[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1821, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive/American Libraries.)\n[Illustration]\n                       INSTRUCTION AND AMUSEMENT\n                      KNOWLES, VOSE AND COMPANY.\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by Knowles,\nVose & Co., in the Clerk\u2019s Office of the District Court for the\nDistrict of Rhode-Island.\nCONTENTS.\nCHAPTER FIRST.\nWashington\u2019s birth\u2015\u2015his ancestors\u2015\u2015the first school he attended\u2015\u2015family\nanecdotes\u2015\u2015death of his father.\nCHAPTER SECOND.\nFamily anecdote\u2015\u2015George lives with his half-brother Augustine about\nthree years, and attends Mr. Williams\u2019s school\u2015\u2015his manuscript book of\nforms\u2015\u2015his rules of behavior.\nCHAPTER THIRD.\nCame very near entering the British Navy at the age of fourteen\u2015\u2015attends\nschool at Fredericksburg\u2015\u2015becomes a practical surveyor at the age of\nsixteen\u2015\u2015the Indian war dance\u2015\u2015continues surveying three years\u2015\u2015is\nappointed Adjutant General of the Militia, with the rank of Major, at\nthe age of nineteen\u2015\u2015accompanies his half-brother Lawrence to\nBarbadoes\u2015\u2015Lawrence dies and leaves George the Mount Vernon estate.\nCHAPTER FOURTH.\nWashington\u2019s mission from the Governor of Virginia to the French\ncommandant, at the age of twenty-one\u2015\u2015narrowly escapes being killed by\nan Indian\u2015\u2015came near being drowned in the Allegany river\u2015\u2015visits Queen\nAliquippa.\nCHAPTER FIFTH.\nMajor Washington, at the age of twenty-two, is appointed to command the\nregular Virginia forces, consisting of two companies\u2015\u2015being increased\nto six companies, he is raised to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and\nmade second in command\u2015\u2015his modesty\u2015\u2015the fort, just begun at the fork\nof the Ohio, surrenders to the French\u2015\u2015Washington attacks and defeats a\nparty of French.\nCHAPTER SIXTH.\nBattle of the Great Meadows\u2015\u2015vote of thanks to Colonel Washington and\nhis officers\u2015\u2015disapproving of the arrangement of the Virginia troops,\nhe retires from the service.\nCHAPTER SEVENTH.\nIs invited by General Braddock to join his expedition as a\nvolunteer\u2015\u2015accepts the invitation\u2015\u2015Battle of Monongahela\u2015\u2015Washington\nconducts the retreat with ability, and retains the confidence of the\npublic.\nCHAPTER EIGHTH.\nAnecdote\u2015\u2015Washington is appointed to command the Virginia forces\u2015\u2015his\nvisit to Boston\u2015\u2015commands the advance division at the taking of Fort\nDu Quesne\u2015\u2015resigns his military commission\u2015\u2015marries\u2015\u2015devotes himself\nchiefly to agricultural pursuits till called to take command of the\nAmerican armies in the war of Independence.\nTO THE READER.\nThe following is a narrative of him, who has been justly styled \u201cThe\nFather of his Country.\u201d It comprises the first twenty-seven years of\nhis life. Though this is the least brilliant portion of Washington\u2019s\nlife, it is a _valuable_ portion of it; because it exhibits those\ntraits of character which laid the foundation of his future greatness,\nand are worthy the attention and imitation of youth.\nThe author, in remarking that he has drawn his information from the\nmost authentic sources, acknowledges his obligations to the works of\nWeems, Ramsay, Marshall, and M\u2019Guire, and especially to the valuable\nnotes and observations of Sparks.\nTHE EARLY LIFE OF WASHINGTON.\nCHAPTER FIRST.\nWashington\u2019s birth\u2015\u2015his ancestors\u2015\u2015the first school he attended\u2015\u2015family\nanecdotes\u2015\u2015death of his father.\nGeorge Washington was born in Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732.\nThe particular place of his birth was Pope\u2019s Creek, Washington parish,\nin the county of Westmoreland. The name of his great grandfather was\nJohn Washington, who came from the north of England and settled on\nPope\u2019s Creek, in Virginia, in the year 1655. He afterwards married\nMiss Pope, the daughter of the gentleman from whom the Creek took its\nname. John Washington is believed to have been a military man in early\nlife. His will, now at Mount Vernon, is endorsed thus: \u201cThe will of\nLieutenant Colonel Washington.\u201d This will contains a small bequest to\nthe church, and affords evidence that he was a pious man. As the parish\nin which he lived has always borne his name, he was probably very\ninstrumental in establishing it.\nJohn Washington had three children, Lawrence, John and Ann. Lawrence\nWashington, the oldest son and the grandfather of George, inherited the\nPope\u2019s Creek farm.\u2015\u2015Augustin Washington, the son of Lawrence and the\nfather of George, was born in the year 1694. He was probably the eldest\nson of Lawrence, as he inherited the patrimonial estate at Pope\u2019s Creek.\nAugustin Washington was married twice. His first wife was Jane Butler,\nby whom he had four children, viz. Butler, Lawrence, Augustin, jun. and\nJane. Butler and Jane died young. Lawrence and Augustin lived to be\nmen. The second wife was Mary Ball, a young lady of highly respectable\nfamily in the northern part of Virginia.\u2015\u2015George was the first fruit of\nthis union. He was the oldest of six children, viz. George, Elizabeth,\nSamuel, John Augustin, Charles and Mildred. Mildred died very\nyoung.\u2015\u2015George was baptized April the 5th, 1732.\nThe church of England was then almost the only denomination of\nChristians in the colony of Virginia. The parents of George Washington\nwere members of this church, and brought up their family in the habit\nof regular attendance on public worship.\nThe first school that George attended, was kept by Mr. Hobby, an\nelderly man, who was both the school master and the sexton of the\nparish. By this old man, the father of his country was first taught to\nread. Although George\u2019s father sent him to this school, he took upon\nhimself the oversight of his education, and the pleasing duty of early\ninstilling into his mind the principles of piety and virtue. His manner\nof doing this appears by the following anecdotes, which were related to\nthe Rector of Mount Vernon Parish, by a venerable lady now deceased,\nwho, as a friend and relative, spent many of her youthful days in the\nfamily.\nOne fine morning in the autumn of 1737, Mr. Washington, having George,\nthen five years old, by the hand, came to the door and invited cousin\nWashington and myself to walk with them to the orchard, promising to\nshow us a fine sight. On arriving at the orchard, we were presented\nwith a fine sight indeed. The ground, as far as we could see, was\ncovered with mellow apples, and yet the trees were bending under the\nweight of their fruit. \u201cGeorge,\u201d said his father, \u201cdon\u2019t you remember,\nmy son, when this good cousin of yours brought you that fine large\napple, last spring, that I could hardly prevail upon you to divide\nit with your brothers and sisters? And don\u2019t you remember I then told\nyou we ought to be generous to each other because the Almighty is so\nbountiful to us?\u201d Poor George could not say a word, but hanging down\nhis head, looked quite confused. \u201cNow look around, my son,\u201d continued\nhis father, \u201cand see how kindly the Almighty has treated us, and learn\nfrom this how we ought to treat our fellow creatures.\u201d George looked a\nwhile in silence on the abundance of fruit before him, then lifting his\neyes to his father, he said, with emotion, \u201cWell, father, only forgive\nme this time, and see if I am ever so stingy any more.\u201d\nMr. Augustine Washington took great pains early to inspire his son\nGeorge with the love of truth. The following anecdote shows that his\nendeavors were not without success.\nWhen George was about six years old, he became the owner of a hatchet,\nwith which, like most other little boys, he was very much delighted.\nHe went about chopping every thing that came in his way. One day, in\nthe garden, he unluckily tried the edge of his hatchet upon the body\nof a beautiful young English cherry tree, which he cut so badly that\nthe tree never recovered from the injury. The next morning his father\nseeing what had befallen the tree, which, by the by, was a great\nfavorite with him, came into the house, and with much warmth, asked\nwho had done the mischief, declaring at the same time, that he would\nnot have taken five guineas for the tree.\u2015\u2015Nobody could tell him any\nthing about it. Presently George and his hatchet made their appearance.\n\u201cGeorge,\u201d said his father, \u201cdo you know who cut that beautiful cherry\ntree yonder in the garden?\u201d George was taken by surprise. He hesitated\nfor a moment; but he soon recovered himself.\u2015\u2015Looking at his father,\nhe said, \u201cI will not tell a lie, father, I cut it with my hatchet.\u201d\nThe delighted father, embracing his child, said, \u201cNo matter about the\ntree, George; you have frankly told me the truth. Though you saw I\nwas offended, you were not afraid to do right. The pleasure I enjoy\nto witness this noble conduct in my son is of more value to me than a\nthousand such trees.\u201d\nMr. Washington took the following method to impress upon his son the\nexistence and wisdom of God from the evidence of design in his works.\nOn a bed in the garden, well prepared for the purpose, he traced with\na stick the letters of his son\u2019s name. He then very carefully sowed\nseed in the small furrows made by the stick, covered it over and\nsmoothed the ground nicely with a roller. In a few days the seed came\nup, and exhibited in large letters, the words GEORGE WASHINGTON.\u2015\u2015They\nsoon caught the eye for which they were intended. Again and again the\nastonished boy read his name, springing up from the earth, fresh and\ngreen. He ran to his father and exclaimed, \u201cO father! come here! come\nwith me and I will show you such a sight as you never saw in all your\nlife.\u201d Eagerly seizing his father\u2019s hand, he tugged him along through\nthe garden to the spot. \u201cLook there, father,\u201d said he, \u201cdid you ever\nsee such a sight before?\u201d \u201cIt is a curious affair, indeed, George.\u201d\n\u201cBut, father, who made my name there?\u201d \u201cIt grew there, my son.\u201d \u201cI\nknow it grew there, but who made the letters so as to spell my name?\u201d\n\u201cDid they not grow so by chance, my son?\u201d \u201cO no, sir, they never grew\nso by chance.\u201d \u201cWhy not, my son?\u201d \u201cNobody,\u201d said George, \u201cever saw a\nsingle letter grow up by chance; and how could a whole name grow up so\neven and be spelled so exactly right by chance? Somebody planted it\nso.\u201d \u201cThat is true, George. I planted it so,\u201d said Mr. Washington, and\nshowed him how he did it. \u201cNow, George, if letters could not grow so as\nto spell your name by chance, how could the world and all the things\nand creatures in it be made so exactly suited to each other and to some\nuseful purpose, by chance?\u201d\nThus happily and profitably to young Washington passed the days of\nhis earliest years. Mr. Washington\u2019s family government was steady and\nreasonable; his treatment of his children was kind and affectionate.\nGeorge was an intelligent boy and a dutiful son. Never were parent and\nchild more strongly attached. But, in the providence of God, only a few\nyears more were to be allowed them for the enjoyment of each other\u2019s\nsociety, on earth.\nAbout the year 1739, when George was about seven years old, his father\nremoved from his estate on Pope\u2019s Creek to a farm which he owned in\nStafford county, on the Rappahannock river, directly opposite to\nFredericksburg.\nLawrence Washington, the elder of George\u2019s two half-brothers, became\nof age in 1739, and soon afterwards received a Captain\u2019s commission\nin a regiment raised in America, and served with the British forces\nin the unsuccessful siege of Carthagena, conducted by Admiral Vernon\nand General Wentworth. Having been absent in the army about two years,\nCaptain Washington returned to Virginia. A few months after his return,\nhis father was taken ill.\u2015\u2015George was then on a visit to some of\nhis acquaintances, living in Chotanct, in King George county, about\ntwenty miles from his father\u2019s residence. Mr. Washington was at first\nunwilling to interrupt George in the enjoyment of his visit; but after\nhis sickness became alarming, George was sent for, and reached home but\njust in time to receive the parting blessing of his beloved father. He\ndied on the 12th of April, 1743, at the age of forty-nine years. George\nwas then eleven years old.\nCHAPTER SECOND.\nFamily anecdote\u2015\u2015George lives with his half-brother Augustine about\nthree years, and attends Mr. Williams\u2019s school\u2015\u2015his manuscript book of\nforms\u2015\u2015his rules of behavior.\nAbout this time, Captain Lawrence Washington married Ann, the daughter\nof Mr. William Fairfax, a relation of Lord Thomas Fairfax.\nMr. Augustine Washington left his estate on the river Potomac, in\nFairfax county, to his eldest son, Lawrence, who called it Mount\nVernon, in honor of Admiral Vernon. He left his estate at Pope\u2019s\nCreek to his second son, Augustine. Mrs. Augustine Washington and her\nfamily continued to reside on the farm near Fredericksburg.\u2015\u2015Upon her\nnow devolved the care of the plantation. Her first born son, George,\ncontinued to live with her some months after his father\u2019s death.\nDuring this period, a circumstance happened which shows that George,\nthough a good boy on the whole, was not wholly exempt from youthful\nrashness. His mother owned a beautiful colt, which, never having been\nbroken, was remarkably wild. George delighted to look at this colt\nas he pranced about the pasture, snuffing up the wind, wheeling and\nhalting and displaying his fine proportions. He often wished himself\nupon the colt\u2019s back. One day he engaged some of his school companions\nto come early the next morning and help him to take a ride before\nbreakfast.\u2015\u2015They came, and found the colt at no great distance from\nthe house. After a great deal of difficulty they contrived to corner\nhim and put a bridle upon him. Several boys held the bridle while\nGeorge leaped upon his back. A violent struggle followed.\u2015\u2015The horse\nseemed determined to shake off his rider, and his rider seemed equally\ndetermined to keep his seat. At length the noble animal, in the fury\nof his plunges, fell headlong and burst a blood vessel. This killed\nhim instantly. George received no injury by the fall; but when he saw\nthe poor creature lie dead, and considered his mother\u2019s attachment\nto the animal, he began to look very serious. The call to breakfast\nwas soon heard. Some of George\u2019s companions had been invited to take\nbreakfast with him that morning. The boys were all remarkably silent at\nthe table. Whether Mrs. Washington had any suspicions that all was not\nright, is uncertain. But she inquired if they had seen any thing of her\nfine sorrel colt, in their rambles. Neither of the boys replied to this\nquestion. She repeated it. There was now no escape.\u2015\u2015George\u2019s character\nfor truth and frankness had been tried when he was much younger. It\ndid not then fail; it must not now fail. \u201cYour sorrel colt is dead,\nmother,\u201d replied George. \u201cDead, George!\u201d exclaimed Mrs. Washington,\nwith surprise. \u201cYes, he is dead.\u201d \u201cHow came he dead, George?\u201d\u2015\u2015\u201cI\nwill tell you, mother. I am the one in fault.\u201d He then related all the\ncircumstances just as they happened. \u201cI very much regret the loss of my\ncolt,\u201d said Mrs. Washington; \u201cbut I rejoice to hear my son frankly tell\nthe truth, without showing any disposition to cast his own faults upon\nothers.\u201d\nSoon after this occurrence, George was sent to Pope\u2019s Creek, the place\nof his nativity, to live with his half-brother Augustine. The chief\nobject of sending him there was that he might have the benefit of a\nrespectable school in the neighborhood, kept by a Mr. Williams. He\nremained with his half-brother and attended that school about three\nyears. An old gentleman, who was one of Mr. Williams\u2019s scholars at\nthat time, has often said that such was George\u2019s reputation for truth,\nimpartiality and good judgment among his schoolmates, that they were\ncontinually referring their disputes to him, and so great was their\nconfidence in him, that his decisions were seldom called in question.\nHe said nothing was more common, when the boys were in high dispute\nabout some question of fact, than for one of them to call out, \u201cWell,\nboys, George Washington was there! George Washington was there! He\nknows all about it; and if he don\u2019t say it was so, why then we will\ngive it up.\u201d\nThough George Washington was naturally of a resolute and martial\nspirit, he was habitually gentle and obliging in his conduct. He never\nquarrelled with his companions; and he would always endeavor to settle\ntheir quarrels with each other. If he could not calm their passions and\nprevent their fighting by his arguments, he would inform the instructor\nof their barbarous intentions; though by doing so he often brought upon\nhimself their censure at the time.\nAt Mr. Williams\u2019s school, George was taught Arithmetic, English\nGrammar, Book Keeping, Surveying and Geography.[1] He wrote his school\nexercises in arithmetic and geometry in a remarkably neat, fair hand.\nThe number and accuracy of his geometrical figures, shows the strong\nbent of his inclination to mathematical studies. When he was thirteen\nyears old, he began a manuscript book, which he entitled \u201c_Forms of\nWriting_.\u201d In it he copied out with great care and exactness, forms of\ndifferent kinds used in the transaction of business, such as a note of\nhand, a bill of exchange, a bond, an indenture, a lease, a will. Then\nfollow two or three select pieces of poetry. Among them are \u201cLines on\nTrue Happiness.\u201d\u2015\u2015Then follow a collection of a hundred and ten maxims,\nwritten out and numbered.\u2015\u2015These he entitles \u201c_Rules of civility and\nproper behavior in company and conversation_.\u201d He does not mention\nfrom what source he derived these rules. They seem well calculated to\nimprove the manners and morals of a young person, and no doubt had a\nfavorable influence in forming the future deportment and character of\nWashington. The following is a selection from these rules.\n1. Every action in company ought to be respectful to those present.\n2. In the presence of others sing not to yourself with a humming noise,\nnor drum with your fingers or feet.\n3. Sit not while others are standing; speak not when you should hold\nyour peace; walk not on when others stop.\n4. Turn not your back to others, especially in speaking; jog not the\ntable or desk on which another is reading or writing; lean not on any\none.\n5. Be no flatterer.\n6. Read no letters, books or papers in company, unless there is\nnecessity for doing it, and then ask leave. Come not near the books or\nwritings of any one, so as to read them, unless desired; nor give your\nopinion of them unasked: also look not nigh when another is writing a\nletter.\n7. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat\ngrave.\n8. Show not yourself glad at the misfortunes of another, though he were\nyour enemy.\n9. When you meet a superior at a door or in a narrow passage, give way\nfor him to pass.\n10. They that are in dignity, or in office, have in all places the\nprecedency.\n11. It is good manners to prefer those to whom we speak before\nourselves; especially if they be above us, with whom we ought not to\nbegin.\n12. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive.\n13. When visiting the sick, do not be too ready to play the physician.\n14. In writing or speaking, give to every person his due title,\naccording to his degree and the custom of the place.\n15. Undertake not to teach another in the art which he professes: it\nsavors of arrogancy.\n16. When a person does all he can, do not blame him, though he does not\nsucceed.\n17. Being about to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it\nought to be done in public or in private, presently or at some other\ntime, in what terms to do it; and in reproving, show no signs of\ncholer, but do it with mildness.\n18. Mock not, nor jest at any thing serious.\n19. Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself; for example is\nmore prevalent than precept.\n20. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse, nor\nrevile.\n21. Be not hasty to believe reports to the disadvantage of others.\n22. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature\nrather than to procure admiration; keep to the fashions of your equals:\nsuch as are civil and orderly with respect to times and places.\n23. Play not the peacock, looking every where about your person to see\nif you be well decked, and if your clothes set handsomely.\n24. Associate with persons of good character, if you have a regard for\nyour own; for it is better to be alone, than in bad company.\n25. Let your conversation be without malice or envy; and in all cases\nof passion, admit reason to govern.\n26. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret.\n27. Utter not base or frivolous things among grave or learned men; nor\nintroduce deep subjects or difficult questions among the ignorant; nor\nthings hard to be believed.\n28. Jest not where none takes pleasure in mirth; laugh not loud, nor at\nall, without occasion. Deride no man\u2019s misfortune.\n29. Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor in earnest; scoff at\nnone, though they give occasion.\n30. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the first to salute,\nhear and answer.\n31. Detract not from others; neither be excessive in commending.\n32. Give not advice without being asked.\n33. Reprehend not the imperfections of others; for that belongs to\nparents, masters and superiors.\n34. Gaze not at the marks, or personal blemishes of others; nor ask how\nthey came.\n35. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out\nyour words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.\n36. When another speaks, be attentive and disturb not the audience. If\na person hesitate in his words, do not in general help him out, nor\nprompt him without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him,\ntill he has done speaking.\n37. Treat with men about business only at fit times. Whisper not in\ncompany.\n38. Make no injurious comparisons; and if any of the company be\ncommended for a brave or virtuous action, commend not another\nimmediately upon it for a similar action.\n39. Be not apt to relate news if you know not the truth of it. In\nconversing of what you have heard, do not always name your author.\nDiscover not a secret.\n40. Be not curious to know the affairs of others; neither approach\nthose who are speaking in private.\n41. Undertake not what you cannot perform; but be careful to keep your\npromises.\n42. Be not tedious in discourse; make not many digressions, nor repeat\nthe same thing often.\n43. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.\n44. Eat not with greediness; lean not on the table.\n45. Set not yourself at the upper end of the table; but if the master\nof the house will have it so, contend not, lest you trouble the company.\n46. When you speak of God, or his attributes, let it be seriously and\nwith reverence. Honor and obey your natural parents.\n47. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.\n48. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial\nfire called conscience.\nCHAPTER THIRD.\nCame very near entering the British Navy at the age of fourteen\u2015\u2015attends\nschool at Fredericksburg\u2015\u2015becomes a practical surveyor at the age of\nsixteen\u2015\u2015the Indian war dance\u2015\u2015continues surveying three years\u2015\u2015is\nappointed Adjutant General of the Militia, with the rank of Major, at\nthe age of nineteen\u2015\u2015accompanies his half-brother Lawrence to\nBarbadoes\u2015\u2015Lawrence dies and leaves George the Mount Vernon estate.\nWhile George lived with his half-brother Augustine at Pope\u2019s Creek,\nhe was taught the manual exercise by Adjutant Muse, a Westmoreland\nvolunteer, who had been in the service with his other half-brother,\nLawrence. He was also instructed in the art of fencing, by Mr. Van\nBraam, who afterwards accompanied him against the French as his\ninterpreter.[2]\nIn the summer of 1746, George left Mr. Williams\u2019s school in\nWestmoreland county, and returned home to his mother\u2019s, in Stafford\ncounty. He was then about fourteen years old. Soon after his return\nhe became very desirous to enter the British navy.\u2015\u2015His half-brother\nLawrence approved his choice. Mr. William Fairfax, the father-in-law\nof Lawrence, was desirous that George\u2019s inclination for the navy\nshould be gratified. They both used their influence with his mother\nin favor of the project. She at first seemed to consent, though\nreluctantly.\u2015\u2015Lawrence procured him a midshipman\u2019s warrant. But as\nthe time of separation drew near, her maternal feelings and more\nmature reflection caused his mother to waver in her decision. She\nsuggested many objections to the plan; and seemed to listen with more\nsatisfaction to those who opposed, than to those who approved of it.\nIn September, during her suspense upon the subject, George went to see\nand further consult his brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, and other\nfriends in the county of Fairfax. On this occasion he spent a little\ntime at the house of Mr. William Fairfax, who is said to have been an\namiable and excellent man. During this visit, George told Mr. Fairfax\nthat he was willing to follow the advice of his brother Lawrence,\nas his best friend. On his return home, however, George found his\nmother so decidedly opposed to his going to sea, and her feelings so\ntenderly affected at the thought of his leaving her, that he gave it up\nentirely; thinking it his duty to sacrifice his inclinations, in this\ncase, to her happiness. When we consider that this scheme was suited\nto captivate his youthful fancy, that it was encouraged by some of\nhis most judicious friends, and that the necessary preparations were\nmade for carrying it into effect, it is evident that the sacrifice\nwas great, and a proof of filial affection and dutiful regard highly\nhonorable to him. It must be admitted that the mother\u2019s feelings were\ntruly parental, and her wishes reasonable, when it is considered that\nGeorge was her eldest son, that his father was dead, and that she was\nleft with five younger children.\u2015\u2015This decision was probably an event\nof Providence, upon which the very existence of the United States, as\nan independent nation, depended.\nAfter this, George lived a part of his time with his brother Lawrence,\nat Mount Vernon, and a part of the time with his mother, near\nFredericksburg, and went to school in that town. Here he made great\nimprovement in the art of surveying.\nIn March, 1748, being then sixteen years old, he engaged as a surveyor\nof lands, associated with Mr. George Fairfax, in the employ of Lord\nThomas Fairfax. They set out on a surveying tour to the western parts\nof Virginia, on the 13th of March, accompanied by their assistants,\nand travelled in a north westerly direction, nearly in range with the\nPotomac. The first day they rode to the residence of Lord Fairfax, in\nFrederick county, passing through beautiful groves of sugar trees, and\nadmiring the richness of the land upon the river Shenandoah. The next\nday they sent on their baggage to a place now called Winchester, and\nworked industriously for several succeeding days, surveying land in the\nneighborhood. They then travelled about forty miles further into the\ncountry, in a continual rain, swimming their horses over the rivers,\nwhich were then very high. Just after the rain ceased and the weather\nhad cleared away, they were agreeably surprised by the appearance of\nmore than thirty friendly Indians, returning from war. The surveying\nparty remained to witness the performance of their war dance. After\nclearing a large space of ground and making a fire in the middle of it,\nthe Indians seated themselves around the fire. The speaker then made a\ngrand speech, in which he told them in what manner they were to dance.\nWhen the speech was ended, the best dancer jumped up as if suddenly\nawaked from sleep, and ran and jumped about the ring in a most comical\nmanner. He was soon followed by the others, in a similar style. Their\ndance was accompanied by appropriate music.\u2015\u2015One Indian beat time upon\na deer-skin stretched tightly over a vessel half full of water, while\nanother rattled a gourd shell with shot in it, and a piece of a horse\u2019s\ntail tied to it, to make it look finely.\nOne windy night, about a week after, the straw on which Washington\nwas asleep, in the tent, took fire; but one of the party fortunately\nawoke in time to extinguish it. A few days after, their tent was\nblown down by the violence of the wind. They occasionally shot a wild\nturkey or two, which they cooked upon forked sticks instead of spits,\nand ate upon large chips instead of plates. After becoming fatigued\nby travelling about all day, they usually camped out in the forest,\nand slept with their clothes on all night. During this tour, young\nWashington and his party surveyed between two and three thousand acres\nof land, and arrived safely home on the 12th of April, having been\nabsent just one month.\nFor three years, young Washington was occupied nearly all the\ntime, when the season would permit, in surveying wild lands among\nthe Alleghany mountains and on the southern branches of the river\nPotomac.[3] His surveying expeditions were attended with so many\nhardships and privations, that he was rarely out more than a few weeks\nat a time, upon any one of them. In the intervals of these expeditions,\nhe made it his home with his brother Lawrence, at Mount Vernon, though\nhe passed a part of his time with his mother.[4]\nIn the year 1751, young Washington, though but nineteen years of age,\nwas appointed Adjutant General of the northern division of the Virginia\nmilitia, with the rank of Major.[5]\n    [5] Marshall.\nThe health of his brother Lawrence had been declining for several\nyears. He had made a voyage to England, and afterwards passed some\ntime at the Bath springs, in Virginia, without receiving any material\nbenefit from either. In the autumn of 1751, he decided to take a voyage\nto the West Indies, as the last remedy proposed by his physicians.\nBy his request, his brother George, to whom he was much attached,\naccompanied him on this voyage. They sailed for the island of Barbadoes\non the 28th of September, and arrived there about the 3d of November.\nThey procured a pleasant and airy place to board, near the sea shore,\nand were treated with great hospitality and attention by the principal\ninhabitants on the island. George was pleased with the richness of the\nsoil, the value of the crops, the variety and excellence of the fruits,\nand the elevated and beautiful prospects in every direction. He was\nseized with the small pox on the 17th of November, and it was nearly a\nmonth before he recovered from it. On the 22d of November, he embarked\non board a vessel called the Industry, for Virginia, leaving his\nbrother still at Barbadoes. After a tempestuous passage of more than\nfive weeks, he arrived in Virginia.\nLawrence, not receiving the relief expected from the climate of\nBarbadoes, went to Bermuda, in March. His health continuing to fail, he\nreturned home in the course of the summer, and died at Mount Vernon,\nJuly 26, 1752. George was at Mount Vernon when his brother died, and\nimmediately took charge of his affairs. On opening his will, it was\nfound that he had given to George the Mount Vernon estate, and some\nvaluable lands in Berkley county, Virginia.\nCHAPTER FOURTH.\nWashington\u2019s mission from the Governor of Virginia to the French\ncommandant, at the age of twenty-one\u2015\u2015narrowly escapes being killed by\nan Indian\u2015\u2015came near being drowned in the Allegany river\u2015\u2015visits Queen\nAliquippa.\nInformation had been received, from time to time, that the French were\nmaking encroachments on what was deemed British territory, beyond\nthe Allegany mountains, and that a French army was approaching from\nCanada to build forts on the Ohio river and to take possession of\nthe whole country. As this territory was supposed to be within the\nlimits of Virginia, the Governor of that colony[6] resolved to send a\nmessenger with a letter to the French commandant on the Ohio, to demand\nof him an answer, to ascertain important facts, and to make useful\nobservations. Major George Washington was selected for this arduous\nundertaking. His knowledge of the Indians, his habits of living and\ntravelling in the woods acquired on his surveying expeditions, and\ncertain traits in his character, well fitted him for this delicate and\nimportant mission, though he was not yet twenty-two years of age.\u2015\u2015He\nwas commissioned by the Governor on the 30th of October, 1753, and the\nsame day set out upon his dangerous journey.\u2015\u2015On the 14th of November\nhe arrived at the mouth of Wills Creek, now Cumberland, on the river\nPotomac, having engaged a French interpreter and procured the necessary\nsupply of provisions, horses, &c., on the way. Here he engaged Mr.\nGist, an experienced Indian trader, to accompany him; also, an Indian\ninterpreter, and four other men as attendants; and with these men, left\nthe place the next day. The excessive rains and the vast quantities of\nsnow which had fallen, prevented their reaching the river Monongahela\ntill the 22d of November.\u2015\u2015Here they learned that expresses had been\nsent down the river a few days before, with information of the French\nGeneral\u2019s death, and the return of the greater part of the French\ntroops into winter quarters.\n    [6] Dinwiddie.\nAs the late rains had rendered the rivers impassable without swimming\ntheir horses, Washington sent two of his men, with the baggage, in a\ncanoe, about ten miles down the river Monongahela, to meet the rest of\nthe party at the fork of the Ohio, now Pittsburg. As young Washington\narrived at the fork before the canoe, he spent some time in viewing the\ntwo rivers, Monongahela and Allegany, at and near their junction which\nforms the Ohio, and examining the land in the fork, which, having the\ncommand of both rivers, he thought well situated for a fort.\nOn the Allegany river, about two miles above the fork, lived Shingiss,\nKing of the Delawares, an Indian chief friendly to the English.\nWashington, with his attendants, called upon this chief, and invited\nhim to attend a council at a place called Logstown, about twenty miles\nwest of his residence. He accepted the invitation, and accompanied\nWashington and his men to Logstown.\u2015\u2015They arrived about sunset.\nWashington found that the friendly chief, called the Half-King, whom\nhe particularly wished to see, was out at his hunting cabin on little\nBeaver Creek, about fifteen miles distant. Washington, by his Indian\ninterpreter, informed the Half-King\u2019s principal man at Logstown that\nhe was a messenger to the French commandant, and was ordered to call\nupon the Sachems of the Six Nations and inform them of the fact. He\nthen gave him a string of wampum and a twist of tobacco, and desired\nhim to send for the Half-King. The man promised to dispatch a runner\nfor him the next morning. Washington invited him and other chief men\nto his tent in the evening. They came and staid about an hour. About\nthree o\u2019clock in the afternoon of the next day, the Half-King arrived.\nHe told Washington that the French had lately built two forts about\nfifteen miles apart, one on Lake Erie, and the other on French Creek,\nwhich falls into the Allegany from the north, and near a small lake.\nHe gave Washington a plan of both these forts, of his own drawing. He\nsaid the present French commandant was at the fort on French Creek,\nand that he could not reach in less than five or six nights sleep,\nin good travelling. The next day, Washington met several chiefs in\ncouncil, and delivered a friendly speech to them, in which he briefly\nstated the object of his visit, and requested an escort of warriors to\nthe French commandant. This was replied to in the same spirit by the\nHalf-King.\u2015\u2015Runners were dispatched very early the next morning, for\nthe purpose of assembling a more full council, but not many came.\u2015\u2015It\nwas, however, agreed to furnish Washington and his men a convoy,\nto consist of three chiefs, namely, Half-King, Jeskakake and White\nThunder, and one of their best hunters.\nThey all set out from Logstown on the 30th of November, and travelled\nin continual bad weather till the 4th of December, when they reached\nVenango, a settlement at the place where French Creek falls into the\nAllegany river. This place is now the town of Franklin, the capital\nof Venango county. They saw the French colors flying at a house in\nVenango. Washington went immediately to the house to inquire where\nthe commandant resided. Here he found a Captain and three other\nFrench officers.\u2015\u2015The Captain informed him that he, himself, had the\nimmediate command on the river, but that there was a general officer\nat the first fort above, to which he advised him to proceed with his\ndispatches. He invited Washington and his party to sup with him and his\nofficers, and treated them with great complaisance. The badness of the\nweather and the winning treatment which the Indians received from the\nFrench, combined to detain Washington and his party at Venango three\ndays. Monsieur La Force, commissary of the French stores, with three\nsoldiers, accompanied them up the Creek. The travelling was so bad they\ndid not reach the fort on French Creek till the 12th of December.\nThe French commandant was the Chevalier de Saint Pierre, a knight of\nthe military order of St. Louis. Washington waited on him soon after\nhis arrival, and was received and conducted to him by the second\nofficer in command. Washington acquainted the Chevalier with his\nbusiness, and presented his commission and letter. While the commandant\nwas in consultation with his officers upon the communication from the\nGovernor of Virginia, in a private apartment, Washington embraced the\nopportunity of examining the strength and taking the dimensions of\nthe fort, and of making other observations. He was satisfied that the\ngarrison contained upwards of a hundred soldiers. One of his people,\nby his direction, took an account of upwards of two hundred canoes,\nhauled up and prepared to convey the French forces down the river at\nthe proper season.\nOn the 14th, the snow was so deep that Washington sent off his horses\nvery lightly loaded, in the care of four of his men, to Venango, having\ndetermined to go down himself, with the remainder of his party, in\na canoe. Young Washington had to contend with a variety of mild and\nartful means used to detain his convoy of Indians, and to draw them\naway from the English interests. He was at length obliged to assume\na tone of remonstrance before he could induce the French and Indians\nto part.\u2015\u2015The French commandant, at last, ordered a plentiful store\nof provisions to be put on board Washington\u2019s boat, and appeared very\nfriendly and complaisant. They had a tedious passage down the Creek.\nThey found it extremely crooked. Several times they came near being\nstaved against the rocks. At times they were all hands obliged to get\nout, and remain in the water half an hour or more, getting over the\nshoals. At one place, the ice had lodged and blocked up the passage by\nwater, so that they were obliged to carry their boat a quarter of a\nmile across a neck of land. They did not reach Venango till the 22d.\nHere they found their horses.\nThe next day, when Washington was prepared to leave Venango, he\ninquired of the Half-King whether he intended to go down with him by\nland or to go by water. He replied that White Thunder had hurt himself\nbadly, and was sick and unable to walk, and that he must carry him\ndown in a canoe. As Washington found that the Half-King intended to\nstay behind a few days, he cautioned him against the flatteries of\nthe French. He desired Washington not to be concerned, for he knew\nthe French too well to be influenced by them against the English. He\noffered to order the young hunter to attend Washington and his party,\nand procure provisions for them on their journey. He said he should\nsoon be at the forks, and there deliver a speech, to be carried to\nhis Honor the Governor of Virginia. Washington then took leave of the\nHalf-King, and with his party left Venango.\nThey had not proceeded far, before the horses seemed to be so feeble,\nand the baggage so heavy for them, that Washington and his party,\nexcept the drivers, dismounted and went on foot with packs on their\nbacks to help forward the baggage. Washington, in an Indian walking\ndress, continued with his men three days under this arrangement, till\nhe found there was no probability of his reaching home in this manner,\nin any reasonable season. He then committed the party to the charge of\nhis French interpreter with proper directions, tied himself up in a\nwatch coat, put his necessary papers into his pack with his provisions,\ntook his gun in his hand, and set forward with Mr. Gist, fitted in the\nsame manner, the nearest way home through the woods. The day following,\njust after they had passed a place called _Murdering Town_, they fell\nin with a party of Indians in the French interest, who had been lying\nin wait for them. One of the Indians fired at Washington, not fifteen\nsteps from him, but providentially missed him. They instantly took the\nfellow into custody, and kept him with them till about nine o\u2019clock in\nthe evening, when they let him go, and walked all night without making\nany stop, that they might get so far the start of the Indians as to be\nout of the reach of their pursuit the next day, having no doubt their\ntracks would be followed as soon as it was light.\nThe next day they continued travelling till it was quite dark, when\nthey reached the Allegany river about two miles above the forks of\nthe Ohio. There was no way for them to get over the river but upon a\nraft. The next morning they set about making one, with the assistance\nof but one poor hatchet, and finished it just after sunset.\u2015\u2015The next\nday they launched it, went on board and pushed off; but before they\nwere half across the river, they were so wedged in between flakes of\nice running forcibly down stream, that they expected every moment their\nraft would sink and themselves perish. Young Washington put out his\nsetting pole to stop the raft, that the ice might pass by it, when the\nrapidity of the stream threw the ice with so much violence against his\npole that it jerked him into the river. He instantly seized hold of\none of the raft logs and saved himself from the dashing flakes of ice,\nby springing to his former station on the raft. In spite of all their\nefforts they could not get to either shore; but were obliged to quit\ntheir raft and pass from one mass of ice to another, till they reached\na small island in the river. Here they spent the night. The cold was\nso extremely severe that Mr. Gist had all his fingers and part of his\ntoes frozen. They left the island the next morning, on the ice, without\ndifficulty, and went to the house of a trader, on the Monongahela, a\nfew miles distant. About three miles from this house, there was an\nIndian settlement on the spot where the Monongahela and Youghiogany\nrivers unite, where the Indian Queen Alliquippa held her rude court.\nShe had expressed great concern that Washington and his party had\npassed her by without attention, on his way to the French fort; and, as\nhe was now waiting for horses, (which, by the by, he failed to obtain,)\nhe took this opportunity to make a visit to her majesty. Though it is\nevident that Queen Alliquippa, like persons of similar rank and birth\nin Europe, was very tenacious of the respect due to royalty, we are not\ninformed by Washington, with what particular marks of attention she\nreceived him. We may, however, form some idea of the style which he\nfound prevalent at court, from the nature of the present which he made\nher. He presented her with a box coat.\nAbout thirty miles from this Indian settlement, Washington bought a\nfresh horse, rode on to Wills Creek, and reached Williamsburg on the\n16th of January, 1754.\u2015\u2015He immediately waited upon the Governor,\ndelivered his letter from the French commandant, together with a\njournal of his proceedings and observations during the tour. This\njournal was published in England, and has been several times reprinted\nin this country. Major Washington thus completed his perilous\nexpedition, and accomplished the objects of it in such a faithful and\nable manner as gave entire satisfaction.\nCHAPTER FIFTH.\nMajor Washington, at the age of twenty-two, is appointed to command the\nregular Virginia forces, consisting of two companies\u2015\u2015being increased\nto six companies, he is raised to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and\nmade second in command\u2015\u2015his modesty\u2015\u2015the fort, just begun at the fork\nof the Ohio, surrenders to the French\u2015\u2015Washington attacks and defeats a\nparty of French.\nBy the then existing law of Virginia, the militia could not be\nrequired to march more than five miles beyond the boundary line of the\ncolony. For this reason, if for no other, the militia alone could not\nbe depended upon for the defence of the colony. After Washington\u2019s\nreturn, the Governor and council of Virginia determined to raise\ntwo companies, of one hundred men each, by enlistment, and send them\nto erect and defend a fort at the fork of the Ohio, now Pittsburg,\nthat being the spot pointed out by Washington as well situated for a\nfort. Major Washington, then but twenty-two years old, was appointed\nto command these two companies. He was to enlist one of the companies\nhimself, and he did enlist about fifty men. Captain Trent, having\npartly filled the other company in the back settlement, was ordered\nimmediately to the place of destination. It was soon determined,\nhowever, to increase this force to three hundred men, and to divide\nthem into six companies. In a letter to a friend of his, then a member\nof the Governor\u2019s council, Major Washington says: \u201cThe command of this\nwhole force I neither expect nor desire; for I must be impartial enough\nto confess, it is a charge too great for my youth and inexperience.\nKnowing this, I have too sincere a love for my country to undertake\nthat which may tend to the prejudice of it.\u201d\nYoung Washington was, however, raised to the rank of Lieutenant\nColonel, and made second in command. He left Alexandria with his\ntroops, for the frontier, on the 2d of April, 1754, and being joined by\na small detachment in his route, arrived at Wills Creek on the 20th,\nwith one hundred and fifty men. He was here met by Captain Trent\u2019s\nensign, Mr. Ward, directly from the fort just begun at the fork of\nthe Ohio, with the unpleasant information that he had been obliged to\nsurrender to a French force of one thousand men, with eighteen pieces\nof cannon, on the 17th of April. He said that the Captain and the\nLieutenant (Frazier) were both absent at the time, and that the whole\nnumber of men under his command was but forty-one. He stated that the\nFrench commander approached near the fort, halted his troops, and sent\nin an officer with a summons to surrender, allowing him but one hour\nto consider of it, and directing him to come to the French camp at the\nexpiration of the hour, with his determination in writing. He asked the\nHalf-King, who was in the fort at the time, what it was best to do.\nThe chief advised him to inform the French that he was not an officer\nof rank, nor invested with power to answer their summons, and request\nthem to wait till his commander should arrive. He accordingly went with\nthis reply to the French camp, accompanied by the Half-King; but the\nFrench commander refused to wait, telling them that he must have an\nimmediate and decisive answer, or he should take possession of the fort\nby force. He then agreed to surrender, with liberty to depart with his\nmen the next day. The French commander invited the ensign to supper in\nthe evening, and treated him with much civility. The seizure of this\npost was considered by the British, at the time, the first open act of\nhostility in the memorable French war which followed it. The French\nfortified the post strongly, and called it Fort Du Quesne.\nColonel Washington considered that the British territory was now\nactually invaded, and that it was his duty, in compliance with his\norders, to march forward prepared to meet the invading foe. A council\nof war was held, which confirmed this opinion, and resolved to proceed\nto the junction of Red Stone Creek with the river Monongahela,\nthirty-seven miles south of Fort Du Quesne, there build a fort and wait\nfor reinforcements. Colonel Fry, the chief in command, being detained\nby bad health, Lieutenant Colonel Washington with his one hundred and\nfifty men, moved on through the wilderness and over the mountains with\nall possible dispatch. He first sent forward sixty men to prepare a\npassage by mending the road, and in some places making a new one; and\non the 1st of May, followed them with the main body. In the course of\nthe march, the friendly Indians brought to Washington frequent reports\nof French scouts being seen in the woods. When he had advanced about\nfifty miles beyond Wills Creek, he met a messenger from the Half-King,\ninforming him that a French force (how large he could not tell) was on\nits march to attack the English, and warning him to be on his guard.\nThis induced Washington to fall back a few miles to a favorable place\nfor meeting the enemy, called the Great Meadows. Here he immediately\nemployed his men in clearing away the bushes and throwing up an\nintrenchment, and sent a small party to look out for the enemy and\nobserve their strength and motions. But the party returned without\nseeing any thing of them. The troops were, however, alarmed in the\nnight, and were under arms during the latter part of it.\nOn the morning of May 27th, an English trader who lived in the\nneighborhood, came to the camp from his residence, where a detachment\nof fifty Frenchmen, he said, had been seen the day before at noon.\nHe added that he saw their tracks himself about five miles distant.\nWashington immediately sent out seventy-five men in pursuit of this\nparty; but they returned without discovering it. Washington sent a\nmessenger to the Half-King, who was encamped with some of his people\nabout six miles distant. This messenger returned about nine o\u2019clock\nin the evening, with information from the Half-King that he had seen\nthe tracks of two Frenchmen across the road, which had been traced to\nan obscure part of the woods, and that he thought the main body of\nthem must be concealed at no great distance.\u2015\u2015Washington, suspecting\na design to surprise him, set out that night with forty men for the\nIndian\u2019s camp. The night was dark and rainy, and they often lost the\npath and were unable to find it again for fifteen or twenty minutes.\nThey, however, arrived at the Indian\u2019s camp before sunrise. The\nHalf-King agreed \u201cto go hand in hand with their brothers the English,\u201d\n(as they called them,) \u201cand strike the French.\u201d Accordingly they set\nout together, and proceeded through the woods in single file, after the\nmanner of the Indians, till they came to the place where the tracks\nwere. The Half-King then sent two Indians to follow these tracks again,\ntill they should find the very spot where the enemy lay. The two\nIndians soon discovered them about half a mile from the road, in a very\nretired place, surrounded by rocks. The men were immediately formed\nfor the attack. They then advanced, with Washington at their head,\ntill they came very near the French. The moment the French discovered\nthem, they seized their arms. Washington gave the order to fire, and\na brisk engagement ensued, which continued about fifteen minutes. The\nFrench were defeated with the loss of their whole party, except one who\nescaped, ten men being killed, including Jumonville, their commander,\none wounded and twenty-one taken prisoners. Colonel Washington\u2019s loss\nwas one man killed, and a Lieutenant and two privates wounded. As the\nFrench directed their fire chiefly at Washington\u2019s men, the Indians\nreceived no injury. This skirmish took place on the 28th of May, 1754,\nat about seven o\u2019clock in the morning. It was the first battle in which\nWashington had ever been engaged.\nCHAPTER SIXTH.\nBattle of the Great Meadows\u2015\u2015vote of thanks to Colonel Washington and\nhis officers\u2015\u2015disapproving of the arrangement of the Virginia troops,\nhe retires from the service.\nColonel Fry died at Wills Creek on the 31st of May. By his death,\nthe command of the expedition devolved on Washington. Reinforcements\nwere soon forwarded, so that the whole number composing the Virginia\nregiment under his immediate command, was three hundred men. There was\nalso with him an independent company from South Carolina, consisting\nof about one hundred men. With this force Colonel Washington advanced\nslowly and cautiously beyond the Great Meadows, employing his soldiers\nin repairing the road, and sending out scouting parties to watch the\nmotions of the enemy. He also sent a party forward to clear a passage\ntowards the mouth of Red Stone Creek, the place of the intended fort.\nHe also held councils with several Indian chiefs who came to him for\nthat purpose, heard and delivered speeches, exchanged belts of wampum,\nand went through the usual ceremonies on such occasions. But all this\nwas to little purpose; for some of the Indians were spies from the\nFrench, and the only motive of others was to obtain presents of goods\nand provisions. In this mode of gaining friends, the French were more\nsuccessful than the English, as they were better supplied with such\narticles as the Indians wanted.\nWhile these operations were going on, reports were continually brought\nin by French deserters and Indians that reinforcements had arrived at\nFort Du Quesne, and that a large force would soon come out to attack\nthe English. These accounts came from many different sources, some\nof which were so authentic that a council of war was held, in which\nit was unanimously resolved that the army should return to the Great\nMeadows, there fortify themselves in the best manner they could,\nand wait for a supply of provisions and reinforcements. The retreat\nimmediately commenced. They had so few horses that the Colonel loaded\nhis own horse with ammunition and other public stores, marched on foot\nhimself, and paid the soldiers from his own purse for carrying his\nprivate baggage. Other officers followed his example. The troops were\nshort of provisions, and having to carry their baggage on their backs\nand draw nine swivels over a very broken road, they did not reach the\nGreat Meadows till the 1st of July. The Colonel immediately sent off\nan express to hasten on the expected supplies and reinforcements, but\nthey did not arrive. He set his men to felling trees, preparing and\ndrawing together logs, and raising and strengthening the breastworks.\nThis entrenchment was called _Fort Necessity_, on account of the\ncircumstances attending the erection and original use of it.\nOn the third of July, early in the morning, an alarm was given by\na sentinel who had been wounded by the enemy. At nine o\u2019clock,\nintelligence was received that the whole body of the French, amounting\nto nine hundred men, was only four miles distant. They were commanded\nby M. De Villiers, brother of Jumonville. At eleven o\u2019clock they\napproached the fort, and began to fire, at the distance of six hundred\nyards, but without effect. Colonel Washington had drawn up his men on\nthe open and level ground outside of the trenches, awaiting the attack,\nwhich he supposed would be made immediately, having ordered his men to\nreserve their fire till the enemy were so near that it would certainly\ndo execution. But the French kept up a distant firing from the woods.\nWashington considered this as a stratagem to draw his men into the\nwoods and there take them at a disadvantage. He therefore maintained\nhis position till he found that the French did not incline to leave\nthe woods and attack the fort by assault, as he had thought they\nwould, considering their superiority of numbers. He then drew his men\nback within the trenches, and gave them orders to fire as they found\nfavorable opportunities of doing so with effect. The French and Indians\nremained on the side of a piece of rising ground near the fort, and\nsheltered by the trees, kept up a brisk fire of musketry upon it, but\nnever appeared upon the open plain below.\nIn this way, the battle continued till eight o\u2019clock in the evening,\nwhen the French called out and proposed a parley. Suspecting this to\nbe a mere feint in order to procure the admission of a French officer\ninto the fort to spy out his condition, the Colonel at first declined\nthe proposal; but when the call was repeated, with the request that an\nofficer might be sent to them, and with the pledge of their parol of\nhonor for his safety, he sent out Captain Van Braam, the only person\nunder his command who could speak French, excepting the Chevalier De\nPayrouny, an ensign in the Virginia regiment, who was dangerously\nwounded and disabled. Van Braam returned, and brought with him M. De\nVilliers and the proposed articles of capitulation. These he read and\ninterpreted. After making some alterations in the articles, by mutual\nagreement, both parties signed them about midnight.\nBy the terms of the capitulation, the whole garrison was to march out\nof the fort the next morning, with the honors of war, their drums\nbeating and their colors flying; and to return home with every thing in\ntheir possession, excepting their artillery, unmolested by the French\nor the savages. As the French had killed all the horses and cattle,\nColonel Washington had no means of carrying away his heavy baggage and\nstores; and the French agreed that a guard might be left to protect\nthem, till horses could be sent to take them away. It was agreed that\nthe prisoners taken at the skirmish with Jumonville should be returned;\nand to secure the performance of this article, Captain Van Braam and\nCaptain Stobo were delivered up to the French to be retained by them as\nhostages. Early the next morning, Colonel Washington began his march\nfrom the fort in good order; but he had not proceeded far, when a body\nof one hundred Indians came upon him and could hardly be restrained\nfrom attacking his men. They pilfered the baggage and did other\nmischief. He proceeded on, however, with as much speed as possible,\ntill he arrived at Wells Creek settlement, now Cumberland, in the State\nof Maryland. Thence he proceeded to Williamsburg, and communicated to\nthe Governor in person the events of the campaign. Much dissatisfaction\nwas expressed with some of the articles of capitulation, when they\nwere made public. The legislature of Virginia, however, after maturely\nconsidering them, passed a vote of thanks to Colonel Washington and\nhis officers for their brave defence of the country. Indeed, all the\nproceedings of the campaign, though not finally successful, were\ngenerally approved and applauded.