropped her hook with a little cry. Neither had seen what had happened, yet both had had a sudden premonition of disaster.\n\n\"Where is the boy?\" cried the man, looking wildly in every direction.\n\"Oh, where is he?\" echoed the woman.\n\"The last I saw of him, he was wading close to the shore. Where is Bing? What's he doing swimming about out there?\"\n\n\"Perhaps the boy is in the bushes. I will look,\" and the man hurried away. The woman ran down the beach to ask the distant bathers if they had seen anything of a small boy.\n\nBing.\nMeanwhile, faithful little Bing was treading water just above the spot where he had last seen his small master. Twice during his swim to the spot, he had seen the small head appear just above the water, and he now waited to see if it came into sight again. He waited for a full minute, treading water, but no small boy appeared, though he thought he could see him lying on the bottom just beneath the spot where he was swimming. I have never heard of a dog's diving, but in some incredulous manner, Bing accomplished the feat. The water was not over three or four feet deep, and in some way known to himself, he managed to reach his little master and to fasten his teeth in his bathing-suit. A second later, he struggled to the surface and began painfully towing his heavy load towards the shore.\n\n\"My God, there he is!\" cried the man.\nHold on, Bing, hold on tight! The little fellow suddenly appeared from the bushes. \"Bing has got him. Hold on, Bing, hold on tight!\" He rushed into the water and waded out to the struggling dog. It was but the work of a few seconds for the strong man to bring the boy ashore, and Bing followed eagerly in their wake. The whole incident had taken only three or four minutes, but the little boy had taken so much water into his lungs that he was unconscious and lay pale and, to all appearance, lifeless in his father's arms. \"Someone run to the pavilion,\" cried the man, \"and telephone for the pulmotor at Meadowdale!\" An obliging bather hastened to do the errand, and a few seconds later, the telephone bell rang in the fire-station at Meadowdale.\n\nBing.\n\n\"All right,\" said the deputy. \"We'll be over in no time.\"\nTwo men jumped into the chief's automobile, and one of them carried a suitcase. The doors of the engine-house opened automatically, and the chief's car rolled out. Five seconds later, it was tearing down Main Street, which, at that time of day, was nearly deserted. A policeman saw the red machine coming and waved for pedestrians and automobiles to give it the right of way. So, when the car flashed under the railroad track at the end of Main Street, it was going at the rate of forty miles an hour. Down the long street leading to the bridge, the car increased its speed, and it struck the bridge at fifty miles an hour. Through the meadows, the chief pressed the accelerator to the floor, and the speedometer mounted to fifty-five, sixty, and then sixty-five. Like a whirlwind, the car rushed onward until Broad Street was in sight.\nPeople had never seen a car go down Meadowdale's principal street at such a rate. Six minutes after the telephone message was delivered, two men jumped from the car at Sandy Beach and rushed to help the pale and limp little boy still lying on the sand. An anxious group gathered around him, but neither the frantic mother nor the grief-stricken father looked more pathetic or sorrowful than a little hound that hung on the outskirts of the group. Its face was drawn and wrinkled with dumb dog anguish. For two minutes there was no sound except the rhythmic sucking of the pulmotor. Then the chief shook his head. \"I'm afraid there's water in his lungs,\" he said. \"Take away the pulmotor.\"\nTenderly  he  turned  the  little  fellow  over \non  his  stomach  and,  with  one  hand  under \nhis  chest  and  the  other  on  his  back,  tried \nto  force  out  the  water. \n\u201c  Some  one  lift  him  up,\u201d  he  said,  \u201c  and \nhold  the  body  higher  than  the  head. \nHere \u2014 do  it  this  way.\u201d \nPresently  a  small  trickle  of  water  was \nseen  coming  from  his  mouth. \n\u201c  Good,\u201d  said  the  chief. \nWhen  the  water  had  ceased  to  flow,  the \npulmotor  was  again  adjusted  and  its \nsteady  sucking  began. \nAfter  about  a  minute  the  little  boy  was \nheard  to  gasp,  once,  twice,  three  times,  and \nthen  he  heaved  a  deep  sigh. \n\u201c  Good,\u201d  cried  the  chief.  \u201c  I  guess  he \nTHE  LITTLE  FELLOW  117 \nis  coming  around  all  right.  Take  away \nthe  pulmotor.\u201d \nAs  soon  as  this  was  done,  the  little  boy \ngasped  several  times  and  then  began \nbreathing,  at  first  in  short  spasmodic \nbreaths,  but  finally  deep  and  naturally. \nThen,  to  the  surprise  of  everybody,  he \nI opened my eyes and raised myself on one elbow. \"I want Bing,\" I said. \"Where is Bing? \" At the sound of his name, the small dog squeezed through between the legs of my friends and joyfully licked my young face while I stroked his head. \"If it hadn't been for Bing,\" I said, \"the whale that swallowed Jonah would have got me too.\" \"Don't let him do too much,\" said the chief. \"He is still weak. You will have to be careful that he doesn't take cold. Wrap him up in a blanket and get him home as soon as possible. I can take him in my car.\" \"I don't want to go in the car,\" whimpered the little fellow. \"I want to go in my wagon with Bing.\" \"But he will get you all wet,\" put in the small boy's mother. \"I can't get any wetter than I am,\" protested the little fellow stoutly. Bing\nThe one who saved me, and I want him in my wagon.\n\"All right,\" said the boy's father, wiping off the dripping coat of the small dog as well as he could with his handkerchief. Then the little boy was wrapped in his mother's sweater, and without a second invitation, Bing jumped in beside him, and the triumphal procession started.\nThe news of the accident and Bing's heroic part in it spread like wildfire, and before the little party reached Sunshine Cottage, a dozen children were tagging after the small express wagon, and all eyes were riveted on Bing. From that day forth, the beagle hound was a hero among the children of Shadyville.\n\"Say,\" said Tommy Perkins to Billy Thompson that evening as he recounted the story. \"I ain't gonna throw anything more at Bing. I ain't gonna steal his hero status.\"\nThe summer passed quickly, and before anyone realized, the little boy and his parents were packing to go home. The boy's dog, Bing, followed him closely and stuck to him like a burr, sensing that he was about to lose him. When the taxi arrived to take the boy and his friend to the depot, Bing was the saddest member of the household to bid farewell from the piazza of Sunshine Cottage.\n\nIn the evening after supper, Mr. Browning asked, \"Where is Bing? I haven't seen him for two hours.\" Mrs. Browning replied, \"I don't know. He is probably somewhere around the place.\"\nMr. Browning went out and whistled, but received no response. He heard the telltale thump of Bing's tail on the back piazza and went out to find the small dog lying on the mat near the back door. Despite his efforts, he couldn't coax Bing away. This was the door of the tenement where the little fellow had lived during the summer, and Bing was on guard by his small master's door, waiting for something.\n\n\"You poor little chap,\" said Mr. Browning, patting the small dog affectionately on the head. \"I know just how you feel. The little fellow has taken a piece of my heart, too. Come downstairs with me and we will listen to the radio.\"\n\nSo Mr. Browning picked up the small dog in his arms and carried him down to the lower level.\nthe living-room and turned on the radio. But it was hours before Bing could shake off the sorrow that seemed to engulf him, and for days he haunted the door on the back piazza where the little fellow had lived during the happy time when they had been such good pals.\n\nCHAPTER VI\nhis master\u2019s eyes\n\nFew dogs have ever loved their families more than little Bing did, yet his attitude towards his master and mistress was quite different. Mrs. Browning he loved, yet Mr. Browning he loved, worshipped, and adored. He would take liberties with his mistress and, on occasion, even play pranks upon her or try to bully her, but with his master it was quite different. Mr. Browning had owned dogs ever since he was a small boy and understood them as few men do. Bing recognized this fact, and it was more than just loyalty that made him so devoted to his master.\n\nMr. Browning's eyes were the most remarkable thing Bing had ever seen. They were a deep, dark brown, and seemed to see right through him. Bing had often wondered what Mr. Browning was thinking when he looked at him, and he always felt a little uneasy under that piercing gaze. But it was a comforting uneasiness, for he knew that Mr. Browning loved and cared for him in a way that no one else ever had.\n\nOne day, as Bing lay on the hearthrug in the living-room, Mr. Browning came in from the cold and sat in his favorite chair by the fire. Bing looked up at him, and for a moment their eyes met. Mr. Browning smiled, and Bing felt a warmth spread through him that banished all his fears and doubts.\n\n\"Good boy, Bing,\" Mr. Browning said, and Bing wagged his tail in response. \"You are a good dog, and I am lucky to have you.\"\n\nBing knew that he was more than just a pet to Mr. Browning. He was a companion, a friend, and a confidant. And he was content to spend his days by Mr. Browning's side, watching over him and keeping him company.\n\nAs the years passed, Bing grew old, and his master grew older still. But their bond remained unbroken. Mr. Browning's eyes still held that same piercing gaze, and Bing still felt that same comforting uneasiness when they met. And as he lay on the hearthrug, listening to the ticking of the clock and the gentle crackling of the fire, Bing knew that he had a happiness that few dogs ever knew. He was loved, and he was loved deeply by the one person who mattered most to him in the world.\nThe dog took pleasure in obeying his master more than playing pranks on his mistress. It was an accident when Mrs. Browning discovered how deeply the dog loved his master. One day, she entered the bathroom and was surprised to find Bing there. He stood on his hind legs before a chair, caressing one of Mr. Browning's old shirts he had discarded that morning. Bing moved one side of his face up and down on the shirt, then turned the other cheek to this garment that reminded him so strongly of his beloved master. His expressive dog countenance was eloquent with love. When he discovered he was being watched, he ran to Mrs. Browning apologetically, but immediately returned to the shirt and again began his expressions of endearment.\n\n\"That's right, Bing,\" said the mistress.\nIt was not until Bing was fifteen months old that he made a discovery concerning his master which greatly changed his attitude towards the man from that day. It was a warm spring morning in early April and Mr. Browning was sitting on the piazza in the sunshine, listening to the occasional bird songs that glorified the spring air. Several of their old friends had come back to Bird Acre.\n\nBing and another small dog were having a wonderful romp in the yard. They were rolling each other over and over, snapping, snarling, and barking, and having a furious sham battle. Above the din, there rang out a whistle, shrill, clear, and imperative. It was the call with which Mr. Browning always summoned Bing. Now a poorly trained dog might not have heeded it, but not so Bing.\nInstantly, he withdrew from the sham battle and trotted to his master, eager to do his bidding. But at that moment, a dump-cart went by, making a great rattling over the cobblestones. So Mr. Browning did not notice Bing's approach. Again the shrill whistle rang out, and Bing glanced up at his master with a surprised expression. Once again Mr. Browning whistled shrilly, and then Bing put his front paws on the man's knees.\n\n\"Why, Bing, good chap! You were here all the time,\" exclaimed the man.\n\"What a stupid old fellow your master is!\" said Bing.\n\n\"Well, Bing, we can't help it, so we shall have to make the best of it.\"\n\nFrom that day forth, Bing understood that when his master called him, he might not know of his approach unless he rattled the license tag on his collar, or barked, or opened his mouth very wide.\nAnd said \"oww-ee-uu,\" which is a word in dog language meaning many things. Bing also soon discovered that his master sometimes missed the pathway leading from the sidewalk to the bone store. The bone store was a combination market and grocery, but the master and mistress always referred to it as the bone store out of respect for Bing, who understood the word \"bone.\" In fact, he understood a great many words, perhaps fifty, and also two or three dozen short sentences. So it will be seen that he was a very good companion when one had no human being to talk to. Bing likewise discovered that, when they returned from the bone store, his master would sometimes go by the walk leading up to the house. This was most likely to happen when he had his arms full of bundles and could not freely use his cane, so Bing helped him.\nAhead of him, a boy ran up the piazza and rattled his license tag to signal. Each morning they took the half-mile walk to the post-office. Once the master had secured his mail, he called Bing over to the candy counter and asked, \"Would you like a stick of candy?\" Bing stood on his hind legs and peered through the glass at the tempting array of sweets. When the storekeeper asked what kind he would take, the master always replied, \"Cinnamon.\" He said it was Bing's favorite. The storekeeper would then ask why cinnamon was his favorite, and the master would reply, \"Because of the bark in it.\" At this, the storekeeper and the children watching would laugh. Bing himself would then know that something funny had been said and would grin.\nand his tail. After that, the master would break off a piece of cinnamon candy and give it to Bing. When he had swallowed it with a gulp, as he usually did, he would bark three or four times to show that the bark in the candy was having the proper effect, at which the children were thrown into great glee. Bing's master was a great joker, and Bing soon learned to watch for these pleasant things which his master said that made everybody so happy. Invariably, he would grin and wag his tail at the right moment, all of which soon gained him the reputation of being a dog of considerable humor.\n\nThere was a strange psychological accord between Bing and his master that rarely existed between man and dog. If Mr. Browning was tired or discouraged, he could not hide it from this intelligent canine companion.\nThe little pal, the dog, knew his master's whereabouts and movements almost uncannily. Often, the master spent half the night writing in his books, resulting in his being very late getting up in the morning. But when he opened the door from his bedroom to the bathroom, no matter where little Bing was, in some strange way he knew it. He might be a hundred rods away playing with other dogs, but at the instant this door clicked, he would turn his nose towards the house and run with all his might. When his master finally came downstairs to breakfast, he would be standing at the foot of the stairway, rattling his collar in morning greeting. Bing's fidelity in watching over his master was remarkable. The good people of the town observed it, and often strangers who came to the village noted the dog's devotion.\nThe little dog, Bing, would take up his position by the maple-tree opposite the front door each morning when the master walked up and down for exercise. In winter, when the master went to the city by the trolley car at the corner by the bone store, Bing would wait for him at the corner, even lying in the snow for hours if necessary. When Mr. Browning listened to the radio in the evening, Bing would scurry into the living-room and plump himself down under the table nearby. Mr. Browning would then pick out some soft, melodious music.\nThe dog knew it liked the lecture. Bing would give a deep sigh of satisfaction and thump the floor with his tail. One evening, they were listening to a geology lecture from a nearby college. One professor was very excited about a new fossil bone he had discovered that day during one of his walks. At the sound of the word \"bone,\" Bing's tail began thumping the floor, and his mouth began to water. The professors used this word frequently in their discussion.\n\n\"How old do you think this bone is?\" one professor finally inquired.\n\n\"Oh,\" replied the other, \"perhaps it is two hundred and fifty million years old.\"\n\nBy this time, Bing was standing in excitement. He could even smell the bone, but at this statement, the master laughed and Bing fled to the kitchen and hid.\nHe did not know what had happened, but the joke was on him, and he knew it full well. We often read of dogs that detect unseen danger and guard the folks they love from it. Many a time little Bing kept his master from getting lost, and on one occasion he even saved him from a severe injury.\n\nThe man had gone to the post-office one morning without Bing. At the time, he had been visiting a neighbor's dog and did not hear his whistle. Mr. Browning had stopped at a neighbor's house near by for a call, so Bing had time to come home and crawl under the kitchen stove and fall fast asleep, without even knowing his master had gone.\n\nPresently his sleep beneath the stove became troubled. He whimpered and whined and then came scratching out from under his favorite hiding-place and started towards his master.\nFor the front door. His efforts to open it were so frantic that Mrs. Browning hurried to his assistance. As she flung the door wide open, he shot out of the house like a rocket and ran up the street faster than she had ever seen him run before.\n\n\"What in the world is the matter with him?\" exclaimed his mistress, excitedly. She ran to the end of the piazza to watch his wild flight. At the corner by the bone store, he turned and took the street leading to the post-office. Then Mrs. Browning went into the house so she might follow his flight from the north kitchen window. The street leading to the post-office had few houses on it, so she could get occasional glimpses of him between the buildings.\n\n\"I do believe he has gone stark mad!\" she exclaimed, as she followed the frenzied flight of the little dog.\nAt the next gap, Mrs. Browning saw Mr. Browning walking rapidly towards the post-office. Bing was about two hundred feet behind. When they came to the next gap, she saw the dog quicken its pace and, halfway between the two houses, spring upon Mr. Browning and grab him by the trouser leg. Mr. Browning's eyes met Bing's, and he braced himself as the dog pulled back with all its might.\n\n\"What a strange performance,\" Mrs. Browning said. \"I can't make it out, but I don't believe he would bite Mr. Brownings.\"\n\nSeveral people came running up, and there seemed to be an animated discussion. Finally, Mr. Browning and Bing turned about and hurried home. Mrs. Browning met them at the front door.\n\n\"What in the world has gotten into Bing?\" she asked. \"He was lying under the porch.\"\nthe kitchen stove asleep, and he shot out from under it like a bullet and nearly tore the front door down before I could open it for him. Then he ran up the street as though he had lost his wits, and I thought it looked as though he tried to bite you or tear your trousers.\n\n\"He didn't do anything of the kind,\" returned Mr. Browning stoutly. \"You can thank your lucky stars to-day that we have him. One more step and I should have plunged into an open sewer, a fall of six or eight feet. It would have cost me a broken leg at the very least, and possibly have crippled me for life. The ditch was dug directly across the sidewalk, and there was no one to warn me of it.\"\n\nMrs. Browning knelt down on the floor and took the little dog in her arms. He kissed her upon each cheek and then on the mouth.\n\n\"Bingsey, you're a dear little dog,\" she said.\nBing was never a great trick dog, not that he lacked the capacity to learn tricks, but his master didn't have the time to teach them to him. Yet he invented many little tricks of his own that were most clever for a dog, and showed considerable reasoning power.\n\nOne morning in early spring, Mrs. Browning discovered Bing in the yard gnawing a well-polished ham bone. He had been working on this bone for two days, and the goodness was all gone from it. As Mrs. Browning saw the dog working away wistfully at the meager bone, a bright idea came to her, and she took the bone into the wood-shed and, with two or three sharp blows of the hatchet, split it from end to end, thus laying open a fine section of marrow, succulent and rich.\nA dog named Bing enjoyed the morning by trotting around the place, digging holes in the garden and some of Mrs. Browning's flower beds. He eventually went to the kitchen door and barked sharply to be let in or to attract attention. However, Mrs. Browning was busy sweeping and paid no attention. Bing then barked towards the sidewalk as if intruders were present. Mrs. Browning went to the door but found no intruder. Instead, little Bing sat on the lower step, looking up at her and grinning while wagging his tail fiercely.\n\n\"What is it, Bing?\" inquired his mistress, delighted to be recognized.\nhound trotted around wood-shed, looking back over shoulder to see if mistress was coming. Mrs. Browning, who was an adept at dog language, followed, wondering what was up. Bing stopped before chopping-block and looked back imploringly at his mistress, saying just as plainly as a dog could with his ears and tail: \"Don't you see what a wonderful collection I've got. Please help me with them.\"\n\nMrs. Browning looked and, to her great surprise, saw at least twenty old bones piled up by the chopping-block. There were beef-bones and ham-bones, ribs and hock-bones, in all stages of disintegration. Some of them were so putrid that Mrs. Browning made Bing carry them away to the garden. But several of the most promising she split with the hatchet, and so provided the enterprising Bing with a good two-days\u2019 feast.\nThe one trick that Mr. Browning taught Bing was to put out a lit match. The master would light a match and hold it out, saying, \"Put it out, Bing,\" and he would fly at it like a little fury, striking with his paw until he had quite extinguished the flame. If the smoldering match did not die down quickly enough, he would take it in his mouth and so smother it.\n\nThis was a trick that greatly pleased Bing's friends, but the master was obliged to forbid the children from lighting matches for Bing to put out, as it was too much of a fire hazard.\n\nOne day when the Browning family returned home after several hours' absence, they discovered that Bing's trick of putting out a match had saved the household. As soon as Mr. Browning opened the front door, he smelled smoke, and both he and the missus found that a lit match had fallen between the cushions of an armchair in the living room. The quick-thinking Bing had extinguished it before it could cause a fire.\nMrs. Browning hurried into the living room where a large hole had been burned in the best rug. A spark from the fireplace had likely ignited the rug during their absence, but all traces of the fire were now extinguished.\n\n\"I wonder how it happened to go out on its own,\" Mrs. Browning said.\n\n\"I don't think it did,\" her husband replied. \"Look at Bing's nose and paws.\"\n\nHis suggestion was a good one, as both the nose and paws were black with smoke and the dog's nose was slightly burned.\n\n\"Good dog,\" Mr. Browning said. \"So you were the little fireman that put out the fire.\" Bing acknowledged his part in the happening as well as a dog could.\n\nEvery evening when Mrs. Browning went down to the cellar to look at the furnace, Bing always went with her, if he was present.\nMrs. Brown investigated rat holes or dug her own accord, but usually sat on the wood-pile nearby, observing every movement of her mistress. One evening, they went to the cellar as usual and, after raking out the coals beneath the grate and leaving them on the cement floor to cool, Mrs. Brown stooped down to pick up the coal shovel which had tumbled down from its position near the coal-bin. As she did so, the bottom of her skirt touched the glowing coals. It was only for an instant, but it was long enough for her dress to ignite. There was a spurt of bright flame, and Mrs. Browning sprang to her feet with a scream of fright. But the little fireman from his perch on the wood-pile had seen the sudden tongue of flame and, in two bounds, he was by her side.\nHis mistress's side. He caught the skirt in his teeth and pulled at it vehemently, beating frantically at the blazing dress with his paws. The flames were several times beaten out, but they would flash up again. Finally, Bing gave a desperate wrench, and most of the smoking, blazing dress was torn from his beloved mistress. The little fireman valiantly beat out the last of the flame once he had the dress on the floor.\n\nIt all happened so quickly that Mrs. Browning hardly knew what had taken place, but she did realize that her back was smarting and burning, and that most of her dress was gone. So she hurried upstairs and called to Mr. Browning to bring her her bathrobe.\n\n\"Hurry,\" she said. \"I have just escaped a terrible accident.\"\nMr. Browning went down to the cellar to find Bing, who was groping blindly about, whimpering and trying to feel his way to the cellar stairs. Mr. Browning picked him up in his arms and carried him upstairs.\n\n\"His eyelids are terribly swollen, and his eyebrows are nearly burned off. His nose is blistered, and I don't think he can see anything. See how he bumps into the furniture. I hope the poor little fellow isn't going to be blind,\" Mrs. Browning cried.\n\n\"Heaven forbid!\" said Mr. Browning and he hurried to the office to telephone for the veterinarian.\n\n\"It is impossible for me to tell at present whether his eyesight is affected or not,\" the dog doctor said. \"His eyelids are swollen.\"\nFor the next two or three days, Bing's swollen eyes took a day or two to open, so instead, his master became his eyes. Bing was happily carried from room to room, placed first on the couch and then on the window-seat in the living-room, his favorite bed. The swelling in Bing's eyelids went down, and his alert eyes opened again. The veterinarian pronounced the sight unimpaired, and little Bing resumed his place as his master's eyes.\n\nEach spring, when it was warm enough, Bing's bed was moved from the kitchen to the garage where he had a fine kennel behind the car. The Brownings.\nBing felt easier about the place once he moved into the garage. He could come and go at any hour, keeping a sharp watch over their property. As soon as he settled in, Bing changed his living habits and slept more during the day and less at night, behaving like a well-trained watchdog. Even while asleep, he remained on guard, awakening at the slightest unusual sound or scent.\n\nOne morning around the first of April, the spring after rescuing his mistress from the cellar fire, Bing suddenly awoke from a sound sleep in his kennel. He didn't usually rise until around dawn, but something extraordinary had roused him.\nhim. He stuck his head cautiously out of the kennel door and sniffed the air approvingly, listening with cocked ears for any unusual sound. There was something about the air he didn't like, so he crawled out of his kennel and felt his way in the darkness to a small opening made in the garage door for his use. As he thrust his head out in the open, a fresh puff of morning wind blew full in his face, and the mystery of his sudden awakening was clear. He smelled smoke.\n\nWith a half-smothered growl, he trotted into the yard and looked about in every direction, but could not make out where the smoke came from. Then, to his great astonishment, a lit match, or what seemed to him to be a lit match, came floating down out of the air above him and fell almost under his nose. He snapped at it, but it was intangible. Perplexed and alarmed, he retreated to the safety of his kennel.\nA cat-like figure approached it, striking at the flame with its paws and swiftly extinguished it. But just as he had finished, another match fell in the grass near him, larger and brighter than the first. He pounced on it and struggled to put it out. This had barely been accomplished when two more matches came sputtering down from the air above and landed on either side of him. This was getting exciting, and he pounced first upon one and then upon the other, but before he had them out, several more brightly blazing matches were in the grass by him, and one of them started a small flame in the dead last year's grass. By this time, Bing had scorched one paw and singed his nose, and still the blazing matches were all about him. What should he do?\nA man barked loudly for help. His master would surely hear, but no one came to his assistance. Then he heard the rapid explosive sound of a motorcycle on the state road a hundred yards away. It must be his friend Jerry, the State policeman. He would go to him for assistance. Jerry would help him put out the hissing, sputtering matches which were too much for him. So he raced after the motorcycle policeman, trying to head him off before he had crossed the street and passed from sight.\n\nLieutenant Monyhan was surprised when Bing bore down upon him, barking frantically and racing after his motorcycle. Bing was usually a quiet dog and he had never seen him chase any vehicle before. What had got into him? But as the motorcycle drew away from him.\nThe dog, the officer heard an appealing howl from poor Bing. Something must be the matter; he slowed down his machine and turned to greet his friend. Again, to his surprise, Bing came galloping up and seized him imperatively by the trouser leg, tugging away at his leg with all his might.\n\n\"Hold on, old chap. What is the matter, Bing? You'll tear my legging.\" Here, don't pull so hard! What has got into you? \"\n\nFor answer, Bing released his hold and started towards Sunshine Cottage, looking back over his shoulder to see if his friend, Jerry, was following him.\n\n\"Oh, ho,\" said the officer, \"that's the idea, is it? You want me to come back with you, do you?\"\n\nBing could not say yes, but he whispered it so plainly that he made Jerry understand.\n\n\"All right, old pal,\" he said, \"I'm coming.\"\nAnd he started after the dog, wheeling his motorcycle by his side. Seeing that he had been understood, Bing was jubilant, but he made every possible effort to get his friend to hurry. Finally, Jerry took the cue from the frenzied dog, now feeling sure that something serious was afoot.\n\nAs he trundled his motorcycle into the yard where he got a full view of the south side of the house, the reason for Bing\u2019s excitement was plain to him. The roof of the ell part of the house was blazing brightly, and a shower of sparks and small cinders was falling in the yard. These had been the matches that poor Bing had been unable to extinguish.\n\n\"Fire! Fire!\" yelled Jerry at the top of his lungs, dropping his motorcycle and rushing up to the front door and pounding on it with might and main. Bing added his frantic barking to the efforts.\nHis friend, but they couldn't rouse the people inside, so they went around to the back door. Jerry pounded and Bing barked.\n\n\"What in the dickens is the matter with them! Can't we get in some way, Bing?\" exclaimed the officer. \"And just as though the question had been understood, Bing shot through the small door in the garage and began jumping against another door which led from the garage to the kitchen. Jerry peered in through the window and saw what he was doing, so hurried to his assistance.\n\nSure enough, this door into the kitchen was not locked, and the officer and the excited dog hurried in.\n\n\"Where are they, Bing?\" exclaimed Jerry excitedly. \"You lead the way.\"\n\nBut Bing did not need to be encouraged. He was racing ahead of his friend, quickly searching in this room and that,\nThe officer and Jerry hurried up the stairs, and Jerry followed close behind. There was less smoke in the main part of the house than in the ell, and they soon reached the Browning's bedroom door. At the sound of their pounding, Mr. Browning jumped out of bed.\n\n\"What is the matter?\" he called.\n\n\"Who is there?\"\n\n\"It's me, Jerry,\" the officer replied. \"Get up and hurry; your house is on fire.\"\n\nThe Brownings didn't need further persuasion. Seizing what clothes they could, they hurried after Bing and the officer down the stairway and out into the open. At that moment, the fire engine came shrieking up the street and turned into Bird Acre. In a few seconds, a large stream of water was playing on the ell part of Sunshine Cottage.\nAt this point in the exciting drama, Mrs. Browning uttered a little cry. \"Where is the Professor?\" she exclaimed. No one had seen him, so everyone concluded that he must still be in the house.\n\n\"Can't someone go in and get my cat?\" cried Mrs. Browning.\n\n\"No,\" replied a fireman who had already taken charge of the fire. \"We can't risk our lives for an old cat.\"\n\nBut there was someone present over whom the fireman had no authority, and little Bing shot like a bullet between the fireman's legs and into the house.\n\n\"He has gone after the Professor,\" said Mr. Browning. \"I hope he will find him.\"\n\n\"There is more chance that you will lose your dog too,\" returned the fireman. But his prophecy was a poor one, for in a minute or two, little Bing came struggling out of the front door, coughing and choking.\nThe dog, a master of the situation, sneezed but had his teeth firmly set in the scruff of the Professor's neck as he dragged him to safety. Though he was merely a dog hero and the one for whom he had risked his life was just an old yellow cat, this display of courage was not lost on the crowd. A lusty cheer for little Bing went up from the spectators. In fifteen minutes, the fire was under control, and in half an hour, it was nearly out. However, the woodshed and the garage had been burned, and Sunshine Cottage was badly scorched. But the Browning family was very grateful to escape with such slight losses. The hero of the entire dramatic happening was little Bing. For, had he not discovered the fire and summoned the officer to help him? Had he not led him to the fire?\nCHAPTER VIII\nTHE GREAT RIVER GOES MAD\n\nOn the evening of November 3rd, 19 --, Mr. and Mrs. Browning were sitting in their cozy dining-room at Sunshine Cottage, enjoying the evening meal. Little Bing was not in his usual place on the floor between them, and they greatly missed him.\n\n\"I don't see where Bing is,\" remarked Mrs. Browning after a long silence. \"He has hardly been in the house today, and whenever I have seen him, he has seemed to be full of business, trotting about with a great air of importance.\"\n\n\"Perhaps he has been sociable,\" returned Mr. Browning.\nmaybe the dog club meets this evening. I wouldn't worry about him if I were you. With these words, the master reached for a cup of tea, but paused with the steaming beverage half-way to his lips. He seemed to be listening, and Mrs. Browning at once noticed this.\n\n\"What is it, Lawrence?\" she inquired quickly.\n\n\"I don't just know,\" he returned. \"I thought I heard a dog howl, and it sounded like Bing. Listen.\"\n\nFor ten seconds there was absolute silence, then an unmistakable howl came from the end of the home lot. Both master and mistress rose hurriedly and went to the door.\n\nFor perhaps half a minute there was no sound outside, save the usual autumnal night noises, but presently the howl was repeated, and this time it was unmistakable. It began with a chest tone, angry and passionate, but rose rapidly in the scale.\nThe pathos increased as it went higher, and finally died away in a very shred of sound, almost like a sob. \"That's Bing, sure enough,\" said Mr. Browning, and he whistled shrilly for the dog. But the little hound, usually quick to come at his master's call, paid no attention to the whistle, but sat dolefully on his tail, lifting up his voice to Heaven with a melancholy howl. Soon another howl was heard, coming from far down the street. But this howl was quite different from Bing's. It was deep and sonorous, a dog diapason, beginning away down in the chest and seemingly full of anger and rage. But it rapidly mounted, growing in intensity and pathos until it finally ended in a pathetic wail, dying away in a tone so unearthly that it sounded almost like the cry of a lost soul.\n\"That's Watchman, the big police dog at Higginses', remarked Mr. Browning. I wonder what's the matter. There isn't anyone dead in town, is there? You know Watchman howled in just that way the night Grandpa Higgins died. \"I haven't heard of anyone,\" returned Mrs. Browning. \"Listen!\" From up the street came a howl pitched halfway between that of little Bing and the deep howl of Watchman. \"That's Scotty Jones,\" said Mr. Browning. \"He has got the message too, whatever it is. I wonder what is afoot. For all we think we know so much about dogs, there is still a great deal to learn. They seem to have psychological powers of which we know nothing, and strange premonitions of death and coming dangers. I am almost convinced that a dog actually beholds the death spectre when it finally comes, through some psycho-\"\n\"Psychological vision of which we have no knowledge.\"\n\"Well,\" said Mrs. Browning, \"this is the most doleful concert I ever heard, and I am going into the house.\"\nAfter whistling for Bing for several minutes without avail, Mr. Browning followed her. But all through the evening they continued to discuss the meaning of this strange night serenade.\nThey would have been even more mystified later in the evening, had they beheld Watchman, Scotty, and Bing all come together as by a common impulse at the corner above Sunshine Cottage, at the place where the road to Meadowdale crossed Broad Street.\nApparently these three dogs had not made any previous appointment, but had answered a common impulse. Whatever it might be, something outside them and yet within them had told them to meet at this place at this particular time.\nFor a minute or two they sniffed noses and looked up at the November sky. Then they returned to their confab. Finally, they seemed to reach a decision. Watchman, the big police dog, led the way down the trolley track towards Meadowdale at a long swinging gallop. Scotty followed close behind, while little Bing brought up the rear, running with might and main to keep up with his friends. Occasionally, when the pace became too much for him, he would stop and utter a despairing wail. At which the larger dogs would slow up until he overtook them. They did not slacken their pace until they reached the great river, and then it was merely to cross over to the travel bridge on which they crossed the river. At the farther end of the bridge, they went straight to a telephone pole some one hundred feet away and there, leaning against it, was a man.\nA great gaunt greyhound, a dog none of them had ever seen before, was exhaustedly leaning against the pole. He was so spent from running that he could scarcely stand. His feet were footsore and bleeding. His breath came spasmodically with occasional short sobs. For several minutes, the three newcomers stood around him, awaiting his pleasure.\n\nFinally, he pulled himself together and stood erect, awaiting the advance of the newcomers. First, Watchman went up to him and stood with his nose touching that of the greyhound for at least a minute. Then he turned suddenly, slunk away fifteen or twenty paces, and sat down on his tail, giving vent to that primitive wolf howl which had so recently been heard along the broad street of Shadyville.\n\nNext, Scotty went up to the lank-looking dog.\nThe dog and I rubbed noses with him. He likewise retired and sat down on his tail, adding his voice to that of Watchman. Lastly, little Bing greeted the stranger. As soon as his nose touched that of the greyhound, he began to whimper and tremble, and after a few seconds, he likewise retired and added his voice to the mournful duet that had preceded him. The old greyhound did not howl; he was too spent for that, but he stood looking mournfully at the other dogs with sad, half-closed eyes. I do not know what the old greyhound told the three dogs from Shadyville, but he certainly told them something. I do not know what the dog mode of communication is, but I am inclined to think it is either sign language or telepathic, probably the latter. I do not know that it is vocal, but the fact was that the exhausted greyhound communicated with the dogs.\ngreyhound was a dog courier from the flood-swept north. For the past forty-eight hours, he had galloped unceasingly, covering two hundred miles. He had left the crest of the terrible flood twenty hours behind, and here he was at the end of the great bridge telling the dogs of Shadyville in some strange way about the things he had seen during the past forty-eight hours.\n\nTwo days before, just at dusk, he had been on a hilltop overlooking a little Vermont village that slept in a peaceful valley. The sun was just setting and, as the great greyhound stood on the hilltop, his tall figure was sharply silhouetted against the evening sky. Then it was that he beheld a terrible sight, for, without warning, a mighty wall of water came roaring and seething down the valley.\n\nHe had seen the house in which his master lived, but now it was gone, swept away by the flood. The village was in ruins, and the once peaceful valley was a scene of chaos and destruction. The greyhound had run through the rain and the mud, carrying messages and warnings to those who still lived in the area. He had seen the devastation wrought by the flood and the fear in the eyes of the people he encountered.\n\nNow, as he reached the end of the bridge, he knew that his journey was not yet over. There were still more messages to deliver, more people to warn, and more ground to cover. But he was determined to complete his task, no matter what obstacles lay in his path. And so, with renewed determination, the greyhound set off once again, leaving the destruction of the flood behind him.\nand the mistress and two little children lived, rolled over and over before the oncoming flood. He had seen houses, barns, hen-coops, automobiles, cows, and horses, and even men and women, floating down the valley on the crest of this mountain of water. For fifteen minutes the old hound had stood spellbound, and then he had been seized with great terror. This rushing, seething monster which was destroying everything in its wake would stretch up its mighty mouth for him, so he had turned and pointed his nose southward. All that night he had galloped and, at daybreak, had eaten a hasty breakfast at a garbage heap; then he had sped on, southward, southward, southward. He was galloping, he knew not where or why, but he must leave this seething, hissing, foaming monster that had destroyed his home and his friends far behind. For another night and another day he continued his flight.\nHad galloped, and so, at the end of forty-eight hours, he was sitting here by a telephone pole at the end of the great bridge telling the dogs of Shadyville the story of the terrible monster roaring, rushing, and foaming down upon the crest of the river, bringing death and destruction to all who awaited its coming.\n\nThe following morning, Mr. Browning and a friend went to attend some meetings at a local college in which they were both interested, and the incident of the howling dogs the evening before was forgotten. The morning papers contained scareheads concerning the great flood to the northward, but, as it was a balmy autumnal day, such disasters as this flood seemed far off, and it was soon forgotten.\n\nAt three o'clock in the afternoon the great, seething, rushing, roaring, hissing river went mad.\nA monster flooded a river, overflowing its banks on both sides below the three bridges. The flood was in full force. At one point, the shelving bank gave way for one hundred feet, and a great tidal wave went rushing over the lowlands. Some farmers doing their autumn plowing in the meadows were forced to flee for their lives. The great, hissing, seething, foaming monster spread over the meadows like a devastating demon, picking up driftwood, sticks, and anything that would float as it swept on. By four o'clock, houses and barns on Meadow Street were surrounded, and farmers came and went on rafts or in boats. But the good people on Meadow Street were immune to floods. They had seen the water as high as this and higher, so they made no effort to remove their stock or household belongings. By five o'clock, the great flood had engulfed the area.\nmeadows were entirely submerged and the water was creeping into the lower end of Broad Street, threatening Shadyville village. That evening when the little Polish boy brought the milk to Sunshine Cottage, he was very much excited.\n\n\"The river has gone mad,\" he cried, \"the river is running backwards into the street. My house is surrounded, and I had to wear my rubber boots. If I don't hurry up and get home, it will be up to my middle.\"\n\n\"Oh, I wouldn't worry,\" returned Mr. Browning. \"We often have high water here in Shadyville. Two or three times I have seen it so high that we could take a boat right out in front of the house.\"\n\nBut Mr. Browning was really surprised when he retired at eleven o'clock and the mistress reported that the water was coming up in the ditches in front of the house.\nI wouldn't worry,\" said the man as he crawled into bed. We have seen high water before. I guess it will begin to fall by morning.\n\nBut in spite of herself, Mrs. Browning was worried and could not retire. Instead, she and Bing wandered restlessly about the buildings, watching the ever-advancing water.\n\nAt two o'clock in the morning, every bell in the sleepy old village began ringing violently. Mr. Browning came out of bed with a jump and, gathering up his clothes, hurried down-stairs. Something had surely happened, or was about to happen, or they would not give a general alarm like this.\n\nThen the telephone rang and a friend told them that the river was coming over its banks at the head of the street. Every able-bodied man in the town was called to the dikes, or rather to the place where the dikes should have been, for there were gaps in them.\nThen Mr. Browning remembered that he had known old-timers to shake their heads and say that if the river ever came over the banks at the head of the street, it would be good-night to Shadyville. In fifteen minutes, automobiles were rushing to and fro, honking their horns and calling for men to get up. Half an hour later, trucks loaded with bags of sand could be seen hurrying towards the vulnerable north end of the town. At first, the dike was only two or three rods long, but as the water rose, it was extended until, by daylight, it was half a mile in length and four bags high, and still the water rose.\n\nAs daylight came on, the scene on Broad Street in Shadyville was indescribable to one who was used to its usual calm. For hours, a procession of fugitives had been marching past Sunshine Cottage. Light was beginning to break.\nChildren, some carrying household utensils and clothing, were in the van. Stolid and philosophical ones were among them, but others cried. Women followed, carrying suitcases with hastily thrown-in clothing and valuable possessions. Behind them came the large two-horse wagons, groaning under a heavy load of stock. Cattle lowed, excited calves bleated, but the most hideous noise came from the pigs. Suddenly aroused from sleep in their warm sties, they were caught, hog-tied, and thrust into boats, going to an unknown fate. Their squealing was incessant and harrowing.