\nThe exact number engaged in the action at the Great Meadows, cannot be\nascertained. According to a return made by Colonel Washington himself,\nthe Virginia regiment, including officers, consisted of three hundred\nand five men, of which twelve were killed and forty-three wounded. The\ncompany of South Carolinians was said to contain about one hundred;\nbut the number of them killed and wounded is not known. The French\nforce was probably not far from nine hundred. M. De Villiers says he\nleft Fort Du Quesne with five hundred Frenchmen and eleven Indians. The\nnumber of French is probably correct; but the Indians were much more\nnumerous when they arrived at the scene of action.\nAlthough there was at this time a disagreement between the Governor and\nthe Legislature of Virginia, which prevented the appropriation of money\nfor the service, the Governor and his counsel resolved to renew the\ncontest with the French without delay. When Washington was informed of\nthis, he expostulated so warmly against attempting such an enterprise,\nwithout money, men, or provisions, that it was abandoned.\nThe Assembly met in October, 1754, and granted \u00a320,000. The Governor\nreceived from England \u00a310,000 in specie, with the promise of as\nmuch more, and two thousand fire arms. The Governor and his counsel\nthen resolved that the army should be divided into ten independent\ncompanies, of one hundred men each, and should contain no officer\nabove the rank of Captain. Washington, disapproving of this singular\narrangement as unfavorable to the interest of the service, retired from\nthe army to his farm.\nCHAPTER SEVENTH.\nIs invited by General Braddock to join his expedition as a\nvolunteer\u2015\u2015accepts the invitation\u2015\u2015Battle of Monongahela\u2015\u2015Washington\nconducts the retreat with ability, and retains the confidence of the\npublic.\nOn the 20th of February, 1755, General Braddock arrived in Virginia,\nfrom England, as Commander in Chief of all the military forces in\nNorth-America. He brought with him two Regiments of the British Army,\nconsisting of five hundred men each. One of them was commanded by Sir\nPeter Halket, and the other by Colonel Dunbar. These were accompanied\nby a proper train of artillery and sufficient military supplies and\nprovisions. The General made his first head quarters at Alexandria.\nHe addressed, through his Aid-de-Camp, a polite letter to Colonel\nWashington, inviting him, as he had declined any military command\nunder the Virginia regulations, to join his family as a volunteer, and\naccompany him upon his intended expedition against Fort Du Quesne,\nas one of his aids, and desiring him to consult his own pleasure and\nconvenience, as to the particular time of joining the army. Colonel\nWashington accepted this invitation. General Braddock marched from\nAlexandria for Fort Cumberland at the mouth of Wills Creek on the 20th\nof April. Colonel Washington left Mount Vernon on the 23d, and overtook\nthe army in a few days at Fredericktown, in Virginia. The army arrived\nat Fort Cumberland about the middle of May. It then consisted of more\nthan two thousand men. About one thousand of them were colonial troops.\nThe army was detained at this post three weeks; nor could it then have\nmoved on, but for the personal exertions of Benjamin Franklin, and his\ninfluence among the Pennsylvanian farmers, in procuring horses and\nwagons, to transport the artillery, provisions, and baggage. During\nthe detention of the army at Fort Cumberland, Colonel Washington was\ndispatched to Williamsburg, in the eastern part of Virginia, to obtain\n\u00a34000 in money, for the use of the army, and to bring it on to the\ncamp. He promptly and successfully executed this commission, taking\nwith him at Winchester, on his return, a sufficient guard of militia\nthrough the most unfrequented and dangerous part of the route.\nAbout the first of June, a detachment was sent forward to open the\nroads as far as a place called Little Meadows, about twenty miles\nbeyond Fort Cumberland, and there to erect a small Fort. The main\nbody soon followed this detachment, and when they came up with it,\nthe whole army was divided into two divisions. The advanced division\nunder General Braddock, consisted of about twelve hundred men. The\nother division, consisting of about eight hundred men under Colonel\nDunbar, was left in the rear to proceed with the baggage by slow\nmarches. Washington says in a letter to his brother John Augustine,\n(the father of Judge Lund Washington,) written on the march, that the\nadvance of the first division of the army, though retarded by many real\nobstacles and difficulties, was yet unnecessarily slow, in consequence\nof halting to level too many mole hills, and to build bridges over too\nmany brooks. Colonel Washington accompanied the advanced division until\na fever with which he was taken on the march became so violent, that he\nwas obliged to fall in the rear, into Colonel Dunbar\u2019s division.\nGeneral Braddock arrived with his division, all in fine health and\nspirits, at the junction of the Monongahela and Youghiogany rivers\non the 8th of July. On the same day Colonel Washington, though but\npartially recovered from his fever, reached that place in a covered\nwagon, and joined the advanced division. Owing to a bend in the\nMonongahela, it was necessary for the army in approaching Fort Du\nQuesne, now about fifteen miles distant, to ford the river twice. The\nremarkable dryness of the season rendered this practicable. Early in\nthe morning of the 9th of July, all things were in readiness, and\nthe whole train, a little below the mouth of the Youghiogany, passed\nthrough the river Monongahela, and proceeded in perfect order along\nthe southern margin of it. Colonel Washington, though feeble, attended\nthe General on horseback. He was often heard to say, in the course of\nhis after life, that one of the most beautiful spectacles he had ever\nseen, was the display of the British troops on this eventful morning.\nEvery man was neatly dressed in full uniform. The soldiers were\narranged in columns and marched in exact order. The sun gleamed upon\ntheir burnished arms. The river flowed tranquilly on their right, and\nthe deep forest often overshadowed them on their left. When they had\nmarched about five miles, they arrived to the second crossing place,\nten miles from Fort Du Quesne. They halted a little, and then began to\nford the river and gain its northern bank. As soon as they had crossed,\nthey came to a level plain, nearly half a mile in extent. At the end\nof the plain was a piece of gently rising ground, covered with trees,\nbushes and long grass. The road to Fort Du Quesne led across this\nplain. It then led up the rising ground, between two ravines from eight\nto ten feet deep, and of sufficient extent to contain five hundred\nmen each. Owing to the trees, bushes and high grass, these ravines\ncould not be seen from the road, nor without coming within a few feet\nof them. By the order of march, a body of three hundred men under\nLieutenant Colonel Gage, afterwards commander of the British forces in\nBoston at the beginning of the revolution, formed the advanced party.\nThis was followed by about two hundred. Next came General Braddock with\nthe main body, the artillery and baggage. He sent out no scouts nor\nguards in advance and on the wings of the army to make discoveries and\nprevent a surprise. Washington advised him to proceed more cautiously,\nbut he was self-confident and disregarded the advice.\nAt 1 o\u2019clock P. M. the whole army had crossed the river; and almost at\nthe same moment a sharp firing was heard upon the advanced parties,\nwho were now ascending the rising ground. A heavy discharge of\nmusketry poured in upon their front, gave them the first notice that\nan enemy was near. This was suddenly followed by another discharge\nupon their right flank.\u2015\u2015These were followed by others in continual\nand rapid succession. They were filled with the greater consternation\nbecause no enemy was in sight, and the fire seemed to come from an\ninvisible foe. They fired, however, in their turn, but at random and\nwithout effect. The General speedily advanced to the relief of the\ndetachments; but before he could reach them, they gave way and fell\nback upon the artillery and other columns, causing extreme confusion,\nand striking the whole mass with such a panic that no order could\nafterwards be restored. The yell of the savages with which the woods\nresounded, struck terror into the hearts of the British soldiers, and\nadded to the consternation. The General and his officers behaved with\nthe utmost courage. They made every effort to rally the men and bring\nthem to order, but all in vain.\u2015\u2015In this state they continued nearly\nthree hours, huddling together in confused bodies, firing irregularly,\nshooting down their own officers and comrades, and doing little or no\nharm to the enemy. The Virginians were the only troops who seemed to\nretain their senses. They behaved with bravery and resolution. They\nadopted the Indian mode, and fought each man for himself behind a tree.\nThis was forbidden by the General, who endeavored to form the men into\nplatoons and columns, as if he were man\u0153vering them upon the plains of\nFlanders.\u2015\u2015During all this time, the French and Indians concealed in\nthe ravines and behind trees, kept up a continual and deadly discharge\nof musketry, singling out their objects, taking deliberate aim, and\nproducing a carnage almost unparalleled in the annals of modern\nwarfare. More than half of that whole army which had crossed the river\nin such proud array only three hours before, were either killed or\nwounded. General Braddock, after having five horses shot under him, had\nreceived a mortal wound, and many of his best officers had fallen by\nhis side. Sir Peter Halket was killed upon the spot. Colonel Washington\nhad two horses shot under him, and his clothes were shot through in\nseveral places. The bodies left on the field were stripped and scalped\nby the Indians. All the artillery, ammunition, provisions, baggage,\neverything in the train of the army fell into the enemy\u2019s hands, and\nwere given up to be pillaged by the savages.\nWhen the battle was over, and the remnant of the army had gained in\ntheir flight the opposite bank of the river, Colonel Washington was\ndispatched by the General to meet Colonel Dunbar, and order forward\nwagons for the wounded with all possible speed; but they could not be\nprocured till after the wounded had suffered much from pain, fatigue\nand hunger. The General was at first brought off the field in a\ncart.\u2015\u2015He was then set on horseback, but being unable to ride, was\ncarried by the soldiers. They reached Dunbar\u2019s camp, near the Great\nMeadows, to which the panic had already extended. A day was passed\nthere in great confusion. General Braddock died on the 13th, and was\nburied in the road, for the purpose of concealing his body from the\nIndians. The spot is still pointed out within a few yards of the\npresent national road, about a mile west of the site of Fort Necessity,\nat the Great Meadows, in Pennsylvania. On the 17th, the sick and\nwounded arrived at Fort Cumberland on Wills Creek, and were soon after\njoined by Colonel Dunbar with the remnant of the army. The French sent\nout a party as far as Dunbar\u2019s camp and destroyed every thing that had\nbeen left behind.\nAs to the numbers engaged in the battle of Monongahela, on the side of\nthe French, Washington conjectured, as appears by his letters, that\nthey amounted to no more than three hundred. Doctor Franklin, in his\naccount of the battle, considers them as not exceeding four hundred at\nmost.\nIt appears by the French narratives of this battle, that while the\ncommandant of Fort Du Quesne, considering his force too small to\nencounter his approaching enemy, was hesitating what measures to adopt,\nM. De Beaujeu, a Captain in the French service, obtained from his\ncommandant a detachment of French troops, with leave to advance with\nthem and meet the enemy on their march. After much persuasion, Beaujeu\ninduced a considerable party of Indians to join him. He began his\nmarch at an early hour on the morning of the 9th of July, intending to\nmake a stand at the second fording place, there to annoy the English\nwhile passing the river, and then to retreat and make another stand\nat the rising ground where the whole contest actually took place.\nCaptain Beaujeu and his party did not, however, arrive quite in\ntime to make a stand at the ford, and thus failed to carry the first\npart of their plan into execution. They however immediately placed\nthemselves in ambush, partly in front and partly concealed in the\nravines flanking the road up the rising ground, and there waited till\nBraddock\u2019s advanced columns came up. The French gave the first fire in\nfront.\u2015\u2015This was repelled by so heavy a discharge from the British,\nthat the Indians thought it came from artillery, and showed symptoms of\nwavering and retreat. At this moment M. De Beaujeu was killed. M. Dumas\nimmediately took the command, rallied the Indians with great presence\nof mind, ordered his officers to lead them to the wings, while, with\nthe French troops, he maintained the position in front. This order was\npromptly obeyed; the attack became general, and the English columns got\ninto confusion.\nAs to the French accounts of their numbers, the highest states them at\ntwo hundred and fifty French and Canadians and six hundred and forty\nIndians, and the lowest at two hundred and thirty French and Canadians\nand six hundred Indians. A medium between the two will make the whole\nnumber under De Beaujeu eight hundred and sixty. The French admit,\nincluding Indians, thirty-three killed and thirty-four wounded.\nWhen these French statements, the nature of the ground, and the\nmismanagement of General Braddock are duly considered, the result of\nthe action will not appear very surprising. That the English should\nsay \u201cthey were fighting with an invisible foe,\u201d and that \u201cthey could\nonly tell where the enemy were by the smoke of their muskets,\u201d is no\nmystery, for it was literally true. Had Braddock known the position of\nhis enemy, and raked the ravines with his artillery, or charged through\nthem with the bayonet, they would have been cleared immediately.\nColonel Washington lost no ground in the confidence of the public by\nBraddock\u2019s defeat. It was the general opinion that if _he_ had been\ncommander, the defeat would not have happened. By his firm conduct\nduring the action, and his skilful management of the retreat, he gained\nadditional reputation.\nCHAPTER EIGHTH.\nAnecdote\u2015\u2015Washington is appointed to command the Virginia forces\u2015\u2015his\nvisit to Boston\u2015\u2015commands the advance division at the taking of Fort\nDu Quesne\u2015\u2015resigns his military commission\u2015\u2015marries\u2015\u2015devotes himself\nchiefly to agricultural pursuits till called to take command of the\nAmerican armies in the war of Independence.\nAbout fifteen years after Braddock\u2019s defeat, as Washington was\nexploring wild lands near the Ohio river with a party of woodmen, a\ncompany of Indians came to them with an interpreter, headed by an aged\nand venerable chief. This chief told the party that, at the battle of\nMonongahela, he had singled out Colonel Washington as a conspicuous\nobject, fired his rifle at him many times, and directed his young\nwarriors to do the same, but to his utter astonishment, none of their\nballs took effect. He was then persuaded that the young man was under\nthe special guardianship of the Great Spirit, and stopped firing at\nhim any longer. He said he had come a great way to pay his respects to\na man who was the peculiar favorite of Heaven, and could never die in\nbattle.[7]\nAbout a fortnight after Washington returned home from Braddock\u2019s\ndefeat, he was appointed to the chief command of the Virginia forces,\nnow increased to sixteen companies, with authority to appoint his own\nofficers, together with an aid-de-camp and Secretary. In this command\nhe continued three years, defending with energy and resolution three\nhundred and sixty miles of frontier against the continual incursions\nof a warlike and a savage foe, though furnished with very inadequate\nmeans for the arduous undertaking. His discipline was reasonable and\nsteady, but rigid. Quarreling and fighting, drunkenness, card playing\nand profane swearing were promptly punished.\nIn March, 1756, Colonel Washington went with his aid to Boston on\nmilitary business with General Shirley. He was treated with much\npoliteness and attention at Boston. He attended with interest the\nproceedings of the Legislature of Massachusetts, and visited Castle\nWilliam and other places worthy of a stranger\u2019s notice. On his return\nhome, he passed through Providence, Newport, New London, New York, and\nPhiladelphia, and spent several days in each of the two last mentioned\ncities.\nThe design of the British to carry the war into Canada, being known\nto the French Governor of Canada, he recalled the greater part of the\nFrench troops from the Ohio river. Only about five hundred men were\nleft for the defence of the French possessions.\nIn 1758, another expedition marched against Fort Du Quesne, under the\ncommand of General Forbes. Colonel Washington commanded the advanced\ndivision of this army, which was sent forward to clear and prepare the\nway for the main body.\u2015\u2015The night before the expedition reached Fort\nDu Quesne, the French, amounting to about five hundred men, set the\nFort on fire, embarked on board their boats by the light of it, and\nsailed down the Ohio; so that the army had nothing to do but to take\npossession of the spot where the Fort stood. This they did on the 25th\nof November, 1758. General Forbes called the place Pittsburg, in honor\nof Mr. Pitt.\nImmediately after his return to Virginia from this expedition,\nColonel Washington resigned his military commission. On the 6th of\nJanuary, 1759, at the age of twenty-seven, he married Martha Custis,\nthe widow of Daniel Parke Custis, and daughter of John Dandridge.\nColonel Washington, though absent at the time, was elected a member\nof the Virginia Assembly by a large majority over three active rival\ncandidates. He attended the session of the Assembly held in the\nmonth of February. The house had resolved, without the knowledge of\nWashington, to return their thanks to him in a public manner for the\ndistinguished services he had rendered his country. This duty devolved\non Mr. Robinson, the Speaker. As soon as Colonel Washington took his\nseat, the Speaker, following the impulse of his feelings, discharged\nthe duty assigned him with dignity, but with such warmth and strength\nof expression as entirely confounded the young hero. He rose to\nexpress his acknowledgments for the honor done him, but such was his\ntrepidation and confusion that he could not give distinct utterance to\na single sentence. He blushed, stammered and trembled for a moment,\nwhen the Speaker relieved him by a stroke of address that would have\ndone honor to Louis the Eighteenth in his proudest and happiest moment.\n\u201cSit down, Colonel Washington,\u201d said he, with a conciliating smile,\n\u201cyour modesty is equal to your valor; and that surpasses the power of\nany language that I possess.\u201d[8]\n    [8] Wirt\u2019s Life of Patrick Henry, page 45.\nWhen the session closed, the Colonel repaired, with Mrs. Washington,\nto his residence at Mount Vernon. Here he enjoyed the pleasures of\ndomestic life and his favorite agricultural occupations for sixteen\nyears, until called by the voice of his country to take command of\nthe American armies at the commencement of the war of the Revolution.\nHe cultivated and improved his lands with remarkable judgment. He\nconducted his business upon a regular system. Economy was observed\nthrough every department of it. His accounts were inspected weekly. The\ndivisions of his farm were numbered, an exact account was kept of the\nproduce of each lot together with the expense of cultivating it, so\nthat the profit or loss of any crop as well as the relative advantages\nof different modes of husbandry might be seen at one view.\nDuring Washington\u2019s retreat from military life he was a magistrate of\nthe county in which he resided, and frequently a member of the Virginia\nLegislature. He was hospitable and charitable; a friend to the church\nin the parish where he lived, and ever ready to do all in his power to\npromote the interests of morality and religion. He was indeed a friend\nof his country and a friend of mankind.\nAPPENDIX.\nThe first Congress of the United Colonies met at Philadelphia in 1774.\nWashington was a leading member of that body, and took an active\npart in opposition to the principles assumed by the then British\nadministration and parliament in relation to the American colonies.\nHe was unanimously elected by Congress, General and Commander-in-chief\nof the United Colonies and of all their forces. When the President of\nCongress communicated this election, Washington thus addressed him:\n\u201cMr. President\u2015\u2015Although I am truly sensible of the high honor done\nme by this appointment, I feel a consciousness that my abilities and\nmilitary experience may not be equal to the extensive trust. However,\nas the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous duty and\nexert every power I possess in their service and in support of our\nglorious cause. I beg they will accept my most cordial thanks for this\ndistinguished testimony of their approbation.\n\u201cBut unless some unlucky event should happen unfavorable to my\nreputation, I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room\nthat I this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think\nmyself equal to the command with which I am honored. I beg leave, sir,\nto assure the Congress, that, as no pecuniary consideration could have\ntempted me to accept this arduous employment, at the expense of my\ndomestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it.\nI will keep an exact account of my expenses. These, I doubt not, the\nCongress will discharge, and that is all I desire.\u201d\nUnder what privations, difficulties and discouragements, Washington\nled our fathers through their revolutionary struggle, to victory and\nnational independence, is well known. His agency in establishing that\nindependence upon the basis of union in a national constitution, and\nhis excellent administration of the government as the first President\nof the United States under that constitution, is equally well known.\nWashington was exactly six feet high. His limbs were well formed and\nindicated strength. His eyes were greyish, and his hair of a brown\ncolor. His complexion was light, and his countenance serene and\nthoughtful.\nHis manners were graceful, manly and dignified. His general appearance\nnever failed to engage the respect and esteem of all who approached\nhim. He possessed the most perfect self-government, and in a remarkable\ndegree the faculty of hiding the weaknesses inseparable from human\nnature. He ever bore his distinguished honors with meekness and\nequanimity. Reserved but not haughty in his disposition, he was\naccessible to all but he unbosomed himself only to his confidential\nfriends.\nHe was not so much distinguished for brilliancy of intellect, as for\nindustry of application, solidity of judgment and consummate prudence\nof conduct. He was not so eminent for any single quality as for a union\nof great, amiable, and good qualities, rarely combined in the same\ncharacter.\u2015\u2015_Bancroft\u2019s Life of Washington._\nMr. Stewart, the eminent portrait painter, used to say there were\nfeatures in the face of Washington, different from any he had ever\nobserved in any other human being. The sockets for the eyes were larger\nthan he had ever met with before, and the upper part of his nose\nbroader.\nHe always spoke with great diffidence, and sometimes hesitated for a\nword; but it was always to find one well adapted to his meaning. His\nlanguage was manly and expressive.\nFew persons ever found themselves for the first time in the presence\nof Washington, without being impressed with a degree of veneration\nand awe; nor did those emotions subside on a closer acquaintance; on\nthe contrary, his person and deportment were such as tended rather\nto augment them. The whole range of history does not present to our\nview a character upon which we can dwell with such entire and unmixed\nadmiration. The long life of Washington is unstained by a single blot.\nHe was indeed a man of such rare endowments, and such a fortunate\ntemperament, that every action he performed was equally exempted from\nthe charge of vice or weakness. Whatever he said or did, or wrote, was\nstamped with a striking and peculiar propriety. His qualities were\nso happily blended and so nicely harmonized, that the result was a\ngreat and perfect whole. The passions of his mind and the dispositions\nof his heart were admirably suited to each other. His views, though\nliberal, were never extravagant. His virtues, though comprehensive and\nbeneficent, were discriminating, judicious and practical.\nYet his character, though regular and uniform, possessed none of the\nlittleness which may sometimes belong to these descriptions of men.\nIt formed a majestic pile, the effect of which was not impaired, but\nimproved by order and symmetry. There was nothing in it to dazzle by\nwildness, and surprise by eccentricity. It was of a higher species of\nmoral beauty. It contained every thing great and elevated, but it had\nno false and tinsel ornament. It was not the model cried up by fashion\nand circumstance: its excellence was adapted to the true and just moral\ntaste, incapable of change from the varying accidents of manners, of\nopinions and times. General Washington is not the idol of a day, but\nthe hero of ages!\nPlaced in circumstances of the most trying difficulty at the\ncommencement of the American contest, he accepted that situation\nwhich was pre-eminent in danger and responsibility. His perseverance\novercame every obstacle; his moderation conciliated every opposition;\nhis genius supplied every resource; his enlarged views could plan,\nrevise, and improve every branch of civil and military operation. He\nhad the superior courage which can act or can forbear to act, as policy\ndictates, careless of the reproaches of ignorance either in power or\nout of power. He knew how to conquer by waiting, in spite of obloquy,\nfor the moment of victory; and he merited true praise by despising\nundeserved censure. In the most arduous moments of the contest, his\nprudent firmness proved the salvation of the cause which he supported.\nHis conduct was, on all occasions, guided by the most pure\ndisinterestedness. Far superior to low and grovelling motives, he\nseemed even to be uninfluenced by that ambition which has justly been\ncalled the instinct of great souls. He acted ever as if his country\u2019s\nwelfare, and that alone, was the moving spring. His excellent mind\nneeded not even the stimulus of ambition, or the prospect of fame.\nGlory was a secondary consideration. He performed great actions; he\npersevered in a course of laborious utility, with an equanimity that\nneither sought distinction, nor was flattered by it. His reward was\nin the consciousness of his own rectitude, and in the success of his\npatriotic efforts.\nAs his elevation to the chief power was the unbiassed choice of his\ncountrymen, his exercise of it was agreeable to the purity of its\norigin. As he had neither solicited nor usurped dominion, he had\nneither to contend with the opposition of rivals, nor the revenge of\nenemies. As his authority was undisputed, so it required no jealous\nprecautions, no rigorous severity. His government was mild and gentle;\nit was beneficent and liberal; it was wise and just. His prudent\nadministration consolidated and enlarged the dominion of an infant\nrepublic. In voluntarily resigning the magistracy which he had filled\nwith such distinguished honor, he enjoyed the unequalled satisfaction\nof leaving to the state he had contributed to establish, the fruits of\nhis wisdom and the example of his virtues.\nIt is some consolation, amidst the violence of ambition and the\ncriminal thirst of power, of which so many instances occur around us,\nto find a character whom it is honorable to admire, and virtuous to\nimitate. A conqueror, for the freedom of his country! a legislator,\nfor its security! a magistrate, for its happiness! His glories were\nnever sullied by those excesses into which the highest qualities are\napt to degenerate. With the greatest virtues, he was exempt from the\ncorresponding vices. He was a man in whom the elements were so mixed\nthat \u201cNature might have stood up to all the world\u201d and owned him as\nher work. His fame, bounded by no country, will be confined to no age.\nThe character of Washington, which his contemporaries admire, will be\ntransmitted to posterity; and the memory of his virtues, will remain\nwhile patriotism and virtue are esteemed among men.\u2015\u2015_From an English\npublication._\n Transcriber\u2019s Notes:\n \u2015\u2015Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).\n \u2015\u2015Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.\n \u2015\u2015Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.\n \u2015\u2015Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.\nEnd of Project Gutenberg's The Early Life of Washington, by Anonymous\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EARLY LIFE OF WASHINGTON ***\n***** This file should be named 58822-0.txt or 58822-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive/American Libraries.)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will\nbe renamed.\nCreating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright\nlaw means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,\nso the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United\nStates without permission and without paying copyright\nroyalties. 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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1821, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Nick Hodson of London, England\nRattlin the Reefer, by Edward Howard, and edited by Captain Marryat.\nCaptain Frederick Marryat was born July 10 1792, and died August 8 1848.\nHe retired from the British navy in 1828 in order to devote himself to\nwriting.  In the following 20 years he wrote 26 books, many of which are\namong the very best of English literature, and some of which are still\nin print.\nMarryat had an extraordinary gift for the invention of episodes in his\nstories.  He says somewhere that when he sat down for the day's work, he\nnever knew what he was going to write.  He certainly was a literary\ngenius.\n\"Rattlin The Reefer\" was published in 1838, the twelfth book to flow\nfrom Marryat's pen.  It had been written by Edward Howard, but needed a\ngood deal of polishing before it could be published, which Marryat did.\nThere is distinctly more flowery language than was normal with Marryat,\nand there are many long and unusual words that are not found elsewhere\nin Marryat's work.  There is also a great use of Latin phrases to\ndescribe the action, most of which, fortunately, are little more than\ndog-Latin (i.e. the meaning can easily be decried).\nThis e-text was transcribed in 1998 by Nick Hodson, and was reformatted\nin 2003, and again in 2005.\nRATTLIN THE REEFER, BY EDWARD HOWARD, AND EDITED BY CAPTAIN FREDERICK\nMARRYAT.\nCHAPTER ONE.\nI BEGIN A LIFE WITHOUT A SIMILITUDE WITH A SIMILE--START OFF WITH FOUR\nHORSES--AND, FINALLY, I MAKE MY FIRST APPEARANCE ON ANY STAGE, UNDER THE\nPROTECTION OF THE \"CROWN.\"\nIn the volume I am going to write, it is my intention to adhere rigidly\nto the truth--this will be _bona fide_ an autobiography--and, as the\npublic like novelty, an autobiography without an iota of fiction in the\nwhole of it, will be the greatest novelty yet offered to its\nfastidiousness.  As many of the events which will be my province to\nrecord, are singular and even startling, I may be permitted to sport a\nlittle moral philosophy, drawn from the kennel in Lower Thames Street,\nwhich may teach my readers to hesitate ere they condemn as invention\nmere matters of absolute, though uncommon fact.\nLet us stand with that old gentleman under the porch of Saint Magnus's\nChurch, for the rain is thrashing the streets till they actually look\nwhite, and the kennel before us is swelled into a formidable, and hardly\nfordable brook.  That kennel is the stream of life--and a dirty and a\nweary one it is, if we may judge by the old gentleman's looks.  All is\nhurried into that common sewer, the grave!  What bubbles float down it!\nEverything that is fairly in the middle of the stream seems to sail with\nit, steadily and triumphantly--and many a filthy fragment enters the\nsewer with a pomp and dignity not unlike the funeral obsequies of a\ngreat lord.  But my business is with that little chip; by some means it\nhas been thrust out of the principal current, and, now that it is out,\nsee what pranks it is playing.  How erratic are its motions!--into what\nstrange holes and corners it is thrust!  The same phenomenon will happen\nin life.  Once start a being out of the usual course of existence, and\nmany and strange will be his adventures ere he once more be allowed to\nregain the common stream, and be permitted to float down, in silent\ntranquillity, to the grave common to all.\nAbout seven o'clock in the evening of the 20th of February, 17---, a\npost-chaise with four horses drove with fiery haste up to the door of\nthe Crown Inn, at Reading.  The evening had closed in bitterly.  A\ncontinuous storm of mingled sleet and rain had driven every being who\nhad a home, to the shelter it afforded.  As the vehicle stopped, with a\nmost consequential jerk, and the steps were flung down with that clatter\npost-boys will make when they can get four horses before their leathern\nboxes, the solitary inmate seemed to shrink further into its dark\ncorner, instead of coming forward eagerly to exchange the comforts of\nthe blazing hearth for the damp confinement of a hired chaise.  Thrice\nhad the obsequious landlord bowed his well-powdered head, and, at each\ninclination, wiped off; with the palm of his hand, the rain-drops that\nhad settled on the central baldness of his occiput, ere the traveller\nseemed to be aware that such a man existed as the landlord of the Crown,\nor that that landlord was standing at the chaise-door.  At length a\nfemale, closely veiled, and buried in shawls like a sultana, tremblingly\ntook the proffered arm, and tottered into the hotel.  Shortly after,\nmine host returned, attended by porter, waiter, and stable-boy--and\ngiving, by the lady's orders, a handsome gratuity to each of the\npost-boys, asked for the traveller's luggage.  There was none!  At this\nannouncement, the landlord, as he afterwards expressed himself was\n\"struck all of a heap,\" though what he meant by it was never clearly\ncomprehended, as any alteration in his curiously squat figure must have\nbeen an improvement.  While he remained in perplexity and in the rain,\nthe latter of which might easily have been avoided, another message\narrived from the lady, ordering fresh horses to be procured, and those,\nwith the chaise, to be kept in readiness to start at a moment's warning.\nMore mystery and more perplexity!  In fact, if these combined causes\nhad been allowed to remain much longer in operation, the worthy\nlandlord, instead of carrying on his business profitably, would have\nbeen carried off peremptorily, by a catarrh, his wife's nursing, and a\ndoctor; but, fortunately, it struck one of the post-boys that rain was\nnot necessary to a conversation, and sleet but a bad solvent of a\nmystery; so the posse adjourned into the tap, in order that the subject\nmight be discussed more at the ease of the gentlemen who fancied\nthemselves concerned in it.\n\"And you have not seen her face?\" said mine host of the Crown.\n\"Shouldn't know her from Adam's grandmother,\" said the post-boy who had\nridden the wheel-horses.  \"Howsomedever, I yeerd her sob and moan like a\nwheel as vants grease.\"\n\"You may say that,\" said the other post-boy, a little shrivelled old\nman, a good deal past sixty; \"we lads see strange soights.  I couldn't\na-bear to see her siffer in that 'ere manner--I did feel for her almost\nas much as if she'd been an 'oss.\"\nThe landlord gave the two charioteers _force de complimens_ for the\ntenderness of their feelings, the intensity of which he fully\ncomprehended, as he changed for each his guinea, the bounty of the lady.\nWhen he found them in proper cue, that is to say, in the middle of\ntheir second glass of brandy-and-water, he proceeded in his\ncross-examination, and he learned from them that they had been engaged\nto wait at a certain spot, on an extensive heath some twelve miles\ndistant; that they had hardly waited there an hour when a private\ncarriage, containing the lady in question and a gentleman, arrived; that\nthe lady, closely veiled, had been transferred from the one conveyance\nto the other, and that the post-boys had been ordered to drive with the\nutmost speed to the destination where they now found themselves.\nThis account seemed to satisfy the scruples of the landlord, which, of\ncourse, were by no means pecuniary, but merely moral, when in bounced\nthe fiery-visaged landlady.  He was forced to stand the small-shot of\nhis wife.  Poor man! he had only powder to reply to it, and that, just\nnow, was woefully damp.\n\"You lazy, loitering, do-little, much-hindering, prateapace sot! here's\nthe lady taken alarmingly ill.  The physician has been sent for, and his\ncarriage will be at the door before you blow that ill-looking nose of\nyours, that my blessed ten commandments are itching to score down--you\npaltry --- ah!\"\nWith a very little voice, and a very great submission, mine host\nsqueaked out, \"Have you seen the lady's face?\"\n\"Face! is it face you want? and ladies' faces too--haven't I got face\nenough for you--you apology, you!\"\nWhat the good woman said was indubitably true.  She had face enough for\nany two moderately-visaged wives, and enough over and above to have\nsupplied anyone who might have lost a portion of theirs.  However, I\nwill be more polite than the landlady, and acquaint the reader, that no\none yet of the establishment had seen the lady's face, nor was it\nintended that anyone should.\nAs this squabble was growing into a quarrel the physician arrived; he\nhad not been long alone with the unknown, before he sent for a surgeon,\nand the surgeon for a nurse.  There was so much bustle, alarm, and\nsecrecy, above-stairs, that the landlord began to consider which of the\ntwo undertakers, his friends, he should favour with the anticipated job,\nand rubbed his hands as he dwelt on the idea of a coroner's inquest, and\nthe attendant dinner.  The landlady was nearly raving mad at being\nexcluded from what she supposed was the bed of death.  Hot flannels and\nwarm water were now eagerly called for--and these demands were looked\nupon as a sure sign that dissolution approached.\nThe stairs approaching the lady's chamber were lined with master,\nmistress, man-servant and maid-servants, all eagerly listening to the\nawful bustle within.  At length there is a dead silence of some minutes.\nThe listeners shuddered.\n\"It is all over with her!\" ejaculates one tender-hearted manoeuvrer of\nthe warming-pan, with her apron in the corner her eye.  \"Poor lady! it\nis all over with her!\"\nIt was exactly two in the morning of the 21st that a shrill cry was\nheard.  Shortly after, the door was flung open by the nurse, and a new\nedition of an embryo reefer appeared in her arms, and very manfully did\nthe play of his lungs make everyone present aware that _somebody_ had\nmade his appearance.  The supposed bed of death turned out to be a bed\nof life, and another being was born to wail, to sin, and to die, as\nmyriads have wailed, and sinned, and died before him.\nCHAPTER TWO.\nI AM DECIDEDLY AN INCUMBRANCE--BEGIN LIFE WITH HALF A DOZEN FRUITLESS\nJOURNEYS--FIND A HOME AND A FOSTER FATHER--AND TALK LEARNEDLY OF\nTRIANGLES AND ARCHBISHOPS.\nWhat is to be done with the child?  It is a fearful question, and has\nbeen often asked under every degree of suffering.  Of all possible\narticles, a child is the most difficult to dispose of; a wife may be\ndispensed with without much heart-breaking--even a friend and rubbish\nmay be shot out of the way, and the bosom remain tranquil; but a\nhelpless, new-born infant!--O there is a pleading eloquence in its\nfeeble wail that goes to the heart and ear of the stranger--and must act\nlike living fire in the bowels of the mother.\nThe whole household were immediately sent in quest of a wet-nurse.  At\nlength one was found in the very pretty wife of a reprobate sawyer, of\nthe name of Brandon.  He had seen many vicissitudes of life--had been a\nsoldier, a gentleman's servant, had been to sea, and was a shrewd,\nvicious, and hard man, with a most unquenchable passion for strong beer,\nand a steady addiction to skittles.  His wife was a little gentle being,\nof an extremely compact and prepossessing figure; her face was ruddy\nwith health, and, as said before, extremely pretty; for, had it not been\nfor an air of what fear must call vulgarity, for want of a more gentle\nterm, she would have merited the term of beautiful.  Brandon was a\ntop-sawyer, but, as three out of the six working days of the week he was\nto be found with a pot of porter by his side, pipe in mouth, and the\nskittle-ball in his hand, it is not surprising that there was much\nmisery in his home, which he often heightened by his brutality.  Yet was\nhe a very pleasant fellow when he had money to spend, and actually a\nwitty as well as a jovial dog when spending it.  His wife had not long\ngiven birth to a fine girl, and the mother's bosom bled over the\ndestitution with which her husband's recklessness had now made her so\nlong familiar.\nAll this time your humble servant was squalling, and none were found\nwho, under all the strange circumstances would take upon them the charge\nof an infant, about to be immediately forsaken by its mother.  At\nlength, one of the maid-servants at the inn remembered to have heard\nMrs Brandon say, that rather than live on among all her squalidness and\npenury, she would endeavour to suckle another child besides her own;\nand, as she was then in redundant health, and had two fine breasts of\nmilk,--for _a_ fine breast of milk would not have served my turn, or,\nrather, Mary and I must have taken it by turns,--she was accordingly\nsent for.  Yet, when she understood that I was to be placed that moment\nunder her care, that no references could be given, and no address left\nin the case of accident, all her wishes to better herself and babe were\nnot sufficiently strong to make her run the risk.  A guinea-and-a-half a\nweek was offered, and the first quarter tendered in advance, but in\nvain; at length, an additional ten-pound note gave her sufficient\ncourage, and flannel being in request, I was thus launched to struggle\nwith the world.  The frantic kiss of the distracted mother was impressed\non my lips, the agonised blessing was called down upon me from the God\nthat she then thought not of interceding with for herself, and the\nsolemn objurgation given to my foster-mother to have a religious and\nmotherly care of me, by the love she bore her own child; and then, lest\nthe distress of this scene should become fatal to her who bore me, I and\nmy nurse were hurried away before the day of my birth had fully dawned.\nThis day happened to be one in which the top-sawyer had been graciously\npleased to toss his arms up and down over the pit--not of destruction,\nbut of preservation.  He had started early, and, whilst he was setting\nthe teeth on edge of all within hearing, by setting an edge to his saw,\nsome very officious friend ran to him, to tell him that his wife was\nincreasing his family, without even his permission having been asked.\nInstead, therefore, of making a dust in his own pit, he flung down his\nfile, took up his lanthorn, and hurried along to kick up a dust at home.\nThe brute! may he have to sharpen saws with bad files for half an\neternity!  He swore--how awfully the fellow swore!--that I should be\nturned from his inhospitable roof immediately--and my gentle nurse,\nadding her tears to my squalls, through that dismal, sleety morning,\nwhich was then breaking mistily upon so much wretchedness, was compelled\nto carry me back to my mother.\nThe most impassioned entreaties, and an additional five pounds, at\nlength prevailed on Mrs Brandon to nestle me again in her bosom, and\ntry to excite the sympathy of her husband.  She returned to him, but the\nfellow had now taken to himself two counsellors, a drunken mate who\nserved under him in the pit, and his own avarice.  I am stating mere\nfacts: I may not be believed--I cannot help it--but three times was I\ncarried backwards and forwards, every transit producing to the sawyer\nfive extra pounds, when, at length, my little head found a\nresting-place.  All these events I have had over and over again from my\nnurse, and they are most faithfully recorded.\nBefore noon on that memorable morning the chaise-and-four were again at\nthe door, and the veiled and shawl-enveloped lady was lifted in, and the\nvehicle dashed rapidly through the streets of Reading, in a northerly\ndirection.  I pretend not to relate facts of which I have never had an\nassured knowledge; I cannot state to where that chaise and its desolate\noccupant proceeded, nor can I give a moving description of feelings that\nI did not witness.  When I afterwards knew that that lady was my mother,\nI never dared question her upon these points, but, from the strength,\nthe intensity of every good and affectionate feeling that marked her\ncharacter, I can only conceive, that, if that journey was made in the\nstupor of weakness and exhaustion, or even in the wanderings of\ndelirium, it must have been, to her, a dispensation of infinite mercy.\nShe deserted her new-born infant--she flung forth her child from the\nwarmth of her own bosom to the cold, hireling kindness of the stranger.\nI think I hear some puritanical, world-observing, starched piece of\nfemale rigidity exclaim, \"And therein she did a great wickedness.\"  The\nfact I admit, but the wickedness I deny utterly.\nThat there were misery and much suffering inflicted, I do not deny; but\nof all guilt, even of all blame, I eagerly acquit one, whose principles\nof action were as pure, and the whole tenor of whose life was as\nupright, as even Virtue herself could have dictated.  Let the guilt and\nthe misery attendant upon this desertion of myself be attached to the\nreal sinners!\nI have before said that Brandon was a _top_ sawyer.  We must now call\nhim Mr Brandon--he has purchased a pair of _top_ boots, a swell _top_\ncoat, and though now frequently _top_ heavy, thinks himself altogether a\ntopping gentleman.  He is now to be seen more frequently in the\nskittle-ground, clasping a half-gallon, instead of a quart of beer.  He\ndecides authoritatively upon foul and fair play, and his voice is\npotential on almost all matters in debate at the Two Jolly Sawyers, near\nLambeth Walk, just at the top of Cut-throat Lane.\nAll this is now altered.  We look in vain for the Two Jolly Sawyers.  We\nmay ask, where are they? and not Echo, but the Archbishop of Canterbury,\nmust answer where--for he has most sacerdotally put down all the jollity\nthere, by pulling down the house, and has built up a large wharf, where\nonce stood a very pretty tree-besprinkled walk, leading to the said\nJolly Sawyers.  Cut-throat Lane is no more; yet, though it bore a\nvillainous name, it was very pretty to walk through; and its many\nturnstiles were as so many godsends to the little boys, as they enjoyed\non them, gratis, some blithe rides, that they would have had to pay for\nat any fair in the kingdom.  We can very well understand why the\nturnstiles were so offensive to the dignitary; in fact, all this\nbuilding, and leasing of houses, and improvement of property, and\ndestroying of poor people's pleasant walks, is nothing more than an\nimproved reading of the words, \"_benefit of clergy_.\"\nCHAPTER THREE.\nMY FOSTER-FATHER FORSAKES THE RIGHT LINE OF CONDUCT CHALKED OUT FOR\nHIM--I GROW ILL--FIND POT-LUCK AND BAPTISM--GO TO BATH, AND TAKE MY\nFIRST LESSONS IN THE ARTS OF PERSUASION.\nWhen I was placed with the Brandons, it was stipulated that they should\nremove immediately from Reading; and, whilst I was in their family, they\nshould return there no more.  For this purpose the necessary expenses\nwere forwarded to them by an unknown hand.  To Lambeth they therefore\nremoved, because it abounded in saw-pits; but this advantage was more\nthan destroyed by its abundance of skittle-grounds.  Mr Joseph Brandon\nhad satisfied his conscience by coming into the neighbourhood of the\nsaid saw-pits: it showed a direction towards the paths of industry; but\nwhilst he had, through his wife, for nursing me, 81 pounds, 18 shillings\nper annum, he always preferred knocking down, or seeing knocked down,\nthe nine pins, to the being placed upon a narrow plank, toeing a chalked\nline.  This was not a line of conduct that he actually chalked out for\nhimself; only it so happened that, when he was settled at Lambeth, on\nthe third day he went out to look after work, and going down Stangate\nStreet, he turned up Cut-throat Lane, and, after passing all the\nturnstiles, he arrived at the Two Jolly Sawyers, himself making a third.\nIn his search for employment, he found it impossible, for the space of\na whole month, to get any further.\nBut he was not long permitted to be the ascendant spirit among the top\nand bottom men.  Whether it be that Mrs Brandon overrated her powers of\naffording sustenance, or that I had suffered through the inclemency of\nthe weather in my three journeys on my natal day, or whether that I was\nnaturally delicate, or perhaps all these causes contributing to it, I\nfell into a very sickly state, and, before a third month had elapsed, I\nwas forced to another migration.\nThough no one appeared, both myself and Mrs Brandon were continually\nwatched, and a very superior sort of surgeon in the neighbourhood of\nLambeth, from the second day of my arrival there, found some pretence or\nanother to get introduced to my nurse, and took a violent liking to the\nlittle, puny, wailing piece of mortality, myself.  I was about this time\nso exceedingly small, that though at the risk of being puerile, I cannot\nhelp recording that Joseph Brandon immersed me, all excepting my head,\nin a quart pot.  No one but a Joe Brandon, or a top sawyer, could have\nhad so filthy an idea.  I have never been told whether the pot contained\nany drainings, but I must attribute to this ill-advised act a most\nplebeian fondness that I have for strong beer, and which seems to be,\neven in these days of French manners and French wines, unconquerable.\nMy health now became so precarious, that a letter arrived, signed simply\nE.R., ordering that I should be immediately baptised, and five pounds\nwere enclosed for the expenses.  The letter stated that two decent\npersons should be found by Mrs Brandon to be my sponsors, and that a\nfemale would appear on such a day, at such an hour, at Lambeth Church,\nto act as my godmother.  That I was to be christened Ralph Rattlin, and,\nif I survived, I was to pass for their own child till further orders,\nand Ralph Rattlin Brandon were to be my usual appellations.  Two decent\npersons being required, Joe Brandon, not having done any work for a\ncouple of months, thought, by virtue of idleness, he might surely call\nhimself one, to say nothing of his top-boots.  The other godfather was a\ndecayed fishmonger, of the name of Ford, a pensioner in the Fishmonger's\nCompany, in whose alms-houses, at Newington, he afterwards died.  A sad\nreprobate was old Ford--he was wicked from nature, drunken from habit,\nand full of repentance from methodism.  Thus his time was very equally\ndivided between sin, drink, and contrition.  His sleep was all sin, for\nhe would keep the house awake all night blaspheming in his unhealthy\nslumbers.  As I was taken to church in a hackney-coach, my very honoured\ngodfather, Ford, remarked, that \"it would be a very pleasant thing to\nget me into hell before him, as he was sure that I was born to sin, a\nchild of wrath, and an inheritor of the kingdom of the devil.\"  This\nbitter remark roused the passions even of my gentle nurse, and she\nactually scored down both sides of his face with her nails, in such a\nmanner as to leave deep scars in his ugliness, that nine years after he\ncarried to his grave.  All this happened in the coach on our way to\nchurch.  Ford had already prepared himself for the performance of his\nsponsorial duties, by getting half drunk upon his favourite beverage,\ngin, and it was now necessary to make him wholly intoxicated to induce\nhim to go through the ceremony.  As yet, my nurse had never properly\nseen my mother's face; at the interview, on my birth, the agitation of\nboth parties, and the darkened room, though there was no attempt at\nconcealment, prevented Mrs Brandon from noticing her sufficiently to\nknow her again; when, therefore, as our party alighted at the gate of\nthe churchyard, and a lady, deeply veiled, got out of a carriage at some\ndistance, Mrs Brandon knew not if she had ever seen her before.\nI have been unfortunate in religious ceremonies.  Old Ford was a horrid\nspectacle, his face streaming with blood, violently drunk, and led by\nBrandon, who certainly was, on that occasion, both decent in appearance\nand behaviour.  The strange lady hurried up to the font before us.  When\nthe clergyman saw the state in which Ford was, he refused to proceed in\nthe ceremony.  The sexton then answered for him, whilst the drunkard was\nled out of the church.  The office went on, and the lady seemed\nstudiously to avoid looking upon her intended godson; I was christened\nsimply, Ralph Rattlin.  The lady wrote her name in the book the last,\nand it was instantly removed by the clerk.  She thrust a guinea into his\nhand, and then, for the first time, bent her veiled face over me.  I\nmust have been a miserable-looking object, for no sooner had she seen\nme, than she gave a bitter shriek, and laying hold of the woodwork of\nthe pews, she slowly assisted herself out of the church.  Two or three\npersons who happened to be present, as well as Mr and Mrs Brandon,\nstepped forward to support her, but the clergyman, who seemed to have\nhad a previous conversation with her, signed them to desist.  It was\naltogether a most melancholy affair.  Old Ford, when we left the church,\nwas helped into the coach again, Joe Brandon, being either justly\nirritated at his conduct, or angry that he could not see my unknown\ngodmother's face, when we were all fairly on our way home, gave the old\nsot such a tremendous beating, that Mrs Brandon nearly went into fits\nwith alarm, and Ford himself was confined to his bed for a week after.\nWhen I reflect upon the manner in which I was christened, though I\ncannot exactly call it a \"maimed rite,\" I have a great mind to have it\ndone over again, only I am deterred by the expense.\nAll now was bustle in removing from Felix Street, Lambeth, to Bath,\nwhere it was ordered that I should be dipped every morning in some\nspring, that at that time had much celebrity.  Old Ford was left behind.\nAt Bath I remained three years, Joe Brandon doing no work, and\npersuading himself now, that he actually was a gentleman.  In my third\nyear, my foster-sister, little robust, ruddy Mary, died, and the weakly,\nstunted, and drooping sapling lived on.  This death endeared me more and\nmore to my nurse, and Joe himself was, by self-interest, taught an\naffection for me.  He knew that if I went to the grave, he must go to\nwork; and he now used himself to perform the office of dry-nurse to me,\ntaking me to the spring, and allowing no one to dip me but himself.\nWhen I grew older, he had many stories to tell me about my pantings, and\nmy implorings, and my offers of unnumbered kisses, and of all my\nplaythings, if he would not put me in that cold water--only this one,\none morning.  And about a certain Dr Buck, who had taken a wonderful\nliking to me, after the manner of the Lambeth surgeon, and had\nprescribed for me, and sent me physic, and port wine, all out of pure\nphilanthropy; and how much I hated this same Dr Buck, and his horrible\n\"Give him t'other dip, Brandon.\"  But all these are as things that had\nlong died from my own recollection.\nCHAPTER FOUR.\nMY PROXIMITY TO THE CLERGY IMPELS ME TO PREACH--I ADVOCATE THE VULGAR,\nAND PROVE THAT NEITHER THE HUMBLE NOR THE LOW ARE NECESSARILY THE\nDEBASED--CONSEQUENTLY THIS CHAPTER NEED NOT BE READ.\nWhat with dipping, port wine, bark, and Dr Buck, at the age of four\nyears my limbs began to expand properly, and my countenance to assume\nthe hue of health.  I have recorded the death of my foster-sister Mary;\nbut, about this time, the top-sawyer, wishing to perpetuate the dynasty\nof the Brandons, began to enact _pater familias_ in a most reckless\nmanner.  He was wrong; but this must be said in extenuation of his\nimpiously acting upon the divine command, \"to increase and multiply,\"\nthat at that time, Mr Malthus had not corrected the mistake of the\nOmniscient, nor had Miss Harriet Martineau begun her pilgrimage after\nthe \"preventive check.\"  There was no longer any pretence for my\nremaining at Bath, or for my worthy foster-father abstaining from work;\nso we again removed, with a small family, in our search after saw-pits\nand happiness, to one of the best houses in Felix Street, somewhere near\nLambeth Marsh.  This place, after the experience of some time, proving\nnot to be sufficiently blissful, we removed to Paradise Row; some\nfurlongs nearer to the Father in God, his Grace the Archbishop of\nCanterbury.  I have a laudable pride in showing that I had a\n_respectable_--I beg pardon, the word is inapplicable--I mean a grand\nneighbour.  \"I am not the rose,\" said the flower in the Persian poem,\n\"but I have lived near the rose.\"  I did not bloom in the archbishop's\ngarden, but I flourished under the wall, though on the outside.  The\nwall is now down, and rows of houses up in its place.\nIn our location in Paradise Row, the house being larger than we required\nfor our accommodation, we again received old Ford, the only paradise, I\nam rather afraid, that will ever own him as an inmate.  An awful man was\nold Ford, my godfather.  His mingled prayers and blasphemies, hymns and\nhorrid songs, defiance and remorse, groans and laughter, made everyone\nhate and avoid him.  Hell-fire, as he continually asserted, was ever\nroaring before his eyes; and, as there is a text in the New Testament\nthat says, there is no salvation for him who curses the Holy Ghost, he\nwould, in the frenzy of his despair, swear at that mysterious portion of\nthe Trinity by the hour, and then employ the next in beating his breast\nin the agony of repentance.  Many may think all this sheer madness; but\nhe was not more mad than most of the hot-headed methodists, whose\npreachers, at that time, held uncontrolled sway over the great mass of\npeople that toiled in the humbler walks of life.  Two nights in the week\nwe used to have prayer-meetings at our house; and, though I could not\nhave been five years old at the time, vividly do I remember that our\nfront room used, on those occasions, to be filled to overflow, with\nkneeling fanatics, old Ford in the centre of the room, and a couple of\nlank-haired hypocrites, one on each side of the reprobate, praying till\nthe perspiration streamed down their foreheads, to pray the devil out of\nhim.  The ohs! and the groanings of the audience were terrible; and the\nwhole scene, though very edifying to the elect, was disgraceful to any\nsect who lived within the pale of civilisation.\nI must now draw upon my own memory.  I must describe my own sensations.\nIf I reckon by the toil and turmoil of the mind, I am already an old\nman.  