\n\nBy noon, Sunshine Cottage was entirely surrounded by water, three or four feet deep. The Browning family and one other were present.\nThe family across the street, all those who remained, were located on the lower end of Broad Street. The rest of the inhabitants had fled with their belongings. They had abandoned their homes and homesteads to the devastating flood. But the Brownings were old-timers; they had seen high water before. As long as the dike held at the head of the street, there was no reason to abandon their home.\n\nAt two o'clock in the afternoon, Mr. Browning sat before the radio, listening to a football game in a distant city. Bing occupied his usual place under a table nearby. Mr. Browning had concluded that they might as well get what fun they could out of the day, but the play had barely started and the game was in progress.\nscarcely under way when a violent knocking came at the front door, and a State officer hurried in. \"I am sorry, Mister,\" he said, \"but the dam at Werner's Falls has given way, and you have just fifteen minutes to get into the boat. Take what you can in that time, and come quickly.\"\n\nNow Mr. Browning had read just the day before that if this great dam, which was a model of modern engineering, ever gave way, a flood of water twenty-five feet high and running at the rate of twenty-five miles an hour would sweep down the valley, carrying everything before it. So the Brownings needed no further urging.\n\nHastily Mr. Browning filled a suitcase with some of his most valuable manuscripts, while Mrs. Browning filled another with clothing and other valuables. Just at the last minute, as Mr. Browning was handing the suitcase to the officer,\nMrs. Browning rushed out in great excitement. \"I can't find Bing or the Professor,\" she cried. \"We can't go without them.\" For an answer, one of the officers took her firmly by the arm. \"Get into the boat, madam,\" he said. \"There is not a minute to lose. At such a time as this, we cannot stop for cats and dogs.\"\n\nBut we can't go without our pets,\" objected Mr. Browning.\n\n\"You will have to,\" said another officer, pushing him back into a seat.\n\nWhile they had been talking, a third officer had locked the front door on Bing and the Professor, and a second later, the boat pushed off.\n\nIt was a terrible scene and one that the Brownings never forgot. Their beloved Sunshine Cottage was entirely surrounded by water which was gurgling and foaming as it rushed under the piazza and into the house.\ncellar. \nBING \nThere  was  water,  water  everywhere, \ndark,  foaming,  and  gurgling.  Above  the \nsound  of  its  sucking  and  seething  came  the \ncries  of  excited  men  as  they  urged  their \nfrantic  horses  through  the  flood,  the  low\u00ac \ning  of  the  cattle,  the  squealing  of  the  pigs, \nthe  excited  barking  of  dogs,  and,  above  all \nand  worst  of  all,  the  sobbing  of  women \nand  little  children. \nAs  the  boat  reached  the  corner  of \nBroad  Street  and  the  road  to  Meadow- \ndale,  Mrs.  Browning  glanced  back  for  a \nparting  look  at  Sunshine  Cottage. \n\u201c  Officer,  look!  \u201d  she  cried.  \u201c  See  if  you \ncan  make  out  what  that  is  in  the  garret \nwindow.\u201d \nThe  officer  turned  his  glance  in  the  di\u00ac \nrection  indicated  and  said:  \u201c  It  is  your \ncat  and  dog.  They  have  taken  refuge  in \nthe  garret.  They  surely  understand  the \nsituation.\u201d \nTHE  RIVER  GOES  MAD  179 \nAnd  that  was  the  last  glimpse  that  the \nBrownings had passed Sunshine Cottage and the Professor. A few seconds later, the boat rounded the corner and Sunshine Cottage was blotted from sight. A few blocks farther on, they were transferred to an automobile. The village was not entirely submerged. The automobile in turn took them to the house of some good friends who lived on higher ground.\n\nAll that afternoon they waited feverishly for reports of the flood. Every man in Shadyville who could work was busy. Trucks loaded with sandbags were rushing by, while farmers, businessmen, and professionals stood waist-deep in the water, piling the precious sandbags on the dike.\n\nBy night, the waters were still rising. Nearly all the cellars on Broad Street were full of water and some of the first stories were partly submerged, but still no further word from the great dam.\nOn that unforgettable Sunday morning, the sun rose, and the people of Shady ville looked out over the landscape with joy and gratitude. Miraculously, the flimsy sandbag dike had held, and the colonial houses on Broad Street still stood.\n\nCHAPTER IX\nADRIFT IN THE NIGHT\n\nOn that unforgettable Sunday morning, the sun rose, and the people of Shady ville were filled with joy and gratitude as they looked out over the landscape. In some miraculous way, the flimsy sandbag dike had held, and the colonial houses on Broad Street still stood.\nThe great elms lined the street, guarding it. Shadyville looked more like an inland lake than a peaceful New England town. Its commons were lagoons, while its roads and sidewalks were rivers. Many outbuildings were gone, but the houses and barns still stood. The water in the river was four feet above the level in the town, posing still grave danger. However, the people of Shadyville held hopes.\n\nAfter breakfast, the good people who were hosting the Brownings took them for a sightseeing trip in their automobile. They drove along a street at the back of the village, which was on higher ground, providing a good view of the village. It was water, water everywhere. Mrs. Browning, using the field-glasses, reported to the others, \"Sunshine Cottage is still there.\"\n\"but everything seems all right, ADRIFT IN THE NIGHT 183, but I guess my carpets and furniture on the first floor have got a good wetting. I wish I could get a glimpse of Bing and the Professor, but it is too far away for that. The door which leads to the back piazza is open. I thought I locked it before we left, and the hen-house is gone. I did not notice that before.\"\n\n\"We can easily spare it,\" said Mr. Browning, who was overjoyed that Sunshine Cottage was still safe. \"We will give it as an offering to the water gods.\"\n\nThen came the report from up north that the Werner's Falls dam had probably not gone out, although the water had been so high the day before that engineers were not sure. The crest of the flood would reach Shadyville at noon and, if the dikes held a few hours longer, the worst would be avoided.\nNoon came, and the crest of the flood swept by the marooned town, and the dikes held. By two o'clock in the afternoon, the water had begun to fall, and by sundown, it had fallen a foot. Shadyville breathed easier.\n\nWhen the sun rose on Monday morning and the people of the marooned town again beheld their village, to their great surprise, they found that most of the water which had flooded the streets, roads, and common had disappeared. There was still good boating in the low places, and it would be several days before the water entirely disappeared. However, the roads were again in shape for travel.\n\nThe Brownings lost no time in going back to Sunshine Cottage. They went in an automobile over the road they had traveled in a boat two days before.\n\n\"Everything looks all right,\" said Mrs. Browning as they mounted the steps to their cottage.\nThe front piazza. Adrift in the night (185). \"I don't see why Bing isn't scratching at the door,\" remarked Mr. Browning as he unlocked it. But a hurried search of the house revealed the astonishing fact that Bing and the Professor were not there. They had disappeared as though by magic.\n\n\"Are you sure you saw them in the garret window?\" inquired Mr. Browning for the third time, after he and Mrs. Browning had ransacked every room.\n\n\"Perfectly,\" she replied, \"and the officer saw them also. It is the queerest thing I ever heard of.\"\n\nSo, while the Brownings wonder about the strange disappearance of their dog and cat, let us go back to that first night when they sat by the garret window and watched the boat taking the master and mistress far away, and see what happened.\n\nWith the disappearance of the family, let us focus on Bing.\nBing and the old cat did not stay long in the garret but soon returned to the first floor where they wandered restlessly from room to room, wondering what it was all about. But it was not until the water began creeping in over the floor that they got excited. Then Bing noticed it was spoiling his dog biscuit in the kitchen, so he carried them upstairs, one at a time, and finally both he and the Professor took refuge in the second story. They slept in the guest chamber on the best bed until about two o'clock in the morning and then became restless because their master and mistress did not return. In the course of their wanderings about the house, they came to the door leading to the upstairs back porch. It was partly open, and Bing and the Professor went out on the back porch.\nThey found little consolation, for at the foot of the stairway was a great lake. Neither dog nor cat had any mind to escape in that way. Then they noticed a board leading from the back piazza to the roof of the hen-house, which the Brownings used when they scattered grain to the birds. Bing finally led the way across to the hen-house, and the Professor followed.\n\nThey fidgeted about on the roof for several minutes and finally Bing turned to go back to the piazza. But to his surprise, there was a broad gap between the end of the plank and the hen-house roof. Then he noticed that the hen-house was moving, not rapidly but steadily. This movement soon carried them out into the orchard where the strong current took this clumsy craft, and in another minute, the little hound and the big yellow cat were in the water.\nThe journey toward Long Island Sound began. The hen-house was carried out into the current, moving steadily southward. Bing realized that a strange and irresistible force was taking him away from Sunshine Cottage and his family. It was a force he couldn't fight, filling him with terror. He paced excitedly on the hen-house roof for several minutes before sitting down on his tail and letting out a series of howls. The scene was indeed terrifying.\n\nAbove were the heavens with their countless stars, and below was the water, seemingly endless and also dotted with stars. The trees and buildings had their counterparts in dark, unearthly shadows in the water. There were few sounds other than the distant roar of the river and the occasional splash.\nofficers' oars as they rowed up and down Broad Street on its strange, unearthly beat. Just opposite the lower end of Broad Street, the hen-house remained grounded for half an hour. Bing might have escaped as the water was shallow here, but he did not know it, as the shadows at this point made it look dark and forbidding. But finally, the wind shifted and there was just enough push in it to start the hen-house anew on its perilous ride. As soon as the clumsy building drifted into the meadows below Broad Street, it felt the titanic pull of the great river and quickened its pace. A mile below Shadyville, the river turned sharply to the left and here, as it swirled back to the right to resume its southern direction, it had piled up a strange conglomeration of wreckage on a small meadow. There were planks, logs, trees.\nand bushes, hen-houses and hen-coops, corn-cribs, gates and fences, chairs, tables, and bedsteads were scattered among this medley. At one point, a shiny square piano was ended up between a corn-crib and a portion of a bridge. But this was not all. The tragedy was even worse, as there were dead cows in the wreckage, also horses. Good swimmers that they were, they could not stem this terrible tide. Who can imagine the fearful sights that little Bing saw as he shivered on the roof of the hen-house while this strange procession went by? For it is a matter of history that, during this flood, three thousand cows and hundreds of horses, pigs, and sheep went floating to the sea, while one hundred and fifty men, women, and children found a watery grave somewhere between northern Vermont.\nand Long Island Sound. After two hours, debris piled up behind the hen-house, and the rising water forced it into the current once more. Little Bing and the Professor began their strange ride to the sea. Eight miles below this spot was the great dam at Millville. Ordinarily, at this point, the water took a thirty-foot drop, and even now, at flood time, the fall was fifteen feet. When the hen-house should finally take that plunge, it would turn over and over, and Bing and the old cat would find a watery grave. An hour passed, and they drifted slowly by the Pelham river bridge, which was partly submerged. They had covered two of the eight perilous miles, and the great dam and fatal plunge were now only six miles away. Another half-hour, and they saw the end of old Mount Wachusett being left behind. It was now.\nFour miles to the dam; two more miles to cover. It seemed that only a miracle could save little Bing and his companion on their strange craft. And so it is in human lives; often the deepest darkness precedes the dawn, and \"joy cometh in the morning.\"\n\nNow it happened that Billy Anderson, who lived two miles above the Millville dam, was out in his motorboat looking for valuable wreckage. He was provided with a long rope and grappling-iron, and whenever he saw anything that he thought would be of value, he caught the article with his grappling-iron and towed it ashore.\n\nBing, anxiously searching the water in every direction for possible help, discovered Billy. He noticed the small hound perched on the ridge-pole of the boat.\n\nADRIFT IN THE NIGHT\n1931\n\n(Note: The text appears to be complete and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nThe frantic barking of the dog soon attracted the young man's attention. He looked in every direction as sound coming over the water is very deceptive. Finally, he espied the hen-house and turned his motor-boat towards it. Then, he noticed the small hound perched on the ridge-pole. At the sight of the boat, Bing redoubled his barking, fairly prancing up and down in his excitement and, finally, as the boat drew nearer, the Professor crowded up close to him, wishing also to add his persuasion.\n\nAs Billy came close to the hen-house, not wishing to come in collision with it, he headed the boat up-stream. Bing thought the young man had passed them by, and his joyful barking was turned to dolorous howling. But Billy's next move was firmly to fasten the grappling-iron to a window-sill, and then he headed the boat towards the hen-house.\nmotor-boat towards shore, but the current was so strong and the hen-house was so clumsy that it took him fifteen minutes to make headway with it. Both hen-house and motor-boat went steadily downstream, but Billy could see that, little by little, he was getting the clumsy craft towards the shore. He brought it to rest on terra firma half a mile above the great dam. It was but the work of a few minutes to climb to the roof and help Bing into the boat. The young man soon followed with the Professor under his arm. After making the hen-house secure to a tree nearby, Billy set out for his own home, feeling that he had accomplished quite a feat. But it was not until he was inside the house and had looked at Bing's collar that he was able to identify the little hound. On the collar, he read: ADRIFT IN THE NIGHT #195.\n\"Name: Bing. Owner: Lawrence Browning, Shadyville, Mass.\" But when young Anderson tried to call Sunshine Cottage, the operator told him that the house was empty, as nearly all of Shadyville had been evacuated. The following day he received the same report. No one seemed to know where the Brownings had gone.\n\nIt was on the afternoon of the second day after the strange rescue that young Anderson got out his motor-car and Bing promptly took his place on the front seat beside the driver, while the Professor was content to ride between them.\n\nThe Brownings were just at the height of their discussion as to what had become of Bing and the Professor, and Mr. Browning was outlining a plan for their recovery, when they heard a sharp bark in front of the house. There was only one dog in the world that barked like that, and Bing.\nIt was Bing. Both master and mistress hurried to the door just in time to see him jump from the car and come bounding towards them with great leaps. He was closely followed by the Professor. Such a home-coming and such a reunion had never been seen at Sunshine Cottage before. The young man who had rescued the Browning pets came in for his share of glory and reward.\n\nChapter X\n\nThe Long Vigil\n\nFor several months after the great flood, Mrs. Browning was not well. Despite all her efforts, she could not throw off the horror of that great disaster. Whenever it rained and surface water appeared, either in the orchard behind the house or on the common, it made her nervous. The winter that followed was long and hard, and all the members of Sunshine Cottage were glad when spring came.\n\nBing.\nOne morning at the breakfast table, late in April, Mrs. Browning surprised her husband by saying, \"I wish Bing would stop looking at me so. He makes me nervous.\" The little hound that had been gazing at his mistress with adoring eyes turned his head and went to Mr. Browning, who patted him affectionately. \"You may look at me, Bingsey, just as much as you want to,\" he said. \"I should be glad to have a nice dog like you look at me.\"\n\n\"You don't understand what I mean,\" replied Mrs. Browning irritably. \"I do not mind his looking at me, but he looks as though he saw something.\"\n\nMr. Browning laughed. \"The fact is, he is seeing a fine-looking woman.\"\n\n\"Stop your joking and be serious! I am, Heaven knows,\" returned the mistress. \"Bing not only looks at me, but he looks through me. He looks as though he saw something beyond me.\"\n\"He saw something standing over or behind me. Half a dozen times a day I turn about to see what he is looking at. Mr. Browning looked serious. \"Why, you're just tired, Betty,\" he said. \"It's nerves. Bing doesn't see anything that the rest of us don't see.\" \"But you have often said, Lawrence, that you thought dogs had premonitions of danger to come and that they could even see the death spectre. That's what I mean. I wonder if Bing sees something behind me that neither you nor I can see,\" and she concluded the sentence with a little sob. \"Nonsense, fiddlesticks!\" replied Mr. Browning, but nevertheless he was deeply troubled over the conversation. So he was not altogether surprised when, a few days later, his wife announced: \"I can't get up this morning, Lawrence. I don't know what the trouble is.\"\"\n\"I am, but the bed seems to spin around like a top. I'm afraid we are in for it,\" said Mrs. Browning.\n\n\"I guess you will be all right,\" returned the master. \"You're just tired out. I'll get up and get things started.\"\n\nBut instead, he went downstairs and telephoned for good old Dr. Hampton. The physician made a long and careful examination of Mrs. Browning and asked many questions, then retired to the study for a consultation with Mr. Browning.\n\n\"It's typhoid fever or something of the kind,\" he said. \"She's very nervous. We must have a nurse at once.\"\n\nThe nurse came the same afternoon. Her name was Miss Stevenson, and she had just graduated from a large hospital in the city and looked very immaculate in her new uniform. She was brimful of theories and efficiency.\n\n\"She's efficient,\" Dr. Hampton remarked to Mr. Browning.\nMiss Stevenson disliked Bing. Whenever Bing could slip away, he would make his way to the upstairs hall to be near his mistress. Whenever the nurse left the sickroom, she would glare at him and drive him downstairs, a act that nearly broke his heart. On several occasions, when Mrs. Browning heard the patter of the small dog's feet in the hallway, she would call him in. However, the nurse always frowned upon this procedure, and as soon as the call was over, she would carefully wash the patient's hands.\n\n\"What are you doing that for?\" Mrs. Browning asked one day. \"Bing's kisses contain nothing but love, and love is not infectious.\"\n\nBing\nThe nurse replied, \"Well, perhaps it isn't, but I'll take my chance with syphonatal or carbolic any day.\" During this terrible ordeal, Mr. Browning and Bing became greater pals than ever. The master often took Bing's part against Miss Stevenson and entreated her to be more thoughtful of him. One day, when they were discussing the case, the nurse spoke to the doctor about the dog.\n\n\"Doctor,\" she said, \"have we got to have that dog in the upper hall all the time? I don't like dogs, and he gives me the creeps with his mournful face forever looking at Mrs. Browning's door.\"\n\n\"Bing is a personality,\" the old man gently returned, \"and he has more character than many people. You will find that out if you see enough of him. I wouldn't disturb him. I am sure that Mrs. Browning would like to have him in the upper hall.\"\nThe hallway, if she knew. We never can tell what the golden thread is that holds our loved ones to earth. Often, a bit of love, even a dog's love, may do more than medicine and nursing. I wouldn't be too hard on Bing.\n\nThe days that were so full of anxiety for Mr. Browning and Bing dragged slowly by, and there was no improvement in the patient. The little hound finally became so heart-broken that he scarcely ate a mouthful of food. So each day, Mr. Browning took it upon himself to feed the dog, fairly coaxing the dog biscuit down his mouth.\n\nThe terrible strain was telling upon Bing, both man and dog. Mr. Browning became haggard, and Bing was finally so weak that he tottered when he climbed the stairs to the upper hall.\n\nOne morning, about the first of May, the crisis came. The patient lay on the bed.\nMr. Browning sat by a window, leaning his aching head on his hands. The doctor had done all that he could, and he sat by another window, looking out at the bright May sky. They were waiting, waiting, waiting for something.\n\nMr. Browning couldn't help but notice as he sat by the open window how different the world outside was from the sick room. From outdoors came the heavy fragrance of a syringa-bush in full bloom and the sweet scent of new grass, the pungent aroma of the spice-bush and other indescribable scents which made the May air vital and vibrant. The sunbeams seemed joyous and full of life, and the birds that always flocked to Bird Acre in the spring-time were all there. The robins were busily flying to and fro, chattering and scolding. A bluebird was fluting its song.\nfrom the top of the pear-tree and the blithe little oriole was there, for it was the seventh of May, and this day had been oriole day at Bird Acre for the past fifteen years. Only once had the orioles failed to appear on that day. Life was out there in the open - life that vibrated and tingled and was glad. But inside the sick room it was so still that the ticking of a little clock on the mantelpiece seemed to Mr. Browning's overwrought nerves like loudest thunder. There was no sign of life inside the room; instead, there was gloom and heartache.\n\nPresently, the old doctor once more tiptoed to the bedside and took the thin white hand in his and let his fingers rest for a few seconds on the wrist. Then he quickly laid the hand down and, stooping, placed his ear over the woman's heart and listened for a few seconds. Then he...\nMr. Browning quickly crossed the room, took a small looking-glass from the mantelpiece, and hurried back to the bedside. With trembling hands, he held it close to the woman's face for at least thirty seconds, then turned it about. It was as bright as silver; there was not the slightest cloud upon it. The old physician then came over and laid his hand on Mr. Browning's shoulder. The doctor said gently, \"She is dying.\" With a moan of unspeakable agony, Mr. Browning sank down on his knees beside the bed and laid his head on the pillow beside that of his wife. The old doctor returned to his seat by the window and sat down heavily. He had fought a good fight, doing the best he could, and was losing. Only he knew how impotent and helpless he felt as he sat looking out at the May sky.\n\nMr. Browning...\nA man had fallen on his knees by the bedside, the woman, lying so still and seemingly lifeless upon the bed, felt the soul of her life slowly rising from her body, the poor tired body she was leaving. There was nothing sudden about this going; instead, it was very leisurely. She saw Mr. Browning kneeling by the bed, and a great wave of pity for the stricken man swept over her. She wanted to stay with him and comfort him, but she could not, for something above and beyond was calling to her and drawing her with an irresistible force. She saw the old doctor sitting by the window, and she pitied him as well. He had worked so hard, and they thought he had lost. Another figure she beheld likewise, and that was little Bing in the outer hall. He was sitting on his mat with his forefeet braced.\nHis head held high, with a look of utter agony on his small, dog-like face. He seemed to be looking, or listening, for something, she didn't know what. She pitied Bing and wished she might go to him, but the urge from outside was still more insistent. She could not stay, it would not let her; she must answer this call. So she drifted away from Sunshine Cottage and Bird Acre into a great wide world of light and unspeakable beauty. The sunshine in this world was like amber, and the air was more vital than anything she had ever experienced before. She drank in deep, impetuous draughts, and it tingled in her veins like old wine. She was no longer tired, but young and glad. Life, such life as she had never known before, was all about her, and she reveled in it and gloried in her new inexhaustible strength.\nAnd this air was filled with wonderful music, bird-songs, and sounds of running brooks, and voices of little children and their laughter. Presently, she noticed that the birds were winging about her head, one of them with an undulating motion that seemed familiar. Then she noted with a little thrill of joy that it was Snip, an old red-crested woodpecker they had fed at Bird Acre for many years. A sparrow-hawk had killed him the year before, but even that did not seem to matter for, here he was, calling \u201cSnip,\u201d just as he used to. The little chorister, a marvelous catbird that had sung for them at Bird Acre in years gone by, was there, singing on the top of a fantastic tree. Rabbits were there, hopping about, and squirrels were chattering from the tree-tops. All the wild creatures they had loved and fed at Bird Acre were there.\nA familiar figure bounding towards the woman to her surprise was old Scotty, Mr. Browning's beloved collie, whom they had buried in the orchard the year before when he had been killed by an automobile. But here he was, safe and full of life, overjoyed to see his mistress. Other dogs they had owned at Bird Acre were bounding about and barking gleefully. However, a great light in the distance seemed to be calling to the woman, irresistibly dragging her forward.\n\nAs she stopped to pat old Scotty on the head, she thought she heard a pathetic sound in the distance and looking up, saw another dog figure away at the end of a long vista, dim and indistinct. For a moment, the shadow in the background of this vista opened, and she beheld Bird Acre and Sunshine.\nA little hound named Bing resided in a cottage. In the upper hall, he stood on his mat, his head raised, eyes wild, every hair on his back erect, and howling as if his heart would break.\n\nUpon seeing the hound that had loved her so long and faithfully, a great tenderness overtook the woman. Disregarding the beauty and wonder about her, as well as the bird-songs and heavenly atmosphere, she turned and hurried back towards the heartbroken little hound calling for her at the end of the endless vista, so far away at Bird Acre.\n\n212 - Bing\n\nThis beauty and bliss could not keep her back, and Bing seemed to see her coming. He started running towards her in great bounds, his ears flopping up and down as if they might fly off.\nTwo minutes had elapsed since the dramatic moment when the old doctor had sat down heavily in his chair by the window and Mr. Browning had thrown himself in unspeakable grief on his knees by the bed. They heard a quick step in the hallway and Miss Stevenson, the nurse, hurried in and whispered excitedly, \"I think Bing is dead.\" The doctor motioned solemnly towards the bed, pushing the nurse imperiously from the room. She gently closed the door and they heard her footsteps going slowly downstairs. Something happened in the sick room that strained the credulity of the two waiting men. If the roof above them had suddenly flown off into space and they had beheld the blue sky, or the floor beneath them had sunk.\n\"from sight and they had been left sitting, they would not have been more astonished. For there was a message from the woman so pale and quiet on the bed. There were words spoken in the faintest kind of a whisper, yet they were as clear and distinct as though they had been shouted from the housetop, and as clean-cut as new coins from the mint, and this is what she said:\n\n\u201cBing is not dead. He has just brought me back over the Great Divide. Go to him, doctor, for if he dies, I shall go back to the Great Beyond; nothing can keep me.\u201d\n\nIn two steps, the doctor was by the bedside. \u201cMy God, Browning, have I been mistaken?\u201d he cried. \u201cI would have taken my oath that she was going. Did you hear that?\u201d\n\n\"Yes,\u201d said his companion between sobs. \"Do what she says.\"\n\nNow the doctor was an old and experienced man.\"\nThe physician, a man of medicine, was urged by every consideration in the medical code to stay by the bedside of the woman clinging to life by such a thin thread. Yet he was wise in the wisdom that transcends this world, so he hurried from the room.\n\nHe found Miss Stevenson in the kitchen, bent over the prostrate form of the little hound. At the sound of his entrance, she lifted a tear-stained face.\n\n\"Doctor,\" she said, \"I am a wretch. I am a heartless creature. I hope you despise me; you ought to. For all this time, I have been despising this little dog, driving him out of the sick chamber whenever I had a chance and always maligning him. Doctor, I am a heartless, soulless little wretch!\"\n\n\"Oh, it is not so bad as that!\" the doctor replied.\nThe doctor. \"Don't be too hard on yourself. I said you would respect Bing once you knew him. Let me see him. I don't believe he's gone.\"\n\nNurse. \"How is Mrs. Browning?\"\n\nDoctor. \"She came close to leaving us two minutes ago.\"\n\nAt this announcement, the well-trained nurse from the great hospital gave no sign. She had expected it, and meeting such crises was part of her business.\n\nBing\n\n\"I don't think Bing is dead,\" said the old physician, lifting the small dog's head. \"He has just collapsed; he is all worn out. You hold his mouth open, and I'll see if I can get some stimulant down him. Mrs. Browning insisted I save him if I wanted to save her.\"\n\nThe young woman gazed at him with open mouth. \"I thought you said she...\"\n\"was leaving us,\u201d she gasped.\n\"So I did,\" replied the doctor. \"But Bingsey went out over the Great Divide and brought her back.\"\nThere was nothing in the young woman's training at the hospital or in the advice she had heard in many lectures by great physicians which covered this emergency. So, with a little moan, she swooned and would have fallen had not the old doctor caught her.\n\"Here, here,\" he said gently. \"Don't you go flopping over in that way. I have got enough on my hands with a woman who is almost dead and yet talks, and a dog that has apparently died and still breathes, without having you swooning on my hands. So brace up.\"\nThese words steadied the nurse, and she knelt to do the doctor's bidding.\nA minute later, there was a slight sound on the floor behind them.\n\"What was that?\" asked the nurse.\nThe doctor replied with a friendly smile, \"That was the first note of gratitude. Don't you know the song of praise and thanksgiving a dog can sing with his tail? Listen.\" Two slow and solemn thumps echoed on the floor. Little Bing was coming round, expressing his gratitude to his friends with his eloquent tail. But the old doctor continued pouring whiskey and in ten minutes was able to stand. \"I will take Doctor Bing up to the patient,\" he said, lifting the small hound in his arms and heading for the sick-room. This is a case where medicine and nursing don't seem to count. The only thing that holds this woman to earth is the golden thread of a small dog's love.\nContrary to all ethics and the usual procedure in the case of a patient so near death's door, the old doctor laid the small hound on the bed by his mistress. He frantically licked her hands. At this sign from the material world, the world to which she still clung by a thread, Mrs. Browning opened her eyes and smiled at them all. Then she spoke again in that faint whisper which carried so far and was so distinct. \"I love you all,\" she said, \"but it was Bingsey that brought me back.\" Mr. Browning and the doctor took refuge at their windows, the former that he might not agitate his wife with his emotion that he could scarcely control. So Bingsey and his mistress had it all their own way on the bed. Presently, she spoke again, and this time in a stronger voice. \"I am coming.\"\n\"back quickly,\" she said. \"It rested me out there in that other world and helped make me well. I have come back to stay, so don't worry about me any more. It is strange,\" said Mr. Browning to the doctor, \"the most wonderful and beautiful thing I have ever known. And it suggests again the old, old question I have asked philosophers and sages so many times, but none of them knows the answer. It is this: Why did God put the most untiring devotion, the most unflinching loyalty, the most spontaneous forgiveness, and the most perfect love, not in the brain of a man, but in the heart of a dog?\" LIBRARY OF CONGRESS", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1929", "title": "Biographies of representative women of the South", "creator": "Collier, Margaret (W.), \"Mrs. Bryan Wells Collier.\" [from old catalog]", "lccn": "unk81010938", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST011701", "partner_shiptracking": "165GR", "call_number": "6258485", "identifier_bib": "0040055397A", "lc_call_number": "CT3260 .C7", "volume": "5", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Atlanta", "description": "5 v. 24 cm<div>Vol. 5, 1861-1929</div>", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-10-29 13:00:18", "updatedate": "2019-10-29 13:55:55", "updater": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "identifier": "biographiesofrep05coll", "uploader": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-10-29 13:55:58", "operator": "associate-saw-thein@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "284", "scandate": "20191119200344", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-cherrymay-villarente@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20191121082109", "republisher_time": "842", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/biographiesofrep05coll", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t3tv2ps5f", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "year": "1929", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1156355675", "backup_location": "ia907004_33", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "96", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1929, "content": "[Mrs. Bryant Wells Collier]\nItograpfjtea Ilford\n\nContents\nFrontispiece 5\nContents 7-9\nDedication 10\nMrs. Samuel Poyntz Cochran 11\nMargaret Wootten Collier 13\nForeword - John T. Boifeullet 15-17\nAuthor\u2019s Preface - Poem 19\nMrs. Zean W. Oglesby 21-31\nMrs. Charles Ashmore Conklin 32-36\nIn My Garden of Love 37\nMrs. William Bailey Lamar 38-41\nMary Custis Lee 42-43\nLee History Continued 45\nRoom at Arlington 47\nLee History Continued 48-50\nStratford 52-55\nMrs. William Carter Stubbs 56-59\nMary Coffee O\u2019Neal Campbell 56-59\nMrs. Mary Coffee Donelson Hutchings 60-65\nMrs. William A. Wright 66-67\nMrs. Inez Sledge, Mrs. Albert Ewing Cox, Mrs. Julius C. Alford, Cox History, Mrs. William Rodes, Mrs. Samuel Poyntz Cochran, Mrs. William Weldon Starke, Mrs. Andrew Franklin Brown, Mothers\u2019 Day - Ernest Rogers, Mrs. Edgar Chandler Brown, Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy, Mrs. John Claud Verner, Mrs. Lamartine Griffin Hardman, Governor and Mrs. Hardman and Family, Hardman History, Mrs. Jasper Newton Griffin, Hardman History, Mrs. William Breckenridge Ardery, Mrs. Louis Pendleton Spencer, Ardery History, Mrs. Louis Ray Rogers, \"Forest Hill\", Rogers History, Mrs. Fenn Orletson Stone.\nMrs. Cappie Lewis Wyand, 138\nStone History Continued, 139-141\nA Militant Daughter of The Old South, 142-145\nMrs. Lucian H. Cocke, 146-147\nMrs. John Milton Johnson, 148\nCocke History Continued, 149\nDr. John Milton Johnson, 150\nCocke History Continued, 151\n\"Cockspur,\" 152\nMrs. Mary Reinhart Ringgold, 160-161\n\"Bellevue,\" 162\nRinggold History Continued, 163-165\nMrs. William Augustus Henneberger, 166-167\nMrs. Laura Virginia Bomberger, 168\nHenneberger History Continued, 169\nMrs. Lawrence O\u2019Bryan Branch, 174-179\n\"Liberty Hall,\" 180-184\nMrs. Morton Ellis Judd [\nFirst Capitol of the Confederacy, Montgomery, Ala, 190\nThe Capitol at Richmond, Virginia, 192\nResponse to Address of Welcome, 193\nOld Blandford Church, 194\nResponse to Address of Welcome Continued, 195\nConfederate Monument at Boligee, Ala, 196\nMrs. Woodrow Wilson, 197-198\nSunset Walk, 199\nMrs. Pinkney Hamilton, Mrs. Walter Garner Lacy, Mrs. John Fletcher Wootten, Dr. John Fletcher Wootten, Wootten History Continued, Mrs. Eva Wootten Bradley, Wootten History Continued, Hon. John T. Wootten, Wootten History Continued, Mrs. John Dale Clothier, Winifred Sackville Stoner II, Mrs. Lamar Rutherford Lipscomb, Mrs. Charles J. Williams, The Origin of Memorial Day, Mrs. James Henry Parker, The Suwannee River, Mrs. David Donaphan Geiger, Representative Women of the South, Mrs. William Thomas Scott, Confederate Monument at Knoxville, Tenn, Mrs. Lollie Belle Wylie, \u201cGaineswood\u201d, McLean Home, Women of Colonial Times\n\nIkitfratum\n\nThe picture of the late Mrs. Samuel Poyntz Cochran.\nMrs. Samuel Poyntz Cochran, a noble woman, is recalled by this page due to her gentle deeds and uplifting influence that will linger in memory throughout the passing years.\n\nForeword\n\nBy John T. Boifeuillet, one of Georgia's most distinguished Men of Letters.\n\nOne of the distinguishing characteristics of this wonderful era is the universal diffusion of knowledge. Mankind has never known an age when reading was more general. Intelligent readers are ornaments of society, charms to the gay circles of fashion, and a source of unending joy and entertainment at home.\n\nThe sunshine of literature is shedding its rays over human lives, lending a charm to earthly affairs. In literature, the genius of woman is displaying itself in numerous enchanting forms. There are many notable examples.\nThe excellence and prominence of her work in the same literary spheres as men. With the pen, she has achieved fresh independence and equality with them. The active entrance of women into journalism is one of the most delightful, popular, and successful features of modern life. Under the inspiration of her journalistic achievements, I look for civilization itself to advance on an even higher plane. Her individuality has impressed itself upon journalism and literature of the day. The subjects of numerous biographical sketches in this volume of \u201cRepresentative Women of the South\u201d have touched life at many points. They have demonstrated possession of a genius competent to be man\u2019s companion in intellectual strife and to grapple with the profoundest problems of nature and mind. In the great drama of human affairs, the experiences of these women have shown that they possess the ability to be intellectual equals to men.\nSome of them have been deeply interesting and charmingly varied. Their lives contained notable material, literary and social successes.\n\nThe gifted author of this book has displayed its contents in many varieties of form and beauty. Her presentation of the matter, as page after page turns before the eye, is like a delightful panorama \u2014 everything is attractive to the sight and entertaining to the mind.\n\nThe creation of a book of genuine merit is no easy accomplishment. It is a prize of rare attainment. The heart of man warmly greets and accepts a fine volume as a companion, friend and teacher. He regards it as one more bright star in the intellectual firmament. It speaks to the heart, talks to the mind, and appeals to the imagination. It affords a series of delights and enchantment.\nWith a wholesome book as a companion, we find pleasure in the pathless woods and rapture on the lonely shore. It leads us through valleys bathed in mellow light and filled with the refreshing incense of rarest flowers. The sublime drapery of the ocean is lifted, revealing wonders beneath the trackless blue as we listen to the music of the sounding deep. We ride on the lightning's gleam and sit on the rainbow's rim, visit among the stars and sail with the moon, sport in the clouds and climb the azure heights. Give us a worthy book, and we revel amid the glories of the unchanging splendor and the vast sublimity of the mountains, with their sculptured chasms, curved arches, chiseled precipices, and massive fortresses, and view the bounding rivers and shining cascades.\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nThis volume bears the dashing title, \"Representative Women of the South,\" echoing with perpetual anthems of the greatness, grandeur, and majesty of the Maker of it all. The author aptly and popularly names her work, as Southern women have an intelligent attitude toward life. They are intensely interested in the happiness and prosperity of the home and school and, therefore, natural champions of order, morality, and enlightenment. Valuable results flow from their participation in public matters of vital importance to the citizens of the United States, motivating good government.\n\nIn social and economic movements, and in all things, Southern women play a significant role.\nSouthern women, in a noble spirit, right-mindedness, and earnestness, have been of great value to the Republic. They have occupied prominent, important, and responsible places in the vast surge of events that have swept the country forward. Southern women played a wonderful role and set shining examples of individual courage, intrepidity, hardship, and sacrifice in the great conflict between the North and South. In the justice and hope of their country's cause, their faith shone ever a guiding star amid the darkness and perils of battle. And in all the other wars of America, they have been the inspiration of noble endeavors, the impulse of splendid deeds, the stimulant of heroic achievements. Even before the first sparkling of the first thirteen stars on the National flag, southern women have personified the world's ideal.\nIn the South, \"the sun shows his glory in the meridian,\" and here woman shines in the perfection of loveliness.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nTo My Representative Women of the South\n\nIn this book of my heart dwells the home of my dreams;\nIt is peopled with womanhood fair;\nAnd wherever you roam, there\u2019s a touch of home,\nAnd love and beauty are there.\n\nIts corridors are hung with faces that beam,\nAs pure and bright as the rainbow\u2019s gleam,\nAnd Memory is redolent with bygone dreams,\nAs you turn the pages of this interesting theme.\n\nShe walks with you in her manor hall,\nTo review the pictures upon the wall;\nJasmine flowers are afloat in the air,\nWith lavender and rose leaves everywhere,\nIn this home of my dreams and \"Lady Fair.\"\n\nMrs. Zean W. Oglesby\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMrs. Zean W. Oglesby\nIn writing the history of those women of the South who so beautifully represent the qualities that have always marked the woman of gentle birth, few possess the charm and culture bequeathed by a line of illustrious ancestors as Mrs. Z. W. Oglesby. She is a dreamer of dreams of the land she loves so well, a patriot, a writer of poetic beauty, a devoted mother.\n\nMrs. Oglesby, nee Lilia Moselle Leake, is a native of Georgia but an adopted daughter of Virginia. She was reared in Richmond. Daughter of Burwell Hamilton Leake and his wife, Sarah Louise Carswell.\n\nThe ancestral lineage of our subject was so ancient and so distinguished as to demand special attention at the hands of the historian who would undertake to delineate her character. Among the earliest of her colonial ancestors were Captain Thomas Harris, who arrived in the colonies.\nat Jamestown, Va., in 1611, four years after its first settlement, Dr. John Woodson, who reached that colony in the epochal year 1611, was the earliest American ancestor in the Leake line of descent. He was descended in a direct line from Sir Francis Leake, born in 1550-1611, and was a first cousin of Sir John Leake, who was knighted by Queen Anne in 1703 and made vice-admiral. In 1705, he was made admiral and later first Lord of the Admiralty.\n\nOn the maternal side, Mrs. Oglesby is descended from the Earls of Cassilis. Through Alexander, great-grandson of John, 7th Earl of Cassilis, whose history is one of romance and picturesque charm. Having taken part in an insurrection against the crown, he traveled\nIncognito through England with a price on his head, he later came to America and took the name Carswell. He was an ancestor of Mrs. Oglesby in the direct line of descent. Before coming to America, he married Isabella Brown, of County Clare, Ireland, who was a descendant of Lord Ruthven, the first Earl of Gowrie.\n\nThe history of the Cassilis family is intimately linked with Scottish history. The founder of the family was Fergus, Prince or Lord of Galloway, who died in 1611. His grandson, Robert, had the territory of Carrick confirmed to him by King William the Lion, who fills a large place in Scottish annals. His descendants then took the name de Carrick.\n\nAn interesting light on the manners of that rude period is given us in the fact that Roland in 1200 carried off by force and married Isabella, a daughter of the Earl of Angus.\nEvelina, daughter of Alan Fitz-William, High Sheriff of Scotland. In 1256, Roland de Carrick was granted the Chieftainship Ceann-cin\u00e9al. In 1285, Sir Gilbert de Carrick presented a dispute between himself and the Nuns of North Berwick to Robert, Earl of Carrick and Robert, Bishop of Glasgow. Later, Sir John of Dunmore obtained from King David a charter confirming to him the Castles Cassilis in the County of Ayre.\n\nJohn, the 7th Earl of Cassilis, became a non-conformist in religion, and, refusing to sign an agreement not to harbor any non-conformists, he was declared an outlaw and ordered to quit the kingdom. He entered heartily into the \u201cGlorious Revolution\u201d of 1688, and in 1689 was sworn a privy councillor to King William, who in that Revolution replaced James II on the throne of England. He was constituted one of the privy councilors.