I have lived for ages.  I am far, very far, on my voyage.  Let me\ncast my eyes back on the vast sea that I have traversed; there is a mist\nsettled over it, almost as impenetrable as that which glooms before me.\nLet me pause.  Methinks that I see it gradually break, and partial\nsunbeams struggle through it.  Now the distant waves rise, and wanton\nand play, pure and lucid.  'Tis the day-spring of innocency.  How near\nto the sanctified heavens do those remote waves appear!  They meet, and\nare as one with the far horizon.  Those sparkling waves were the hours\nof my childhood--the blissful feelings of my infancy.  As the sea of\nlife rolls on, the waves swell and are turbid; and, as I recede from the\nhorizon of my early recollections, so heaven recedes from me.  The\nthunder-cloud is high above my head, the treacherous waters roar beneath\nme, before me is the darkness and the night of an unknown futurity.\nWhere can I now turn my eyes for solace, but over the vast space that I\nhave passed?  Whilst my bark glides heedlessly forward, I will not\nanticipate dangers that I cannot see, or tremble at rocks that are\nbenevolently hidden from my view.  It is sufficient for me to know that\nI must be wrecked at last; that my mortal frame must be like a shattered\nbark upon the beach ere the purer elements that it contains can be\nwafted through the immensity of immortality.  I will commune with my\nboyish days--I will live in the past only.  Memory shall perform the\nMedean process, shall renovate me to youth.  I will again return to\nmarbles and an untroubled breast--to hoop and high spirits--at least, in\nimagination.\nI shall henceforward trust to my own recollections.  Should this part of\nmy story seem more like a chronicle of sensations than a series of\nevents, the reader must bear in mind that these sensations are, in early\nyouth, real events, the parents of actions, and the directors of\ndestiny.  The circle in which, in boyhood, one may be compelled to move,\nmay be esteemed low; the accidents all round him may be homely, the\npersons with whom he may be obliged to come in contact may be mean in\napparel, and sordid in nature; but his mind, if it remain to him pure as\nhe received it from his Maker, is an unsullied gem of inestimable price,\ntoo seldom found, and too little appreciated when found, among the\ngreat, or the fortuitously rich.  Nothing that is abstractedly mental,\nis low.  The mind that well describes low scenery is not low, nor is the\ndescription itself necessarily so.  Pride, and contempt for our\nfellow-creatures, evince a low tone of moral feeling, and is the innate\nvulgarity of the soul; it is this which but too often makes those who\nrustle in silks and roll in carriages, lower than the lowest.\nI have said this much, because the early, very early part of my life was\npassed among what are reproachfully termed \"low people.\"  If I describe\nthem faithfully, they must still appear low to those who arrogate to\nthemselves the epithet of \"high.\"  For myself; I hold that there is\nnothing low under the sun, except meanness.  Where there is utility\nthere ought to be honour.  The utility of the humble artisan has never\nbeen denied, though too often despised, and too rarely honoured; but I\nhave found among the \"vulgar\" a horror of meanness, a self-devotion, an\nunshrinking patience under privation, and the moral courage, that\nconstitute the hero of high life.  I can also tell the admirers of the\ngreat, that the evil passions of the vulgar are as gigantic, their\nwickedness upon as grand a scale, and their notions of vice as refined,\nand as extensive, as those of any fashionable _roue_ that is courted\namong the first circles, or even as those of the crowned despot.  Then,\nas to the strength of vulgar intellect: True, that intellect is rarely\ncultivated by the learning which consists of words.  The view it takes\nof science is but a partial glance--that intellect is contracted, but it\nis strong.  It is a dwarf; with the muscle and sinews of a giant; and\nits grasp, whenever it can lay hold of anything within its circumscribed\nreach, is tremendous.  The general who has conquered armies and\nsubjugated countries--the minister who has ruined them, and the jurist\nwho has justified both, never at the crisis of their labours have\ndisplayed a tithe of the ingenuity and the resources of mind that many\nan artisan is forced to exert to provide daily bread for himself and\nfamily; or many a shopkeeper to keep his connection together, and\nhimself out of the workhouse.  Why should the exertions of intellect be\ntermed low, in the case of the mechanic, and vast, profound, and\nglorious, in that of the minister?  It is the same precious gift of a\nbeneficent power to all his creatures.  As well may the sun be voted as\nexcessively vulgar, because it, like intellect, assists all equally to\nperform their functions.  I repeat, that nothing that has mind is, of\nnecessity, low; and nothing is vulgar but meanness.\nCHAPTER FIVE.\nI RECEIVE MY FIRST LESSONS IN PUGNACITY--AND IMBIBE THE EVIL SPIRIT--\nLEARN TO READ BY INTUITION, AND TO FIGHT BY PRACTICE--GO TO SCHOOL TO A\nSOLDIER--AM A GOOD BOY AND GET WHIPPED.\nAt six years of age my health had become firmly established, but this\nestablishment caused dismay in that of Joe Brandon.  As I was no longer\nthe sickly infant that called for incessant attention and the most\ncareful nurture, it was intimated to my foster-parents that a\nconsiderable reduction would be made in the quarterly allowance paid on\nmy account.  The indignation of Brandon was excessive.  He looked upon\nhimself as one grievously wronged.  No sinecurist, with his pension\nrecently reduced, could have been more vehement on the subject of the\nsanctity of vested rights.  But his ire was not to be vented in idle\ndeclamation only.  He was not a man to rest content with mere words: he\ndeclaimed for a full hour upon his wife's folly in procuring him the\nmeans of well-fed idleness so long, threatened to take the brat--meaning\nno less a personage than myself--to the workhouse: and then wound up\naffairs, indoors, by beating his wife, and himself, out of doors, by\ngetting royally drunk.\nThis was the first scene that made a deep impression on me.  Young as I\nwas, I comprehended that I was the cause of the ill-treatment of my\nnurse, whom I fondly loved.  I interfered--I placed my little body\nbetween her and her brutal oppressor.  I scratched, I kicked, I\nscreamed--I grew mad with passion.  At that hour, the spirit of evil and\nof hate blew the dark coal in my heart into a flame; and the demon of\nviolent anger has ever since found it too easy to erect there his altar,\nof which the fire, though, at the time, all-consuming, is never durable.\nFrom that moment I commenced my intellectual existence.  I looked on\nthe sobbing mother, and knew what it was to love, and my love found its\nexpression in an agony of tears.  I looked on the tyrant, I felt what it\nwas to hate, and endeavoured to relieve the burning desire to punish\nwith frantic actions and wild outcries.  Old Ford, who had been present\nand enjoyed the _fracas_, immediately took me into his especial favour;\nhe declared that I was after his own heart, for I had the devil in me--\nsaid that I had the right spirit to bring me to the gallows, and he\nhoped, old as he was, to live to see it: he then entreated of the Lord\nthat my precious soul might be saved as a burning brand out of the\nfire--took me by the hand and led me to the next gin-shop--made me taste\nthe nauseating poison--told me I was a little man, and it was glorious\nto fight--doubled up for me my puny fists, and asserted that cowards\nonly suffered a blow without returning it.  A lesson like this never can\nbe forgotten.  I ground my teeth whilst I was receiving it--I clenched\nmy hands, and looked wildly round for something to destroy.  I was in\ntraining to become a little tiger.  From what I then experienced, I can\neasily conceive the feelings that actuate, and can half forgive the\ncrowned monsters who have revelled in blood, and relished the inflicting\nof torture; as pandering to their worst passions in infancy resolves\nthem into a terrible instrument of cruelty, the control of which rests\nnot with themselves.  But this lesson in tiger ferocity had its\nemollient, though not its antidote, in the tenderness of the love which\nI bore to my nurse, when, on my return, I flung myself into her arms.\nEver since that day I have been subject to terrific fits of passion; but\nvery happily for me they have long ceased to be but of very rare\noccurrence.\nThe next morning, Master Joseph came home ill, and if not humbled, at\nleast almost helpless.  He had now three children of his own, and the\nnecessity of eschewing skittles, and presiding over the sawpit, became\nurgent.  With all his vices and his roughness, he was surprisingly fond\nof me.  He, too, applauded my spirit in attacking himself.  He now\nrejoiced to take me to the sawpit, to allow me to play about the\ntimber-yards, and share with him his _alfresco_ midday meal and pot of\nporter.  I always passed for his eldest son, my name being told to the\nneighbours as Ralph Rattlin Brandon.  I knew no otherwise, and my\nfoster-parents kept the secret religiously.  At seven I began to fight\nwith dirty little urchins in the street, who felt much scandalised at\nthe goodness of my clothes.  It is hard work fighting up-hill at seven\nyears of age.  Old Ford would wipe the blood from my nose, and clap the\nvinegar and brown paper on my bruises with words of sweet encouragement;\nthough he always ended by predicting that his hopeful godson would be\nhung, and that he should live to see it.  I have certainly not been\ndrowned yet, though I have had my escapes, and old Ford has been dead\nthese thirty years.  As one part of the prophecy will certainly never be\nfulfilled, I have some faint hopes of avoiding the exaltation hinted at\nin the other.\nAbout this time, I began to notice that a lady, at long intervals, came\nto see me.  She seemed exceedingly happy in my caresses, though she\nshowed no weakness.  She passed for my godmother, and so she certainly\nwas.  She was minute in her examination in ascertaining that I was\nperfectly clean; and always brought me a number of delicacies, which\nwere invariably devoured immediately after her departure, by me and\nthose little cormorants my loving foster-brothers and sister.  Moreover,\nmy nurse always received a present, which she very carefully and\ndutifully concealed from her liege lord of the pits.  However, I cannot\ncall to my mind more than four of these \"angelic visits\" altogether.\n\"Angelic visits,\" indeed, they might be termed, if the transcendent\nbeauty of the visitor be regarded.  At that time, her form and her\ncountenance furnished me with the idea I had of the blessed inhabitants\nof heaven before man was created, and I have never been able to replace\nit since by anything more beautiful.  The reader shall soon know how, at\nthat very early age, I became so well acquainted with angelic lore.\nWhen eight years old I was sent to school.  I could read before I went\nthere.  How I picked up this knowledge I never could discover: both my\nfoster-parents were grossly illiterate.  Perhaps old Ford taught me--but\nthis is one of the mysteries I could never solve; and it is strange that\nI should have so totally forgotten all about an affair so important, as\nnot to remember a single lesson, and yet to hold so clear a recollection\nof many minor events.  But so it is.  To school I went: my master was a\ncadaverous, wooden-legged man, a disbanded soldier, and a\ndisciplinarian, as well as an a-b-c-darian.\nI well remember old Isaacs, and his tall, handsome, crane-necked\ndaughter.  The hussy was as straight as an arrow, yet, for the sake of\ncoquetry, or singularity, she would sit in the Methodist chapel, with\nher dimpled chin resting upon an iron hoop, and her finely formed\nshoulders braced back with straps so tightly, as to thrust out in a\nremarkable manner her swanlike chest, and her almost too exuberant bust.\nThis instrument for the distorted, with its bright crimson leather,\nthus pressed into the service of the beautiful, had a most singular and\nexciting effect upon the beholder.  I have often thought of this girl in\nmy maturer years, and confess that no dress that I ever beheld gave a\nmore piquant interest to the wearer, than those straps and irons.  The\njade never wore them at home: perhaps the fancy was her father's, he\nbeing an old soldier, and his motto \"Eyes right! dress!\"  Whosever fancy\nit was, his daughter rejoiced in it.  \"Eyes right! dress!\" is as good a\nmotto for the ladies as for the army--and well do they act up to it.\nThe most important facts that my mind has preserved concerning this\nscholastic establishment are--that one evening, for a task, I learned\nperfectly by heart the two first chapters of the Gospel according to\nSaint John; that there was an unbaked gooseberry pie put prominently on\nthe shelf in the schoolroom, a fortnight before the vacation at\nMidsummer, to be partaken of on the happy day of breaking-up, each boy\npaying fourpence for his share of the mighty feast.  There were between\nforty and fifty of us.  I had almost forgotten to mention that I was to\nbe duly punished whenever I deserved it, but the master was, on no\naccount, to hurt me, or make me cry.  I deserved it regularly three or\nfour times a day, and was as regularly horsed once.  Oh! those\nfloggings, how deceptive they were, and how much I regretted them when I\ncame to understand the thing fundamentally.  Old Isaacs could not have\nperformed the operation more delicately, if he were only brushing a fly\noff the down of a lady's cheek.  _He_ never made me cry.\nCHAPTER SIX.\nTHIS CHAPTER SHOWETH, IN A METHODICAL MANNER, HOW TO FIND A FAITH AND\nLOSE A RELIGION; ALSO, TO PROCURE A CALL FOR PERSONS OF ALL MANNER OF\nCALLINGS.\nI had, as I have related, been encouraged in fits of passion, and had\nbeen taught to be pugnacious; my mind was now to be opened to loftier\nspeculations; and religious dread, with all the phantoms of superstition\nin its train, came like a band of bravoes, and first chaining down my\nsoul in the awe of stupefaction, ultimately loosened its bonds, and sent\nit to wander in all its childish wildness in the direful realms of\nhorrible dreams, and of waking visions hardly less so.  I was fashioning\nfor a poet.\nMy nurse was always a little devotional.  She went to the nearest chapel\nor church, and, satisfied that she heard the word of God, without\ntroubling herself with the niceties of any peculiar dogma, which she\ncould not have understood if she had, and finding herself on the\nthreshold of Divine grace, she knelt down in all humility, prayed, and\nwas comforted.  Old Ford was a furious Methodist: he owned that he never\ncould reform; and, as he daily drained the cup of sin to the very dregs,\nhe tried, as an antidote, long prayer and superabounding faith.  The\nunction with which he struck his breast, and exclaimed, \"Miserable\nsinner that I am!\" could only be exceeded by the veracity of the\nassertion.  Mrs Brandon only joined in the prayer-meetings that he held\nat our house, when Ford himself was perfectly sober--thus she did not\noften attend--Brandon never.  Whilst he wore the top-boots, he was an\noptimist, and perfectly epicurean in his philosophy--I use the term in\nthe modern sense.  When he had eighty pounds odd a year, with no family\nof his own, no man was more jovial or happy.  He had the most perfect\nreliance on Providence.  He boasted that he belonged to the Established\nChurch, because it was so respectable--and he loved the organ.  However,\nhe never went in the forenoon, because he was never shaved in time; in\nthe afternoon he never went, because he could not dispense with his nap\nafter dinner; and, in the evening, none but the serving classes were to\nbe seen there.  He ridiculed the humble piety of his wife, and the\nfanatical fervour of his lodger.  He was a High Churchman, and\nsatisfied.  But when he was obliged, with an increasing family and a\ndecreased income, to work from morning till night, he grew morose and\nvery unsettled in his faith.\nThe French Revolution was then at its wildest excess: equality was\nuniversally advocated in religious, as well as political establishments.\nThe excitement of the times reached even to the sawpit.  Brandon got\ntipsy one Saturday night with a parcel of demagogues, and when he awoke\nearly next Sunday morning--it was a beautiful summer day--he made the\nsudden discovery that he had still his faith to seek for.  Then began\nhis dominical pilgrimages: with his son Ralph in his hand, he roved from\none congregation to another over the vast metropolis, and through its\nextensive environs: I do not think that we left a single place dedicated\nto devotion unvisited.  I well remember that he was much struck with the\nRoman Catholic worship.  We repeated our visits three or four times to\nthe Catholic chapel, a deference we paid to no other.  The result of\nthis may be easily imagined: when an excited mind searches for food, it\nwill be satisfied with the veriest trash, provided only that it\nintoxicates.  We at length stumbled upon a small set of mad Methodists,\nmore dismal and more excluding than even Ford's sect: the congregation\nwere all of the very lowest class, with about twelve or thirteen\nexceptions, and those were decidedly mad.  The pastor was an arch rogue,\nthat fattened upon the delusion of his communicants.  They held the\ndoctrine of visible election, which election was made by having a call--\nthat is, a direct visitation of the Holy Ghost, which was testified by\nfalling down in a fit--the testification being the more authentic, if it\nhappened in full congregation.  The elected could never again fall: the\nsins that were afterwards committed in their persons were not theirs--it\nwas the evil spirit within them, that they could cast out when they\nwould, and be equally as pure as before.  All the rest of the world, who\nhad not had their call, were in a state of reprobation, and on the\nhighroad to damnation.\nAll this, of course, I did not understand till long afterwards, but I\ntoo unhappily understood, or at least fancied I did, the dreadful images\nof eternal torments, and the certainty that they would soon be mine.\nFirst of all, either from inattention, or from want of comprehension,\nthese denunciations made but a faint impression upon me.  But the\nfrightful descriptions took, gradually, a more visible and sterner\nshape, till they produced effects that proved all but fatal.\nThe doctrines of these Caterians just suited the intellect and the\nstrong passions of Brandon.  The sect was called Caterians, after the\nReverend Mr Cate, their minister.  My foster-father went home, after\nthe second Sunday, and put his house in order.  As far as regarded the\nhousehold, the regulations would have pleased Sir Andrew Agnew: the hot\njoint was dismissed--the country walk discontinued--at meeting four\ntimes a day.  Even Ford did not like it.  Brandon was labouring hard for\nhis call: he strove vehemently for the privilege of sinning with\nimpunity.  He was told by Mr Cate that he was in a desperate way.\nBrandon did all he could, but the call would not come for the calling.\nMrs Brandon got it very soon, though she strenuously denied the honour.\nMy good nurse was in the family-way, and Mr Cate had frightened her\ninto fits, with a vivid delineation of the agonies of a new-born infant,\nunder the torture of eternal fire, because it had died unelected.\nHowever, Brandon began a little to weary of waiting and long prayer, and\nperhaps of the now too frequent visits of Mr Cate.  He commenced to\nhave his fits of alternate intemperate recklessness, and religious\ndespondency.  One Sunday morning--well do I recollect it--he called me\nup early, before seven; and I supposed, as usual, that we were going to\nearly meeting: we walked towards the large room that was used as a\nchapel.  We had nearly reached it, when the half-open door of an\nadjacent ale-house let out its vile compound of disgusting odours upon\nthe balmy Sabbath air.  My conductor hesitated--he moved towards the\nmeeting-house, but his head was turned the other way--he stopped.\n\"Ralph,\" said he, \"did you not see Mr Ford go into the public-house?\"\n\"No, father,\" said I; \"don't think he's up.\"\n\"At all bounds, we had better go and see; for I must not allow him to\nshame a decent house by tippling, on a Sunday morning, in a dram-shop.\"\nWe entered.  He found there some of his mates.  Pint after pint of purl\nwas called for; at length, a gallon of strong ale was placed upon the\ntable, a quart of gin was dashed into it, and the whole warmed with a\nred-hot poker.  I was instructed to lie.  I promised to tell mother that\nwe had gone into a strange chapel; but I made my conditions, that mother\nshould not be any more beaten.  It was almost church-time when the\nlandlord put us all out by the back way.  The drunken fellows sneaked\nhome--whilst Brandon, taking me by the hand, made violent, and nearly\nsuccessful, efforts to appear sober.\nAfter a hasty breakfast, we went to meeting.  My foster-father looked\nexcessively wild.  Mr Cate was raving in the midst of an extempore\nprayer, when a heavy fall was heard in the chapel.  The minister\ndescended from his desk, and came and prayed over the prostrate victim\nof intoxication, and, perhaps, of epilepsy, and he pronounced that\nbrother Brandon had got his call, and was now indisputably one of the\nelect.  He did not revive so soon as was expected--his groans were\nlooked upon as indications of the workings of the Spirit; and when, at\nlength, he was so far recovered as to be led home by two of the\ncongregation, the conversion of the sawyer was dwelt upon by the\npreacher, from a text preached upon the chapter that relates to the\nconversion of Saul, and the cases were cited as parallel.  Let the\nopponents of the Established Church rail at it as they will, scenes of\nsuch wickedness and impiety could never have happened within its\ntime-honoured walls.\nWhen we returned to dinner, we found that Brandon had so far recovered\nas to become very hungry, very proud, and very pharisaically pious.  Mr\nCate dined with us.  He was full of holy congratulations on the\nmiraculous event.  The sawyer received all this with a humble\nself-consequence, as the infallible dicta of truth, and, apparently,\nwith the utter oblivion of any such things existing as purl and red-hot\npokers.  Was he a deep hypocrite, or only a self-deceiver?  Who can know\nthe heart of man?  However, \"this call\" had the effect of making the\n\"called one\" a finished sinner, and of filling up the measure of\nwretchedness to his wife.\nCHAPTER SEVEN.\nI TOO HAVE MY CALL--TO DEATH'S DOOR--A GREAT RISE IN LIFE--BRANDON\nALLOWS NEITHER SLUGS NOR SLUGGARDS IN HIS SAWPIT--IS RUINED, AND BEATS\nTHE REVEREND MR. CATE.\nAll this was preparatory to an event, to me of the utmost importance,\nwhich is, perhaps, at this very moment, influencing imperceptibly my\nmind, and directing my character.  Brandon's call, in our humble circle,\nmade a great deal of noise.  He had taken care that I should know what\ndrunkenness meant.  I thought he ought to have been drunk on the\nafternoon of his election, yet he so well disguised his intoxication\nthat he appeared not to be so.  I listened attentively to the sermon of\nthe preacher that followed.  I no longer doubted.  I could not believe\nthat a grave man in a pulpit could speak anything but truth, when he\nspoke so loudly, and spoke for two hours.  My mind was a chaos of\nconfusion: I began to be very miserable.  The next, or one or two\nSundays after, produced the crisis.  My dress was always much superior\nto what could have been expected in the son of a mere operative.  I was,\nat that time, a fair and mild-featured child, and altogether remarkable\namong the set who frequented the meeting-house.  Mr Cate had been very\npowerful indeed in his description of the infernal regions--of the\nabiding agonies--the level lake that burneth--the tossing of the waves\nthat glow; and, when he had thrown two or three old women into\nhysterics, and two or three young ones into fainting-fits, amidst the\ntorrent of his oratory, and the groaning, and the \"Lord have mercy upon\nme's,\" of his audience, he made a sudden pause.  There was a dead\nsilence for half a minute, then suddenly lifting his voice, he pointed\nto me, and exclaimed, \"Behold that beautiful child--observe the pure\nblood mantling in his delicate countenance--but what is he after all but\na mouthful for the devil?  All those torments, all those tortures, that\nI have told you of, will be his; there, look at him, he will burn and\nwrithe in pain, and consume for ever, and ever, and ever, and never be\ndestroyed, unless the original sin be washed out from him by the `call,'\nunless he be made, hereafter, one of the `elect.'\"\nAt this direct address to myself, I neither fainted, shuddered, nor\ncried--I felt, at the time, a little stupefied: and it was some hours\nafter (the hideous man's words all the time ringing in my ears) before I\nfully comprehend my hopeless state of perdition.  I looked at the fire\nas I sat by it, and trembled.  I went to bed, but not to sleep.  No\nchild ever haunted by a ghost-story was more terrified than myself, as I\nlay panting on my tear-steeped pillow.  At length, imagination began its\ndreadful charms--the room enlarged itself in its gloom to vast space--I\nbegan to hear cries from under my bed.  Some dark bodies first of all\nflitted across the gloaming.  My bed began to rock.  I tried to sing a\nhymn.  I thought that the words came out of my mouth in flames of bright\nfire.  I then called to mind the offerings from the altars of Cain and\nAbel.  I watched to see if my hymns turned into fire, and ascended up to\nheaven.  I felt a cold horror when I discovered them scattered from my\nmouth exactly in the same manner that I had seen the flames in the\nengraving in our large Bible on the altar of Cain.  Then there came a\nhuge block of wood, and stationed itself in the air above me, about six\ninches from my eyes.  I remember no more--I was in a raging fever.\nI was ill for some weeks, and a helpless invalid for many more.  When\nagain I enjoyed perception of the things around me, I found myself in a\nnew house in Red Cross Street, near Saint Luke's.  My foster-parents had\nopened a shop--it had the appearance of a most respectable fruiterer's.\nMr Brandon had become a small timber-merchant, had sawpits in the\npremises behind the house, and men of his own actually sawing in them.\nBut the most surprising change of all was, that the reverend Mr Cate\nwas domesticated with us.  Brandon, as a master, worked harder than ever\nhe did as a man.  My nurse became anxious and careworn, and never seemed\nhappy--for my part, I was so debilitated, that I then took but little\nnotice of anything.  However, the beautiful lady never called.  I used\nto spend my time thinking upon angels and cherubs, and in learning hymns\nby heart.  I suppose that I, like my foster-father, had had my call, but\nI am sure that after it, I was as much weaker in mind as I was in body.\nWhen I became strong enough to be again able to run about, I was once\nmore sent to a day-school, and all that I remember about the matter was,\nthat every day about eleven o'clock, I was told to run home and get a\nwigful of potatoes from Brandon's, the venerable pedagogue coolly taking\noff his wig, and exchanging it for a red night-cap, until my return with\nthe provender.\nThings now wore a dismal aspect at home.  At length, one day, the broker\nsent his men into the shop, who threw all the greengrocery about like\npeelings of onions.  They carted away Mr Brandon's deals and planks,\nand timber, and, not content with all this, they also took away the best\nof the household furniture.  My nurse called Mr Cate a devil in a white\nsheet--her husband acted as he always would do when he was offended and\nfound himself strong enough: he gave the reverend gentleman, most\nirreverently, a tremendous beating.  The sheep sadly gored the shepherd.\nAfterwards, when he had nearly killed his pastor, he seceded from his\nflock, and gave him, under his own hand, a solemn abjuration of the\nCaterian tenets.  How Brandon came to launch out into this expensive and\nill-advised undertaking of green-groceries and sawpits, how he\nafterwards became involved, and how much the preacher had been guilty in\ndeceiving him, I never clearly understood.  However, my nurse never, for\na long time after, spoke of the reverend gentleman without applying the\ncorner of her apron to her eyes, or her husband without a hearty\nmalediction.  We removed to our old neighbourhood, but, instead of\ntaking a respectable house, we were forced to burrow in mean lodgings.\nCHAPTER EIGHT.\nANOTHER MIGRATION--FROM THE RURALITIES OF CUT-THROAT LANE TO THE GROVES\nOF ACADEMUS--I AM FORCED INTO GOOD CLOTHES AND THE PATHS OF LEARNING IN\nSPITE OF MY TEETH, THOUGH I USE THEM SPITEFULLY.\nMisfortunes never come single.  I don't know why they should.  They are\nbut scarecrow, lean-visaged, miserable associates, and so they arrive in\na body to keep each other in countenance.  I had been but a few weeks in\nour present miserable abode, and had fully recovered my health, though I\nthink that I was a little crazed with the prints, and the subjects of\nthem, over which I daily pored in the large Bible, when the greatest\nmisfortune of all came upon the poor Brandons--and that was, to add to\ntheir other losses, the loss of my invaluable self.\nThe misery was unexpected--it was sudden--it was overwhelming.  Brandon\nwas toeing a chalked line on a heavy log of mahogany, unconscious of the\nmischief that was working at home.  He afterwards told me, and I believe\nhim, that he would have opposed the proceeding by force, if force had\nbeen requisite.  A plain private or hired carriage drove up to the door,\nand, after ascertaining that the Brandons lived at the house, a\nbusiness-like looking, elderly gentleman stepped out, paid every demand\nimmediately, and ordered my best clothes on.  When I was thus equipped,\nmy nurse was told that she was perfectly welcome to the remainder of my\neffects, and that I must get into the carriage.\nThe good woman was thunderstruck.  There was a scene.  She raved, and I\ncried, and the four little Brandons, at least three of them, joined in\nthe chorus of lamentation, because the naughty man was going to take\nbrother Ralph away.  I had been too well taught by old Ford, not to\nvisit my indignation upon the shins and hands of the carrier away of\ncaptives, in well-applied kicks, and almost rabid bites.  There was a\ngreat disturbance.  The neighbours thought it very odd that the mother\nshould allow her eldest son to be, carried off by force, by a stranger,\nbefore her eyes, in the middle of the day; but then it was suggested\nthat \"nothing could be well termed odd that concerned little Ralph\nBrandon, for hadn't he been bit last year by a mad dog, and, when so and\nso had all died raving, he had never nothing at all happen to him.\"\nWhen the stranger heard this story of the mad dog (which, by-the-by, was\nfact, and I have the scars to this day), he shook me off, pale with\nconsternation, and was, no doubt, extremely happy to find that my little\nteeth had not penetrated the skin.  I believe that he heartily repented\nhim of his office.  At length he lost all patience.  \"Woman,\" said he,\n\"send these people out of the room.\"  When they had departed,\nmarvelling, he resumed: \"I cannot lose my time in altercation; I am\ncommissioned to tell you, that if you keep the boy in one sense, you'll\nhave to keep him in all.  You may be sure that I would not trouble\nmyself about such a little ill-bred wretch for a moment, if I did not\nact with authority, and by orders.  Give up the child directly (I was\nnow sobbing in her arms), take your last look at him, for you will never\nsee him again.  Come, hand the young gentleman into the carriage.\"\n\"I won't go,\" I screamed out.\n\"We shall soon see that, Master Rattlin,\" said he, dragging me along,\nresisting.  I bawled out, \"My name's not Master Rattlin--you're a liar--\nand when father comes from the pit he'll wop you.\"\nThis threat seemed to have an effect the very reverse of what I had\nintended.  Perhaps he thought that he had already enough to contend\nwith, without the addition of the brawny arm of the sawyer.  I was\nforcibly lifted up, placed in the coach, and, as it drove rapidly away,\nI heard, amidst the rattling of the wheels, the cries of her whom I\nloved as a mother, exclaiming, \"My Ralph--my dear Ralph!\"\nBehold me, then, \"hot with the fray, and weeping from the fight,\"\nconfined in a locomotive prison with my sullen captor.  I blubbered in\none corner of the coach, and he surveyed me with stern indifference from\nthe other.  I had now fairly commenced my journey through life, but this\nbeginning was anything but auspicious.  At length, the carriage stopped\nat a place I have since ascertained to be near Hatton Garden, on Holborn\nHill.  We alighted, and walked into a house, between two motionless\npages, excessively well dressed.  At first, they startled me, but I soon\ndiscovered they were immense waxen dolls.  It was a ready-made clothes\nwarehouse into which we had entered.  We went upstairs, and I was soon\nequipped with three excellent suits.  My grief had now settled down into\na sullen resentment, agreeably relieved, at due intervals, by\nbreath-catching sobs.  The violence of the storm had passed, but its\ngloom still remained.  Seeing the little gladness that the possession of\nclothes, the finest I had yet had, communicated to me, my director could\nnot avoid giving himself the pleasurable relief of saying, \"Sulky little\nbrute!\"  A trunk being sent for, and my wardrobe placed in it, we then\ndrove to three or four other shops, not forgetting a hatter's, and in a\nvery short space of time I had a very tolerable fit-out.  During all\nthis time, not a word did my silent companion address to me.\nAt length, the coach no longer rattled over the stones.  It now\nproceeded on more smoothly, and here and there the cheerful green\nfoliage relieved the long lines of houses.  After about a half-hour's\nride, we stopped at a large and very old-fashioned house, built in\nstrict conformity with the Elizabethan style of architecture, over the\nportals of which, upon a deep blue board, in very, very bright gold\nletters, flashed forth that word so awful to little boys, so big with\nassociations of long tasks and wide-spreading birch, the Greek-derived\npolysyllable, ACADEMY!  Ignorant as I was, I understood it all in a\nmoment.  I was struck cold as the dew-damp grave-stone.  I almost grew\nsick with terror.  I was kidnapped, entrapped, betrayed.  I had before\nhated school, my horror now was intense of \"Academy.\"  I looked\npiteously into the face of my persecutor, but I found there no sympathy.\n\"I want to go home,\" I roared out, and then burst into a fresh torrent\nof tears.\nHome! what solace is there in its very sound!  Oh, how that blessed\nasylum for the wounded spirit encloses within its sacred circle all that\nis comforting, and sweet, and holy!  'Tis there that the soul coils\nitself up and nestles like the dove in its own downiness, conscious that\neverything around breathes of peace, security, and love.  Home!\nhenceforward, I was to have none, until, through many, many years of\ntoil and misery, I should create one for myself.  Henceforth, the word\nmust bring to me only the bitterness of regret--henceforth I was to\nassociate with hundreds who had that temple in which to consecrate their\nhousehold affections--but was, myself, doomed to be unowned, unloved,\nand homeless.\n\"I want to go home,\" I blubbered forth with the pertinacity of anguish,\nas I was constrained into the parlour of the truculent, rod-bearing,\nferula-wielding Mr Root.  I must have been a strange figure.  I was\ntaken from my nurse's in a hurry, and, though my clothes were quite new,\nmy face entitled me to rank among the much vituperated unwashed.  When a\nlittle boy has very dirty hands, with which he rubs his dirty, tearful\nface, it must be confessed that grief does not, in his person, appear\nunder a very lovely form.  The first impression that I made on him who\nwas to hold almost everything that could constitute my happiness in his\npower, was the very reverse of, favourable.  My continued iteration of\n\"I want to go home,\" was anything but pleasing to the pedagogue.  The\nsentence itself is not music to a man keeping a boarding-school.  With\nthe intuitive perception of childhood, through my tears, my heart\nacknowledged an enemy.  What my conductor said to him, did not tend to\nsoften his feelings towards me.  I did not understand the details of his\ncommunication, but I knew that I was as a captive, bound hand and foot,\nand delivered over to a foreign bondage.  The interview between the\ncontracting parties was short, and when over, my conductor departed\nwithout deigning to bestow the smallest notice upon the most important\npersonage of this history.  I was then rather twitched by the hand, than\nled, by Mr Root, into the middle of his capacious school-room, and in\nthe midst of more than two hundred and fifty boys: my name was merely\nmentioned to one of the junior ushers, and the master left me.  Well\nmight I then apply that blundering, Examiner-be-praised line of Keats to\nmyself, for like Ruth:--\n  \"I stood all tears among the alien corn.\"\nA few boys came and stared at me, but I attracted the kindness of none.\nThere can be no doubt but that I was somewhat vulgar in my manners, and\nmy carriage was certainly quite unlike that of my companions.  Some of\nthem even jeered me, but I regarded them not.  A real grief is\narmour-proof against ridicule.  In a short time, it being six o'clock,\nthe supper was served out, consisting of a round of bread, all the\nmoisture of which had been allowed to evaporate, and an oblong,\ndiaphanous, yellow substance, one inch and a half by three, that I\nafterwards learned might be known among the initiated as single\nGloucester.  There was also a pewter mug for each, three-parts filled\nwith small beer.  It certainly gave me, it was so small, a very\ndesponding idea of the extent to which littleness might be carried; and\nit would have been too vapid for the toleration of any palate, had it\nnot been so sour.  As I sat regardless before this repast, in abstracted\ngrief, I underwent the first of the thousand practical jokes that were\nhereafter to familiarise me with manual jocularity.  My right-hand\nneighbour, jerking me by the elbow, exclaimed, \"Hollo, you sir, there's\nJenkins, on the other side of you, cribbing your bread.\"  I turned\ntowards the supposed culprit, and discovered that my informant had\nfibbed, but the informed against told me to look round and see where my\ncheese was.  I did; it was between the mandibles of my kind neighbour on\nmy right, and when I turned again to the left for an explanation, the\nrogue there had stripped my round of bread of all the crust.  I cared\nnot then for this double robbery, but having put the liquid before me,\nincautiously to my lips, sorrowful as I was, I cared for that.  Joe\nBrandon never served me so.  I drank that evening as little as I ate.\nCHAPTER NINE.\nI PROVE TO BE, NOT ONE IN A THOUSAND, BUT ONE IN A QUARTER OF THAT\nNUMBER, TO WHOM NO QUARTER WAS SHOWN--IN SPITE OF MY ENTREATIES I AM\nEVIL ENTREATED, AND AM NOT ONLY PLACED ON THE LOWEST FORM, BUT MADE\nEXCESSIVELY UNCOMFORTABLE ON MY SEAT OF HONOUR.\nHeroes, statesmen, philosophers, must bend to circumstances, and so must\nlittle boys at boarding-school.  I went to bed with the rest, and, like\nthe rest, had my bed-fellow.  Miserable and weary was that night to my\ninfant heart.  When I found I could do so unobserved, I buried my face\nin the pillow, and wept with a perfect passion of wretchedness.\nI had a hard, a cruel life at that school.  When I lived with my nurse,\nthe boys in the street used to beat me because I was too much of the\ngentleman, and now the young gentlemen thrashed me for not coming up to\ntheir standard of gentility.  I saw a tyrant in every urchin that was\nstronger than myself, and a derider in him that was weaker.  The next\nmorning after my arrival, a fellow a little bigger than myself, came up,\nand standing before me, gave me very deliberately as hard a slap in the\nface as his strength would permit.  Half crying with the pain, and yet\nnot wishing to be thought quarrelsome, I asked, with good-natured\nhumility, whether that was done in jest or in earnest.  The little\ninsolent replied, in his school-boy wit, \"Betwixt and between.\"  I\ncouldn't stand that; my passion and my fist rose together, and hitting\nmy oppressor midway between the eyes, \"There's my betwixt and between,\"\nsaid I.  His nose began to bleed, and when I went down into the\nschool-room, the \"new boy\" had his hands well warmed with the ruler for\nfighting.\nAlas! the first year of my academic life was one of unqualified\nwretchedness.  For the two or three initiatory months, uncouth in\nspeech, and vulgar in mien, with no gilded toy, rich plum-cake, or\nmint-new shilling to conciliate, I was despised and ridiculed; and when\nit was ascertained by my own confession that I was the son of a\nday-labourer, I was shunned by the aristocratic progeny of butchers,\nlinen-drapers, and hatters.  It took, at least, a half-dozen floggings\nto cure me of the belief that Joseph Brandon and his wife were my\nparents.  It was the shortest road to conviction, and Mr Root prided\nhimself upon short _cuts_ in imparting knowledge.  I assure my readers\nthey were severe ones.\nMr Root, the pedagogue of this immense school, which was situated in\nthe vicinity of Islington, was a very stout and very handsome man, of\nabout thirty.  He had formerly been a subordinate where he now\ncommanded, and his good looks had gained him the hand of the widow of\nhis predecessor.  He was very florid, with a cold dark eye; but his face\nwas the most physical that I ever beheld.  From the white, low forehead,\nto the well-formed chin, there was nothing on which the gazer could rest\nthat spoke of intellectuality.  There was \"speculation in his eye,\" but\nit was the calculation of farthings.  There was a pure ruddiness in his\ncheek, but it was the glow of matter, not that of mind.  His mouth was\nwell formed, yet pursed up with an expression of mingled vanity and\nseverity.  He was very robust, and his arm exceedingly powerful.  With\nall these personal advantages, he had a shrill, girlish voice, that made\nhim, in the execution of his cruelties, actually hideous.  I believe,\nand I make the assertion in all honesty, that he received a sensual\nenjoyment by the act of inflicting punishment.  He attended to no\ndepartment of the school but the flagellative.  He walked in about\ntwelve o'clock, had all on the list placed on a form, his man-servant\nwas called in, the lads horsed, and he, in general, found ample\namusement till one.  He used to make it his boast that he never allowed\nany of his ushers to punish.  The hypocrite! the epicure! he reserved\nall that luxury for himself.  Add to this, that he was very ignorant out\nof the Tutor's Assistant, and that he wrote a most abominably good hand\n(that usual sign of a poor and trifle-occupied mind), and now you have a\nvery fair picture of Mr Root.  I have said that he was a most cruel\ntyrant: yet Nero himself ought not to be blackened; and I must say this\nfor my master's humanity, that I had been at school two days before I\nwas flogged; and then it was for the enormity of not knowing my own\nname.  \"Rattlin,\" said the pedagogue.  No reply.  \"Master Rattlin,\" in a\nshriller tone.  Answer there was none.  \"Master Ralph Rattlin.\"  Many\nstarted, but \"Ralph Brandon\" thought it concerned not him.  But it did\nindeed.  I believe that I had been told my new name, but I had forgotten\nit in my grief, and now in grief and in pain I was again taught it.\nWhen, for the first time, in reality, I tasted that acid and bitter\nfruit of the tree of knowledge, old Isaac's (my soldier schoolmaster)\nmock brushings were remembered with heartfelt regret.\nAt that time the road to learning was strewed neither with flowers nor\npalm-leaves, but with the instigating birch.  The schoolmaster had not\nyet gone abroad, but he flogged most diligently at home, and, verily, I\npartook amply of that diligence.  I was flogged full, and I was flogged\nfasting; when I deserved it, and when I did not; I was flogged for\nspeaking too loudly, and for not speaking loud enough, and for holding\nmy tongue.  Moreover, one morning I rode the horse without the saddle,\nbecause my face was dirty, and the next, because I pestered the\nmaid-servant to wash it clean.  I was flogged because my shoes were\ndirty, and again because I attempted to wipe them clean with my\npocket-handkerchief.  I was flogged for playing, and for staying in the\nschool-room and not going out to play.  The bigger boys used to beat me,\nand I was then flogged for fighting.  It is hard to say for what I was\nnot flogged.  Things, the most contradictory, all tended to one end, and\nthat was my own.  At length, he flogged me into serious ill-health, and\nthen he stayed his hand, and I found relief on a bed of sickness.  Even\nnow I look back to those days of persecution with horror.  Those were\nthe times of large schools, rods steeped in brine (_actual fact_),\nintestine insurrections, the bumping of obnoxious ushers, and the\n\"barring out\" of tyrannical masters.  A school of this description was a\ncomplete place of torment for the orphan, the unfriended, and the\ndeserted.  Lads then stayed at school till they were eighteen and even\ntwenty, and fagging flourished in all its atrocious oppression.\nCHAPTER TEN.\nI GROW EGOTISTICAL, AND BEING PLEASED WITH MYSELF, GIVE GOOD ADVICE--A\nVISIT; AND A STRANGE JUMBLE OF TIRADES, TEARS, TUTORS, TENDERNESS, AND A\nTEA-KETTLE.\nLet me now describe the child of nine years and a half old, that was\nforced to undergo this terrible ordeal.  We will suppose that, by the\naid of the dancing-master and the drill-sergeant, I have been cured of\nmy vulgar gait, and that my cockney accent has disappeared.  Children of\nthe age above-mentioned soon assimilate their tone and conversation with\nthose around them.  I was tall for my years, with a very light and\nactive frame, and a countenance, the complexion of which was of the most\nunstained fairness.  My hair light, glossy, and naturally, but not\nuniversally, curling.  To make it appear in ringlets all over my head,\nwould have been the effect of art; yet, without art it was wavy, and at\nthe temples, forehead, and the back of the head, always in full\ncirclets.  My face presented a perfect oval, and my features were\nclassically regular.  I had a good natural colour, the intensity of\nwhich ebbed and flowed with every passing emotion.  I was one of those\ndangerous subjects whom anger always makes pale.  My eyes were decidedly\nblue, everything else that may be said to the contrary notwithstanding.\nThe whole expression of my countenance was very feminine, but not soft.\nIt was always the seat of some sentiment or passion, and in its womanly\nrefinement gave to me an appearance of constitutional delicacy and\neffeminacy, that I certainly did not possess.  I was decidedly a very\nbeautiful child, and a child that seemed formed to kindle and return a\nmother's love, yet the maternal caress never blessed me; but I was\nabandoned to the tender mercies of a number of he-beings, by many of\nwhom my vivacity was checked, my spirit humbled, and my flesh cruelly\nlacerated.\nI dwell thus particularly on my school-day life, in order, in the first\nplace, to prepare the reader for the singular events that follow; and in\nthe second (and which forms by far the most important consideration, as\nI trust I am believed, and if _truth_ deserves credence, believed I am),\nto caution parents from trusting to the specious representations of any\nschoolmaster, to induce them to examine carefully and patiently into\nevery detail of the establishment, or they may become a party to a\nseries of cruelties, that may break the spirit, and, perhaps, shorten\nthe life of their children.  Unfortunately, the most promising minds are\nthose that soonest yield to the effect of harsh discipline.  The\nphlegmatic, the dull, and the commonplace vegetate easily through this\nstate of probation.  The blight that will destroy the rose, passes ever\nharmlessly over the tough and earth-embracing weed.\nI stayed at Mr Root's school for very nearly three years, and I shall\ndivide that memorable period into three distinct epochs--the desponding,\nthe devotional, and the mendacious.  After I had been flogged into\nuncertain health, I was confined, for at least six weeks, to my room,\nand, when I was convalescent, it was hinted by the surgeon, in not\nunintelligible terms, to Mr Root, that if I did not experience the\ngentlest treatment, I might lose my life; which would have been very\nimmaterial to Mr Root, had it not been a mathematical certainty that he\nwould lose a good scholar at the same time.  By-the-by, the meaning that\na schoolmaster attaches to the words \"good scholar,\" is one for whom he\nis paid well.  Thus I was emphatically a good scholar; no doubt his very\nbest.  I was taught everything--at least his bill said so.  He provided\neverything for me, and I stayed with him during the holidays.  He,\ntherefore, ceased to confer upon me his cruel attentions; and abandoned\nme to a neglect hardly less cruel.  The boys were strictly enjoined to\nleave me alone, and they obeyed.  I found a solitude in the midst of\nsociety.\nA loneliness came over my young spirit.  I was aweary, and I drooped\nlike the tired bird, that alights on the ship, \"far, far at sea.\"  As\nthat poor bird folds its wings, and sinks into peaceful oblivion, I\ncould have folded my arms and have lain down to die with pleasure.  My\nheart exhausted itself with an intense longing for a companion to love.\nIt wasted away all its substance in flinging out fibres to catch hold of\nthat with which it might beat in unison.  As turn the tendrils of the\nvine hither and thither to clasp something to adorn, and to repay\nsupport by beauty, so I wore out my young energies in a fruitless search\nfor sympathy.  I had nothing to love me, though I would have loved many\nif I had dared.  There were many sweet faces among my school-fellows, to\nwhich I turned with a longing look, and a tearful eye.  How menial I\nhave been to procure a notice, a glance of kindness!  I had nothing to\ngive wherewith to bribe affection but services and labour, and those\nwere either refused, or perhaps accepted with scorn.  I was the only\npariah among two hundred and fifty.  There was a mystery and an obloquy\nattached to me, and the master had, by his interdiction, completely put\nme without the pale of society.  I now said my lessons to the ushers\nwith indifference--if I acquitted myself ill, I was unpunished--if well,\nunnoticed.  My spirits began to give way fast, and I was beginning to\nfeel the pernicious patronage of the servants.  They would call me off\nthe play-ground, on which I moped, send me on some message, or employ me\nin some light service.  All this was winked at by the master, and as for\nthe mistress, she never let me know that it occurred to her that I was\nin existence.  It was evident that Mr Root had no objection to all\nthis, for, in consideration of the money paid to him for my education,\nhe was graciously pleased to permit me to fill the office of his\nkitchen-boy.  But, before I became utterly degraded into the menial of\nthe menials, a fortunate occurrence happened that put an end to my\nculinary servitude.  To the utter surprise of Mr and Mrs Root, who\nexpected nothing of the kind, a lady came to see me.  What passed\nbetween the parties, before I was ushered into the parlour appropriated\nto visitors, I know not; it was some time before I was brought in, as\npreparatory ablutions were made, and my clothes changed.  When I\nentered, I found that it was \"the lady.\"  I remember that she was very\nsuperbly dressed, and I thought, too, the most beautiful apparition that\nI had ever beheld.  The scene that took place was a little singular, and\nI shall relate it at full.\nAs I have rigidly adhered to truth, I have been compelled to state what\nI have to say in a form almost entirely narrative; and have not imitated\nthose great historians, who put long speeches into the mouths of their\nkings and generals, very much suited to the occasions undoubtedly, and\ndeficient only in one point--that is, accuracy.  I have told only of\nfacts and impressions, and not given speeches that it would have been\nimpossible for me to have remembered.  Yet, in this interview there was\nsomething so striking to my young imagination, that my memory preserved\nmany sentences, and all the substance of what took place.  There was\nwine and cake upon the table, and the lady looked a little flustered.\nMr Root was trying with a forty Chesterfieldean power to look amiable.\nMrs Root was very fidgety.  As I appeared at the door timorously, the\nlady said to me, without rising, but extending her delicate white hand,\n\"Come here to me, Ralph; do you not know me?\"\nI could get no further than the middle of the room, where I stood still,\nand burst out into a passion of tears.  Those sweet tones of tenderness,\nthe first I had heard for nine months, thrilled like fire through my\nwhole frame.  It was a feeling so intense, that, had it not been agony,\nit would have been bliss.\n\"Good God!\" said she, deeply agitated; \"my poor boy, why do you cry?\"\n\"Because--because you are so kind,\" said I, rushing forward to her\nextended arms; and, falling on my knees at her feet, I buried my face in\nher lap, and felt all happiness amidst my sobbings.  She bent over me,\nand her tears trickled upon my neck.  This did not last long.  She\nplaced me upon my feet, and drawing me to her side, kissed my cheeks,\nand my eyes, and my forehead.  Her countenance soon became serene; and\nturning to my master, she said, quietly, \"This, sir, is very singular.\"\n\"Yes, ma'am, Master Rattlin _is_ very singular.  All clever boys are.\nHe knows already his five declensions, and the four conjugations, active\nand passive.  Come, Master Rattlin, decline for the lady the adjective\nfelix--come, begin, nominative hic et haec et hoc felix.\"\n\"I don't know anything about it,\" said I, doggedly.\n\"I told you he was a _singular_ child,\" resumed the pedagogue, with a\nmost awkward attempt at a smile.\n\"The singularity to which I allude,\" said the lady, \"is his finding\nkindness so singular.\"\n\"Kind! bless you, my dear madam,\" said they both together; \"you can't\nconceive how much we love the little dear.\"\n\"It was but yesterday,\" said Mrs Root, \"that I was telling the lady of\nMr Alderman Jenkins--we have the five Jenkinses, ma'am--that Master\nRattlin was the sweetest, genteelist, and beautifullest boy in the whole\nschool.\"\n\"It was but yesterday,\" said Mr Root, \"that I was saying to Doctor\nDuncan (our respected rector, madam), that Master Rattlin had evinced\nsuch an uncommon talent, that we might, by-and-by, expect the greatest\nthings from him.  Not yet ten months with me, madam.  Already in\nPhaedrus--the rule of three--and his French master gives the best\naccount of him.  He certainly has not begun to speak it yet, though he\nhas made a vast progress in the French language.  But it is Monsieur le\nGros's system to make his pupils thoroughly master of the language\nbefore they attempt to converse in it.  And his dancing, my dear madam--\nOh, it would do your heart good to see him dance.  Such grace, such\nelasticity, and such happiness in his manner!\"\nA pause--and then they exclaimed together, with a long-drawn sentimental\nsigh, \"And we both love him so.\"\n\"I am glad to hear so good an account of him,\" said the lady.  \"I hope,\nRalph, that you love Mr and Mrs Root, for they seem very kind to you.\"\n\"No, I don't.\"\nMr and Mrs Root lifted their hands imploringly to heaven.  \"Not love\nme!\" they both exclaimed together, with a tone of heartfelt surprise and\nwounded sensibility, that would have gone far to have made the fortune\nof a sentimental actor.\n\"Come here, sir, directly,\" said Mr Root.  \"Look me full in the face,\nsir.  You are a singular boy, yet I _did_ think you loved me.  Don't be\nfrightened, Ralph, I would not give you _pain_ on any account; and you\nknow I never did.  Now tell me, my dear boy,\" gradually softening from\nthe terrible to the tender, \"tell me, my dear boy, why you fancy you do\nnot love me.  You see, madam, that I encourage sincerity--and like, at\nall times, the truth to be spoken out.  Why don't you love me, Ralph\ndear?\" pinching my ear with a spiteful violence, that was meant for\ngracious playfulness in the eyes of the lady, and an intelligible hint\nfor myself.  I was silent.\n\"Come, Ralph, speak your mind freely.  No one will do you any harm for\nit, I am sure.  Why don't you love Mr Root?\" said the lady.\nI was ashamed to speak of my floggings, and I looked upon his late\nabandonment and negligence as kindness.  I knew not what to say, yet I\nknew I hated him most cordially.  I stammered, and at last I brought out\nthis unfortunate sentence, \"Because he has got such an ugly, nasty\nvoice.\"\nMr and Mrs Root burst out into a long and, for the time, apparently\nuncontrollable laughter.  When it had somewhat subsided, the\nschoolmaster exclaimed, \"There, madam, didn't I tell you he was a\nsingular lad?  Come here, you little wag, I must give you a kiss for\nyour drollery.\"  And the monster hauled me to him, and when his face was\nclose to mine, I saw a wolfish glare in his eyes, that made me fear that\nhe was going to bite my nose off.  The lady did not at all participate\nin the joviality; and, as it is difficult to keep up mirth entirely upon\none's own resources, we were beginning to be a gloomy party.  What I had\nunconsciously said regarding my master's voice, was wormwood to him.  He\nhad long been the butt of all his acquaintance respecting it, and what\nfollowed was the making that unbearable which was before too bitter.\nMany questions were put by the visitor, and the answers appeared to grow\nmore and more unsatisfactory as they were elicited.  The lady was\nbeginning to look unhappy, when a sudden brightness came over her lovely\ncountenance, and, with the most polished and kindly tone, she asked to\nsee Mr Root's own children.  Mr Root looked silly, and Mrs Root\ndistressed.  The vapid and worn-out joke that their family was so large,\nthat it boasted of the number of two hundred and fifty, fell spiritless\nto the ground; and disappointment, and even a slight shade of\ndespondence, came over the lady's features.\n\"Where were you, Ralph, when I came?\" said she; \"I waited for you long.\"\n\"I was being washed, and putting on my second best.\"\n\"But why washed at this time of day--and why put on your second best?\"\n\"Because I had dirtied my hands, and my other clothes, carrying up the\ntea-kettle to Mr Matthews's room.\"\nMr and Mrs Root again held up their hands in astonishment.\n\"And who is Mr Matthews?\" continued the lady.\n\"Second Latin master, and ill abed in the garret.\"\n\"From whence did you take the tea-kettle?\"\n\"From the kitchen.\"\n\"And who gave it you?\"\n\"Molly, one of the maids.\"\nAt this disclosure Mr Root fell into the greatest of all possible\nrages, and, as we like a figure of speech called a climax, we must say,\nthat Mrs Root fell into a much greater.  They would turn the hussey out\nof the house that instant; they would do that, they would do this, and\nthey would do the other.  At length, the lady, with calm severity,\nrequested them to do nothing at all.\n\"There has been,\" said she, \"some mistake here.  There is nothing very\nwrong, or disgraceful in Ralph attending to the wants of his sick\nmaster, though he does lie in the garret.  