\nThe Lords of the Treasury, July 23, 1701. In 1668, he had married Lady Susan Hamilton, daughter of the Duke of Hamilton. In the early 18th century, a dispute arose between William Earl of March and Ruglan, and Sir Thomas Kennedy, as to the right to the estates of Cassilis. The Court of Sessions gave the decision in favor of the latter. After the loss of their estates following this decision, the family removed to the north of Ireland on lands which had belonged to them since the days of Sir Duncan de Carrick. It was there that the insurrection against the crown arose, culminating in the removal of Alexander de Cassilis to America and the founding of the Carswell family in Georgia.\n\nWilliam Earl of March and Ruglan, referred to above, is of royal descent, tracing back to Malcolm II, 1005-1034. His line includes\nThe famous Robert Bruce and the Douglas clan, whose exploits are celebrated in Scottish song and story, are included in the Cassilis line. The Douglas clan comprises \"the good Sir James Douglas,\" who bore Bruce's heart to the Holy Land, and \"Bell the Cat,\" who plays a conspicuous part in Scott's great poem, Marmion.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nMrs. Oglesby's paternal line includes the Leake, Sims, Burwell, Armistead, Carter, Woodson, Ferris, Porter Miller, Lee, Ligon, and Harris families of Virginia. Through her maternal grandmother, Moselle Williams, her American ancestral lines embrace the Shepard, Hudson, Allen, Hamilton, Washington, Ball, and other North Carolina and Virginia families.\nDuring her early life in Richmond, Virginia, Lilia Moselle Leake was educated by governesses and in private schools. She considered herself particularly fortunate in enjoying the instructions of the famous teacher, Miss Maria Blair of Richmond, one of Virginia's most cultured daughters and most eminent instructors.\n\nMrs. Oglesby has been at all times an active and honored member of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the Daughters of the American Revolution, holding official positions in both organizations and standing high in their councils. For years she has been a regular attendant on the annual sessions of the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, and in Memorial Hall, Washington, D.C., there is a memorial chair which perpetuates her name.\n\nBut perhaps her chief title to distinction rests on her literary accomplishments.\nWork on the poems which, penned on various occasions and over a long term of years, have thus constituted a permanent record of many momentous events through which her life has passed. Had she so desired, her genius in poetry could have filled her life with the products of her pen, for she is a dreamer and has written inspiring verses.\n\nWorthy of special mention as showing the early period of the flowering of her spontaneous poetical gifts is the poem, \"Wasted Hours,\" written when she was but sixteen years of age, and which attracted much attention at that time as indicating remarkable powers in one so young.\n\n\"Do you think, 0 careless dreamer,\nThat there is no record kept\nOf the hours we have wasted\nWhile in idleness we slept?\"\n\n\"A Christmas Story,\" is a story of two mothers, beginning thus:\n\n\"'Twas Christmas: over the withered flowers,\n\"\nGray clouds had gathered for hours and hours, meeting and drifting to and fro,\nHeralding the fall of the beautiful snow.\nSoft and white and light as the breeze,\nThe snowflakes fall through shrubs and trees,\nFalling fast and faster till\nThe white snow covered street and hill.\n\n\"In the diary of life,\" expresses Mrs. Oglesby's keen sense of the deep significance and tremendous moment of the passing hours which many regard so lightly:\n\n\"In the diary of life there are pages\nBlurred and blotted with tears,\nPages dim and yellowed\nThat have not been opened for years.\nLeaves turned down that we would not,\nFor worlds have others unfold,\nPages telling of longings\nAnd regrets that canker the soul.\"\n\n\"The War Child\" is a story in verse, appealing by the tender sentiments which animate it and the poetical phraseology in which it is expressed:\nA soldier at home on furlough, besieged by a childish crowd, told an allegorical story of the War Child that dwelt in a cloud.\n\nA weird, wonderful story,\nHow a phantom in childlike mold,\nWith hair that gleamed in sunlight,\nLike threads of burnished gold,\nCould be seen on the eve of battle,\nFloating down through the sultry air,\nOn a cloud of fleecy whiteness.\n\nA child so wondrous fair,\nThat the soldiers stood enraptured,\nGazing in a trance of awe,\nOn the angelic features\nOf the phantom Child of War.\n\nOne of Mrs. Oglesby\u2019s songs, \u201cMy own Heart Tells Me So,\u201d has been published by the Windsor Music Company, Chicago and New York. Another, \u201cI Loved Her Too,\u201d has been published by the National Music Company, Chicago. The music to these and other songs of Mrs. Oglesby, has been composed by Theo. H. Northrop.\nMrs. Oglesby, recognized as a student of Colonial and Confederate history, has been called upon to read papers on historical subjects before U.D.C. and other patriotic organizations. Her poems and songs have been read and sung before many such bodies on special occasions, North and South, and have always been received with delight. Also, she has often been requested to read her own poems as a part of such programs, and she always reads with deep and tender expression.\n\nDuring the World War, a beautiful emblematic quilt was sent by the Quitman, Georgia, Chapter of the U.D.C., of which Mrs. Oglesby was chairman, to the John B. Gordon Memorial bed in the Military Hospital near Paris. The quilt was designed by Mrs. Oglesby, and the crochet work on it was done by her own hands. It contained:\nOn each corner, a small crocheted Confederate flag design, with a much larger flag, similarly crocheted, in the center. One Atlanta paper contained a most interesting picture of this historical piece of handwork.\n\nAt the Confederate ball in Atlanta, November 1st, 1926, Mrs. Oglesby won the prize for the most beautiful costume worn. This costume, a picture of which accompanies this sketch, was a replica of a dress from Confederate times; she wore the same costume during the grand march at the meeting in Richmond, Va., and aroused much enthusiasm.\n\nMrs. Oglesby, descended as she is from distinguished ancestry from Colonial days down to the present, has inherited those finer traits of character marking those true southerners who are ever loyal to the land of their birth. From out that civilization of the Old South.\nSouth she seems to have stepped for today in the sunset years of her life, bearing the mark of the Baronial Hall that speaks a language none can understand save those of gentle birth and inherited devotion to lofty ideals.\n\nOne of her latest poems, \u201cThe Message of the Mountain,\u201d celebrates the monumental project of carving on Stone Mountain the figures of Robert E. Lee, and other famous leaders of the Confederacy. It has attracted wide and favorable attention. The poem follows:\n\nMRS. ZEAN W. OGLESBY\n\nIn the costume she wore at the Confederate Ball in Atlanta, November 1, 1926, when she won the prize for the most beautiful costume.\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\n\nTHE MESSAGE OF THE MOUNTAIN\n\nIn the clouds of pearl and amber above Stone Mountain's brow\nThe spirit of the sixties is keeping vigil now.\nThrough the rifts in the silver lining, it is waiting to see\nThe Confederates mobilize around Davis, Jackson, and Lee.\nFollowing the colors - the flag with the stars and bars -\nMaking it next in glory to God's shining stars.\nNot by chance will those martial figures be wrought\nUpon the mountain. The battle of Atlanta was fought\nUnder its shadow, and the last spark of unity died.\nThe breath was widened to the boundaries of the divide.\nNo need to tell how Sherman's flaming torches fed\nOn the defenseless homes of her heroic dead -\nThose are the things of a long-gone yesterday,\nAnd only tend to make the unity of today\nMore apparent. Here where the north and east and west collected\nTo throttle the south - a monument is being erected\nTo her defenders - made attainable by the act\nOf a Republican Congress - Never in fiction or fact\nWas the deed more chivalrous or of more portentous weight? Nothing on God's earth could so surely perpetuate The Union \u2014 the Stone Mountain Memorial coins ring Like vesper bells all over the land and bring The states together. From a sentiment so fine And far reaching, it seems akin to the divine. No north, no south has reality \u2014 the pledge will be Carried on the Memorial coins by Jackson and Lee. When the army in gray comes marching across the mountain\u2019s face An awakened nation will see aright and trace God's purpose in the formation; there on his masterpiece, The south's vindication will be \u2014 till time shall cease. A reunited people will come as to a shrine, And unborn millions will look up and divine The chiseled forms and faces of men too great to die. They have joined the ranks of the glorified on high. There is no death for such as they.\nWe know them still as the men who wore the gray.\nStone Mountain Memorial\nRepresentative Women of the South\nAll through the ages, all down the years,\nThey will live in deeds of glory, sanctified by blood and tears.\nWe gave them a resting place broad as the sweep,\nOf the night wind\u2019s measureless motion;\nWe laid them to rest \u2014 when they fell asleep \u2014\nIn a people\u2019s undying devotion.\nAnother of Mrs. Oglesby's works which attracted favorable attention was \u201cBarriers of Blue, a Romance of the Sixties.\u201d She published also a dainty booklet, giving a new and appealing version of the famous southern song, \u201cDixie,\u201d which received the warmest commendation of John Temple Graves, and was widely circulated.\nAmong the mementos handed down from her ancestors, Mrs. Oglesby treasured in particular the clan plaids worn in her mother's family.\nMrs. Charles Ashmore Conklin, born at \"Long View,\" Orange Mills, Fla., on the picturesque St. Johns River, was the daughter of Thomas Sumter Mays. Thomas Sumter Mays was born at Edgefield, S.C., and was a direct descendant of William Mays, who was a captain in the Revolutionary War with the Virginia Militia in Colonel Goode\u2019s Regiment. Samuel Mays, son of William Mays, was also a soldier in the Revolutionary War and later in the War of 1812, where he attained the rank of brigadier general. Mrs. Conklin's father was Thomas Sumter Mays, son of Dr. Rhydon Grigsby Mays and Sarah Butler Smith.\nfought bravely under the Stars and Bars in the War of the Sixties, and was wounded and imprisoned. A great-grandmother of Mrs. Conklin was Nancy Butler, wife of Samuel Mays and daughter of General James Butler of South Carolina, scion of the ancient Anglo-Irish family upon whom the title of Duke of Ormond was conferred. Her mother was Susan Lipscomb Waldo, born at Newberry, South Carolina, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Warren Waldo, a noted physician, and Sarah Bonham Lipscomb. The Waldo family has given many illustrious names to American history. Dr. Waldo\u2019s father, Dr. Joseph Warren Waldo of Pomfret, Conn., was a direct descendant of Cornelius Waldo (1647) and Hannah Cogswell, of Ipswich, Mass. Mrs. Conklin\u2019s great-great-grandfather, Jonathan Waldo, had a brother, Dr. Albigence Waldo, who was with Washington during the war.\nDr. Albigence Waldo spent able days at Valley Forge, and whose diary kept during that period was of wonderful interest, as were the many poems he composed. Dr. Albigence Waldo was a distinguished surgeon during the Revolution. An elder brother, Samuel Waldo, married Molly Putnam, daughter of the celebrated General Israel Putnam of Revolutionary fame.\n\nMrs. Conklin\u2019s great-grandmother on the maternal side was Elizabeth Lamar, wife of Dr. Joseph Warren Waldo. His sister, Anne Lamar, married Governor Milledge of Georgia. Their father was Thomas Lamar, whose ancestor was Thomas Lamar, a French Huguenot who came to Maryland in 1663 during the times of persecution in France under Louis XIV. Many members of the Lamar family later settled in South Carolina and Georgia.\n\nHome of Mrs. Charles Ashmore Conklin\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nHer maternal grandmother was a daughter of Colonel John Lipscomb and his wife, Sarah Bonham Lipscomb. Sarah Bonham was the daughter of James Bonham. At fifteen, James Bonham participated in the siege of Yorktown as part of the Maryland troops. James Bonham was the son of Absalom Bonham, who served in the Continental Line, New Jersey troops, and was discharged at the close of the war with the rank of captain by brevet. James Bonham's younger sons were Milledge Bonham, a brilliant statesman and soldier who became governor of South Carolina, and James Butler Bonham, one of the immortal band of martyrs who made the name of the Alamo historic. Anne Lamer Mays was raised in Atlanta, attending public and private schools, and completed her education through study and travel in European countries. She was married in 1901 to Charles Ashmore.\nConklin, who moved to Atlanta from Baltimore in 1887 and took a high place in business circles in that city. Conklin is a descendant of John Conklin, who landed at Salem, Mass., and settled at Southold, Long Island, in 1636. Mrs. Conklin's forceful personality and personal charm have inevitably made her a leader in those forms of civic and social activity in which she has engaged, and she has taken a leading part in a large number of organizations. She is a trustee of the Lewis H. Beck fund and first vice president of the Woman's Board of Oglethorpe University. She is a member of the executive board of the Southern Woman's Educational Alliance, with headquarters at Richmond, Va., has served for years as corresponding secretary for Martha Berry Circle, and was a member of the executive board of the Young Women's Christian Association.\nMrs. Conklin, a member of the association's board of trustees for several years, is notably recognized for her work with the Y.W.C.A. The name \"Conklin Hall,\" bestowed upon the first dormitory at Camp Highland, is a significant indication of the esteem in which she is held by the girls in this organization. When Camp Highland, the first Y.W.C.A. camp for girls in the South, was established in 1914, she served as chairman. For seven years following, she devoted unremittingly of purse, time, thought, and energy to this work. It was largely due to her dynamic personality and unflagging interest that this enterprise reached a successful culmination, and many improvements are due to her tasteful planning.\nA certificate from the Red Cross Bureau of Canteen Service acknowledging meritorious and patriotic service and placing her on the Red Cross Canteen Reserves is a testimonial to one form of her work during the World War. She was also one of the most successful workers who sold Liberty Bonds.\n\nMrs. Conklin's summer home is at Kineo, Maine, Moosehead Lake, a center of fashionable hotel and cottage life. There, the Red Cross established a chapter at the Moosehead Lake Yacht Club, and Mrs. Conklin was chosen its chairman. From there, thousands of surgical dressings were made and thousands of dollars raised and sent overseas.\n\nEndowed with rare social charm, Mrs. Conklin finds her chief interest in her beautiful home, which is pervaded by that indefinable atmosphere of culture and taste which can be imparted only by one.\nA woman of the royal bloodline of true nobility belongs to this esteemed heritage. With an ancestry that has made enduring contributions to statesmanship, science, literature, and education in every generation, she embodies the loftiest traditions of her name and lineage. She represents the highest ideals of southern womanhood.\n\nMr. and Mrs. Conklin have one son, Daniel Edward Conklin, born in 1904, a young man of noble character traits and one who is poised to make a distinction in his generation.\n\nIn the picturesque blue of the North Georgia mountains, at Lake-ment, Mr. and Mrs. Conklin possess a beautiful summer home, \u201cHigh-\u201d.\nIn my garden of love, I have gathered flowers for you,\nRepresentative Women of the South,\nWith noble and true hearts;\nI have found precious souls in this garden, planted by wiser hands,\nOf regal and divine womanhood;\nIn this garden of love dwells the kingdom of home,\nDeep-bedded in sunsets and bowers;\nI drink in its dells wherever I roam.\n\nMrs. Conklin, the center of delightful hospitality during the summer months,\nExquisitely charming as shown in the picture with her son when he was a lad,\nMaker of a lovely home - the kingdom she loves best.\nWith birdsongs and old-fashioned flowers.\nYes, this garden of love is my poem to thee \u2014\nI have gathered these flowers for you \u2014\nSo that the South's noble women, the ages may see,\nA message uplifting and true.\nMay you live in this garden of beautiful souls\nTill the end of Life\u2019s glorious task;\nMay your resolute faith and courage uphold\nAll that the Master shall ask.\nFrom Vol. Ill, Representative Women of the South.\n\u201cThe Columns\u201d\nResidence of Judge Wm. B. Lamar\nHome of Mrs. William Bailey Lamar\n\nIn the brilliant galaxy of the South's most beautiful women, there are few who have been so molded from the blue-blooded ancestry of the distinguished as Mrs. William Bailey Lamar, whom the author feels a just pride in presenting on the \"Frontispiece\" of this treasure.\nMrs. Lamar, gifted in the many arts that blend into the realm of the gentle and the cultured, has inherited those nobler traits of heart and soul that have focused upon her admiring eyes from all parts of the world.\n\nMrs. Lamar's maiden name was Ethel Toy. She was born in Norfolk, Virginia, but her father moved to Atlanta, Georgia, when she was very little. She is the daughter of Robert Boyte Toy, of Norfolk, Virginia, and Mary Bockover Toy, born in the old city of Edenton, North Carolina. Mrs. Lamar's father was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, an inveterate reader, a delightful raconteur, very retiring, a learned and polished gentleman. Her mother was a devoted church woman, a zealous D.A.R., and had countless friends in all walks of life.\n\nHer paternal grandmother was Amelia Anne Rogers, a noted belle.\nNorfolk's grandmother was Doctor Thomas Dallam Toy, a cultivated and prominent citizen of Norfolk in his day. The Toys and Rogers came from England to Tidewater, Virginia, during the Colonial period. Great uncle Joseph Alfred Toy, a celebrated surgeon in Eastern Virginia and a correspondent of the London Lancet, was the first to perform a successful Caesarean operation in this country. Father's oldest brother, Dr. Crawford Howell Toy, one of the eminent scholars of the world, held many years the professorship of Hebrew and Oriental languages and lectured on Biblical Literature at Harvard University. He was American delegate to the Coronation of Pope Leo XIII. He translated the Hebrew Bible and was the author of many religious works. Died at the ripe age of eighty-four.\nProfessor Emeritus at Harvard University for ten years, Mrs. Lamar's uncle Walter Dallam Toy has been Professor of German in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for forty years. Mrs. Lamar's maternal grandfather was Benjamin Terry Bockover of New Jersey, and her grandmother was Sarah Elizabeth Hathaway of Edenton, NC. The Bockovers were strenuous patriots during the Colonial and Revolutionary wars. One of Mrs. Lamar's great-uncles made a gallant defense at the siege of Fort Stanwix when attacked by Indians and French, being the only surviving officer. Mrs. Lamar's maternal great-great-aunts were also noted patriots, one of them being president of the Anti-Tea-Drinking Association, and both of them great social favorites in the old Colonial society.\nIn April 1896, Ethel Toy married Charles Allen Healey of Atlanta at St. Luke\u2019s Episcopal Church in New Bern, North Carolina. The ceremony was performed by Rt. Rev. Cleland Kinlock Nelson, Bishop of Atlanta. Healey was educated at Stevens Institute and Princeton University. He was an invalid for four years before his death, which occurred less than seven years after their marriage.\n\nIn June 1904, in Atlanta's St. Luke\u2019s Episcopal Church, Ethel Healey married Judge William Bailey Lamar of Florida, who was then a member of Congress from that State \u2013 a worthy scion of one of the most distinguished families in the South. Mrs. Lamar described herself as 'a Virginian by birth, a Georgian by adoption, and a Floridian by choice.'\n\nJudge Lamar served as Attorney General of Florida for fourteen years.\nbefore  being  elected  to  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives. \nHe  served  three  terms  in  Congress  and  declined  reelection.  He  was \nan  alumnus  of  the  University  of  Georgia  and  the  Lebanon  Law  School, \nLebanon,  Tenn.  He  was  a  member  of  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Court \nof  the  United  States. \nIn  1915  President  Woodrow  Wilson  conferred  on  Judge  Lamar  a \ndistinguished  honor  by  appointing  him  National  Resident  Commis\u00ac \nsioner  to  the  Panama  Pacific  International  Exposition  at  San  Fran\u00ac \ncisco.  For  ten  months  Judge  and  Mrs.  Lamar  resided  in  San  Fran\u00ac \ncisco  and  represented  this  government  in  its  social  and  diplomatic \nrelations  with  other  nations  arising  at  that  great  Exposition.  In \nconnection  with  this  appointment  and  his  service  there,  Judge  Lamar \nwas  decorated  by  the  Emperor  of  Japan  for  meritorious  service  with \nREPRESENTATIVE  WOMEN  OF  THE  SOUTH \nThe highest order given to a private citizen is the Third Order of the Rising Sun. Mrs. Lamar has traveled extensively, both in her own country and across the sea. She has shared with equal grace and charm the many honors lavished upon her distinguished husband. She has chosen her home as her throne, and at \"Columns,\" her home in Thomasville, GA, she and Judge Lamar have made all who come under the great \"white columns\" of this palatial abode feel that they were indeed in the South of twilight dreams.\n\nAfter a happy married life of twenty-four years, Judge Lamar died at \"Columns\" on September 26, 1928. Judge and Mrs. Lamar divided their time between Washington, DC, and Thomasville, GA. In Washington, Mrs. Lamar is on the Board of the House of Mercy.\nMary Custis Lee, neighbor and Southern Relief Home member, is also an Archaeological Society of Washington member. However, she stated, \"most of my life has been spent as a devoted wife to two splendid husbands.\" Through her royal lines of ancestry, she is eligible for all the exclusive patriotic societies in America.\n\nThe beautiful picture accompanying this sketch is from a painting by Clausen Cooper. The author is confident that all who see it will agree that Mrs. Lamar richly deserves the place accorded her as a reigning beauty in southern society.\n\nMary Custis Lee\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nMary Custis Lee's life story is inseparably linked with Arlington's history. As the daughter and heiress of Washington Parke Custis, she is associated with the history of this place.\nCustis brought this estate, including the White House on the Pamunky where George Washington married the Widow Custis and which was burned during the Civil War, to her husband. The history of Arlington begins with John Parke Custis' purchase of an 1100-acre estate in 1778, which he named Arlington after a homestead in Northumberland County bearing the same name. George Washington Parke Custis inherited this estate from his father and, after Martha Washington's death in 1802, built the lordly mansion there, where he later brought his bride, Mary Ann Randolph Custis, mother of Mary Custis Lee. For more than fifty years, this mansion was the site of famous hospitality.\nNoted throughout the world for its hospitality, Picnic parties crossed the Potomac from Washington City to revel in the beauties of the spacious pleasure grounds of the master of the estate, and to drink the waters of the famous Custis spring. Mr. Custis had erected a pavilion for the pleasure of visitors and hired a band to furnish music for their dancing. In one season, it is said that more than 20,000 people availed themselves of the privileges thus generously offered. One writer says, \"This fine mansion stands on the heights overlooking the Potomac, and was for many years an object of attraction to all visitors to Washington, on account of its historical associations, and the Washington relics collected and preserved by the patriotic father of Mrs. Lee.\" Here were the original portraits of General and Mrs. Washington.\npainted at the time of their marriage; the portrait of Mrs. Washington's first husband, Col. Parke Custis, and of many of his descendants. There were pictures painted by the accomplished head of the house himself, some of them having for their subjects famous battles of the Revolution, and a portrait of General Washington by a famous British artist. Other historical relics were the bed on which General Washington died, a bookcase made under his own directions; the tea table at which Mrs. Washington had often presided and gifts of china presented to General and Mrs. Washington at different times, each piece having its own historical and sentimental association.\n\nIn 1824, General Lafayette was a guest at Arlington on his visit to America, and in company with Mr. Custis the celebrated French general.\nA man visited the tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon. Most famous men of that era were entertained there at some point, with the exception of Aaron Burr, whom Mr. Curtis resolutely declined to invite.\n\nJune 30, 1831, Mary Custis was married to Robert E. Lee. The accompanying interior picture shows the room where they were married. They had seven children: George Washington Custis, Mary, W.H. Fitzhugh, Annie, Agnes, Robert, and Mildred. Of the sons, Custis graduated first in his class at West Point, served as aide to President Davis during the War between the States, held the ranks of brigadier and then major general in the Confederate Army. After the war, he was professor of engineering in the Virginia Military Institute, and succeeded his father as president of Washington and Lee University.\nW.H. Fitzhugh Lee graduated from Harvard, was a major general in the Confederate Army, and a Member of Congress at the time of his death. Robert E. Lee, Jr., was a captain in the Confederate Army and wrote an interesting memoir of his illustrious father.\n\nNot long after the opening of the Civil War, General Lee became convinced that Arlington was a dangerous abode for his wife due to its nearness to the Federal lines, and wrote to her repeatedly urging a speedy removal. Mrs. Lee finally saw the necessity and made hasty preparations to remove the Mount Vernon relics to a safer abode. However, when it became necessary to go to Ravenswood, the home of relatives, she was forced to leave many valuable historical mementos.\n\nSoon afterwards, Arlington fell into the hands of the Northern troops and was occupied as a camping ground. Many valuable relics were left behind.\nThe territory occupied by the Federal army was placed under government control from Washington. Arlington was sold for unpaid taxes and bought by the United States government. It later became the location of Arlington National Cemetery, where Mary Custis and Robert Edward Lee were married. After long litigation following the war, the supreme court decided that the title under which the property was held was invalid, and it reverted to G.W. Lee in 1883. He consented to sell it to the Washington government for $150,000. One of General Lee's biographers described Mrs. Lee as having a \"strong intellect, fine education, rare accomplishments, charming person, and fascinating manners.\"\nA domestic woman, she added, \"Though I did not have the privilege of knowing her in the years of her early married life, yet, when in later years I saw her, confined to her invalid chair, supervising all the details of her housekeeping, I was fully prepared to believe that she was from the beginning a model wife and mother.\"\n\nStratford House - Historic Home of the Lees\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nStratford\n\nVirginia has never produced a more celebrated family than that of the Lees, a family which throughout American history has made its ever-recurring contribution of noble and gifted men and women to the archives of history. And Stratford, that baronial abode of greatness, is inseparably linked in the thoughts of all historical students with the fortunes and achievements of this illustrious family.\nColonel Richard Lee, who came to Virginia from England in 1641, was the American founder of the family. He is said to have been a close friend of Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia for many years. Many land grants made to Lee by the governor are said to have laid the foundation of the fortune embodied in this magnificent estate of Stratford.\n\nRichard Lee, Jr., inherited the great estate. Henry followed, then Henry, Jr., then \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee, the father of Robert E. Lee. But it was Thomas Lee, fifth son of Richard Lee, Jr., who built the present mansion of Stratford, which took the place of an earlier one destroyed by fire, and which was perhaps erected by the first Richard Lee.\n\nThomas Lee was president of the Colony of Virginia, then commander in chief of the colonial forces, and then governor by appointment.\nThe king's ment, though he died in 1750 before his appointment as governor reached him, was the grandfather of Richard Henry Lee, author of the celebrated tribute to Washington as \u201cfirst in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.\u201d His daughter, Matilda, married Light Horse Harry Lee, and thus brought the ancestral mansion of Stratford back into the branch of the family represented by Robert E. Lee.\n\nJohn Esten Cooke, in his Life of Gen. R. E. Lee, says of Stratford: \"The construction of such an edifice had at that day a very distinct object. These great old manor houses, lost in the depths of the country, were intended to become the headquarters of the family in all time. In their large apartments, the eldest son was to uphold the name. Generation after generation was to pass, and some of the old name still live there.\"\nWithin the Stratford house is as antique as without, and with its halls, corridors, wainscoting and ancient moldings, takes the visitor back to the era of powder and silk stockings. Such was the mansion to which General Harry Lee came to live after the Revolution, and the sight of the old home must have been dear to the soldier's heart. Here had flourished three generations of Lees, dispensing a profuse and open-handed hospitality. In each of the generations, some member of the family had distinguished himself and attracted the \"best company\" to Stratford; the old walls had rung with merriment; the great door was open wide; and one could see there a good illustration of a long-passed manner of living, which had at least the merit of being hearty, open-handed and picturesque.\nRobert Edward Lee was born here, and the abode which had been famous as the home of many eminent Virginians became doubly famous as the birthplace of the greatest of all Virginians after Washington. It was not long before the family removed to Alexandria, but the great chieftain retained to the last of his life a tender affection for the home of his earliest childhood, the home so intimately blended with the proudest traditions of his family.\n\nStratford stands in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on a picturesque bluff on the southern side of the Potomac, and is one of the spots fullest of patriotic associations to all who love southern history and the annals of southern greatness.\n\nMrs. William Carter Stubbs\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMrs. William Carter Stubbs\nA worthy representative of the South's best culture is the scholarly Mrs. William Carter Stubbs.\nMrs. William Carter Stubbs, a genealogist and historian from New Orleans, LA, was born in 1855 at Mobile, Alabama. She was the daughter of Henry D. and Mary Saunders Blair. Her grandparents were Col. James E. Saunders and his wife, Mary Watkins, of \"Rocky Hill,\" the old family home in Lawrence County, Alabama, in the beautiful Tennessee Valley, near Muscle Shoals. As a little orphan child, she experienced the thrilling vicissitudes of her grandfather's family during the War of the Sixties. Her grandfather and many uncles served throughout the war, with her grandfather on the staff of General Nathan Bedford Forrest. The combined work of Mrs. Stubbs and her grandfather, \"The Early Settlers of Alabama, with Notes and Genealogies,\" tells the story of that glorious experience when the Confederate flag waved above the old tower, as pictured.\nIn 1876, Elizabeth S. Blair married William Carter Stubbs, born December 7, 1843, in Gloucester County, Virginia. He is a descendant of the famous Robert Carter of Corotoman, governor and burghess of Virginia. Of this family was Annie Hill Carter of Shirley, mother of General Robert E. Lee. Another daughter of the family was Marion Carter, author of the Carter Tree (widow of Admiral Oliver). By her invitation, Mrs. Stubbs was once a guest at \u201cShirley\u201d in the room where the mother of General Lee was born. Dr. Stubbs\u2019 old home, \u201cValley Front,\u201d in Gloucester County, Virginia, has been in the family since 1652. He was a life member of the Virginia Historical Society and member of the Louisiana Historical Society.\nDr. Stubbs, member of Round Table Club, New Orleans, and state Commissioner for Louisiana of several expositions, surrendered with his kinsman, General Lee, at Appomattox as Lt. of Co. D, 24th Va. Cavalry, Fitzhugh Lee's Division. He later became professor of chemistry in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala., and afterwards in the University of Louisiana. He was the founder of the Louisiana State Museum and the Audubon Sugar School at New Orleans, and one of the most distinguished promoters of the sugar industry in the world. In 1901, he was commissioned by President McKinley to locate a United States Experiment Station.\n\nCalvin Stubbs, Round Table Club member, New Orleans, and Louisiana state commissioner for several expositions, surrendered with his relative, General Lee, at Appomattox as lieutenant of Company D, 24th Virginia Cavalry, Fitzhugh Lee's Division. He later taught chemistry at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute in Auburn, Alabama, and then at the University of Louisiana. He established the Louisiana State Museum and the Audubon Sugar School in New Orleans and was a prominent figure in the global sugar industry. In 1901, he was appointed by President McKinley to find a site for a United States Experiment Station.\nHonolulu. He died in New Orleans, 1924, after nearly half a century of congenial companionship with his cultured wife, and with many honors heaped upon him. In collaboration with her husband, Mrs. Stubbs published \"Two Families of Virginia,\" an account of the descendants of Mordecai Cook of \"Mordecai's Mount,\" 1650, and of the descendants of Thomas Booth of Ware's Neck, 1685. \"The Descendants of John Stubbs of Cappahoosic, Va.,* 1652,\" and \"A History of Two Virginia Families Transplanted from County Kent, England \u2014 Thomas Baytop, Tennderon, 1638, and Johh Catlett, Sittingbourne, 1622,\" with \"notes\" on a number of allied families.\n\nThrough her Saunders line, Mrs. Stubbs is descended from Col. Peter Pressley, Sr., Burgess for Northumberland County, Virginia, 1657, whose father was the immigrant Burgess, 1647. Her home at\nLee Circle, New Orleans, is full of family portraits, relics, works on genealogy and other historical works, demonstrating her deep interest in these fascinating topics.\n\nMary Coffee O\u2019Neal, Representative Women of the South\nOne of the Children of Long Ago\n\nThe portrait that accompanies this sketch is a childhood likeness of Mrs. Mary O\u2019Neal Campbell. Her biography appears in Volume III of this work. Mrs. Campbell is a native Alabamian, born near Florence. She is a granddaughter of General John Coffee, a daughter-in-law of Governor Edward A. O\u2019Neal, a sister-in-law of Governor Emmet O\u2019Neal, and the mother of Edward A. O\u2019Neal, president of Alabama Farm Bureau, and vice-president of the National Federation.\n\nIn her sketch in Volume III, it is stated, \u201cOf this remarkable life, volumes might be written, many pages of which would read like a novel.\u201d\nThe following story is about the portrait of Mary Coffee O'Neal Campbell, located in the Muscle Shoals District, Florence. Portraiture was once more universally patronized than at present, with artists traveling from coast to coast to fill commissions and staying in the home while painting family portraits. In almost every home of prominence in the South, there are works of such artists as Healy, Earl, Hart, Cooper, and Poindexter.\n\nMrs. Campbell's portrait is by Hart, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of London, who was brought to this country at the instance of the British ambassador. He was painting portraits in the Hermitage neighborhood when he created Mrs. Campbell's portrait.\nAlexander Donelson commissioned Hart to create a picture of his daughter, Mary Coffee, at Hickory Hill, General Coffee's home, with one of the colonnade's massive columns in the background. Hart had great technical skill and an appreciation for the picturesque. The skip rope, adorned with a garland of flowers, is a charming detail of the painting.\n\nMary Coffee of the portrait is now one of the most intriguing women of her generation. Born into a noble lineage and endowed with natural gifts, education, travel, and association have made her an outstanding personality. She recalls the painting of the portrait with many entertaining details.\n\nEvery morning, her black mammy took her out into the garden to gather flowers, which her mother wove into a fresh garland for the skip rope.\n\n(Note: The text appears to be clear and readable, so no cleaning is necessary.)\nShe was five years old and found keeping the pose an arduous task, which she could only be reconciled by the artist's promise to paint her with a bird in the picture. Her father had always called her his little song bird, his little Jenny Lind, and it seemed very appropriate that the bird should be included.\n\nWhen she grew older, the daughter was given every advantage for the cultivation of a lovely voice which she had inherited from a musically gifted mother. She studied with the best teachers in the country, and finally, her father took her abroad where she had lessons from the famous master, Masset, Professor of Singing at the Conservatoire de Musique, Director of Music at the Maison de Education de la Legion d'Honneur at St. Denis.\n\nWhile in the French capital, they were members of the Southern Society.\nThe colony consisted of the families of Secretary Jacob Thompson of Memphis, Senator Gwin of San Francisco, and others. They met with soldiers of fortune who served the South during the War, including the Barons de Riviere and de Charette and Prince Camille de Polignac. The Barons de Riviere and de Charette had married her kinswoman, the granddaughter of Governor Blount of Tennessee and daughter of Mr. Andrew Polk of Columbia. Prince Polignac had been a guest in her home in America with General Beauregard during the War between the States. Mrs. Campbell shares this delightful story of her experience in Paris:\n\nPrince de Polignac secured for me a place in the studio of Masset and made an appointment with him in which we met with father and Mrs. Van Voorhees. Masset tested my voice by asking me to sing.\nI loved something back across the water in America. When I recalled my rides on horseback up the ravine at home, I sang \"The Voice of Free Grace.\" Before many lines, the tears rolled over my cheeks, and my heart was full of memories and my voice full of feeling, so the maestro put his hand on my shoulder and said, \"You have a voice, and what I value more, you can feel! Few of my American pupils have dramatic talent.\"\n\nWhen, on her second visit to Paris, Masset learned that his promising pupil was to be married, he exclaimed in disgust, \"You are giving up a career to sing lullabies.\" Mary Coffee returned to her loved Florence and married her American sweetheart. Many years after Mr. O'Neal's death, she married W.P. Campbell, a banker of Florence.\n\nHer memoirs, which she has written in her own inimitable style,\nMary Donelson Coffee Hutchings, born September 24, 1812 near Nashville, Tenn., was the daughter of John Coffee and Mary Donelson. General Coffee, a Virginian by birth, born June 2, 1772, died July 7, 1833 at his plantation home, Hickory Hill, near Florence, Alabama, where he is buried. His father moved from Virginia to North Carolina and served in the Revolutionary War from that state. General Coffee began his military career in the War of 1812, and his career as a cavalry leader is one of the best to be found in military annals of any country. He rendered notable service in the Natchez Expedition, the Creek War, and the fighting around Mobile.\nGeneral Jackson spoke of General Coffee: \"He was a great military commander, but so modest he did not know it. It has been well said of him that, seeing him in action, one would be moved to cry, 'This indeed is Ajax, the bulwark of the Greeks.' The many letters General Coffee wrote during this period are preserved in the archives of the Tennessee Historical Society. Those in particular addressed to his wife are of peculiar interest and make delightful reading. They present an engaging picture of a brave, strong, true man, putting upon paper his devoted affection for his wife and child, to him the dearest objects on earth.\n\nOn the maternal side, Mary Donelson Coffee was the granddaughter of Captain John Donelson and Mary Purnell, of Snow Hill,\nMaryland: great-granddaughter of Colonel John Donelson and Rachel Stokely of Accomac County, Eastern Shore, Virginia, great-great-granddaughter of John Donelson I.\n\nJohn Donelson I came to America from Scotland in 1716 and established a ship-building plant on Delaware Bay. He married Katherine Davies, daughter of Rev. Samuel Davies, Presbyterian minister and early president of Princeton University. The eminent scholar and divine inspired Patrick Henry to become an orator.\n\nMarch 12, 1780: Colonel John Donelson and his fleet of twenty-three boats arrived on the Tennessee River. This date is called the birthday of Florence, Alabama. In his diary, Colonel Donelson writes: \"Came to and landed on the north bank of the river at the foot of an Indian mound.\"\nIsland are still objects of historical interest in Florence. Colonel Donelson and his fleet of twenty-three boats came from Fort Patrick Henry on the Watauga to French Lick on the Cumberland. Theodore Roosevelt, in his \"Winning of the West,\" says, \"The passenger list of that fleet is to Nashville what the log of the Mayflower is to Boston.\" Colonel Donelson was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses prior to the Declaration of Independence and was a personal friend of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. He founded one of the most influential families in the South, and there were one hundred and twenty-three of his descendants in World War I. Mary Coffee's father, General John Coffee, was a warm friend of President Andrew Jackson, and their friendship is amplified.\nMy dear General John Coffee,\nI am pleased to inform you that your daughter, Mary, arrived here with Colonel and Mrs. Polk, all in good health and fine spirits. Mary looks well and as cheerful as I have ever seen her. With her cousin, Mary McLemore, and her aunt (Mrs. Andrew Jackson Donelson), she will spend the winter pleasantly, and I am sure will add much happiness to my time here. Please rest assured that mine will be to her a father's care while she remains.\nAll join me in tender regards to you and your family. Believe me, your friend,\nAndrew Jackson.\nOn this trip, as at all other times, Mary showed herself to be sweet, gentle, modest and refined, bright and beautiful. Her chaperones were the parents of Bishop Leonidas Polk and General Lucius Polk, of Columbia, Tenn.\n\nAnother letter, dated Aug. 15, 1833, indicates the high esteem in which the president held General Coffee and his daughter:\n\nDear Mary,\n\nI did not receive your kind and affectionate letter until the day before yesterday, rehearsing to me the melancholy bereavement which you have sustained in the loss of your dear father. I had received this distressing intelligence by sundry letters from his friends who surrounded him in his last moments.\n\nIt is true, my dear Mary, that you have lost an affectionate and tender father, and I a sincere friend. When I shook his hand at the farewell interview, little did I dream that it would be the last time I should ever see him. I deeply sympathize with you in your loss.\nI did not think it was the last adieu to a dear friend in Washington, nor would I have undertaken the trip to the north had I been advised of his peril. I should have hastened to see him once more before he left this world and yielded to him all the comfort in my power.\n\nIf I am spared until next spring, I will visit your dear mother and mingle my tears with hers over his silent grave. Until then, my dear Mary, if I can be of any service to her and the family in any way, please make it known to me.\n\nIt will give me much pleasure to hear from your mother and the family often. Your father, while living, knew the deep interest I felt in everything that related to his and their welfare, and wrote to me often. Please write me, and believe me to be,\n\nYour affectionate uncle,\nAndrew Jackson.\nJune 27, 1836, Washington, to Andrew Jackson Hutchings, Florence, Alabama:\n\nDear Hutchings,\nI am pleased to receive your letter of the 15th instante. I am glad to learn that dear Mary is about to present you with an heir. My prayers will be offered for her safety and that of the baby (Coffee Hutchings).\n\nPlease convey my kind regards to Mary, Mrs. Coffee, and every branch of her family. Accept for yourself the affectionate regards of your uncle,\n\nAndrew Jackson\n\nOf the children of this union, Coffee Hutchings, born March 14, 1838, died Sept. 4, 1844; previously, two had died in infancy, John.\nCoffee, born November 29, died December 25, 1834, and Mary, born June 8, died December 11, 1839. Her husband, Colonel Andrew Jackson Hutchings, died January 15, 1841, at the age of twenty-eight. He had been reared and educated by his uncle, Andrew Jackson, and at his death had attained a high standing in society and in the state. They left one son, Andrew Jackson Hutchings, Jr., and \"Buddy\" to Mary Coffee III. They grew up together at Hickory Hill, where her portrait was painted.\n\nThe portrait of Mary Coffee II, daughter of General Coffee, was painted by Earle, 1834. The portrait of Mary Coffee III, granddaughter of General John Coffee, was painted by Hart, 1857.\n\nMrs. William A. Wright\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMrs. William A. Wright\nMary Louise Wright, wife of General William A. Wright, Controller General of Georgia, holds the distinguished honor of being the president of the second oldest patriotic organization of women in the United States, the Atlanta Ladies' Memorial Association.\n\nMrs. Wright was born in LaGrange, Ga., at the home of her parents, Judge and Mrs. Albert Ewing Cox. On her mother's side, she is descended from Julius C. Alford, a member of Congress before the War of the Sixties, where he was called the \u201cWar Horse of Troup County.