I would rather see in his\ndisposition a sympathy for suffering encouraged.  God knows, there is in\nthis world too much of the latter, and too little of the former.  Yet I\ncertainly think that there could have been a less degrading method\npointed out to him of showing attention.  But we will let this pass, as\nI know it will never happen again.  You see, Mr and Mrs Root, that\nthis poor child is rather delicate in appearance; he is much grown\ncertainly; much more than I expected, or wished--but he seems both shy\nand dejected.  I was in hopes that you had been yourselves blessed with\na family.  A mother can trust to a mother.  Though you are not parents,\nyou have known a parent's love.  I have no doubt that you are fond of\nchildren--(`Very,' both in a breath)--from the profession you have\nchosen.  I am the godmother of this boy.  Alas!  I am afraid no nearer\nrelation will ever appear to claim him.  He has no mother, Mrs Root,\nwithout you will be to him as one; and I conjure you, sir, to let the\nfatherless find in the preceptor, a father.  Let him only meet for a\nyear or two with kindness, and I will cheerfully trust to Providence for\nthe rest.  Though I detest the quackery of getting up a scene, I wish to\nbe as impressive as I can, as I am sorry to say, more than a year will\nunavoidably pass before I can see this poor youth again.  Let me, at\nthat time, I conjure you, see him in health and cheerfulness.  Will you\npermit me now to say farewell? as I wish to say a few words of adieu to\nmy godson, and should I cry over him for his mother's sake, you know\nthat a lady does not like to be seen with red eyes.\"\nThe delicacy of this sickly attempt at pleasantry was quite lost upon\nthe scholastic pair.  They understood her literally; and Mrs Root\nbegan, \"My eye-water--\" However, leave was taken, and I was left with\nthe lady.  She took me on her lap, and a hearty hug we had together.\nShe then rang for Molly.  She spoke to the girl kindly, asked no\nquestions of her that might lead her to betray her employers, but,\ngiving her half a guinea not to lose sight of me in the multitude, and,\nto prove her gratitude, never to suffer me again to enter the kitchen,\nshe promised to double the gratuity when she again saw me, if she\nattended to her request.  The girl, evidently affected as much by her\nmanner as her gift, curtseyed and withdrew.  While she remained at the\nschool she complied with my godmother's request most punctually.\nCHAPTER ELEVEN.\nCONTAINETH A LECTURE ON LOVE FROM A PERSONIFICATION OF LOVELINESS--AND\nSHOWETH THAT SUPERSTITION HAS ITS SWEETS AS WELL AS ITS HORRORS--AND\nALSO HOW TO AVOID THE INFECTION OF THE EVIL EYE.\nWhen we were alone, she examined me carefully, to ascertain if I were\nperfectly clean.  It would have, perhaps, been for me a happy\ncircumstance, if Mr Root had flogged me this day, or even a fortnight\npreviously.  The marks that he left were not very ephemeral.  I don't\nknow whether a flogging a month old would not equally well have served\nmy purpose.  He certainly wrote a strong bold hand, in red ink, not\neasily obliterated.  However, as he had not noticed me since my illness,\nI had no marks to show.\nWhen she had readjusted my dress, she lugged me to her side, and we\nlooked, for a long while, in each other's eyes in silence.\n\"Ralph,\" said she, at length, forgetting that the fault was mutual, \"do\nyou know that it is very rude to look so hard into people's faces; why\ndo you do it, my boy?\"\n\"Because you are so very, very, very pretty, and your voice is so soft:\nand because I do love you so.\"\n\"But you must not love me too much, my sweet child: because I can't be\nwith you to return your love.\"\n\"O dear, I'm so sorry; because--because--if you don't love me, nobody\nwill.  Master don't love me, nor the ushers, nor the boys; and they keep\ncalling me the--\"\n\"Hush, Ralph! hush, my poor boy,\" said she, colouring to her very\nforehead.  \"Never tell me what they call you.  Little boys who call\nnames are wicked boys, and are very false boys too.  Hear me, Ralph!\nYou are nearly ten years old.  You must be a man, and not love anyone\ntoo much--not even me--for it makes people very unhappy to love too\nmuch.  Do you understand me, Ralph?  You must be kind to all, and all\nwill be kind to you: but it is best not to love anything violently--\nexcepting, Ralph, Him who will love you when all hate you--who will care\nfor you, when all desert you--your God!\"\n\"I don't know too much about that,\" was my answer.  \"Mr Root tells us\nonce every week to trust in God, and that God will protect the innocent,\nand all that: and then flogs me for nothing at all, though I trust all I\ncan; and I'm sure that I'm innocent.\"\nMy good godmother was a little shocked at this, and endeavoured to\nconvince me that such expressions were impious, by assuring me that\neverything was suffered for the best; and that, if Mr Foot flogged me\nunjustly and wickedly, I should be rewarded, and my master punished for\nit hereafter; which assurance did not much mend my moral feelings, as I\nsilently resolved to put myself in the way of a few extra unjust\nchastisements, in order that my master might receive the full benefit of\nthem in a future state.\nMoral duties should be inculcated in the earliest youth; but the\nmysteries of religion should be left to a riper age.  After many\nendearments, and much good advice, that I thought most beautiful, from\nthe tenderness of tone in which it was given, I requested the lady, with\nall my powers of entreaty, and amidst a shower of kisses, to take me\nhome to my mother.\n\"Alas! my dear boy,\" was the reply, \"Mrs Brandon is not your mother.\"\n\"Well, I couldn't believe that before--never mind--I love her just as\nwell.  But who is my mother?  If you were not so pretty, and so fine, I\nwould ask you to be my mother; all the other boys have got a mother, and\na father too.\"\nThe lady caught me to her bosom, and kissing me amidst her tears, said,\n\"Ralph, I will be your mother, though you must only look upon me as your\ngodmamma.\"\n\"Oh, I'm so glad of that! and what shall I call you?\"\n\"Mamma, my dear child.\"\n\"Well, mamma, won't you take me home?  I don't mean now, but at the\nholidays, when all the others go to their mammas?  I'll be so good.\nWon't you, mamma?\"\n\"Come here, Ralph.  I was wrong.  You must not call me mamma, I can't\nbear it.  I was never a mother to you, my poor boy.  I cannot have you\nhome.  By-and-by, perhaps.  Do not think about me too much, and do not\nthink that you are not loved.  Oh! you are loved, very much indeed; but\nnow you must make your schoolfellows love you.  I have told Mr Root to\nallow you sixpence a week, and there are eight shillings for you, and a\nbox of playthings, in the hall, and a large cake in the box; lend the\nplaythings, and share the cake.  Now, my dear boy, I must leave you.  Do\nnot think that I am your mother, but your very good friend.  Now, may\nGod bless you and watch over you.  Keep up your spirits, and remember\nthat you are cared for, and loved--O, how fondly loved!\"\nWith a fervent blessing, and an equally fervent embrace, she parted from\nme; and, when I looked round and found that she had gone from the room,\nI actually experienced the sensation as if the light of the sun had been\nsuddenly with drawn, and that I walked forth in twilight.\nWhen I went up melancholy to my bed, and crept sorrowfully under the\nclothes, I felt a protection round me in that haunted chamber, in the\nvery fact of having again seen her.  This house, that had now been\nconverted into a large school, had formerly been one of the suburban\npalaces of Queen Elizabeth; it was very spacious and rambling; some of\nthe rooms had been modernised, and some remained as they had been for\ncenturies.  The room in which I slept was one of the smallest, and\ncontained only two beds, one of which was occupied by the housekeeper, a\nvery respectable old lady, and the other by myself.  Sometimes I had a\nbedfellow, and sometimes not.  This room had probably been a vestibule,\nor the ante-chamber to some larger apartment, and it now formed an\nabutment to the edifice, all on one side of it being ancient, and the\nother modern.  It was lighted by one narrow, high, Gothic window, the\npanes of which were very small, lozenged, and many of them still\nstained.  The roof was groined and concave, and still gay with tarnished\ngold.  The mouldings and traceries sprang up from the four corners, and\nall terminated in the centre, in which grinned a Medusa's head, with her\ncircling snakes, in high preservation, and of great and ghastly beauty.\nThere were other grotesque visages, sprinkled here and there over that\nelaborate roof; but look at that Medusa from what point you might, the\npainted wooden eyes were cast with a stolid sternness upon you.  When I\nhad a bedfellow, it was always some castaway like myself--some poor\nwretch who could not go home and complain that he was put to sleep in\nthe \"haunted chamber.\"  The boys told strange tales of that room, and\nthey all believed that the floor was stained with blood.  I often\nexamined it, both by day and by candle-light; it was very old, and of\noak, dark, and much discoloured.  But even my excited fancy could\ndiscover nothing like blood-spots upon it.  After all, when I was alone\nin that bed-chamber, for the housekeeper seldom entered before midnight,\nand the flickering and feeble oil-lamp, that always burned upon her\ntable, threw its uncertain rays upwards, and made the central face\nquiver as it were into life, I would shrink, horror-stricken, under the\nclothes, and silently pray for the morning.  It was certainly a fearful\nroom for a visionary child like myself, with whom the existence of\nghosts made an article of faith, and who had been once before frightened\neven unto the death, by supernatural terrors.\nBut of all this I never complained.  I have not merit enough to boast\nthat I am proud, for pride has always something ennobling about it: but\nI was vain, and vanity enabled me to put on the appearance of courage.\nWhen questioned by the few schoolfellows who would speak to me, I\nacknowledged no ghosts, and would own to no fear.  All this, in the\nsequel, was remembered to my honour.  Besides, I had found a singular\nantidote against the look of the evil eye in the ceiling.  What I am\ngoing to relate may be startling, and for a child ten years old, appear\nincredible; but it is the bare unembellished truth.  This was my\nantidote alluded to.  In the church where we went, there was a strongly\npainted altar-piece.  The Virgin Mother bent, with ineffable sweetness,\nover the sleeping Jesus.  The pew in which I sat was distant enough to\ngive the full force of illusion to the power of the artist, and the\nglory round the Madonna much assisted my imagination.  I certainly\nattended to that face, and to that beneficent attitude, more than to be\nservice.  When the terrors of my desolate situation used to begin to\ncreep over me in my lonely bed, I could, without much effort of\nimagination, bring that sweet motherly face before me, and view it\nvisibly in the gloom of the room, and thus defy the dread glance of the\nvisage above me.  I used to whisper to myself these words--\"Lady with\nthe glory, come an sit by me.\"  And I could then close my eyes, and\nfancy, nay, almost feel assured of her presence, and sleep in peace.\nBut, in the night that I had seen my godmother, when I crept under my\nclothes disconsolately, I no longer whispered for the lady with the\nglory; it was for my sweet mamma.  And she, too, came and blessed my\ngentle slumbers.  Surely, that beautiful creature must have been my\nmother, for long did she come and play the seraph's part over her child,\nand watched by his pillow, till he sank in the repose of innocence.\nLately, at the age of forty, I visited that church.  I looked earnestly\nat the altar-piece.  I was astonished, hurt, disgusted.  It was a coarse\ndaub.  The freshness of the painting had been long changed by the dark\ntarnish of years, and the blighting of damp atmosphere.  There were some\nremains of beauty in the expression, and elegance in the attitude; but,\nas a piece of art it was but a second-rate performance.  Age dispels\nmany illusions, and suffers for it.  Truly youth and enthusiasm are the\nbest painters.\nCHAPTER TWELVE.\nRALPH LECTURETH ON DIVINITY AND LITTLE BOYS' NETHER GARMENTS--DESPONDETH\nEXCEEDINGLY--AND BEING THE WEAKEST GOETH TO THE WALL, AND THERE FINDETH\nCONSOLATION--AN OLD FRIEND WITH AN OLD FACE AND EXCELLENT PROVENT.\nThe next morning I arose the possessor of eight shillings, a box of\nplaythings, a plum-cake, and a heavy heart.  It is most true, that which\nWordsworth hath said or sung, \"The boy's the father of the man.\"  When I\nmingled with my schoolmates, and the unexpected possession of my various\nwealth had transpired, I found many of them very kind and _fatherly_\nindeed, for they borrowed my money, ate my cake, broke my playthings,\nand my heart they left just in the same state as it as before.\nBut I will no longer dwell upon the portraiture of that saddest of all\ncreated things, the despised of many.  I was taught the hard lesson of\nlooking upon cruelty as my daily bread, tears as my daily drink, and\nscorn as my natural portion.  Had not my heart hardened, it must have\nbroken.  But before I leave what I call the desponding epoch of my\nschoolboy days, I must not omit to mention a species of impious\nbarbarity, that had well-nigh alienated my heart for ever from religion,\nand which made me for the time detest the very name of church.\nChristianity is most eminently a religion of kindness; and through the\npaths of holy love only, should the young heart be conducted to the\nthrone of grace, for we have it from the highest authority that the\nworship of little children is an acceptable offering and may well mingle\nwith the sweetest symphonies that ascend from the lips of seraphs to the\nfootstool of the Everlasting.  Our God is not a God of terrors, and when\nhe is so represented, or is made so by any flint-hearted pedagogue to\nthe infant pupil, that man has to answer for the almost unpardonable sin\nof perilling a soul.  Let parents and guardians look to it.  Let them\nmark well the unwilling files that are paraded by boarding-school\nkeepers into the adjacent church or chapel, bringing a mercenary puff up\nto the very horns of the altar, and let them inquire how many are then\nflogged, or beaten, or otherwise evil-entreated, because they have\nflagged in an attention impossible in the days of childhood, and have\nnot remembered a text, perhaps indistinctly or inaudibly given--let\nthose parents or guardians, I say, inquire, and if but one poor youth\nhas so suffered, let them be fully assured that that master, whatever\nmay be his diligence, whatever may be his attainments, however high his\nworldly character may stand, is not fit to be the modeller of the\nyouthful mind, and only wants the opportunity to betray that bigotry\nwhich would gladly burn his dissenting neighbour at the stake, or lash a\nfaith, with exquisite tortures, into the children of those whom, in his\nsaintly pride, he may call heretical.\nAt church we occupied, at least, one-third of the whole of one side of\nthe gallery.  Two hundred and fifty boys and young men, with their\nattending masters and ushers, could not but fill a large space, and, of\ncourse, would form no unimportant feature in the audience.  Mr Root and\nthe little boys were always placed in the lower and front seats.  There\nwe sat, poor dear little puppets, with our eyes strained on the\nprayerbooks, always in the wrong place, during the offertory, and, after\nthe sermon had begun, repeating the text over and over again, whilst the\npreaching continued, lest we should forget it; whilst all this time the\nbigger boys in the rear were studying novels, or playing at odd-and-even\nfor nuts, marbles, or halfpence.  I well know that the mathematical\nmaster used, invariably, to solve his hard problems on fly-leaves in his\nprayer-book during service, for I have repeatedly seen there his\nlaborious calculations in minutely small figures; and he never opened\nhis prayer-book but at church--as perhaps he thought, with the old woman\nof Smollett, that it was a species of impiety to study such works\nanywhere else.  Whilst all this was going on in the back rows, Mr Root,\nin the full-blown glory of his Sunday paraphernalia, and well powdered,\nattended exclusively to the holiness and devout comportment of his\nlittle chapter of innocents.  Tablet in hand, every wandering look was\nnoted down; and alas the consequences to me were dreadfully painful.\nThe absolution absolved me not.  The \"Te Deum laudamus\" was to me more a\nsource of tears than of praise; and the \"O be joyful in the Lord\" has\noften made me intensely sorrowful in the school-room.  In all honesty, I\ndon't think that, for a whole half-year, I once escaped my Sunday\nflogging.  It came as regularly as the baked rice-puddings.  I began to\nlook upon the thing as a matter of course; and, if any person should\ndoubt the credibility of this, or any other account of these my\nschool-boy days, happily there are several now living who can vouch for\nits veracity, and if I am dared to the proof by anyone by whose\nconviction I should feel honoured, that proof will I most certainly\ngive.\nI have stated all this, from what I believe to be a true reverence for\nworship, to make the offices of religion a balm and a blessing, to prove\nthat there is a cherishing warmth in the glory of light that surrounds\nthe throne of Exhaustless Benevolence, and that the Deity cannot be\nworthily called upon by young hearts stricken by degrading fears, and\nfainting under a Moloch-inspired dread.  Notwithstanding my eccentric\nlife, I have ever been the ardent, the unpretending, though the unworthy\nadorer of the Great Being, whose highest attribute is the \"Good.\"  I\nhave had reason to be so.\nThe man who has acknowledged his Creator amidst his most stupendous\nworks, who has recognised his voice in the ocean storm, who has\nconfessed his providence amidst the slaughter of battle, and witnessed\nthe awful universality of that adoration that is wafted to Him from all\nnations, under all forms, from the simple smiting of the breast of the\npenitent solitary one, to the sublime pealings of the choral hymn,\nbuoyed upon the resounding notes of the thunder-tongued organ in the\nhigh and dim cathedral,--the man who has witnessed and acutely felt all\nthis, and has no feelings of piety, or deference to religion, must be\nendued with a heart hardened beyond the flintiness, as the Scriptures\nbeautifully express it, \"of the nether millstone.\"\nBut my _forte_ is not the serious.  I am intent, and quiet, and\nthoughtful, only under the influence of great enjoyment.  When I have\nmost cause to deem myself blessed, or to call myself triumphant, it is\nthen that I am stricken with a feeling of undesert, that I am grave with\nhumility, or sad with the thought of human instability.  But, on the eve\nof battle, on the yardarm in the tempest, or amidst the dying in the\npest-house, say, O ye companions of my youth, whose jest was the most\nconstant, whose laugh the loudest?  Yet the one feeling was not real\ndespondence, nor the other real courage.  In the first place, it is no\nmore than the soul looking beyond this world for the real; in the\nsecond, she is trifling in this world with the ideal.  However, as in\nthese pages I intend to attempt to be tolerably gay, it may be fairly\npresumed that I am very considerably unhappy, and dull, perhaps, as the\nperusal of these memoirs may make my readers.\nAs such great pains were _taken_, at least by me, in my religious\neducation, it is not to be wondered at that I should not feel at all\nsedentary on the Sunday afternoons after church-time.  In fact, I\naffected any position rather than the sitting one.  But all the Sundays\nwere not joyless to me.  One, in particular, though the former part of\nit had been passed in sickening fear, and the middle in torturing pain,\nits termination was marked with a heartfelt joyousness, the cause of\nwhich I must record as a tribute of gratitude due to one of the \"not\nunwashed,\" but muddy-minded multitude.\nI was stealing along mournfully under the play-ground wall with no hasty\nor striding step, not particularly wishing any rough or close contact of\ncertain parts of my dress with my person, my passing schoolmates looking\nupon me in the manner that Shakespeare so beautifully describes the\nuntouched deer regard the stricken hart.  My soul was very heavy, and\nfull of dark wonder.  The sun was setting, and, to all living, it is\neither a time of solemn peace, or of instinctive melancholy when looked\nupon by the solitary one.  Of a sudden I was roused from my gloom by the\nwell-known, yet long missed shout of \"Ralph!  Ralph!\" and, looking up, I\ndiscovered the hard-featured, grinning physiognomy of Joe Brandon,\nactually beaming with pleasure, on the top of the wall.  How glad he\nwas!  How glad I was!  He had found me!  Instead of seeking the Lord in\nhis various conventicles on the Sunday, he had employed that day,\ninvariably, after I had been taken from his house, in reconnoitring the\ndifferent boarding-schools in the vicinity, and at some distance from\nthe metropolis.  To this, no doubt, he was greatly instigated by the\naffection of my nurse, but I give his own heart the credit of its being\na labour of love.  The wall being too high to permit us to shake hands,\nat my earnest entreaty, he went round to the front; but, after having\nmade known his desire,--literally, \"a pampered menial drove him from the\ndoor.\"  Well, the wall, if not open to him, was still before and above\nhim, and he again mounted it.  Our words were few, as the boys began to\ncluster around me.  He let drop to me fourpence-halfpenny, folded in a\npiece of brown paper, and disappeared.  Oh, how I prize that pilgrim\nvisit!  Forget it, I never can!  That meeting was to me a one bright\nlight on my dark and dreary path.  It enabled me to go forward; there\nwas not much gloom between me and happier days--perhaps the light of joy\nthat that occurrence shed enabled me to pass over the trial.  It might\nhave been that, at that period, I could have borne no more, and should\nhave sunk under my accumulated persecutions.  I will not say that so it\nwas, for there is an elasticity in early youth that recovers itself\nagainst much--yet I was at that time heavy indeed with exceeding\nhopelessness.  All I can say to the sneerer is, I wish, that at the next\nconclave of personages who may be assembled to discuss the destinies of\nnations, there may be as much of the milk of human kindness and right\nfeelings among them as there was between me and the labouring sawyer,\nJoe Brandon, the one being at the top, and the other at the bottom of\nthe wall.\nThe next Sunday, Brandon was again on the wall with a prodigious\nplum-cake.  A regular cut-and-come-again affair: it fell to the ground\nwith a heaviness of sound that beat the falling of Corporal Trim's hat\nall to ribbons.  To be sure, the corporal's fell as if there had been a\nquantity of \"clay kneaded in the crown of it,\" whilst mine was kneaded\nwith excellent dough.  The Sunday after, there was the same appearance,\nvaried with gingerbread, and then--for years, I neither saw, nor heard\nof him.  Poor Joseph was threatened with the constable, and was put to\nno more expense for cakes for his foster-son.\nCHAPTER THIRTEEN.\nPRAY REMEMBER THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER--RUMOURS OF WARS--PRECEDED BY\nSCHOLASTIC ELOCUTION, AND SUCCEEDED BY A COLD DINNER, DARKNESS, AND\nDETERMINATION.\nI shall now draw the dolorous recital of what I have termed my epoch of\ndespondency to a close.  The fifth of November was approaching; I had\nbeen at school nearly two years, and had learned little but the hard\nlesson \"to bear,\" and that I had well studied.  I had, as yet, made no\nfriends.  Boys are very tyrannical and very generous by fits.  They will\nbully and oppress the outcast of a school, because it is the fashion to\nbully and oppress him--but they will equally magnify their hero, and are\nsensitively alive to admiration of feats of daring and wild exploit.\nWith them, bravery is the first virtue, generosity the second.  They\ncrouch under the strong for protection, and they court the lavish from\nself-interest.  In all this they differ from men in nothing but that\nthey act more undisguisedly.  Well, the fifth of November was fast\napproaching, on which I was to commence the enthusiastic epoch of my\nschoolboy existence.  I was now twelve years of age.  Almost insensible\nto bodily pain by frequent magisterial and social thrashings, tall,\nstrong of my age, reckless, and fearless.  The scene of my first exploit\nwas to be amidst the excitement of a \"barring out,\" but of such a\n\"barring out\" that the memory of it remains in the vicinity in which it\ntook place to this day.\nI have before said that the school contained never less than two hundred\nand fifty pupils--sometimes it amounted to nearly three hundred.  At the\ntime of which I am about to speak, it was very full, containing, among\nothers, many young men.  The times are no more when persons of nineteen\nand twenty suffered themselves to be horsed, and took their one and two\ndozen with edification and humility.  At this age we now cultivate\nmoustaches, talk of our Joe Mantons, send a friend to demand an\nexplanation, and all that sort of thing.  Oh! times are much improved!\nHowever, at that period, the birch was no visionary terror.  Infliction\nor expulsion was the alternative! and as the form of government was a\ndespotism--like all despotisms--it was subject, at intervals, to great\nconvulsions.  I am going to describe the greatest under the reign of\nRoot the First.\nMr Root was capricious.  Sometimes he wore his own handsome head well\npowdered; at others, curled without powder; at others, straight, without\npowder or curls.  He was churchwarden; and then, when his head was full\nof his office, it was also full of flour, and full of ideas of his own\nconsequence and infallibility.  On a concert night, and in the\nball-room, it was curled, and then it was full of amatory conquests;\nand, as he was captain in the Cavalry Volunteers, on field days his hair\nwas straight and lank--martial ardour gave him no time to attend to the\nfripperies of the coxcomb.  These are but small particulars, but such\nare very important in the character of a great man.  With his hair\ncurled, he was jocular, even playful; with it lank, he was a great\ndisciplinarian--had military subordination strong in respect--and the\nbirch gyrated freely; but when he was full blown in powder, he was\nunbearable,--there was then combined all the severity of the soldier and\nthe dogmatism of the pedagogue, with the self-sufficiency and\ndomineering nature of the coxcomb and churchwarden.\nOn the memorable fifth of November, Mr Root appeared in the\nschool-room, with his hair elaborately powdered.\nThe little boys trembled.  Lads by fifteens and twenties wanted to go\nout under various pretences.  The big boys looked very serious and very\nresolved.  It was twelve o'clock, and some thirty or forty--myself\nalways included--were duly flogged, it being \"his custom at the hour of\nnoon.\"  When the periodical operation was over, at which there was much\nspargefication of powder from his whitened head, he commanded silence.\nEven the flagellated boys contrived to hush up their sobs, the shuffling\nof feet ceased, those who had colds refrained from blowing their noses;\nand, after one boy was flogged for coughing, he thus delivered\nhimself:--\n\"Young gentlemen, it has been customary--customary it has been, I say--\nfor you to have permission to make a bonfire in the lower field, and\ndisplay your fireworks, on this anniversary of the fifth of November.\nLittle boys, take your dictionaries, and look out for the word\n`anniversary.'\"\nA bustle for the books, while Mr Root plumes himself, and struts up and\ndown.  Two boys fight for the same dictionary; one of them gets a plunge\non the nose, which makes him cry out--he is immediately horsed, and\nflogged for speaking; and, rod in hand, Mr Root continues:--\n\"Young gentlemen, you know my method--my method is well known to you, I\nsay,--to join amusement with instruction.  Now, young gentlemen, the\ngreat conflagration--tenth, ninth, and eighth forms, look out the word\n`conflagration'--the great conflagration, I say, made by this\npyrotechnic display--seventh, sixth, and fifth forms, turn up the word\n`pyrotechnic.'  Mr Reynolds (the head classical master,) you will\nparticularly oblige me by not taking snuff in that violent way whilst I\nam speaking, the sniffling is abominable.\"\n\"Turn up the word `sniffling,'\" cries a voice from the lower end of the\nschool.  A great confusion--the culprit remains undiscovered, and some\nforty, at two suspected desks, are fined three-halfpence apiece.  Mr\nRoot continues, with a good deal of indignation:--\"I sha'n't allow the\nbonfire no more--no, not at all; nor the fireworks neither--no, nothing\nof no kind of the sort.\"  All this in his natural voice: then, swelling\nin dignity and in diction, \"but, for the accumulated pile of\ncombustibles, I say--for the combustible pile that you have accumulated,\nthat you may not be deprived of the merit of doing a good action, the\nmaterials of which it is composed, that is to say, the logs of wood, and\nthe bavins of furze, with the pole and tar-barrel, shall be sold, and\nthe money put in the poor-box next Sunday, which I, as one of the\nchurchwardens shall hold at the church-porch; for a charity sermon will,\non that day, be preached by the Reverend Father in God, the Lord Bishop\nof Bristol.  It is our duty, as Christians, to give eleemosynary aid to\nthe poor;--let all classes but the first and second look out the word\n`eleemosynary.'  I say, to the poor eleemosynary aid should be given.\nYou will also give up all the fire-works that you may have in your\nplay-boxes, for the same laudable purpose.  The servant will go round\nand collect them after dinner.  I say, by the servant after dinner they\nshall all be collected.  Moreover, young gentlemen, I have to tell you,\nthat the churchwardens, and the authorities in the town, are determined\nto put down Guy Faux, and he shall be put down accordingly.  So now,\nyoung gentlemen, you'd better take your amusements before dinner, for\nyou will have no holiday in the afternoon, and I shall not suffer anyone\nto go out after tea, for fear of mischief.\"  Having thus spoken, he\ndismissed the school, and strode forth majestically.\nOh, reader! can you conceive the dismay, the indignation, and the rage\nthat the Court of Aldermen would display, if, when sitting down hungrily\nto a civic feast, they were informed that all the eatables and\npotatories were carried off by a party headed by Mr Scales?  Can you\nconceive the fury that would burn in the countenances of a whole family\nof lordly sinecurists, at being informed, upon official authority, that\nhenceforth their salaries would be equal to their services?  No, all\nthis you cannot conceive; nor turtle-desiring aldermen, nor cate-fed\nsinecurists, could, under these their supposed tribulations, have\napproached, in fury and hate, the meekest-spirited boys of Mr Root's\nschool, when they became fully aware of the extent of the tyrannous\nrobbery about to be perpetrated.  Had they not been led on by hope?  Had\nthey not trustingly eschewed Banbury-cakes--sidled by longingly the\npastrycook's--and piously withstood the temptation of hard-bake, in\norder that they might save up their pocket-money for this one grand\noccasion? and even after this, their hopes and their exertions to end in\nsmoke?  Would that it were even that; but it was decided that there\nshould be neither fire nor smoke.  Infatuated pedagogue!  Unhappy\ndecision!\nThe boys did not make use of the permission to go out to play.  They\ngathered together unanimously, in earnest knots--rebellion stalked on\ntip-toe from party to party: the little boys looked big, and the big\nboys looked bigger, and the young men looked magnificent.  The\nhalf-boarders whispered their fears to the ushers, the ushers spoke\nunder their breaths to the under-masters, the under-masters had cautious\nconversation with the head Latin, French, and mathematical tutors, and\nthese poured their misgivings into the ears of the awful _Dominus_\nhimself; but he only shook his powdered head in derision and disdain.\nOn that cold, foggy fifth of November, we all sat down to a dinner as\ncold as the day, and with looks as dark as the atmosphere.  Amidst the\nclatter of knives and forks, the rumour already ran from table to table\nthat a horse and cart was just going to remove the enormous pile of\ncombustibles collected for the bonfire.  We had good spirits amongst us.\nThere was an air of calm defiance on a great many.  The reason was soon\nexplained, for, before we rose from our repast, huge volumes of red\nflame rose from the field,--the pile had been fired in twenty places at\nonce, and, at this sight, a simultaneous and irrepressible shout shook\nthe walls of the school-room.  The maid-servants who were attending the\ntable, shrieking, each in her peculiar musical note, hurried out in\nconfusion and fear; and there was a rush towards the door by the\nscholars, and some few got downstairs.  However, the masters soon closed\nthe door, and those who had escaped were brought back.  The shutters of\nthe windows that looked out upon the fire, were closed; and thus, in the\nmiddle of the day, we were reduced to a state almost of twilight.\nEvery moment expecting actual collision with their pupils, the masters\nand ushers, about sixteen in number, congregated at the lower end of the\nroom near the door, for the double purpose of supporting each other, and\nof making a timely escape.  The half-suppressed hubbub among three\nhundred boys, confined in partial darkness, grew stronger each moment;\nit was like the rumbling beneath the earth, that precedes the\nearthquake.  No one spoke as yet louder than the other--the master-voice\nhad not yet risen.  That dulled noise seemed like a far-off humming, and\nhad it not been so intense, and so very human, it might have been\ncompared to the wrath of a myriad of bees confined in the darkness of\ntheir hives, with the queen lying dead amongst them.\nCHAPTER FOURTEEN.\nHARD WORDS THE PRECURSORS OF HARD BLOWS--A TURN-UP, TO BE APPREHENDED,\nBUT NOT MERELY OF POLYSYLLABLES--RALPH COMMENCES RAVING--ROOT\nRESISTING--THE LATTER GETS THE WHIP-HAND OF US.\nWhilst this commotion was going on in the school-room, Mr Root was\nactive in the field, endeavouring, with the aid of the men-servants, to\npluck as much fuel from the burning pile as possible.  The attempt was\nnearly vain.  He singed his clothes, and burnt his hands, lost his hat\nin the excitement and turmoil, and sadly discomposed his powdered\nringlets.  Advices were brought to him (we must now use the phrase\nmilitary) of the demonstration made by the young gentlemen in the\nschoolroom.  He hurried with the pitchfork in his hand, which he had\nbeen using, and appeared at the entrance of his pandemonium, almost,\nconsidering his demoniac look, in character.  He made a speech, enforced\nby thumping the handle of the fork against the floor, which speech,\nthough but little attended to, was marked by one singularity.  He did\nnot tell the lads to turn up any of his hard words.  However, he hoped\nthat the young gentlemen had yet sense of propriety enough left, to\npermit the servants to clear the tables of the plates, knives, forks,\nand other dinner appurtenances.  This was acceded to by shouts of \"Let\nthem in--let them in.\"  The girls and the two school men-servants came\nin, one of the latter being the obnoxious hoister, and they were\npermitted to perform their office in a dead silence.  It speaks well for\nour sense of honour, and respect for the implied conditions of the\ntreaty, when it is remembered that this abhorred Tom, the living\ninstrument of our tortures, and on whose back we had most of us so often\nwrithed, was permitted to go into the darkest corners of the room\nunmolested, and even uninsulted.  When the tables were cleared, then\nrung out exultingly the shout of \"Bar him out--bar him out!\"\n\"I never yet,\" roared out Mr Root, \"was barred out of my own premises,\nand I never will be!\"  He was determined to resist manfully, and, if he\nfell, to fall like Caesar, in the capitol, decorously: so, as togae are\nnot worn in our unclassical days, he retired to prepare himself for the\ncontention, by getting his head newly powdered, telling his assistants\nto keep the position they still held, at all hazards, near the door.\nBefore I narrate the ensuing struggle--a struggle that will be ever\nremembered in the town in which it took place, and which will serve\nanyone that was engaged in it, as long as he lives, to talk of with\nhonest enthusiasm, even if he has been happy enough to have been engaged\nin real warfare; it is necessary to describe exactly the battle-field.\nThe school was a parallelogram, bowed at one end, and about the\ndimensions of a moderately-sized chapel.  It was very lofty, and, at the\nbowed end, which looked into the fields, there were three large windows\nbuilt very high, and arched after the ecclesiastical fashion.  One of\nthe sides had windows similar to those at the end.  The school-room was\nentered from the house by a lobby, up into which lobby, terminated a\nwide staircase, from the play-ground.  The school-room was therefore\nentered from the lobby by only one large folding door.  But over this\nend there was a capacious orchestra supported by six columns, which\norchestra contained a very superb organ.  The orchestra might also be\nentered from the house, but from a floor and a lobby above that which\nopened into the school-room.  Consequently, at the door-end of the\nschool-room, there was a space formed of about twelve or fourteen feet,\nwith a ceiling much lower than the rest of the building, and which space\nwas bounded by the six pillars that supported the gallery above.  This\nlow space was occupied by the masters and assistants--certainly a strong\nposition, as it commanded the only outlet.  The whole edifice was built\nupon rows of stone columns, that permitted the boys a sheltered\nplay-ground beneath the school-room in inclement or rainy weather.  The\nwindows being high from the floor within doors, and very high indeed\nfrom the ground without, they were but sorry and dangerous means of\ncommunication, through which, either to make an escape, or bring in\nsuccours or munitions should the siege be turned to a blockade.  It was,\naltogether, a vast, and, when properly fitted up, a superb apartment,\nand was used for the monthly concerts and the occasional balls.\nTime elapsed.  It seemed that we were the party barred in, instead of\nthe master being the party barred out.  The mass of rebellion was as\nconsiderable as any Radical could have wished; and, as yet, as\ndisorganised as any Tory commander-in-chief of the forces could have\ndesired.  However, Mr Root did not appear; and it having become\ncompletely dark, the boys themselves lighted the various lamps.  About\nsix or seven o'clock there was a stir among the learned guard at the\ndoor, when at length Mr Reynolds, the head classical master, having\nwrapped the silver top of his great horn snuff-box, in a speech,\nmingled, very appropriately, with Latin and Greek quotations, wished to\nknow what it was precisely that the young gentlemen desired, and he was\nanswered by fifty voices at once, \"Leave to go into the fields, and let\noff the fireworks.\"\nAfter a pause, a message was brought that this could not be granted;\nbut, upon the rest of the school going quietly to bed, permission would\nbe given to all the young gentlemen above fifteen years of age to go\ndown to the town until eleven o'clock.  The proposal was refused with\noutcries of indignation.  We now had many leaders, and the shouts \"Force\nthe door!\" became really dreadful.  Gradually the lesser boys gave back,\nand the young men formed a dense front line, facing the sixteen masters,\nwhose position was fortified by the pillars supporting the orchestra,\nand whose rear was strengthened by the servants of the household.  As\nyet, the scholars stood with nothing offensive in their hands, and with\ntheir arms folded in desperate quietude.  At last, there was a voice a\ngood way in the _rear_, which accounts for the bravery of the owner,\nthat shouted, \"Why don't you rally, and force the door?\"  Here Monsieur\nMoineau, a French emigre, and our Gallic tutor, cried out lustily, \"You\nshall force that door, never--_jamais, jamais_--my pretty _garcons, mes\nchers pupils_, be good, be quiet--go you couch yourselves--les _feux\nd'artifice_! bah! they worth noding at all--you go to bed.  Ah, ah,\n_demain_--all have _conge_--one two, half-holiday--but you force this\ndoor--_par ma foi, e--jamais_--you go out, one, two, three, _four_--go\nover dis _corps_, of Antoine Auguste Moineau.\"\nWe gave the brave fellow a hearty cheer for his loyalty; and, I have no\ndoubt, had he he been allowed to remain, he would have been trampled to\ndeath on his post.  He had lost his rank, his fortune, everything but\nhis self-respect, in the quarrel of his king, who had just fallen on the\nscaffold; he had a great respect for constituted authority, and was\nsadly grieved at being obliged to honour heroism in spite of himself,\nwhen arrayed against it.\nLet us pause over these proceedings, and return to myself.  As the\nrebellion increased, I seemed to be receiving the elements of a new\nlife.  My limbs trembled, but it was with a fierce joy.  I ran hither\nand thither exultingly--I pushed aside boys three or four years older\nthan myself--I gnashed my teeth, I stamped, I clenched my hands,--I\nwished to harangue, but I could not find utterance, for the very excess\nof thoughts.  At that moment I would not be put down; I grinned defiance\nin the face of my late scorners; I was drunk with the exciting draught\nof contention.  The timid gave me their fireworks, the brave applauded\nmy resolution, and, as I went from one party to another, exhorting more\nby gesture than by speech, I was at length rewarded by hearing the\napproving shout of \"Go it, Ralph Rattlin!\"\nI am not fearful of dwelling too much upon the affair.  It must be\ninteresting to those amiabilities called the \"rising generation,\" the\nmore especially as a \"barring out\" is now become matter of history.\nAlas! we shall never go back to the good old times in that respect,\nnotwithstanding we are again snugly grumbling under a Whig government.\nLet us place at least one \"barring out\" upon record, in order to let the\nRadicals see, and seeing, hope, when they find how nearly extremes\nmeet--what a slight step there is from absolute despotism to absolute\ndisorganisation.\nThings were in this state, the boys encouraging each other, when, to our\nastonishment, Mr Root, newly-powdered, and attended by two friends, his\nneighbours, made his appearance in the orchestra, and incontinently\nbegan a speech.  I was then too excited to attend to it; indeed, it was\nscarcely heard for revilings and shoutings.  However, I could contain\nmyself no longer, and I, even I, though far from being in the first\nrank, shouted forth, \"Let us out, or we will set fire to the\nschool-room, and, if we are burnt, you will be hung for murder.\"  Yes, I\nsaid those words--I, who now actually start at my own shadow--I, who\nwhen I see a stalwart, whiskered and moustached fellow coming forward to\nmeet me, modestly pop over on the other side--I, who was in a fit of the\ntrembles the whole year of the comet!\n\"God bless me,\" said Mr Root, \"it is that vagabond Rattlin!  I flogged\nthe little incorrigible but eight hours ago, and now he talks about\nburning my house down.  There's gratitude for you!  But I'll put a stop\nto this at once--young gentlemen, I'll put a stop to this at once!  I'm\ncoming down among you to seize the ringleaders, and that\ngood-for-nothing Rattlin.  Ah! the monitors, and the heads of all the\nclasses shall be flogged; the rest shall be forgiven, if they will go\nquietly to bed, and give up all their fireworks.\"  Having so said, he\ndescended from above with his friends, and, in about a quarter of an\nhour afterwards, armed with a tremendous whip, he appeared among his\nsatellites below.\nCHAPTER FIFTEEN.\nMUCH EXCELLENT, AND CONSEQUENTLY USELESS, DIPLOMACY DISPLAYED--A TRUCE,\nAND MANY HEADS BROKEN--THE BATTLE RAGES; AND, AT LENGTH, THE PUERILES\nACHIEVE THE VICTORY.\nThe reader must not suppose that, while masters and scholars were ranged\nagainst each other as antagonists, they were quiet as statues.  There\nwas much said on both sides, reasonings, entreaties, expostulations, and\neven jocularity passed, between the adverse, but yet quiescent ranks.\nIn this wordy warfare the boys had the best of it, and I'm sure the\nushers had no stomach for the fray--if they fought, they must fight, in\nsome measure, with their hands tied; for their own judgment told them\nthat they could not be justified in inflicting upon their opponents any\ndesperate wounds.  In fact, considering all the circumstances, though\nthey asseverated that the boys were terribly in the wrong, they could\nnot say that Mr Root was conspicuously in the right.\nWhen Mr Root got among his myrmidons, he resolutely cried, \"Gentlemen\nassistants, advance, and seize Master Atkinson, Master Brewster, Master\nDavenant, and especially Master Rattlin;\" the said Master Rattlin having\nvery officiously wriggled himself into the first rank.  Such is the\nsanctity of established authority, that we actually gave back, with\nserried files however, as our opponents advanced.  All had now been\nlost, even our honour, had it not been for the gallant conduct of young\nHenry Saint Albans, a natural son of the Duke of Y---, who was destined\nfor the army, and, at that time, studying fortification, and to some\npurpose--for, immediately behind our front ranks, and while Mr Root was\nharanguing and advancing, Saint Albans had arranged the desks quite\nacross the room, in two tiers, one above the other; the upper tier with\ntheir legs in the air, no bad substitute for chevaux-de-frise.  In fact,\nthis manoeuvre was an anticipation of the barricades of Paris.  When the\nboys came to the obstacle, they made no difficulty of creeping under or\njumping over it; but for the magisterial Mr Root, fully powdered; or\nthe classical master, full of Greek; or the mathematical master,\nconscious of much Algebra, to creep under these desks, would have been\ninfra dig, and for them to have leapt over was impossible.  The younger\nassistants might certainly have performed the feat, but they would have\nbeen but scurvily treated for their trouble, on the wrong side of the\nbarricade.\nWhen two antagonist bodies cannot fight, it is no bad pastime to parley.\nSaint Albans was simultaneously and unanimously voted leader, though we\nhad many older than he, for he was but eighteen.  A glorious youth was\nthat Saint Albans!  Accomplished, generous, brave, handsome, as are all\nhis race, and of the most bland and sunny manners that ever won woman's\nlove, or softened man's asperity.  He died young--where?  Where should\nhe have died, since this world was deemed by Providence not deserving of\nhim, but amidst the enemies of his country, her banners waving\nvictoriously above, and her enemies flying before, his bleeding body?\nHenry now stood forward as our leader and spokesman: eloquently did he\ndescant upon all our grievances, not forgetting mouldy bread, caggy\nmutton, and hebdomadal meat pies.  He represented to Mr Root the little\nhonour that he would gain in the contest, and the certain loss--the\ndamage to his property and to his reputation--the loss of scholars, and\nof profit; and he begged him to remember that every play-box in the\nschool-room was filled with fireworks, and that they were all\ndetermined,--and sorry he was in this case to be obliged to uphold such\na determination,--they were one and all resolved, if permission were not\ngiven, to let off the fireworks out of doors, they would in--the\nconsequences be on Mr Root's head.  His speech was concluded amidst\ncontinued \"Bravos!\" and shouts of \"Now, now!\"\nOld Reynolds, our classic, quietly stood by, and taking snuff by\nhandfuls, requested, nay, entreated Mr Root to pass it all off as a\njoke, and let the boys, with due restrictions, have their will.  Mr\nRoot, with a queer attempt at looking pleasant, then said, \"He began to\nenter into the spirit of the thing--it was well got up--there could be\nreally nothing disrespectful meant, since Mr Henry Saint Albans was a\nparty to it (be it known that Henry was an especial favourite), and that\nhe was inclined to humour them, and look upon the school in the light of\na fortress about to capitulate.  He therefore would receive a flag of\ntruce, and listen to proposals.\"\nThe boys began to be delighted.  The following conditions were drawn up;\nand a lad, with a white handkerchief tied to a sky-rocket stick, was\nhoisted over the benches into the besieging quarters.  The paper, after\nreciting (as is usual with all rebels in arms against their lawful\nsovereign) their unshaken loyalty, firm obedience, and unqualified\ndevotion, went on thus--but we shall, to save time, put to each\nproposition the answer returned:--\n1.  The young gentlemen shall be permitted, as in times past, to\ndischarge their fireworks round what remains of the bonfire, between the\nhours of nine and eleven o'clock.\n_Ans_.  Granted, with this limitation, that all young gentlemen under\nthe age of nine shall surrender their fireworks to the elder boys, and\nstand to see the display without the fence.\n2.  That any damage or injury caused by the said display to Mr Root's\npremises, fences, etcetera, shall be made good by a subscription of the\nschool.\n_Ans_.  Granted.\n3.  It being now nearly eight o'clock, the young gentlemen shall have\ntheir usual suppers.\n_Ans_.  Granted.\n4.  That a general amnesty shall be proclaimed, and that no person or\npersons shall suffer in any manner whatever for the part that he or they\nmay have taken in this thoughtless resistance.\n_Ans_.  Granted, with the exception of Masters Atkinson, Brewster,\nDavenant, and Rattlin.\nUpon the last article issue was joined, the flag of truce still flying\nduring the debate.  The very pith of the thing was the act of amnesty\nand oblivion.  Yet so eager were now the majority of the boys for their\namusement, that had it not been for the noble firmness of Saint Albans,\nthe leaders, with poor Pilgarlick, would have been certainly sacrificed\nto their lust of pleasure.  But the affair was soon brought to a crisis.\nAll this acting the military pleased me most mightily, and, the better\nto enjoy it, I crouched under one of the desks that formed the barricade\nand, with my head and shoulders thrust into the enemy's quarters, sat\ngrinning forth my satisfaction.\nThe last clause was still canvassing, when, unheard-of treachery!  Mr\nRoot, seeing his victim so near, seized me by the ears, and attempted to\nlug me away captive.  My schoolfellows attempted to draw me back.  Saint\nAlbans protested--even some of the masters said \"Shame!\" when Mr Root,\nfinding he could not succeed, gave me a most swinging slap of the face,\nas a parting benediction, and relinquished his grasp.  No sooner did I\nfairly find myself on the right side of the barricade, than, all my\nterrors overcome by pain, I seized an inkstand and discharged it point\nblank at the fleecy curls of the ferulafer with an unlucky fatality of\naim!  Mr Root's armorial bearings were now, at least, on his crest,\n_blanche_ chequered _noir_.\n\"On, my lads, on!\" exclaimed the gallant Saint Albans; the barricades\nwere scaled in an instant, and we were at fisticuffs with our foes.\nRulers flew obliquely, perpendicularly, and horizontally--inkstands made\nink-spouts in the air, with their dark gyrations--books, that the\nauthors had done their best to fasten on their shelves peacefully for\never, for once became lively, and made an impression.  I must do Mr\nRoot the justice to say, that he bore him gallantly in the _melee_.  His\nwhite and black head popped hither and thither, and the smack of his\nwhip resounded horribly among the shins of his foes.\nOld Reynolds, not, even in battle, being able to resist the inveteracy\nof habit, had the contents of his large snuff-mull forced into his eyes,\nere twenty strokes were struck.  He ran roaring and prophecying, like\nblind Tiresias, among both parties, and, as a prophet, we respected him.\nThe French master being very obese, was soon borne down, and there he\nlay sprawling and calling upon glory and _la belle France_, whilst both\nsides passed over him by turns, giving him only an occasional kick when\nthey found him in their way.  It is said of Mr Simpson, the\nmathematical master,--but I will not vouch for the truth of the account\nfor it seems too Homeric,--that being hard pressed, he seized and lifted\nup the celestial globe, wherewith to beat down his opponents; but being\na very absent man, and the ruling passion being always dreadfully strong\nupon him, he began, instead of striking down his adversaries, to solve a\nproblem upon it, but, before he had found the value of a single tangent,\nthe orb was beaten to pieces about his skull, and he then saw more stars\nin his eyes than ever twinkled in the Milky Way.  In less than two\nminutes, Mr Root to his crest added _gules_--his nose spouted blood,\nhis eyes were blackened, and those beautiful teeth, of which he was so\nproud, were alarmingly loosened.\nFor myself I did not do much--I could not--I could not for very rapture.\nI danced and shouted in all the madness of exhilaration.  I tasted\nthen, for the first time, the fierce and delirious poison of contention.\nHad the battle-cry been \"A Rattlin!\" instead of \"A Saint Albans!\"  I\ncould not have been more elated.  The joy of battle to the young heart\nis like water to the sands of the desert--which cannot be satiated.\nIn much less than three minutes the position under the gallery was\ncarried.  Root and the masters made good their retreat through the door,\nand barricaded it strongly on the outside--so that if we could boast of\nhaving barred him out, he could boast equally of having barred us in.\nWe made three prisoners, Mr Reynolds, Mr Moineau, and a lanky,\nsneaking, turnip-complexioned under-usher, who used to write execrable\nverses to the sickly housemaid, and borrow half-crowns of the simple\nwench, wherewith to buy pomatum to plaster his thin, lank hair.  He was\na known sneak, and a suspected tell-tale.  The booby fell a-crying in a\ndark corner, and we took him with his handkerchief to his eyes.  Out of\nthe respect that we bore our French and Latin masters, we gave them\ntheir liberty, the door being set ajar for that purpose; but we reserved\nthe usher, that, like the American Indians, we might make sport with\nhim.\nCHAPTER SIXTEEN.\nAN AFFECTING APPEAL THAT EFFECTS NOTHING--THE REBELS COMMENCE THEIR\nREJOICINGS--THEY ARE SUDDENLY DAMPED--THE FIREMEN DEFEAT THE FIRE-BOYS\nBY MEANS OF WATER--THE VICTORS ARE VANQUISHED, WHO SHORTLY FIND\nTHEMSELVES COVERED WITH DISGRACE AND THE BED-CLOTHES.\nWhen we informed the captive usher that he was destined for the high\nhonour of being our Guy Faux, and that he should be the centre of our\nfireworks, promising him to burn him as little as we could help, and as\ncould reasonably be expected, his terror was extreme, and he begged,\nlike one in the agonies of death, that we would rather bump him.  We\ngranted his request, for we determined to be magnanimous, and he really\nbore it like a stoic.\nScarcely had we finished with the usher, than Mrs Root, \"like Niobe,\nall in tears,\" appeared; with outstretched arms, in the gallery.  Her\noutstretched arms, her pathetic appeals, her sugared promises, had no\navail: the simple lady wanted us to go to bed, and Mr Root, to use her\nown expression, should let us all off to-morrow.  We were determined to\nstay up, and let all our fireworks off to-night.  But we granted to her\nintercession, that all the little boys should be given up to her.\nIt now became a very difficult thing to ascertain who was a little boy.\nMany a diminutive urchin of eight, with a stout soul, declared that he\nwas a big fellow, and several lanky lads, with sops of bread for hearts,\ncalled themselves little boys.  There was, as I said before, no\ncommunication from the schoolroom with the orchestra; we were,\ntherefore, obliged to pile the desks as a platform, and hand up the\nchicken-hearted to take protection under the wing of the old hen.\nOur captive usher respectfully begged to observe that though he could\nnot say that he was exactly a little boy, yet if it pleased us, he would\nmuch rather go to bed, as he had lately taken physic.  The plea was\ngranted, but not the platform.  That was withdrawn, and he was forced to\nclimb up one of the pillars; and, as we were charitably inclined, we\nlent him all the impetus we could by sundry, appliances of switches and\nrulers, in order to excite a rapid circulation in those parts that would\nmost expedite his up ward propulsion, upon the same principles that\ncause us to fire one extremity of a gun, in order to propel the ball\nfrom the other.  He having been gathered with the rest round Mrs Root,\nshe actually made us a curtsey in the midst of her tears, and smiled as\nshe curtseyed, bidding us all a good-night, to be good boys, to do no\nmischief, and, above all, to take care of the fire.  Then, having\nobtained from us a promise that we would neither injure the organ, nor\nattempt to get into the orchestra, she again curtseyed, and left us\nmasters of the field.\nNow the debate was frequent and full.  We had rebelled, and won the\nfield of rebellion in order to be enabled to discharge our fireworks.\nThe thought of descending, by means of the windows, was soon abandoned.\nWe should have been taken in the detail, even if we escaped breaking our\nbones.  We were compelled to use the school-room for the sparkling\ndisplay, and, all under the directions of Saint Albans, we began to\nprepare accordingly.  Would that I had been the hero of that night!\nThough I did not perform the deeds, I felt all the glow of one; and,\nunexpected honour!  I was actually addressed by Henry Saint Albans\nhimself as \"honest Ralph Rattlin, the brave boy who slept in the haunted\nroom.\"  There was a distinction for you!  Of course, I cannot tell how\nan old gentleman, rising sixty-five, feels when his sovereign places the\nblue riband over his stooping shoulders, but if he enjoys half the\nrapture I then did, he must be a very, very happy old man.\n_Revenons a nos moutons_--which phrase I use on account of its\noriginality, and its applicability to fireworks.  Nails were driven into\nthe walls, and Catherine-wheels fixed on them; Roman candles placed upon\nthe tables instead of mutton-dips, and the upper parts of the school\nwindows let down for the free egress of our flights of sky-rockets.  The\nfirst volley of the last-mentioned beautiful firework went through the\nwindows, amidst our huzzas, at an angle of about sixty-five degrees, and\ndid their duty nobly; when--when--of course, the reader will think that\nthe room was on fire.  Alas! it was quite the reverse.  A noble\nCatherine-wheel had just begun to fizz, in all the glories of its\nmany-coloured fires, when, horror, dismay, confusion! half a dozen\nfiremen, with their hateful badges upon their arms, made their\nappearance in the orchestra, and the long leathern tube being adjusted,\nthe brazen spout began playing upon us and the Catherine-wheel, amidst\nthe laughter of the men, in which even we participated, whilst we heard\nthe clank, clank, clank, of the infernal machine working in the\nplay-ground.  Mr Root was not simple enough to permit his house to be\nburned down with impunity; and, since he found he could do no better, he\nresolved to throw cold water upon our proceedings.