\u201d Colonel Alford moved to Alabama and lost his only son at the beginning of the Civil War in Virginia. In memory of him, he equipped and financed a company of soldiers in Alabama, but did not live to see the war end.\n\nHer father, Judge Albert Ewing Cox, was a member of a fine old family in Fauquier County, Virginia, and was commissioned by the Confederate States Army as a judge advocate.\nConfederate government had control of extensive salt mines in Virginia during the war. There, he gave valiant service to his country and suffered much exposure and danger until the war ended. The mother of Mrs. Wright was, before her marriage to Judge Cox, a southern belle, Miss Juliet Warren Alford. From her, the subject of this sketch has inherited much of the sincerity and beauty of character that adds to her charming personality.\n\nMrs. Wright, with becoming modesty, tells you that she has not done a wonderful work, but those who know her best know that she has been foremost and untiring in her service to the South in all that pertains to its welfare. As a little child, she accompanied her mother to attend the sick and wounded soldiers in the hospital, and since her earliest girlhood, she has been affiliated with the beautiful memorial.\nMrs. Wright, a woman from the South, was unanimously elected as the president of the Atlanta Ladies\u2019 Memorial Association after serving for several years as its first vice-president. She presided over the opening meeting of the Confederate Reunion in Atlanta in 1919 and was the hostess at several social functions during that time.\n\nHer first marriage was to Mr. James H. Sledge of Scotch descent, with whom she had one son and one daughter, James H. Sledge, Jr. Inez Sledge was the wife of A.B. Bryan from Clemson College, South Carolina.\n\nThe patriotic work initiated by Mrs. Wright under her mother's influence has been faithfully kept alive by her, her children, and her granddaughter, Mary Cox Bryan, who belonged to the Junior Membership.\nMrs. Wright served as a young page for the Confederated Southern Memorial Association Convention in Atlanta in 1919. At the Chattanooga convention in 1921, she was elected State President of the Georgia Division. She also served as treasurer of the Jefferson Davis Memorial at Fairfax, Ky., and helped the Atlanta Association raise $500 for this work. At the Charlotte, N.C., meeting in 1929, Mrs. Wright urged the Confederated Southern Memorial Association to provide financial support for the Stone Mountain Monumental Association's work. She pledged $500 from the Atlanta Association, and an additional $1000 was pledged from the floor.\nThe beautiful picture that follows is of Mrs. Inez Sledge Bryan, the only daughter of Mrs. Wright. Her mother's life was overshadowed with unspeakable sorrow when she died in December 1928 while spending the Christmas holidays at her mother's home. She inherited the gentle qualities of her noble forebears and, as wife, mother, and daughter, she represented the higher ideals of all that was best in Southern womanhood of today. She left the world two splendid children, William Wright Bryan and Mary Cox Bryan.\n\nMrs. Albert Ewing Cox, nee Juliet Warren Alford, of La\n\n(Representative Women of the South)\nGrange, GA. was home to Juliet Warren Alford, born January 16, 1824, in Covington, GA., to Julius C. Alford and Eliza Cook Alford. The Alford family in England included bishops and other distinguished men. Lodwick Alford, Sr., and Rebecca Ferrells, his wife, emigrated to America and settled in Wake County, North Carolina. The Alfords of North Carolina are mentioned in Colonial History of North Carolina. Lodwick Alford served in the Revolutionary War and was a member of Congress, widely known as an orator and statesman. Juliet Warren Alford was the mother of influential Georgians and the wife of a prominent LaGrange citizen. Her personal qualities commanded admiration. Julius C. Alford was the father, and Eliza Cook Alford was the mother. The Alfords in England were distinguished. Lodwick Alford and Rebecca Ferrells arrived in America and settled in Wake County, North Carolina. The Alfords of North Carolina are mentioned in Colonial History of North Carolina. Lodwick Alford served in the Revolutionary War and was a Congressman.\nThe North Carolina Assembly, Wake County, 1778. Julius Alford, Sr., son of Lodwick Alford, a Revolution soldier, married Rebecca Jackson. Their son, Lodwick Alford, Jr., married Judith Jackson. Her father, Reuben Jackson, was in the War of 1812 and was killed at the Battle of New Orleans. Lodwick Alford, Jr., was a captain in the War of 1812. Born in 1777, he emigrated to Greene County, Georgia, then to Troup County, and died in 1857. Buried on the Alford place near West Point, Ga.\n\nJulius C. Alford, born in Wake County, North Carolina, 1799, was the son of Lodwick Alford, Jr. He was educated in North Carolina elementary schools and an academy. Studied law in Greensboro, Ga., Colonel Foster's office, and in 1831 moved to LaGrange, Ga., beginning practice.\nJulius Alford, a man of gigantic stature and stentorian voice with great native ability and the temperament of an orator, practiced law in LaGrange where the LaGrange Female College now stands. During his legal career, war broke out with the Creek Indians. He commanded a battalion of Georgians, defeating them at the battle of Chickasawhatchie and driving them into the Seminole Country. In 1838, Colonel Alford was elected to Congress and served for two terms. There, he participated in debate over a measure for removing the Indians from Georgia to the West. In this debate, his realistic reproduction of the Indian war whoop and his impassioned denunciation of northern critics of Georgia\u2019s attitude towards the Indians.\nIndians attracted the attention of the entire country, partly from this incident and partly perhaps from his war record, earning him the nickname of \u201cThe War Horse of Troup.\u201d\n\nJulius C. Alford married Eliza Cook. Eliza's father, Major George Cook, a gentleman of fortune and high social position, lived in Florida when that state was under Spanish rule. Troubles arising with the Indians, Major Cook was killed in battle and his home burned by the ferocious red men. His wife died from terror and exposure, leaving four beautiful little girls. These children were taken by a faithful servant to the home of an uncle, who had them educated in the famous Moravian school at Salem, North Carolina.\n\nOf the four daughters of Major Cook, Louisa married Josiah Rogers, and had three sons and two daughters; Eliza married Julius C. Alford.\nJulius Alford married Jane, who was Judge Cone. Georgiana, born in 1809, married Rev. Charles Sanders. After his wife's death in 1846, Julius Alford moved to Alabama and became politically prominent. During the Civil War, he organized a company, the Alford Guards, at his own expense from Pike County, Alabama. His son, George Cook Alford, a young brilliant lawyer, died from wounds received at the Battle of Seven Pines. Julius Alford married Juliet Warren Alford on November 16, 1840. She married Albert Ewing Cox, only son of Dr. Zachry Cox and Margaret Ewing Morrow Cox. The Cox family ancestral line traces back to Abraham Cox, who came from England and settled in Fauquier County, Virginia. There is a tradition that he was descended from William Cox, who was made Archbishop of Ely by Queen Elizabeth in 1555. He married a [unknown woman].\nMajor Arthur's daughter and William were soldiers in the Revolutionary War, both participating in the Battle of Kings Mountain.\n\nAlbert Ewing Cox, a prominent merchant and planter from Troup County, held high esteem and confidence among his fellow citizens. He was an official member of the Methodist Church and, for years, superintendent of the Sunday School in LaGrange. An early advocate for women's higher education, he served as a trustee of LaGrange Female College.\n\nDuring the Civil War, Cox was appointed by the Confederate Government to manage the salt works at Saltville, VA. Despite numerous challenges, he faithfully and successfully carried out the duties of this responsible position.\nThe children of Mr. and Mrs. Cox were: Marguerite Antionette, married William Orie Tuggle; Eliza Jane, married C.F. Akers; Juliet, married Lindsey Spalding of Alabama; Albert H. Cox, Sterling Alford Cox, and John W. Cox, who was in the Spanish-American War; Mary Louisa, first married James H. Sledge, of Scotch descent, and has two children, James H. Sledge, Jr., and Inez Sledge; George Cox, Fannie, Annie, married George Stiles; Carrie Lee, married Herbert E. White.\n\nMrs. Cox was at all times active on behalf of the suffering and distressed, and during the War between the States, she rendered notable service in the Confederate hospital at LaGrange. No nobler tribute could be paid to her character than is contained in a letter from her husband to one of his children. He says: \"She puts the younger ones to bed.\"\nMrs. William Rodes, of Lexington, Kentucky, born at Elmwood in Scott County, was reared in an atmosphere of culture and refinement in Lexington and Fayette County. Her maiden name was Mary Ford Higgins. She was born in an ancestral home of her mother's, which is still owned by a family member. She died in LaGrange, Ga., May 20, 1879. The beautiful picture appearing with this sketch is a faithful reproduction of the \"War Queen of the Sixties.\"\n\nMrs. William Rodes, Representative Women of the South.\nA woman from the state, whose forebears were among the first to travel from the Old Dominion State to the famous \"Blue Grass Section\" of Kentucky. She is a graduate of Sayre College at Lexington, a noted Presbyterian school where the first women of the state were educated, and of whose Alumni Association Mrs. Rodes has been the president for several years.\n\nA gentle, kindly disposition, a splendid mind, and strength of character that enabled her to manage her large home duties as wife and mother, endeared her to a large family and circle of friends. After her husband's death, undaunted by the heavy and unusual responsibilities that fell upon her, she assumed them with the grace, dignity, and intelligence of a gentlewoman, to the full satisfaction of all who knew her.\n\nShe was married on April 26, 1883, to Doctor William Rodes, one of\nThe most beloved physicians in Lexington, a gentleman of the old school, passed away on May 14, 1907, in Florida, where he had gone in search of health. His family consisted of four sons and two daughters: Allen Higgins Rodes (deceased), William Rodes (of Lexington), Joseph Headley Rodes (deceased), Joseph Waller Rodes (of New Mexico), Louise Rodes Kelly (of Plainfield, N.J.), and Mary F. Rodes Wilson (of Lexington.\n\nLouise Rodes is a member of the Maxwell Presbyterian Church and one of its organizers in 1887. She has been on various civic and charity boards of the city and is currently a member of the Woman's Club of Central Kentucky, the Filson Club of Louisville, the State Historical Society of Frankfort, and a charter member of the John Bradford Club of Lexington. She is identified with the following:\nA representative woman of the South, she was a member of the Colonial Cavaliers of Virginia, Colonial Dames, Colonial Daughters, Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of the Confederacy, and Daughters of the War of 1812. She served as president of the Fayette County Chapter and was a REPRESENTATIVE of these societies. She was also a member of the League of American Penwomen and the Order of the Eastern Star. Her greatest activity was in the organization of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She filled various offices in Chapter and state work. In 1922, 1923, and 1924, she was the State Regent of Kentucky. During her administration, several reforms were instituted and much progress was made, particularly in membership. Seven chapters were organized during her tenure, and two more were instituted shortly after she was out of office, for which she was responsible.\nPlans were made for several others. She continues her activities on behalf of this organization and others in which she is interested, deeming it a duty and pleasure to promote these patriotic orders, the foundations for which her ancestors aided substantially in establishing.\n\nIn her honor, the third chapter at Lexington, of which she is the present regent and which she organized, was named for one of her Revolutionary ancestors, Captain John McKinley. The chapter further honored her by placing a memorial chair in the main auditorium of the splendid building, Constitution Hall, in Washington, D.C.\n\nMrs. Rodes\u2019 parents were John Allen Higgins and Bettie Chinn Webb, who were married September 20, 1852, and had eight children. Through her father\u2019s ancestral lines, she descends from the Higgins, Allen, Gibson, Winn, and McKinley families, who came very early.\nMrs. Samuel Poyntz Rodes is of American descent, tracing her lineage through her mother to the Webb, Chinn, Ball, Crittenden, Vivian, Thacker, and Conway families, leading her to the Eltonheads of England. This heritage makes her eligible for the Society of the Founders and Patriots and the Order of the Crown. Mrs. Rodes is a native of Kentucky and has dedicated her life to serving her community and uplifting her state, always putting its best interests first. Her modest sweetness and charming grace endear her to all who meet her. Mrs. Rodes embodies the ideal of American womanhood and exemplifies the qualities that enrich and perpetuate our nation.\n\nMrs. Samuel Poyntz Rodes (Southern Representative Women)\nBeethoven composed \"Moonlight Sonata,\" and a little blind girl caught a vision of the grandeur and beauty of a moonlit evening. Love and genius have always combined to seek avenues of expression.\n\nSue Webb Higgins, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John Allen Higgins of Lexington, Kentucky, was reared in an atmosphere of charming chivalry and Southern dignity. She grew into womanhood with a grace and charm that marked her truly as a gentlewoman. On July 3, 1883, she was married to Samuel Poyntz Cochran, and all who have known them during the forty odd years which have intervened between that date and now have truly seen how \"love and genius always combine to seek avenues of expression.\" Ennobled by the attributes of a genuine gentlewoman, her remarkable devotion to her husband was unwavering.\nMrs. Cochran was a real inspiration to all who came in contact with her. For more than thirty years, business and Masonry have been beneficiaries of her unselfish devotion. The achievements of her husband in commercial, civic, and fraternal circles were largely due to her loving interest, understanding, cooperation, and self-sacrificing devotion with respect to his varied activities. The successes and honors which came to him were cherished as if they had been bestowed upon her. Always keenly alert and readily interested in any movement to which she might \"sacrifice\" her loved one's time and attention, often by denying herself the pleasure and protection of his presence, Mrs. Cochran radiated an atmosphere of unselfishness which permeated not only the local efforts of her husband but also penetrated and made easier distant fields of endeavor to which he was involved.\nMrs. Cochran, born near Georgetown, Scott County, Kentucky, at Elmwood, the ancestral home of her mother, possessed a supernatural sense of friendship that greatly enriched the lives of those she bestowed it upon. Always ready to speak a kind and helpful word of good cheer to those who needed it most, she had a peculiar ability for finding the most appropriate places and persons to distribute her benefactions of good will and friendly kindness.\n\nMrs. Cochran was born in a family that had owned Elmwood since a few years after the American Revolution and is still owned by a family member. Her father's family line runs back through the Higgins, Gibson, Allen, and McKinley families to Cap--\nJohn McKinley, a Revolutionary hero hailing from Scotland, served throughout the Revolution and was massacred by the Indians in Crawford's ill-fated expedition against them in 1782. His mother's line extends through the Webb, Holmes, Chinn, and Ball families to Colonel William Ball of Millenbeck, Lancaster County, Virginia. Margaret Ball, Colonel William Ball's granddaughter, married John Chinn and became the ancestor of Mrs. Cochran. Mary Ball, another granddaughter of Colonel William Ball, married Augustine Washington. They were the parents of George Washington, commander of the Revolutionary Army and first President of the United States. Mrs. Cochran's ancestors and immediate connections fought in all the wars of the country, from the Colonial wars preceding the Revolution to the World War.\nMrs. Cochran was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Colonial Dames, Daughters of 1812, Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Southern Memorial Association. A social leader in her girlhood, she immediately acquired a similar position in her new home at Dallas, Texas, where she came shortly after her marriage to Mr. Cochran. She was a prominent figure in all social events. She was a liberal patron of arts and literature, of benevolent works and religious development. She was one of the early patrons of the Standard Club of Dallas, a literary organization; a charter member of the Dallas Art Association, a member of the Dallas Woman\u2019s Club, a member of the Order of the Eastern Star, and a Mother in the Order of DeMolay. She had been an active church member and worker from early childhood, and was a member of various charitable organizations throughout her life.\nAmong all of Georgia's noble daughters, few have bestowed more generously of their time, talent, and strength upon their country's advancement, and few have been more rarely endowed with gifts for service than the wife of Judge William Weldon Stark of the Piedmont Circuit. Mrs. Stark has been recognized for years as a worthy representative of the womanhood, both of the old and the new South.\n\nMrs. William Weldon Stark\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nPioneer in the introduction of Christian Science into the State of Texas. She served as First Reader for three years in First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Dallas.\n\nThe picture of Mrs. Samuel P. Cochran appears on the dedication page of this volume, an honor paid her by the author, as she felt that Mrs. Cochran was such a worthy representative of the womanhood.\n\nMrs. Samuel P. Cochran\nLeader in her city and state, and some of the most important positions of trust and responsibility have been filled by her with distinction.\n\nArabella Brown was born at the lovely old country home of her parents, Andrew Franklin Brown and Mildred Maley Brown, near Carlton, Madison County, Ga. Her father was a gallant Confederate soldier and one of those princely planters of the old regime whose stately homes have been the abode of hospitality long famed in song and story. Her mother was noted for nobility of heart, love for humanity, and the queenly grace with which she dispensed honors and welcomed guests to her fireside and table.\n\nOur subject is descended from a long line of distinguished ancestors, including some of the first families of North Carolina, Virginia,\nAnd since Colonial times, some of her West Virginia ancestors held places of influence and power in the State and Nation. Her education was conducted under the best governesses and tutors of her day. For all the years since her marriage, she has been a keen student and a wide reader. Her artistic gifts have received careful cultivation under competent masters, and many of the lovely paintings in her home are the work of her own hand. She has also studied music, and her catholic sympathies and tastes have embraced the subject of Journalism, which she has employed to advantage in her publicity work, and the fascinating subject of Psychology.\n\nAt seventeen, Arabelle Brown was married to William Weldon Stark, a rising young attorney of Commerce, Ga., who is now the honored judge of the Piedmont Circuit courts.\nUnion had six children: four daughters, Helen, Grace Elizabeth, and one son, who died in infancy. They raised to maturity Ruth (Mrs. John Claude Verner), Zelma (Mrs. Edgar Chandler), and William Weldon, Jr., now a young cadet at the Georgia Military Academy, College Park, Ga.\n\nDuring the early years of her married life, Mrs. Stark's thoughts and attention were absorbed in raising her children, on whom she bestowed the richest measure of devotion. It was not until the years of mature womanhood that she could give her attention to the broader concerns of humanity. However, since the time came that home duties permitted her to do so, she has worked nobly and brilliantly in every social, civic, educational, patriotic, and religious sphere.\nShe has always prioritized the spiritual in her city and state. From childhood, she has been a Baptist Church member, and since moving to Commerce as a bride, she taught in the First Baptist Church's Sunday School. For five years, she served as president of the T.E.L. Sunday School class. She was an enthusiastic worker in the Woman's Missionary Society, and during her four-year tenure as president, the society made its largest contributions in its thirty-year history. She also presided over the Society of the Madison Street Baptist Church for several years, despite not being a member of that church. When the new Annex to the Georgia Baptist Hospital was built in Atlanta, Mrs. Stark provided one of the most beautiful rooms.\nSince 1925, Mrs. Stark has served as superintendent of Stewardship for the Georgia Baptist Missionary Union. She has honored the memory of her parents by placing their names in the Baptist Hall of Fame through the Southern Baptist Church Building Loan Fund. In May 1928, at the W.M.U. Auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention meeting in Chattanooga, Tenn., Mrs. Stark was elected to represent the Union in the Historic Pageant exhibiting the work of this great organization. Her deeply spiritual and devotional nature has been shown in the fact that one portion of her beautiful home, known as \u201cThe Prophet\u2019s Chamber Suite,\u201d has been specially dedicated to God, for the entertainment of ministers and missionaries. Mrs. Stark has taken a deep interest in the efforts of\nA woman, representative of the Women's Improvement Club in her city, drew up its original constitution and by-laws and served as chairman of several departments, now serving as its vice-president. Her club activities soon extended to the Federation of Women's Clubs of the Ninth Congressional District. Her first office was as Chairman of Conservation for the District, and during the World War, when the question of food conservation was of such vital importance, her service was of the highest significance. For five years she was Chairman of Publicity, for three years Chairman of Fine Arts, and she is now Chairman of Illiteracy for the District.\nThe following woman exhibited notable abilities as a member of the Credentials Committee of the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs, leading to her appointment as Chairman for four years. On April 8, 1926, she was elected treasurer of the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs and served in this role for six years. During her tenure as Chairman, she attended the General Federation of Women's Clubs meeting at Chautauqua, NY, and was appointed as Georgia's representative on the Credentials Committee of the National Federation. In connection with her work as treasurer of the State Federation of Women's Clubs, it is worth noting her association with a notable figure.\nIn a letter from a friend directly called forth by matters connected with her office as treasurer, a warm commendation reads: \"Your face is aglow always with a radiance that only a soul full of sweetness, gentleness, love and kindness, kindled by the fire of the graces of religion, can reflect. Your very presence is a benediction and a blessed inspiration. I am glad the Federation realizes your true worth, and while you have glorified the Credentials Bench, I am glad you are being pushed higher, and we shall keep on pushing until you wear the Crown of President.\n\nIn 1922, Mrs. Stark was appointed by Governor Thomas W. Hardwick as Trustee from the State at Large for the State Normal School at Athens, now the State Teachers\u2019 College, and she was reappointed.\nIn June 1928, Governor L. G. Hardman appointed Mrs. Stark as representative of women in the South for six more years. Mrs. Stark provided another notable service to her state when she was appointed Chairman of May Day Celebrations and Child Health in Georgia by the American Child Health Association. She was the first woman in the state to hold this position. At her request, Governor Clifford Walker issued a proclamation declaring May 1st as Child Health Day in Georgia. In response to her effective leadership, whole communities assembled throughout the state for health programs. Mrs. Stark's inspiring and awakening articles on this vital theme were published in numerous great daily papers and weeklies. The American Child Health Association paid her the following tribute in their 1925 report: \"A large\"\nPart of May Day's success as Child Health Day in Georgia is due to Mrs. W. W. Stark and her newspaper publicity and fine articles that inspired others to write. Mrs. Stark, whose untiring energy and enthusiasm made May Day a big success, apparently knows everyone in Georgia, is friends with all, and has the faculty of inspiring others with her own enthusiasm.\n\nThrough the distinguished service of both grandparents to the Confederacy during the Civil War, Mrs. Stark is a member of the J.E.B. Stuart Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She served for several years as Registrar and Historian for this chapter. She is also a member of the James Pittman Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, and was for several years Historian of the Chapter.\n\nIn 1928, in the state-wide drive for the Children\u2019s Founders Roll, Mrs. Stark participated.\nMrs. Stark served as chairman for the Bureau of Speakers in the Ninth Congressional District. She was the first woman to be elected as vice-president of the Georgia Forestry Association, serving for four years. She edited the Forestry Department in her local paper and chaired Forestry for the Ninth Congressional District. During the World War, she was actively engaged in Red Cross work and chaired the Survey Committee for nurses in her Division. She was a member of a committee to solicit funds and raise interest in the Martha Berry School at Rome, Ga. With her rare instinct for hospitality inherited from her gifted mother, Mrs. Stark made her home a genuine center.\nRepresentative women of the South shared in this social activity, where the entire community enjoyed it. Nowhere are more decisive evidences of her artistic tastes and extensive interests found than in the furnishings of this lovely home, which is simply pervaded by the spirit of beauty.\n\nBeautiful hand embroidery, the product of skilled workers from almost every land under the sun, can be found here. Here are ivory and ebony chopsticks from China, exquisite rice bowls and brass finger bowls, candelabra and hand-embroidered napkins from China and Japan; two idols, one from China and one from India, sent by natives of those countries who had renounced idol worship; beautiful gold and silver spoons from various foreign countries; a book of daily devotions compiled by a blind girl in London.\nA silver decorated poppy pin, presented as recognition of service for France during the World War. A silver vase from the T.E.L. Sunday School class, of which she was president for five years. Autographed books from many poets and writers in other lines. Here, in this Georgia home, we find the whole world mirrored in miniature.\n\nMrs. Stark has traveled extensively in the United States and Canada and has just perfected plans for a cruise around the world. This cruise will give her a world horizon, during which Mrs. Stark expects to study the women of other lands, their customs, home life, religion, and ideals. She looks forward to a grasping of international affairs and problems. Her trip will include visits to missionaries in many lands, who have been her guests in former years.\nMrs. Stark is a member of the Georgia Iris Society and the Garden Club of her city. Her interest in flowers has been manifested in the beautiful flower garden recently planted, which she calls her \"Garden of Love.\" Beautiful and rare flowers and shrubs have been sent to her for this garden from friends all over Georgia and neighboring states. It is characteristic of her profound interest in the welfare of those about her that she will dedicate this garden to God and use the flowers to make bright the rooms of the sick, to cheer the sorrowing and carry joy to all classes of her town and county.\n\nShe has memorialized her daughter, Mrs. Zelma Stark Brown, with a fund known as the Zelma Stark Brown Mission of Love, to be used in bringing comfort and cheer into the lives of the sick and needy.\nWe cannot better close this sketch of a noble and gifted woman, Representative Women of the South, than by quoting a tribute paid her by an appreciative hearer in one of the many meetings which she addressed in the interest of causes dear to her heart:\n\n\"The light of love, the purity of grace,\nThe mind, the music, breathing from her face.\"\n\nTruly, when the Honor Roll is called and the South's nobility in Womanhood is recorded in immortal colors, Arabella Brown will stand out in radiant glory.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMrs. Andrew Franklin Brown\n\nAmong the names of the loyal women who have rendered service to their community and State, there are none more outstanding than Mrs. Andrew Franklin Brown. She comes of prominent ancestors who have figured conspicuously in the building of the South.\nPaternal side: they came from England and settled in Virginia and West Virginia. Maternal side: they came from Germany and settled in North Carolina. Ancestors on both sides were soldiers and patriots of the Revolutionary war.\n\nAlice Mildred Maley was born on May 22, 1838, at the home of her parents, Sidney and Alice Irena Maley, in Elbert County, GA. She received her education in the best schools of the county before getting married to Andrew Franklin Brown of Hart County on January 10, 1856. They settled first in Elbert County but later moved to their fine old country home in Madison County, near Carlton, GA.\n\nEight children were born to this union and raised to maturity: Ellen, Mrs. Willis Collins of Athens, GA. (died [unclear])\nMrs. John E. Ash, Lula (Atlanta, Ga); Otho (Athens, Ga); Aquilla, Mrs. W.H. Thompson (Athens, Ga. [died 1916]); Luther Brown (St. Louis, Mo); Arabelle, Mrs. William Weldon Stark (Commerce, Ga); Dr. Walter L. Brown (Baltimore, Md. [Died 1915]); Jessie, Mrs. R. Ulyses Brown (New York).\n\nA sketch of Mrs. William Weldon Stark follows. Lula's first and greatest interest was in her home, where she was a devoted wife and mother. Her devotion for her children was beautiful, and one of her greatest joys was to have them, and all the grandchildren, spend Christmas together at the old home. She always radiated good cheer and was an inspiration to her family to attain the best in life. She was noted for her abounding hospitality, and this fine old southern home was always open to guests. One noted guest who had visited her home is unspecified in the text.\nShe enjoyed her hospitality, paid her a beautiful tribute at a later date by saying, \"She could entertain kings with all the dignity of the royal household, and on the other hand entertain a peasant and make him feel like a king.\" She was never happier than when ministering to the poor and needy. As a gentle nurse, she proved to be indeed a ministering angel to the sick in her community, giving unstintingly of her time and strength. She was a member of the Baptist Church and Woman's Missionary Society at Carlton, GA. After a long life rich in good deeds, Mrs. Brown died at her home near Carlton. Her missionary society, of which she had been a devoted member and worker, said of her, \"We lay a tribute of love on her newly made grave, promising to cherish the memory of so bright a star.\"\nDear Mother, I try to profit by the example of your good deeds. Representative Women of the South, Mother's Day by Ernest Rogers. I turn to the East from where promise is glowing, To you and the shrine where I've worshipped so long. My head has been bowed by the fates that beset me, And fields have been burdened with wreckage and tares. Yet on I have struggled. You did not forget me, Though you had your measure of sorrow and cares. My lamps have been dimmed in the tempests of yearning, My ships have been tossed by the tide and the foam. Yet on through the storm was my heart ever turning To follow the beacon of love safely home. This flower I wear is a symbol forever Of love that will last till eternity's done.\nAmong the younger women who are truly representative of the South, none is more deserving of recognition than Mrs. Zelma Stark Brown. Daughter of Judge and Mrs. William Weldon Stark, she is descended from the most representative families of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Her ancestors rendered valuable service in the Revolutionary War, and both of her grandparents rendered distinguished service for the Confederacy during the war.\n\nZelma Louise Stark was born on December 6, 1897, at the home of her parents in Commerce, Georgia. Her father is a Judge.\nZelma was a leading man in the superior courts, recognized as one of the leading men in the State. Her mother held State offices in the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs, Georgia Forestry Association, and Baptist Woman's Missionary Union. Zelma was a bright and beautiful child, taking an active part in Sunday School and Sun Beams of the First Baptist Church, of which she was a member.\n\nShe received her education at the public schools of Commerce and Shorter College, at Rome, Georgia. Her personal beauty, charm of personality, and spirit of friendliness endeared her to everyone who knew her. She was a talented musician and received special training in vocal and instrumental music. She had a voice of rare sweetness and sang in public on many notable occasions. She was united in marriage on June 25, 1916, to Mr. Edgar Chandler Brown, a prominent man.\nnent  young  business  man,  and  a  member  of  one  of  the  leading  fami\u00ac \nlies  of  Elberton,  Ga.  To  this  union,  one  child,  Catherine  Weldon,  was \nborn,  but  lived  only  a  few  hours. \nMrs.  Brown  was  a  woman  of  high  ideals,  and  took  active  part  in \nreligious  and  cultural  life  of  her  city.  She  was  a  member  of  the \nJefferson  Davis  Chapter  U.  D.  C.,  the  Woman\u2019s  Missionary  Society, \nand  Fidelis  Sunday  School  Class  of  the  First  Baptist  church.  She  was \na  lover  of  humanity,  and  her  hands  reached  out  in  loving  sympathy  to \nthose  in  need.  So  beautiful  was  her  love  and  sympathy,  that  her \nmother  has  memorialized  her  with  a  fund,  known  as  the  \u201cZelma \nStark  Brown  Mission  of  Love,\u201d  to  be  used  in  bringing  comfort  and \ncheer  into  the  lives  of  the  sick  and  needy. \nWhile  in  the  bloom  of  young  womanhood,  on  the  morning  of  Octo- \nREPRESENTATIVE  WOMEN  OF  THE  SOUTH \nTo the Women of the Confederacy,\n\nWhose pious ministrations to our wounded soldiers soothed the last hours of those who died far from the objects of their tenderest love;\nWhose domestic labors contributed much to supply the wants of our defenders in the field;\nWhose zealous faith in our cause shone a guiding star undimmed by the darkest clouds of war;\nWhose fortitude was a testament to God's grace.\n\nIn paying tribute, one said, \"She was in the lovely bloom and springtime of womanhood, at the age when, if angels be for God's good purpose enthroned in mortal form, they may be without impiety supposed to abide in such as hers.\"\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nTribute to the Women of the Confederacy\n(By President Davis in his dedication of his \"Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government.\")\n\nTo the Women of the Confederacy,\n\nYour pious care for our wounded soldiers comforted those who died away from their dearest loved ones. Your domestic efforts greatly supplied the needs of our fighters in the field. Your unwavering faith in our cause served as a beacon of hope amidst the darkest days of war. Your strength was a testament to God's grace.\n\nOn the eighth of 1921, after a brief illness, her soul returned to the God who had given it. One paid tribute by saying, \"She was in the beautiful bloom of womanhood, at the age when, if angels were for God's good purpose to dwell in human form, they might be thought to dwell in such as hers.\"\nMrs. John Claud Verner, one of Georgia's loveliest young women, sustained them under all the privations to which they were subjected. Whose annual tribute expresses their enduring faith, love, and reverence for our sacred dead. Their patriotism will teach their children to emulate the deeds of their Revolutionary sires.\n\nMrs. John Claud Verner\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nNo list of representative women of the South would be complete without the name of Mrs. John Claud Verner. She is the daughter of Judge and Mrs. William Weldon Stark and was born at the home of her parents in Commerce, Georgia. She is connected by birth with some of the South's most representative families. With her mother and grandmother, whose sketches precede this, she is descended from a long line of Revolutionary patriots.\nThe daughters of Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Both of her grandfathers rendered distinguished service for the Confederacy during the war. Her father is the Judge of the Piedmont Circuit, and during his life, he has held high offices in his city and state. Her mother has, for many years, been a leader in the religious and club life of the State.\n\nFrom earliest childhood, Ruth gave evidence of decided talents, and when a child, her readings were greatly enjoyed and appreciated.\n\nRuth Stark received her education at the Commerce public schools, Bessie Tift College at Forsyth, Ga., and Shorter College at Rome, Georgia. She also received special instruction as a dramatic reader and in decorative arts.\n\nShe was married on June 8, 1911, to Dr. John Claud Verner, a prominent young physician of her home city. Dr. Verner, at the time,\nThe marriage of Dr. and Mrs. Verner was linked to Dr. W.B. Hardman of Commerce, Georgia. Hardman hailed from a prominent State family. Dr. Verner was named to the State Board of Health by Governor Hugh Dorsey in 1917 and served as Lieutenant Colonel on Dorsey's staff. They had one child, Dorothy Verner, a delightful and endearing child, whose captivating personality and alluring ways have endeared her to her teacher and classmates at her school, where she maintains an excellent record. Mrs. Verner has consistently been active and influential in the social and cultural life of her hometown. She is a member of the James Pittman chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution and the Woman's Improvement Club. She completed one term as President of the Jackson County Woman's Auxiliary to the Georgia Medical Association.\n[Mrs. Verner is a member of the First Baptist Church in her city. Representative Women of the South While Mrs. Verner enjoys organization work, she believes that it is the home where a woman can serve best. She is a devoted wife and mother, a real home maker, and is never happier than when entertaining in her beautiful home, with that old time graciousness, so true to Southern hospitality. Mrs. Vaughan is avid in the taking care of her community With Comradeship With the full love of her fellow men She can make of two once tainted faces, Can judge and know the fate of the day, Cuffy- Tarty tied aletheia dealt An and the deed Ica fae, teeny hated denial we aye fa in any way, And you and denial did I see run talk fae juxtapose, Can do and net make the team run smoothly,]\n[IF you can think and net make Toti Yaio yatei cunt f,\nIf CO. can med uetdi JtUimflh and ^tdrCLfrtet,\nijld deal the two Jm/tcde-U> [AaM the Aame \\\n<U> can \"(facet fa 'aW? the Jfaa/A yea fVe y6f token,\nfftVlAltcL ly hncu*e& fa /matte ct Jta/i,{efv ^feetb,\nACxefah the thin yd yea yewe yeuA/ dSife fa dfae~ken?\nAnd Jtfacft and fafauld W ayt atth M>i?v ctd for\u20ac& ;\nwl can maJco cnjey 'Aje-ap, of all ^o<U AJUirvni'ngA\n*hbd yitAk jU cn *jti\u00a3 iuxn of fuJcA citixJ. iv$d f\n<Uiw 'Cc&c and ydhoUJ again cU yvux '^kgmnmga\nJind fix ^teoMe a juocid edvub ycvuo ^4\nit\ngvu can ^fotce x/cux 'iuzaxb and nowe and yHmsuc\nffc ^Mxve ifiixjv -him dx/ng aftex tfag axe guru. f\nAo ^ f/ can Avhoti tftjeAjL &> Tvoifimg jtn govt\nm\nI &JCC\u00a3fU tfu true urfUcA yAcuja fo tfism jftoCct \u20acVl !\ncan ixi\u00a3Jz ajuii cbourcOt and keep, ^aun ^Vx.thxe,]\n\nIf you can think and make Toti Yaio yatei cunt f,\nIf CO can mediate JtUimflh and ^tdrCLfrtet,\nijld deals with the two Jm/tcde-U> [AaM the Aame \\\n<U> can \"(facet fa 'aW? the Jfaa/A yea fVe y6f tokens,\nfftVlAltcL ly hncu*e& fa /matte ct Jta/i,{efv ^feetb,\nACxefah the thin yd yea yewe yeuA/ dSife fa dfae~ken?\nAnd Jtfacft and fafauld W ayt atth M>i?v ctd for\u20ac& ;\nwl can major cohesion 'Aje-ap, of all ^o<U AJUirvni'ngA\n*hbd yitAk jU can *jti\u00a3 iuxn of fuJcA citixJ. iv$d f\n<Uiw 'Cc&c and ydhoUJ again cU yvux '^kgmnmga\nJind fix ^teoMe a juocid edvub ycvuo ^4\nit\ngvu can force exit x/cux 'iuzaxb and nowe and yHmsuc\nffc ^Mxve ifiixjv -him dx/ng after tex tfag axe guru. f\nAo ^ f/ can Avhoti tftjeAjL &> Tvoifimg jtn govt\nm\nI &JCC\u00a3fU tfu are true urfUcA yAcuja fo tfism jftoCct \u20acVl !\ncan ixi\u00a3Jz ajuii cobble together and keep, ^aun ^Vx.thxe,]\nWhen the history of Georgia is fully written, a place of eminent distinction will be filled by the story of the present distinguished governor, a man eminent in science, in business, in statecraft, and in civic achievements. And by no means least among the elements which contribute to this greatness will be reckoned the story of MRS. LAMARTINE GRIFFIN HARDMAN, Representative Women of the South.\n\nfa iccotk jutx/ft bdngs tun '&<te tfh Common beach, rtuuJhxx sfoeb /run Moving jtuondA can KAad you, if ate ftn/m, Co tin* inJfi you 'Jhd /notch .' you can ~fd\u00a3 tfa .turtfdtytvmg rroonuJc fyftih ybvxhj Ac con dj> jivvt/h of distance Jan f mss M bhc faith and K\u20acV'\u20acfUj'tfu/ng thal> cn tb v fa ct Aukab aj> move you f-Ct \u20ac>e a dlcvn /my Arm ! jfttfi Aficbogif U YiucU/axd tu/iCing it, it MRS. LAMARTINE GRIFFIN HARDMAN Representative Women of the South MRS. LAMARTINE GRIFFIN HARDMAN\nMrs. Lamartine Griffin Hardman, Georgia's distinguished and beloved \"First Lady,\" is a true embodiment of southern womanhood. Her keen intellect, unaffected modesty, innate sympathy, kindliness, and forceful personality have endeared her to all who enter the executive mansion.\n\nMrs. Hardman's gracious bearing and winsome manner are an inheritance from generations of southern hostesses who have shed lustre upon the baronial halls of spacious southern homes through successive generations. She was before her marriage Miss Emma Wiley Griffin, the only child of Jasper Newton Griffin and Josephine Staten Griffin.\n\nThe Griffins have been prominent in the social life of Valdosta since its inception. Mrs. Hardman's grandfather, Joshua Griffin, who\nDuring the Civil War, he was not subject to call, represented the Confederate Government in gathering supplies and caring for the sick and wounded, the widows and wives of soldiers. Mrs. Hardman's father remembers seeing him give the last piece of meat and scrape the flour barrel to give them, and when his devoted wife asked, \u201cWhat shall we do?\u201d his answer was: \u201cI\u2019ll find us something.\u201d After the war, he was active in the civic, religious, social, and political development of this section of the State. Mrs. Hardman\u2019s father, Jasper Newton Griffin, has upheld the family traditions for civic and business leadership, and is now, at an advanced age, one of Valdosta\u2019s most beloved citizens. Mrs. Hardman\u2019s mother, before her marriage, was Miss Josephine Staten, a descendant of the Staten and Malloy families which had long settled in this area.\nThe Staten family was prominent in Virginia and South Carolina. The first settlement of the Staten family was in Clinch County, Georgia. James Washington Staten, Mrs. Hardman's grandfather and a Confederate army captain, was the first representative from Clinch County. Governor and Mrs. Lamartine Griffin Hardman and Family, from a picture taken during his administration as governor (1926-30): Lamartine Griffin Hardman, Jr., Josephine Staten Hardman, Sue Colquitt Hardman, and Emma Griffin Hardman.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South in the Georgia Legislature, Staten was later a State Senator from that county. When Echols County was created, Captain Echols donated the land for the county seat, which was named Statenville in his honor. Captain Staten held the distinction of never having been defeated for an office.\nAfter the marriage of Jasper Newton Griffin and Josephine Staten, their home in Valdosta became widely known as a center of culture and social charm. Mrs. Griffin was a woman of outstanding personality, a leader in the social, patriotic, and religious life of Valdosta, and of large influence throughout the State. Among other responsible tasks committed to her, she was appointed by Governor Hoke Smith as a member of the Board of Visitors to the Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville. Their daughter, Emma Wiley, who was later to become Mrs. Hardman, and the \"First Lady\" of the State, found in this cultured home an ideal preparation for the position of commanding influence which she was later to occupy. Upon her return to Valdosta after graduating with first honor from Mrs. Cary's Southern Home School in Baldwin.\nTimore, at nineteen, was elected treasurer of the Valdosta Chapter U.D.C., with her mother serving as president at that time. She has consistently maintained an active interest in the organization's work.\n\nOn March 26, 1907, Timore married Dr. Lamartine Griffin Hardman, a prominent and influential physician in Commerce, Ga., and a leading businessman in that region.\n\nDr. Hardman is the son of Dr. William Johnson Hardman and Susan Elizabeth Colquitt. Four governors in Georgia and Texas hail from his ancestry. His paternal grandfather was Elbert Hardman, a notable figure and commanding influence in his day.\n\nDr. Hardman was born at Harmony Grove, now Commerce, Jackson County, Ga., on April 14, 1856. He graduated from the Georgia University.\nA physician from Medical College in Augusta, Ga, pursued post-graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and Belleview Hospital in New York. He later spent several years at renowned European medical institutions. The University of Georgia conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science.\n\nThis accomplished and scholarly physician quickly gained a reputation for professional skill, attracting the largest and most lucrative practice in his State sector. His talents extended beyond professional expertise, as he demonstrated exceptional business acumen and foresight, investing the proceeds from his practice.