\nThe school-room door was now thrown open, to permit us to go out if we\npleased, but we chose to remain where we were, for the simple reason,\nthat we did not know whom we might meet on the stairs.  We had agreed,\nunder the directions of Saint Albans, to let off our fireworks with some\norder; but now, instead of playthings for amusement, they were turned\ninto engines of offence.  Showers of squibs, crackers, and every species\nof combustible were hurled at our opponents above us.  It was the\nstruggle of fire with water: but that cold and powerful stream played\ncontinuously; wherever it met us it took away our breath, and forced us\nto the ground, yet we bore up gallantly, and the rockets that we\ndirected into the orchestra very often drove our enemies back, and would\nhave severely injured the organ, had they not covered it with blankets.\nWe advanced our desks near the gallery, to use them as scaling-ladders\nto storm; but it would not do, they were not sufficiently high, and the\nstream dashed the strongest of us back.  However, we plied our fiery\nmissiles as long as they lasted; but the water never failed--its\nantagonist element did too soon.  Whilst it lasted, considering there\nwas no slaughter, it was a very glorious onslaught.\nIn one short half-hour we were reduced.  Drowned, burnt, blackened--\nlooking very foolish, and fearing very considerably, we now approached\nthe door: it was still open--no attempt to capture anyone--no opposition\nwas offered to us; but the worst of it was, we were obliged to sneak\nthrough files of deriding neighbours and servants, and we each crept to\nbed, like a dog that had stolen a pudding, anything but satisfied with\nour exploits, or the termination of them.\nSaint Albans would not forgive himself.  He heaped immeasurable shame\nupon his own head, because he had not secured the orchestra.  He\ndeclared he had no military genius.  He would bind himself an apprentice\nto a country carpenter, and make pigsties--he would turn usher, and the\nboys should bump him for an ass--he would run away.  He did the latter.\nLeaving the firemen to see all safe, Mr Root to deplore his defaced\nschool-room and his destroyed property, Mrs Root to prepare for an\nimmensity of cases of cold, and burnt faces and hands,--I shall here\nconclude the history of the famous barring out of the fifth of November,\nof the year of grace, 18---.  If it had not all the pleasures of a real\nsiege and battle except actual slaughter, I don't know what pleasure is;\nand the reader by-and-by will find out that I had afterwards\nopportunities enough of judging upon this sort of kingly pastimes, in\nwhich the cutting of throats was not omitted.\nCHAPTER SEVENTEEN.\nIS FULL OF MORAL AND RELIGIOUS DISQUISITIONS, THEREFORE IT BEHOVETH THE\nGENERAL READER TO LOOK AT AND PASS IT BY WITH THAT INATTENTION THAT\nREADERS GENERALLY HAVE FOR MORALITY AND RELIGION.\nWhen the boys came downstairs, there was as comfortless a scene\ndisplayed before them as the most retributive justice could have wished\nto visit on the rebellious.  The morning raw and cold, the floor\nsaturated with water, and covered with cases of exploded fireworks; the\nschool-room in horrible confusion, scarcely a pane of glass\nunshattered--the walls blackened, the books torn--and then the masters\nand ushers stole in, looking both suspicious and discomfited.  Well, we\nwent to prayers, and very lugubriously did we sing the hymn:--\n  \"Awake, my soul, and with the sun,\n  Thy daily course of duty run.\"\nNow, that morning, no one could tell whether the sun had waked or not,\nat least he kept his bed-curtains of fog closely drawn; and, about\ntwenty-five of the scholars gave a new reading to \"thy daily course of\nduty run,\" as, immediately after they had paid their doleful orisons,\nthey took the course of running their duty by running away.  There were\nno classes that day.  Mr Root did not make his appearance--and we had a\nconstrained holiday.\nOn the 7th, to use a nautical expression, we had repaired damages, and\nwe began to fall into the usual routine of scholastic business: but it\nwas full a week before our master made his appearance in the\nschool-room, and he did so then with a green shade over his eyes, to\nconceal the green shades under them.  He came in at the usual hour of\nnoon--the black list was handed up to him--and I expected, in the usual\norder of things, an assiduous flogging.  But in this world we are the\nmartyrs of disappointment.  The awful man folded up the paper very\nmelancholily, and thrust it into his waistcoat pocket, and thus saved me\nthe expense of some very excellent magnanimity, which I had determined\nto display, had he proceeded to flagellation.  It was my intention very\nintrepidly to have told him, that if he punished me I also would run\naway.  On the veracity of a schoolboy, I was disappointed at not\nreceiving my three or four dozen.\nI had now fairly commenced my enthusiastic epoch.  I was somebody.  I\nstill slept in the haunted room.  I had struck the first blow in the\nbarring out--Saint Albans had openly commended me for my bravery--I\ncould no longer despise myself, and the natural consequence was that\nothers dared not.  I formed friendships, evanescent certainly, but very\nsweet and very sincere.  Several of the young gentlemen promised to\nprevail upon their parents to invite me to their homes during the\napproaching holidays; but either their memories were weak, or their\nfathers obdurate.\nWell, the winter holidays came at last, and I was left sole inhabitant\nof that vast and lonely school-room, with one fire for my solace, and\none tenpenny dip for my enlightenment.  How awful and supernatural\nseemed every passing sound that beat upon my anxious ears!  Everything\nround me seemed magnified--the massive shadows were as the wombs teeming\nwith unearthly phantoms--the whistle of the wintry blasts against the\nwindows, voiced the half-unseen beings that my fears acknowledged in the\ndeep darknesses of the vast chamber.  And then that lonely orchestra,--\noften did I think that I heard low music from the organ, as if touched\nby ghostly fingers--how gladly I would have sunk down from my solitude\nto the vulgarity of the servant's hall--but that was now carefully\ninterdicted.  The consequences of all this seclusion to a highly\nimaginative and totally unregulated mind, must have been much worse than\nputting me to sleep in the haunted room, for in that I had my\ncounter-spell--and long use had almost endeared me to it and its\ngrotesque carvings--but this dismally large school-room, generally so\ninstinct with life, so superabounding in animation, was painfully\nfearful, even from the contrast.  Twenty times in the evening, when the\ncold blast came creeping along the floor and wound round my ankles, did\nI imagine it was the chill hand of some corpse, thrust up from beneath,\nthat was seizing me in order to drag me downwards--and a hundred times,\nas the long flame from the candle flared up tremulously, and shook the\ndeep shadows that encompassed me around, did I fancy that there were\nvery hideous faces indeed mouthing at me amidst the gloom--and my own\ngigantic shadow--it was a vast horror of itself personified!  It was a\ncruel thing, even in Mr Root, to leave me alone so many hours in that\nstupendous gloom; but his wife--fie upon her!\nConsidering how my imagination had been before worked upon, even from my\nearliest childhood, and the great nervous excitability of my\ntemperament, it is a wonder that my mind did not reel, if not succumb--\nbut I now began to combat the approaches of one sort of insanity with\nthe actual presence of another--I _wrote verses_.  That was \"tempering\nthe wind to the shorn lamb,\" as Sterne would have expressed it, after\nthe prettiest fashion imaginable.\nHad I not the reader so completely at my mercy--did I not think him or\nher not only the gentlest but also the most deserving of all the progeny\nof Japhet--did I not think that it would be the very acme of ingratitude\nto impose upon him or her, I would certainly transcribe a centaine, or\nso, of these juvenile poems.  It is true, they are very bad--but, then,\nthat is a proof that they are undeniably genuine.  I really have, in\nsome things, a greatness of soul.  I will refrain--but in order that\nthese effusions may not be lost to the world, I offer them to the\nannuals for 1839; not so much for the sake of pecuniary compensation,\nbut in order to improve the reading of some of that very unreadable\nclass of books.\nWell, during these dismal holidays, I wrote verses and began to take, or\nto make, my madness methodical.  The boys came back, and having left me\na very Bobadil, they found me a juvenile Bavius.\nI now began to approach my thirteenth year, and, what with my rhyming\nand my fistical prowess,--my character for bravery and the peculiarity\nof my situation, as it regarded its mystery--I became that absurd thing\nthat the French call \"_une tete montee_.\"  Root had ceased to flog me.\nI could discover that he even began to fear me--and just in proportion\nas he seemed to avoid all occasion to punish me, I became towards him\nmild, observant, and respectful.  The consequence was, that, as I was no\nlonger frightened out of my wits at church, from very weariness, and for\nthe sake of variety, I began to attend to the sermons.  What a lesson\nought not this to be to instructors!  One Sunday I returned from church\nin a state of almost spiritual intoxication.  The rector was a pale,\nattenuated man, with a hollow, yet flashing eye--a man who seemed to\nhave done with everything in this world, excepting to urge on his\nbrethren to that better one, to which himself was fast hastening; and,\non this memorable day, that I fancied myself a convert, he had been\ndescanting on the life of the young Samuel.  Of course he, very\nappropriately, often turned to the juvenile part of his congregation;\nand as I was seated in the front row, I felt as if I were alone in the\nchurch--as if every word were individually addressed to myself; his\nimploring yet impassioned glances seemed to irradiate my breast with a\nsweet glory.  I felt at once, that since the goodness of the Creator was\ninexhaustible, the fault must rest with man if there were no more\nSamuels, so I determined to be one--to devote myself entirely to divine\nabstraction, to heavenly glory, and to incessant worship--and,\nstupendous as the assertion may seem, for six weeks I did so.  This\nresolution became a passion--a madness.  I was as one walking in a sweet\ntrance--I revelled in secret bliss, as if I had found a glorious and\ninexhaustible treasure.  I spoke to none of my new state of mind--\nabsorbed as I was, I yet dreaded ridicule--but I wrote hymns, I composed\nsermons.  If I found my attention moving from heavenly matters, I grew\nangry with myself, and I renovated my flagging attention with inward\nejaculation.  I had all the madness of the anchorite upon me in the\nmidst of youthful society, yet without his asceticism, and certainly\nwithout his vanity.\nMy studies, of course, were nearly totally neglected, under this\ncomplete alienation of spirit, and Mr Root, lenient as he had lately\nbecome towards me, began to flog again; and--shall I be believed when I\nsay it?--I have been examining my memory most severely, and I am sure it\nhas delivered up its record faithfully; but yet I hardly dare give it to\nthe world--but, despite of ridicule, I find myself compelled to say,\nthat these floggings I scarcely felt.  I looked upon them as something\nreceived for the sake of an inscrutable and unfathomable love, and I\ncourted them--they were pleasurable.  I now can well understand the\nenthusiasm and the raptures of that ridiculous class of exploded\nvisionaries, called flagellants.  I certainly was in a state of complete\noblivion to everything but a dreamy fanaticism, and yet that term is too\nharsh, and it would be impiety to call it holiness, seeing that it was\nin a state of inutility,--and yet, many well-meaning persons will think,\nno doubt, that my infant and almost sinless hand had hold of a blessed\nlink of that chain of ineffable love, which terminates in the breast of\nthat awful Being, who sits at the right-hand of the throne of the\nEternal.  I give, myself, no opinion.  I only state facts.  But I cannot\nhelp hazarding a conjecture of what I might have been, had I then\npossessed a friend in any one of my instructors, who could have pointed\nout to me what were the precincts of true piety, what those of incipient\ninsanity.  At that time I had the courage to achieve anything.  Let the\ncold-hearted and the old say what they will, youth is the time for moral\nbravery.  The withered and the aged mistake their failing forces for\ncalmness and resignation, and an apathy, the drear anticipator of death,\nfor presence of mind.\nHowever, this state of exalted feeling had a very ludicrous termination.\nI ceased fighting, I was humble, seeking whom I might serve, reproving\nno one, but striving hard to love all, giving, assisting, and actually\npanting for an opportunity of receiving a slap on one side of the face,\nthat I might offer the other for the same infliction.  The reader may be\nsure that I had the Bible almost constantly before me, when not employed\nin what I conceived some more active office of what I thought\nsanctification.  But though the spirit may be strong, at times, the body\nwill be weak.  I believe I dozed for a few minutes over the sacred book,\nwhen a wag stole it away, and substituted for it the \"renowned and\nveracious History of the Seven Champions of Christendom.\"  There was the\nfrontispiece, the gallant Saint George, in gold and green armour,\nthrusting his spear into the throat of the dragon, in green and gold\nscales.  What a temptation!  I ogled the book coyly at first.  I asked\nfor my Bible.  \"Read that, Ralph,\" said the purloiner; oh! recreant that\nI was, I read it.\nI was cured in three hours of being a saint, of despising flogging, and\nof aping Samuel.\nCHAPTER EIGHTEEN.\nRALPH RECEIVES AN INFUSION OF PATRIOTISM--IS HIMSELF DRILLED AND DRILLS\nA TOUCH HOLE--HE TURNS OUT A MONSTROUS BIG LIAR--SOMEBODY COMES TO SEE\nHIM WHOM NOBODY CAN SEE, AND THE MYSTERY ENDS IN ANOTHER MIGRATION.\nIt is the nature of men and boys to run into extremes.  I have carried\nthe reader with me through my desponding and enthusiastic epochs.  I now\ncome to the most miserable of all, my mendacious one.  An avowed poet is\nentitled, _de jure_, to a good latitude of fiction; but I abused this\nprivilege most woefully.  I became a confirmed and intrepid liar--and\nthis, too, was the natural course of my education, or the want of it.  I\nbegan to read all manner of romances.  There was a military and\nchivalrous spirit strong in the school--the mania for volunteering was\ngeneral, and our numerous school were almost all trained to arms.  The\ngovernment itself supplied us with a half-dozen drill sergeants to\ncomplete us in our manual and platoon exercises.  We had a very pretty\nuniform, and our equipments as infantry were complete in all things,\nsave and excepting that all the muskets of the junior boys had no\ntouch-holes.  Mine was delivered to me in this innocent state.  Oh! that\nwas a great mortification on field-days, when we were allowed to\nincorporate with the --- and --- Volunteers, whilst all the big lads\nactually fired off real powder, in line with real men, to be obliged to\nsnap a wooden flint against a sparkless hammer.  A mortification I could\nnot, would not, endure.\nThere was a regular contention between Mr Root, my musket, and myself;\nand at last, by giving my sergeant a shilling, I conquered.  Every day\nthat our muskets were examined on parade, mine would be found with a\ntouch-hole drilled in it; as certainly as it was found, so certainly was\nI hoisted.  In that fever of patriotism, I, of all the school, though\ndenied powder and shot, was the only one that bled for my country.\nHowever, I at length had the supreme felicity of blowing powder in the\nface of vacancy, in high defiance of Buonaparte and his assembled\nlegions on the coast of Boulogne.  Thus I had military ardour added to\nmy other ardencies.  Moreover, I had learned to swim in the New River,\nand, altogether, began to fancy myself a hero.\nI began now to appreciate and to avail myself of the mystery of my\nbirth.  I did not read romances and novels for nothing.  So I began my\nmendacious career.  Oh! the improbable and the impossible lies that I\ntold, and that were retold, and all believed.  I was a prince incognito;\nmy father had coined money--and I gave my deluded listeners glimpses at\npocket-pieces as proof; if I was doubted I fought.  The elder boys shook\ntheir heads, and could make nothing of it.  The ushers made what\ninquiries they dared, and found nothing which they could contradict\npositively, but much upon which to found conjecture.\nStill, notwithstanding my success, my life began to grow burthensome.\nThe lies became too manifold, too palpable, and, to me, too onerous.\nThey had been extremely inconsistent--ridicule began to raise her\nhissing head.  Shame became my constant companion--yet I lied on.  I\nthink I may safely say, that I would, at the time that I was giving\nmyself out as a future king, have scorned the least violation of the\ntruth, to have saved myself from the most bitter punishment, or to\ninjure, in the least, my worst enemy; my lies were only those of a most\ninordinate vanity, begun in order to make a grand impression of myself,\nand persevered in through obstinacy and pride.  But I was crushed\nbeneath the stupendous magnificence of my own creations.  I had been so\ncircumstantial--described palaces, reviews, battles, my own charges, and\nnow--oh! how sick all these fabrications made me!  It was time I left\nthe school, or that life left me, for it had become intolerable.  And\nyet this state of misery, the misery of the convicted, yet obstinately\npersevering liar, lasted nearly a year.  Let me hurry over it; but, at\nthe same time, let me hold it up as a picture to youth, upon the same\nprinciple as the Spartans showed drunken slaves to their children.\nCould the young but conceive a tithe of the misery I endured, they would\nnever after swerve from the truth.\nI have not time to expatiate on several droll mishaps that occurred to\nMr Root; how he was once bumped in all the glowing panoply of equine\nwar; how, when one night, with his head well powdered, he crept upon\nall-fours, as was his wont, into one of the boys' bedrooms, to listen to\ntheir nightly conversations; and how such visit being expected, as his\nhead lay on the side of the bedstead, it was there immovably fixed, by\nthe application of a half-pound of warm cobbler's wax, and release could\nonly be obtained by the Jason-like operation of shearing the fleecy\nlocks.  We must rapidly pass on.  I was eager to get away from this\nschool, and my desire was accomplished in the following very singular\nmanner:--\nOne fine sunshiny Sunday morning, as we were all arranged in goodly\nfashion, two by two, round the play-ground, preparatory to issuing\nthrough the house to go to church, the unusual cry was heard of \"Master\nRattlin wanted,\" which was always understood to be the joyful signal\nthat some parent or friend had arrived as a visitor.  I was immediately\nhurried into the house, a whispering took place between Mr and Mrs\nRoot, and the consequence was, that I was bustled up into the bedroom,\nand my second-best clothes, which I then had on, were changed for the\nbest, and, with a supererogatory dab with a wet towel over my face, I\nwas brought down, and, my little heart playing like a pair of castanets\nagainst my ribs, I was delivered into the tender keeping of the\npedagogue.\nHaving taken me by the hand, whilst he was practising all the amenities\nwith his countenance, he opened the parlour-door, where the\nsupposititious visitor was expected to be found, and lo! the room was\nempty.  Mrs Root and the servants were summoned, and they all\npositively declared, and were willing to swear to the fact, that a\ngentleman had gone into the room, who had never gone out.  It was a\nfront parlour, on the ground-floor, and from the window he could not\nhave emerged, as the area intervened between that and the foot pavement;\nand to see a gentleman scrambling through by that orifice into the\nprincipal street of, and from one of the principal houses of the town,\nwhilst all the people were going to church, was a little too\npreposterous even for Mr Root's matter-of-fact imagination.  However,\nthey all peeped up the chimney one after the other, as if an elderly,\nmilitary-looking gentleman, encumbered with a surtout, for thus he was\ndescribed, would have been so generous as to save my schoolmaster a\nshilling, by bustling up his chimney, and bringing down the soot.  The\nperson was not to be found; Root began to grow alarmed--a constable was\nsent for, and the house was searched from the attics to the cellar.  The\ndwelling was not, however, robbed, nor any of its inmates murdered,\nnotwithstanding the absconder could not be found.\nNow, Mr Root was a wise man in his own generation, yet was he,\nnotwithstanding, a great fool.  He was one of that class who can\nsometimes overreach a neighbour, yet, in doing so, inevitably loses his\nown balance, and tumbles into the mire.  A sagacious ninny, who had an\n\"_I told you so_,\" for every possible event after it had happened.\nInstead of taking the common-sense view of the affair of the missed\ngentleman, and supposing that the footman had been bribed to let him\nquietly out at the street-door, who, perhaps, had found his feelings too\nlittle under his control to go through the interview with me that he\nsought, Root set about making a miracle of the matter.  It was\nastounding--nay, superhuman!  It boded some misfortune to him; and so it\nreally did, by the manner in which he treated it.  I verily believe,\nthat had the servants or Mrs Root, who had seen the gentleman, averred\nto a cloven foot as peeping out from his military surtout, he would have\ngiven the assertion not only unlimited credence, but unlimited\ncirculation also.  However, as it was, he made himself most egregiously\nbusy; there was his brother church-wardens and the curates summoned to\nassist him in a court of inquiry; evidence was taken in form, and a sort\nof _proces verbal_ drawn out and duly attested.  Mr Root was a\nmiracle-monger, and gloried in being able to make himself the hero of\nhis own miracles.\nWell, after he had solaced himself by going about to all his neighbours\nwith this surprising paper in hand, for about the space of a fortnight,\nhe thought to put the climax to his policy and his vainglory, by taking\nit and himself up to the banker's in town, where he always got the full\namount of his bills for my board and education paid without either\nexamination or hesitation.  The worthy money-changer looked grimly\npolite at the long and wonderful account of the schoolmaster, received a\ncopy of the account of the mysterious visitor with most emphatic\nsilence, and then bowed the communicant out of his private room with all\nimaginable etiquette.\nMr Root came home on excellent terms with himself; he imposed silence\nupon his good lady, his attentive masters and ushers, and then wiping\nthe perspiration from his brow, proceeded to tell his admiring audience\nof his great, his very great exertions, and how manfully through the\nwhole awful business he had done his duty.  Alas! he soon found to his\ncost that he had done something more.  In cockney language, he had done\nhimself out of a good pupil.  A fortnight after, I was again \"wanted.\"\nThere was a glass coach at the door.  A very reserved sort of gentleman\nalighted, paid all demands up to the end of the ensuing half-year,\nanswered no questions, but merely producing a document, handed me and\nall my worldly wealth into his vehicle, and off we drove.\nTo the best of my recollection, all the conversation that I heard from\nthis taciturn person, was that sentence, so much the more remarkable for\nverity than originality, \"Ask no questions, and I shall tell you no\nstories.\"  Having nothing else to do in this my enforced _tete-a-tete_,\nI began to conjecture what next was to become of me.  At first, I built\nno castles in the air; I had got quite sick of doing that aloud with my\nlate school-fellows, and passing them all off as facts.  Still, it must\nbe confessed that my feelings were altogether pleasurable.  It was a\nsoul-cheering relief to have escaped from out of that vast labyrinth of\nlies that I had planted around me, and no longer to dread the\nrod-bearing Root; even novelty, under whatever form it may present\nitself, is always grateful to the young.\nIn the midst of these agitations I again found myself in town; and I\nbegan to hope that I should once more see my foster-parents.  I began to\nrally up my \"little Latin and less Greek,\" in order to surprise the\nworthy sawyer and his wife; and I had fully determined to work out for\nhim what the amount of his daily wages came to in a week, first by\nsimple arithmetic, secondly by fractions, thirdly by decimals, and\nfourthly by duodecimals; and then to prove the whole correct by an\nalgebraical equation.  But all these triumphs of learning were not\ndestined for me.  I found, at length, that the glass coach drove up the\ninn-yard of some large coachmaster; but few words were said, and I was\nconsigned to the coachman of one of the country stages, with as little\nremorse and as little ceremony as if I had been an ugly blear-eyed pug,\nforwarded in a basket, labelled \"this side uppermost,\" to an old maiden\naunt, or a superannuated grandmother.\nThis was certainly unhandsome treatment to one who had been lately\nseriously telling his companions that he was a disguised prince of the\nblood, forced, for state reasons, to keep a strict incognito.  It is\ntrue, that I travelled with four horses, and was attended by a guard;\nnay, that a flourish of music preceded my arrival at various points of\nmy journey; but all these little less than royal honours I shared with a\nplebeian butcher, a wheezing and attenuated plumber and glazier, and\nother of his lieges, all very useful, but hardly deemed ornamental\nmembers of the body politic.\nCHAPTER NINETEEN.\nA CHAPTER OF DISAPPOINTMENTS, WHICH RALPH HOPES THE READER WILL NOT\nSHARE--SOME COMPARISONS WHICH HE HOPES WILL NOT BE FOUND ODIOUS, AND\nSOME REFLECTIONS WHICH HE THINKS CANNOT BE RESENTED.\nMy friends will perceive, that at the time of which I am speaking, the\nstage-coach contained, if not actually a bad character, I a person on\nthe very verge of being one--that I was that graceless, yet tolerated\nbeing, a scamp, was very certain--yet my gentle demeanour, my smooth,\nbright countenance, and never-ceasing placid smile, would have given a\nvery different impression of my qualities.  I have been thus liberal in\nmy confessions, in order that parents may see that their duties do not\nterminate where those of the schoolmaster begin; that the schoolmaster\nhimself must be taken to task, and the watcher watched.  I had been\nplaced in one of the first boarding-schools near town; a most liberal\nstipend had been paid with me; I had every description of master; yet,\nafter all this outlay of money, which is not dross--and waste of time,\nwhich is beyond price precious, what was I at leaving this academy?  Let\nthe good folks withinside of the Stickenham stage testify; by one trick\nor another I had contrived to make them all tolerably uncomfortable\nbefore the journey was half over.\nBut where am I going?  Caesar and his fortunes are embarked in a\nstage-coach.  An hour and a half had elapsed when I perceived that the\nhorses were dragging the vehicle slowly up a steep hill.  The\nfull-leaved trees are arching for us, overhead, a verdant canopy; the\nair becomes more bracing and elastic: and even I feel its invigorating\ninfluence, and cease to drop slily the gravelly dirt I had collected\nfrom my shoes, down the neck and back of a very pretty girl, who sat\nblushing furiously on my left.  Now the summit is gained and, in another\nmoment, the coach thunders down the other side of the hill.  But what a\nbeautiful view is spread before my fascinated eyes! and then rose up in\nmy young heart the long sleeping emotions of love, and kindred\naffection.  Into whose arms was I to be received? whose were to be the\nbeautiful lips that were now longing to kiss me with parental, perhaps\nfraternal rapture?  Had I a sister?  Could I doubt it at that ecstatic\nmoment?  How I would love her!  The fatted calf was not only killed, but\ncooked, to welcome the long lost.  Nor Latin, nor French, nor Greek, nor\nMathematics, should embitter the passing moments.  This young summer,\nthat breathed such aromatic joy around me, had put on its best smile to\nwelcome me to my paternal abode.  \"No doubt,\" said I to myself--\"no\ndoubt, but that some one of the strange stories that I told of myself at\nRoot's, is going to be realised.\"\nIn the midst of these rapturous anticipations, each later one becoming\nmore wild and more glorious than the previous one that begot it, it\nwanting still an hour of sundown, all at once the coach stopped before a\nhouse, upon a gentle elevation--stopped with a jerk, too, as if it were\ngoing to usher in some glorious event.  I looked out, and behold! in\nhated gold letters, upon the hated blue board, the bitterly hated word\n\"Academy\" met my agonised sight.\nI burst into tears.  I needed no voice to tell me that I was the person\nto alight.  I knew my doom.  Farewell to all my glorious visions!  I\ncould have hurled back into the face of the laughing sun, my hate, and\ncalled him deceiver and traitor; for had he not, with other causes\nconspired to smile me, five minutes ago, into a fool's paradise?\n\"Master Rattlin, won't you please to alight?\" said one of those\nunder-toned, gerund-singing voices, that my instinct told me to be an\nusher's.\n\"No, thank'ee, sir,\" said I, amidst my sobbings, \"I want to go home.\"\n\"But you are to get down here, however,\" said my evil-omened inviter.\n\"Your boxes are all off the coach, and the coachman wants to go\nforward.\"\n\"So do I.\"\n\"It's excessively droll this--hi, hi, hi as sure as my name's\nSaltseller, it is excessively droll.  So you want to get forward, Master\nRattlin? why come to school then, that's the way--droll, isn't it?  Why,\nyou've been riding backwards all the way, too--time to change--droll\nthat--hi, hi!\"\n\"It's no change,\" said I, getting out, sulkily, \"from one school to\nanother--and do you call this a school?\"  I continued, looking round\ncontemptuously, for I found about twenty little boys playing upon a\ngreen knoll before the house, and over which we were compelled to walk\nto reach it, as the road did not come near the habitation.  \"Do you call\nthis a school?  Well, if you catch me being flogged here, I'm a sop,\nthat's all--a school!  And I suppose you're the usher--I don't think\nthose little boys bumped you last half-year.\"\n\"I don't think they did,\" said Mr Saltseller, which was actually the\nwretch's name, and with whom I fell desperately in hate at first sight.\n\"Bump me!\" he exclaimed soliloquising--and with that air of\nastonishment, as if he had heard the most monstrous impossibility spoken\nof imaginable.  \"Bump me? droll, isn't it--excessively?  Where have you\nbeen brought up, Master Rattlin?\"\n\"Where they bar out tyrannical masters, and bump sneaking ushers,\" said\nI.  \"That's where I was brought up.\"\n\"Then that's what I call very bad bringing up.\"\n\"Not so bad as being brought down here, anyhow.\"\nHis next \"excessively droll, isn't it?\" brought us to the door of the\nacademy; but, in passing over the play-ground, I could see, at once,\nthat I was with quite another class of beings than those who composed my\nlate school-fellows.  They were evidently more delicately nurtured; they\nhad not the air of schoolboy daring to which I had been so much\naccustomed, and they called each other \"Master.\"  Everything, too,\nseemed to be upon a miniature scale.  The house was much smaller, yet\nthere was an air of comfort and of health around, that at first I did\nnot appreciate, though I could not help remarking it.\nNo sooner was I conducted into the passage, than I heard a voice which I\nthought I remembered, exclaim, \"Show Master Rattlin in here, and shut\nthe door.\"\nI entered; and the next moment I was in the arms of the mysterious and\nvery beautiful lady that had called to see me the few times that I have\nrecorded; and who, I conceived, was intimately connected with my\nexistence.  I think that I have before said that she never avowed\nherself, either to my nurse or to myself, as more than my godmother.\nShe evinced a brief, but violent emotion; and then controlled her\nfeatures to a very staid and matronly expression.  For myself I wept\nmost bitterly; from many mingled emotions; but, to the shame of human\nnature, and of my own, wounded pride was the most intolerable pang that\nI felt.  In all my day-dreams, I had made this lady the presiding\ngenius.  I gave her, in my inmost heart, all the reverence and the\nfilial affection of a son; but it was the implied understanding between\nmy love and my vanity, that in joining herself to me as a mother, she\nwas to bestow upon me a duchess at least; though I should not have\nthought myself over-well used had it been a princess.  And here were all\nthese glorious anticipations merged, sunk, destroyed, in the person of a\nboarding-school mistress of about twenty boys, myself the biggest.  It\nwas no use that I said to myself, over and over again, she is not less\nlovely--her voice less musical, her manner less endearing, or her\napparel less rich.  The startling truth was ever in my ear--she \"keeps a\nschool,\" and consequently, she cannot be my mother.\nShe could not know what was passing in my mind; but it was evident that\nmy grief was of that intensity that nearly approached to misery.  She\ntook me by the hand, showed me my nice little bed, the large garden, the\nriver that ran at the bottom of it, and placed before me fruit and\ncakes; I would not be consoled; what business had she to be a\nschoolmistress?  I had a thousand times rather have had Mrs Brandon for\na mother again--she had never deceived me.  But I was soon aware that\nthis lady, whom I now, for the first time, heard named, as Mrs\nCherfeuil, was as little disposed to grant me the honour of calling her\nmother, as I was to bestow it.  I was introduced to her husband as the\nson of a female friend of hers of early life; that she had stood\ngodmother to me, that my parentage was respectable; and, as she before\nhad sufficient references to satisfy him from the agent, who had called\na week before my arrival, the good man thought there was nothing\nsingular in the affair.\nBut let us describe this good man, my new pedagogue.  In all things he\nwas the antithesis of Mr Root.  The latter was large, florid, and\ndecidedly handsome--Mr Cherfeuil was little, sallow, and more than\ndecidedly ugly.  Mr Root was worldly wise, and very ignorant; Mr\nCherfeuil, a fool in the world, and very learned.  The mind of Mr Root\nwas so empty, that he found no trouble in arranging his one idea and a\nhalf; Mr Cherfeuil's was so full that there was no room for any\narrangement at all.  Mr Root would have thought himself a fool if he\ncondescended to write poetry; but he supposed he could, for he never\ntried.  Mr Cherfeuil would have thought any man a fool that did not\nperceive at once that he, Cherfeuil, was born a great poet.  Shall I\ncarry, after the manner of Plutarch, the comparison any further?  No;\nlet us bring it to an abrupt conclusion, by saying, in a few words, that\nMr Root was English, Mr Cherfeuil French; that the one had a large\nschool, and the other a little one and that both were immeasurably great\nmen in their own estimation--though not universally so in that of\nothers.\nMr Cherfeuil was ambitious to be thought five feet high, his attitude,\ntherefore, was always erect; and, to give himself an air of consequence,\nhe bridled and strutted like a full-breasted pigeon, with his head\nthrown back, and was continually in the act of wriggling his long chin\ninto his ample neckerchief.  He could not ask you how do you do, or say\nin answer to that question, \"I thank you, sare, very well,\" without\nstamping prettily with his foot, as if cracking a snail, and tossing his\nchin into the air as if he were going to balance a ladder upon it.\nThen, though his features were compressed into a small, monkeyfied\ncompass, they were themselves, individually, upon a magnificent scale.\nIt was as if there had been crowded half a dozen gigantic specimens of\nhuman ugliness into my lady's china closet, all of which were elbowing\neach other for room.  The eyes would have been called large, had it not\nbeen for the vast proportions of the nose, and the nose would have been\nthought preposterous, had it not been for the horrible dimensions of the\nmouth.  Yet the expression of all these anomalies, though very\ngrotesque, was not unpleasing.  You smiled with satisfaction when you\nsaw how great the improvement was that baboonery had made toward\nmanhood.  You might call him, in a word, a queer, little, ugly-looking\nbox of yellow mortality, that contained some amiable qualities, and a\ngreat many valuable attainments.  Of good sense, or of common sense, he\nwas never known to show, during the whole period of his life, but one\ninstance; and that was a most important one--a complete deference, in\nall things, to his stately and beautiful wife.  Her dominion was\nundivided, complete, and unremitting.  How she came to marry him was one\nof those human riddles that will never be satisfactorily resolved.  He\nhad been a French _emigre_, had had a most superior education, played on\nseveral instruments without taste, understood everything connected with\nthe classics but their beauty, and was deeply versed in mathematics,\nwithout comprehending their utility.\nAt this school my progress was rapid.  All the care and attention that\nthe most maternal of hearts could bestow upon me were mine; yet there\nwas no approach to anything like familiarity on the part of Mrs\nCherfeuil.  There lay a large wild common before the house; there was a\nnoble collection of deep water in the vicinity, in which I perfected my\nnatatory studies (affected phraseology is the fashion), and my body\nstrengthened, my mind improved, and I began to taste of real happiness.\nIt would be amusing work to write a biography of some of the most\nremarkable ushers.  They seem to be the bats of the social scale.\nGentlemen will not own them, and the classes beneath reject them.  They\nare generally self-sufficient; the dependency of their situation makes\nthem mean, and the exercise of delegated power tyrannical.  If they have\neither spirit or talent, they lift themselves above their situation; but\nwhen they cannot do this, they are, in my estimation, the most abject of\nall classes--gipsies and beggars not excepted.  Mr Cherfeuil was, in\nhimself, a mine of learning; but he delivered it out from the dark\ncavities of his mind, encumbered with so much ore, and in such misshaped\nmasses, that it required another person to arrange for use what he was\nso lavish in producing.  A good usher or assistant was therefore\nnecessary; but I do not recollect more than one, out of the thirty or\nforty that came and went during the three years I was at the school.\nThis class of people are, alas! fatally susceptible of the tender\nimpulses.  They always find the rosy cheeks of the housemaid or the _en\nbon point_ of the cook irresistible.  And they have themselves such\ndelicate soft hands, so white and so ashy.  On Sundays, too, their linen\nis generally clean! so, altogether, the maid-servants find them killing.\nMr Saltseller, who found everything droll, and who used to paint his\ncheeks, lost his situation just at the precise moment that the housemaid\nlost her character.  Two losses together were not of very great moment;\nthen we had another, and another, and another; and more characters were\nlost--till at last there did come a man:--\n  \"Take him for all in all,\n  I ne'er shall look upon his like again.\"\nHe was very tall, stout, of a pompous carriage, _un homme magnifique_.\nHe wore a green coat, false hair, a black patch over his left eye, and\nwas fifty, or rather, fifty-five.  His face was large, round, and the\nleast in the world bloated.  This Adonis of matured ushers, after\nschool-hours, would hang a guitar from his broad neck, by means of a\npale pink riband, and walk up and down on the green before the house,\nthrum, thrum, thrumming, the admiration of all the little boys, and the\ncoveted of all the old tabbies in the village.  Oh, he was the\n_beau-ideal_ of a _vieux garcon_.  We recommend all school-assistants to\nlearn the guitar and grow fat--if they can; and then, perhaps, they may\nprosper, like Mr Sigismund Pontifex.  He contrived to elope with a\nmaiden lady, of good property, just ten years older than himself: the\nsweet, innocent, indiscreet ones went off by stealth one morning before\ndaylight, in a chaise-and-four, and returned a week after, Mr and Mrs\nPontifex.\nThe gentleman hung up his guitar, and for ever; and every fine day he\nwas found, pipe in mouth and tankard in hand, presiding at the\nbowling-green of the Black Lion, the acknowledged and revered umpire--\ncherished by mine host, and referred to by the players.  I write this\nlife for instruction.  Gentlemen ushers, look to it--be ambitious--learn\nthe guitar, and make your mouths water with ideas of prospective\ntankards of ale, and odoriferous pipes.\nCHAPTER TWENTY.\nRALPH GROWETH EGREGIOUSLY MODEST, AND BOASTETH IMMODERATELY, UNTIL HE IS\nBEATEN BY ONE WITH ONE FOOT IN THE GRAVE; WITH SOMETHING TOUCHING THE\nFEATS OF THE MAN WITHOUT FEET.\nI find myself in a dilemma.  My modesty (?) is at variance with my love\nof verity.  Oh, the inconvenience of that little pronoun, I!  Would that\nI had in the first instance imitated the wily conduct of the bald-pated\ninvader of Britain.  How complacently might I not then have vaunted in\nthe beginning, have caracoled through the middle, and glorified myself\nat the conclusion of this my autobiography!  What a monstrous piece of\nbraggadocio would not Caesar's Commentaries have been, had he used the\nfirst instead of the third person singular!  How intolerable would have\nbeen the presumption of his Thrasonical, \"I thrashed the Helvetians--I\nsubjugated the Germans--I utterly routed the Gauls--I defeated the\npainted Britons!\"  And, on the contrary--for I like to place heroes side\nby side--how decorously and ingeniously might I not have written, \"Ralph\nRattlin blackened Master Simpkin's left eye--Ralph Rattlin led on the\nattack upon Farmer Russel's orchard, and Ralph Rattlin fought three\nrounds, with no considerable disadvantage, with the long-legged pieman.\"\nAlas!  I cannot even shelter myself under the mistiness of the\nperemptory _we_.  I have made a great mistake.  But I have this\nconsolation, in common with other great men, that, for our mistake, the\npublic will assuredly suffer more than ourselves.  Many a choice\nadventure, of which I was the hero, must be suppressed.  _I_ should\nblush myself black in the face to say what _he_ would relate with a very\nquiet smile of self-satisfaction.  However, as regrets are quite\nunavailing, unless, like the undertaker's, they are paid for, I shall\nexclaim, with the French soldier, who found his long military queue in\nthe hands of a pursuing English sailor, \"Chivalry of the world,\n_toujours en avant_!\"\nI now began to commit the sin of much verse, and, consequently, acquired\nin the neighbouring village much notice.  No chastising blow, or even\nword of reproof fell upon me.  My mind was fed upon praise, and my heart\nnourished with caresses.  In the school I had no equal, and my vanity\nwhispered that such was the case without.  However, this vanity I did\nnot show, for I was humble from excessive pride.\nThere are two animals that are almost certain to be spoiled--a very\nhandsome young man, and the \"cock of the school.\"  Being certainly in\nthe latter predicament, I was only saved from becoming an utter and\negregious ass by the advent of one, the cleverest, most impudent,\nrascally, agreeable scoundrel that ever swindled man or deceived woman,\nin the shape of a wooden-legged usher.  He succeeded my worthy friend of\nthe guitar, Mr Sigismund Pontifex.  His name was Riprapton, and he only\nwanted the slight requisite of common honesty to have made himself the\nfirst man of any society in which fate might happen to cast him--and\nfate had been pleased to cast him into a great many.  He was a short,\ncompactly-made, symmetrically-formed man, with a countenance deeply\nindented with the small-pox, and in every hole there was visibly\nensconced a little imp of audaciousness.  His eyes were such intrepid\nand quenchless lights of impudence, that they could look even Irish\n_sang froid_ out of countenance.  And then that inimitable wooden leg!\nIt was a perfect grace.  As he managed it, it was irresistible.  He did\nnot progress with a miserable, vulgar, dot-and-go-one kind of gait; he\nneither hopped, nor halted, nor limped; and though he was wood from the\nmiddle of his right thigh downwards, his walk might almost have been\ncalled the poetry of motion.  He never stumped, but he stole along with\na glissade that was the envy and admiration, not exactly of surrounding\nnations, but of the dancing-master.  It was a beautiful study to see him\nwalk, and I made myself master of it.  The left leg was inimitably\nformed; the calf was perhaps a little too round and Hibernian--a fault\ngracious in the eyes of the fair sex; his ankle and foot were\nexquisitely small and delicately turned; of course he always wore shorts\nwith immaculate white cotton or silk stockings.\nI shall not distinguish the two legs by the terms, the living and the\ndead one--it would be as great an injustice to the carved as to the\ncalfed one--for the former had a graceful life, _sui generis_, of its\nown.  I shall call them the pulsating and the gyrating leg, and now\nproceed to describe how they bare along, in a manner so fascinating, the\nliving tabernacle of Mr Riprapton.  The pulsator, with pointed toe and\ngently turned calf, would make a progress in a direct line, but as the\nsole touched the ground, the heel would slightly rise and then fall, and\nwhilst you were admiring the undulating grace of the pulsator,\nunobserved and silently you would find the gyrator had stolen a march\nupon you, and actually taken the _pas_ of its five-toed brother.  One\nleg marched and the other swam, in the prettiest semicircle imaginable.\nWhen he stopped, the flourish of the gyrator was ineffable.  The\ndrumstick in the hand of the big black drummer of the first regiment of\nfoot-guards was nothing to it.  Whenever Riprapton bowed--and he was\nalways bowing--this flourish preluded and concluded the salutary bend.\nIt was making a leg indeed.\nMany a time, both by ladies and gentlemen, he has been offered a cork\nleg--but he knew better; had he accepted the treacherous gift he would\nhave appeared but as a lame man with two legs, now he was a perfect\nAdonis with one.  I do believe, in my conscience, that Cupid often made\nuse of this wooden appendage when he wished to befriend him, instead of\none of his own arrows, for he was really a marvellous favourite with the\nladies.\nWell, no sooner had my friend with the peg made himself a fixture in the\nschool, than he took me down, not a peg or two, but a good half-dozen.\nHe ridiculed my poetry--he undervalued my drawing--he hit me through my\nmost approved guards at my fencing--he beat me hollow at hopping, though\nit must be confessed that I had the advantage with two legs; but he was\nagain my master at \"all-fours.\"  He out-talked me immeasurably, he\nout-bragged me most heroically, and out-lied me most inconceivably.\nKnowing nothing either of Latin or Greek, they were beneath a\ngentleman's notice, fit only for parsons and pedants; and he was too\npatriotic to cast a thought away upon French.  As he was engaged for the\narithmetical and mathematical departments, it would have been perhaps as\nwell if he had known a little of algebra and Euclid; but, as from the\nfirst day he honoured me with a strict though patronising friendship, he\nmade me soon understand that we were to share this department of\nknowledge in common.  It was quite enough if one of the two knew\nanything about the matter; besides, he thought that it improved me so\nmuch to look over the problems and algebraical calculations of my\nschoolfellows.\nWith this man I was continually measuring my strength; and as I\nconceived that I found, myself woefully wanting, he proved an excellent\nmoral sedative to my else too rampant vanity.  Few, indeed, were the\npersons who could feel themselves at ease under the withering sarcasms\nof his intolerable insolence.  Much more to their astonishment than to\ntheir instruction, he would very coolly, and the more especially when\nladies were present, correct the divinity of the parson, the pharmacy of\nthe doctor, and the law of the attorney; and with that placid air of\ninfallibility that carried conviction to all but his opponents.\nOnce, at a very large evening party, I heard him arguing strenuously,\nand very triumphantly, against a veteran captain of a merchant-ship, who\nhad circumnavigated the world with Cook, that the degrees of longitude\nwere equal in length all over the world, be they more or less--for he\nnever descended to details--and that the further south you sailed the\nhotter it grew, though the worthy old seaman pointed to what remained of\nhis nose, the end of which had been nipped off by cold, and consequent\nmortification, in the anti-arctic regions.  As Riprapton flourished his\nwooden index, in the midst of his brilliant peroration, he told the\nhonest seaman that he had not a _leg_ to stand upon; and all the ladies,\nand some of the gentlemen, too, cried out with one accord, \"O fie,\nCaptain Headman, now don't be so obstinate--surely you are quite\nmistaken.\"  And the arch-master of impudence looked round with modest\nsuavity, and, in an audible whisper, assured the gentleman that sat next\nto him, that Captain Headman's argument of the demolished proboscis went\nfor nothing, for that there were other causes equally efficacious as\ncold and frost, for destroying gentlemen's noses.\nIn the sequel, this very learned tutor had to instruct me in navigation.\nNothing was too high or too low for him.  Had any persons wished to\nhave taken lessons in judicial astrology, Mr Riprapton would not have\nrefused the pupil.  Plausible ignorance will always beat awkward\nknowledge, when the ignorant, which is generally the case, make up the\nmass of the audience.\nCHAPTER TWENTY ONE.\nTREATETH OF THE AMATIVENESS OF WOODEN MEMBERS, AND THE FOLLY OF VIRGIN\nFRIGHTS--RALPH PUTTETH HIS THREAT OF VERSIFYING INTO ACTUAL EXECUTION,\nFOR WHICH HE MAY BE THOUGHT WORTHY OF BEING EXECUTED.\nNotwithstanding the superciliousness of my friendly assistant, I still\nwrote verse, which was handed about the village as something wonderful.\nAs Riprapton doubted, or rather denied my rhyming prowess, at length I\nwas determined to try it upon himself, and he shortly gave me an\nexcellent opportunity for so doing.  Writers who pride themselves on\ngoing deeply into the mysteries of causes and effects will tell you\nthat, in cold weather, people are apt to congregate about the fire.  Our\nusher, and a circle of admiring pupils, were one day establishing the\ntruth of this profound theory.  The timbered man was standing in the\napex of the semicircle, his back to the fireplace, and his coat-tails\ntucked up under his arms.  He was enjoying himself, and we were enjoying\nhim.  He was the hero of the tale he was telling us--indeed, he never\nhad any other hero than himself--and this tale was wonderful.  In the\nenergy of delivery, now the leg of wood would start up with an\negotistical flourish, and describe, with the leg of flesh, a\nright-angled triangle, and then down would go the peg, and up the leg,\nwith the toe well pointed, whilst he greeted the buckle on his foot with\nan admiring glance.\nWhilst this was proceeding in the school-room, in the back-kitchen, or\nrather breakfast-parlour, immediately below, in a very brown study,\nthere sate a very fair lady, pondering deeply over the virtues of\nbrimstone and treacle, and the most efficacious antidote to chilblains.\nShe was the second in command over the domestic economy of the school.\nUnmarried, of course.  And ever and anon, as she plied the industrious\nneedle over the heel of the too fragmental stocking, the low melody\nwould burst unconsciously forth of, \"Is there nobody coming to marry me?\nNobody coming to woo-oo-oo?\"  Lady, not in vain was the burden of that\nvotive song.  There _was_ somebody coming.\nLet us walk upstairs--Mr Rip is in the midst of his narrative--speaking\nthus:--\"And, young gentlemen, as I hate presumption, and can never\ntolerate a coxcomb, perceiving that his lordship was going to be\ninsolent, up went thus my foot to chastise him, and down--\" A crash! a\ncry of alarm, and behold the chastiser of insolence, or at least, that\npart of him that was built of wood, through the floor!\nMonsieur Cherfeuil opening the door at this moment, and hearing a great\nnoise, and not perceiving him who ought to have repressed it, for the\nboys standing round _what remained of him_ with us, it was concealed\nfrom the worthy pedagogue, who exclaimed, \"Vat a noise be here!  Vere\nist Mr Reepraaptong?\"\n\"Just _stepped_ down _below_, to Miss Brocade, in the\nbreakfast-parlour,\" I replied.\n\"Ah, bah! _c'est un veritable chevalier aux dames_\" said Monsieur\nCherfeuil, and slamming to the door, he hurried downstairs to reclaim\nhis too gallant representative.  We allowed Mr Riprapton to inhabit for\nsome time two floors at once, for he was, in his position, perfectly\nhelpless; that admired living leg of his stretched out at its length\nupon the floor.  We soon, however, recovered him; but so much I cannot\nsay of his composure; for he never lost it.  I do not believe that he\nwas ever discountenanced in his life.\n\"Nobody coming to woo-oo-oo,\" sang Miss Brocade, below--down into her\nlap come mortar, rubbish, and clouds of dust!  And, when the mist clears\naway, there pointed down from above an inexplicable index.  Her senses\nwere bewildered; and being quite at a loss to comprehend the miracle,\nshe had nothing else to do but faint away.  When Monsieur Cherfeuil\nentered, the simple and good-natured Gaul found his beloved manageress\napparently lifeless at his feet, covered with the _debris_ of his\nceiling, and the wooden leg of his usher slightly tremulous above him.\nThe fright, of course, was succeeded by a laugh, and the fracture by\nrepairs; and the whole by the following school-boy attempt at a copy of\nverses, upon the never-to-be forgotten occasion:\n  Ambitious usher! there are few\n  Beyond you that can go,\n  In double character, to woo\n  The lovely nymph below.\n  At once both god and man you ape\n  To expedite your flame;\n  And yet you find in either shape\n  The failure just the same.\n  Jove fell in fair Danae's lap\n  In showers of glittering gold;\n  By Jove! his Joveship was no sap;\n  How could _you_ be so bold,\n  To hope to have a like success,\n  Most sapient ciphering master,\n  And think a lady's lap to bless\n  With show'rs of _lath_ and _plaster_?\n  That you should fail, when you essay'd\n  To act the god of thunder,\n  In striving to enchant the maid,\n  Was really no great wonder;\n  But when as _man_ you wooing go,\n  Pray let me ask you whether\n  You had no better leg to show\n  Than one of wood and leather?\nThese verses are exactly as I wrote them, and I trust the reader will\nnot think that I could now be guilty of such a line, as \"To _expedite_\nyour flame,\" or of the pedantic school-boyism of calling a housekeeper\n\"nymph.\"  In fact, it is by the merest accident that I am now enabled to\ngive them in their genuine shape.  An old school-fellow, whom I have not\nseen since the days of syntax, and whose name I had utterly forgotten,\nenclosed them to me very lately.\nHowever, such as they are, they were thought in a secluded village as\nsomething extraordinary.  The usher himself affected to enjoy them\nextremely.  They added greatly to my reputation, and what was of more\nconsequence to me, my invitations to dinner and to tea.  Truly, my\nhalf-holidays were no longer my own.  I had become an object of\ncuriosity, and I hope and believe, in many instances, of affection.  I\nwas quite cured of my mendacious propensities, by the pain, the horror,\nand the disgust that they had inflicted upon me at my last school.  I\ninvented no more mysteries and improbabilities for myself but my\ngood-natured friends did it amply for me.\nMrs Cherfeuil asserted she knew scarcely anything about me--indeed,\nbefore I came to her school, she had hardly seen me four times during\nthe whole space of my existence.  She only knew that I was the child of\na lady that accident had thrown in her way, a lady whom she knew but\nshortly, but for whom she acquired a friendship as strong as it proved\nshort; that, from mere sympathy she had been induced to stand godmother\nto me; that she had never felt authorised, nor did she inquire into the\nparticulars of my birth.  Of course, there was a mystery attached to it,\nbut to which she had no clue; however, she knew, that at least on one\nside, I came of good, nay, very distinguished parentage.  But this, her\ndeparted friend assured her, and that most solemnly, that whoever should\nstigmatise me as illegitimate, would do me a grievous wrong.\nHere was a subject to be canvassed in a gossiping village!  Conjecture\nwas at its busy work.  I was quite satisfied with the place that the\nimaginations of my hospitable patrons had given me in the social scale.\nNor in the country only did I experience this friendly feeling; most of\nmy vacations were spent in town, at the houses of the parents of some of\nmy schoolfellows.  I was now made acquainted with the scenic glories of\nthe stage.  I fought my way through crowds of fools, to see a child\nperform the heroic _Coriolanus_, the philosophical _Hamlet_, and the\nvenerable and magnificent _Lear_.  Master Betty was at the height of his\nreputation; and the dignified and classical Kemble had, for a time, to\nveil his majestic countenance from the play-going eye.  Deeply\ninfatuated, indeed, were the Mollycoddles with their Betty.\nCHAPTER TWENTY TWO.\nRALPH DESCRIBETH A RARE CHARACTER, A NOBLE AND A GOOD MAN--HE GOETH TO\nFISH WITHOUT A ROD, AND SUFFERETH MORE THAN FIFTY RODS COULD INFLICT,\nAND IS NOT RECONCILED TO THE HONOUR OF THE SUN RIDING HIM A PICK-A-BACK.\nIt is now my duty, as well as my greatest pleasure, to put on record the\ntrue kindness, the considerate generosity, and the well-directed\nmunificence of a family, a parallel to which can only be found in our\nsoil--a superior nowhere.  By the heads of this family I was honoured\nwith particular notice.  Perhaps they never gave a thought about my\npoetical talent, or the wonderful progress that my master said that I\nhad made in my classics, and my wooden-legged tutor in my mathematics.\nTheir kind patronage sprang from higher motives,--from benevolence; they\nhad heard that I had been forsaken--their own hearts told them that the\nsunshine of kindness must be doubly grateful to the neglected, and,\nindeed, to me they were very kind.\nPerhaps it may be thought that I had a quick eye to the failings and the\nridiculous points of those with whom chance threw me in contact.  I am\nsure that I was equally susceptible to the elevation of character that\nwas offered to me in the person of Mr ---, the respected father of the\nfamily of which I have just made mention.  As the noble class to which\nhe belonged, and of which he was the first ornament, are fast\ndegenerating, I will endeavour to make a feeble portrait of a man, that,\nat present, finds but too few imitators, and that could never have found\na superior.  