\nDr. Hardman was involved in real estate, banking stock, factory stock, and similar industries. He gained recognition as a man of marked executive and administrative ability, and the demands on his time and thought created by his large business interests became so exacting that he gradually abandoned the active practice of his profession. Dr. Hardman is an ardent admirer of Dr. Crawford Long, and the monument in the town of Jefferson erected to the memory of the celebrated discoverer of anesthesia is his gift to the town. Dr. Hardman's varied gifts and extraordinary erudition have been well characterized by one writer who says that while some specialists might excel him in some particular lines, there was no man in Georgia who knew as much about \"everything\" as Dr. Hardman. In addition to his truly superb equipment of medical lore,\nHe is profoundly versed in agriculture, both from a scientific and practical point of view. He understands the raising of blooded stock, swine, and poultry. He knows the fundamental principles of banking, the processes of manufacture, and is well-informed on practically every line of industry. Numerous instances attest to the high esteem in which his varied gifts are held. For example, in 1916, the New York Herald sent a special staff correspondent to Commerce to write a series of articles regarding Dr. Hardman\u2019s work in agriculture. Later, a professor from Cornell University came to Georgia to obtain some specimens of his agricultural work to exhibit at the Omaha Exposition. This professor, who had traveled all over Europe, said that Dr. Hardman\u2019s farm produced the finest walnuts he had ever seen.\nHe is a devout Christian and deeply interested in education. He is a trustee of the State College of Agriculture and president of the board; a director of the State Experiment Station; a trustee of Shorter College, Rome, Ga.; and a trustee of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. He has also served for a number of years as trustee of Mercer University, Macon, Ga.\n\nIt was natural that a man of such marked executive ability and gifts for leadership should be called into the service of his fellow citizens in the sphere of governmental relations. His first political office was as representative of Jackson County in the Georgia Legislature, later going to the State Senate.\n\nHome of Governor and Mrs. Lamartine Griffin Hardman, Commerce, Ga.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South.\nIn his legislative capacity, he led in the passing of some of the most constructive measures ever adopted by the law-making body, including the bill for the establishment of an agricultural college and the bill which made Georgia a dry state before the passage of the national prohibition act. During the World War, he was offered the position of assistant army surgeon, but declined. He consented, however, to serve as fuel administrator for Georgia, and his work in this capacity evoked a letter of warm congratulation from the federal field secretary of the fuel administration.\n\nIn 1926, Dr. Hardman was elected governor of Georgia, and two years later, the voters of the State gave an overwhelming testimony to the success of his administration in re-electing him by an almost unprecedented majority.\n\nMrs. Hardman has brought to the executive mansion a touch of.\nThe old-time hospitality that breathes the spirit of the olden days in the South, \"When knighthood was in flower,\" she has proven to be a rare representative in that exalted position of true southern charm. She has revived the old custom of an \"At Home\" day, throwing open the doors of the mansion to the people of the State, who have responded enthusiastically. Mrs. Hardman is of a social nature, loves her friends, and has proved to be entirely unaffected by the numerous honors that have been laid upon her. Thus, she wears the crown of \"Georgia's First Lady,\" with modest and unassuming grace.\n\nHer brilliant social career in Atlanta is but the natural sequel to the years in which she adorned her beautiful home at Commerce. During all those years, it has been true that a visit to the Hardman home carries one back to the storied past, when romance, love, and charm prevailed.\nChivalry made up the atmosphere of southern life. Her flower garden, to which she had given the closest personal attention, was filled with old-fashioned flowers of every description and was indeed a bower of beauty. Both she and Dr. Hardman loved the great outdoors, the birds, the trees, and the flowers, and this love for nature and nature\u2019s God was well reflected in the several beautiful homes they owned. One of these homes afforded a winning example of Mrs. Hardman\u2019s earnest and poetic nature. As a girl, she often visited with her father, Mr. J. N. Griffin, the great estate known as Lake Alcyone plantation, fifteen miles from Valdosta and just across the Florida line.\n\nMrs. Jasper Newton Griffin\nRepresentative Women of the South, page 113\n\nThis was a plantation of fifteen hundred acres. The residence of\nThe owner stood on a lofty white bluff overlooking a beautiful lake. The house, then property of John R. Stapler of Houston County, Georgia, erected in 1859 and 1860, was a charming colonial architecture specimen, and all the surroundings were instinct with beauty. Emma Griffin frequently declared it was the dream of her life to own this abode of loveliness. Upon learning after her marriage to Dr. Hardman that the place would shortly be put on the market, she told him of her wish, and soon she became \"the joint owner of one of the most beautiful and romantic places of the South.\"\n\nIn an article in the Macon Telegraph, written by Alex W. Bealer shortly after Dr. Hardman purchased this estate, we find the following graphic description: \"The house stands back several hundred feet from the big road that winds through the white sand from which it gleans its name.\"\nThe pine trees lift their stately tops towards the sky. In front, on either side, is a splendid grove of at least twenty-five acres filled with giant pines and stately live oaks, some of which have stood the storms of a century. The great live oaks near the house are draped with moss that is always swaying in the breezes that come sweeping up from the Gulf. The shade is so dense near the house that a photograph gives it the appearance of being checkered, instead of pure white in color.\n\nThis winter home's picture, shown here, was made on the occasion of a large family dinner served in old-fashioned style under the trees. The picture, with the large trees and hanging moss, gives a fine idea of the old-time hospitality which has always been a prominent feature of Dr. and Mrs. Hardman's life.\nDr. Hardman owns a handsome summer home in the picturesque Nacoochee Valley, at the base of lofty Mount Yonah. Named Elizabeth after his mother, the estate lies near the headwaters of the Chattahoochee, just above where it enters the \"hills of Habersham,\" on its downward course towards the \"valleys of Hall.\" The image presented is from a back view, showing the lovely spring.\n\nThe fairest of Georgia valleys, Nacoochee, enshrines in its name one of those Indian legends preserved by Dr. Lucian Lamar Knight. It is the story of the Indian maiden Nacoochee, or \"The Evening Star,\" and her hapless love for a young chief of a hostile tribe, resulting in a tragic end. Visitors to the valley can still be shown the mound said to be her burial site.\nMr. Jasper Newton Griffin's home, Valdosta, Georgia\nFather of Mrs. Lamartine Griffin Hardman\n\nThe last meeting place of the lovers and their grave, marked by a solitary pine under which they lie together. For twenty years of her residence in Commerce, Mrs. Hardman continued her active involvement in her church, the U.D.C.'s, Women's Clubs, and various organizations. She taught in the Sunday School throughout her entire residence there and was president of the missionary society until her resignation upon Dr. Hardman's election as governor, necessitating her removal to Atlanta.\n\nIt was on this occasion that Mrs. Hardman received a letter from the missionary society, one of the many testimonials to the high esteem in which she is held by her home people. This letter acknowledges her dedication and leadership within the society.\nShe accompanied a handsome embossed scrapbook presented by the society. After referring to her gifts of time, talents, and resources to the cause represented by the society in most appreciative terms, the writers paid Mrs. Hardman the lofty tribute contained in these meaningful words: \"We would it were possible to spin a sentence fine enough to express our love and appreciation for you. Since this is impossible, we have made this book, one of Memory, in which to place pictures and clippings of yourself during your stay in Atlanta.\"\n\nShe was a charter member of the Commerce Woman\u2019s Club, its first treasurer, later vice-president, and then president. She was state chairman of Conservation in the Georgia Federation of Women\u2019s Clubs during the administration of the late Mrs. Nellie Peters Black.\nMrs. Hardman is a member of the Woman's Auxiliary to the Georgia Medical Association and was vice-president of the Jackson County Auxiliary. During the World War, she was active in Liberty Loan campaigns and Red Cross work and has been for many years a member of the Joseph Habersham Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. Descended from illustrious ancestry, she is eligible to all the Colonial organizations in America.\n\nDr. and Mrs. Hardman have four children: Lamartine Griffin Hardman, Jr., a student at the University of Georgia; Josephine Staten Hardman, a student at Shorter College, Rome, Ga.; Sue Colquitt Hardman, now in high school; and Emma Griffin Hardman, her mother's namesake, who is ten years old and in Grammar School, Atlanta.\n\nWith all her social graces and all her gifts for leadership in civic affairs.\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nGovernor and Mrs. Lamartine Hardman's Winter Home at Lake Alcyone, Fla.\n\nMrs. Hardman is in her element here, and it is here that her nature rises to its highest possibilities. As a girl, she was the dutiful and devoted daughter of a noble and gifted mother.\n\nMrs. Hardman attended the Hoover inaugural in Washington, and the gown shown in her picture is the one she wore on that historic occasion.\n\nThe home of Mr. and Mrs. Jasper N. Griffin of Valdosta, shown in the picture, was completed for the debut of their daughter, who is now our First Lady of the State. It is placed on a shady lawn of the square where the grandfather, Joshua Griffin, once lived as one of Valdosta\u2019s first inhabitants. This forms an ideal setting for its appearance.\nThe architectural beauty of Colonial and early American lines, adapted to southern climate, features a spacious porch extending across the front and sides to the porte-cochere entrance. The interior is furnished in mahogany throughout. The massive double front doors, with hand-carved panels and facings, ever swung wide to this hospitable home, where Mrs. Hardman spent her young ladyhood.\n\n\"Elizabeth on the Chattahoochee,\" Mountain Home of Governor and Mrs. Hardman\n\nMrs. William Breckinridge Ardery\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\n\nJulia Hogue Spencer was born in Richmond, Virginia, the daughter of Dr. Isaac J. and Louise (Pendleton) Spencer. Within two years after she came to bless the home of her parents, the family removed to Kentucky, where she spent her care-free childhood and happy girlhood.\nUntil her marriage, Julia Spencer claimed two homes: one with her parents in Lexington, Kentucky, during the school year, and one at the ancestral home of the Pendletons in Virginia, during the vacation months. At the knee of her maternal grandfather, Dr. Philip Barbour Pendleton, she absorbed the best traditions of the South.\n\nThrough both paternal and maternal ancestry, she descends from distinguished lineage; prominent in Church and state. Among her forebears were members of the Virginia Company, officers in the Virginia Colony, and members of the House of Burgesses. She descends from eighteen Revolutionary soldiers and patriots, all serving from the state of Virginia.\n\nRecords of an earlier date show her to be lineally descended in seventeen generations.\nThe text descends from Charles Martel and Charlemagne; Alfred the Great and William the Conqueror; Egbert, first king of England, Ethelred II, King Edward I of England, and Malcolm, king of Scotland. Of the twenty-five barons who secured the first great charter of English rights at Runnymede on June 15, 1215, she descends from Roger Earl of Norfolk, Hugh Bigod, Geoffrey Baron de Saye, Richard de Clare Earl of Hereford, Gilbert de Clare, Saher de Quincy Earl of Winchester, John de Lacy Earl of Lincoln, and John Fitz-Robert.\n\nHer father, I. J. Spencer, LL.D., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, November 10, 1851, son of George and Elizabeth (Hogue) Spencer. He was educated at Hillsdale, Michigan, and Bethany College, where he was valedictorian of his class. He filled pastorates.\nSeveral southern cities in Virginia saw the editing of the Missionary Weekly for ten years. In 1892, he accepted a call to Winchester, Kentucky, where he stayed for two years. From Winchester, he went to Louisville as minister of the Broadway Christian Church, moving a year later to Lexington, Kentucky. For twenty-seven years, he served as pastor of the Central Christian Church in Lexington. On the first Lord's Day in January 1922, he was made Minister Emeritus. Two months later, he went to learn new lessons from the Great Teacher. She held many positions of responsibility, local and national, being a member of all the important national boards and committees of that denomination; curator of Transylvania University and Hamilton College; and President of the Board of the Good Samaritan Hospital in Lexington.\n\nMrs. Louise Pendleton Spencer\nRepresentative Women of the South\nIting's preaching continued uniformly in zeal and power for nearly half a century, closing on Sunday morning, February 19th, 1922, at Eureka, Illinois. He died ten days later. From one of numerous editorials written about this noble man, the following extract is taken: \"It is the glory of Christianity that it produces such men, and that it is capable of separating them to a life of unselfish service without a thought of worldly compensations which men commonly prize and seek after. Doctor Spencer possessed the ability, the native force, the personal characteristics, the organizing and administrative talents, and the trained faculties which, in a professional or business career, would have brought him great success.\"\nThe man achieved success and large financial rewards, but he had a loftier ideal and a larger vision. He dedicated his energies and years to bringing more of God into the world, more religion into the social order, and more of the power of the endless life into the experiences of men whom he could influence. His memorials remain in the thousands of human hearts that he touched and helped.\n\nHis mother, Louise (Pendleton), born February 4, 1853, in the ancestral home, Cuckoo, Louisa County, Virginia, was the daughter of Dr. Philip Barbour and Jane Kimbrough (Holladay) Pendleton. During the Civil War, this old house was the target of much vandalism from Union soldiers. Their troops often camped in the yard, taking whatever they desired.\none occasion they carried away the pony belonging to this little daughter. She had ridden into the Confederate camps on this loved pony many times to carry socks she had knit or delicacies for the soldiers. Her father, a physician, brought many of the wounded into his home, and Louise Pendleton delighted in ministering to their needs. After the war, General Lee presented her with an autographed picture of himself.\n\nHer education was received from private tutors, and when a young lady, she was sent to Pittsburgh to study voice. While visiting her uncle, William K. Pendleton, President of Bethany College, she met I.J. Spencer, then a student there. On September 19th, 1878, these two were united in marriage, and to this union were born four children.\nJessie Pendleton, Howard Gale, Evelyn Holladay, and Louise Pendleton Spencer. Throughout their married life, Louise Pendleton Spencer not only attended to the many duties that fall to the lot of the wife of a minister of a great congregation, but she taught two large weekday Bible classes with members from all denominations. From a sketch of her published in the Christian Evangelist, the following is taken: \"If her portrait could be painted with words, it might be described as follows: she possesses tact as an asset. She has fine valor of spirit. She has flavor and color like good verse. She has never stinted at her life's work, doing her day's tasks generously, using all her odd moments richly, as did her Master. The poise, benignity, and scholarliness that radiated from I.J. Spencer wherever he went,\".\nMen felt a strange, strength-giving influence from him because he had a safe refuge, a stronghold, and that was the warmly beating and sympathetic heart of Louise Pendleton Spencer, his wife.\n\nJulia Spencer Ardery descends from English and Scottish ancestry on her paternal side. Her immigrant ancestor, Samuel Spencer, came from England before 1699 and settled near Philadelphia. His wife, Elizabeth Whitten, was the daughter of Robert and Isabella Whitten of Snape, Yorkshire, England, and was born, according to the old Whitten Bible, on July 27th, 1676. Samuel Spencer is stated to be a descendant of the Althorpe and Sunderland Spencers and closely related to Colonel Nicholas Spencer of England, President of the Virginia Council and acting Governor, who came to this country from Barbados, a kinsman of\nJohn and Lawrence Washington. The record of the great House of Despencer from which this family descends is traced back to the Norman and Plantagenet kings of England.\n\nIn the will of Samuel Spencer, probated in 1705, he directs that his son, Samuel Spencer, be supplied with clothing \"fit for such a lad\" and be forthwith sent to Barbados to his relations there. From this Samuel Spencer, the younger, the descent of Julia Spencer Ardery is established, through his son, Nathan, who located in Louisa County, Virginia. The old Spencer Bible is one of her cherished possessions.\n\nElizabeth (Hogue) Spencer, her paternal grandmother, was a descendant of Sir James Hogue. His son, William Hogue, born in 1660, came from Musselburgh, Scotland, married Barbara Hume in 1695. Around the year 1735, William Hogue took up a large tract of land in\nFrederick County, Virginia, where he donated the land for the old Opecquon Presbyterian Church; the first \"Meeting House\" in the Valley of Virginia. From this family descended the eminent divine, Moses Hogue. And through the Hogue family another ancestor distinguished among the American clergy was Richard Denton, born 1586 in England, graduated at Cambridge, who established Presbyterianism in America.\n\nOn her maternal side, she is the granddaughter of Dr. Philip Bourne and Jane Kimbrough (Holladay) Pendleton, son of Colonel Edmund and Unity Yancey (Kimbrough) Pendleton, he a son of Captain Henry and Alice Ann (Winston) Pendleton, daughter of John and Alice (Bickerton) Winston, descendant of Sir William Lovelace of Kent, member of the Virginia Company, Sir William Lovelace of England.\nBetherside, a member of the Virginia Company, and Ann Sandys, wife of Sir William Barne, a member of the Virginia Company, and sister of Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer of the Virginia Company, 1619. Captain Henry Pendleton's father, Hon. John Pendleton, was Clerk of the House of Burgesses during the Revolution, and his mother, Sarah (Madison) Pendleton, was a cousin of President Madison. Hon. John Pendleton was the son of Henry and Mary (Taylor) Pendleton. Her father, James Taylor, was the ancestor of two Presidents of the United States. Among the children of Henry and Mary (Taylor) Pendleton was Judge Edmund Pendleton, Judge of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, Delegate to Continental Congress, author of the resolutions adopted by the Virginia Convention of 1776, of which he was president, instructing its delegate, Richard Henry Lee, to offer to Congress the resolution for the declaration of American independence.\nHenry Pennleton, declaring the colonies \"free and independent,\" and president of the Virginia Convention which ratified the constitution. Henry Pennleton was the son of Philip Pendleton, who came to Virginia in 1674 from England and married Isabella Hart.\n\nIsabella's maternal grandmother, Jane Kimbrough (Holladay) Pendleton, was the daughter of Waller and Sarah Smith (Kimbrough) Holladay. Her immigrant ancestor, Thomas Holladay, settled at Jamestown, Virginia around the year 1650 and was a lineal descendant of Sir Walter Holladay, who was knighted by King Edward IV.\n\nThrough this grandmother, she descends from Colonel William Claiborne, Secretary of State in the Virginia Colony.\n\nJulia Hogue Spencer prepared for her entrance into Transylvania University, Bourbon and Hamilton colleges. Music was born in her, and to the everlasting joy of her classmates, she was always its most ardent devotee.\nRepresentative Women of the South:\n\nShe was willing to play and sing southern melodies and negro spirituals, which she had learned as a little girl in Virginia. She was elected one of the editors of her college magazine and one of the class day orators at Hamilton. At Transylvania, she was a charter member of Delta Delta Delta sorority, business manager of the University annual, and a member of the University basketball team. Later, she continued her interest in athletics by completing a course in physical training in New York.\n\nAt Central Christian Church, on April 14th, 1910, she was united in marriage to William Breckenridge Ardery, a young attorney from Paris, Kentucky. Three splendid sons came to brighten their home: William Spencer, Winston Breckenridge, and Philip Pendleton. Her husband was the only son of William Porter and Ella (Adair) Ardery.\nWhose ancestry on both sides runs back to Colonial days through numerous ancestors who fought for American independence. His father was a banker and planter, and at the time of his death was President of the Peoples Deposit Bank and Vice-President of the First National Bank of Paris. The name \u201cArdery\u201d is an ancient one and is traced from Saint Ethelreda, or Saint Audley, daughter of Annas, King of the East Angles. She married Egfried, King of Northumberland, born 645, proclaimed eleventh monarch of the Anglo-Saxons. Saint Audley died leaving a son, Audrey, who became the founder of the family. After practicing law for several years, William Ardery became the owner and editor of the Paris Democrat. Upon the death of his father, he removed to Rocclicgan, his beautiful home on the Lexington road. This farm has descended to him from his Revolutionary ancestor.\nCester, who settled there in 1788 and now lies buried in the old burying ground on the place. Mr. Ardery has represented Bourbon County in the General Assembly of Kentucky for three consecutive terms without opposition from either party. Among his progenitors were the Breckenridge, Marshall, Strode, Edwards and Curtis families of Virginia; the Adair, Dodson, Darnall, Tarr, Richardson, Hurley, Meekins and Smoot families of Maryland; the McConnell, Kennedy and Watts families of Pennsylvania; and the Brooks, Hastings and Boylston families of Massachusetts. He is a member of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, president of the Bourbon County Chapter, Sons of the American Revolution and President of the Bourbon County Izaak Walton League.\n\nJulia Ardery devoted herself with character during the World War.\nShe entertained in her home for the benefit of the Red Cross and developed greater interest in patriotic societies after the war. From her work in these organizations, she broadened her interest in genealogy. This chosen work has been painstakingly followed, and she is now regarded as one of the foremost authorities in Kentucky. She was the youngest State Historian ever elected by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Kentucky, and she is now serving her third consecutive term as vice chairman of the National Historical Research Committee. She has compiled and published \"Kentucky Court and Other Records,\" the only work so far published containing genealogical data recorded in Kentucky courts. This book and all proceeds from it were a gracious gift to the Kentucky Society, Daughters of the American Revolution.\nJulia Spencer Ardery played a significant role in various organizations related to the American Revolution. She established the Martin's Fort Society, Children of the American Revolution, and helped found the Bourbon Chapter, Sons of the American Revolution. The charter was granted during the first meeting, which took place in her home. Currently, she holds the position of regent for her own chapter, Jemima Johnson, the largest in Kentucky, and has served for five years on the State Board. Under her leadership, the Children of the American Revolution erected a monument at the site of the old spring that determined the location of Paris, Kentucky, and later placed a marker at the site of Grant's Station, a pioneer fort. One of the most notable projects of the local D.A.R., in which she was a leading spirit, was the placement of a magnificent monument.\nA bronze tablet on the Court House walls bears the names of 150 Revolutionary soldiers who died in Bourbon county. Julia Ardery is a member of the following societies: First Families of Virginia, Daughters of the Barons of Runne-mede, Founders and Patriots, Filson Club, Taylor Association, Virginia and Kentucky Historical Societies, and the National Genealogical Society.\n\nIn any sketch of Julia Spencer Ardery, there must be an attempt, however inadequate, to show her as she really is, not just the things she has done. She came to her parents a worshiped little daughter, and as her beautiful life unfolded, their love grew infinite. Vibrant with happiness and the joy of living, she chose a life of service, unselfish and noble. She never failed to share with others the sunniness of her disposition, nor the generous impulses of her nature.\nRepresentative Women of the South:\n\nShe gave her heart not to win their affection, nor to impress them with the deep spirituality of her character. The help she gave to those in need was never known, except when the nature of the case disclosed it. Without temptation, she compelled county officials to provide decent living quarters for those unfortunates who were a public charge. Unknown children's eyes shone with happiness for her modest gifts. People in every walk of life loved and honored her. Her mind, her heart, and her character had made an impression on her community that could never be forgotten. She had that which could never be obtained without a heroic struggle: character, true and steadfast, never changing. In her, the blood of kingly ancestors had come to bear an almost perfect flower. For her, there will always be love\u2014love returning in return.\nIva Dee Allen, born August 12th, 1872, is a representative woman of the South. Daughter of Julian Grosjean Allen and Mollie Alexander (Miller) Allen, her ancestry can be traced back to early settlers of Virginia and Pennsylvania, with representatives in the Virginia House of Burgesses and numerous patriots and soldiers who fought for American independence. Her lineage is unbroken from William the Conqueror.\n\nJulian Grosjean Allen was a prominent banker and merchant of Millersburg, Kentucky, and brother of Major General Henry M. Allen, Commander in Chief of the Army of Occupation during the World War. He was the son of Sanford and Susan (Shu).\nAllen, Allen \u2013 the former also in the banking business, a large slave owner and influential citizen. His grandfather, Granville Allen, whose wife was Jane Vivian Sanford, was the son of Major John and Jane (Tandy) Allen. They came to Kentucky from Albemarle County, Virginia. John Allen was a lineal descendant of William Allen, born 1630, son of John Allen of England, who immigrated to York County, Virginia, around 1660.\n\nJohn Allen served with distinction during the Revolution as a major in the Virginia line. He was the first judge to serve in Bourbon County, Kentucky, and was later one of the commissioners appointed to select a site for Kentucky\u2019s permanent seat of government.\n\nThrough her father, Iva Dee Allen descends from the Peyton, Webb, Vivian, Conway, and Adair families of Virginia.\n\nThrough her mother, Mollie Elizabeth (Miller) Allen, Mrs. Rogers\nThe Millers and McClellands, descendants of early Kentucky settlers, arrived in Kentucky from Pennsylvania as early as 1778. They obtained large grants of land in Bourbon County and established the town of Millersburg. The family added more land through purchases, with much of it still in their possession today.\n\nAnother notable ancestor who endured the hardships of the wilderness to settle in Kentucky at an early date was Colonel John Hunt, born in New Jersey. He married Margaret Wilson and moved to Fayette County from North Carolina. Mollie (Miller) Allen, a devout Baptist, is remembered for her tireless efforts in founding the Baptist Church at Millersburg. Her legacy is honored by the Woman's Society that bears her name.\n\nGirlhood Home of Mrs. Louis Ray Rogers - \"Forest Hill\"\nIva Dee Allen grew up in the Christian and cultured environment of Forest Hill, the old family home of her parents. On April 18, 1894, she married Louis Ray Rogers, a prominent member of the Bourbon County family. His American ancestor was born in England in 1598 and settled in Massachusetts. John Rogers, through whom Louis Ray Rogers descended, became the fifth president of Harvard College. A part of the original land granted to his Revolutionary ancestor, Nathaniel Rogers, is still in the possession of his family.\n\nBy descent from Thomas Dudley, the second colonial governor of Massachusetts, Mr. Rogers was a lineal descendant of Alfred the Great. Among other distinguished forebears was Luke Barbour, the governor of Maryland, who also came of royal ancestry.\nA graduate of Bethany College and a prominent planter at the time of his death on February 24, 1928, he had two sons, Harvey Allen and Julian Grosjean. Harvey Allen married Margaret Ferguson of Bourbon County, and they had two lovely children, Lida Ferguson and Harvey Allen, Jr. During the World War, both Harvey and Julian Rogers were enlisted in the service of their country.\n\nIva Dee Allen received her early education at Millersburg College and later attended a school for young women in New York on the Hudson. Her beautiful home, The Breezes, is located in the heart of the bluegrass about four miles from Paris; her winters are spent at her home in St. Petersburg, Florida.\n\nDuring the late war, she was a leader in the work of the Red Cross, and at its close, she was appointed Bourbon County Chairman.\nFor the State Memorial to World War heroes, she organized and served as president of the first War Mothers' organization in Kentucky. Currently, she holds the important office of Chairman of Hospitalization. She has been an active worker and frequent office holder in the Paris Literary Club. In the Daughters of the American Revolution, she has held the office of both State and chapter treasurer. To her Church, she has devoted herself untiringly. It may be well said of her \u2014 she loves life and understands the use of it; she lives worthily of her noble ancestry. Of her personal charm, the perfect poise, the sunny disposition, and the fine character of this noble woman, one thinks in superlatives. To her, this span of life was lent for lofty duties; her useful life is filled to overflowing with representative women of the South.\nMrs. Fenn Orletson Stone, of Atlanta, Ga., was born February 6, 1876, at Oak Grove, the county estate of her grandfather, near Addison, Michigan. She is the daughter of.\n\nUnselfish service, with the desire to make others happy. In her home, where she has ever been the idolized wife and mother, she finds her greatest joy. Here warmth and cheer and hospitality abound. To have known her as a charming bride, a devoted wife and mother is a rare privilege. To think of her is to think of the ideal of glorious Southern womanhood. Most aptly may one\u2019s admiration be expressed in Wordsworth\u2019s lines:\n\n\u201cThe reason firm, the temperate will,\nEndurance, foresight, strength and skill;\nA perfect woman, nobly planned,\nTo warn, to comfort, and command.\u201d\n\nMrs. Fenn Orletson Stone\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMrs. Fenn Orletson Stone\n\nPrincess Wyand Stone (Mrs. Fenn Orletson Stone), born February 6, 1876, at Oak Grove, the county estate of her grandfather near Addison, Michigan, is the daughter of [information missing].\nDr. John Milton Wyand and his wife, Cappie Elizabeth Lewis.\n\nDr. John Milton Wyand was of Anglo-Saxon ancestry. His forefathers were among the men of culture and gentle blood, educators and others, who migrated to Virginia in the early sixteen-sixties. One of the members of this family holds the chair of Literature in the University of Pennsylvania \u2014 another was General Wyand, Chief of Staff of Marshall during the great World War.\n\nHer mother, Cappie Elizabeth Wyand, was the daughter of George M. Lewis and Elizabeth Tower. (The portrait in colonial costume, which accompanies this sketch, was taken when she was seventeen). She was a most superior character, noted for her beauty, sympathy, graciousness and generosity \u2014 and no less for a pronounced executive ability. She was an active leader in all social, religious and beneficent societies.\nMrs. Stone's maternal grandfather, George M. Lewis, was the son of an aristocratic family. They trace their descent back into the mists of antiquity and to the throne of Charlemagne, whose grandsons ruled as Frankish kings over the kingdoms of France, Germany, and England. The family came over from Wales on the ship Globe of London in 1635 and landed in Boston.\n\nThe town Lewis was royal demesne of the Saxon kings. William I granted the Barony of Lewis, and the Lewis descendants held the Barony until the 14th century.\n\nOne of Mrs. Stone's hobbies is research among her noted ancestors about matters that will be of interest to her grandchildren. She and her husband have found their ancestral intermarried families valuable. She has many books of her family history\u2014among others, showing that she is a cousin of the late President Harding.\nMRS. CAPPIE LEWIS\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\n\nThrough her Dwight family, with connections to ex-president Coolidge, President George Washington, and President Thomas Jefferson, as well as Rev. Jonathan Edwards and many noted college presidents, jurists, and patriots of the Revolutionary War and our other struggles, practically all of Mrs. Cappie Lewis' lines trace back to our Pilgrim ancestors.\n\nMrs. Lewis has found her American ancestors to be of such vital interest that she has conducted extensive research among her English and Welsh ancestral lines. Her legitimate coats of arms are already quite numerous. It may be that in time she will be persuaded to publish the results of much of her family research. Such books will be eagerly anticipated by the many who share her interests.\n\nHer maternal grandmother, Elizabeth Tower Lewis, was descended from...\nThe Tower family, descendants from ancestors who came to America from England in 1637, built the old homestead in Hingham, Massachusetts at that time, which is still owned by them. One ancestor opened up the vast resources in the Lake Superior region, constructed railroads and docks, and paved the way for shipping and mining industries. The Tower mines are said to be among the most remarkable developments of this kind ever made by an individual. Another Tower family member served as Minister to Austria-Hungary, Embassador to Russia, and later Ambassador to Germany. Princess Wyand married Fenn Orletson Stone, a leading capitalist of the south with extensive interests in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dallas, Texas, Atlanta, Ga., and Florida. He is a public-spirited citizen and a generous supporter of every worthy cause.\nMr. Stone's ancestors are of Anglo-Saxon descent, having come from England. Mr. and Mrs. Stone have one beautiful and accomplished daughter, Donna. She was married to Mr. Thresher Ames Rippey, Jr. of Los Angeles, California, in June 1925. The wedding was one of the most beautiful in Atlanta's social history, taking place in the sunken garden at their home in Druid Hills, before the Carrara Marble Pagoda. In the springtime, it is a bower of delight, covered with American Beauty roses. Mrs. Rippey has a little daughter, Donna Virginia, named for her great-grandmother, Virginia Steiger, who was a member of a noble Swiss family and sister of Baron de Steiger, who came to America from Switzerland. They also have a little son, Thresher Ames Rippey III. The Rippey family possesses the pictures and portraits of\nMrs. Stone is a member of the Fine Arts Club, a life member of the Atlanta Woman\u2019s Club, Atlanta Art Association, Sheltering Arms, Young Women's Christian Association. She is interested in the Tallulah Falls Industrial School and the Martha Berry School for mountain children. Indeed, she was one of the first, and the third largest subscriber to the Mothers\u2019 Memorial Building of the Martha Berry School. This was the first Mothers\u2019 Memorial Building erected in America. The names which will appear on the bronze scroll in the Memorial Building are Cappie Wyand Lewis, mother of Mrs. Stone; Eldora Stearns Stone, mother of Mr. F. O. Stone; and Princess Wyand Stone, in whose memory this subscription was made.\nMrs. Stone's artistic taste and love for beauty were most evident in the building of her palatial Druid Hills home, \"Paradiso.\" She personally drew the plans for the building and brought her taste and skill in landscape gardening to the construction of the sunken garden on the spacious grounds. The gorgeous hydrangeas, her favorite flower, which she devoted much time and attention to, were one of the marked features in this garden. A sparkling fountain, trim hedges, well-kept walks, and flowers and shrubs of every hue combined to form a scene to delight the eye of an artist. Mrs. Stone's summer home at Lakemont likewise bore the marks of her artistic hand.\nA noted artist's painting of Mrs. Stone is displayed in the art gallery at \"Paradiso.\" Representative Women of the South: A Militant Daughter of the Old South by Bryan Wells Collier. Many libraries in old Southern homes would reveal to one who searched with curious eyes their shelves filled with quaint tales and curious memorials from the past. Such a home in a particular Southern city possesses a specific volume crammed full of lore from the South before the Civil War - the South of lavender and old lace, of crinolined belles moving in stately measure through round after round of ceremonious functions, and of courtly gentlemen with Chesterfieldian polish, whose elaborately turned compliments to the ladies they admired have inscribed within.\nThis volume, entitled \"A Belle of the Fifties,\" is not limited to the softer and lighter aspects of life. It transports us into Washington during the eighteen-fifties, providing intimate glimpses of distinguished figures with household names. The work, published around twenty years ago, is the life story of Mrs. Compton-Clay of Alabama, the \"belle of the Fifties.\" After being widowed by the death of United States Senator Clement C. Clay, Jr., she married.\nMr. Compton. Readers will be interested in the sidelights on the personalities of many famous men and women, and in pen pictures of a vanished era, as the writer was a part of its most exclusive circles. The author and subject of these memoirs, a daughter of Dr. Peyton Randolph Tunstall, was born in North Carolina but reared in Alabama, in Tuscaloosa. After her marriage to the gifted Clement C. Clay, Jr., later to become a United States Senator, and still later to share the imprisonment and hardships of Jefferson Davis at Fortress Monroe, is preceded by an unintentionally amusing account of an earlier love affair.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nWith refreshing naivete, she informs us that she became \"almost in love\" with a certain man before her marriage to Clement Clay.\nbetrothed to Alexander Keith McClung, already famous as a duelist, whom she describes as the gallantest lover that ever knelt at a lady's feet. But he was a man of fitful, uncertain moods, given to periods of deepest melancholy. At such times he would mount his horse, 'Rob Roy,' wild and untamable as himself, and dash to the cemetery, where he would throw himself down on a convenient grave and stare like a madman into the sky for hours. The humor of this passage is entirely unconscious, as evidenced by the tone of complete seriousness with which she chronicles this bit of history. Another feature of the social life of that day which may provoke a smile is found in her description of the gayeties of the State Capital during the Legislative Season. \"All the swains of that day,\"\nShe says, \"Wrote in verse to the ladies whom they admired, and each tender rhyme required a suitably presented acknowledgment.\" Considering few people could express themselves creditably in verse at that time, and everyone was expected to undertake it, we may get a startling impression of the reams and reams of doggerel that must have been released in response to the exacting demands of the goddess of fashion.\n\nA glimpse of the lighter side of the famous secession orator is given in this extract: \"Shortly after my return from Columbus, I attended a ball where I danced with William L. Yancey. I had heard him speak and\"\nI him thought superb, and told him so.\n'Ah,' he answered gayly, 'if it had not been for one pair of hazel eyes, I should have been submerged in a sea of rhetoric.'\nOn the night of my dance with him, I wore a white feather in my hair, and on the morrow a messenger from Mr- Yancey bore me some charming verses, addressed: 'To the lady with the snow-white plume.'\nIn 1853 her husband was elected a United States Senator from Alabama, and Mrs. Clay accompanied him to the capital city, becoming an important part of a brilliant circle of southerners there. Interest attaches to her mention of a historic hotel in Washington, long known as a favorite resort for southern people. \"For thirty-five years,\" she writes, \"Brown's Hotel had been a gathering place for distinguished people.\" An epochal meeting there in 1823 between REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH.\nThomas  Hart  Benton  and  John  Jacob  Astor,  having  an  important \nbearing  on  schemes  for  increasing  trade  with  the  Far  East,  and  for \noccupying  the  Columbia  River,  is  mentioned.  Back  of  that  date,  and \nfor  many  years,  the  famous  hostelry  had  been  known  as  the  \u201cIndian \nQueen\u2019s  Tavern.\u201d \nOctavia  Walton,  afterwards  Madame  Levert,  is  referred  to  several \ntimes,  once  when  in  the  girlhood  of  Mrs.  Clay,  the  noted  beauty  and \nwit  showed  her  most  kindly  attention,  and  further  on  in  connection \nwith  the  statement  that  Octavia  Walton  won  her  first  social  distinc\u00ac \ntion  in  Washingon,  \u201cwhere,  chaperoned  by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Clay,  Sr.,  a \nrecognition  of  her  beauty  and  grace,  was  instantaneous.\u201d \nMany  social  episodes  connected  with  those  times  are  told  in  highly \nentertaining  fashion.  But  some  of  the  bits  of  repartee  with  which \nshe  represents  herself  as  setting  the  circle  in  a  roar  are  of  a  grade \nOur author amply shows that during her time in Washington, as well as in later and more solemn experiences, she was a thoroughgoing and uncompromising southerner. In a letter to her husband's father, she wrote of her group at the hotel, \"We keep Free-Soilers, Black Republicans, and Bloomers on the other side of the street. They are afraid even to inquire for board at this house.\" Referring to the heated days of 1856, she writes, \"Fusion reigns in truth.\"\nSouthern blood is at boiling temperature all over the city, and for good cause too. Old Giddings, Thurlow Weed, Sumner, Seward, Chase, taunt and insult all whom they dare.\n\nA distinguished southerner who was a warm friend of the Clays was L. Q. C. Lamar. Georgia and Mississippi have claim to his fame, the state of his adoption. Of him, Mrs. Clay speaks as being \"full of quaint and caressing ways, even with his fellowmen\"; \"full of dreams and ideals, and big, warm impulses\"; \"irresistibly engaging.\"\n\nOf that celebrated statesman and pioneer of early Texas, Sam Houston, we have this account: \"Whether in the street or in his seat in the Senate, he was sure to attract attention. He wore a leopard skin vest, with a voluminous scarlet necktie, and over his bushy head, a broad-brimmed hat.\"\n\nRepresentative Women of the South.\nGrey locks rested on an immense sombrero. This remarkable headgear was said to be made from an individual block to which the general reserved the exclusive right. It was of grey felt, with a brim seven or eight inches wide. Around his broad shoulders, he wore a gaily colored Mexican serape, in which scarlet predominated. So arrayed, his huge form, which, notwithstanding this remarkable garb, was distinguished by a kind of inborn grandeur, towered above the heads of ordinary pedestrians. The old warrior's appearance, whether viewed from the front or rear, was altogether unique.\n\nSympathetic and intimate glimpses are given of Sidney Lanier and his brother, both of whom were ardent young men during the period of the Civil War, and each of whom wrote letters to Mrs. Clay which present these two poetical brothers in a most engaging manner.\nDuring the Civil War era in Richmond, the Confederate capital, luxury prevailed during the early years. \"To supply Richmond's tables, nearly all the ducks in Chesapeake Bay were sacrificed. We feasted on oysters and terrapin of the finest quality, and unmeasured hospitality was the norm on every side.\" However, the situation drastically changed later.\n\nRegarding a significant phase in this husband and wife's lives, we read, \"In the early spring of 1864, Mr. Clay felt it his duty to accept the weighty responsibility of a diplomatic mission to Canada. His objective was to ignite in the Canadian public mind a sympathy with our cause and country that would lead to the suspension of hostilities.\" During his absence, Mrs. Clay.\nMr. Clay sought relatives in Georgia, undergoing various experiences due to the unsettled condition of the country. Mr. Clay returned from Canada broken in health. The closing episodes of this fascinating story deal with the arrest of Senator Clay at the home of Benjamin H. Hill at LaGrange, Ga., his long confinement in Fortress Monroe, and the heroic efforts of Mrs. Clay to obtain his release. Mr. Clay had been charged with complicity in the assassination of Lincoln, and stupendous obstacles faced Mrs. Clay in her efforts. However, they were finally overcome, with the assistance of Thaddeus Stevens, who had apparently become convinced of Mr. Clay's innocence of the charge against him.