He was one of those few merchant princes, who are really,\nin all things, princely.  Whilst his comprehensive mind directed the\ncommerce of half a navy, and sustained in competence and happiness\nhundreds at home, and thousands abroad, the circle immediately around\nhim felt all the fostering influence of his well-directed liberality, as\nif all the energies of his powerful genius had been concentrated in the\nobject of making those, only about him, prosperous.  He was born for the\ngood of the many, as much as for the elevation of the individual.\nSociety had need of him, and it confessed it.  When its interests were\ninvaded by a short-sighted policy, it called upon his name to advocate\nits violated rights, and splendidly did he obey the call.  He understood\nEngland's power and greatness, for he had assisted in increasing it; he\nknew in what consisted her strength, and in that strength he was strong,\nand in his own.\nAs a senator, he was heard in the assembled councils of his nation, and\nthose who presided over her mighty resources and influenced her\ndestinies, that involved those of the world, listened to his warning\ncounsel, were convinced that his words were the dictates of wisdom, and\nobeyed.  This is neither fiction nor fulsome panegyric.  The facts that\nI narrate have become part of our history; and I would narrate them more\nexplicitly, did I not fear to wound the susceptibilities of his still\nexisting and distinguished family.  How well he knew his own station,\nand preserved, with the blandest manners, the true dignity of it!\nThough renowned in parliament for his eloquence, at the palace for his\npatriotic loyalty, and in the city for his immense wealth, in the\nblessed circle, that he truly made social, there was a pleasing\nsimplicity and joyousness of manner, that told at once the fascinated\nguest, that though he might earn honours and distinction abroad, it was\nat home that he looked for happiness--and, uncommon as such things are\nin this repining world--there, I verily believe, he found it.  His was a\nhappy lot: he possessed a lady in his wife, who at once shared his\nvirtues and adorned them.  The glory he won was reflected sweetly upon\nher, and she wore with dignity, and enhanced those honours, that his\nprobity, his talents, and his eloquence had acquired.  At the time of\nwhich I am speaking, he was blessed with daughters, that even in their\nchildhood had made themselves conspicuous by their accomplishments,\namiability of disposition, and gracefulness of manners, and plagued with\nsons who were full of wildness, waggishness, and worth.\nIt is too seldom the case that the person accords with the high\nqualification of the mind.  Mr --- was a singular and felicitous\nexception to this mortifying rule.  His deportment was truly dignified,\nhis frame well-knit and robust, and his features were almost classically\nregular.  His complexion was florid, and the expression of his\ncountenance serene, yet highly intelligent.  No doubt but that his\nfeatures were capable of a vast range of expression; but, as I never saw\nthem otherwise than beaming with benevolence, or sparkling with wit, I\nmust refer to Master James, or Master Frank, for the description of the\nausterity of his frown, or the awfulness of his rebuke.\nThis gentleman's two elder sons, at the time to which I allude, had\nalready made their first step in the world.  James was making a tour of\nthe West Indies, the Continent being closed against him; and Frank had\nalready begun his harvest of laurels in the navy under a distinguished\nofficer.  The younger sons, my juniors, were my school-fellows.  Master\nFrank was two or three years my senior, and before he went to sea, not\ngoing to the same school as myself, we got together only during the\nvacations; when, notwithstanding my prowess, he would fag me desperately\nat cricket, outswim me on the lake and out-cap me at making Latin\nverses.  However, I consoled myself by saying, \"As I grow older all this\nsuperiority will cease.\"  But when he returned, after his first cruise,\nglittering in his graceful uniform, my hopes and my ambition sank below\nzero.  He was already a man, and an officer--I a schoolboy, and nothing\nelse.\nOf course, he had me home to spend the day with him--and a day we had of\nit.  It was in the middle of summer, and grapes were ripe only in such\nwell-regulated hothouses as were Mr ---'s.  We did not enact the\nwell-known fable as it is written--the grapes were not _too_ sour--nor\ndid we repeat the fox's ill-natured and sarcastic observation, \"That\nthey were only fit for blackguards.\"  We found them very good for\ngentlemen--though, I fear, Mr ---'s dessert some time after owed more\nto Pomona than to Bacchus for its embellishments.  And the fine\nmulberry-tree on the lawn--we were told that it must be shaken, and we\nshook it: if it still exist, I'll answer for it, it has never been so\nshaken since.\nThe next day we went fishing.  Though our bodies were not yet fully\ngrown, we were persons of enlarged ideas; and to suppose that we, two\nmercurial spirits, could sit like a couple of noodles, each with a long\nstick in our hands, waiting for the fish to pay us a visit, was the\nheight of absurdity.  No, we were rather too polite for that; and as it\nwas we, and not the gentlemen of the finny tribe that sought\nacquaintance, we felt it our duty as gentlemen to visit them.  We\ncarried our politeness still further, and showed our good breeding in\nendeavouring to accommodate ourselves to the tastes and habits of those\nwe were about to visit.  \"Do at Rome as the Romans do,\" is the essence\nof all politeness.  As our friends were accustomed to be _in\nnaturalibus--vulgice_, stark naked, we adopted their Adamite fashion,\nand, undressing, in we plunged.  Our success was greater with the finny,\nthan was that of any exquisite with the fair tribe.  We captivated and\ncaptured pailfuls.  We drove our entertainers into the narrow creeks in\nshoals, and then with a net extended between us, we had the happiness of\nintroducing them into the upper air.  The sport was so good, that we\nwere induced to continue it for some hours; but whilst we were preparing\nfor a multitudinous fry, the sun was actually all the while enjoying a\nmost extensive broil.  Our backs, and mine especially, became one\ncontinuous blister.  Whilst in the water, and in the pursuit, I did not\nregard it--indeed, we were able to carry home the trophies of our\nsuccess--and then--I hastened to bed.  My back was fairly peeled and\nrepeeled.  I performed involuntarily Mr Saint John's curative process\nto a miracle.  No wonder that I've been ever since free from all, even\nthe slightest symptoms of pulmonary indisposition.  However, my\nexcruciating torments gained me two things--experience, and a new skin.\nWhen I had fresh skinned myself--and it took me more than a week to do\nit--I found that my fellow-labourer had flown.  I heard that he had\nsuffered almost as severely as myself, but, as he looked upon himself as\nno vulgar hero, he was too manly to complain, and next Sunday he\nactually went to church, whilst I lay in bed smarting with pain--yet I\nstrongly suspect that a new sword, that he had that day to hang by his\nside, made him regardless to the misery of his back.\nThat Sunday fortnight I dined with Mr ---, and, of course, he did me\nthe honour to converse upon our fishing exploit, and its painful\nconsequences.\n\"So, Master Rattlin,\" said the worthy gentleman, \"you think that you and\nFrank proved yourselves excellent sportsmen?\"\n\"Yes, sir,\" said I; \"I will answer for the sports, if you will only be\npleased to answer for the men.\"\n\"Well said, my little man!\" said Mrs --- to me, smiling kindly.\n\"You see, sir, with all submission, I've gained the verdict of the lady;\nand that's a great deal.\"\n\"But I think you lost your hide.  Was your back very sore?\" said my\nhost, encouragingly.\n\"O dear--very sore indeed, sir!  Mrs Cherfeuil said that it looked\nquite like a newly-cut steak.\"\n\"O it did, did it? but Frank's was not much better,\" said the senator,\nturning to his lady.\n\"Indeed it was not,\" said she, compassionately.\n\"Very well,\" said Mr ---, very quietly, \"I'll tell you this, Master\nRattlin, sportsmen as you think yourselves, you and Frank, after all,\nwhatever you both were when you went into the lake, you turned out two\n_Johnny Raws_.\"\n\"Why, Master Rattlin,\" said the lady, \"Mr --- uses you worse than the\nsun--that did but scorch--but he roasts you.\"\n\"No wonder, madam, as he considers me _raw_,\" replied I.\nCHAPTER TWENTY THREE.\nREMINISCENCES--A FRIEND FOUND AND A LINE LOST--RALPH MAKES A NEW\nACQUAINTANCE AND A HEARTY SUPPER, BOTH OF WHICH DO HIM MUCH GOOD.\nOpenly admired abroad, and secretly cherished by a love, the more\nintense because concealed, at home, the course of my days was as happy\nas the improvement in the various branches of my education was rapid.\nNor was I wholly unnoticed by men who have since stood forward, honoured\ncharacters, in the van of those who have so nobly upheld the fame of\nEngland.  The bard who began his career in the brightest fields of Hope,\nand whose after-fame has so well responded to his auspicious\ncommencement, read many portions of my boyish attempts, and pronounced\nthem full of promise, and the author possessed of _nous_.  It was the\nterm he himself used, and that is the only reason why I have recorded\nit.  Indeed, this deservedly great man was, in some sense, my\nschoolfellow, for he came in the evening to learn French of Monsieur\nCherfeuil.  He was then engaged to translate an epic, written by one of\nthe Buonapartes, into English verse.  I believe that engagement never\nwas carried into effect, notwithstanding the erudite pains Mr --- took\nto qualify himself to perform it successfully.  No man could have\nlaboured more to make himself master of the niceties of the Gallic\nidiom, and the right use of its very doubtful subjunctive.\nAt the time to which I allude, the inspired author wore a wig--not that\nhis then age required one.  Perhaps, the fervid state of his brain, like\na hidden volcano, burnt up the herbage above--perhaps, his hair was\nfalling off from the friction of his laurels--perhaps growing\nprematurely grey from the workings of his spirit; but without venturing\nupon any more conjectures, we may safely come to the conclusion, that\nthe hair that God gave him did not please him so well as that which he\nbought of the perruquiers.  Since we cannot be satisfied with the\ncauses, we must be satisfied with the fact--he wore a wig; and, in the\ndistraction of mental perplexity, when Monsieur Cherfeuil was essaying\nto get the poet out of the absent into the conditional mood, the man of\nverse, staring abstractedly upon the man of tense, would thrust his hand\nunder his peruke, and rub, rub, rub his polished scalp, which all the\nwhile effused a divine ichor--(poets never perspire)--and, when he was\ngently reminded that his wig was a little awry towards the left side, he\nwould pluck it, resentfully, equally as much awry on the right; and\nthen, to punish the offending and displacing hand, he would commence\ngnawing off the nails of his fingers, rich with the moisture from above.\nWe have recorded this little personal trait, because it may be valuable\nto the gentleman's future biographers; and also because it is a\nconvincing proof to the illiterate and the leveller, that head-work is\nnot such easy, sofa-enjoyed labour, as is commonly supposed; and,\nfinally, that the great writer's habit, _vivos ungues rodere_, proves\nhim to be, tooth and nail, _homo ad unguem factus_.\nI feel, also, that there are many other persons to whom I ought to pay a\npassing tribute of gratitude for much kindness shown to me; but as my\nfirst duty is to my readers, I must not run the risk of wearying them\neven by the performance of a virtue.  But there was one, to omit the\nmention of whom would be, on my part, the height of ingratitude, and, as\nconcerns the public, something very like approaching to a fraud; for by\nthe implied contract between it and me, I am, in this my autobiography,\nbound to supply them with the very best materials, served up to them in\nmy very best manner.  The gentleman whom I am going to introduce to the\nnotice of my readers was the purest personation of benevolence that\nperhaps ever existed.  His countenance was a glowing index of peace with\nhimself, good-will to man, and confidence in the love of God.  There was\nwithin him that divine sympathy for all around him, that brings man, in\nwhat man can alone emulate the angels, so near to his Creator.  But with\nall this goodness of soul there was nothing approaching to weakness, or\neven misjudging softness; he had seen, had known, and had struggled with\nthe world.  He left the sordid strife triumphantly, and bore away with\nhim, if not a large fortune, a competence; and what also was of\ninfinitely more value; that \"peace of mind which passeth all\nunderstanding.\"\nMr R--- was, in his person, stout, tall, florid in his countenance,\nand, for a man past fifty, the handsomest that I have ever beheld.  I do\nnot mean to say that his features possessed a classical regularity, but\nthat soul of benevolence transpired through, and was bound up with them,\nthat had a marble bust fitly representing them been handed down to\nposterity from some master-hand of antiquity, we should have reverenced\nit with awe as something beyond human nature, and gazed on it at the\nsame time with love, as being so dearly and sweetly human.  These are\nnot the words of enthusiasm, but a mere narrative of fact.  He wore his\nown white and thin hair, that was indeed so thin, that the top of his\nhead was quite bald.  A snuff-coloured coat, cut in the olden fashion,\nknee-breeches, white lamb's-wool stockings, and shoes of rather high\nquarters, gave a little of the primitive to his highly respectable\nappearance.\nI first saw him as he was pretending to angle in the river that runs\nthrough the village.  Immediately I had gazed upon his benignant\ncountenance, I went and sat down by him.  I could not help it.  At once\nI understood the urbanity and the gentlemanliness that must have existed\nin the patriarchal times.  There was no need of forms between us.  He\nmade room for me as a son, and I looked up to him as to a father.  He\nsmiled upon me so encouragingly, and so confidently, that I found myself\nresting my arm upon his knee, with all the loving familiarity of\nlong-tried affection.  From that first moment of meeting until his heart\nlay cold in the grave--and cold the grave alone could make it--a\nsingular, unswerving, and, on my part, an absorbing love was between us.\nWe remained for a space in this caressing position, in silence; my eyes\nnow drinking in the rich hues of the evening, now the mental expression\nof the \"good old man.\"  \"Oh! it is very beautiful,\" said I, thinking as\nmuch of his mild face as of the gorgeousness of the sky above me.\n\"And do you _feel it_?\" said he.  \"Yes, I see you do; by your glistening\neyes and heightened colour.\"\n\"I feel very happy,\" I replied; \"and have just now two very, very\nstrange wishes, and I don't know which I wish for most.\"\n\"What are they, my little friend?\"\n\"O! you will laugh at me so if I tell you.\"\n\"No, I will not, indeed.  I never laugh at anybody.\"\n\"Ah, I was almost sure of that.  Well, I was wishing when I looked up\ninto the sky, that I could fly through and through those beautiful\nclouds like an eagle; and when I looked at you, I wished that I were\njust such a good-natured old gentleman.\"\n\"Come, come, there is more flattery than good sense in your wishes.\nYour first is unreasonable, and your second will come upon you but too\nsoon.\"\n\"I did not mean to flatter you,\" I replied, looking proudly; \"for, I\nwould neither be an eagle nor an old man, longer than those beautiful\nclouds last, and the warm sunset makes your face look so-so--\"\n\"Never mind--you shall save your fine speeches for the young ladies.\"\n\"But I've got some for the gentlemen, too: and there's one running in my\nhead just now.\"\n\"I should like to hear it.\"\n\"Should you?  Well, this fine evening put me in mind of it; it is Mrs\nBarbauld's Ode.\"  And then putting myself into due attitude, I mouthed\nit through, much to my own, and still more to Mr R's satisfaction.\nThat was a curious, a simple, and yet a cheering scene.  My listener was\nswaying to and fro, with the cadences of the poetry; I with passionate\nfervour ranting before him; and, in the meantime, his rod and line,\nunnoticed by either, were navigating peacefully, yet rapidly, down the\nriver.  When I had concluded, his tackle was just turning an eddy far\ndown below us, and the next moment was out of sight.\nWithout troubling ourselves much about the loss, shortly after we were\nseen hand in hand, walking down the village in earnest conversation.  I\nwent home with him--I shared with him and his amiable daughters a light\nand early supper of fruit and pastry; and such was the simultaneous\naffection that sprang up between us--so confiding was it in its nature,\nand so little worldly, that I had gained the threshold, and was about\ntaking my leave, ere it occurred to him to ask, or myself to say, who I\nwas, and where I resided.\nFrom that evening, excepting when employed in my studies, we were almost\ninseparable.  I told him my strange story; and he seemed to love me for\nit a hundred-fold more.  He laid all the nobility, and even the princes\nof the blood, under contribution, to procure me a father.  He came to\nthe conclusion firmly, and at once, that Mrs Cherfeuil was my mother.\nOh! this mystery made him superlatively happy.  And when he came to the\nknowledge of my poetical talents, he was really in an ecstasy of\ndelight.  He rhymed himself.  He gave me subjects--he gave me advice--he\ngave me emendations and interpolations.  He re-youthed himself.  In many\na sequestered nook in the beautiful vicinity of the village, we have\nsat, each with his pencil and paper in his hand--now ranting, now\nconversing--and in his converse the instruction I received was\ninvaluable.  He has confirmed me in the doctrine of the innate goodness\nof human nature.  Since the period to which I am alluding, I have seen\nmuch of villainy.  I have been the victim, as well as the witness of\ntreachery.  I have been oftentimes forced to associate with vice in\nevery shape; and yet when in misery, when oppressed, when writhing under\ntyranny, I have been sometimes tempted to curse my race, the thought of\nthe kind, the good old man, has come over me like a visitation from\nheaven, and my malediction has been changed into a prayer, if not into a\nblessing.\nCHAPTER TWENTY FOUR.\nA DISASTER BY WATER IS THE FIRST CAUSE OF ALL RALPH'S FUTURE DISASTERS\nUPON IT--HE GETS WITH HIS TUTOR OUT OF HIS DEPTH, IN LATITUDE AND\nLONGITUDE; AND FINDS HIMSELF RIVALLED BY THE MAN WITH THE PEG.\nOf course, Mr R sought and soon gained the friendship of Mrs Cherfeuil\nand then he commenced operations systematically.  Now he would endeavour\nto take her by surprise--now to overcome by entreaty--and then to entrap\nby the most complex cross questions.  He would be, by turns, tender,\ngallant, pathetic, insinuating; but all was of no avail--her secret,\nwhatever it was, was firmly secured in her own bosom.  With well-acted\nsimplicity she gave my worthy friend the same barren account about me\nthat was at the service of all interrogators.\nWhat poems did not Mr R and myself write together--how he prophesied my\nfuture greatness, and how fervently he set about to convince anyone of\nthe mistake, who could not see in me the future glory of the age!  The\ngood man!  His amiable _self-deception_ was to him the source of the\npurest happiness; and never was happiness more deserved.  Even at that\nearly age, I often could not help smiling at his simplicity, that all\nthe while he was doing his best to make me one of the vainest and most\negregious coxcombs, by his unfeigned wonder at some puny effort of my\npuny muse, and by his injudicious praises; he would lecture me\nparentally, by the hour, upon the excellence of humility, and the\nabsolute necessity of modesty, as a principal ingredient to make a great\ncharacter.\nHowever, I had my correction at home, in my wooden-legged preceptor; if\nI returned from R's, in my own imagination, like poor Gil Blas, the\neighth wonder of the world, he would soon, in his own refined\nphraseology, convince me that I was \"no great shakes.\"  Being now nearly\nsixteen, I began to make conjectures upon my future destiny; and a\nsorrowful accident at once determined in what line I should make my\nineffectual attempts upon fame.\nI have mentioned a noble piece of water that lay adjacent to the school.\nIt was during the holidays, when the rest of the young gentlemen were\nat their respective homes, that I, accompanied by some young\nacquaintances who resided in the village, repaired to the water to swim.\nIt was a fine summer afternoon, and both Mr and Mrs Cherfeuil were in\ntown.  There was a little boy named Fountain, also staying with me at\nschool during the vacation, and he too stole after us unperceived, and\nwhen I and my companions had swam to middle of the lake, the imprudent\nlittle fellow also stripped and went into the water.  There were some\nidle stragglers looking on, and when I was far, very far from the sport,\nthe fearful shout came along the level surface, of \"Help, help, he is\ndrowning!\" and with dreadful distinctness, as if the voice had been\nshrieked into my very ears, I heard the poor lad's bubbling and\nsmothered cry of \"Ralph Rattlin!\"  Poor fellow, he thought there was\nsafety wherever I was, for I had often borne him over the lake out of\nhis depth, as I taught him to swim, at which art he was still too\nimperfect.  I immediately turned to the place, and strove, and buffeted,\nand panted; but the distance was great, and, though a rapid and most\nexpert swimmer, when I arrived at the spot that the lookers-on\nindicated, not a circle, not a ruffle appeared, to show where a human\nsoul was struggling beneath, to free itself from its mortal clay.  Four\nor five times I dived, and stayed below the water with desperate\npertinacity, and ploughed up the muddy bottom, but they had pointed out\nto me the wrong spot.\nFinding my efforts useless, naked as I was, with the fleetness of a\ngreyhound, I started into the village and gave the alarm, and\nimmediately that I saw the people running to the lake, I was there\nbefore them, and again diving.  Mrs ---, the lady of the M.P. whom I\nhave before mentioned, who was always the foremost in every work of\nhumanity, was soon on the banks, accompanied by many of the most\nrespectable inhabitants in the vicinity.  Mrs ---, who never lost her\npresence of mind, immediately suggested that a boat that lay on the\nneighbouring river, and which belonged to the landlord of the principal\ninn, should be conveyed, on men's shoulders, across the space of land\nthat divided one water from the other.  The landlord refused,--yes,\nactually refused; but Mrs ---, who, from her station, and her many\nvirtues, possessed a merited and commanding influence in the place,\nordered the boat to be taken by force, and she was promptly and\ncheerfully obeyed.  Whilst this was going forward, I was astonishing\neverybody by the length of time I stayed underneath the water; and a\nlast effort almost proved fatal to me, for, when I arose, the blood\ngushed from my mouth and nose, and, when I got on shore, I felt so weak,\nthat I was obliged to be assisted in dressing my self.  The boat now\nbegan to sweep the bottom with ropes, but this proved as ineffectual to\nrecover the body as were my own exertions.\nIt was the next day before it was found, and then it was brought up by a\nNewfoundland dog, very far from the spot in which we had searched for\nit.  Had the frightened spectators, who stood on the shore, shown me\ncorrectly where the lad had disappeared, I have no doubt but that I\nshould have brought the body in time for resuscitation.  To persons who\nhave not seen what can be done by those who make water, in a manner,\ntheir own element, my boyish exertions seemed almost miraculous.  My\ngood old friend was present, betraying a curious mixture of fear and\nadmiration; big as I then was, he almost carried me in his arms home,\nthat is, to the school-house, and there we found all in confusion: Mrs\nCherfeuil had just arrived, and hearing that one of the boys was\ndrowned, had given one painful shriek and fainted.  When we came into\nthe room she was still in a state of insensibility, and, as we stood\naround, she slowly opened her eyes; but the moment that they became\nconscious of my presence, she leaped up with frantic joy, and strained\nme in her arms, and then, laying her head upon my shoulder, burst into a\npassion of tears.  Mr R cast upon me a most triumphant smile: and, as\nhe led me away from the agitated lady, she took a silent farewell of me,\nwith a look of intense fondness, and a depth of ineffable felicity,\nwhich I hope will be present to me in my dying hour, for assuredly it\nwill make light the parting pang.\nThis affair changed the whole current of Mr R's ideas, and altered his\nplans for me.  I was no longer to be the future poet-laureate; I was no\nmore enticed to sing great deeds, but to do them.  The sword was to\ndisplace the pen, the hero the poet.  Verse was too effeminate, and\nrhyme was severely interdicted, and to be forgiven only when it was\nproduced by accident.\nHe was some time before he brought Mrs Cherfeuil over to his opinions.\nIt was in vain that she protested the direction of my fate was in other\nhands, he would not listen to it for a moment; he was obstinate, and I\nsuppose, by what occurred, he was in the right.  He declared that the\nnavy was the only profession that deserved my spirit and my abilities.\nThis declaration, perhaps, was not unacceptable at head-quarters,\nwherever they might have been.  For myself, I was nothing loath, and the\ngallant bearing and the graceful uniform of my gallant young friend,\nFrank ---, who had already seen some hard fighting, added fresh\nstimulants to my desires.  My friend Riprapton had now the enviable task\nto impart to me the science of navigation; and, with his peculiar\nnotions of longitude and latitude, there can be no question as to the\nmerits of the tuition that I received from that very erudite person.\nShortly after I had commenced navigation under his auspices--or, more\nproperly speaking, that he was forced to attend to it a little under\nmine--the harmony of our friendship was broken by a quarrel, yes, a\nheart-embroiling quarrel--and, strange to say, about a lady.  I concede\nto this paragon of ushers that he was a general favourite with the sex.\nI was never envious of him.  All the world knows that I ever did\nsufficient honour to his attractions,--I acknowledged always the graces\nthat appertained to his wooden progression--but still, he was not\nomnipotent.  Wilkes, that epitome of all manner of ugliness, often\nboasted that he was only an hour behind the handsomest man that ever\nexisted, so far as regarded his position with the fair.  Rip was but\ntwenty-five minutes and a fraction.  In ten minutes he would talk the\ngenerality of women into a good opinion of themselves--an easy matter,\nsome may think, for the ladies have one ready made; but it is a\ndifferent thing from having it and daring to own it.  In ten minutes he\nwould make his listener, by some act or word, avow her opinion of her\nown excellence; in ten more he would bring her to the same opinion as\nregarded himself; and the remaining five he used to occupy with his\ndeclaration of love, for he was very rapid in his execution,--and the\nthing was done, for if he had not made a conquest he chronicled one--and\nthat was the same thing.  He looked more for the glory than the fruition\nof his passions.  In one respect, he followed Chesterfield's advice with\nwonderful accuracy; he hazarded a declaration of love to every woman\nbetween sixteen and sixty, a little under and over also; for, with his\nlordship, he came to the very pertinent conclusion, that, if the act\nwere not taken as a sincerity, it would be as a compliment.  This\nready-made adorer for every new-comer was as jealous as he was universal\nin his attachments.\nLet the imaginative think, and, running over with their mind's eye all\nthe beautiful sculptures of antiquity, endeavour to picture to\nthemselves a personation of that commanding goddess that the ancients\nvenerated under the title of Juno.  The figure must be tall, in\nproportion faultless, in majesty unrivalled, in grace enchanting; all\nthe outlines of the form must be full, yet not swelling, and as far\nremoved from the modern notions of _en bon point_ as possible; let us\nadd to these the bust of Venus ere she weaned her first-born, the winged\nboy-god; and then we may have an adequate idea of the figure of Mrs\nCausand.  Her face was of that style of beauty that those women who\nthink themselves delicate are pleased to slander under the name of\nbold,--a style of beauty, however, that all men admire, and most men\nlike.  Thirty-five years had only written in a stronger hand those\nattractions which must have undergone every phase of loveliness, and\nwhich now, without appearing matronly, seemed stamped with the signs of\na long-enduring maturity.  The admiration she excited was general: as\nshe passed, men paused to look upon her, and women whispered to each\nother behind her back.  Never, till this paragon had made her\nappearance, had I heard of ladies wearing supposititious portions of the\nhuman frame--now I found that envy, or the figure-maker, had improved\nalmost every member of Mrs Causand's body.  It was voted by all the\nfemale scandal of the village, that such perfection could not be\nnatural; but, since if all were true that was said upon the subject, the\nobject of their criticism must have been as artificial as Mr\nRiprapton's left leg, and she must have been nothing more than an\nanimated lay-figure, I began to disbelieve these assertions, the more\nespecially as the lady herself was as easy under them as she was in\nevery gesture and motion.  Whenever she made her appearance, so did my\nold friend Mr R; he entertained a platonic attachment for her, and that\nthe more strongly, as each visit enabled him to entertain every one who\nwould listen to him, with a long story about the king of Prussia.  And\nevery lady expects attention and politeness as a matter of course,\nequally as a matter of course did she expect the assiduities and some\nmanifestation, even stronger than gallantry, and treated it merely as a\nmatter of course.  Really, without an hyperbole, she was a woman to whom\nan appearance of devotion might be excusable, and looked upon more as a\ntribute to the abstract spirit of beauty and its divine Creator, than as\na sensual testimony to the individual.\nHer first appearance even silenced the hitherto dauntless loquacity of\nRip--for half a minute.  But he made fearful amends for this involuntary\ndisplay of modesty afterwards.  _Secundum artem_, he opened all the\nbatteries of his fascination upon her.  He rolled his eyes at her with a\nviolence approaching to agony; he bowed; he displayed in every possible\nand captivating attitude his one living leg--but his surpassing strength\nwas in the adulation of his serpent tongue--and she bore it all so\nstoically; she would smile upon him when he made a good hit, as upon an\nactor on the boards--she would, at times, even condescend to improve\nsome of his compliments upon herself; and when her easy manners had\nperchance overset him at the very _debut_ of one of his finest speeches,\nshe would begin it again for him; taking up the dropped sentence, and\nthen settle herself into a complacent attitude for listening.\nCHAPTER TWENTY FIVE.\nEVIDENCES OF GOOD TASTE IN FAVOUR OF MASTER RALPH--JEALOUSY USHERS IN\nREVENGE, REVENGE RETALIATION, WHICH HE IS COMPELLED TO CHRONICLE ON THE\nUSHER'S FACE, AND WHAT PUNISHMENT THEREUPON ENSUED.\nWhen Mrs Causand came to Stickenham, she made universal jubilee.  The\norderly routine of scholastic life had no longer place.  She almost\nruined Riprapton in clean linen, perfumes, and Windsor soap.  Cards and\nmusic enlivened every evening; and the games she played were those of\nthe fashion of the day, and she always played high, and always won.  Her\nascendancy over Mrs Cherfeuil was complete.  The latter was treated\nwith much apparent affection, but still with the airs of a patroness.  I\ndo not know that the handsome schoolmistress lent her money, for I do\nnot think that she stood in need of it; but I feel assured that her\nwhole property was at her disposal.  She stood in awe of her.  _She knew\nher secret_.\nWith his usual acuteness, my good old friend discovered this\nimmediately; and he began to woo her also, more for her secret than for\nher heart.  But she was a perfect mystery--I never knew till her death\nwho she was.  Her residence was at no time mentioned, and I believe that\nno one knew it but the lady of the house and myself, when Mrs Causand\nherself gave it me at the eve of my departing for my ship.  She came\nwithout notice, stayed as long as she chose, and departed with an equal\ndisregard to ceremony.\nShe loved me to a folly.  She would hold me at her knees by the hour,\nand scan every feature of my countenance, as Ophelia said of Hamlet, \"as\nshe would draw it.\"  And then she smiled and looked grave, and sighed\nand laughed; and I, like a little fool, set all these symptoms of\nperturbation down to my own unfledged attractions, whilst during their\nperusal she would often exclaim, \"So like him!--so like him!\"  I do not\nknow whether I ought to mention it, for it is a censorious world; but,\nas I cannot enter into, or be supposed to understand, the feelings of a\nfine woman of thirty-five caressing a lad of fifteen, I have a right to\nsuppose all such demonstrations of fondness highly virtuous and purely\nmaternal; though, perhaps, to the fair bestower a little pleasant!  I\nfound them exquisitely so.  I bore all her little blandishments with a\nmodest pleasure; for, observing the high respect in which she was\ngenerally held, I looked upon these testimonials of affection as a great\nhonour, sought them with eagerness, and remembered them with gratitude.\nManner is perhaps more seducing than mere beauty; but where they are\nallied, the captivation is irresistible.  That subduing alliance was to\nbe found, in perfection, in the person of Mrs Causand.  As she always\ndressed up to the very climax of the fashion, possessed a great variety\nof rich bijouterie, and never came down to us in the stage, but always\nposted it, I concluded that she was in very easy circumstances.\nI cannot speak as to the extent of her mental powers, as her surface was\nso polished and dazzling, that the eye neither could nor wished to look\nmore deeply into her.  I believe that she had no other accomplishment\nbut that gorgeous cloak for all deficiency--an inimitable manner.  Her\nremarks were always shrewd, and replete with good sense; her language\nwas choice; her style of conversation varying, sometimes of that joyous\nnature that has all the effect, without the pedantry of wit, upon the\nhearer, and, at times, she could be really quite energetic.  This is,\nafter all, but an imperfect description of one who took upon herself the\ntask of forming my address, revising my gait after the dancing-master,\nand making me to look the gentleman.\nThis person quite destroyed Riprapton's equanimity.  During her three or\nfour first visits he was all hope and animation.  She permitted him, as\nshe did everybody else, as far as words were concerned, to make love as\nfast as he pleased.  But beyond this, even his intrepid assurance could\nnot carry him.  So his hope and animation gradually gave place to\nincertitude and chagrin; and then, by a very natural transition, he fell\ninto envy and jealousy.  Though but fifteen, I was certainly taller than\nthe man who thought he honoured me by considering me as his rival.\nThough affairs remained in this unsatisfactory state so far as he was\nconcerned, for certain very valid reasons he had not yet chosen to vent\nupon me any access of his spleen.  But this procrastination of actual\nhostilities was terminated in the following manner:--\nMrs Causand and I were standing, one fine evening, lovingly, side by\nside, in the summer-house that overhung the river at the bottom of the\ngarden.  Mr Riprapton, washed, brushed, and perfumed--for the\nscholastic duties of the day were over--was standing directly in front\nof us, enacting most laboriously the agreeable, smiling with a sardonic\ngrin, and looking actually yellow with spite, in the midst of his\ncomplimentary grimaces.  As Mrs Causand and I stood contemplating the\ntranquil and beautiful scene, trying to see as little of the person\nbefore us as possible, one of her beautiful arms hung negligently over\nmy shoulder, and now she would draw me with a fond pressure to her side,\nand now her exquisite hand would dally with the ringlets on my forehead,\nand then its velvety softness would crumple up and indent my blushing\ncheek, that burned certainly more with pleasure than with bashfulness.\nI cannot say that the usher bore all this very stoically, but he\nbetrayed his annoyance by his countenance only.  His speech was as bland\nas ever.  His trials were not yet over: at some very silly remark of\nmine the joyous widow pressed some half-dozen rapid kisses on the cheek\nthat was glowing so near her own.  Either this act emboldened Riprapton,\nor he egregiously mistook her character, and judged that a mere\nvoluptuary stood before him, for he immediately went on the vacant side\nand endeavoured to possess himself of her hand.\nFace, neck, and arms flushed up, in one indignant crimson of the most\nunsophisticated anger I ever beheld.  She threw herself back with a\nperceptible shudder, as if she had come unexpectedly in contact with\nsomething cold, or dead, or unnatural.\n\"Mr Riprapton,\" she exclaimed, after a space of real emotion, \"I have\nnever yet boxed the ears of a gentleman; but had you been one, I should\nmost assuredly have so far forgotten my feminine dignity, as to have\nexpressed my deep resentment by a blow.  I cannot touch anything so\nmean.  While you confined your persecutions to words, I bore with it.\nSir, I only speak from my own sensations; but judging by these, any\nfemale who could abide your touch without repugnance, must have long\nlost all womanly feelings: and now that we are upon this subject, let me\ngive you a little friendly advice.  When you are permitted to sit at the\nsame table with ladies, and wish by the means of your feet to establish\na secret intercourse with anyone, take care, in future, that you do not\nuse the wooden leg.  Females may be more tender in their toes than in\ntheir hearts.  You may go, sir; and remember, if you wish to preserve\nyour station in this house--know it.  When you behave as a gentleman,\nthat title may be conceded to you: but the moment your conduct is\ninconsistent with that character, those around you will not forget that\nyou are no more than a hired servant, and but one degree above a menial.\nHere, Ralph,\" she continued, giving me the violated hand, \"cleanse it\nfrom that fellow's profanation.\"  I brought it to my mouth very\ngallantly, and covered it with kisses.\nFor the first time, I saw my usher-friend not only confounded, but dumb\nwith consternation, and his whitened face became purple even into the\ndepths of his deep pock-marks, with an emotion that no courtesy could\ncharacterise as amiable.  He moved off with none of his usual grace; but\nretired like a very common place wooden-legged man, in a truly miserable\ndot-and-go-one style.  What Mrs Causand and I said to each other on the\nsubject, when she went and seated herself in the summer-house to recover\nfrom her excitement, would, I am sure, have formed the groundwork and\narguments of twelve good moral essays; but unfortunately I have\nforgotten everything about it, except that we stayed there till not only\nthe dews had fallen upon the flowers, but the shades of evening upon the\ndews.\nAs my stay at school was to be so short, I was treated more as a\nfamiliar friend by all, than as a pupil.  I stayed up with the family,\nand took tea and supper with them.  Rip made no appearance the evening\nafter his lecture, but retired to his chamber much indisposed.  While\nMrs Causand was on her visit, I always breakfasted with her\n_tete-a-tete_ in the little parlour, whose French windows opened upon\nthe garden; and it was on those occasions that I found her most amusing.\nShe knew everyone and everything connected with fashionable life.\nPrivate and piquant, and I am sure authentic, anecdotes of every noble\nfamily, she possessed in an exhaustless profusion.  Nor was this\nknowledge confined to the nobility: she knew more of the sayings and\ndoings of some of the princes of the blood than any other person living,\nout of their domestic circle, and she knew many things with which that\ncircle were never acquainted.  I am sure she could have made splendid\nfortunes for twelve fashionable novel-writers.\nI had breakfasted with Mrs Causand in the morning after Rip's\ndiscomfiture, and then went to prosecute my studies in the schoolroom.\nThis was the first time that my tutor and I had met since his rebuff.\nMonsieur Cherfeuil had not yet taken his place at his desk.  As I passed\nthe assistant who assisted me so little, I gave him my usual smile of\ngreeting; but his countenance, instead of the good-humoured return, was\nblack as evil passions could make it.  However, I paid but little\nattention to this unfriendly demonstration, and, taking my seat, began,\nas I was long privileged to do, to converse with my neighbour.\n\"Silence!\" vociferated the man in authority.  I conversed on.  \"Silence!\nI say.\"\nNot supposing that I was included in this authoritative demand, or not\ncaring if I were, I felt no inclination to suspend the exercise of my\nconversational powers.  After the third order for silence, this sudden\ndisciple of Harpocrates left his seat, cane in hand, and coming behind\nme, I dreaming of no such temerity on his part, he applied across my\nshoulders one of the most hearty _con amore_ swingers that ever left a\nwale behind it, exclaiming at the same time, \"Silence, Master Rattlin.\"\nHere was a stinging degradation to me, almost an officer on the\nquarter-deck of one of his Majesty's frigates!  However, without taking\ntime to weigh exactly my own dignity, I seized a large slate, and,\nturning sharply round, sent it hissing into his very teeth.  I wish I\nhad knocked one or two of them out.  I wished it then fervently, and of\nthat wish, wicked though it be, I have never repented.  He was for some\ntime occupied with holding his hand to his mouth, and in a rapid and\nagonising examination of the extent of the damage.  When he could spare\nan instant for me, he was as little satisfied with the expression of my\nfeatures as with the alteration in his; so he hopped down to Monsieur\nCherfeuil, while the blood was streaming between his fingers, to lay his\ncomplaint in form against me.  I had two sure advocates below, so he\ntook nothing by his motion, but a lotion to wash his mouth with; and,\nafter staying below for a couple of hours, he came up with a swelled\nface, but his teeth all perfect.\nThat morning Monsieur Cherfeuil, in very excellent bad English, made a\nmost impressive speech; the pith of it was, that, had I not taken the\nlaw into my own hands, he would most certainly have discharged Mr\nRiprapton, for having exceeded his authority in striking me, but as my\nconduct had been very unjustifiable, I was sentenced to transcribe the\nwhole of the first book of the Aeneid.  Before dinner my schoolfellows\nhad begged off one-half of the task.--Mrs Cherfeuil, at dinner, begged\noff one-half of that half: when things had gone thus far, Mrs Causand\ninterfered, and argued for a commutation of punishment; the more\nespecially, as she thought an example ought to be made for so heinous an\noffence.  As she spake with a very serious air, the good-natured\nFrenchman acquiesced in her wishes, and pledged himself to allow her to\ninflict the penalty, which she promulgated to the following effect:\n\"That I should be forced to swallow an extra bumper of port for not\nhaving knocked out, at least, one of the wretch's teeth;\" and she then\nrelated enough of his conduct to bring Monsieur Cherfeuil into her way\nof thinking upon the subject.\nCHAPTER TWENTY SIX.\nA RECONCILIATION--A WALK PLANNED, AND A MAN PLANTED--THE LATTER FOUND TO\nGROW IMPATIENT--RALPH AT LENGTH RIGGED OUT AS A REEFER.\nFor two days Mr Rip and myself were not upon speaking terms.  On the\nthird day, a Master Barnard brings me up a slate-full of plusses,\nminusses, _x, y, z's_, and other letters of the alphabet, in a most\namiable algebraical confusion.\n\"Take it to Mr Riprapton,\" said I.  The lad took it, and the\nmathematical master looked over it with a perplexed gravity, truly\nedifying.  \"Take it to Master Rattlin--I have no time,\" was the result\nof his cogitations.\nIt was brought to me again.  \"Take it to the usher,\" said I.\n\"It is of no use; he don't know anything about it.\"\n\"Take it then to Monsieur Cherfeuil, and tell him so.\"\nThis advice was overheard by the party most concerned, and he called the\nboy to him, who shortly returned to me with a note, full of friendship,\napology, and sorrow; ending with an earnest request that I would again\nput him right with Mrs Causand, as well as the sum on the slate.  I\nreplied, for I was still a little angry, that he was very ungrateful,\nbut that, as we were so soon to part, perhaps for ever, I accepted the\nreconciliation.  So far was well.  I told Mrs Causand what had passed,\nand then interceded with her for her forgiveness; for her anger debarred\nhim from many comforts, as it obliged him to take his solitary tea and\nsupper in the schoolroom.  She consented, as she did to almost\neverything that I requested of her; and that afternoon I brought up to\nher the penitent hand-presser.  Her natural good temper, and blandness\nof manner, soon put him again at his ease, and his love-speeches flowed\nas fluently as ever.\nWe proposed a walk; and, accompanied by some half-dozen of the elder\nboys, we began to stroll upon the common.  By some _gaucherie_ the\nconversation took a disagreeable turn on our late misunderstanding, and\nI could not help repeating what I had said in my note, that Mr Rip had\nproved himself ungrateful, considering the many difficulties from which\nI had extricated him.  At this last assertion before the lady, he took\nfire, and flatly denied it.  I was too proud to enumerate the many\ninstances of scholastic assistance that he had received at my hands, so\nI became sullen and silent, my opponent in an equal degree brisk and\nloquacious.  My fair companion rather enjoyed the encounter, and began\nto tally me.\n\"Come, come,\" said I, \"I'll lay him a crown that he will beg me to\nextricate him from some difficulty before the week's over.\"\nThe wager was accepted with alacrity, and Mrs Causand begged to lay an\nequal stake against me, which I took.  I then purposely turned the\nconversation; and after some time, when we were fairly in the hollow\nmade by the surrounding hills, I exclaimed, \"Rip, if you'll give me\nfive-and-twenty yards, I'll run you three hops and a step, a hundred\nyards, for another crown.\"\n\"Done, done!\" exclaimed the usher, joyously, chuckling with the idea of\nexhibiting so triumphantly his prowess before the blooming widow.  The\nground was duly stepped, and the goal fixed, whilst my antagonist, all\nanimation and spirits, was pouring his liquid nonsense into the lady's\near.  I took care that, in about the middle of the distance, our\nrace-ground should pass over where some rushes were growing.  Now\nRiprapton had a most uncommon speed in this manner of progressing.  He\nwould, with his leg of flesh, take three tremendous hops, and then step\ndown with his leg of wood one, and then three live hops again, and one\ndead step, the step being a kind of respite from the fatigue of the\nhops.\nAll the preliminaries being arranged, off we started, I taking, of\ncourse, my twenty-five yards in advance.  The exhibition and the gait\nwere so singular, that Mrs Causand could scarcely stand for\nlaughter, whilst the boys shouted, \"Go it, Ralph!\"--\"Well done,\npeg!\"--\"Dot-and-go-one will beat him.\"\nIn the midst of these exhilarating cries, what I had calculated upon\nhappened.  Rip, before we had gone half the distance, was close behind\nme; but lo! after three of his gigantic hops, that seemed to be\nperformed with at least one seven-leagued boot turned into a slipper, he\ncame down heavily upon his step with his wood among the rushes.  The\nstiff clay there being full of moisture and unsound, he plunged up to\nhis hip nearly, in the adhesive soil, and there he remained, as much a\nfixture, and equally astonished, as Lot's wife.  First of all, taking\ncare to go the distance, and thus win the wager, we, all frantic with\nlaughter, gathered round the man thus firmly attached to his mother\nearth.  Whilst the tears ran down Mrs Causand's cheeks, and proved that\nher radiant colour was quite natural, she endeavoured to assume an air\nof the deepest commiseration, which was interrupted, every moment, by\ninvoluntary bursts of laughter.  For himself, no wretch in the pillory\never wore a more lugubrious aspect, and his sallow visage turned first\nto one, and then to another, with a look so ridiculously imploring that\nit was irresistible.\n\"I am sorry, very sorry,\" said the lady, \"to see you look so pale--I may\nsay, so livid--but poor man, it is but natural, seeing already that you\nhave _one foot in the grave_.\"\nThe mender of pens groaned in the spirit.\n\"I say,\" said the school-boy wag of the party, applying an old Joe\nMiller to the occasion, \"why is Mr Riprapton like pens, ink, and\npaper?\"\n\"Because he is stationary,\" vociferated five eager voices, at once, in\nreply.\nThe caster-up of sums cast a look at the delinquent, the tottle of the\nwhole of which was, \"you sha'n't be long on the debit side of our\naccount.\"\n\"But what is to be done?\" was now the question.\n\"I am afraid,\" said I, \"we must dig him up like a dead tree, or an old\npost.\"\n\"It is, I believe, the only way,\" said the tutor, despondingly; \"I was\nrelieved once that way before in the bog of Ballynawashy.\"\n\"O, then you are from Ireland after all,\" said the lady.\n\"Only on a visit, madam!\" said the baited fixture, with much asperity.\n\"But really,\" said she, \"if I may judge from the present occasion, you\nmust have made a _long stay_.\"\n\"I hope he won't take cold in his feet,\" said a very silly,\nblubber-lipped boy.\nHis instructor looked hot with passion.\n\"But really, now I think of it,\" chimed in the now enraptured widow, \"a\nvery serious alarm has seized me.  Suppose that the piece of wood, so\nnicely planted in this damp clay, were to take root and throw out\nfibres.  Gracious me! only suppose that you should begin to vegetate.  I\ndo declare that you look quite _green_ about the eyes already!\"\n\"Mercy me!\" whispered the wag, \"if he should grow up, he'll certainly\nturn to a _plane_ tree; for really, he is a very plain man.\"\nThe wielder of the ruler gave a tremendous wriggle with the whole body,\nwhich proved as ineffectual as it was violent.\n\"But don't you think, Ralph,\" said his tormentor, \"as the evening is\ndrawing in, that something should be done for the poor gentleman; he\nwill most certainly take cold if he remain here all night; couldn't you\nand your school-fellows contrive to build a sort of hut over him?  I am\nsure I should be very happy to help to carry the boughs--if the man\nwon't go to the house, the house must go to the man.\"\n\"What a fine cock-shy he would make!\" said Master Blubberlips.\n\"O, I should so like to see it,\" said the lady.  \"It will be the first\ntime he has been made _shy_ in his life.\"\nHe was certainly like an Indian bound to the stake, and made to suffer\nmental torture--but he did not bear it with an Indian's equanimity.  As\na few stragglers had been drawn to the funny scene, and more might be\nexpected, I, and I only, of all the spectators, began to feel some pity\nfor him; the more especially, as I heard a stout, grinning chaw-bacon\nsay to the baker's boy of the village, who asked him what was the\nmatter, \"Whoy, Jim, it ben't nothink less than Frenchman's usherman, ha'\ndrawn all Thickenham common on his'n left leg for a stocking loike.\"\n\"Come,\" thought I, \"it's quite time, after that, for the honour of the\nacademy, to beat a retreat, or we shall be beaten hollow by this\nheavy-shod clodpole.  Mr Riprapton,\" said I, \"I don't bear you any\nmalice--but I recollect my wager.  If I extricate you out of the\ndifficulty, will you own that I have won it?\"\n\"Gladly,\" said he, very sorrowfully.\n\"Come here, my lads, out knives and cut away the turf.\"  We soon removed\nthe earth as far down as to where the hole of the wooden leg joined to\nthe shank.  \"Now, my lads,\" said I, \"we must unscrew him.\"  Round and\nround we twirled him, his outstretched living leg forming as pretty a\nfairy-ring on the green sod, with its circumgyrations, as can be\nimagined.  At last, after having had a very tolerable foretaste of the\npillory, we fairly unscrewed him, and he was once more disengaged from\nhis partial burial-place.  I certainly cannot say that he received our\ncongratulations with the grace of a Chesterfield, but he begged us to\ncontinue our exertions to recover for him his shank, or otherwise he\nwould have to follow Petruchio's orders to the tailor--to \"hop me over\nevery kennel home.\"  For the sake of the quotation, we agreed to assist;\nand, as many of us catching hold of it as could find a grip, we tugged,\nand tugged, and tugged.  Still the stiff clay did not seem at all\ninclined to relinquish the prize it had so fairly won.  At length, by\none tremendous and simultaneous effort, we plucked it forth; but, in\ndoing so, those who retained the trophy in their hands were flung flat\non their backs, whilst the newly-gained leg pointed upwards to the\nzenith.  Having first wiped a little of the deep yellow adhesion away\nfrom it, we joined the various parts of the man together; and, he taking\nsingular care to avoid those spots where rushes grew, we all reached our\nhome, with one exception, in the highest glee--as to the two wagers, he\nbehaved like a gentleman, and _acknowledged_ the debt--which was a great\ndeal more than I ever expected.\nAfter having worked some fifty problems out of Hamilton Moore, of\nblessed memory, and having drawn an infinity of triangles with all\npossible degrees of incidence, with very neat little ships, now upon the\nbase, now upon the hypothenuse, and now upon the perpendicular, my\nerudite usher pronounced me to be a perfect master of the noble science\nof navigation in all its branches, for the which he glorified himself\nexceedingly.  As I had made many friends, there was no difficulty in\nprocuring for me a ship, and I was to have joined the _Sappho_, a\nfirst-class brig of war, as soon as she arrived, and she was expected\nalmost immediately.  However, as at that particular time we were\nrelieving the Danes from the onerous care of their navy, the sloop was\nsent, directly she arrived, to assist in the amiable action.\nHaving many who interested themselves about me, some apparent and others\nhidden, a ship was soon found for me, but by what chain of\nrecommendation I could never unravel.  As far as the ship was concerned,\nI certainly had nothing to complain of.  She was a fine frigate, and\nevery way worthy to career over the ocean, that was, at that time,\nalmost completely an English dominion.  The usual quantity of hopes and\nwishes were expressed, and my final leave was taken of all my village\nfriends.  Mr R enjoined me to correspond with him on every opportunity,\ngave me his blessing, and some urgent advice to eschew poetry, and\nprophesied that he should live to see me posted.  There was nothing\noutwardly very remarkable in the manner of Mrs Cherfeuil on the eve of\nmy departure.  I went to bed a school-boy, and was to rise next morning\nan officer--that is to say, I was to mount my uniform for the first\ntime.  I believe that I was already on the ship's books; for at the time\nof which I am writing, the clerk of the cheque was not so very frequent\nin his visits, and not so particular when he visited, as he is at\npresent.  Notwithstanding the important change that was about to take\nplace in everything connected with myself, I did sleep that night,\nthough I often awoke,--there was a female hovering round my bed almost\nthe whole of the night.\nCHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN.\nRALPH COMMENCES HIS PUBLIC CAREER BY ACCEPTING AN IOU, HE HARDLY KNOWS\nWHY--HE FINDS HIS FUTURE CAPTAIN BASED ON A BOTTLE--HE IS NOT TAKEN BY\nTHE HAND.\nSo ignorant were those few, on whom devolved my fitting out, of what my\nstation required, that I had made for me three suits of uniform, all of\nwhich had the lion upon the buttons instead of the anchor, and from\nwhich the weekly account was absent.  My transmission from school to\ntown was by the stage; at town I was told to call on a lawyer in the\nKing's Bench Walk, in the Temple, who furnished me with twenty pounds,\nand a letter for my future captain, telling me I might draw upon him for\na yearly sum, which was more than double the amount I ought to have been\nentrusted with; then coldly wishing me success, he recommended me to go\ndown that evening by the mail, and join my ship immediately, and wished\nme a good morning.\nI certainly was a little astonished at my sudden isolation in the midst\nof a vast city.  I felt that, from that moment, I must commence man.  I\nknew several persons in London, parents of my schoolfellows, but I was\ntoo proud to parade my pride before them, for I felt, at the same time,\nashamed of wearing ostentatiously, whilst I gloried in, my uniform.\nI dined at the inn where I alighted on coming to town, called for what I\nwanted in a humble semi-tone, said \"If you please, sir,\" to the waiter;\npaid my bill without giving him a gratuity, for fear of giving him\noffence; took my place in the mail, and got down without accident to\nChatham, and slept at the house where the coach stopped.  On account of\nmy hybrid uniform, and my asserting myself of the navy, the people of\nthe establishment knew not what to make of me.  I wished to deliver my\ncredentials immediately; but my considerate landlord advised me to take\ntime to think about it--and dinner.  I followed his advice.\nIt is uncertain how long I should have remained in this uncertainty, had\nnot a brother midshipman, in the coffee-room, accosted me, and kindly\nhelped me out with my pint of port, which I thought I showed my\nmanliness in calling for.  He did not roast me very unmercifully, but\nwhat he spared in gibes he made up in drinking.  I abstained with a\ngreat deal of firmness from following his example: he warmly praised my\nabstinence, I suppose with much sincerity, as it certainly appeared to\nbe a virtue which he was incapable of practising.  About seven o'clock\nmy ready-made friend began to be more minute in his inquiries.  I showed\nhim my introductory letter, and he told me directly at what hotel the\ncaptain was established, and enforced upon me the necessity of\nimmediately waiting upon him; telling me I might think myself extremely\nlucky in having had to entertain only one officer, when so many thirsty\nand penniless ones were cruising about to sponge on the Johnny Raws.\nFor himself, he said he was a man of honour, quite a gentleman, and\ninsisted upon paying his share of the two bottles of port consumed, of\nwhich I certainly had not drunk more than four glasses.  Secretly\npraising my man of honour for his disinterestedness, for I had asked him\nto take a glass of wine, which he had read as a couple of bottles, I\nordered my bill, among the items of which stood conspicuously forth,\n\"Two bottles of old crusted port, fourteen shillings.\"\n\"Damned imposition!\" said my hitherto anonymous friend.  \"Of all vices,\nI abominate imposition the most.  I shall pay for all this wine myself.\nHere, wai-_terre_, pen and ink.  Banking hours are over now; I have\nnothing but a fifty pound bill about me.  However, you shall have my\nIOU.  You see that I have made it out for one pound--you'll just hand me\nthe difference, six shillings.  Your name, I think you said, was\nRattlin--Ralph Rattlin.  A good name, a very good purser's name indeed.\nThere, Mr Rattlin, you have only to present that piece of paper when\nyou get on board to the head swab washer, and he'll give you either cash\nfor it, or slops.\"\nI gave the gentleman who so much abhorred imposition six shillings in\nreturn for his paper, which contained these words:\n\"I owe you twenty shillings.  Josiah Cheeks, Major-General of the Horse\nMarines, of his Majesty's ship, the _Merry Dun_, of Dover.--To Mr Ralph\nRattlin.\"\nI carefully placed this precious document in my pocketbook, among my\none-pound notes, at that time the principal currency of the country; yet\ncould not help thinking that my friend cast an awfully hungry eye at the\npieces of paper.  He had already commenced a very elaborate speech\nprefatory to the request of a loan, when I cut him short, by telling him\nthat I had promised my god-mamma not to lend anyone a single penny until\nI had been on board my ship six months, which was really the case.  He\ncommended my sense of duty; and said it was of no manner of consequence,\nas next morning he should be in possession of more than he should have\noccasion for, and then a five or a ten-pound note would be at my\nservice.  After vainly endeavouring to seduce me to the theatre, he made\na virtue of my obstinacy, and taking me by the arm, showed me to the\ndoor of the hotel, where Captain Reud, of H.M.S. _Eos_ was located.\nI was announced, and immediately ushered into a room where I saw a\nsallow-visaged, compact, well-made little man, apparently not older than\ntwo or three-and-twenty, sitting in the middle of the room, upon a black\nquart bottle, the neck of which was on the floor, and the bottom forming\nthe uneasy and unstable seat.  Without paying much attention to me,\nevery now and then he would give himself an impetus, and flinging out\nhis arms, spin round like a turnstile.  It certainly was very amusing,\nand, no doubt so thought his companion, a fine, manly, handsome-looking\nfellow, of thirty-five or thirty-eight, by his long-continued and\nvociferous applause.  The little spinner was habited in a plain but\nhandsome uniform, with one gold epaulet on his right shoulder, whilst\nthe delighted approver had a coat splendid with broad white kerseymere\nfacings.\nI could observe that both parties were deeply immersed in the\nmany-coloured delirium of much drink.  I looked first at one, then at\nthe other, undecided as to which of the two was my captain.  However, I\ncould not augur ill of one who laughed so heartily, nor of the other,\nwho seemed so happy in making himself a teetotum.  Taking advantage of a\npause in this singular exhibition, I delivered my credentials to the\nformer and more imposing-looking of the two, who immediately handed them\nover to Captain Reud.  I was graciously received, a few questions of\ncourtesy asked, and a glass of wine poured out for me.\nMy presence was soon totally disregarded, and my captain and his\nfirst-lieutenant began conversing on all manner of subjects, in a jargon\nto me entirely incomprehensible.  The decanter flew across and across\nthe table with wonderful rapidity, and the flow of assertion increased\nwith the captain, and that of assentation with his lieutenant.  At\nlength, the little man with the epaulet commenced a very prurient tale.\nMr Farmer cast a look full of meaning upon myself, when Captain Reud\naddressed me thus, in a sharp, shrill tone, that I thought impossible to\na person who told such pleasant stories, and who could spin so prettily\nupon a quart bottle.  \"Do you hear, younker, you'll ship your traps in a\nwherry the first thing to-morrow morning, and get on board early enough\nto be victualled that day.  Tell the commanding officer to order the\nship's tailor to clap the curse of God upon you--(I started with horror\nat the impiety)--to unship those poodles from your jacket, and rig you\nout with the foul anchor.\"\n\"Yes, sir,\" said I; \"but I hope the tailor won't be so wicked, because I\nam sure I wish the gentleman no harm.\"\n\"Piously brought up,\" said the captain.\n\"We'll teach him to look aloft, any how,\" said the lieutenant, striving\nto be original.\n\"A well-built young dog,\" said the former, looking at me, approvingly.\n\"Who is he, may I ask?\" said the latter, in a most sonorous aside.\n\"Mum,\" said Captain Reud, putting his finger to his nose, and\nendeavouring to look very mysterious, and full of important meaning;\n\"but when I get him in blue water--if he were the king's son--heh!\nFarmer?\"\n\"To be sure.  Then he is the son of somebody, sir?\"\n\"More likely the son of nobody--according to the law of the land,--\nwhoever launched him: but I'll never breathe a word, or give so much as\na hint that he is illegitimate.  I scorn, like a British sailor, to do\nthat by a sidewind, Farmer, that I ought not to do openly; but there are\ntwo sides to a blanket.  A popish priest must not marry in England.\nNorman Will was not a whit the worse because his mother never stood\noutside the canonical rail.  Pass your wine, Farmer; I despise a man, a\nscoundrel, who deals in innuendos;--O it's despicable, damned\ndespicable.  I don't like, however, to be trusted by halves--shall keep\na sharp look-out on the joker--with me, a secret is always perfectly\nsafe.\"\n\"O, then there is a secret, I see,\" said Mr Farmer.  \"You had better go\nnow, Mr Rattlin, and attend to the captain's orders to-morrow.\"  The\nword mister sounded sharply, yet not unpleasingly, to my ear: it was the\nfirst time I had been so designated or so dignified.  Here was another\nevidence that I had, or ought to, cast from me the slough of boyhood,\nand enact, boldly, the man.  I therefore summoned up courage to say that\nI did not perfectly understand the purport of the captain's order, and\nsolicited an explanation.\n\"Yes,\" said he; \"the service has come to a pretty pass, when the\nyoungest officer of my ship asks me to explain my orders, instead of\nobeying them.\"\n\"I had better give him a note to the commanding officer, for I may not\nhappen to be on board when he arrives.\"\nA note was written, and given me.\n\"Good-night, Mr Rattlin,\" said the captain.\n\"Good-night, sir,\" said I, advancing very amiably to shake hands with my\nlittle commander.  My action took him more aback than a heavy squall\nwould have done the beautiful frigate he commanded.  The prestige of\nrank, and the pride of discipline struggled with his sense of the common\ncourtesies of life.  He half held out his hand; he withdrew it--it was\nagain proffered and again withdrawn!  He really looked confused.  At\nlength, as if he had rallied up all his energies to act courageously, he\nthrust them resolutely into his pockets; and then said, \"There, younker,\nthat will do.  Go and turn in.\"\n\"Turned out,\" I muttered, as I left the room.  From this brief incident,\nyoung as I was, I augured badly of Captain Reud.  I at once felt that I\nhad broken some rule of etiquette, but I knew that he had sinned against\nthe dictates of mere humanity.  There was a littleness in his conduct,\nand an indecision in his manner, quite at variance with my untutored\nnotions of the gallant bearing of a British sailor.\nAs I lay in bed at my inn, my mind re-enacted all the scenes of the\nprevious day.  I was certainly dissatisfied with every occurrence.  I\nwas dissatisfied with the security of my friend Josiah Cheeks, the\nMajor-General of the Horse-Marines, of his Majesty's ship the _Merry\nDun_ of Dover.  I was dissatisfied with my reception by Captain Reud, of\nhis Majesty's ship _Eos_, notwithstanding his skill at spinning upon a\nbottle; nor was I altogether satisfied with the blustering,\nhalf-protecting, half-overbearing conduct towards me, of his\nfirst-lieutenant, Mr Farmer.  But all these dissatisfactions united\nwere as nothing to the disgust I felt at the broad innuendoes so\nliberally flung out concerning the mystery of my birth.\nCHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT.\nRALPH'S HEART STILL AT HOME--HIS COFFEE-ROOM FRIEND ALL ABROAD--GETS HIS\nIOU CASHED, AND SEES THE GIVER EXALTED TO EVERYBODY'S SATISFACTION BUT\nHIS OWN.\nBefore I plunge into all the strange adventures, and unlooked-for\nvicissitudes, of my naval life, I must be indulged with a few prefatory\nremarks.  The royal navy, as a service, is not vilified, nor the gallant\nmembers who compose it insulted, by pointing out the idiosyncrasies, the\nabsurdities, and even the vices and crimes of some of its members.\nHuman nature is human nature still, whether it fawn in the court or\nphilander in the grove.  The man carries with him on the seas the same\npredilections, the same passions, and the same dispositions, both for\ngood and for evil, as he possessed on shore.  The ocean breeze does not\nconvert the coward into the hero, the passionate man into the\nphilosopher, or the mean one into a pattern of liberality.  It is true,\nthat a coward in the service seldom dares show his cowardice; that in\nthe inferior grades passion is controlled by discipline, and in all,\nmeanness is shamed by intimate, and social communion, into the semblance\nof much better feelings.  Still, with all this, the blue coat, like\ncharity, covereth a multitude of sins, and the blue water is, as yet,\ninefficacious to wash them all out.\nWe have said here briefly what the service will not do.  It will not\nchange the nature of men, but it will mollify it into much that is\nexalted, that is noble, and that is good.  It almost universally raises\nindividual character; but it can never debase it.  The world are too apt\nto generalise--and this generalisation has done much disservice to the\nBritish navy.  It forms a notion, creates a beau-ideal--a very absurd\none truly--and then tries every character by it.  Even the officers of\nthis beautiful service have tacitly given in to the delusion; and, by\nattempting to frown down all _eposes_ of the errors of individuals,\nvainly endeavour to exalt that which requires no such factitious\nexaltation.\nIf I am compelled to say this captain was a fool and a tyrant, fools\nindeed must those officers be who draw the inference that I mean the\nimpression to be general, that all captains are either fools or tyrants.\nLet the cavillers understand, that the tyranny and the folly are innate\nin the man, but that the service abhors and represses the one, and\ndespises and often reforms the other.  The service never made a good man\nbad, or a bad man worse: on the contrary, it has always improved the\none, and reformed the other.  It is, however, no libel to say, that,\nmore than a quarter of a century ago (of course, now, it is all\nperfection), it contained some bad men among its multitude of good.\nSuch as it then was I will faithfully record.\nOh!  I left myself in bed.  My reflections affording me so little\nconsolation, when they were located in the vicinity of Chatham.  I\nordered my obedient mind to travel back to Stickenham, whilst I felt\nmore than half-inclined to make my body take the same course the next\nmorning.  Not that my courage had failed me; but I actually felt a\ndisgust at all that I had heard and seen.  How different are the sharp,\nabrading corners that meet us at every turn in our passage through real\nlife from the sunny dreams of our imagination!  Already my dirk had\nceased to give me satisfaction in looking upon it, and my uniform, that\ntwo days before I thought so bewitching, I had, a few hours since, been\ninformed was to be soiled by a foul anchor.  How gladly that night my\nmind revelled among the woods and fields and waters of the romantic\nvillage that I had just left!  Then its friendly inhabitants came\nthronging upon the beautiful scene; and pre-eminent among them stood my\ngood schoolmistress, and my loving godmother.  Of all the imaginary\ngroup, she alone did not smile.  It was then, and not till then, that I\nfelt the bitterness of the word \"farewell.\"  My conscience smote me that\nI had behaved unkindly towards her.  I now remembered a thousand little\ncontrivances, all of which, in my exalted spirits, I had pertinaciously\neluded, that she had put in practice in order to be for a few minutes\nalone with me.  I now bitterly reproached myself for my perversity.\nWhat secrets might I not have heard!  And then my heart told me in a\nvoice I could not doubt, that it was she who had hovered round my bed\nthe whole night previous to my departure.  My schoolfellows had all\nslept soundly, yet I, though wakeful, had the folly to appear to sleep\nalso.  Whilst I was considering how people could be so unkind, sleep\ncame kindly to me, and I awoke next morning in good spirits, and laughed\nat my dejection of the preceding evening.\nAt breakfast in the coffee-room, I was a little surprised and a good\ndeal flattered by the appearance of Lieutenant Farmer.  He accosted me\nkindly, told me not again to attempt to offer first to shake hands with\nmy captain, for it was against the rules of the service; and then he sat\ndown beside me, and commenced very patiently _a me tirer les vers du\nnez_.  He was a fine, gallant fellow, passionately desirous of\npromotion, which was not surprising, for he had served long, and with\nconsiderable distinction, and was still a lieutenant, whilst he was more\nthan fourteen years above his captain, both in length of service and in\nage.  Was I related to my Lord A---?  Did I know anything of Mr Rose?\nHad I any connections that knew Mr Percival, etcetera?  I frankly told\nhim that I knew no one of any note, and that it had been directly\nenjoined upon me, by the one or two friends that I possessed, never to\nconverse about my private affairs with anyone.\nMr Farmer felt himself rebuked, but not offended; he was a generous,\nnoble fellow, though a little passionate, and too taut a disciplinarian.\nHe told me that he had no doubt we should be good friends, that I had\nbetter go to the dock-yard, and inquire for the landing-place, and for\nthe _Eos'_ cutter, which was waiting there for stores.  That I was to\nmake myself known to the officer of the boat, who would give me two or\nthree hands to convey my luggage down to it, and that I had better ship\nmyself as soon as I could.  He told me, also, that he would probably be\non board before me, but, at all events, if he were not, that I was to\ngive to the commanding officer the letter, with which he had furnished\nme on the night before.\nHe left me with a more favourable impression on my mind than I had\nbefore entertained.  I paid my bill, and found my way to Chatham\ndock-yard.\nI had just gained the landing-place, to which I had been directed by a\ngentleman, who wore some order of merit upon his ankles, and who kindly\noffered me a box of dominoes for sale, when I saw a twelve-oared barge\npull in among the other boats that were waiting there.  The stern-sheets\nwere full of officers, distinguishable among whom was one with a red\nround face, sharp twinkling eyes, and an honest corpulency of body truly\ncomfortable.  He wore his laced cocked-hat, with the rosetted corners,\nresting each on one of the heavily-epauletted shoulders.  His face\nlooked so fierce and rubescent under his vast hat, that he put me in\nmind of a large coal, the lower half of which was in a state of\ncombustion.  He landed with the other officers, and I then perceived\nthat he was gouty and lame, and walked with a stick, that had affixed to\nit a transverse ivory head, something like a diminutive ram's horn.\nAmidst this group of officers, I observed my coffee-room friend, the\nmajor-general of the horse-marines, who seemed excessively shy, and at\nthat moment absorbed in geological studies, for he could not take his\neyes from off the earth.  However, pushing hastily by the port-admiral,\nfor such was the ancient podagre, \"Ah! major-general,\" said I to the\nabashed master's mate, \"I am very glad to meet with you.  Have you been\nto the bank this morning to cash your fifty-pound bill?\"\n\"Don't know ye,\" said my friend, giving me more than the cut direct,\nfor, if he could have used his eyes as a sword, I should have had the\ncut decisive.\n\"Not know me! well--but you are only joking, General Cheeks!\"\nThe surrounding officers began to be very much amused, and the\nport-admiral became extremely eager in his attention.\n\"Tell ye, don't know ye, younker,\" said my gentleman, folding his arms,\nand attempting to look magnificent and strange.\n\"Well, that is cool.  So, sir, you mean to deny that you drank two\nbottles of my port wine yesterday evening, and that you did not give me\nyour IOU for the twenty shillings you borrowed of me?  I'll trouble you,\nif you please, for the money,\" for I was getting angry, \"as I am quite a\nstranger to the head swabwasher, and should not like to trouble the\ngentleman either for cash or slops, without a formal introduction.\"\nAt this juncture, the fiery face of the port-admiral became more fiery,\nhis fierce small eye more flashing, and his ivory-handled stick was\nlifted up tremblingly, not with fear, but rage.  \"Pray sir,\" said he to\nme, \"who is he?\" pointing to my friend; \"and who are you?\"\n\"This gentleman, sir, I take to be either a swindler or Josiah Cheeks,\nMajor-General of the Horse Marines, of his Majesty's ship, the _Merry\nDun_, of Dover,\" handing to the admiral the acknowledgment; \"and I am,\nsir, Ralph Rattlin, just come down to join his Majesty's ship, the\n_Eos_.\"\n\"I'll answer for the truth of the latter part of this young gentleman's\nassertion,\" said Captain Reud, now coming forward with Lieutenant\nFarmer.\n\"Is this your writing, sir?\" said the admiral to the discomfited\nmaster's mate, in a voice worse than thunder; for it was almost as loud,\nand infinitely more disagreeable.  \"I see by your damned skulking look,\nthat you have been making a scoundrel of yourself, and a fool of this\npoor innocent boy.\"\n\"I hope, sir, you do not think me a fool for believing an English\nofficer incapable of a lie?\"\n\"Well said, boy, well said--I see--this scamp has turned out to be both\nthe scoundrel and the fool.\"\n\"I only meant it for a joke, sir,\" said the _soi-disant_ Mr Cheeks,\ntaking off his hat, and holding it humbly in his hand.\n\"Take up your note directly, or I shall expel you the service for\nforgery.\"\nThe delinquent fumbled for some time in his pocket, and at length could\nproduce only threepence farthing, a tobacco-stopper, and an unpaid\ntavern-bill.  He was forced to confess he had not the money about him.\n\"Your fifty-pound bill,\" said I.  \"The bank must be open.\"\nThe major-general looked at me.\nIt was a good thing for the giver of the IOU that the mirth the whole\ntransaction created did not permit the old admiral to be so severe with\nhis \"whys,\" as he would have been.  He, however, told the culprit's\ncaptain, whom he had just brought on shore in the barge, to give me the\ntwenty shillings, and to charge it against him, and then to give him an\nairing at the mast-head till sunset; telling him, at the same time, he\nmight feel himself very happy at not being disrated and turned before\nthe mast.\nI was departing, very well satisfied with this summary method of\nadministering justice, when I found that I was not altogether to escape,\nfor the old gentleman commenced opening a broadside upon me, for not\nwearing the Admiralty uniform.  Lieutenant Farmer, however, came very\nkindly to my rescue, and offered the admiral a sufficient explanation.\nI was then directed to the _Eos'_ boat, the coxswain and a couple of men\nwent with me for my luggage, and in less than half an hour I was being\nrowed down the Medway towards the ship.  As we passed by what I looked\nupon as an immense and terrifically lofty seventy-four, I looked up, and\ndescried Major-General Cheeks slowly climbing up the newly-tarred main\ntopmast rigging, \"like a snail unwillingly,\" to the topmast cross-trees.\nIt was a bitterly cold day, at the end of November, and there is no\ndoubt but that his reflections were as bitter as the weather.  Practical\njokes have sometimes very bad practical consequences.\nCHAPTER TWENTY NINE.\nRALPH IS SHIPPED, HULKED, AND OVERCOME--A DARK HALL AND AN EBONY\nSERVITOR--A TAILOR'S POLITENESS, AND A MASTER'S MATE, WHO SIGHS TO BE\nMATED YET DOES NOT SEE THAT HE IS OUTMATCHED.\nI found the _Eos_ all rigged and strong in the breeze, with the not very\nagreeable aroma of dockyard paint.  The ship's company was not, however,\non board of her.  They were hulked on board of the _Pegasus_.  A very\nbrief introduction to the officers of the watch, and I was shown down\nwith my sea-chest, my shore-going trunk, and quadrant, cocked-hat,\netcetera, to the midshipmen's berth in the hulk.  One of the after-guard\nperformed for me the office of gentleman-usher.  It was a gloomy, foggy,\nchilly day, and the damp of the atmosphere was mingled with the reeking,\ndank, animal effluvia that came up, thick and almost tangible, from the\nfilthy receptacle of crowded hundreds.\nAs I descended into darkness, and nearly felt overpowered by the\ncompound of villainous smells, I was something more than sick at heart.\nMy pioneer at length lifted up the corner of a piece of dirty canvas,\nthat screened off a space of about six feet square from the rest of the\nship's company.  This I was given to understand was the _young\ngentlemen's_ quarters, their dining-room and their drawing-room\ncombined.  Even I, who had not yet attained my full growth, could not\nstand erect in this saloon of elegance.  I am stating nothing but\nliteral facts.  On an oaken table, still more greasy than the greasy\ndecks over which I had slipped in my passage to this den, stood a\nflickering, spluttering, intensely yellow candle of very slender\ndimensions, inserted in a black quart bottle.  Beside it was placed a\nbattered bread-basket, containing some broken biscuit; and a piece of\nvillainously-scented cheese, distinguished by the name of purser's, lay\nnear it, in company with an old, blood-stained, worn-out tooth-brush,\nand a shallow pewter wash-hand basin, filled with horridly dirty water.\nFor seats round this table there were no other substitutes than various\nchests of various dimensions.\nOf such sordid penury as I then witnessed I had read, but never supposed\nI should be compelled to witness, much less to share.  Notwithstanding\nthe closeness of this hole, it was excessively cold.  There was not a\nsoul there to welcome me, the petty officers being all away on dockyard\nduty.  It might have been ten o'clock when I was first ushered into this\nregion of darkness, of chill and evil odours.  I remained with my\nsurtout coat on, sitting on my chest with my hands clasped before me,\nstiff with cold, and melancholy almost to tears.  How much then I panted\nfor the breeze that blew over the heathy common where I had lately\nwantoned, leaped, and laughed!\nAs I there sat, I fell into a deep and dream-like reverie.  I could not\nafter a pause convince myself that all I saw around me was real.  The\nlight that the single unsnuffed candle gave, became more dim and smoky.\nI began to think that my spirit had most surely stepped into the\nvestibule of the abode of shadows; and I wished to convince myself that\nmy body was far, far away sleeping in a pure atmosphere, and under a\nfriendly roof.  Minute after minute cropped its weight heavily, like so\nmany pellets of lead, upon my disordered brain.  I became confused--\nperhaps I was nearly upon the point of syncope from the sudden change to\nbad air.  I felt that all I saw about me, if not real, would prove that\nI was mad; and I feared that I should become so if the scene turned out\nto be no illusion.  At last I jumped up, as I felt my stupor and my\nsickness increasing, exclaiming--\"This is hell--and there's the devil!\"\nas I observed a hideous shining black face peering at me over the top of\nthe screen, grinning in such a manner, with a row of white teeth, that\nreminded me of so many miniature tombstones stretching right across a\ndark churchyard.\n\"No debbel, sar--my name, sar, Lillydew--vat you please vant, sar?--\nsteward to young gentlemen, sar.  Will young massa have a lily-white bit\nsoft tommy, sar,--broil him a sodger, sar--bumboat alongside, get a\nfresh herring for relish, sar.\"\n\"Get me a little fresh air--take me upstairs.\"\n\"O Gemminnie! hi! hi! hi!--young gentleman, Massa Johnny Newcome.  This\nway, sar.\"\nConducted by this angel of darkness, I regained the deck and daylight,\nand the nausea soon left my chest and the pain my head.  I then made\nthis reflection, that whatever glory a naval officer may attain, if he\nwent through the ordeal I was about essaying, he richly deserved it.\nThe captain and some of the other officers now came on board.  I was\nintroduced to most of them, and the skipper made himself very merry with\nan account of my recent adventure with the master's mate, who was still\nat the mast-head, as a convincing proof of the accuracy of the story,\nand was plainly distinguishable some half-mile higher up the Medway.\nI soon entered into conversation with one of the young gentlemen who was\ndestined to be, for so long, my messmate.  I told him that the air below\nwould kill me.  He acknowledged that it was bad enough to kill a dog,\nbut that a reefer could stand it.  He also advised me not to have my\nuniforms altered by the ship's tailors, as it would be done in a\nbungling manner; but to get leave to go on shore, and that he would\nintroduce me to a very honest tradesman, who would do me justice.  I\nexpressed my hopes to him, in a dry manner, that he did not belong to\nthe regiment of horse marines.  He understood me, and said, upon his\nhonour, no: that it was all fair and above board; and as a\nrecommendation, which he thought would be irresistible, he added that\nthis tailor had a very pretty daughter, with the very pretty name of\nJemima.\nAs the latter information was very satisfactory evidence as to the skill\nand honesty of the tradesman, I could not be guilty of such a _non\nsequitur_ as not to promise to employ him.  I then told him to make\nhaste and come on shore with me.  I now was made painfully sensible\nthat, before I could enjoy my wishes, a little ceremony was needful; in\nfact, that my powers of locomotion were no longer under my own control,\nexcepting for about one hundred and twenty feet in one direction, and\nabout thirty-five in another.  As I was passing over the starboard side\nof the quarter-deck, to ask leave to go on shore, the captain accosted\nme, and did me the honour to request my company to dinner at his table.\nFinding him in so bland a humour, I preferred my request to live on\nshore till the ship sailed.  He smiled at the enormity of my demand, and\nasked what induced it.  I frankly told him the filth and bad smell of my\naccommodations; and also my wish not to be seen on board until my\nuniforms were complete.\n\"He's an original,\" said the captain to the first-lieutenant, \"but there\nis some sense in his request.  I suppose _you_ have no objection, Mr\nFarmer?  Young gentleman,\" he continued, turning to me, \"you must always\nask the first-lieutenant, in future, for leave.  Mind, don't be later\nthan four o'clock.\"\nMy messmate, with all manner of humility, now made his request, which\nbeing granted, we went down together to my chest, and making a bundle of\nall the clothes that required alteration, we placed that and ourselves\nin a shore-boat, and made our way to the tailor's.  I was there\nintroduced to the lovely Jemima.  She looked like a very pretty doll,\nmodelled with crumbs of white bread; she was so soft, so fair, and so\nunmeaning.  After the order was given, my maker of the outward man\nhazarded a few inquiries, in a manner so kind and so obliging, that\nquite made me lose sight of their impertinence.  When he found that I\nhad leave to remain on shore, and that my pocket-book was far from being\nill-furnished, he expatiated very feelingly upon the exactions of living\nat inns, offered me a bed for nothing, provided only that I would pay\nfor my breakfast, and appoint him my tailor in ordinary; and declared\nthat he would leave no point unturned to make me comfortable and happy.\nAs this conversation took place in the little parlour at the back of the\nshop, Jemima--Miss Jemima--was present, and, as I seemed to hesitate,\nthe innocent-looking dear slily came up beside me, and, taking my hand,\npressed it amorously, stealing at me a look with eyes swimming with a\nstrange expression.  This by-play decided the business.  The agreement\nwas made, the terms being left entirely to Mr Tapes.  Covering my\ninappropriate dress with my blue surtout, I was about leaving with my\nmessmate, when the young lady said to her father, \"Perhaps Mr Rattlin\nwould like to see his room before he goes out?\"\n\"Not particularly.\"\n\"Oh, but you must.  You may come in, and I and the servant may be out.\nThis way--you must not come up, Mr Pridhomme, _your_ boots are so\nabominably dirty.  There, isn't it a nice room?--you pretty, pretty\nboy,\" said she, jumping up, and giving me a long kiss, that almost took\nmy breath away.  \"Don't tell old leather-chops, will you, and I _shall_\nlove you so.\"\n\"Who is old leather-chops--your father?\"\n\"Dear me, no; never mind him.  I mean your messmate, Mr Pridhomme.\"\n\"I'm stepping into life,\" thought I, as I went downstairs, \"and with no\nmeasured strides either.\"\n\"What do you think of Jemima?\" said Mr Pridhomme, as we walked\narm-in-arm towards the ramparts.\n\"Pretty.\"\n\"Pretty!--why she's an angel!  If there was ever an angel on earth, it\nis Jemima Tapes.  But what is mere beauty?  Nothing compared to\nsincerity and innocence--she is all innocence and sincerity.\"\n\"I am glad that you believe so.\"\n\"Believe so--why, look at her!  She is all innocence.  She won't let her\nfather kiss her.\"\n\"Why?\"\n\"She says it is so indelicate.\"\n\"How does she know what is, or what is not, indelicate?\"\n\"Damn it, younker, you'd provoke a saint.  She assures me when she is\nforced to shake hands with a grown-up man, that it actually gives her a\ncold shudder all over.  I don't think that she ever kissed anybody but\nher mother, and that was years ago.\"\n\"Perhaps she does not know how.\"\n\"I'm sure she don't.  If I had a fortune, I'd marry her tomorrow, only\nI'm afraid she's too modest.\"\n\"Your fear is very commendable.  Are the ladies at Chatham so remarkable\nfor modesty?\"\n\"No; and that's what makes Jemima so singular.\"\nI like to make people happy, if they are not so; and if they are, even\nthough that happiness may be the creation of a delusion, I like to leave\nthem so.  I, therefore, encouraged Mr Pridhomme to pour all his\nraptures into, what he thought, an approving ear, and Jemima was the\ntheme, until he left me at the door of the hotel at which I was to dine\nwith Captain Reud.  Whatever the reader may think of Jemima, I was, at\nthis period, perfectly innocent myself, though not wholly ignorant.  I\nshould have deemed Miss Jemima's osculatory art as the mere effect of\nhigh spirits and hoyden playfulness, had it not been for the hypocrisy\nthat she was displaying towards my messmate.  I had translated Gil Blas\nat school, and I therefore set her down for an intrepid coquette, if not\n_une franche aventuriere_.  However, though I pitied my messmate, that\nwas no reason why I should not enjoy my dinner.\nThat day I liked my little saffron-coloured captain much better.  He\nplayed the host very agreeably.  He made as many inquiries as he dared,\nwithout too much displaying his own ignorance, as to the extent of my\nacquirements; and, when he found them so far beyond his expectations, he\nseemed to be struck with a sudden respect for me.  The tone of his\nconversation was more decorous than that of the preceding evening; he\ngave me a great deal of nautical advice, recommended me to the\nprotection particularly of the first and second lieutenants, who were\nalso his guests, approved of my plan of sleeping at the tailor's, and\ndismissed me very early, no doubt with a feeling of pleasure at having\nremoved a restraint; for, as I left the room, I just caught the\nwords--\"Make a damned sea-lawyer, by-and-by.\"\nCHAPTER THIRTY.\nJEALOUSY COOLED BY A WATERING--RALPH EXHORTETH, AND RIGHT WISELY--THE\nBOATSWAIN SEES MANY THINGS IN A NEW LIGHT--AND, THOUGH HE CAUSETH CRABS\nTO BE CAUGHT, HE BRINGETH THEM TO A WRONG MARKET.\nPridhomme had been lying in wait for me, and picked me up as I left the\nhotel.  We went to the theatre, a wretched affair certainly, the\nabsurdities of which I should have much enjoyed, had I not been bored to\ndeath by the eternal Jemima.  That lady was like Jemima and that was\nnot.  Was the person in the blue silk dress as tall as Jemima; or the\nother in the white muslin quite as stout?  Jemima was all he could talk\nabout, till at length, I was so horribly Jemimaed that I almost audibly\nwished Jemima jammed down his throat; but as everything must have an\nend, even when a midshipman talks about Jemima, we, at length, got to\nthe tailor's door, which was opened by the lovely Jemima in _propria\npersona_.  Not a step beyond the step of the door was the lover\nadmitted, whilst the poor wretch was fain to feast on the ecstasies of\nremembering that he was permitted to grasp the tip of her forefinger\nwhilst he sighed forth his fond good-night.\nIn a few days, the _Eos_, being perfectly equipped, dropped down to\nSheerness, and I, for the first time, slept under the roof provided for\nme by his Britannic Majesty.  That is to say, I was coffined and\nshrouded in a longitudinal canvas bag, hung up to the orlop deck by two\ncleats, one at each end, in a very graceful curve, very useful in\nforming that elegant bend in the back so much coveted by the exhibitors\nin Regent Street.\nI had taken a rather sentimental leave of Jemima, who had somehow or\nanother persuaded me to exchange love-tokens with her.  That which I\ngave her was a tolerably handsome writing-desk, which I could not help\nbuying for her, as she had taken a great fancy to it; indeed, she told\nme it had annoyed her for some months, because it stood so provokingly\ntempting in the shop-window just over the way; and besides, \"She should\nbe so--so happy to write me such pretty letters from it.\"  The last\nargument was convincing, and the desk was bought; in return for which\nshe presented me with a very old silver pencil-case--its age, indeed,\nshe gave me to understand, ought to be its greatest value in my eyes--\nshe had had it so long: it was given to her by her defunct mother.  So I\npromised to keep it as long as I lived.  Really, there was no chance of\nmy ever wearing it out by use, for it was certainly quite useless; but\nlove dignifies things so much!  After having split it up by shoving a\npiece of black-lead pencil into it, I put it into my waistcoat pocket,\nsaying to the heiress of the Chatham tailor--\n  \"_Rich_ gifts prove poor when givers prove unkind.\"\n\"Ah, Ralph!\" said the giver of rich gifts, \"I shall never prove unkind.\"\nSo we parted; and as I walked down the street, she waved her hand,\nwhich would have been really white, had she not scored her forefinger in\na most villainous manner by her awkward method of using her needle, when\nher father was short of hands.\nWhen I afterwards heard of Chatham as being the universal _depot_ of\n\"ladies who love wisely and not too well,\" rogues and Jews, I could not\nhelp thinking of my writing-desk, and adding to the list, Jewesses also.\nAbout a week after, we were still lying at Sheerness, and I had totally\nforgotten the innocent-looking Jemima.  Mr Pridhomme was smoking in a\nlover-like and melancholy fashion, against orders, a short pipe in the\nmidshipmen's berth.  As the ashes accumulated, he became at a loss for a\ntobacco-stopper, and I very good-naturedly handed him over the broken,\nbroad-topped, vulgar-looking pencil-case, the gift of the adorable\nJemima.  His apathy, at the sight of this relic of love, dispersed like\nthe smoke of his pipe.\n\"Where did you get this, younker?\" he cried, swelling with passion, in\nthe true turkey-cock style.\n\"It was given to me as a keepsake by Miss Jemima,\" said I, very quietly.\n\"It's a lie--you stole it.\"\n\"You old scoundrel!\"\n\"You young villain!\"\n\"Take that!\" roared my opponent; and the bread-basket, with its\nfragmental cargo of biscuits, came full in my face, very considerately\nputting bread into my mouth for his supposed injury.\n\"Take that!\" said I, seizing the rum-bottle.\n\"No, he sha'n't,\" said Pigtop, the master's mate, laying hold of the\nmuch-prized treasure, \"let him take anything but that.\"\nSo I flung the water-jug at his head.\nWe were just proceeding to handicuffs, when the master-at-arms, hearing\nthe riot, opened the door.  We then cooled upon it, and a truce ensued.\nExplanations followed the truce, and an apology, on his part, the\nexplanation; for which apology I very gladly gave him the pencil-case,\nthat I had promised to keep as long as I lived, and a heartache at the\nsame time.\nThe poor fellow had given the faithful Jemima this mutable love-gift\nthree days before it came into my possession, on which occasion they had\nbroken a crooked sixpence together.  I moralised upon this, and came to\nthe conclusion, that, whatever a tailor might be, a sailor is no match\nfor a tailor's daughter, born and bred up at Chatham.\nNow, I have nothing wherewith to amuse the reader about the mischievous\ntricks that were played upon me in my entrance into my naval life.  The\nclews of my hammock were not reefed.  I was not lowered down by the head\ninto a bucket of cold water, nor sent anywhere with a foolish message by\na greater fool than myself.  The exemptions from these usual\npersecutions I attribute to my robust and well-grown frame; my\ndisposition so easily evinced to do battle on the first occasion that\noffered itself; and, lastly, my well-stocked purse, and the evident\nconsideration shown to me by the captain and the first-lieutenant.\nAs I write as much for the instruction of my readers as for their\namusement, I wish to impress upon them, if they are themselves, or if\nthey know any that are, going to enter into the navy, the necessity, in\nthe first instance, of showing or recommending a proper spirit.  Never\nlet the _debutant_ regard how young or how feeble he may be--he must\nmake head against the first insult--he must avenge the first hoax.  No\ndoubt he will be worsted, and get a good beating; but that one will save\nhim from many hundreds hereafter, and, perhaps, the necessity of\nfighting a mortal duel.  Your certain defeat will be forgotten in the\nadmiration of the spirit that provoked the contest.  And remember, that\nthe person who hoaxes you is always in the wrong, and it depends only\nupon yourself to heap that ridicule upon him that was intended for your\nown head; to say nothing of the odium that must attach to him for the\ncruelty, the cowardice, and the meanness of fighting with a lad weaker\nthan himself.  This I will enforce by a plain fact that happened to\nmyself.  A tall, consequential, thirty-years-old master's mate,\nthreatened to beat me, after the manner that oldsters are accustomed to\nbeat youngsters.  I told him, that if he struck me, I would strike again\nas long as I had strength to stand, or power to lift my hand.  He\nlaughed, and struck me.  I retaliated; it is true that I got a sound\nthrashing; but it was my first and last, and my tyrant got both his eyes\nwell blackened, his cheek swollen--and was altogether so much defaced,\nthat he was forced to hide himself in the sick-list for a fortnight.\nThe story could not be told well for him, but it told for me gloriously;\nindeed, he felt so much annoyed by the whole affair, that he went and\nasked leave to go and mess with the gunner, fairly stating to the\ncaptain that he could not run the risk of keeping order--for he was our\ncaterer--if he had to fight a battle every time he had to enforce it.\nBut I cannot too much caution youngsters against having recourse, in\ntheir self-defence, to deadly weapons.  I am sorry to say, it was too\ncommon when I was in the navy.  It is un-English and assassin-like.  It\nrarely keeps off the tyrant; the knife, the dirk, or whatever else may\nbe the instrument, is almost invariably forced from the young bravo's\nhand, and the thrashing that he afterwards gets is pitiless, and the\nwould-be stabber finds no voice lifted in his favour.  He also gains the\nstigma of cowardice, and the bad reputation of being malignant and\nrevengeful.  Indeed, so utterly futile is the drawing of murderous\ninstruments in little affrays of this sort, that, though I have known\nthem displayed hundreds of times, yet I never knew a single wound to\nhave been inflicted--though many a heavy beating has followed the\natrocious display.  By all means, let my young friends avoid it.\nOn the day before we sailed from Sheerness, the captain had an order\nconveyed to the first-lieutenant to send me away on duty immediately,\nfor two or three hours.  I was bundled into the pinnace with old canvas,\nold ropes, and old blocks, condemned stores to the dock-yard, and, as I\napproached the landing-place appropriated for the use of admirals _in\nposse_, I saw embark from the stairs, exclusively set apart for admirals\nand post-captains _in esse_, my captain and the port-admiral in the\nadmiral's barge, and seated between these two awful personages, there\nsat a civilian, smiling in all the rotundity and fat of a very pleasant\ncountenance, and very plain clothes, and forming a striking contrast to\nthe grim complacency, and the ironbound civility, of the two men in\nuniform.\nThe boat's crew were so much struck with this apparent anomaly--for to\nthem, anything in the civilian's garb to come near an officer, and that\nofficer a naval one, was hardly less than portentous, and argued the\nsaid civilian to be something belonging to the _genus homo_\nextraordinary--and the fat specimen in the boat with the port-admiral,\nthey thought, was one of the lords of the Admiralty, or even Mr Croker\nhimself--the notion of whose dimly-understood attributes was, with them,\nof a truly magnificent nature.  Whoever this person was, he was\ncarefully assisted up the side of our ship, and remained on board for\nabout an hour, whilst we were burning with curiosity and eagerness to be\non board to satisfy it, and forced to do our best to allay this\ntantalising passion, by hauling along tallied bights of rope, and\nrousing old hawsers out, and new hawsers into the boat--a more pleasant\nemployment may be easily imagined for a raw, cold, misty day in winter.\nI regarded all these operations very sapiently, knowing as yet nothing\nof the uses, or even of the names, of the different stores that I was\ndelivering and receiving.  The boatswain was with me, of course: but\nnotwithstanding that I had positive orders not to let the men stray away\nfrom the duty they were performing--as this official told me, after we\nhad done almost everything that we had come on shore to perform, that he\nmust borrow two of the men to go up with him to the storekeeper's\nprivate house, to look out for some strong fine white line with which to\nbowse up the best bower anchor to the spanker-boom-end, when the ship\nshould happen to be too much down by the stern, I could not refuse to\ndisobey my orders upon a contingency so urgent.  And there he left me,\nfor about two hours, shivering in the boat; and, at length, he and the\nmen came down, with very little white line in exchange for his not very\nwhite tie; and truly, they had been bowsing-up something; for Mr\nLushby, the respectable boatswain, told me, with very great\ncondescension, that he was a real officer, whilst I was nothing but a\nliving walking-stick, for the captain to swear at when he was in a bad\nhumour; and that he had no doubt but that I should get mast-headed when\nI got on board, for allowing those two men, who were catching crabs, to\nget so drunk.\nSimilar tricks to this, every young gentleman entering the service must\nexpect--tricks that partake as much of the nature of malice as of fun.\nNow, in the few days that I had been in the service, I very well\nunderstood that the care of the men, as respected their behaviour and\nsobriety, devolved on me, the delivering of old, and the drawing of new\nstores, on the boatswain; yet, for the conduct of those men that he took\nfrom under my eye, I felt that, in justice, he was answerable.  I\ntherefore made no reply to the vauntings and railings of Mr Lushby, but\nhad determined how to act.  The boat came alongside.  There was nobody\non board but the officer of the watch, and Mr Lushby tumbled up the\nside and down the waist in double-quick time, sending the chief\nboatswain's mate and the yeoman of the stores to act as his deputy.  He\ncertainly did his duty in that respect, as two sober deputies are worth\nmore than is a drunken principal.\nHowever, I walked into the gun-room to report myself and boat to the\nfirst-lieutenant.  The officers were at their wine.  I was flattered and\nsurprised at the frank politeness of my reception, and the welcome looks\nthat I received from all.  I was invited to sit, and a glass placed for\nme.  When I found myself tolerably comfortable, and had answered some\nquestions put to me by Mr Farmer, our first-lieutenant, the drift of\nwhich I did not then comprehend, and putting a little wilful simplicity\nin my manner, I asked, with a great deal of apparent innocence, if all\nthe sailors caught crabs when they were drunk.\n\"Catch crabs, Mr Rattlin!\" said Mr Farmer, smiling.  \"Not always; but\nthey are sure to catch something worse--the cat.\"\n\"With white line--how strange!\" said I, purposely misunderstanding the\ngallant officer.  \"Now I know why Mr Lushby took up the two men, and\nwhy all three came down in a state to catch crabs.  I thought that white\nline had something to do with it.\"\n\"Yes, Mr Rattlin, white line has.\"  Mr Farmer then motioned me to stay\nwhere I was, took up his hat, and went on deck.  I need not tell my\nnaval readers that the boatswain was sent for, and the two men placed\naft.  It was certainly a very cruel proceeding towards the purveyor of\nwhite line, who had just turned his cabin into a snuggery, and had taken\nanother round turn, with a belay over all, in the shape of two more\nglasses of half-and-half.  When he found himself on the quarter-deck,\nthough the shades of evening were stealing over the waters--(I like a\npoetical phrase now and then),--he saw more than in broad daylight: that\nis to say, he saw many first-lieutenants, who seemed, with many wrathful\ncountenances, with many loud words, to order many men to see him down\nmany ladders, safely to his cabin.\nThe next morning, this \"real officer\" found himself in a very\nuncomfortable plight; for, with an aching head, he was but too happy to\nescape with a most stinging reprimand: and he had the consolation then\nto learn, that, had he not endeavoured to play upon the _simplicity_ of\nMr Rattlin, he would most surely have escaped the fright and the\nexposure.\nThe simplicity!\nCHAPTER THIRTY ONE.\nANOTHER MYSTERY--ALL OVERJOYED BECAUSE THE \"EOS\" IS UNDER WEIGH; SHE\nWORKS WELL--THROUGH THE WATER--HER OFFICERS THROUGH THEIR WINE--RALPH\nREFRAINETH, AND SELF-GLORIFIETH--A LONG-SHORE MAN MAKES A SHORT STAY ON\nBOARD--BECAUSE HE WON'T GO ON THE WRONG TACK.\nBut I must now explain why I had become so suddenly a favourite in the\nward-room.  The very stout gentleman, who came off with the admiral and\ncaptain, undertook the aquatic excursion on my account.  He made every\ninquiry as to my equipment, my messmates, and my chance of comfort.  Yet\nI, the person most concerned, was sent out of the way, lest by accident\nI should meet with him.  I never knew who he was, nor do I think the\ncaptain did.  My shipmates had their conjectures, and I had mine.  They\ntook him to be what is usually called, not a person, but a personage.  I\nbelieve that he was nothing more than a personage's fat steward, or some\nother menial obesity; for it was very plain that he was ashamed to look\nme in the face! and I understand he gave himself many second-hand airs.\nAnd now we are off in earnest.  The Nore-light is passed; the pilot is\non the hammock nettings.  The breeze takes the sails; the noble frigate\nbends to it, as a gallant cavalier gently stoops to receive the kiss of\nbeauty: the blocks rattle as the ropes fly through them; the sails court\nthe wind to their embrace, now on one side, now on the other.  I stand\non the quarterdeck, in silent admiration at the astonishing effects of\nthis wonderful seeming confusion.  I am pushed here, and ordered there:\nI now jump to avoid the eddy of the uncurling ropes as they fly upwards,\nbut my activity is vain,--a brace now drags across my shins, and now the\nbight of a lee-spanker brail salutes me, not lovingly, across the face.\nThe captain and officers are viewing the gallant vessel with intense\nanxiety, and scrutinising every evolution that she is making.  How does\nshe answer her helm?  Beautifully.  What leeway does she make?  Scarce\nperceptible.  The log is hove repeatedly,--seven, seven-and-a-half,\nclose-hauled.  Stand by, the captain is going to work her himself.  She\nadvances head to the wind bravely, like a British soldier to the\nbreach--she is about! she has stayed within her own length--she has not\nlost her way!  \"Noble! excellent!\" is the scarcely-suppressed cry; and\nthen arose, in the minds of that gallant band of officers, visions of an\nenemy worthy to cope with; of the successful manoeuvre, the repeated\nbroadsides, the struggle, and the victory: their lives, their honour,\nand the fame of their country, they now willingly repose upon her; she\nis at once their home, their field of battle, and their arena of glory.\nSee how well she behaves against that head sea!  There is not a man in\nthat noble fabric who has not adopted her, who has not a love for her;\nthey refer all their feelings to her, they rest all their hopes upon\nher.  The Venetian Doge may wed the sea in his gilded gondola, ermined\nnobles may stand near, and jewelled beauty around him--religion, too,\nmay lend her overpowering solemnities; but all this display could never\nequal the enthusiasm of that morning, when above three hundred true\nhearts wedded themselves to that beauty of the sea, the _Eos_, as she\nworked round the North Foreland into the Downs.\nThe frigate behaved so admirably in all her evolutions, that, when we\ndropped anchor in the roadstead, the captain, to certify his admiration\nand pleasure, invited all the ward-room officers to dine with him, as\nwell as three or four midshipmen, myself among the rest.\nIt was an animated scene, that dinner-party.  The war was then raging.\nSeveral French frigates, of our own size and class, and many much\nlarger, were wandering on the seas.  The republican spirit was blazing\nforth in their crews, and ardently we longed to get among them.  As yet,\nno one knew our destination.  We had every stimulant to honourable\nexcitement, and mystery threw over the whole that absorbing charm that\nimpels us to love and to woo the unknown.\nBut this meeting, at first so rational, and then so convivial, at length\npermitted its conviviality to destroy its rationality.  Men who spoke\nand thought like heroes one hour, the next spoke what they did not\nthink, and made me think what I did not speak.  No one got drunk except\nthe purser, who is always a privileged person; yet they were not the\nsame men as when they began their carouse, nor I the same boy when they\nhad finished it.  On that evening I made a resolution never to touch\nardent spirits, and whilst I was in the navy, that resolution I adhered\nto.  It is a fact; I am known to too many, to make, on this subject, a\nsolemn assertion falsely.  I did not lay the same restriction on wine;\nyet, even that I always avoided, when I could do so without the\nappearance of affectation.  My reason, such as it was, never in the\nslightest degree tottered on her throne, either with a weakness or a\nstrength not her own.  The wine-cup never gladdened or sorrowed me.\nEven when the tepid, fetid, and animalised water was served out to us in\nquantities so minute, that our throats could count it by drops, I never\nsought to qualify its nauseous taste, or increase its quantity, by the\naddition of spirits, when spirits were more plentiful than the\nmuch-courted water.  This trait proves, if it proves nothing else, that\nI had a good deal of that inflexibility of character, which we call in\nothers obstinacy, when we don't like it, firmness, when we do--in\nourselves, always, decision.\nI give the incident that I am about to relate, to show in what way,\nfive-and-twenty years ago, a man-of-war was made the alternative of a\njail; and to prove, generally speaking, of what little use this kind of\nrecruiting was to the service; and, as it made a great impression on me\nat the time, though a little episodical, I shall not hesitate to place\nit before my readers.\nAfter remaining at anchor in the Downs during the night, we sailed next\nmorning down the channel without stopping at Spithead, our ultimate\ndestination being still a profound secret.  As we proceeded, when we\nwere off a part of the coast, the name of which I do not remember, about\nnoonday it fell calm, and the tide being against us, we neared the shore\na little, and came to an anchor.  We had not remained long in our berth\nbefore we descried a shore-boat pulling off to us, which shortly came\nalongside, with a very singular cargo of animals, belonging to the genus\n_homo_.  In the stern-sheets sat a magistrate's clerk, swelling with\nimportance.  On the after-thwart, and facing the Jack in office, were\nplaced two constables, built upon the regular Devonshire, chaw-bacon\nmodel, holding, upright between their legs, each an immense staff;\nheaded by the gilded initials of our sovereign lord the king.\nSeated between these imposing pillars of the state, sat, in tribulation\ndire, a tall, awkward young man, in an elaborately-worked white\nsmock-frock, stained with blood in front and upon the shoulders.  He was\nthe personification of rural distress.  He blubbered _a pleine voix_,\nand lifted up and lowered his handcuffed wrists with a see-saw motion\nreally quite pathetical.  Though the wind had fallen, yet the tide was\nrunning strongly, and there was a good deal of sea, quite enough to make\nthe motion in the boat very unpleasant.  As they held on alongside by\nthe rope, the parties in the stern-sheets began bobbing at each other,\nthe staves lost and resumed, and then lost again, their perpendicular--\nso much, indeed, as to threaten the head of the clerk, whose countenance\n\"began to pale its effectual fire.\"  The captain and many of the\nofficers looking over the gangway, the following dialogue ensued,\ncommenced by the officer of the watch.  \"Shore-boat, ho-hoy!\"\n\"In the name of the king,\" replied the clerk, between many minacious\nhiccoughs, and producing a piece of paper, \"I have brought you a\n_volunteer_, to serve in his Majesty's fleet;\" pointing to the blubberer\nin the smock-frock.\n\"Well,\" said the captain, \"knock off his irons, and hand him up.\"\n\"Dare not, sir--as much as my life is worth.  The most ferocious poacher\nin the country.  Has nearly beaten in the skull of the squire's head\ngamekeeper.\"\n\"Just the sort of man we want,\" said the captain.  \"But you see he can't\nget up the side with his hands fast; and I presume you cannot be in much\ndanger from the volunteer, whilst you have two such staves, held by two\nsuch constables.\"\n\"Yes,\" said the now seriously-affected clerk; \"I do not think that I\nincur much danger from the malefactor, since I am under the protection\nof the guns of the frigate.\"  So, somewhat reassured by this reflection,\nthe brigand of the preserves was unmanacled, and the whole party, clerk,\nconstables, and prisoner, came up the side and made their appearance on\nthe break of the quarter-deck.\nBut this was not effected without much difficulty, and some loss,--a\nloss that one of the parties must have bewailed to his dying day, if it\ndid not actually hasten that awful period.  One of the constables, in\nascending the side, let fall his staff, his much-loved staff, dear to\nhim by many a fond recollection of riot repressed, and evildoer\napprehended, and away it went, floating with the tide, far, far astern.\nHis unmitigated horror at this event was comic in the extreme, and the\nkeeper of the king's peace could not have evinced more unsophisticated\nsorrow than did the late keeper of his conscience at the loss of the\nSeals, the more especially as the magistrate's clerk refused to permit\nthe boat to go in pursuit of it, not wishing the only connecting link\nbetween him and the shore to be so far removed from his control.\nCHAPTER THIRTY TWO.\nTHE VOLUNTEER AND HIS FATE, SHOWING HOW A GREAT ROGUE, NOTWITHSTANDING\nTHAT HE MAY APPEAR TO BE BORN TO BE HUNG, WILL SOMETIMES HAPPEN TO\nDROWN.\nThe group on the quarter-deck was singular and ludicrous.  Reuben\nGubbins, for such was the name of the offender, was the only son of a\nsmall farmer, who, it appeared, had even gone the length of felony, by\nfiring upon and wounding the game-keeper of the lord of the manor.  He\nwas quite six feet high, very awkwardly built, and wore under his frock\na long-tailed blue-coat, dingy buckskin nether garments, and top-boots,\nwith the tops tanned brown by service.  His countenance betrayed a\nmixture of simplicity, ignorance, and strong animal instinct.  He was\nthe least suited being that could be possibly conceived of whom to make\na sailor.  His limbs had been long stiffened by rustic employments, and\nhe had a dread of the sea, and of a man-of-war, horrifying to his\nimagination.  In this dread it was very evident that his companions\nlargely participated, not excepting the pragmatical clerk.  The\nconstable with the staff, and the constable without, ranged themselves\non either side of the still sobbing Arcadian.  Indeed, the staffless\nman, seemed to be but little less overcome than the prisoner.  He felt\nas if all strength, value, and virtue had gone out of him; and ever and\nanon he glared upon the baton of his brother-officer with looks\nfelonious and intent on rapine.\nThe business was soon concluded.  Reuben, rather than see himself tried\nfor his life, determined to make trial of the sea, and thus became,\nperhaps, the most unwilling volunteer upon record.\nPoor fellow! his sufferings must have been great!  The wild animal of\nthe forest, when pining, for the first time, in a cage, or the weary\nland-bird, blown off, far away upon the restless sea, could not have\nbeen more out of their elements than tall and ungainly Reuben Gubbins on\nthe deck of his Majesty's ship _Eos_.  I do not know how it was, for I\nam sure that I ought to have despised him for his unmanly and incessant\nweeping,--I knew that he had offended the laws of his country,--yet,\nwhen the great lout went forward disconsolately, and sat himself down,\namidst the derision of the seamen, upon a gun-carriage on the\nforecastle, I could not help going and dispersing the scoffers, and felt\nannoyingly inclined to take his toil-embrowned hand, sit down beside,\nand cry with him.  However, I did not so far commit myself.  But a few\nhours afterwards I was totally overcome.\nStrict orders were given not to allow Gubbins to communicate with anyone\nfrom the shore.  A little before dusk, there was a boat ordered by the\nsentinels to keep off, that contained, besides the sculler, a\nrespectable-looking old man, and a tall, stout, and rather handsome\nyoung woman.  