\nMrs. Lucian H. Cocke, representative of women in the South. Daughter of Dr. and Mrs. John Milton Johnson of Atlanta, Ga. Her father, an eminent physician of Paducah, Kentucky, participated in political conditions preceding the war between the states. He was a gubernatorial candidate when war was declared, later entering the Confederate service as medical director of Gen. Polk's Division. Near the close of the struggle, he became Post Surgeon. Mrs. Lucian H. Cocke of Roanoke, Virginia, was Sarah Cobb Johnson. Her father's stirring political conditions before the war between the states demanded his participation. He was a gubernatorial candidate when war was declared, later entering the Confederate service as medical director of Gen. Polk's Division. Near the close of the struggle, he became Post Surgeon.\nAt Atlanta, Johnson met and married Sarah Cobb, sister of General Howell Cobb and widow of Colonel Frank Erwin. Known for her unusual charm and character, Mrs. Johnson's able service during the war and reconstruction earned her the nickname Maria Theresa. Few were as honored and loved as Dr. and Mrs. Johnson.\n\nSarah Cobb Johnson is remembered by society people of an earlier generation as an admired belle in the City of Atlanta, whose popularity was due not more to her beauty than to her sparkling and gracious personality. Her first marriage was to Dr. Hugh Hagan, a leading physician in Atlanta. They had two sons: Willis Cobb Hagan of Birmingham, Alabama, and Dr. Hugh Johnson Hagan of Roanoke, Virginia.\n\nMrs. Hagan married Lucian H. Cocke on October 28, 1903.\nProminent lawyer of Roanoke, Virginia, and member of one of the most illustrious families of the Old Dominion. Mrs. Cocke's contributions to literature, which have given her a niche all her own in the temple of fame, came about quite spontaneously and as a result of an instinctive recognition of her gifts by others. She had become quite famous in the social circles in which she moved for her delightful gift of storytelling, particularly for her inimitable rendition of the negro dialect. At the close of an evening during which the exercise of her gift had given delightful entertainment to a congenial party in New York City, a well-known magazine editor who was of the company suggested that she commit some of her stories to writing.\n\nMrs. John Milton Johnson\nRepresentative Women of the South\nShe began contributing delightful stories of southern life to various publications, showcasing remarkable insight and sympathetic appreciation for the types her genius led her to portray. One of her best negro dialect stories was \"The Rooster and the Washpot,\" published by the Saturday Evening Post, and another that attracted equally favorable attention was \"Phyllis Visits Michigan,\" published in the Century Magazine. Mammy Stories of the South were later published by E.P. Dutton & Co. This volume elicited unstinted praise from competent critics such as Harry Stillwell Edwards of Georgia and Dr. C. Alphonso Smith of Virginia. She also published \"The Master of the Hills,\" a story depicting the life and character of the mountaineers.\nMrs. Cocke has shown herself thoroughly at home in the southern highlands, exhibiting the same preeminent gifts as in her earlier work. She has won enthusiastic applause for her talent in amateur dramatics, and a four-act play exhibiting traits of Negro character was brought out with great success at Hollins College. She is also the author of a popular song, \"Money, Honey, Money.\" Cockspur, the charming home of Mr. and Mrs. Cocke near Roanoke, has opened its hospitable doors to many distinguished guests, among them Vice-President and Mrs. Thomas R. Marshall, and William Jennings Bryan, who were guests of honor there several years since. Mrs. Cocke has spent much time abroad, and after one summer in Europe she was the guest of the Southern Society in New York.\nYork. Under the auspices of this society, she gave a benefit reading at the Waldorf, presenting selections from her pen. Her lecture at Columbia University on Moonshiners and Darkies brought many invitations to lecture at other northern colleges.\n\nThe work of patriotic societies has commanded a large measure of Mrs. Cocke's attention and interest. On May 22, 1925, she delivered an address on the occasion of the unveiling of a tablet commemorating the colonial history of Roanoke, presented by the Colonial Dames of Roanoke. She spoke as Chairman of the Roanoke Committee of Colonial Dames in the State of Virginia. Before the Business and Professional Woman's Club of Roanoke, she spoke in advocacy of the candidacy of Henry St. George Tucker for Governor of Virginia. Another noteworthy address was before the Woman's Club of Lexington.\n\nDr. John Milton Johnson.\nRepresentative Women of the South on \"The Evolution of the Colored Person and the Mountain People,\" delivered in the library of Washington and Lee University.\n\nMrs. Cocke is a member of the Order of the Crown, Colonial Dames, Daughters of the American Revolution, Writers\u2019 Club of Virginia, Colonial Dames\u2019 Club in Washington, Woman\u2019s Club in Richmond, Pen Women\u2019s Club of America, National Arts Club of New York, Woman\u2019s Club of Roanoke. She is the only woman member of the City Planning and Zoning Commission of Roanoke, and was the first president of the Civic Betterment Club of that city. During her residence in Atlanta, she was a charter member of the Atlanta Woman\u2019s Club and was its first treasurer. She was a delegate to the First Continental Congress of the D.A.R., was elected one of the Vice-Presidents General, and addressed the body.\n[Mrs. Cocke insists that none of these public honors and activities tell the story of her life, which is crystallized in the words, \"mother, home and friends.\" She has begun to write her recollections, in which, chiefly for the benefit of her sons, she will record her experiences from earliest childhood. This will be perhaps the most significant work of her life. It will be published by E.P. Dutton & Co. Its coming from the press will be awaited with eager interest.\n\nHome of Mrs. Lucian H. Cocke.\n\nGunston Hall as it is Today. Famous Estate of George Mason\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nGunston Hall\n\nAround the equestrian statue of Washington in the city of Richmond stands an impressive group of sculptured figures, and one of them is of Mrs. Lucian H. Cocke.]\nAmong them, the most impressive figure is George Mason of Virginia, holding in his hand the Virginia Bill of Rights, the famous document with which his fame is most intimately associated, and one of the momentous documents in American history. As Mount Vernon is associated with Washington's fame, Stratford and Arlington with Lee, Monticello with Jefferson, and Westover with the Byrd family, so is Gunston Hall an inseparable accompaniment to George Mason's fame. His acute intellect and fearless advocacy of principle made him one of the marked figures of his day.\n\nThe father of George Mason and the builder of Gunston Hall was one of those English Cavaliers who, when Cromwell and his Ironsides had for a time put an end to the dominance of King and Church in Great Britain, left their motherland in disgust and built homes in America.\nBetween 1650 and 1670, in Virginia, the great migration of Tory aristocrats from England occurred, founding the renowned \"First Families of Virginia.\" The older Mason was a typical Virginia planter of colonial times. He brought over from England a large number of men convicted in the courts for debt, political offenses, or other law breaches and sentenced to imprisonment at hard labor. These were skilled laborers, and the woodwork at Gunston Hall displays craftsmanship of a high order.\n\nThe mansion was built in three years and paneled in yellow pine, which, through the lapse of years, has been softened to a delicate tint wonderfully pleasing to the eye. A novel stairway.\nThe design, trimmed with mahogany balustrade, leads to the upper rooms, each of which has a dormer window. Surrounding the house is a flower garden, a bowling alley, a deer park, a vegetable garden, and pleasure grounds.\n\nThe bowling green was enclosed with fruit trees, and the paths were bordered with daffodils, crocuses, hyacinth, and lavender. Flowering shrubs and handsome trees of every description add to the beauty of this grand estate, which stands on the Potomac in Fairfax County, facing the Maryland hills across the gently flowing Potomac.\n\nThe master of Gunston Hall, the celebrated George Mason, was a close friend of George Washington. Barges on the Potomac frequently carried the two neighbors back and forth on visits of ceremony and friendship. Interchanges of gifts too, slipped between them.\nRoses, yellow jessamine, boxwood, and grapes frequently passed back and forth in true neighborly fashion. George Mason presided over an estate of five thousand acres, and it has been stated that more than twenty thousand bushels of wheat would be shipped from his wharf in a season. In his study at Gunston Hall, surrounded by shelves of books covering the learning of the ages, George Mason sat and studied the great problems of state which he elucidated with such force and effectiveness to the people of his state and the other states that in time made up the federal union.\n\nA mural painting in the George Mason Hotel, Alexandria, Virginia, shows Mason in his study at Gunston Hall, writing the Virginia Bill of Rights. The significance of this piece of writing can be understood from this statement in West\u2019s American Democracy:\n\n\"George Mason, in his study at Gunston Hall, wrote the Virginia Bill of Rights.\"\nThe Virginia Bill of Rights was the first document of its kind in our history and remains one of our greatest state papers. According to the same authority, \"These fundamental principles, upon which American Democracy rests, were written by George Mason into this Virginia Bill of Rights\u2014 a fact which distinguishes that document from any previous governmental document in the world.\"\n\nThe room at Gunston Hall is still shown to visitors where Thomas Jefferson slept when, on his way to Philadelphia for the session of the Continental Congress which passed the Declaration of Independence, he stopped with Mason to discuss the forms that declaration should take. Here he spent hours in discussion, and made a rough draft of the immortal Declaration. The most famous and most often quoted principles in the Declaration of Independence were influenced by this discussion.\nAll men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights. That all power is derived from the people. Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit... and when any government shall be found inadequate, a majority of the community has an indubitable, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish it. No free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be preserved... but by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles. All men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience.\n\nThe provisions in this Bill of Rights were at once copied by three other states. - Mason (Virginia Declaration of Rights)\nor  four  other  states,  and  all  the  bills  of  rights  during  the  Revolution\u00ac \nary  period  show  its  influence. \nWhen  the  Constitutional  Convention  met  May  25,  1787,  in  Philadel\u00ac \nphia,  George  Mason  was  one  of  the  seven  delegates  from  Virginia, \nalong  with  George  Washington,  Edmund  Randolph,  James  Madison \nand  others.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Thomas  Jefferson,  the  author  of  the \nDeclaration,  was  not  in  this  Convention,  being  at  that  time  in  France. \nThis  Convention  was  largely  dominated  by  the  aristocratic  element, \nfavoring  a  government  by  the  upper  classes,  and  it  is  noteworthy \nthat,  while  John  Adams,  \u201cthe  son  of  a  tinker,\u201d  stood  constantly  for \ngovernment  by  an  aristocracy,  George  Mason,  the  great  Virginia \nplanter,  was  almost  the  sole  champion  of  democracy  in  that  body. \nIn  three  things  Mason  took  a  stand  that  is  memorable.  First,  he \nConsistently opposed the slave trade, though a great slave owner himself. Second, he advocated for recognition of the newly created states in the West. In contrast to those who argued that the total representation from new states ought never to exceed that from the original thirteen, Mason contended that both justice and policy demanded that new States \"be treated as equals and subjected to no degrading discriminations.\" Third, he eloquently and effectively advocated for the utmost democracy in the franchise. Alexander Hamilton and other leaders in the Constitutional Convention sought to limit the right to vote to freeholders. They would exclude \"those multitudes without property and without principle, with whom our country, like all others, will in time abound.\" But Mason, using his own language from eleven years prior, argued:\n\"The true idea is that every man, with attachment and permanent common interest in the community, ought to share in all its rights and privileges. Mason, Gerry, and Randolph were the three members who refused to sign the Constitution as finally agreed on, and Mason opposed ratification by his State because it embodied so many concessions to larger States and upper classes as to be obnoxious to those principles he had advocated so persistently. His emphatic language was: I would sooner chop off my right hand than put it to the Constitution as it now stands. In 1750, Mason married Anne Eilbeck, who died early, leaving him nine children, the care and rearing of whom proved a weighty responsibility.\"\nGeorge Mason held a significant responsibility, devoting a large part of his life to it. Three of his sons served in the American Revolution, and Mason himself was a member of the Committee of Safety during this struggle. A writer was not far off when they spoke of George Mason of Gunston Hall as \"the brightest mind in the Virginia Colony, though his fame has been overshadowed by others less intellectual.\" Today, the spirit of this great Virginian pervades Gunston Hall, leaving visitors with an impressive sense of departed greatness that inspires grand and stirring thoughts.\n\nMary Reinhart Ringgold\nRepresentative Women of the South\nMary Reinhart Ringgold\n\nWest Virginia has given many distinguished sons to the world, and it has had daughters also worthy to stand shoulder to shoulder with them.\nAmong the daughters of Edward Hess Reinhart is Mary Reinhart Ringgold, also known as Mrs. Rowland Carvel Ringgold of Shepherdstown. Her home, Bellevue, is a notable attraction in the commonwealth.\n\nMary Reinhart Ringgold was born on November 6, 1873, in Shepherdstown, as a daughter of Edward Hess Reinhart. Her family records indicate that Andrew Reinhart, who passed away in Washington County, Maryland, in 1848, married Margaret Hess, who died in the same county in 1849. They had a son, born in 1806 and deceased in 1868, who was her grandfather. He married Anna Catherine Grove, born in 1824 and deceased in 1865. Their son, Edward Hess Reinhart, father of Mary, was born on January 1, 1848, and died in December. Edward Hess Reinhart's birthplace was 'Willow, Well,' near Shepherdstown. After graduating from Shepherd College, he began his studies.\nA native of Baltimore, he initially pursued a law career but changed his mind and took a business course instead. Upon returning to Shepherdstown, he taught school, served as postmaster under the Cleveland administration, and was otherwise prominent. He was an elder in the Presbyterian Church for many years, serving at the time of his death. A staunch Democrat, he was active in local politics.\n\nThe mother of Mrs. Ringgold was born at Shepherdstown, the daughter of John and Mary Elvira (Van Swearingen) Quigley, and a descendant of Gerrett Van Swearingen, who came to this country from Holland and settled in St. Mary\u2019s County, Maryland, around 1664. His grandson, Thomas Van Swearingen II, lived near Shepherdstown and operated a ferry before the bridge was built across the Potomac River, connecting West Virginia and Maryland. The Van Swearingen family were among the earliest settlers of Jefferson County.\nOne time, Shepherdstown was known as Van Swearingen\u2019s Ferry. Col. Joseph Van Swearingen, son of Thomas Van Swearingen II, was married to Hannah Rutherford. To this union was born Thomas Van Swearingen. Col. Van Swearingen was a Revolutionary soldier, rising from private to the rank of colonel, and in recognition of his services was awarded a warrant for 10,000 acres of land. A Southerner, he could not live contentedly on the north side of the Ohio River, so he returned to the Shenandoah Valley, and to Bellevue, where nine generations of his family had resided. Colonel Van Swearingen was the warm personal friend of\nGeorge Washington, Henry Clay, Lord Fairfax and other men of distinction and position were welcome guests at Bellevue. It is interesting to note that in their young manhood, he and George Washington were rival candidates for the Virginia House of Burgesses.\n\nThomas Van Swearingen, a son of Colonel Van Swearingen, married Julia Lane. He was representing his district in Congress when he died of malarial fever at the early age of thirty-five. He and his wife were the parents of Mary Elvira Van Swearingen, who married Dr. John Quigley. Dr. and Mrs. Quigley were the parents of Lucy Baylor Quigley, mother of Mrs. Ringgold.\n\nMrs. Ringgold had unusual opportunities for intellectual development. She was sent to the local public schools and Shepherd\u2019s College.\nShepherdstown: Mary Baldwin specialized in music, piano, and harp at Mary Baldwin Seminary, Staunton, Va. For three years, she wrote special articles for the West Virginia Review. Now in New York City, she studies short story and play writing. A Presbyterian and Democrat, she belongs to the Woman's National Democratic Club, the Woman's Club of Shepherdstown, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Daughters of the American Revolution. Twice married, her first husband was Henry Shepherd III. They married on Jan. 25, 1893, in the Presbyterian Church, Shepherdstown. Henry Shepherd III was a son of Henry Shepherd II and Azemia Shepherd. The father being a descendant of Thomas Shepherd, for whom Shepherdstown was named. Henry Shepherd III was educated locally.\nRepresentative Women of the South:\n\nHe attended private schools, St. James College, Maryland, and the Virginia Military Institute. He died on March 6, 1896.\n\nOn June 12, 1907, Mrs. Shepherd married Rowland Carvel Ringgold of Baltimore, MD, a son of Charles and Florence Z. (Carvel) Ringgold of Kent Island, Maryland. He is a grand nephew of Major Samuel Ringgold, who was killed in the Battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8, 1846, and a great-great-grandson of General Samuel Ringgold of Revolutionary fame, who was a witness to one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.\n\nMrs. Ringgold is the mother of Henry Shepherd IV. He was born at Shepherdstown on December 30, 1893. In his Junior year at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, he left to enter the World War. He was promoted to the rank of 1st Lieutenant and recommended for further advancement.\nCaptain Edward Ringgold served as a captain just before the Armistice declaration. He married Elizabeth Temple Green of Charles Town, West Virginia, and resides at Bellevue.\n\nIt is impossible to write about Mrs. Ringgold without giving some account of her beautiful home. Situated about a mile north of Shepherdstown, a broad avenue flanked with lordly forest trees leads up to the magnificent southern mansion, typical of the old South in its prime. It is a perfect relic of Colonial architecture, built of stone, with an immense portico and massive columns reaching to the roof.\n\nThe ground floor contains on the left the spacious drawing room, with the living room in the rear, while on the right is the dining room. On the upper floors are spacious bed chambers filled with priceless old furniture. Although the old mansion is intact, it has been comfortably modernized.\nModernized and the old slave quarters have been replaced with several limestone cottages for the use of house servants. Mrs. Ringgold has opened her hospitable home to many distinguished people of this and other countries. In 1900, she entertained on her lawn at breakfast William Jennings Bryan and forty-five of the most prominent men of the day during the Commoner's campaign for the presidency. As long as he lived, Colonel Bryan recalled with relish the freshly caught bass he had enjoyed as her guest.\n\nBellevue passed to Hannah Van Cwearingen, wife of Rev. Henry Matthews of Baltimore, MD. When they moved, due to his ministerial duties, to Elkins, Maryland, the historic mansion was sold to Willoughby Lemen. The Lemen family had possession of it for thirty years and sold it to\nMrs. Ringgold's first husband, who gave it to her as a wedding gift, is a descendant of Colonel Van Swearingen. Now, a descendant of Colonel Van Swearingen lives at Bellevue and upholds the fondest traditions of that distinguished soldier and southern gentleman.\n\nRepresentative women of the south:\n\nThe grounds teem with traditions and legends. One of which is particularly interesting. There is a spring down a slight incline towards the Potomac River, in the rear of the mansion, and it is said that this spot is the site of the grave of a Delaware chief. He was buried alive by a band of Catabas after a battle between them and the Delawares. The legend sets forth that the spring in its spurt of water from the rock typifies the heartbeats of the captured brave.\n\nThe patriotism of Colonel Van Swearingen lives on in his descendants.\nAmong the family's military and naval accomplishments since the enlistment of Colonel Van Swearingen in the Colonial army are: Rear Admiral Julian Latimer, in charge of United States affairs in Nicaragua and judge advocate of the navy, a great-great-grandson of Colonel Van Swearingen; Captain Henry Baylor Reinhart and Sergeant Thomas Christian Reinhart, brothers of Mrs. Ringgold; and Lieutenant Henry Shepherd, IV, son of Mrs. Ringgold, all veterans of World War I.\n\nSergeant Thomas Christian Reinhart died during the influenza epidemic at Camp Meade in 1917. Lieutenant Henry Baylor contracted pleurisy as a result of being gassed in France and died on July 30. Surrounded by these accomplishments throughout her mature years, Mrs. Ringgold also lost Sergeant Thomas Christian Reinhart and Lieutenant Henry Baylor Reinhart to the war.\nMaude Ada DeKalb Henneberger, daughter of M. Benton Bomberger and Laura Virginia Bomberger, was recognized as a lady of varied accomplishments, giving her a prestige that was obliterating state boundaries and making her a national figure. Mrs. William A. Henneberger\n\nMrs. Henneberger was the daughter of M. Benton Bomberger and Laura Virginia Bomberger. Laura Virginia was the daughter of Captain John C. Bruning, an ardent secessionist and a member of the memorable Maryland legislature whose doors were closed by the United States Marshall and the secession party taken to Fort McHenry and lodged in dungeons.\n\nCaptain Bruning was descended from Dr. Philip Bruning, Doctor of\nPhilosophers and Free Arts of Erfurt, Germany, who was Rector in 1509, the term Rector in those days meaning the head of some great seat of learning. Martin Luther obtained a degree in Erfurt in 1505. Dr. Bruning was knighted; arms Azure; Heart (Gules) on a Star (Argent).\n\nAfter the battles of Antietam and South Mountain, Boonsboro, the home of Mrs. Henneberger, was a hospital base. Her mother ministered to the wounded and on one occasion took a dangerous ride over two mountains, 32 miles, to obtain supplies for them.\n\nMrs. Henneberger\u2019s father was a great-great-grandson of Lawrence Bomberger, who was one of the landed gentlemen of Maryland before the Revolutionary War. He was descended from an old and distinguished German family; one that had furnished a long line of rulers for Prussia. His arms: Azure, Three trunks of trees (Vert)\nOne in Pale and two in Saltire on a Terrace (Gules). Weldon, the ancestral home, has been in her family for 200 years, having been granted and named by Lord Baltimore. Its old garden, which is hedged in by boxwood and the quiet broken by bird songs the year around, was used by Mr. David Belasco in his beautiful drama, \u201cThe Heart of Maryland.\u201d\n\nQuoting a recent writer, \u201cAll the surroundings are so quaint and old-fashioned that one possessing imagination can almost hear the crack of whip and call of post-boy, and see the long-ago post-chaise speeding down the hill.\u201d The old home is filled with priceless heirlooms, three of which belonged to Baron Von Weldon of Alsace\u2014a magnificent piece of furniture made in Munich 200 years before America was discovered\u2014priceless china, silver, pewter, and a coveted collection.\nThe text describes Mrs. Laura Virginia Henneberger's collection of items related to the Holy Communion used by the Crusaders, including Stigal glass, Sandwich, Waterford, and Ravenscrest. The collection is kept in her house, which is a treasure trove. Mrs. Henneberger's husband's family dates back to Henry I in 780 AD, making them princes of the Holy Roman Empire, to which Saxony was added in 1573. The name is on the original Cantons of Switzerland. The Province of Hannenberg was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Mr. Henneberger's great-grandfather, who fought at Valley Forge with Washington, died in June 1849 at the age of 107, and was said to be the last survivor of the Revolution. Mrs. Henneberger was one of the three Valedictorians in her graduating class.\nShe and her brother and sister shared the same honors at college. She has been acknowledged as a woman of letters and has contributed to literature. She has been Historian of the Maryland Division, U.D.C., and her \"Findings in Maryland History\" must have appealed to the President General, U.D.C., as she wrote: \"In the research you are doing and have done, you are contributing much to the history of our country.\"\n\nHer book on the \"Manors of Maryland and Virginia\" is a fragrant chapter of Colonial days. Three of her papers have been broadcast from Boston. \"Henry James\" was put on the air by Joseph J. Reilly, Ph.D., of Yale. \"The Windsor Chair\" was broadcasted by Mr. E. E. Whiting of the Boston Herald. \"The Ring of the Niebelungen Leid\" was broadcasted in March 1928 by Dr. Robert Emmons Rogers, Professor of Literature at the Boston School of Technology.\nAmong all writers who have depicted the early Colonial life of Virginia, its social customs, charm, prodigality, and irresistible hold on the imagination, the name of William Byrd of Westover stands preeminent. He was the first native author Virginia produced, and he remains to this day one of the most entertaining and instructive.\n\nIn our day, Commander Byrd is rivaling Lindberg in his appeal to the hero worship of a great people, and Governor Harry Flood Byrd is directing the destinies of Virginia from the governor's mansion, known as \"Westover,\" which was once the historic home of the Byrds of Virginia.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nWilliam Byrd of Westover\nChair at Richmond, interest turns anew to the celebrated manor beside the James, which was the ancestral abode of the Byrds. History, legend and tradition have twined romantically around Westover, as around no other home perhaps in Colonial America. Across its portals have surged and resurged the tides of war in successive generations. Cornwallis led his red coats here during the war of the Revolution, and McClellan had his headquarters here during the fateful days of the Sixties, as did Fitz-John Porter at a later period of the same struggle. The unhappy romance of beautiful Evelyn, daughter of William Byrd II, is one of the tragedies that tend to throw an atmosphere of. (Note: The missing word at the end of the last sentence is likely \"mystery\" or \"intrigue.\")\nThe mystery and tenderness surround these ancient portals. She loved Charles Mordaunt, grandson and heir of Lord Peterborough of England, but parental objections hindered the fulfillment of their wishes. Evelyn, so the story goes, died of a broken heart.\n\nWestover, built on the most approved models of architecture in Colonial times, has been twice burned but rebuilt each time on the original lines, presenting today an imposing example of the taste of that age. Its Chippendale furniture, winding staircase, marble mantles, iron gateways, paneled walls, and mirrors set in black marble all combine to tell of a time which can never fail to make its appeal to the lover of romance, adventure, and chivalry.\n\nThe vast estate of 180,000 acres, and the spacious grounds, of Westover\nThe manor is surrounded by century-old oaks with stately limbs extending across clover-scented lawns adorned with periwinkle. Of particular interest is the secret passageway leading to the river, used as a means of escape during Indian attacks \u2013 a danger our colonial fathers were never free from.\n\nWilliam Byrd I, who initiated the construction of this historic manor, was an extensive trader during the days when Holland ruled the seas. He brought mirrors, beds, curtains, and all manner of supplies from Rotterdam. He married Mary Horsmander, daughter of a gentleman from the County of Kent in England, and they had three daughters and one son: Ursula, Susan, Mary, and William Byrd II.\nThis William Byrd was a man of powerful intellect, scholarly tastes, and luxurious inclinations, ruling his household with a rod of iron, as his unhappy daughter Evelyn learned to her sorrow. He had a library of 4,000 volumes, an enormous collection of books for that day in America, and was a man of charming manners, delightful in conversation, witty, and with a fund of varied information.\n\nHis stables contained race horses whose equals were scarcely to be found in the Old Dominion; his wine cellars were stocked with vintages from the Rhine and the Moselle; and the guests who came from the surrounding country in stately coaches made Westover an abode of merriment and splendor on the many occasions when its hospitable doors opened for the entertainment of the aristocracy of the countryside.\nWilliam Byrd II married a daughter of Daniel Parke and his wife's sister, Frances. John Custis married William Byrd II's wife's sister, and became the ancestor of the Custis-Lee family of Arlington. William Byrd III married Maria Willing, god-daughter of Benjamin Franklin. He mismanaged the property, which gradually slipped from his hands, and he ended an unhappy life by suicide. His wife, on her own account, had a life of misfortune. She was imprisoned by the patriots in the Revolution due to her known Tory sympathies and her kinship to the wife of Benedict Arnold. Thus, this ancestral estate passed into other hands, but as truly said, \u201cThe spirit of the Byrds still pervades the elegance of the plantation. They sleep beneath tombs in the nearby gardens.\"\nThe Marquis of Chastelleux described Westover in America as surpassing all estates in Virginia with its magnificent tulip trees, fine oaks, and stately poplars.\n\nMrs. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch, Representative Women of the South, Mrs. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch. Among the South's most famous daughters, her name will be handed down with the fairest of noble women who made Washington society peculiarly delightful during the decade preceding the War between the States and who were the brave heroines of the Confederacy and Reconstruction. Mrs. Branch was indeed a superior type of Southern womanhood.\nA person of high intellect, carefully educated and cultured, with a queenly bearing, a brilliant conversationalist with consummate tact, of a sympathetic nature, always giving and calling forth the best in others, and possessing a sweetness of disposition that never uttered an unkind criticism. Endowed with rare charm of manner and wonderful poise, always at ease whether conversing with the leaders of thought and action of her day at the national capital or the veterans of her distinguished husband's command. A close observer of current events, she was one of the best-informed students of war history in the South and of the topics of the times. In the home was the heart, and here her great strength of character and executive ability were revealed. Even the infirmities of advancing years were surmounted by her.\nNancy Haywood Blount, born on December 7, 1817, at \"Meadowville,\" her father's home in Beaufort County, North Carolina, was the only daughter of General William Augustus Blount, who served with distinction in the War of 1812, and his wife, Nancy Haywood. From an \"Old Package of Letters, faded and worn,\" carefully tied by her dainty hands, is culled the following description of this unusual Southern girl at the threshold of womanhood and her childhood home, which has long since been partially demolished:\n\nMeadowville in the Spring of 1833 \u2014 The white paint, the green blinds, the low hipped roof, the dormer windows. Long winding paths lead through avenues of crabapple blossoms, with the twitter of swamp birds making merry the birth and homing of their young.\nThe fragrance of the yellow jasmine, deeper and more sensual than anywhere else in the world, intertwines with the delicate tendrils of the woodbine and the fairy loveliness of the bluebell.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\"It is night and from the long rows of negro quarters, comes the low sad hum of spirituals, always mysterious, always soulful, or the half-savage voice of the young slave, breaking forth with all the joy of his soul and the abandon of his body, which came with his grandfathers from the dark jungles of Africa. -\n\n\"Deep down in the swamps, the dismal fastnesses of which have never been penetrated by man, comes the echo. The beauty, the mystery, nowhere more accentuated in the Old South than on the shores of North Carolina, where the first white child born in America first drew his first breath.\"\ngazed on its beauty, and where old Teach, the pirate, trafficked in souls, at Bath, a few miles down the river from Meadowville, when our nation was in its infancy.\n\nStanding in the doorway, breathing in every fiber of her being, the beauty and the mystery of it, we picture! The mistress of the house, sixteen years old, Nancy Blount. With eyes that seemed plucked from the merry sparkle and heavenly blue of the clear, cool stream, hair as black as the raven's hue, her rather large mouth parted as if in expectancy. Not an overly beautiful face in perfection of features, but the beauty of deep intelligence, soul sweetness, and fire, makes an impression of a beauty more remarkable than could be carved in marble or painted on canvas. Historians assert that in her veins raced the blood of the old courtier, Sir Walter Blount, the\nSir Henry Haywood and the old Admiral and Knight, Sir John Hawkins. Nancy Blount's mother (Nancy Haywood) died when she was seven years old. A maiden aunt helped in the rearing of the family, but General Blount, Nancy's father, early recognized in her those qualities of nobleness of spirit which enabled her to bear the responsibilities of a varied life, of joy, of sorrow, of glory and of tragedy.\n\nOn the paternal side, Nancy Blount numbered among her ancestors Colonel Jacob Blount, who served on Governor Tryon's staff at the Battle of Alamance and was an original member of the Order of the Cincinnati. He married Barbara Gray, daughter of John Gray, a Scottish gentleman who came to North Carolina in the suite of Governor Gabriel Johnston. Jacob Blount conducted an extensive mercantile business in Washington, North Carolina, trading with England.\nJohn Gray Blount and his distinguished brother became influential men in North Carolina during the Revolution, holding many positions of trust. It is said that Blount was the largest land owner in the state. On September 17, 1787, he married Mary, daughter of Colonel Miles Harvey of \"Harvey Hall,\" Perquimons County, North Carolina. Mary was a descendant of Thomas Harvey, Deputy Governor of North Carolina from 1663-1669, and a brother of John Harvey, the \"Father of the Revolution\" in North Carolina. The Harvey family had long been distinguished in the colony for its dignity, antiquity, and wealth.\n\nThe Blounts were of ancient and honorable lineage. They were descendants of Rodolph, third Count of Guisnes in Picardy and his wife Rosetta.\nThe daughter of Count de St. Pol accompanied the Normans to England and fought at Hastings. One returned to France, but Sir William le Blount and Sir Robert le Blount remained in England and received their shares of the spoils. William the Conqueror rewarded Sir William, the general of foot, for his gallant help in winning the victory with the grants of seven lordships in Lincolnshire. His son was seated at Saxlingham in Norfolk, and the great-granddaughter of that gentleman, the sole heiress of her line, Maria le Blount, married in the next century Sir Stephen le Blount, the descendant and representative of Sir Robert le Blount (brother of Sir William le Blount, admiral in the fleet of the invaders). A descendant of this union, Sir Walter Blount, has been immortalized.\nShakespeare wrote the play \"Henry IV\" in dedication to King Henry, for whom he had served as a soldier during the reigns of Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. Blunt is mentioned on the Battle Abbey roll. The immigrant ancestor, Captain James Blount, who arrived in Virginia before settling in North Carolina near Edenton around 1687, was an officer in King Charles II's Life Guards. Through her mother, who was the eldest child of Sherwood Haywood, Esquire of Raleigh, and Eleanor Hawkins, Nancy Blount descended from the distinguished Haywood and Hawkins families, who served the State in various capacities.\n\nNancy was educated at home, as was the custom on southern plantations during the ante-bellum era. She was accustomed to the elegant social life in her father's and grandfather's homes, spending summers at White Sulphur and Jones Springs, which were then at the height of their popularity.\nRepresentative Women of the South: Nancy Blount, the admired belle of every gathering, first met and won the heart of Lawrence (Larry) O\u2019Bryan Branch at watering places. He was the companion and guardian of his uncle, John Branch, who was three times governor of the state, twice United States senator, Secretary of the Navy under Jackson, member of Congress, territorial governor of Florida, and otherwise prominent. The marriage was consummated in 1844. They resided in Raleigh, in the handsome home on Hillsboro Street, built and given to Mrs. Branch by her father.\n\nGeneral Branch, Princeton 1838 (He was salutatorian of his class, and his brother, Col. Joseph, was valedictorian of the class of 1837), was a born leader of unusual ability and commanding appearance.\nHe was honored with high appointments from an early age. His first military service was as an aide to General Leigh in the Seminole War in Florida. He was a lawyer by profession and also president of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company. In 1856, he was elected to Congress on the Democratic ticket without his solicitation and against his inclination. He was returned to Congress in 1857 and again in 1859 by an overwhelming majority. Here he was a close adviser to both Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. During this period, he declined the proffered cabinet positions of Postmaster General upon the death of Aaron V. Brown, and Secretary of the Treasury upon the resignation of Hon. Howell Cobb, tendered him by President Buchanan.\n\nHe was a close adviser to both Presidents Pierce and Buchanan during this period. Despite being offered the positions of Postmaster General upon the death of Aaron V. Brown and Secretary of the Treasury upon the resignation of Hon. Howell Cobb, he declined them both.\nBranch joined the standard of the South as a private in the Raleigh Volunteers (Southern Illustrated News, June 7, 1863). He was appointed Paymaster and Quartermaster General, and later Brigadier General of the Fourth Brigade of the North Carolina State troops. He fell bravely leading his brigade in the Battle of Sharpsburg, Sept. 17, 1862, aged forty-two years, as senior Brigadier General in Stonewall Jackson\u2019s Light Division (A.P. Hill\u2019s Division).\n\nDuring the years spent in Washington, General Branch and his family lived at the historic Ebbitt House. Mrs. Branch's ready wit, impressive personality, and magnetic manner won delightful friends, the memory of whom was to her \"a joy forever.\" Mrs. Clement C. Clay (author of \u201cA Belle of the Fifties\u201d), of Alabama.\nMrs. Branch was an ideal hostess. She never grew old, but ever retained her refreshing enthusiasm for life, people, and the march of progress, the hallowed past. If there were a guest book of her hospitable home on Hillsboro Street, what memories could be revived of the notable men and women who crossed that threshold and sat around that festive board!\n\nPresident Buchanan and his party, including Hon. Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, were royally entertained there in June, 1859. President Jefferson Davis, Mrs. Davis and family, and General Beauregard were among their guests at different times. When Sheridan visited, Mrs. Branch's hospitality was as lavish as ever.\nA man and his army took possession in April, 1865. General Couch and his staff, including Senator Foraker, were quartered there. To General and Mrs. Branch were born four children: Hon. William Augustus Blount, Member of Congress, living in Washington, NC; Susan, married to Robert H. Jones and living in Raleigh; Nannie, married to Armistead Jones, a distinguished lawyer of Raleigh; Josephine, married to Kerr Craig, a distinguished lawyer of Salisbury, NC, who was a cavalry captain under General Stuart, declined a seat in Congress and was assistant Postmaster General under Cleveland.\n\nNext to her church and her immediate family, the old soldiers, whom she dearly loved, were the objects of Mrs. Branch's tenderest solicitude and friendship. She was ready at all times to perpetuate the memory.\nOne of those who died for the sacred Cause was she. She organized the Ladies\u2019 Memorial Association, serving as its president for several years, accomplishing great good. The L-O\u2019B. Branch Camp of Veterans in Raleigh was named in honor of General Branch. This esteemed Christian lady, just a few days before her 86th birthday, calmly and sweetly passed away on December 10, 1903. She was tenderly nursed by loving hands and surrounded by her adoring children and grandchildren, whose lives she guided. The obsequies were held at Christ Church, and interment was in Oakwood cemetery, beside the remains of her beloved husband, after forty-one years of patient waiting and watching. One of the brightest stars in the South's galaxy of noble women.\nMrs. Lawrence O'Bryan has left to her family and to the Southland the priceless heritage of an exceptional example, worthy of emulation.\n\nK&vv ipliii witeisis w*mm wmmm\nLIBERTY HALL, Crawfordville, Georgia\nHome of Alexander Hamilton Stephens\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\nGEORGIA CITY PAYS HONOR TO MOST ILLUSTRIOUS CITIZEN\n\nBy Bryan Collier (Journal Staff Correspondent)\nCrawfordville, Ga., Dec. 3. \u2014 This little Georgia town, rich in the heritage of an illustrious past, holds its head high in the knowledge that on Thursday next, the plaudits of a nation will be paid to the memory of its most distinguished citizen, Alexander Hamilton Stephens.\n\nIn the eyes of the nation, the unveiling of the Stephens statue in the Hall of Fame will be a gracious and merited tribute to Stephens, the patriot, the statesman, the orator; the man upon whose frail shoulders Georgia placed her hopes during the darkest days of her history.\nThe mysterious mantle of greatness fell on his shoulders. But to the people of Crawfordville, where his body lies in eternal sleep beneath the spreading cedars of Liberty Hall, it will be more than that. It will be a national recognition of their friend and former townsman; their kindly, sympathetic friend, who was \"nicer to dogs than most folks are to humans.\"\n\nUncle Harry Stephens, the Negro body servant of Mr. Stephens, spoke these words. Uncle Harry has been dead for many years, but his spirit lives on. The people of Crawfordville quote him proudly because his words, they say, epitomize the life that Mr. Stephens lived among them.\n\nIn Crawfordville, there lives an old negress, Dora Stephens, daughter of Uncle Harry. In her loyal heart, the memory of her \"kind master\" is treasured like a precious gem.\nAunt Dora was born into slavery in 1861, making her 66 years old. She is the rarest of rare types, an authentic \u201cblack mammy.\u201d On Saturdays, her eyes glistened beneath her white turban as she talked about Mr. Stephens.\n\n\"Do I remember him?\" she cried. \"Why, child, those arms have held him many a time when he was sick and couldn't help himself. Every morning I took him his breakfast, and once he scolded me. That was when the coffee was too hot, and some of it spilled on him. After that, I always cooled it before I gave it to him, and I held him with my left arm while he ate.\"\n\nPlease do not marvel at the lack of \u201cdialect\u201d in the quotations from Aunt Dora. She is not illiterate; Mr. Stephens himself taught her grammar and taught her to read and write. In her speech,\nThere is the native softness of her race, but it is not inappropriate speech. She is proud, very proud, and he often let her read to him. When she learned to write, she handled some of his letters. The thought persists that in the heart of this aged negress lies the finest tribute that could ever be paid to the memory of Alexander H. Stephens. For while the nation will honor him with a marble statue and verbal flowers, she has paid to him the service of her hands, and the memory of that service cheers her declining years. Her spirit, in greater or less measure, is the spirit of Crawfordville, and it will be reflected in the official delegation that the mayor of this city has appointed to attend the unveiling in Washington. Crawfordville is rich in lore concerning the life of Mr. Stephens.\nA man began his political career in the Georgia legislature at the age of twenty-four and later served sixteen years in the national congress and as vice-president of the Confederacy and governor of his state in Crawfordville. There are two memorials dedicated to his memory there: a beautiful statue at the entrance of his old home, \"Liberty Hall,\" and the Alexander H. Stephens Memorial Institute, an educational institution that has become a branch of the University of Georgia but has not yet received the necessary funds for full development. It is supported by the city of Crawfordville, serving as the municipal high school and elementary school. These are the only monuments to him thus far.\nThe third memorial for Mr. Stephens will be the statue in the Hall of Fame at Washington. Both memorials are the direct result of the formation, after Mr. Stephens' death on March 4, 1883, of the Stephens' Monumental Association which purchased Liberty Hall, erected the statue, and subsequently built the school on adjoining land.\n\nOf the original incorporators of this association, only two, W. C. Rhodes and M. Z. Andrews, now live in Crawfordville. One member of the original Woman's Auxiliary, Mrs. Clem C. Moore, now resides here. Mrs. Moore was a school girl when the association was formed.\n\nThe Stephens' Monumental Association has preserved Mr. Stephens' room in Liberty Hall exactly as he left it when he left Crawfordville never to return. The bed is in the same position, as is his study.\ntable and a huge cupboard, the latter being still half-filled with bottles of various medicines used by Mr. Stephens in treating the maladies of which he was a victim. The bottles are dust-covered, but they are as he left them on that fateful day.\n\nAt the foot of the bed stands his table, with the shelves beneath crowded with books \u2013 a Congressional directory, a calf-bound account book and similar books that a man in his position would use daily. And on the table is an old gas lamp, for Mr. Stephens installed gas in his home at considerable expense, and a huge volume in which visitors inscribe their names. This volume contains many distinguished names, for many have journeyed here to drink in the memories of greatness.\n\nMr. Stephens\u2019 grave also is on the grounds of Liberty Hall, at the foot of his monument. It is marked with a marble tablet placed.\nThis tablet is a tribute from the Old Guard of Atlanta to the memory of their departed friend, Alexander H. Stephens, patriot and statesman, vice president of the Confederate States of America, born Feb. 11, 1812, died March 4, 1883. His remains rest beneath this tablet. Dedicated October 9, 1913.\n\nImmediately after his death, his remains were interred temporarily in Atlanta, but on June 10, 1885, they were brought back to his home and interred with solemn ceremony. General Robert Toombs, of Washington, his lifelong friend, being the orator of the occasion.\n\nMemories such as this will be carried to Washington next week by Mayor J. A. Beasley\u2019s special delegation, appointed as follows: W. C. Chapman, Robert R. Gunn, Mrs. J. A. Beasley, Dr. [Name].\nJ. A. Rhodes, Prof. J. D. Nash, Dr. H. F. White, Clem G. Moore, Dr. E. T. Portwood, Rev. George C. Steed, Dr. A. H. Beasley, Hon. J. A. Mitchell, Mrs. H. F. White, Mrs. U. S. Gunn, Thomas L. Asbury, Judge M. Z. Andrews, M. R. Saggus, W. C. Rhodes, Ross Gunn, C. W. Gee, George E. Williams, Mrs. J. R. Asbury, Mrs. S. W. Wynne, B. L. Hollis, Rem. B. Edwards, Roger W. Gunn, Lenna Gertrude Clarke Judd, widow of the late Morton Ellis Judd, born in Brownsville, New York, daughter of George Alexander.\nClarke and his wife, Annie Augusta Rosina Seymour. Her paternal grandfather was born in Scotland and settled just before the Revolution on the present site of Charlestown, Massachusetts.\n\nComing from an old and ardent Jacobite family, it is not surprising that Mr. Clarke was a Tory in the struggles between the Colonies and the mother country. Hence, when the Revolutionary War began, he removed to Ontario, and there his son, George Alexander Clarke, was born. As a boy, George Alexander carried dispatches for the English army during the War of 1812. He married Miss Seymour when he was fifty-three and she was sixteen.\n\nThrough this marriage, Mrs. Judd is descended from the oldest and most distinguished families of New England, including the Dunhams, whose immigrant ancestor was Deacon John Dunham of the Mayflower, and whose lineage is traced through a family of English country gentry.\ntry gentlemen from 1294, who intermarried with the Dukes of Connought. Sir Francis Drake was also the grandson of one of this Dunham family. Among other families of Massachusetts from whom Mrs. Judd is descended are John Andrews of Farmington, Conn., the Gridleys, Turners, Richards, Wrights, Woodruffs, and Seymours, and many others.\n\nLenna Gertrude Clarke was educated at St. Anne\u2019s Convent at La Chine, Ontario, St. Mary\u2019s Episcopal School at Garden City, Long Island, New York, and Keble School, Syracuse, New York. In 1885, she married her third cousin, Morton Ellis Judd, who was also of the best New England families. His people had long been connected with the brass manufacturing industries of Connecticut. His immigrant ancestor was Deacon Thomas Judd, who came to America in 1635.\n\nAfter their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Judd lived for some time in New\nMrs. Judd, extensively traveling in Europe, Egypt, Mexico, Central America and their own country, came to Dalton, Ga., in 1903 due to Mr. Judd's health. They had one son, Morton Hubert, born in 1886. Morton graduated from the Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va., Tulane University, New Orleans, and the Massachusetts School of Technology. He took post-graduate work at the Massachusetts School of Technology (Boston Tech). Morton was assigned by the government to special work in Naval Aviation, later becoming a lieutenant and inspector of construction in Naval Aviation. During her husband's lifetime, Mrs. Judd devoted her whole time to her home, local charity, and the work of the Red Cross. After his death in 1919, she was drafted into the service.\nMrs. Judd has carried out many good and progressive lines of work in Georgia and has held executive positions in almost every notable movement since then. Among her activities are the organization of the Dalton Woman\u2019s Club, in which she took a prominent role, and of which she has been the only president. Mrs. Judd is a member of the John Milledge Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. For several years prior to gathering the data required for joining that organization, she enjoyed the unique distinction of being an \"adopted daughter.\" This honor was conferred on her at the request of the late Mrs. Paul Trammell, then a state officer of the D.A.R., in recognition of her continuous and highly valued services for the organization. She was vice-president of the Georgia Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Vice-President of the Georgia branch of the National Consumptives and Tuberculosis Association.\nShe has been a member of the Georgia State Farm Bureau for several years. During her presidency of the Whitfield County Fair Association, she paid off its debts.\n\nShe is the chairman of the Georgia Parent-Teacher Association's budget and an honorary member of the Peachtree Garden Club of Atlanta and the St. Elmo Garden Club of St. Elmo, Tennessee. A member of the Garden Club of Lookout Mountain, Signal Mountain Club, and the Chattanooga Garden Club. A member of the Cosmos Club of Chattanooga and on the mountain school committee of that club. She is the honorary president for life of the Oneonta Passenger Association, an organization composed of the members of the passenger departments of the main trunk lines of the United States, which was established at her home, Oneonta, in 1926.\n\nShe is a member of the national committee on prisons and labor.\nRepresentative Women of the South:\n\nMrs. Judd, a member of the State Board of Forestry, is the first vice-president of the Georgia Forestry Association and vice-president for Georgia of the Southern Forestry Association. She is also a life member of the Henry W. Grady Scenic Highway Association, the Woman's Farm and Garden Association of America, and the National and Georgia Parent-Teacher Associations. At her country place, 'Oneonta,' a mile outside of Dalton, she demonstrates her farming skills, transforming the originally gullied hillside into a beautiful spot through careful cultivation.\nOne of the showplaces in North Georgia has become so famous that the chatelaine is constantly asked to plan gardens, help plant highways, and other public grounds. Dr. John Leyton Stuart, president of Yenching University in Peking, China, was a guest in Dalton and, upon being taken to see \"Oneonta,\" asked Mrs. Judd to come to China and plan the campus of the University. She did so, spending several months with Dr. and Mrs. Stuart, and afterwards making a leisurely tour through Syria, India, the Holy Land, and Egypt. Her collection of Syrian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and Tibetan curios is very unusual, acquired under circumstances that gave her access to much beauty and value never seen by the usual hurried tourist. The house at \"Oneonta\" is a very beautiful building of the English style.\n\nDr. John Leyton Stuart, president of Yenching University in Peking, China, visited Dalton and was taken to see \"Oneonta.\" Impressed, he asked Mrs. Judd to come to China to plan the university campus. She accepted and spent several months there, later touring Syria, India, the Holy Land, and Egypt. Her collection of Syrian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and Tibetan curios is unique, acquired under special circumstances that granted her access to unseen beauty and value. The house at \"Oneonta\" is a beautiful English-style building.\nThe country house, with its type, faces a pool of clear spring water, which lies like a jewel in its setting of wonderful oaks, shrubbery, and flowering plants. The gardens at Oneonta are among its chief charms, and many rare and beautiful shrubs, as well as the best of native growth, make the place a beautiful spot indeed.\n\nEfficient, of tireless energy, with unusual executive ability, enthusiastic, and possessing remarkable initiative and vision, Georgia can be proud of this adopted daughter. She has proven capable of many and such varied activities. In some respects, she seems indeed a real daughter of the South, since her own parents were slave owners of house slaves, and a French grand uncle in Louisiana was a slave owner in the strictest sense of the word.\n\nThe First Capitol of the Confederacy, Montgomery, Alabama.\nIn this building, President Jefferson Davis was inaugurated on February 18, 1861. The Alabama Convention assembled here on January 7, 1861, and declared its independence. The Capitol at Richmond, Virginia. The Congress of the Confederate States of America came here in 1862 from Montgomery, Alabama, and sat until the day in April, 1865, when Lee was turned back at Petersburg and \"all was lost save honor.\"\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nResponse to Address of Welcome\n(A speech made by the Author at the Confederate Reunion in Richmond, Va., June 19, 1922, in Response to the Address of Welcome delivered by Governor E. Lee Trinkle, on behalf of the State of Virginia. Mrs. Collier was introduced by Governor Trinkle.)\n\nYour Excellency, Governor of Virginia, Madame President General,\nHonorable Commander of Confederate Veterans, Madame President,\nGeneral, United Daughters of the Confederacy: It is a joy to respond on behalf of the Confederated Southern Memorial Association to the welcome of the city of Richmond and the State of Virginia. It is with feeling akin to reverence that we come within the borders of the old Dominion. I come to you from the state which gave the first impulse to the organization of the Southern Memorial Association and the institution of Memorial Day. It was in Columbus, Georgia, in 1866, that the first Memorial Association was formed. The Secretary of that Association, on March 12th of that year, sent out a circular letter, addressed to the press and the ladies of the South, urging that the 26th of April be kept sacred as a Memorial Day in honor of the Confederate dead. They presented this appeal in these words:\n\"We cannot raise monumental shafts and inscribe their many deeds of heroism, but we can keep alive the memory of the debt we owe them by dedicating at least one day in each year to embellishing their humble graves with flowers. We'll crown the honored resting places of the immortal Jackson in Virginia, Johnson at Shiloh, Cleburne in Tennessee, and the host of gallant privates who adorned our ranks. Let the soldiers' graves for that day at least be the Southern Mecca, to whose shrine her sorrowing women, like Pilgrims, may annually bring their grateful hearts and floral offerings.\"\n\nIt was a former Senator from New York, the eloquent Chauncey Depew, who said on one occasion that during the great sectional conflict, 'Southern valor found its most eloquent eulogist in the North.' \"\nRepresentative women of the South gathered to celebrate the thrilling days of the Sixties and honor the brave soldiers who wore the Gray. Old Blandford Church, erected in 1735 and restored by the Ladies\u2019 Memorial Association of Petersburg, Virginia, serves as a Memorial Chapel for the 25,000 Confederate heroes who rest within its inclosure. We come to mingle with the throng of those who delight in honoring these soldiers and to add our voices to those throughout the Southland who watch with eager interest what is being said and done in this beautiful city by the James.\nVoices to the volume of praise which a grateful people accord to their memory, not alone to hear again the stirring strains of \"Dixie\" and to gaze once more on the tattered folds of that old banner that we love. We come to refresh our own spirits in the atmosphere of this sacred hour; we come to feel the thrill of contact with your noble history and your ennobling ideals as a State and a people; we come to learn the lessons of history which you have to teach us as we view your memorials of Washington, Lafayette, Lee, Davis, and the other immortals who have made our history glorious.\n\nConfederate Monument\nUnveiled 1896, Boligee, Alabama.\n\nThis is a true picture from life of the unveiling of a Confederate Monument.\nThe Memorial Association of Boligee, Alabama, was organized in 1810. Representative Women of the South. Mrs. Woodrow Wilson (born Ellen Louise Axson) was born in South Carolina, across the Savannah River from Augusta, Ga. She was the daughter of Rev. and Mrs. C.E. Axson. Her mother was Margaret Hoyt, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Nathan H. Hoyt. Dr. Hoyt was a distinguished Presbyterian minister of Athens, Ga.\n\nShe lived with her family in Rome, Ga., when she met Woodrow Wilson under romantic and interesting circumstances. Wilson had begun the practice of law in Atlanta in partnership with Edward D. Renick, who was later assistant secretary of state in Cleveland's cabinet. Business being dull, he came to Rome to spend two months.\nmonths as the guest of his cousin, Mrs. A. Thew H. Brown, and his aunt, Mrs. James W. Bones. Mrs. Bones was a daughter of the distinguished scholar, Dr. James Woodrow.\n\nWhile both were attending services at the Presbyterian Church in Rome, Mr. Wilson's attention was attracted to Ellen Louise Axson to such an extent that he sought an introduction to her. Friends arranged a meeting at a picnic held in a beautiful spot at the headwaters of Silver Creek, and here the romance which later culminated in marriage made rapid progress.\n\nAfter the removal of her family to Savannah, Miss Axson went to New York to study at the Art League. In the meantime, Mr. Wilson had become a professor in Bryn Mawr University, and the two met frequently. They were married June, 1885, at the home of Dr. Axson, her grandfather, in Savannah.\nWhile in the governor's mansion at Trenton, Mrs. Wilson engaged in welfare work throughout the state during Mr. Wilson's governorship of New Jersey. Their children are: Margaret, who has achieved fame as a musician; Jessie, now Mrs. Sayre; Elinore, now Mrs. W.G. McAdoo. Two of these children were born in Gainesville, Ga., where Mrs. Wilson was the guest of her aunt, Mrs. Louisa C. Hoyt-Brown. Mrs. Wilson died in August 1914, at the White House, early in her husband's representative administration, and in the first year of the World War. She was laid to rest in Myrtle Hill cemetery, Rome, Ga., amid the mourning of a whole people who loved her as an ideal representative of southern womanhood. A beautiful monument marks her grave.\nThe purest Italian marble fittingly typifies the snow-white purity and winning grace of the lovely southern woman who lies beneath it.\n\nSunset Walk\n\nBeyond this rose vine trellis,\nWhere the blue bird builds her nest,\nDown through the soft pine needles,\nThe sun sinks in the West.\n\nAnd the afterglow of beauty\nThrough the pathway in the sky\nSets my soul to dreaming\nUntil my thoughts are raised on high.\n\nMrs. Pinkney Hazelton Cherry\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nWillie Lee Jones, wife of Pinkney Hazelton Cherry, is the daughter of Dr. Gabriel Lee Jones, surgeon in the Confederate Army, in the 19th Georgia Regiment, serving through the entire period of the war. He was the son of Rev. Dabney Phillips Jones of Palmetto, Ga., who was a celebrated temperance lecturer and the first one in the South.\nHis wife was Mary Polly Penn, of Virginia, daughter of Frances Talliofarro. Mrs. Cherry's maternal grandfather was Hilliard Miller of South Carolina, wife Carolyn Anne Ott. Col. Kitt, of South Carolina, was Mrs. Cherry's great uncle. Mrs. Cherry is a cousin of Mrs. Alice Taylor Gray, of Columbus, Ga. In Mrs. Tyler's beautiful home, the Confederated Memorial Association was first organized. Mrs. Tyler was the wife of Governor Tyler, of Georgia. Mrs. Alice Tyler Gray recalls many delightful visits from early childhood to the home of her uncle Hilliard Miller, of South Carolina, whose home was the Mecca for all prominent social and cultural affairs. Mrs. Cherry, as Willie Lee Jones, has adhered to the characteristics of her forebears in patriotic service. Her greatest work has been\nShe has provided splendid service on behalf of Confederate Veterans. It has been her lot to help these veterans attend their reunions, bringing them incalculable happiness. No call to aid a Confederate veteran failed to evoke a generous response from her.\n\nShe has held appointments of honor on the various staffs of the United Confederate Veterans of Georgia. She served as Chaperone on the staff of the Commander of the North Georgia Brigade for several years, was also honorary chaperone on the staff of the State Commander for a term of two years, was on the Reception Committee of the staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the United Confederate Veterans, and is currently chaperone on the staff of the Georgia State Commander. She was recently appointed unanimously.\nShe is an active member of the Atlanta Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and did excellent work as Directress of the Julia Jackson Chapter of the Children of the Confederacy. She is a valued member of the Ladies\u2019 Southern Confederated Memorial Association. Additionally, she is a member of the Atlanta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, eligible for membership in the Colonial Dames through ancestor Col. Lawrence Smith, and a member of the Helen Gould Auxiliary of the United Spanish American War Veterans. As a member of the Atlanta Women's Club, she rendered excellent service through the Red Cross section of the Club during the World War.\nMrs. Cherry is a member of the Druid Hills Baptist Church. She and her husband, Mr. Pinkney Hazelton Cherry, have an interesting family: two daughters, Virginia Cherry (now Mrs. Weyman Hippe) and Esta Cherry (now Mrs. Lester Travis Brannon; two sons, Pinkney Hazelton Cherry, Jr., who was \"called Home,\" leaving a lovely little daughter, Dorothy Cherry, and Max R. Cherry, who lives at home. She also has two grandchildren, Lester Travis Brannon, Jr., and Dabney Hazelton Brannon, children of her daughter Esta.\n\nMrs. Cherry's eldest granddaughter, Dorothy Graves Cherry, aged eleven years, was given the unique honor of being appointed Junior Sponsor for the 1929 Reunion held at Charlotte, N.C. This honor was given her by General David B. Freeman, Commander of Georgia Division, U.C.V.\n\nThe \"latch string\" to Mrs. Cherry's door hangs on the outside.\nMrs. Walter Garner Lacy, representative women of the South. Born on September 30, 1889, in Waco, Texas, to Madison Alexander and Martha Dillon (Roane) Cooper, Lucile Cooper was their oldest daughter. Their home was in Waco, where they had resided since their marriage in 1887. Mrs. Lacy is of distinguished lineage; her paternal grandfather was Alexander Cooper, a large landowner from Oxford, North Carolina, and her mother's father was John Selden Roane, governor of Arkansas from 1849-52. Possessing a brilliant mind, she received an excellent education at Forest Park University, St. Louis, Mo. (Graduated 1907), and Gunston Hall, Washington D.C. Her liberal education has been beneficial.\nThe marriage of Lucile Cooper and Walter Garner Lacy took place on November 29, 1911. After their wedding, Mr. and Mrs. Lacy embarked on an eight-month world tour. They had four children: Walter Garner Lacy (born in 1913), Roane Madison Lacy (born in 1916), Lawrence Christian Lacy (born in 1919), and Lucile Cooper Lacy (born in 1923). During World War I, Lucile Lacy was active despite having babies, Walter and Roane, at home. She helped with the Red Cross and held the position of Captain in Canteen work. In October 1921, Lucile Lacy reorganized the Parent-Teacher Association of Sanger Avenue School, serving as its first President. In May 1922, the Child-Welfare Magazine featured Sanger Avenue School, which was chosen from all schools in Texas.\nLucile Lacy, a true patriot, was deeply involved in patriotic organizations. She honored her ancestors by enrolling in the U.D.C. and D.A.R. Serving as Regent of Henry Downs Chapter of the D.A.R. from 1922-24, she was the youngest woman ever elected to that office. During her regency, the Chapter's Permanent Baylor Scholarship Fund was inaugurated. Her interest in genealogy led her to compile a book, \"The Walter Garner Branch of the Lacy Family of Colonial Virginia,\" which was highly praised. In 1927, she served as Chairman of Circle No. 3 of the First Presbyterian Church and was President of the Waco Literary Club from 1926-28. The Waco Literary Club, organized in 1891, was the oldest woman's club in Waco. She was also one of the Charter members of the Little Theater and an active Director for two years.\nMrs. Lacy was made President of the Waco High School Parent-Teachers Association in 1928, and is President elect of the Waco Art League for 1929-31. She belongs to the Poetry Society of Texas, and the Domestic Science Club. In all of her activity, Lucile Cooper Lacy is universally beloved, and her clear, logical insight into all questions which receive her attention makes her advice sought and appreciated. Loyal always to her inherited traditions, with beauty, charming manners, and sympathetic nature, she is a favorite wherever she is known.\n\nMrs. John Fletcher Wootten\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nMargaret Marion Hendricks was born in 1837, daughter of Rev. John Albert Hendricks and Elizabeth Elliott Hendricks. Her grandfather on the paternal side came to America in 1800 and settled in\nStokes County, North Carolina. After the birth of John Albert Hendricks, the family came to Georgia and settled in Lexington, Wilkes County.\n\nJohn Albert Hendricks, who joined the church under the ministry of Rev. Lovick Pearce, became a Baptist minister. He spent eighteen years as pastor of churches in Middle Georgia, and for sixteen years of that time he was moderator of the Appalachee Association. He then responded to a call to North Georgia and spent the remainder of his life in Floyd County, serving as moderator for years of the Coosa Association of Baptist churches. He was an able minister and greatly beloved by the people among whom he labored.\n\nWhile serving his churches, he bought a large plantation in Floyd County, ten miles from Rome, and carried on extensive farming operations, being a large slave owner. He raised a family of eight children.\nMargaret Hendricks, youngest daughter of unnamed parents, is buried in Myrtle Hill Cemetery, Rome. After their deaths, Margaret lived in Rome, Georgia, where she graduated from the Female Seminary, presided over by Dr. A.B. Caldwell. In 1857, she married Dr. John Fletcher Wootten of Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia. Their six children were born from this union, two of whom, Paul and Mary, died in infancy. The four daughters who reached maturity were Eva, Jessie, Ada, and Margaret.\n\nDr. John Fletcher Wootten hailed from a distinguished ancestry. The Wootten surname can be traced back in English history for over five hundred years. The family annals encompass the names of Dr. Edward Wootten, naturalist (1492-1556); Sir Henry Wootten, diplomat (1568-1639); and Rev. Nicholas Wootten, Dean of Canterbury (1497-1566).\nThe name has been represented in America since the earliest English settlement, and has always stood for loyalty, courage, ability, and lofty ideals of life and duty. Dr. Thomas Wootten, the Colonial ancestor, was the first physician to the first settlement in Jamestown in 1607.\n\nDr. John Fletcher Wootten\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\n\nCaptain John Smith, in his \u201cTrue Relation of Virginia,\u201d speaks appreciatively of the efforts of Dr. Thomas Wootten on behalf of the colonists, and on at least one occasion accompanied him on one of his expeditions.\n\nAlexander Brown, in his \u201cFirst Republic in America,\u201d p. 26, gives Dr. Thomas Wootten as one of the members of Captain John Smith\u2019s exploring expedition which left Jamestown, May 31, 1607. He was evidently the first doctor of medicine in America.\nThe fifth son of Kent's Sheriff Wootten is believed to be the ancestor of Dr. John Fletcher Wootten. The Woottens of Kent are frequently mentioned in historical works of that period. Their arms were: Argent, a saltire engrailed sable; Crest, a blackamoor, side face, wreathed, on the forehead, bats\u2019 wings to his head, azure.\n\nThe first Wootten in America who made a certain settlement was Thomas of Isle of Wight County, North Carolina, who died there in 1669. He was also given a land grant in York County, Virginia.\n\nRichard Wootten received a grant of land in Warwick County. Dr. John Fletcher Wootten was descended from the Hintons, a family with an ancient and honorable record in English annals.\n\nSir Thomas Hinton, the grandfather of the immigrant ancestor of Dr. John Fletcher Wootten, was also of note.\nthat name was one of the ablest and shrewdest men of that day. His ancestral estate were \"Earlscote\" and \"Chilton-Foliet.\" He was one of the largest stockholders of the London Company for the settlement of Virginia.\n\nHis third son, Sir John, was an eminent physician during the reigns of Charles I and Charles II, and was court physician to both these kings. He is particularly remembered for a remarkable letter to the latter, in which he detailed many of his services to the royal house of Stuart, and appealed for the settlement of some claims which he held against the king.\n\nThis Doctor Sir John Hinton was the grandfather of the immigrant ancestor who settled in North Carolina. His brother, Thomas, went to Virginia in 1633, and took a prominent part in the affairs of the Jamestown colony.\nDr. John Fletcher Wootten was born in Washington, Wilkes County, Ga., son of John T. Wootten and Ann Hinton. John T. Wootten, born in Washington, Ga., 1801, was the son of James Wootten, born 1772, son of Lieutenant Thomas Wootten, Revolutionary hero, who came from North Carolina to Greene County, Ga., in 1773. Lieut. Thomas was the son of Benjamin Wootten of Halifax County, North Carolina, and a direct descendant of Dr. Thomas Wootten, surgeon of the Jamestown Colony.\n\nAfter graduating from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1854, Dr. John Fletcher Wootten began the practice of medicine in Rome, Ga. Here he met Margaret Marion Hendricks, and they were married in 1857. Dr. Wootten speedily became known as a young physician of great ability, and built up a fine practice. He was highly respected in the medical community.\nAn intellectual writer, possessing a wonderful command of expressive and beautiful language, was esteemed by the most gifted men of his acquaintance as a man of brilliant mental powers. Not long after his marriage, he was bereaved by the death of his father, and the large plantation some miles from Rome demanded his personal attention. He removed to the plantation and continued the practice of his profession, while at the same time supervising the vast farming interests devolved upon him. Then came the War between the States, when he promptly responded to the call of patriotism and went to the front as surgeon of the 3rd Georgia Cavalry, serving for the four years of the war, excepting only the time when he was at home on furlough due to sickness. After the war, Dr. and Mrs. Wootten removed to Dalton, GA.\nA splendid college provided the educational advantages they desired for their daughters, and here the remaining years of their life were spent together. Mrs. John Fletcher Wootten was truly one of those heroic souls, of whom the South produced so many during the trying times of war. While her husband was at the front, facing the terrific experiences of conflict and ministering to the sick and dying, she kept the home fires burning, enduring privation, anxiety, and heartache, yet never faltering in her devotion to the cause for which the South was struggling. She died at the early age of thirty-eight, not long after the close of the war, universally lamented by the city in which she had spent the last years of her life. Hon. John T. Wootten Representative Women of the South she left a record of usefulness and devotion.\nShe was trained by a wonderful Christian father, a gentleman of the old school, to withstand the storms and skillfully visualize the ray of hope when war clouds were blackest from 161 to 165. Humbly and confidently dependent on Him who watches over Israel, she represented that faith which ever surrounded her in peaceful love. She knew sorrow \u2013 when she held her infant son in her arms while fleeing from the enemy's march \u2013 she watched over him and prayed through the lonely hours of anxious waiting \u2013 and his little life ebbed away; and her husband also died. She lived in the love of her children, and her virtues stood as a shining example of lovely womanhood. She was truly one of the \"War Queens of the Sixties,\" bearing always the marks of the gentlewoman of the Old South.\nHe was at the front, caring for and surrounded by the dying on the battlefield. Oh, those were trying times, which will forever give us a place in the golden chapter of history. Cultured and consecrated, with marvelous mental gifts, she was fitted for any sphere of life. She chose the highest \u2014 as wife, mother, and friend; she gave unselfishly of her love, her talents, and no sacrifice was too great. Her Master\u2019s mind was hers, His will, her will, and on through the coming years, the memory of her noble life and her potent and enduring influence still lives.\n\nMrs. Eva Wootten Bradley, whose picture appears opposite, is the oldest daughter of Dr. and Mrs. John Fletcher Wootten. She passed through the stormy days of the war by her mother's side; she remembers many of the thrilling and tragic scenes they all experienced.\nMrs. W.T. McKinney, representative of Women of the South. Sweet-spirited daughter of the South, gentle, refined, and winsome, the subject of this sketch was during her lifetime the center of a circle of devoted friends. They loved her for her winning nature, while they admired her for her superior qualities of head and heart.\n\nElla Willena Wootten was born in Floyd County, Georgia, on July 24, 1874, the youngest of nine children, four sons and five daughters, of Lewis Dampsey Wootten. Her mother was before her marriage Miss Sarah Anne Hendricks, daughter of a highly esteemed Baptist minister.\nG. A. Nunnally stated that some of the finest things in life he learned from her. Her emigrant ancestor was a Hendricks who came to America from Austria to escape religious persecution. Members of this family have always been intensely devoted to their religious principles and convictions.\n\nHer mother died when she was ten years old. She was educated in the schools of her community and joined the Baptist Church at sixteen, where her entire family held membership. She married Dr. W. T. McKinney on May 29. Dr. McKinney is of Scotch ancestry, descended from one of three brothers who came to America in 1647, Albert, James, and Samuel, when barely arrived at manhood's estate, and settled near what is now Abbeville, SC. They all married South Carolina women.\nSettled on Clinch river in Virginia, one remained in South Carolina, and Samuel located near the present site of Asheville, N.C. There is now hardly a community in the United States where some direct descendant of this original group is not to be found.\n\nDr. McKinney was born in Gwinnett County, Georgia, on April 3, 1865. When but four years of age, he was moved to Floyd County. He continued his education with Vanderbilt University, where he graduated in medicine in 1893, and from the University of Nashville in 1894. Since that date, he has been continuously engaged in the practice of medicine at Cave Springs, in Floyd County, Ga. For the past twenty years, he has held the position of physician to the school for the deaf.\n\nFrom the time of her marriage until her death on Dec. [End of Text]\nMrs. McKinney, born in 1926, made her beautiful home in Cave Springs a radiating center of gracious and wholesome influences. A beautiful expression of the thrift, energy, and artistic spirit and beauty that characterized her entire life, her life was one of love and good deeds as she labored unceasingly for higher social standards and the ideals of truth, honor, integrity, and beauty that were at all times the guiding stars for her conduct.\n\nDr. and Mrs. McKinney had one daughter, Willie Ruth McKinney. A lovely young woman, she graduated from Hearn Academy in 1919 and from Brenau College in 1923.\n\nMrs. John Dale Clothier, of Natural Bridge, Va., n\u00e9e Fannie Hamilton Hogshead, was born at Middlebrook, Augusta County, Virginia.\nThe daughter of the late Colonel Preston Bailey Hogshead of Staunton, VA, a gallant Confederate officer who served with distinction in the War between the States, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Hamilton and Paulina Ann Watts, who is a direct descendant of Dr. John Woodson.\n\nDr. John Woodson, married in Devonshire, England, embarked with his wife, Sarah, on the ship George with Governor Yeardley and landed at Jamestown in 1619. Dr. Woodson, a man of high character, proved to be of great value to the young colony. He was born in Devonshire, England, matriculated at Saint John's College, March 1, 1604, at the age of 18.\n\nHe located at Fleur de Hundred, some thirty miles above Jamestown, on the south side of the James River, in what is now called Prince George County. He and his wife and their six negro slaves.\nThe following individuals were registered in Fleur de Hundred in 1623. Here, probably, their two sons, John and Robert, were born \u2013 John in 1632, and Robert in 1634. On April 18, 1644, when John and Robert were respectively ten and twelve years old, the Indians made a sudden attack upon the settlement and before they were repulsed had killed three hundred colonists.\n\nA cherished family tradition perpetuates the account of a thrilling incident. According to the tradition, Dr. John Woodson, returning from visiting a patient, was killed by the Indians in sight of his home. The Indians then attacked the house, which was barricaded against them and defended by Mrs. Woodson and a shoemaker named Ligon, who happened to be there at the moment. Their only weapon was a gun of old-fashioned make, which Ligon handled effectively.\nHe killed three Indians at the first fire and two at the second. In the meantime, two Indians attempted to come down the chimney, but the fearless Sarah Woodson scalded one of them to death with a pot of boiling water and seized the iron roasting spit to brain the other, killing him instantly. The howling mob outside took fright and fled, but a third shot from Ligon brought down two more, making nine Indians killed by this fearless man and woman. At the first alarm, Mrs. Woodson hid the two boys, one under a large washtub and the other in a hole where they were accustomed to keep potatoes in winter. From this circumstance, one of the boys was afterwards known as \"Tub Woodson,\" and the other as \"Potato Hill Woodson,\" and these names were bequeathed to their descendants for several generations.\nThe old gun was in the possession of Mr. William V. Wilson, a prominent lawyer of Lynchburg, in 1915.\n\nFannie Hamilton Hogshead received her education in the public schools of Staunton, Virginia. Later, she took her art education at Stuart Hall in the same city. She married John D. Clothier, of Marion, Indiana, son of H. W. Clothier. He was born at White Post, Virginia, on December 26, 1832, and died on February 9, 1900. He was the youngest son of John and Margaret Clothier, both of whom died in his infancy. He moved with his adopted parents to Iowa in 1856 and then to Missouri in 1857, where he was married to Catherine Fitzgerald on May 19, 1858. They moved to Indiana in 1889.\n\nIn 1902, Mr. and Mrs. Clothier moved from Marion, Indiana, to Richmond, Virginia. They have one son, John D. Clothier, Jr., who is now a student at the University of Virginia.\nAfter going to Richmond, Mrs. Clothier became an active member of the Richmond Art Club and later adopted art as a profession. She is now considered one of the foremost artists of the State. In 1925, she was appointed by J. Fulmer Bright, mayor of Richmond, to carry to Paris the City of Richmond medal to be presented by Ambassador Myron T. Herrick to Charles Hofbauer for his work in completing the murals for the Confederate Memorial Institute. The presentation took place on July 4th, 1925, on the day of the inauguration of the American Embassy in Paris.\n\nMrs. Clothier is a thoroughly typical southern woman of the highest type, talented in many directions, with an arresting personality and patrician beauty which have drawn around her many admiring and loyal friends. She is a devout member of the Presbyterian Church.\nChurch is a member of the following organizations: United Daughters of the Confederacy, Daughters of the American Revolution, Daughters of American Colonies, National Society of Colonial Descendants, Life Member of New York Chapter Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, Life Member Association for Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, Charter Member of Poe Shrine, Richmond, Va., Country Club of Virginia, Richmond, Va., Business and Professional Women, Richmond, Va., Richmond Chapter of Stuart Hall Alumnae, Woman's Club, Lexington, Va., Art Club, Chicago, American Woman's Club, Paris, France, Woman's Club, Richmond, Va. She is eligible to membership in many other organizations through descent from Dr. Woodson (who came to Virginia in 1619), Edward Watts of St. George's Parish (1728), Colonel Richard Durrett.\nThe families of Hogsheads, Terrell, Hamilton, Kerr, Winston, and Davis gained fame during the French and Indian War. Notable ancestors include Sir John Davis, the Grahams, Montgomerys of Sudberry Hall, and Sir Henry Vernon of England, a descendant of Richard de Vernon who accompanied William the Conqueror to England.\n\nThe Kerr family genealogy traces back to John Kerr of the Forest of Selkirk, living in 1357, whose descendants include many leading men of Scotland. Among them were Robert Kerr, created Earl of Roxburg in 1616, James Henry Innes Kerr, seventh and last Duke of Roxburg, Mark, Abbot of Newbottle, whose son Mark was created Earl of Lothian in 1606, and many others. Robert Kerr of Fife, Scotland, married Elizabeth Bayley of Wales, and they came to America.\nIn 1763, settling on the Schuylkill River, 12 miles from Philadelphia, Robert Kerr came to Virginia. He was the great-great-grandfather of Mrs. Clothier.\n\nWinifred Sackville Stoner II.\nRepresentative Women of the South\nWinifred Sackville Stoner II\nCountess de Bruche\n\nOn August 19, 1902,\nOver Norfolk, the old stork flew,\nAnd brought to my mother a wondrous surprise,\nA little red baby with blackberry eyes.\n\nLittle three-year-old Winifred Sackville Stoner sang in one of her first jingles about her coming to Norfolk, Virginia, in the year 1902, the same year World's Hero, Charles Lindberg, was born.\n\nAnd in a way, Virginia may claim that one of her daughters, this same Winifred Stoner, has helped bring nations of the world together. Her books have already been translated into nineteen languages.\nShe has appeared in every European court and important city around the world, helping her mother spread the JOY MESSAGE of education, known as THE NATURAL METHOD OF LEARNING by world educators. Her ancestors on both sides were noted in the literary field, and she was surrounded by a superior home environment and contact with people from birth. At six months old, she was talking, and by the age of one, she amused nurses with her scanning of the first book of Vergil's Aeneid. Before she was two years old, she was able to compose little jingles of her own that children liked to sing, and at three, one of her poems, \"Let The Bumble Bee,\" was published in \"Life.\"\n\nHer father, Col. James Buchanan Stoner, of the United States, is also notable.\nThe States Public Health Service, in his capacity as a government official, had to be sent to other stations. The young author is proud that she was born in Virginia, and that her ancestors had a role in the early settlement of the mother state. Her ancestor Edward Sackville, Duke of Dorset, helped finance the John Smith expedition to Jamestown, and her father's ancestor, Alexander Stoner, helped build the first church on Jamestown Island. As the Countess de Bruche, we can count her among the women of Virginia who are proving what womanhood can do for humanity. Her name appeared in Who's Who when she was about eight years old and already the author of ten books. She became a member of the Author's League when she was ten years old.\nShe addressed huge audiences in all parts of the world when she was five years old, her theme being a plea for an international language \u2014 Esperanto. She wrote books in Esperanto at the age of five and taught many crowned heads of Europe and world celebrities how to speak this language. Now at the age of twenty-five, she is the author of over thirty books, many scenarios, hundreds of cheerio songs, and many articles contributed to newspapers and magazines. With her mother, she began broadcasting programs in the very beginning of the radio game and at present conducts the genius hour over WGL of New York City. At the age of ten, she founded the League for Fostering Genius, which now has headquarters in New York but chapters in nearly every foreign country. During the past year, she opened branches in\nParis, London, Vienna and Rome, where the flowers of humanity, children with genius or talent are given a chance to grow and glow.\n\nMrs. Lamar Rutherford Lipscomb\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nIn the picturesque foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Georgia, in a setting outwardly expressing the splendid character and achievements of its occupant, nestles \"Jaquelin Lodge,\" the home of Mrs. Lamar Rutherford Lipscomb, one of Georgia's most brilliant, accomplished and influential women.\n\nA native Georgian and descendant of a long line of distinguished Southern ancestry, Mrs. Lipscomb typifies in her own life all that is best in the traditions, culture and accomplishments of the land of her birth. The influence of this truly Southern woman will ever be an incentive to the youth of the land.\nMrs. Lipscomb's life is busy and filled with incidents resembling a romance. She has kept pace with progress and has always been recognized as an able leader and organizer.\n\nPrior to her marriage, Mrs. Lipscomb was Jacquelin Lamar Rutherford. She was born in Decatur County, Georgia. Her parents were Colonel John Cobb Rutherford, born in Jefferson County, Georgia, and Elizabeth King, born in Quincy, Florida.\n\nShe graduated from Lucy Cobb College and spent two years at Waverly, Washington D.C. She then completed two years of special courses at Columbia University under Dr. Otto Freeburg. As Miss Jaquelin Lamar Rutherford, she studied for a year at Jaeger Schule, a private institution in Vienna, Austria, for special American students.\nIn her early young womanhood, Lamar Rutherford became the wife of Andrew Adgate Lipscomb, a distinguished Virginian, born in Fairfax County. Their home, an old Colonial mansion, situated in Alexandria County on the Potomac Hills overlooking the Capitol at Washington, was for many years a center of culture and charm. Prominent men and women of marked distinction in the literary and political world have been feted as guests at \"Ruthcomb Hall,\" a hospitable home of the Southland. For a number of years, Mrs. Lipscomb has been the \"chief architect and builder\" of the rural districts of Georgia, and she occupies a place of deepest devotion in the hearts of these friends who are indebted to her vision for the erection of the first rural club house in the South, at Mathis, Georgia, Rabun County (now Lake Mont, Ga.).\nShe is now serving as President of the oldest rural club in the State \u2014 the \"Mathis Industrial and Improvement Club.\" Through her unflagging zeal for broadening the educational advantages of rural Georgia, a number of libraries have been put into operation, and she assisted in the erection of the Tiger District School, of which she is a trustee.\n\nNo name in the annals of club and patriotic work in Georgia is more honored than that of Lamar Rutherford Lipscomb. She has served since the World War as State Chairman of the National Garden and Farm Association \u2014 was organizer of the Salmagundi Club of Athens, Ga. President of the Rod and Gun Club of Rabun County, and the Equestrienne Club.\n\nShe was a member of \u201cThe Washington Fencers\u201d and received the \u2018\u2018Honorable Star,\u2019\u2019 for her proficiency.\n\nMrs. Lipscomb is also numbered among the leading women in public life.\nShe is a member of the Confederated Southern Memorial Association, the oldest patriotic organization in America, and has been recently appointed as its Assistant Historian General. She is also a member of the Laura Rutherford Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Athens, Ga., named for her grandmother. She is the Director of the Ellen Crawford Chapter of the Children of the Confederacy and is a member of the Mary Washington chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She is President of the Patriotic Club and was the State Chairman of the Kenmore Association for two years. Her World War work was far-reaching.\nShe faced the responsibilities and duties of that troublous period with fortitude and practical wisdom, displaying the same nobility of purpose that has characterized her every act throughout her useful career. Each day found her at her post of duty, serving as chairman of the United War Workers of the Red Cross, of the Liberty Loans, and as chairman of the Belgian Relief Fund.\n\nMrs. Lipscomb is an Episcopalian by faith, having been confirmed at St. George\u2019s Church at Fredericksburg, Va., the church of her kinsmen, George Washington and Henry Willis.\n\nShe is a staunch Democrat and has manifested her interest in the political status of her state and country by her affiliation with those agencies which tend toward the development of woman in the realms of citizenship.\n\nShe it was who organized the first political club among women.\nIn Georgia, her perseverance and loyalty to her convictions made her an outstanding factor in the cause of Woman\u2019s Suffrage. She was commissioned to be a National speaker on the League of Nations, recommended by Judge Alton Brooks Parker. Appointed by Hon. Clark Howell, she was delegate at large to the first Convention of the League to Enforce Peace and also appointed by Mrs. Nellie Peters Black, President of the Georgia Federation of Women\u2019s Clubs, as a delegate to represent The Ninth District of Woman\u2019s Clubs. She is now a member of the League of Women Voters.\n\nAdded to her other brilliant accomplishments, Mrs. Lipscomb is a public speaker of force and finesse; and she has lectured upon various subjects: \"The Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial,\" \"Political Education for Women,\" \"Young America,\" \"Political Sunsets.\"\nMrs. Lipscomb is a writer and editor. She publishes her practical ideas, dreams, and advice through her facile pen. She edits the Mountain Star, a newspaper published at Lake Mont, Georgia, filled with current news and wholesome editorials. Its columns are free of unsavory and sensational items, making it a valuable source of enlightenment for that community. She was the assistant editor of twenty volumes of Jeffersonian and also edits \"The Lightning Bug,\" a unique periodical. Travel, both in this country and abroad, has expanded the scope and usefulness of this true daughter of Georgia. Her trips to Europe and two to South America have brought her in contact with notable persons.\nThe women of many nations; it has been her delight to tell the world the splendid traditions of the Southland. Then, to show her undying loyalty to Georgia, she returns to her picturesque and artistic lodge up in the north Georgia mountains, where she wields an influence of ineffable sweetness and charm.\n\nMrs. Charles J. Williams\nColumbus, Ga.\n\nThe writer of the letter on Memorial Day, 1866.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nThe Origin of Memorial Day\n\nAt the close of the war, the women of Columbus, GA, under the direction of the Ladies Aid Society, were accustomed to go with choice plants and flowers to decorate the graves of the soldiers who had died at the hospital in Columbus. One day, when returning from this labor of love, Miss Lizzie Rutherford, who was then Mrs. Roswell Ellis, remarked that she had just been reading such a beautiful passage.\nThe German story \"The Initials\" discussed the custom of tending to the graves of deceased heroes. Miss Rutherford suggested establishing a day for this purpose in the South. Mrs. Jane Ware Martin and Mrs. John A. Jones agreed. Miss Rutherford called a meeting of the Ladies' Aid Society at Mrs. John Tyler's residence, where arrangements were made to create the \"Ladies' Memorial Association,\" whose goal was to care for soldiers' graves and decorate them with flowers. Mrs. Robert Carter was chosen as President, and Mrs. Charles J. Williams was selected as secretary. In the spring of 1866, a few days after the meeting.\nLadies were in the cemetery, caring for the graves. Miss Lizzie Ruth Erford suggested to Mrs. Woolf that April 26th, the day Johnstone surrendered, would be a good day for this purpose, and so it was decided. Mrs. Williams, the Secretary, was requested to write a letter to all the Aid Societies asking them to unity in this custom. It happened that Mrs. Williams and not Mrs. Ellis received the honor of suggesting the day.\n\nThe following is a copy of the original letters of Mrs. Charles J. Williams as Secretary of Columbus Memorial Association, to the press and ladies of the South, regarding Memorial Day, taken from the Columbus, Ga., Times:\n\nColumbus, Ga., March 12th, 1866.\n\nMessrs. Editors,\n\nThe ladies are now and have been for several days engaged in the sad but pleasant duty of ornamenting and improving that portion of the cemetery known as the Confederate section. They have been decorating the graves with flowers and evergreens, and have also erected a beautiful monument over the mass grave of our Confederate soldiers.\n\nIn view of the approaching anniversary of the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee and his army at Appomattox Court House, it is proposed to make this day, April 26th, a day of remembrance and tribute to our fallen heroes. It is earnestly requested that the ladies of the South, and especially those of Columbus, join us in this custom. Let us make this day one of unity and reverence, as we honor the memory of those who gave their lives for their country.\n\nYours respectfully,\nMrs. Charles J. Williams, Secretary\nColumbus Memorial Association.\nThe city cemetery sacred to the memory of our gallant Confederate dead. We feel it is an unfinished work unless a day be set apart annually for its especial attention. We cannot raise monumental shafts and inscribe thereon their many deeds of heroism, but we can keep alive the memory of the debt we owe them by dedicating at least one day in each year to embellishing their humble graves with flowers. Therefore, we beg the assistance of the press and the ladies throughout the South to aid us in the effort to set apart a certain day to be observed from the Potomac to the Rio Grande and be handed down through time as a religious custom of the South, to wreathe the graves of our martyred dead with flowers. We propose the 26th day of April as the day. Let every city, town, and village join in.\nLet all, from the heroes of Manassas to those who perished during the death throes of our hallowed cause, be remembered. We will honor alike the resting places of the immortal Jackson in Virginia, Johnson at Shiloh, Cleburne in Tennessee, and the host of gallant privates who graced our ranks. All did their duty, and to all we owe our gratitude. May the soldiers' graves, at least for that day, be the Southern Mecca to whose shrine her sorrowing women may annually bring their grateful hearts and floral offerings. And when we remember the thousands who were buried \"with their martial cloaks around them,\" without Christian ceremony of interment, let us invoke the aid of the most thrilling eloquence throughout the land to inaugurate this custom by delivering, on the appointed day this year, a eulogy on the unburied dead.\nOur glorious Southern army died for their country. Whether their country had the right to demand the sacrifice is no longer a question for discussion. We leave that for nations to decide in the future. That it was demanded, they fought nobly, and fell as holy sacrifices upon their country's altar, and are entitled to its gratitude, none will deny.\n\nThe proud banner under which they rallied in defense of the holiest and noblest cause for which heroes fought or trusting women prayed, has been furled forever. The country for which they suffered and died has now no name or place among the nations of the earth. Legislative enactment may not be made to do honor to their memories, but the veriest radical that ever traced his genealogy back to the deck of the Mayflower could not refuse us the simple privilege.\nMrs. James Henry Parker, Representative of Women of the South. It should be an inspiration to those who love the work of the Daughters of the Confederacy to know that in the great metropolitan city of New York, with its teeming population and tumultuously busy life, the task of keeping alive the memorials of the Confederacy is not forgotten. Among those whom business or pleasure or social ties have drawn into the swift current of metropolitan life are some who have come from among the best representatives of Southern life, and who have not left behind their interest in the traditions and principles of the old South.\n\nForemost among these loyal upholders of Southern sentiment is Mrs. James Henry Parker. (Republished from Volume 1.)\nMrs. James Henry Parker is responsible for the existence of U.D.C. chapters in New York City and the State of New York. Her efforts and influence led to their establishment.\n\nJulia Augusta Smith was born in Charleston, South Carolina, and grew up in the heart of the ideals and traditions that shaped the civilization of the old South. Upon marrying Dr. James Henry Parker, she moved to New York City and has resided there since.\n\nShe was a founding member of the New York Chapter of the U.D.C., established on March 17, 1897. Four years later, in 1901, she was elected president of the chapter and has held the position ever since, totaling nineteen continuous years of service.\n\nIn June 1916, Mrs. Parker founded a second chapter in New York.\nCity, named in honor of her husband, the \"James Henry Parker Chapter.\" In October of the same year, she organized the New York Division of the U.D.C., and was elected President. She held this position for two years, when she resigned and was elected Honorary President.\n\nMrs. Parker has always been active in the work of the U.D.C., giving liberally of both her time and her means to the furtherance of the cause. She is also a Daughter of the American Revolution, a Colonial Dame and a member of the Order of the Crown. Her interest in the work and her highly effective service in its promotion have given her a distinguished place in the regard of the Daughters of the Confederacy everywhere.\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\nTHE SUWANNEE RIVER\n\nThough Stephen C. Foster was not a Southerner, he must have had a deep connection to the South, as evidenced by his many compositions that captured the essence of the region and its people.\nSomething of him was akin to the spirit of the Southern man, as three of his songs, \u201cOld Black Joe,\u201d \u201cMy Old Kentucky Home,\u201d and \u201cWay Down Upon the Suwannee River,\u201d breathe the very atmosphere of the antebellum South.\n\nThe gentle stream that rises from a Georgia lake and flows through western Florida to the Gulf has been made dear to the thoughts of multitudes by the melodious words and music in which Stephen C. Foster embodied the longing of a homesick soul for the old sights and sounds of dearly remembered childhood.\n\nNo matter whether one\u2019s childhood scenes may lie amid the snows of Canada or the orange groves of the tropics, each can make his own the fervid aspiration breathing in the homely words:\n\n\u201cThere\u2019s where my heart is turning ever,\nThere\u2019s where the old folks stay.\u201d\n\nIt has been said that \u201cStephen Foster went cold and often hungry.\u201d\nin New York streets trying to sell his songs that have made the world dream beautiful dreams. Foster needs no monuments here in Dixie except his songs, which are worth more to the longing hearts of folks than all the great monuments since the time of the commencement of the world. For the sweet beauty of \u201cThe Suwanee River\u201d touches the very soul and heart of all of us, and the monuments only interest the eye.\n\nMany a heartsick wanderer, far from the scenes endeared by childhood associations, has gone back in dreams and visions to remembered joys by the old fireside, as fancy reechoed the words:\n\nAll up and down the whole creation,\nSadly I roam,\nStill longing for the old plantation,\nAnd for the old folks at home.\n\nThe entire song, so dear to thousands of hearts, may appropriately be given here:\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\nOLD FOLKS AT HOME\nWay down upon the Swanee River,\nFar, far away,\nDare is who my heart is turning ever,\nThere is who the old folks stay.\nUp and down the whole creation,\nSadly I roam,\nStill longing for the old plantation,\nAnd for the old folks at home.\n\nChorus:\nAll the world is sad and dreary,\nEverywhere I roam,\nO, darkies, how my heart grows weary,\nNow for the old folks at home.\n\nAll round the little farm I wandered,\nWhen I was young,\nThen many happy days I squandered,\nMany the songs I sung.\n\nWhen I was playing with my brother,\nHappy was I;\nO, take me to my kind old mother,\nThere let me live and die.\n\nOne little hut among the bushes,\nOne that I love,\nStill sadly to my memory rushes,\nNo matter where I rove.\n\nWhen will I see the bees a-humming,\nAll round the comb?\nWhen will I hear the banjo tumbling,\nDown in my good old home?\n\nMrs. David Donaphan Geiger\nMrs. David Donaphan Geiger was born near Lancaster, Garrard County, Kentucky. She is the youngest child of Wade Hampton Walker and Frances Ann (Baker) Walker. They came from a long line of \"First America.\" Her father was a gentleman of the old school, a true type of the Old South, who stood ever ready for defense of his country and was thoroughly identified with the interests and affairs of his State. A large and successful planter, his beautiful colonial home in the heart of the blue grass section of Kentucky was the \"Mecca\" where delightful hospitality reignned, becoming proverbial to rich and poor alike. He proved a friend indeed to one in need.\n\nHer mother descended from a distinguished Scotch and French ancestry.\nShe was the daughter of Dr. Abner Baker, born in Virginia, who held many high public offices, state and county; doctor of medicine, captain of a command of light infantry, War of 1812, appointed to the Mexican War. He married Elizabeth Buford, daughter of William E. Buford and Mary Welsh, of Bedford County, Virginia. William Buford, Revolutionary officer, also served in the War of 1812; removed to Kentucky, 1781, many years member of Kentucky Legislature, founder of the seat of Garrard County, named Lancaster, in honor of the Duke of Lancaster (House of France) of whom he was lineally descended.\n\nChestnut Grove Cemetery, Danville, Boyle County, Kentucky\n\nShe truly belonged to the House of the Aristocrat. Her life was beautiful, attaining the age of ninety-two years, rich in grace and graciousness, honored and beloved by all who had the privilege of knowing her.\n\nShe was the daughter of Dr. Abner Baker. Born in Virginia, he held many high public offices, state and county; doctor of medicine, captain of a command of light infantry, War of 1812, appointed to the Mexican War. He married Elizabeth Buford, daughter of William E. Buford and Mary Welsh, of Bedford County, Virginia. William Buford, Revolutionary officer, also served in the War of 1812; removed to Kentucky, 1781, many years member of Kentucky Legislature, founder of the seat of Garrard County, named Lancaster, in honor of the Duke of Lancaster (House of France) of whom he was lineally descended.\nThe ancestors of Mrs. Geiger, who rendered distinguished service during the Pilgrim period, Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, were the Welsh families Early, Bates, Baker, Watkins in 1607; Fearn, Medstand, Dr. Thomas P. Walker line in 1619; Lee Line, Colonel Thomas, Major Charles, and Colonel Richard Lee, Emigrant in 1634.\n\nHer certified lines of distinguished French ancestors are: Perrott, Crispe. The first DeBeaufort in America came in the ship Elizabeth in 1635. DeBeaufort is a French name, extremely rare, meaning Beautiful Castle. The Castle of Beaufort was in the Province of Aujan, in the village of Maine-et-Loire, France, in the 13th century. The Royal Arms of England and English Beaufort Coat of Arms are the same. She is lineally descended from Sieur Antoine Strabo (or Trabue), born in\nMontauban, old Guyenne, France, 1667. Huguenot refugees to Virginia \u2013 Jacob La Flournois, Greek Historian, born 63 BC; Moyse Verruiel, Mussard, Mellin of Lyons, France; Abraham Michaux, from Sedan, France, all possessed Royal Coat of Arms.\n\nMrs. Geiger attended Millersburg Female College and Bellewood Seminary, Anchorage, Kentucky. She was married to David Donaphan Geiger, October 8, 1900. Geiger ancestry of Puritan and Pilgrim stock from New England States and Cavaliers of Virginia. Two children born, both carving out their own careers in life.\nMrs. Geiger assumed the responsibilities of life with a light heart and unfaltering courage, devoted to home and friends and to the Christian activities of her church (Presbyterian, the creed of her fathers); her interests were religious, civic and social. She gave serious study to historical research, one thought pierced to the core with patriotism. She has now dedicated her life to public service, with the princely motto, \u201cI serve.\u201d\n\nMrs. Geiger organized Buford Chapter D.A.R., Huntington, W.Va., June 10th, 1910; held office as Regent for three full years, receiving the honor of \u201cHonorary Life Regent,\u201d November, 1913. The chapter was named in honor of her ancestor, Captain William E. Buford. She was Chaplain of the Buford Chapter for twelve successive years. She was assisting organizing president of the National Society.\nUnited States Daughters of 1812, president for three years, and state president for four years. Received the honor, \"Honorary President for Life.\" Held the office of state and chapter registrar for United States Daughters of 1812 for six years. Charter member of the Association of Past and Present Presidents of United States Daughters of 1812. Governor of the State Division, National Society, Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims. Commissioned organizing governor, 1924; accorded the high honor of Elder General of the National Society, Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, at a Convention of the General Court, Washington, D.C.\n\nShe held the office of state librarian and chairman of Memorial Hall Library, D.A.R., for three years, an honor of distinction conferred upon her by the West Virginia Daughters, having a Book Plate print.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South.\nMrs. Geiger is the State President of the Confederated Southern Memorial Association, organizing president of the Junior Memorial Association of Huntington, West Virginia, State President of the French Huguenot Society of the Founders of Manakintown in the Colony of Virginia, and State Director of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. A member for life of the United States Flag Association and the Institute of American Genealogy. The second member of West Virginia to be admitted into the Order of the Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe. She is also a member of many local and State Patriotic organizations, various Colonial Societies, and Chairman of important National, State, and local committees. This gives but a faint idea.\nThe public service she has rendered her country. The Coat of Arms in her family is evidence of the many ancient orders to which she is eligible, embracing both England and France. Love, sympathy, service, her strong personality and impelling influence for good are the characteristics that have been a living reality in her life.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\n(Address Delivered by the Author on Several Occasions before Patriotic Societies)\n\nNo theme ever caught up into the texture of its meaning more of thrilling inspiration, more of compelling appeal, more of soul-stirring memories, or of enduring charm than Southern womanhood. A gifted Frenchman, Max O'Rell, when speaking in this country a number of years ago, said: 'I have spent three years of my life in your country, and I have yet to understand the mystery of the Southern woman.'\nThe most interesting woman in the world is the American woman. Allowed from a tender age almost every liberty, she is free, easy, natural, with the consciousness of her influence and power. By intelligence and education, she enjoys all the intellectual pleasures of life. With her keen powers of observation and native adaptability, she fits herself for all the conditions of life. There is not in all the world a woman to match her in the drawing room. She stands among the women of all nationalities, a queen.\n\nA Frenchman shares this tribute, along with the testimony of a celebrated English man of letters, Rudyard Kipling: \"Sweet and\"\nThe maidens of Devonshire are comely, those of London delicate and gracious. The damsels of France are fascinating for their demureness. The Anglo-Indian woman is excellent for those who understand her. The girls of America are clever, they can talk, and it is even said they can think. They are original and superbly independent.\n\nForeign tributes to the American woman: The comely maidens of Devonshire, the delicate and gracious women of London, are charming. The damsels of France are fascinating for their demureness. The Anglo-Indian woman is excellent for those who understand her. The girls of America are clever, they can talk, and it is even said they can think. They are original and superbly independent.\n\nA famous senator from New York, the eloquent orator Chauncey Depew, once said that in the great sectional conflict, there was produced at the north no counterpart to the Southern woman. I have had the privilege of presenting to the reading public the biographies of women representing three generations, among them:\nMembers of the noblest, most honored and most representative families of America and the South, families that have illustrated and adorned every page of our history from Jamestown all the way down to this good hour, and boasting names on which fame has set her seal in every generation. A few of these women wrought out their matchless careers in the epic days which are now but a memory and a tradition, the never-to-be-forgotten days of the Sixties. These are the mothers of the Confederacy whom it is our sacred task to honor and our highest privilege to follow. These are they who kept the home fires burning in the darkest days of that dreadful conflict, and who welcomed home the immortal heroes of the gray to hearts whose faith and courage shone but brighter amid the shadows of defeat.\n\nRepresentative Women of the South\nOf them, Dr. Lucian Lamar Knight has spoken beautifully in his introduction to my first volume, \"The Soul of the Southern Woman. It blazed on the firing line of battle. It hovered over the sleeping bivouac in which the weary soldier dreamed of home. It paced the sentinel rounds of the camps. It inspired Lee to write that glorious order at Chambersburg, a model of its kind, in which he forbade a single act of vandalism while in the country of the enemy. It halted and preserved every letter from the front. It treasured and preserved ten thousand locks of hair\u2014ten thousand faded photographs; at ten thousand gateways it kept unwearied tryst at twilight and in ten thousand windows it kept unweary watch till dawn. It busied itself in making garments for the soldiers at the front. It bent over the wounded and the dying, on the battlefield and in the hospital.\nHourly, in a never-ending prayer to God, through the day and through the night, it winged its flight to heaven, to find composure in a peace beyond the stars. The soldier's golden spur of knighthood, his solace in defeat, even in surrender it buoyed him with hope, till he saw in prophecy a new South rise and on the horizon in Virginia, he caught \"The maiden splendor of the morning star.\"\n\nMany representative women of the South have played their parts on the stage of life in the years immediately past. They have been true heroines in the noblest chivalry of all ages, building memorials.\nHomes where all the social virtues are enshrined, rearing men to carry the nation's standards higher yet, and women with gracious influence, working to bring about better social usages, more just and equitable laws, and more worthy social institutions. Today, women of the South stand on the highest peak and have caught the vision of the world; they have honored the past by marking the earth where our blood was shed with the most beautiful monuments the hand of the sculptor could carve. They have established schools in the mountains that are making eternal kingdoms. They have crossed the ocean in times of war and responded with the noblest hearts to the cry for help. Southern women are patriotic with the same patriotism that fired the passion of their forefathers.\nThe hearts of Lee\u2019s and Jackson\u2019s devoted followers, and in our day, amidst the storm and stress of the greatest and most dreadful war the world has yet seen, proved true to self, true to country, and true to the memory of noble ancestors. I believe that Southern women should ever cherish a just pride of ancestry. In the veins of many of them flows the blood of conquerors and kings, of crusaders and pioneers, of poets, sages, orators, and statesmen, the foremost in the files of time. Many a Southern woman cherishes in her family records stories of heroism of which a knight of King Arthur\u2019s court might have been proud to boast; many of them can tell of acts of heroism of their own or of those dear to them, acts of constancy, fortitude, and resourcefulness worthy of being celebrated in lays of minstrels and songs of troubadours. Some of\nThem have played conspicuous and honorable parts in scenes that are heroic. All of those whose names I have recorded have, in one way or another, made their contribution to the essential riches of our nation.\n\nThe true southern woman, to the manner born, carries with her, goes where she will, the holy traditions and the sacred principles of the South. We are always to remember that we are made for our own dear Southland, and each of us in particular for her own State and locality. Each generation, each class, finds its problems and its tasks ready and waiting for it. What are those which confront Southern women in this twentieth century? Patriotism consists not alone in arms and military equipment, and the forms of service suited to these; not alone in simple compliance with statutes; but in every act,\nThe South respects its women for sustaining its reputation, preserving its history, and imparting its traditions. They are doing so. The South expects them to instill its ideals of manhood in their sons and of womanhood in their daughters, and to be the best representatives of their section that nature permits. The South has been honored for the high type of women it has produced and the unparalleled social system it has developed. Women of the present day must maintain this high standard if the past is not to be a closed book or a cheap edition of it. Rather, let it be made an improved copy, retaining all that was gentle, beautiful, modest, and true of the Old South.\nFor ages, woman has been the topic of poets, fools, and sages. Scribed writers and secular historians have recorded her deeds, paid tribute to her virtues. As mother, wife, sister, daughter, and sweetheart, she has been portrayed by the greatest minds in every literature.\n\nLet us hope that when the New South and the future of this great section shall be painted by some master artist, upon the canvas will be our statesmen, soldiers, and heroes, our men of gifts and achievements in science and literature and art, our movers in industrial progress and material development \u2014 the representatives of southern achievement. But amid them all will be a central figure which shall illustrate society; a beautiful woman, bearing upon her forehead the\nMrs. William T. Scott, State Historian of the Daughters of the American Revolution, resides at Willrose Farm, Chrisman, Ill. She was born near Paris, Illinois, daughter of Judge John Moss and his wife, Nancy Susan Sousley. Both were born in Fleming County, Kentucky, where they were married in January 1867. After graduating from Chrisman High School, Rose Moss took a four-year course in literature and art, and has recently completed it.\nThe Delphian's six-year course. Throughout her life, she has been an eager student of literature and all cultural subjects, and has evidently displayed her literary taste and ability through the productions that have emerged from her pen from time to time.\n\nHer husband, Mr. William T. Scott, manages the Epps Farms, a vast estate of 4,500 acres, and owns Willrose Farm, consisting of 300 acres of fertile Illinois prairie.\n\nMr. and Mrs. Scott have one son, John Robert. Born January 26, 1896. After graduating from the Township High School, he attended Depauw University, where he was a student at the outbreak of the World War. He served overseas for nine months, and service bars conferred by the government testify to gallant conduct at the Marne and in the Defensive Sector. He returned with the Mobile Hospital.\nCorps was discharged from Camp Grant on Jan. 22, 1919, and has since followed his father's calling as a scientific farmer, managing Willrose Farm. Mrs. Scott is a descendant of a long line of distinguished patriots. Every war in which our country has been engaged has numbered some member of her family among its fighting ranks. On the paternal side, she is a descendant of Edward Moss of York County, Virginia (1646). Her great-great-grandfather, Rev. Nathaniel Moss, gave five sons to the American Revolution: Samuel Fuller, Stephen Hopkins, Maternal side: Henry Sousloy, Stephen Cochrane, and Samuel Cochrane, of Pennsylvania. She has eight ancestors who were in the Revolution, explaining her absorbing interest in the records of that gallant struggle. She is a member of a number of patriotic organizations.\nThe representative of women of the South was an active and influential member of various organizations during her time, including the Council of National Defense during the World War. She held several prominent positions such as State Historian of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Governor of Illinois Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, first Vice Regent of Daughters of American Colonists of Illinois, and a member of Founders and Patriots of America, Huguenot Society of Pennsylvania, Colonial Wars of Massachusetts, United States Daughters of 1812, Dame of the Order of Lafayette, State Historical Society, and Valley Forge Historical Society. While serving as president of the Edgar County Historical Society, she oversaw the publication of \"Memoirs of Abraham Lincoln in Edgar County\" and contributed several papers for publication.\nOur Ancestors\nThey have entered into eternal rest;\nTheir home is now among the blest,\nThose loved ones who have gone before,\nWho were so dear in days of yore.\nThese links of gold bring heaven near,\nAnd make that home both fair and dear.\nIt does not seem so very far,\nWhere they are now from where we are.\nThat place to us will dearer grow,\nAs years go swiftly by, we know;\nThat heavenly home so bright and fair,\nIs brighter still since they are there.\nSometime we too will sail away,\nWhen the night comes down to embrace the day;\nThen greet the loved ones who have sailed before\nFrom this earthly realm to the unknown shore.\nMrs. Scott's interests extend to church, social, and community activities. She is a member of the Woman's Club, literary, music, and art divisions. As a Presbyterian, she is active in all the work of the church, and for ten years has taught the women of the Bible class. Mr. Scott is an elder in the church.\n\nMRS. LOLLIE BELLE WYLIE, Representative Woman of the South\n\nLaura Isabelle Moore Wylie, of Atlanta, was born at Bayou Coq d'Inde in Mobile County, Alabama, a romantic place settled by French people of a high intellectual type. She was cradled in the lair of Lafitte, the Gulf pirate, lulled by the mysterious music on the Southern bayous, and nursed among the tumuli of the Pascagoula Indians, who inhabited Coden at one time.\n\nHer father was Dr. Thomas Polk Moore, and her mother Augusta.\nEllis Moore, of Charleston, SC. She was descended from two governors: James Moore, the first and second of Berkley County, Carolina, and Governor Sir John Yeamans, who settled Charleston. Among her ancestry were also the Dorrells, Chestnuts, Ellises, Lees of Carolina and Virginia, Dryesdales of Ireland, Neufvilles of France, and McIntoshes of Scotland.\n\nShe was married in 1877 to Hart Wylie and widowed in 1887. Two daughters were born to this union: Augusta Wylie, now Mrs. Charles Preston King, and Hart Wylie, now Mrs. Edward Inglis Smith, Jr., of Athens, GA. She had three granddaughters: Charlotte King, Laura Isabelle Smith, and Hart Wylie Smith.\n\nMrs. Wylie began her literary career under the guidance of Senator Hoke Smith, when she was put at the head of the Atlanta Journal.\nShe was the first woman in Georgia to hold a regular reporter position on a daily paper. She assisted in organizing the Woman's Press Club of Georgia, which entertained the International League of Press Clubs in Atlanta. She was one of two women in Georgia given a special day at the Cotton States and International Exposition, and a program of her writings and music was given, with her portrait hung in the Woman's Building. Her poems were translated in foreign publications and copied in the leading Buddhist magazine in India. They were compared by competent critics to the poems of Heine, Herrick, and Swinburne. She wrote a play, \"The Golden Goose,\" which was successfully produced, and her stories appeared in first-class magazines. Mrs. Wylie was president of the Atlanta Writers' Club.\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nShe held official positions in the Stone Mountain Monumental Association, the Uncle Remus Memorial Association, The Atlanta Woman's Pioneer Society, the Atlanta Chapter U.D.C., Atlanta Chapter D.A.R., and was a charter member of the Colonial Daughters. At the age of fifteen, she was an active member of the Beethoven Society, a musical organization of a high order.\n\nBy the consecration of her life to the highest literary ideals, she made for herself a name in literature that will radiate through coming years a memory and melody as sweet as the music of the mysterious Southern bayous that lulled her childish heart to sleep.\n\n\"Gaines Wood,\" in Demopolis, Alabama - Most Noted Antebellum Home in Alabama\nOn the outskirts of Demopolis, Alabama, in historic Marengo County and nearly within sight of the Tombigbee River, lies the beautiful ante-bellum home of \"Gaineswood.\" Built by General Nathan Bryan Whitfield and now owned by his granddaughters, Misses Louisa and Bessie Dustan, \"Gaineswood\" is still as beautiful and holds its head as proudly as in the days when President Polk honored the mistress of this mansion by making his headquarters within its hospitable walls, feeling in turn honored by the courtly welcome and warm hospitality extended him.\n\nGeneral Whitfield had Jefferson's beautiful home at Monticello, Virginia, in mind when planning \"Gaineswood.\" He designed the drawing room, salon, breakfast room, quaint halls, and galleries, supervising much of the building and assisting in person.\nin carrying out some of the beautiful decorations in Muresco. Although the General has long since been gathered to his fathers, this fair monument speaks for him of taste and culture. As an old cameo, it shines, white, clean-cut, with a background of rich Southern foliage, beneath Southern skies and fittingly belonging to the same historic family.\n\n\"You must see Gaineswood before leaving town,\" or \"I am so glad you have seen Gaineswood.\" And truly one feels almost under Dreamland's thrall in the shadow of its walls.\n\nWhat stately Southern dames or laughing Dixie lasses came and went through the quaint porte cochere? As swords and spurs clanked through halls and galleries, what whispered words of war or wooing helped to make history?\n\nWhere an artesian well now runs, a fountain once merrily sparkled, checked, alas, by a lawless Union soldier. The two lakes joined by a common stream.\nThe bridge of sighs has vanished, and the musicians' stands overlooking these lakes and the driveway through the grounds is now an ordinary summer house. The ghostly chair in the observatory has also vanished. Yet the terrace, the very atmosphere, still resonates with the spell of a historic past.\n\nThe past of the nation that \"rose so white and fell as stainless\" should be forever at rest here, for \"Gaineswood\" is now held as a cherished possession by daughters of the North as well as the South.\n\nFrom Montgomery Advertiser.\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\n\nMrs. W. D. Ellis\n\nMrs. Phoebe Prioleau Ellis, wife of Judge W. D. Ellis of Atlanta, Georgia, was a native of South Carolina. She was descended from Rev. Elias Prioleau, who in 1687 founded the Huguenot Society of South Carolina.\nThe Province was home to Colonial Samuel Prioleau of Revolutionary fame. His grandmother, Judge Samuel Prioleau, held high civic and judicial office in Charleston. Her mother was a daughter of Major James Hamilton of the Revolution and a niece of Thomas Lynch, Jr., one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. During the Civil War, Mrs. Ellis, her widowed mother and younger brothers and sisters, endured many hardships. They were forced to refugee from their home in Beaufort and never saw it again. Their property was confiscated or destroyed, leaving them with only their resources. In 1868, she married W. D. Ellis, a young South Carolina soldier, who was commissioned as a lieutenant at eighteen and served gallantly in some of the bloody battles in Virginia.\nMrs. Ellis was a Northern prisoner when the war ended around 1870. They later moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where they lived together for nearly fifty years, respected and beloved by all who knew them. Her husband was one of the leading lawyers in the State and held numerous positions of trust and honor. Since 1907, he has served as judge of the Superior Courts of the Atlanta Circuit. Although a devoted mother and consecrated to the duties of the home and the care of her children, Mrs. Ellis was ever faithful to the traditions of the Confederacy and loyal and tireless in perpetuating the memory of the soldiers who wore the gray. When the Atlanta Ladies\u2019 Memorial Association was organized in 1884, Mrs. Ellis was a charter member and was elected its first vice-president, which office she held until the death of the president.\nRepresentative Women of the South\n\nwas elected president of the Association and served nearly twenty-five years. As a mute testimonial to the labors of the Association over which she presided stand the grounds of the Confederate dead in Oakland Cemetery \u2014 the stately monuments, the marble headstones, the ornate copings, the well-kept green swards, where the unknown dead are sleeping, the calm of the evergreen magnolias and the brightness of spring flowers \u2014 all speak louder than any words the love, tenderness, and persevering care that she and her associates lavished on the last resting place of the heroes of the Confederacy. The magnificent parades organized under her leadership, the flow of oratory procured and inspired, have made Memorial Day in Atlanta a day of note in the life of the city and have been one.\nMrs. Ellis, born January 31, 1848, in Beaufort, died June 9, 1919, in Atlanta, was a source of satisfaction and, if not comfort, to know that she lived a noble life of service to family, friends, and community. Her life never failed to measure up to every requirement, and she afforded a superb example of Southern womanhood in her many activities in the South's benevolent and historical associations. She served as Regent.\n\nHon. Alex C. King, Solicitor General of the United States, said of her in a memorial letter, \"It is a source of satisfaction, if not of comfort, to feel and know how fully and how long Mrs. Ellis has lived a life of noble service to family, to friends and to the community; how she never failed in measuring up to every requirement, and the superb example of Southern womanhood which she afforded.\"\nAtlanta Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, was a member and active worker in the Colonial Dames, Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Huguenot Society of South Carolina.\n\nMcLean Home, where Lee Surrendered\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH\nWOMEN OF COLONIAL TIMES\n(Paper Read by the Author before the Daughters of the American Colonies in Atlanta)\n\nNearly a century and a half have passed since the colonial period. In all that span of years, extending from the time of the settlements at Jamestown and Plymouth to the era of the Revolution, there were few productions in art and letters from the women of the colonies, save the efforts of Mercy Otis Warren. The needle overshadowed the pen and the brush; an activity and energy that are almost unbelievable filled their days to the brim.\n\nSimplicity was the keynote of their days and thrift and patience.\nThose were the days when virtues were universally practiced. Women felt strongly and knew full well the meaning of loyalty, sacrificing all if opportunity presented itself in silence for their country. What noble examples were set for all future generations by these splendid women of colonial days, in manners and morals, by their great dignity and lofty sense of duty, undivided devotion to the home, heroic bravery, deep religious faith, neighborly kindness, grace, and charm of manner, which rendered them worthy objects of admiration and veneration with which they will ever be regarded.\n\nJustly do they deserve the founding of an order that will perpetuate the things worthwhile for which they stood. In the Daughters of the American Revolution and the Daughters of the Confederacy, the sublimest qualities of their colonial foremothers should be reflected.\nThe gift of heredity is apparent; their characters differed only in the adaptation to the clime in which they live and have their being. Blessed indeed is our country in the substantial foundation laid by her sturdy, brave pioneers.\n\nIn colonial times, the home was the throne for which woman lived. Around that throne all her hopes and joys were built. She was a busy woman. To every girl of high and low degree, the art of spinning was taught. Women would take their spinning wheels and spend hours on Boston Common, while prizes were often given for the fastest spinner.\n\nThe mistress of the home was provident; in the spring, she dipped a supply of candles that would last her through the winter. Two hundred candles was the average number that she dipped a day.\n\nREPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH.\nThe colonial woman made candles from beeswax and bay-berries, soap from treasured grease, and autumn lye from ashes. She preserved fruit in the summer and stored the finest wines in her cellar, even making medicine at home. She crafted hats from straw, wove carpets, made laces, and knitted beaded bags. The colonial woman did not eat the bread of idleness. Silk weaving was her proficient art, and she had slaves to feed the silk worms. It is said that Martha Washington reused her old silk gowns, dyeing them fresh, raveling threads, and winding them onto bobbins. No wonder General Washington, at his death, was America's wealthiest man.\nThe South has never found a finer type of colonial dame than Eliza Lucas, later Mrs. Charles Pinckney of South Carolina. At sixteen, she and her mother and little sister, Polly, went to live at Wappee while her father, Colonel George Lucas, was royal governor of Antigua. This young girl was entrusted with the management of all three plantations. She succeeded in introducing the cultivation of indigo into the colony at this time, which later became the chief state export, amounting to one million pounds a year.\n\nI would have you remember that the colonial period of American history has never been equaled in brilliance of intellect and social culture. Virginia was filled before 1700 with men and women of genius and force and intense devotion to liberty to a degree never equaled in modern times. Even Henry Cabot Lodge, who has also...\nWe have been unjust to the South. We must go back to Athens to find another example of a society so small, capable of such an outburst of ability and force. The colonial days were days of adventure, demanding patriotism, with great faith and trust in God. They were days that truly brought out the royal blood that seeks no reward save his country's triumph. In all of history, women have played their part nobly. Many are the names inscribed on the pages of history that record heroic deeds of women in colonial times. There was Bonny Kate Sherrill, who, when she learned from an Indian playmate that the Indians and Tories were planning an attack on Wautauga settlement, mounted a one-eyed, sore-backed horse, and with only a rope for a bridle, rode miles through dark forests, and, upon reaching the settlement, rallied the men and led them to victory. Representative Women of the South.\nwaded deep through British spies to save her people from the enemy. Nor was Paul Revere's ride equal in heroism to that of Agnes Robinson. She carried important dispatches from Governor Heard of Georgia to General Nathaniel Green in South Carolina. Disguising herself as a plain countrywoman, mounted on \u201cSilverheels,\u201d the governor's horse, for three days, she spent the nights at farm houses in the enemy's country. She took her life in her hands for love of her country and safely delivered the dispatches to our American commander.\n\nThen there was Emily Geiger, who, when they sent a woman to search her, read her dispatches, chewed them up and swallowed them. We of the South always love to remember that our Jamestown colony in Virginia was the first permanent English colony in America.\nAnd the first one to have a written constitution, an assembly, a schoolhouse, a school for Indians, a missionary to the Indians, a preacher, and baptism. Surely the South may claim to be preeminent in this, the first period of history. There were eleven plantations, or parishes, in Virginia, with negroes on them and a population of more than four thousand people before the Mayflower ever sailed for America. Justly has Jamestown been called the cradle of our republic. In this southern colony, many brilliant women lived in our early colonial days.\n\nThe heroine of my story this afternoon lived in the colonial days \u2014 Margaret Brent, born about 1600 and died at St. Mary\u2019s, Maryland, about 1661. It has been said of her that had she been born a queen, she would have been as brilliant and daring as Queen Elizabeth.\nShe would have been a Cromwell in courage and audacity, had she been born a man. When Charles First of England gave land in the new world, which he named Maryland in honor of his queen, he could not foresee that this province would one day come under the guidance of a woman, likened in brilliance to his cousin, Queen Elizabeth, and in courage to his judge and successor, Oliver Cromwell. For she is said to have been a woman of courage and executive ability. She knew people and was able, in her tactful way, to manage them. Therefore, we find her entering into all the affairs of her country as the years passed. We read of her registering cattle marks, buying and selling property, and signing herself \"attorney for my brother.\"\nGovernor Calvert frequently sought Margaret's counsel. During his two-year exile, he left the colony in her care. His attentions towards her were notable; she was referred to as \"Mistress Margaret Brent\" throughout her life, despite his repeated marriage proposals, which she declined.\n\nIn 1647, Governor Calvert's health deteriorated, and after a prolonged illness, he acknowledged his approaching demise. He summoned his associates, providing them with final instructions before dismissing them. He then requested to see Margaret, stating, \"There is no one in the colony as wise, able, and loyal as you. I appoint you my sole executrix; take all, pay all.\" This is reportedly the shortest will ever recorded.\n\nMargaret accepted the will and assumed her new role immediately.\nShe moved into the Governor's mansion, having been well acquainted with the old maxim of the law that possession is nine points. She collected all the property and, ever mindful of the Governor's will, paid all debts. It was not long before she became Lord Baltimore's attorney. In this position of dignity, she controlled the colony.\n\nShe decided she had a right to a seat in the General Assembly, so she rode four miles over snow-covered ground to the General Assembly. When she entered the courtroom, one of the gentlemen is said to have remarked, \"We had better adjourn,\" but Margaret Brent, in her quiet dignity, remained firm in her intention to speak. Eventually, as usual, she had her way, and when she rose to speak, it was the first time in America that the claim of a woman was recognized.\nman\u2019s  rights  was  placed  before  the  Assembly. \nI \nsaS&i \niSKfr^W'' \nLIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS \nI  mill  lllll  lllll  inn  mu  mu  mu  mu  mu  imi  \u00bb\u25a0'  \u25a0\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 \nmH ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
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