Directly they caught the eye of Reuben, he exclaimed,\n\"Woundikins! if there bean't feyther and our sister Moll.\"  And running\naft, and putting his hat between his knees, he thus addressed the\nofficer of the watch, \"Please, Mr Officer, zur, there's feyther and our\nMoll.\"\n\"Well!\"\n\"Zur, mayn't I go and have my cry out with 'em, for certain I ha'\nbehaved mortal bad?\"\n\"Against orders.\"\n\"But, sure-ly, you'll let him come up to comfort loike his undutiful\nson.\"\n\"No, no; impossible.\"\n\"Whoy, lookee there, zur,--that's feyther with the white hair, and\nthat's sister crying like mad.  Ye can no' ha' the hard heart.\"\n\"Silence! and go forward.\"\nI looked over the side, and there I saw the old man standing up\nreverently, with his hat in one hand, and a bag, apparently full of\nmoney in the other.  Undoubtedly, the simple yeoman had supposed that\nmoney could either corrupt the captain, or buy off the servitude of his\nguilty son.  It was a fine old countenance, down the sides of which that\nsilver hair hung so patriarchally and gracefully; and there that poor\nold man stood, bowing in his wretchedness and his bereavement, with his\nmoney extended, to every officer that he could catch a glimpse of as his\nhat or head appeared above the hammock-nettings or the bulwarks.  The\ngrief of his sister was commonplace and violent; but there was a depth\nand a dignity in that of the old man that went to my very heart.  I\ncould not help going up to the lieutenant, and entreating him to grant\nthe interview.\n\"It won't do, Mr Rattlin.  Don't you know that the fellow was put on\nboard with `CP' before his name?  I anticipate what you are going to\nsay; but humanity is a more abstract thing than you are aware of, and\norders must be obeyed.\"\n\"But, zur,\" said Gubbins, who had again approached, \"I can see that\nfeyther has forgi'en me, and he's the mon I ha' most wronged, arter all.\nBesides, sistur wull break her heart if she doan't say `Good-bye,\nReuben'--if feyther has made it up, sure other folk mought be koind.\nOh, ay--but I've been a sad fellow!\"  And then he began to blubber with\nfresh violence.\nThe officer was a little moved--he went to the gangway, hailed the boat,\nand when she came near enough, he told the old farmer, kindly, that his\norders to prevent personal communication were strict; that any parcel or\nletter should be handed up, but that he would do well not to let his\nreprobate son have any money.  During this short conference, Reuben had\nplaced himself within sight of his relatives, and the sacred words of\n\"My father,\" \"My son,\" were, in spite of all orders, exchanged between\nthem.  By this time the tide had turned, the wind had risen, and\nprecisely from the right quarter; so the hands were turned up, \"up\nanchor.\"  The orders for the boat to keep off were now reiterated in a\nmanner more imperative; but it still hung about the ship, and after we\nwere making way, as long as the feeble attempts of the boatman could\nkeep his little craft near us, the poor old man and his daughter, with a\nconstancy of love that deserved a better object, hung upon our wake, he\nstanding up with his white hair blown about by the wind, to catch a last\nglimpse of a son whom he was destined to see no more, and who would,\nwithout doubt, as the Scripture beautifully and tenderly expresses it,\n\"bring down his grey hairs with sorrow to the grave.\"\nLong, long after the stolid and sullen son had ceased, apparently, to\ninterest himself about the two that were struggling after us, in their\nreally frail boat, I watched from the taffrail the vain and loving\npursuit; indeed, until the darkness and the rapidly-increasing distance\nshrouded it from my view, I did not leave my post of observation, and\nthe last I could discern of the mourners still showed me the old man\nstanding up, in the fixed attitude of grief, and the daughter with her\nface bent down upon her knees.  To the last, the boat's head was still\ntowards the ship--a touching emblem of unswerving fatherly love.\nI could not away with the old man's look, it was so wretched, so\nhelpless, yet so fond--and was typed to my fancy so strongly by his\nlittle boat pursuing, with a hopeless constancy over waves too rough for\nit, the huge and disregarding ship; so, with my breast full, even to\nsuffocation with mingled emotions, I went down to my berth, and, laying\nmy head upon the table, and covering my face with my hands, I pretended\nto sleep.  The cruel torture of that half-hour!  I almost thought the\npoacher, with all his misery, still blessed in having a father's\nlove--'twas then that I felt intensely the agony of the desertion of my\nown parent--the love that had been denied to me to give to my own\nfather, I lavished upon the white-headed old man.  In imagination I\nreturned with him to his desolate home; I supported his tottering steps\nover the threshold, no longer musical with an only son.  I could fancy\nmyself placing him tenderly and with reverence in his accustomed chair,\nand speaking the words of comfort to him in a low voice, and looking\nround for his family Bible--and the sister, doubtless she had many\nsources of consolation; youth was with her--life all before her--she had\ncompanions, friends, perhaps a lover; but,--for the poor old man!  At\nthat moment, I would have given up all my anticipations of the splendid\ncareer that I fancied I was to run, in order to have gone and have been\nunto the bereaved sire as a son, and to have found in him a father.\nBut nobody could make a sailor of Reuben Gubbins, and Reuben had no idea\nof making a sailor of himself.  It was in vain that the boatswain's mate\ndocked the long tails of his blue coat (such things were done in the\nnavy at that time), razeed his top-boots into seamen's shoes, and that\nhe had his smock-frock reduced into a seaman's shirt.  The soil hung\nupon him, he slouched over the deck, as if he were walking over the\nfurrows of ploughed land, and looking up into the rigging, as if he saw\na cock-pheasant at roost upon the rattlins.  Moreover, he could talk of\nnothing else excepting \"feyther,\" and \"our Moll,\" and he really ate his\nbread (_subintellige_ biscuit) moistened with his tears (if tears can\nmoisten such flinty preparations), for he was always whimpering.  For\nthe sake of the fit of romance that I felt for his father, I took some\nkind notice of this yokel afloat.  I believe, as much as it lay in his\nnature, he was grateful for it, for to everyone else on board he was the\nconstant butt.\nMr Farmer, our first-lieutenant, was a smart and somewhat exacting\nofficer.  He used to rig the smoke-sail some twelve feet high, across\nthe mizzen-mast, and make the young gentlemen just caught, and the boys\nof the ship, lay out upon it, in order that they might practice furling\nafter a safe method.  At first, nothing could persuade Reuben to go a\nsingle step up the rigging--not even the rope's-end of the boatswain's\nmate.  Now this delicacy was quite at variance with Mr Farmer's ideas;\nso, in order to overcome it by the gentlest means in the world, Reuben\nhad the option given him of being flogged, or of laying out on the\nsmoke-sail yard, just to begin with, and to get into the way of it.  It\nwas a laughable thing to see this huge clown hanging with us boys on the\nthin yard, and hugging it as closely as if he loved it.  He had a\nperfect horror of getting to the end of it.  At a distance, when our\nsmoke-sail yard was _manned_; we looked like a parcel of larks spitted,\nwith one great goose in the midst of us.  \"Doey, get beyond me, zur;\ndoey, Mr Rattlin,\" he would say.  \"Ah! zur, I'd climb with any bragger\nin this ship for a rook's nest, where I ha' got a safe bough to stand\nupon; but to dance upon this here see-sawing line, and to call it a\nhorse, too, ben't Christian loike.\"\nBut his troubles were soon to cease.  He was made a waister, and, at\nfurling sails stationed on the main yard.  I will anticipate a little\nthat we may have done with him.  The winter had set in severely, with\nstrong gales, with much frost and snow.  We were not clear yet of the\nchops of the Channel, and the weather became so bad, that it was found\nnecessary to lie-to under try-sails and close-reefed main-top sail.\nAbout two bells in the first dog-watch the first-lieutenant decided upon\nfurling the main-sail.  Up on the main-yard Reuben was forced to go; he\nwent to leeward, and the seamen, full of mischief; kept urging him\nfurther and further away from the bunt.  I was with one of the oldsters\nin the maintop; the maintop-sail had just been close-reefed.  I had a\nfull view of the lads on the main-yard, and the terror displayed in\nReuben's face was at once ludicrous and horrible.  It was bitterly cold,\nthe rigging was stiffened by frost, and the cutting north-east wind came\ndown upon the men on the lee-yard-arm out of the belly of the topsail\nwith tremendous force, added to which, the ship, notwithstanding the\npressure of the last-mentioned sail, surged violently, for there was a\nheavy though a short sea.  The farmer's son seemed to be gradually\npetrifying with fear: he held on upon a fold of the sail instinctively,\nwithout at all assisting to bundle it up.  He had rallied all his\nenergies into his cramped and clutching fingers.  As I looked down upon\nhim, I saw that he was doomed.  I would have cried out for assistance,\nbut I knew that my cry would have been useless, even if I had been able,\nthrough the roar of the winds and the waters, to have made it heard.\nBut this trying situation could not last long.  The part of the sail on\nwhich Reuben had hung, with what might be truly termed his death-clutch,\nwas wanted to be rolled in with the furl, and, by the tenacity of his\ngrasp, he impeded the operation.\n\"Rouse up, my lads, bodily, to windward,\" roared the master's mate,\nstationed at the bunt of the sail.\n\"Let go, you lubber,\" said the sailor next to windward of Reuben, on the\nyard.\nReuben was now so lost, that he did not reply to the man even by a look.\n\"Now, my lads, now: one, two, three, and a ---.\"  Obedient to the call\nof the officer, with a simultaneous jerk at the sail, the holdfast of\nthe stupid peasant was plucked from his cracking fingers; he fell back\nwith a loud shriek from the yard, struck midway on the main rigging, and\nthence bounding far to leeward in the sea, disappeared, and for ever,\namid the white froth of the curling wave, that lapped him up greedily.\nHe never rose again.  Perhaps, in her leeway, the frigate drifted over\nhim--and thus the violated laws of his country were avenged.  I must\nconfess, that I felt a good deal shocked at the little sensation this\n(to me) tragical event occasioned.  But we get used to these things, in\nthis best of all possible worlds; and if the poacher died unwept,\nunknelled, unprayed for, all that can be said of the matter is--that\nmany a better man has met with a worse fate.\nCHAPTER THIRTY THREE.\nSYMPTOMS OF SICKNESS, NOT OF THE SEA, BUT OF THE LAND BEYOND IT--OUR\nM.D. WISHES TO WRITE DIO, AND PREPARES ACCORDINGLY--RALPH IS ABOUT TO\nREAP HIS FIRST MARINE LAURELS ON THE ROCKS OF COVE.\nI do not get on with this life at all.  I have not yet reached the Cove\nof Cork.  Clap on more sail.  It is bitterly cold, however, and here we\nare now safely moored in one of the petals of the \"first flower of the\nsea.\"\nIn making this short passage, Captain Reud was very affable and\ncommunicative.  He could talk of nothing but the beautiful coast of\nLeghorn; the superb bay of Naples; pleasant trips to Rome; visits to\nTripoli; and other interesting parts on the African coast; and, on the\nvoluptuous city of Palermo, with its amiable ladies and incessant\nfestivities--he was quite as eloquent as could reasonably be expected\nfrom a smart post-captain of four-and-twenty.\nWe were all in a fool's paradise.  For myself; I was enraptured.  I was\ncontinually making extracts from Horace, Virgil, and other school-books,\nthat I still carried with me, which referred, in the least, to those\nplaces that we were at all likely to see.  But visions of this land of\npromise, of this sea, flowing with gentle waves and rich prizes, were\nsoon dispersed before a sad reality, that, without the aid of the biting\nweather, now made most of the officers and men look blue, so soon as our\nanchors had nipped the ground of the Green Island.  We found ourselves\nin the middle of a convoy of more than two hundred vessels of all\ndescriptions, that the experienced immediately knew to be West Indiamen.\nThe sarcastic glee with which Captain Reud rubbed his skinny, yellow\nhands, when he ordered additional sentries, and a boat to row guard\nround the ship from sunset to sunrise, weather permitting, to prevent\ndesertion, gave me a strong impression of the malignity of his\ndisposition.  Certainly, the officers, from the first lieutenant\ndownwards, looked, when under the influence of the first surprise, about\nas sage as we may conceive did those seven wise men of Gotham, who put\nto sea in a bowl.  Some of them had even exchanged into the ship, for\ncertain unlawful considerations, because she was so fine a frigate, and\nthe captain possessed so much interest, being a very near and dear\nrelation of the then treasurer of the navy.  With this interest they\nthought, of course, that he would have the selection of his own station.\nAnd so he had.  They either did not know, or had forgotten, that\nCaptain Reud was a West Indian creole, and that he had large patrimonial\nestates in Antigua.\n\"Not loud but deep,\" were the curses in the gun-room, but both \"loud and\ndeep\" were those in the midshipman's berth, for the denizens thereof\nwere never proverbial for the niceties of their expressions, when the\napalling certainty broke on the comminators, of three years' roasting in\nthe West Indies, with accompaniments of misgivings about Yellow Jack,\nand the palisades, merely because the captain wished to go and see why\nthe niggers did not make quite so much sugar and rum as they used to do.\nBut, after all, we had a sage ship's company, officers included, for\nthere was scarcely a man in the ship, who, after our destination was\nascertained, did not say, \"Well, I thought as much;\" and they derived\nmuch consolation from the consciousness of their foresight.\nThe knowledge of our station had a most decided effect upon two of our\nofficers, the master and surgeon; the former of whom, a weather-beaten,\nold north-countryman, who had been all his life knocking about the north\nsea, and our channels at home, immediately gave himself up for lost.  He\nmade his will, and took a decidedly serious turn.\nBut there was another person, who viewed the West India station not\nreligiously like our master, or joyously like our captain, or\ngrumblingly like the marine officer, or despitefully like all the\nlieutenants, or detestedly like my messmates, or indifferently like\nmyself.  He took the matter into consideration discreetly, and so, in\norder to enjoy a long life, he incontinently fell sick unto death.  Of\ncourse he knew, more than any man on board, how ill he was, for he was\nthe doctor himself.  He was not merely a naval surgeon, but a regular\nM.D., and with an English diploma.  He could appreciate, as much as any\nman, the value of life; and hard indeed did he struggle to preserve the\nmeans of prolonging it.  He was a short, round, and very corpulent\nperson, with a monstrously large and pleasantly-looking face, with a\nvery high colour--a colour not the flush of intemperance, but the glow\nof genuine health.  This vast physiognomy was dug all over with holes;\nnot merely pock-marks, but pock-pits.  Indeed, his countenance put you\nin mind of a vast tract of gravelly soil on a sunny day, dug over with\nholes; it was so red, so cavernous, and withal, so bright.  I need not\nmention that he was a _bon vivant_, a most joyous, yet a most discreet\none.  Even on board of ship he contrived to make his breakfasts dinners,\nhis dinners feasts, and his suppers, though light delicacies.  He was no\nmean proficient in the culinary art, and as refined a gourmand as the\ndear departed Dr Kitchener--a man, to whose honour I have a great mind\nto devote an episode, and would do so, were not my poor shipmate, Dr\nThompson, just now waiting for me to relieve him from his illness.\nNo sooner did our clever medical attendant understand his destination,\nthan he sent away his plate untouched at dinner--refused his wine--\ntalked movingly of broken constitutions, a predisposition to anasarea,\nand the deceitful and dangerous appearances of florid health.  At\nsupper, he pronounced himself a lost man, held out his brawny fist to\nwhomsoever would choose to feel his pulse, and sent for the first\nassistant-surgeon to make him up a tremendous quantity of prescriptions,\nto be exhibited the ensuing night--to whatever fish might be so\nunfortunate as to be swimming alongside.  After this display, and whilst\nhe was languidly sipping a tumbler of barley-water, the Honourable Mr\nB, our junior luff, was loud in his complaints of being, what he called,\nfairly entrapped; when Dr Thompson, in a feeble and tremulous voice,\nread him a long lecture on patriotism, obedience to the dictates of\nduty, and self-devotion, finishing thus:--\"By Heaven, show me the man\nthat flinches from his duty, and I'll show you whatever may be his\noutward bearing, a craven at heart!  I am very ill--I feel that I am\nfast sinking into a premature grave--but what of that.  I should be but\ntoo happy if I could make my dying struggles subservient to my country.\nMy body, Mr Farmer--Mr Wade, this poor temple of mine contains an\ninsidious enemy--a strange, a dreadful, and a wasting disease.  It is\nnecessary for the sake of medical science, for my country's good, for\nthe health of the world at large, that my death, which will speedily\nhappen, should take place in England, in order that after dissolution I\nmay be dissected by the first operators, viewed by the most intelligent\nof the faculty, and thus another light be placed on the present dark\npaths of curative knowledge.  My symptoms are momentarily growing worse.\nGentlemen, messmates, friends, I must leave you for the night, and too\nsoon, I fear, for ever; but never shrink your duty.  If they be the last\nwords that I shall utter to you--humble though I be--I may venture to\nhold myself up to you as a pattern of self-devotion.  God bless you\nall--good night--and never shirk your duty.\"\nOf course, the company to whom this was addressed, were infinitely\namused at this display, and the third-lieutenant observed mournfully,\n\"Now there's no chance for me.  The fat rogue is going to invalid\nhimself.  I suppose that I need not trouble my liver to be diseased just\nnow, for the hypocrite won't allow another man in the ship to be sick\nbut himself.\"\nThe gentlemen guessed rightly.  All the next day Dr Thompson kept his\ncot, and was duly reported to the captain as dangerously ill.  Now, our\nfirst-lieutenant was a noble, frank, yet sensible and shrewd fellow, and\nthe captain was as mischief-loving, wicked little devil, as ever grinned\nover a spiteful frolic.  They held a consultation upon the case, and\nsoon came to a more decided opinion on it, than the gentlemen of the\nfaculty generally do on such occasions.  Now, whilst the doctor is\nplotting to prove himself desperately and almost hopelessly sick, and\nthe captain and Mr Farmer, to make him suddenly well, in spite of\nhimself I shall take the opportunity of displaying my own heroic deeds,\nwhen placed in the first independent command ever conferred upon me.\nJason, with his Argonauts, went to bear away the Golden Fleece;\nColumbus, and his heroes, to give a world to the sovereign of Spain; and\nI, with two little boys, pushed out of the Cove perilously to procure\nsome sand in the dingy.  Nothing elevates a biography like appropriate\ncomparison.  But I doubt whether either Jason or Columbus felt a more\nenthusiastic glow pervade their frames when each saw himself fairly\nunder sail for unknown seas than I did when I seized the tiller of the\ndinghy, which was, by the bye, a stick not at all bigger than that which\nI had, not many months before, used in trundling my hoop.\nCHAPTER THIRTY FOUR.\nA LITTLE BOAT WITH A LARGE CARGO--WORSE THAN THE DRIFT OF A DULL\nARGUMENT, RALPH FINDS DRIFTING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC--HE MEETS WITH LAND\nAT LENGTH, AND A REAL IRISH WELCOME--POTATOES AND POTEEN, AND MUCH MORE\nFUR THAN FURNITURE.\nBut this little boat, as it so often bore Caesar and his fortunes, and\nour surgeon and his fat, deserves and shall have a more than passing\nnotice.  It was perhaps one of the smallest crafts that ever braved the\nseas.  Such a floating miniature you may have conceived Gulliver to be\nplaced in, when he was sighed across the tub of water by his Brobdignag\nprincess.  Woefully and timorously, many's the time and oft did the\nobese doctor eye it from the gangway; when asking for a boat, the\nfirst-lieutenant, smiling benignantly, would reply, \"Doctor, take the\ndinghy.\"  It was all that the dinghy could do, to take the doctor.  Then\nthe care with which he gently deposited himself precisely in the centre\nof the very small stern-sheets, would have afforded a fine moral lesson\nto those who pretend to watch over the safety of states.  As the little\ncraft, laden with this immense pharmacopoeian depositary, hobbled over\nthe seas, it seemed almost to progress upright, and \"walked the waters\nlike a thing of life;\" for it had a shrewd likeness to a young monkey\nlearning to go upright, with its two long arms steadying its uncertain\ngait, the oars making all this resemblance.  Indeed, it was so\ndiminutive, that it often kept up the two boys that belonged to it from\nthe fresh as well as the salt water, they clapping it over their heads,\nby way of an umbrella, whenever the clouds poured down a libation too\nliberal.  To those curious in philology I convey the information, that\nin the word _dinghy_, the g was pronounced hard.  This explanation is\nalso necessary to do justice to the pigmy floater, as it was always\npainted in the gayest colours possible.  It was quite a pet of the\nfirst-lieutenant's.  Indeed, he loved it so much, that he took care\nnever to oppress it with his own weight.\nThe Cove of Cork is a fine harbour, entered by the means of a somewhat\nnarrow straight.  I have forgotten the names of all the headlands and\npoints, and I am so sick of Irish affairs that I do not choose to go\ninto the next room and get the map to refer to, for on it there is\nscarcely a spot that could meet my eye, that would not give rise to\ndisagreeable associations.  So I prefer writing from memory, magic\nmemory, that gives me now the picture of five-and-twenty years ago, all\ngreen, and fresh, and beautiful.\nOn entering the Cove, there were on the left hand of the strait\nfortifications and military barracks.  Beyond these, to the seaward, and\njust on the elbow of the land that formed the entrance to the strait,\nour first-lieutenant discovered from the taffrail of the frigate, a\nwhite patch of sand.  The rest of the shore was rocky, iron-bound, and\nunapproachable from the sea.  Mr Farmer took me aft, pointed out to me\nthe just visible spot, told me to fetch off as much sand as the dinghy\ncould bear, and return with all expedition.  Proud of the commission,\nabout four p.m., the tide running out furiously, I ordered the\n_dinghies_ to be piped away, and walking down the side with due dignity,\nwith a bucket and a couple of spades, we pushed off, and soon reached\nthe spot.  The boat was loaded, but in the meantime the tide had left,\nand, light and small as she was, three little boys could not launch her\ntill almost all the sand had been returned to its native soil.  All this\noccupied much time.  It was nearly dusk when we got her afloat, and the\nwind had got up strongly from off the land.  It came on to rain, and we\nhad not got far from the shore before the tide swept us clean out into\nthe Atlantic.  We were shortly in a situation sufficiently perilous for\nthe heroic.  There we were, three lads, whose united years would not\nhave made up those of a middle-aged man, in a very little boat, in a\nvery high sea, with a strong gale that would have been very favourable\nfor us, if we had wished to steer for New York.  As we could not make\nhead at all against the combined strength of an adverse wind, tide, and\nsea, we left off pulling, and threw all the sand out of the boat.  We\nknew the tide would turn, we hoped that the sea might go down, and\ntrusted that the wind would change.  Before it was quite dark we had\nlost sight of the land, and I began to feel a little uncomfortable, as\nmy boat's crew from stem to stern (no great distance) assured me that we\nshould certainly be swamped.  In this miserable position of our affairs,\nand when we should have found ourselves very cold, if we had not been so\nhungry, and very hungry if we had not been so cold, an Hibernian\nmercantile vessel passed us, laden with timber and fruit, viz. potatoes\nand birch-brooms, and they very kindly and opportunely threw us a\ntow-rope.  This drogher, that was a large, half-decked, cutter-rigged\nvessel, made great way through the water, and, as we were dragged after\nher, we were nearly drowned by the sea splashing over us, and, had it\nnot been for our sand-bucket, it is probable that we should have filled.\nIn the state of the sea, to get on board the drogher from the dinghy,\nwas an operation too dangerous to be attempted.\nBut before this assistance came, what were my feelings?  No situation\ncould be more disconsolate, and, apparently, more hopeless.  Does not\nthe reader suppose that there was a continual fishing through my bosom\nof agonised feelings?  Can he not understand that visions of my\nlately-forsaken green play-ground came over the black and massive waves,\nand seemed to settle on them as in mockery?  But were I to dilate upon\nthese horrors, would he not weary of them?  Had I been the son of a king\nthus situated, or even the acknowledged offspring of a duke, there might\nhave been sympathy.  But the newly-emancipated schoolboy, drowned with\ntwo lads just drafted from the Marine Society, in a small boat off the\nIrish coast, may be thought a melancholy occurrence, but involving\nnothing of particular interest.  I see my error: if I wish to create an\neffect, I must first prove that I am the son of a duke or a king.  I\nhave begun at the wrong end.\nHowever, let the reader sneer as he will at my predicament, there was\nsomething sublime in the scene around me.  The smallness of the craft\nmagnified the greatness of the waves.  I literally enjoyed the\ninteresting situation which naval writers, who are not nautical, of\n\"seas running mountains high,\" so rejoice to describe.  One wave on\neither hand bounded my horizon.  They were absolutely mountain waves to\nme; and when our little walnut-shell got on the top of one, it is no\ngreat stretch of metaphor to say, that we appeared ascending to the\nclouds.  We could not look down upon one wave, until we were fairly on\nthe back of another.  Now, in a vessel of tolerable size, let the sea\nrage at its worst, from the ship's decks you always look down upon it,\nexcepting now and then, when some short-lived giant will poke up its\novergrown head.  But I must remember that I am in tow of the potato\ncraft.\nThough she lay well up for the harbour's mouth, she could not fetch it,\nso she tacked and tacked again, until nearly ten o'clock, at which time\nwe in the dinghy were half frozen, and almost wholly drowned.  The moon\nwas now up, though partially obscured by flying rack, and in making a\nland board, the honest Pat, in the command of the sloop, shortened the\ntow-rope, and hailed us, telling us when we were well abreast of a\nlittle sandy bight, to cast off, pull in, and haul up our boat above\nhigh-water mark.  We took his advice, and, without much difficulty,\nfound ourselves once more on terra firma.\nI cannot help, in this place, making the reflection of the singular\nevents that the erratic life of a sailor produces.  Here were evidently\nthree lives saved, among which was that of the future paragon of\nreefers, and neither the saved nor the saviours knew even the names, or\nsaw distinctly the faces of each other.  How many good and brave actions\nwe sailors do, and the careless world knows nothing about them.  The\nsailor's life is a series of common-place heroisms.\nWell, here we are, landed on the coast of Ireland, but in what part we\nknew not, and with every prospect of passing the night under the\ngrandest, but, in winter, the most uncomfortable roof in the world.  The\ntwo lads begged for leave to go up and look for a house; but, as I had\nmade up my mind that if a loss took place, we should be all lost\ntogether, I would not run the risk of _losing_ my boat's crew, and\n_finding_ myself--alone.  I refused my consent, telling them that it was\nmy duty to stay by my boat, and theirs to stay by me.  Now this was\ntolerably firm, considering the ducking that I had enjoyed, and the\nhunger, cold, and weariness that I was then enjoying--enjoying? yes,\nenjoying.  Surely I have as much right to enjoy them if I like as the\nladies and gentlemen of this metropolis have to enjoy bad health.\nBut this epicene state of enjoyment was not long to last.  A\nfresh-coloured native, with a prodigious breadth of face, only to be\nsurpassed by his prodigious breadth of shoulders, approached, and\naddressed us in a brogue so strong, that it would, like the boatswain's\ngrog, have floated a marlin-spike, and in a stuttering so thick, that a\nhorn spoon would have stood upright in it.  The consequence was, that\nthough fellow-subjects, we could not understand each other.  So he went\nand brought down with him a brawny brother, who spoke \"Inglis illigantly\nanyhow.\"  Well, the proverbial hospitality of the Irish suffered no\ninjury in the persons of my Irish friends.  A pressing invitation to\ntheir dwelling and to their hospitality was urged upon us in terms, and\nwith looks, that I felt were the genuine offspring of kindness and\ngenerosity of soul.  But I still demurred to leave my boat.  When they\nunderstood the full force of my objection, my frieze-coated friend, who\nspoke the \"illigant Inglis,\" explained.\n\"O, by Jasus, and ain't she welcome intirely?  Come along ye little\nundersized spalpeen with your officer, won't you?\"\nAnd, before I could well understand what they were about, the two\n\"jontlemen\" had taken up his Majesty's vessel under my command, had\nturned it bottom up with several shakes, to clear it of the water and\nsand, and with as little difficulty as a farmer's boy would have turned\nupside down a thrush's cage, in order to cleanse it.  After this\noperation had been performed, they righted it, and one laying hold of\nthe bow, and the other the stern, they swung it between them, as two\nwasherwomen might a basket of dirty clothes.  I must confess that I was\na great deal mortified at seeing my command treated thus slightingly,\nwhich mortification was not a little increased by an overture that they\nkindly made to me, saying, that if I were at all tired, they would, with\nall the pleasure in the world, carry me in it.  I preferred walking.\nOfficer, boat's crew, guides, boats and oars, proceeded in this manner\nfor more than half a mile up into the country.  At length, by the\nmoonlight, I discovered a row of earthy mounds, that I positively, at\nfirst, thought was a parcel of heaps such as I had seen in England,\nunder which potatoes are buried for the winter.\nI was undeceived, by being welcomed to the town of some place, dreadful\nin \"as,\" and \"ghas,\" and with a name so difficult to utter, that I could\nnot pronounce it when I attempted, and which, if I had ever been so\nfortunate to retain, I should, for my own comfort, have made haste to\nforget.\nI hope that the \"finest pisintry in the world\" are better located now\nthan they were a quarter of a century ago, for they are, or were, a fine\npeasantry, as far as physical organisation can make them, and deserve at\nleast to be housed like human beings; but what I saw, when on that night\nI entered the mud edifice of my conductors, made me start with\nastonishment.  In the first place, the walls were mud all through, and\nas rough on the inside as the out.  There was actually no furniture in\nit of any description; and the only implement I saw, was a large\nglobular iron pot, that stood upon spikes, like a carpenter's\npitch-kettle, which pot, at the moment of my entrance, was full of hot,\nrecently boiled, unskinned, fine mealy praties.  Round this there might\nhave been sitting some twelve or fourteen persons of both sexes, and\nvarious ages, none above five-and-twenty.  But it must be remembered,\nthat the pot was upon the earth, and the earth was the floor, and the\ncircle was squatted round it.  At the fire-place, each on a three-legged\nstool, sat an elderly man and woman.  These stools the fastidious may\ncall furniture if they please; but were any of my readers placed upon\none of them, so rough and dirty were they, that he or she must have been\nvery naughty, did not the stool of repentance prove a more pleasant\nresting-place.\nAmong the squatted circle there were a bandy-legged drummer, and a\nblotched-faced fifer, from the adjacent barracks, both in their\nregimentals.  They rose, and capped to my uniform.  We were welcomed\nwith shouts of congratulations.  My boat was brought in, and placed\nbottom-up along one side of the hovel, and immediately the keel was\noccupied by a legion of poultry, and half a score of pigs, little and\nbig, were at the same time to be seen dubbing their snouts under the\ngunnel, on voyages of alimentary discovery.  I was immediately pulled\ndown between two really handsome lasses in the circle; and, with\nsomething like savage hospitality, had my cheeks stuffed with the\nburning potatoes.\nNever was there a more hilarious meeting.  I and my Tom Thumb of a boat,\nand my minikin crew, I could well understand, though my hosts spoke in\ntheir mother tongue, were the subjects of their incessant and\nuncontrollable bursts of laughter.  But with all this, they were by no\nmeans rude, and showed me that sort of respect that servants do to the\npetted child of their master: that is to say, they were inclined to be\nvery patronising, and very careful of me, in spite of myself; and to\nhumour me greatly.  My two boys, whom I have so often dignified with the\nimposing title of my boat's crew, though treated with less or no respect\nat all, were welcomed in a manner equally kind.\nCHAPTER THIRTY FIVE.\nRALPH FIGURETH AT A BALL, EXCELLETH, AND AFTERWARDS SLEEPETH--HE\nRETURNETH ON BOARD, AND HATH BOTH HIS TOILS AND HIS SAND UNDERVALUED,\nAND THUS DISCOVERETH THE GRATITUDE OF FIRST-LIEUTENANTS.\nNot yet having sufficiently Hibernised my taste to luxuriate on\nRaleigh's root, plain, with salt, I begged them to procure me something\nmore placable to an English appetite.  I gave money to my hosts, and\nthey procured me eggs and bacon.  I might also have had a fowl, but I\ndid not wish to devour guests to whom on my boat's keel I had given such\nrecent hospitality.  They returned me my full change, and, though there\nwas more than enough of what they cooked for me to satisfy myself and\nboys, they would not partake of the remains, until I assured them, that\nif they did not I would throw them away.  At this intimation they\ndisappeared in a twinkling.\nThen came the whiskey--the real dew.  I never touched it.  I have before\nstated, that for three years I abstained from all spirituous liquors.\nMy lads had made no such resolution.  The big iron pot was now, like an\nhonest old sailor that had done his duty, kicked aside the corner; the\ndrummer and fifer seating themselves on the keel of the inverted dinghy,\nand struck up a lilt, and:--\n  \"Off they went so gaily O!\"\nMore lads and lasses came in, and jigs and reels succeeded each other\nwith such rapidity, that, notwithstanding the copious supplies of\nwhiskey, the drummer's arms failed him, and the fifer had almost blown\nhimself into an atrophy.  Did I dance?  To be sure I did, and right\nmerrily too.  I had such pleasant, fair-haired, rosy, Hebe-like\ninstructresses, ready to tear each other's eyes out to get me for a\npartner.  Then, they talked Irish so musically, and put the king's\nEnglish to death so charmingly that, notwithstanding the heat and smoke\nof the cabin was upon them, and the whiskey did more than heighten the\ncolour on their lips, they were really enchanting, though stockingless\ncreatures.  It has been truly said, that in the social circle, the\nextremes, as to manners, almost meet.  These ladies, I suppose, had gone\nso far beyond vulgarity, that they were now converging to the superior\ntone and frank _degagement_ of the upper classes.  Positively it never\nstruck me that I was in vulgar company.  I then, of course, could have\nbeen but an indifferent judge.  But I have thought of it often since,\nand must say, that in the degrading sense of the word, my company of\nthat night was not vulgar.  It was pastoral, and perhaps barbarous, but\neverything was natural, and everything free from pretension.  I did not\noften again, though I have danced with spirits as unwearied, dance with\na heart so light.  During this festive evening I saw no indications of\nthat pugnacity so inseparable with Irish hilarity, though there were\nassembled a dozen of as pretty \"broths of boys,\" as ever practised skull\nsalutation at Donybrook fair.\nAt length, about one in the morning, the whiskey had overpowered my\nboat's crew, and the whisking myself.  They made up a lair for me with\nabundant greatcoats in the corner of the room, and my eyes gradually\nclosed in sleep, catching, till they were finally sealed up, every now\nand then, twinklings of bare legs and well-turned ankles, mingled with\nthe clatter of heavy brogues, and the drone of a bagpipe that had now\nsuperseded the squeak of the fife, and the rattle of the drum.\nI certainly did dream, I suppose about an hour after I had fallen\nasleep, of the clattering of sticks, the squalling of women, and the\ncursing of men; and I felt an indistinct sensation, as if people were\npractising leaping over my body, and finally, as if some soft-rounded\nfigure had caught me in her arms.  I was so terribly oppressed with\nfatigue that I could not awake; and, as the last part of my dream gave\nme so sweet an idea of happiness and security, if I may use the\nexpression, I shall say, as every novelist has a right to do once in his\nthree volumes--\"I was lapped in Elysium.\"\nEverything was oblivion until I was awakened by one of my lads at eight\nin the morning, and I arose refreshed, though a little stiff.  The\nhardened clay, which composed the floor, was neatly swept up, the pigs\nand the poultry were driven out, and a good fire was blazing under the\nchimney.  Of all the party of the night before, there remained only the\ntwo fine young men who brought me and my boat up, the elderly couple,\nand two blooming girls, with the youngest of whom I had danced almost\nthe whole of the previous evening.  I observed on one of the young men a\ntremendous black eye, that certainly was not there the day before, and\nthe other had his temples carefully bandaged, and both my boat-boys\ncomplained of being kicked and trampled on during the night, yet I am\nnot so ungrateful, upon such slender evidence, as to assert that the\ndance had ended in a scrimmage, or so presumptuous as to say in what\nmanner I thought that I had been protected during the row, if there had\nbeen one.\nMy hosts had nothing to offer me for breakfast but a thin, and by no\nmeans tempting pot of hot meal and water.  I certainly did taste a\nlittle, that I might not seem to disrespect the pretty Norah, who had\nprepared it for me, and strove to make it palatable by a lump of butter,\na delicacy that was offered to no one else.  As I was impatient to be\noff, I kissed the girls heartily, yes, heartily; shook hands with the\nsons, and prepared for my departure, after having, with considerable\ndifficulty, forced a half-guinea upon my hosts.  I begged to know the\nnames of those to whose hospitality I was so much indebted, and, as well\nas memory will serve me at this distance of time, I think they were\nspecimens of what excellent O'Tooles potatoes are capable of producing.\nWe then resumed our procession down to the beach, I walking first,\nbearing the boat-hook pikeways, followed by the boat itself borne\nbetween the two athletic Tooles, and the procession was closed by the\nboat's crew, each with his oar upon his shoulder.  We were soon launched\nand instructed as to the course we were to take.  The wind and sea had\ngone down, and the tide was favourable.  We had to pull about five miles\nto get round the bluff, when we arrived at the sandy little nook from\nwhich we had made our involuntary excursion to sea the night before.\nThe spirit of obedience to orders was strong upon me, and in spite of\nthe remonstrance of the boys, I went in and loaded the dinghy nearly\ndown to the gunnel with the sand, for which we had been so much\nperilled.  After all my dangers, I got safely on board before noon, much\nto the surprise of all on board, who had given us up as lost, and there\nalready had been a coolness between the captain and the first-lieutenant\non my account.  This coolness promised a warm reception for myself; and\nI got it.\nSo occupied had Mr Farmer been all the day before with taking in Irish\nbeef and pork, for the West Indian storehouses, and extra water to\nsupply any of the convoy that might fall short of that necessary\narticle, that he had totally forgotten the sand expedition, and it was\neight in the evening, just at the time that I was, in the words of the\nsong, \"Far, far at sea,\" that he was reminded of it.  Mr Silva, the\nsecond-lieutenant, begged as a favour, that a boat might be lent him,\njust to put him alongside the _Roebuck_, one of the two eighteen-gun\nbrigs that was to accompany us as whippers-in to the convoy.  As the\ncaptain was not expected on board till late, Mr Farmer had not much\nhesitation in granting the request, with the usual \"Take the dinghy, Mr\nSilva.\"  But just then the Atlantic had been beforehand with him.  The\ndinghy had not returned.  She had been last seen at the sandy nook to\nwhich she had been sent.  The barge and cutter were immediately manned\nand sent to look for me.  They easily got to the place where I was seen\nloading, and found the sand disturbed, and nothing else.  They returned\nwith some difficulty against the head-wind, and, of course, made a most\ndisheartening report.  When the captain returned he was dreadfully\nangry.\nWell, as I crept up the side sneakingly, not very well knowing whether I\nwere to enact the hero or the culprit, I concocted a speech that was\ndoomed to share the fate of \"the lost inventions.\"  I saw the captain\nand Mr Farmer pacing the deck, but both decidedly with their duty faces\non.  Touching my hat very submissively, I said sheepishly, \"I've come on\nboard, sir, and--\"\n\"You young blackguard!  I've a great mind--\"\n\"To do what, Mr Farmer?\" said Captain Reud, interposing.\nNow I can assure the reader, twenty-five years ago, when we had nearly\ncleared the seas of every enemy, and the British pennant was really a\nwhip, which had flogged every opponent of the ocean, the \"young\ngentlemen\" were sometimes flogged too, and more often called young\nblackguards than by any other title of honour.  All this is altered for\nthe better now.  We don't abuse each other, or flog among ourselves so\nmuch--and, the next war, I make no doubt, what we have spared to\nourselves we shall bestow upon our enemies.  I mention this, that the\nreader may not suppose that I am coarse in depicting the occasional\nlooseness of the naval manners of the times.\n\"To punish him for staying out all night without leave.\"\n\"That's a great fault, certainly,\" said the captain, slily.  \"Pray, Mr\nRattlin, what _induced_ you to commit it?\"\n\"Please, sir, I wasn't induced at all.  I was regularly blown out, and\nnow I am as regularly blown--.\"\n\"Come, sir, I'll be your friend, and not permit you to finish your\nsentence.  If it's a fair question, Mr Rattlin, may I presume to ask\nwhere you slept last night?\"\n\"With the two Misses O'Tooles,\" said I; for really the young ladies were\nuppermost in my thoughts.\n\"You young reprobate!  What, with both?\" said the captain, grinning.\n\"Yes sir,\" for I now began to feel myself safe; \"and Mr and Mrs\nO'Toole, and Mr Cornelius O'Toole, who has red hair, and Mr Phelim\nO'Toole, who has a black eye,--and the poultry, and the pigs, and the\nboat's crew.\"\n\"And where was the boat all this time?\"\n\"Sleeping with us, too, sir.\"\nI then shortly detailed what had happened to me, which amused the\ncaptain much.  \"And so,\" he continued, \"after all, you have brought off\nthe sand.  I really commend your perseverance.\"\nA bucket of sand was handed up, and Mr Farmer contemptuously filtered\nit through his fingers; then turning to me wrathfully, exclaimed, \"How\ndare you bring off for sand, such shelly, pebbly, gritty stuff as this,\nsir?\"\n\"If you please, sir, I had no hand in putting it where I found it, and I\nonly obeyed orders in bringing it off.\"  For I really felt it to be very\nunjust to be blamed for the act of nature, and especially as three lives\nhad been endangered to procure a few buckets of worthless earth.\nThe captain thought so too; for he said to Mr Farmer, very coldly, \"I\nthink you should have ascertained the quality of the sand before you\nsent for it; and I don't think that you should have sent for it at all\ntowards nightfall, and at the beginning of ebb tide.  Youngster, you\nshall dine with me to-day, and give me a history of the O'Tooles.\"\nCHAPTER THIRTY SIX.\nAN INVALIDING SUIT--THE CARDS WELL PLAYED, AND BY A TRUMP--THE ODD\nTRICK, HOWEVER, IN MUCH DANGER--THE DOCTOR FINESSES WITH A GOOD HEART,\nBUT DIAMONDS ARE CUTTING ARTICLES.\nTwo days had elapsed after my incursions upon the \"wild Irishers,\"\nduring which our surgeon had kept himself closely to his cabin, when he\nwrote a letter on service to the captain, requesting a survey upon his\nself-libelled rotundity of body.  The captain, according to the laws of\nthe service, \"in that case made and provided,\" forwarded the letter to\nthe port-admiral, who appointed the following day for the awful\ninspection.  As I said before, the skipper and his first-lieutenant had\nlaid down a scheme of a counter-plot, and they now began to put it into\nexecution.  Immediately that Dr Thompson had received his answer, he\nbegan to dose himself immoderately with tartarised antimony and other\ndrugs, to give his round and hitherto ruddy countenance the pallor of\ndisease.  He commenced getting up his invaliding suit.\nIt had been a great puzzle to his brother officers, to understand what\ntwo weasan-faced mechanical-looking men, from the shore, had been doing\nin his cabin the greater part of the night.  They did not believe, as\nthe doctor intimated, that they were functionaries of the law, taking\ninstructions for his last will and testament; though the astute surgeon\nhad sent a note to Mr Farmer, the first-lieutenant, with what he\nthought infinite cunning, to know, in case of anything fatal happening\nimmediately to the writer, whether his friend would prefer to have\nbequeathed to him the testator's double-barrelled fowling piece, or his\nsuperb Manton's duelling-pistols.  Mr Farmer replied, \"that he would\nvery willingly take his chance of both.\"\nAt twelve o'clock everything was ready.  The survey was to take place in\nthe captain's cabin.  Dr Thompson sends for his two assistants, and\nthen, for the first time for three days, he emerges, leaning heavily\nupon both his supporters.\nCan this be the jovial and rubicund doctor?  Whose deadly white face is\nthat, that peers out from under the shadow of an immense green shade?\nThe lips are livid--the corners of the mouth drawn down--and yet there\nis a triumphant sneer in their very depression.  The officers gather\nround him, he lifts up his head slowly, and then looks round and shakes\nit despondingly.  His eyes are dreadfully bloodshot.  His mess-mates,\nthe young ones especially, begin to think that his illness is real.\nThere is the real sympathy of condolence in the greetings of all but the\nhard-a-weather master, the witty purser, and the obdurate first.  The\ninvalid was apparelled in an ancient roast-beef uniform coat,\nbottle-green from age; the waistcoat had flaps indicative of fifty\nyears' antiquity, and the breeches were indescribable.  He wore large\nblue-worsted stockings folded up outside above the knee, but carefully\nwrinkled and disordered over the calf of the leg, in order to conceal\nits healthy mass of muscle.  Big as was the doctor, his clothes were\nall, as Shakespeare has it, \"a world too big,\" though we cannot finish\nthe quotation by adding, \"for his shrunk shank.\"  Instead of two\nlawyers' clerks, the sly rogue had had two industrious snips closeted\nwith him, for the purpose of enlarging this particular suit of clothes\nto the utmost.\n\"In the name of ten thousand decencies, doctor,\" exclaimed Mr Farmer,\n\"who made you that figure?\"\n\"Disease,\" was the palsied and sepulchral reply.\n\"But the clothes--the clothes--these incomprehensible clothes?\"\n\"Are good enough to die in.\"\n\"But I doubt,\" said the purser, \"whether either they or their wearer be\ngood enough to die.\"\nThere was a laugh, but it was not infectious as respected the occasion\nof it.  He shook his head mournfully, and said, \"The flippancy of rude\nhealth--the inconsiderate laugh of strong youth!\"\nWith much difficulty he permitted himself to be partly carried up the\nladder, and seated in all the dignity of suffering, in a chair in the\nfore-cabin, the two assistants standing, one on each side of him, in\nmute observation.\nIt is twelve o'clock--half-past twelve--one--two.  The captain is coming\non board--tell the officers--the side is manned--the boatswain pipes--\nand the little great man arrives, and, attended by Mr Farmer, enters\nthe cabin.  Prepared as he was for a deception, even he starts back with\nsurprise at the figure before him.\nWith one hand upon a shoulder of each of his assistants, the doctor,\nwith an asthmatical effort, rises.\n\"Well, doctor, how are you?\"\nThe doctor shook his head.\n\"Matters have gone a great length, I see.\"\nAnother shake, eloquent with suffering and despondency.\n\"I understand from my friend here\" (Mr Farmer and he _were_ friends\nsometimes for half an hour together), \"that with Christian providence\nyou have been making your will.  Now, my dear doctor, it is true, that\nwe have hardly been three months associated; but that time, short as it\nis, has given me the highest opinion of your convivial qualities, your\nprofessional skill, and the great _depth_ of your understanding.  Deep--\nvery deep!  You must not class me among the mean herd of legacy-hunters;\nbut I would willingly have some token by which to remember so excellent\na man, and an officer so able, and so _unshrinking_ in the performance\nof his duties.\"\n\"There is my tobacco-box,\" said the doctor with feeble malice; \"for\nthough chewing the weed cannot cure, it can conceal a bad breath.\"\nThe captain winced.  It was a thrust with a double-edged sword.  He was\nwhat we now call, an exquisite, in person, and one to whom the idea of\nchewing tobacco was abhorrent, whilst he was actually and distressingly\ntroubled with the infirmity hinted at.  For a moment, the suavity of his\nmanner was destroyed, and he forgot the respect due to the dying.\n\"Damn the tobacco box--and damn that--never mind--no, no, doctor, you\nhad better order the box to be buried with you, for nobody _could_ use\nit after you; but if I might presume so far--might use the very great\nliberty to make a selection, I would request, entreat, nay, implore you\nto leave me the whole _suit of clothes_ in which you are now standing;\nand if you would be so considerate, so kind, so generous, by God I'll\nhave them stuffed and preserved as a curiosity.\"\n\"Captain Reud, you are too good.  Mr Staples,\" turning helplessly to\nhis assistant, \"get me immediately an effervescing draught.  Excuse my\nsitting--I am very faint--you are so kind--you quite _overcome_ me.\"\n\"No, not yet,\" said the captain in a dry tone, but full of meaning.  \"I\nmay perhaps by-and-by, when you know more of me; but now--O no!\nHowever, I'll do my best to make you grateful.  And I'm sorry to\nacquaint you, that the admiral has put off the survey till twelve\no'clock to-morrow, when I trust that you will be as well _prepared_ as\nyou are now.  Don't be dejected, doctor, you have the consolation of\nknowing, that if you die in the meantime, all the annoyance of the\nexamination will be saved you.  In the interim, don't forget the old\nclothes--the invaliding suit.  My clerk shall step down with you into\nthe cabin, and tack a memorandum on, by way of codicil, to your will:\ndon't omit those high-quartered, square-toed shoes, with the brass\nbuckles.\"\n\"If you would promise to wear them out yourself.\"\n\"No, no; but I promise to put them on when I am going to invalid; or to\nlend them to Mr Farmer, or any other friend, on a similar occasion.\"\n\"I hope,\" said Mr Farmer, \"that I shall never stand in the doctor's\nshoes.\"\n\"I hope you never will--nor in Captain Reud's either.\"\nThe gallant commander turned from yellow to black at this innuendo,\nwhich was, for many reasons, particularly disagreeable.  Seeing that he\nwas bagging to leeward, like a west-country barge laden with a haystack,\nin this sailing-match of wits, he broke up the conference by observing,\n\"You had better, doctor, in consideration of your weakness, retire to\nyour cabin.  I certainly cannot, seeing my near prospect of your\ninvaluable legacy, in any honesty wish you better.\"\nWith all due precautions, hesitations, and restings, Dr Thompson\nreached his cabin, and I doubt not as he descended, enervated as he was,\nbut that he placed, like O'Connell, a vow in heaven, that if ever\nCaptain Reud fell under his surgical claws, the active operations of Dr\nSangrado should be in their celerity even as the progress of the sloth,\ncompared with the despatch and energy with which he would proceed on the\ncoveted opportunity.\nWhen he was alone he was overheard to murmur, \"Stand in my shoes--the\nignorant puppies!  I shall see one of them, if not both in their shrouds\nyet.  Stand in my shoes! it is true the buckles are but brass; but they\nare shoes whose latchets they are not worthy to unloose.\"\nThere was then another day for the poor doctor, of fasting, tartarised\nantimony, and irritating eye-salve.  And the captain, no doubt in secret\nunderstanding with the admiral, played off the same trick.  The survey\nwas deferred from day to day, for six days, and until the very one\nbefore the ship weighed anchor.  It must have been a period of intense\nvexation and bodily suffering to the manoeuvring doctor.\nEach day as he made his appearance at noon in the captain's cabin, he\nhad to wait in miserable state his hour and a half; or two hours, and\nthen to meet the gibing salutation of the captain, of; \"Not dead yet,\ndoctor?\" with his jokes upon the invaliding suit.  The misery of the\ndeception, and the sufferings that he was forced to self-impose to keep\nit up, as he afterwards confessed, had nearly conquered him on the third\nday: that he was a man of the most enduring courage to brave a whole\nweek of such martyrdom, must be conceded to him.  Had the farce\ncontinued a day or two longer, he would have had the disagreeable option\nforced upon him, either of being seriously ill, or of returning\n_instanter_ to excellent health.\nCHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN.\nVALID REASONS FOR INVALIDING--THE PATIENT CURED IN SPITE OF HIMSELF--AND\nA LECTURE ON DISEASE IN GENERAL, WITH A PARTICULAR CASE OF INSTRUMENTS\nAS EXPOSITORS.\nAt length the important day arrived on which the survey did assemble.\nThe large table in the cabin was duly littered over with paper and\nmedical books, and supplied with pens and ink.  Three post-captains in\ngallant array, with swords by their sides, our own captain being one,\nand three surgeons with lancets in their pockets, congregated with grave\npoliteness, and taking their chairs according to precedency of rank,\nformed the Hygeian court.  A fitting preparation was necessary, so the\ncaptains began to debate upon the various pretensions of the beautiful\nPhrynes of Cork--the three medical men, whether the plague was\ncontagious or infectious, or both--or neither.  At the precise moment\nwhen Captain Reud was maintaining the superiority of the attractions of\na blonde Daphne against the assertions of a champion of a dark Phyllis,\nand the eldest surgeon had been, by the heat of the argument, carried so\nfar as to maintain, in asserting the non-infectious and non-contagious\nnature of the plague, that you could not give it a man by inoculating\nhim with its virus, the patient, on whose case they had met to decide,\nappeared.\nIn addition to the green shade, our doctor had enwrapped his throat with\nan immense scarlet comforter; so that the reflection of the green above,\nand the contrast with the colour below, made the pallor of his face\nstill more lividly pale.  He was well got up.  Captain Reud nodded to\nthe surgeons to go on, and he proceeded with his own argument.\nThus there were two debates at this time proceeding with much heat, and\nwith just so much acrimony as to make them highly interesting.  With the\nnoble posts it was one to two, that is, our captain, the Daphneite, had\ndrawn upon him the other two captains, both of whom were Phyllisites.\nWhen a man has to argue against two, and is not quite certain of being\nin the right either, he has nothing for it but to be very loud.  Now\nmen, divine as they are, have some things in common with the canine\nspecies.  Go into a village and you will observe that when one cur\nbegins to yelp, every dog's ear catches the sound, bristles up, and\nevery throat is opened in clamorous emulation.  Captain Reud talked fast\nas well as loud, so he was nearly upon a par with his opponents, who\nonly talked loud.\nAt the other end of the table the odds were two to one, which is not\nalways the same as one to two; that is, the two older surgeons were\nopposed to the youngest.  These three were just as loud within one\nnote--the note under being the tribute they unconciously paid to naval\ndiscipline--as the three captains.  Both parties were descanting upon\nplagues.\n\"I say, sir,\" said the little surgeon, who was the eldest, \"it is _not_\ninfectious.  But here comes Dr Thompson.\"\nNow the erudite doctor, from the first, had no great chance.  Captain\nReud had determined he should not be invalided.  The two other captains\ncared nothing at all about the matter, but, of course, would not be so\nimpolitic as to differ from their superior officer--an officer, too, of\nlarge interest, and the Amphytrion of the day; for when they had\nperformed those duties for which they were so well fitted, their medical\nones, they were to dine on the scene of their arduous labours.  The\neldest surgeon had rather a bias against the doctor, as he could not\nlegally put M.D. against his own name.  The next in seniority was\nentirely adverse to the invaliding, as, without he could invalide too,\nhe would have to go to the West Indies in the place of our surgeon.  The\nyoungest was indifferent just then to anything but to confute the other\ntwo, and prove the plague infectious.\n\"But here comes Dr Thompson--I'll appeal to him,\" said non-infection;\nbut the appeal was unfortunate, both for the appealer and the doctor.\nThe latter was an infectionist; so there was no longer any odds, but two\nagainst two, and away they went.  Our friend in the wide coat forgot he\nwas sick, and his adversaries that they had to verify it; they sought to\nverify nothing but their dogmas.  They waxed loud, then cuttingly\npolite, then slaughteringly sarcastic and, at last, exceeding wroth.\n\"I tell you, sir, that I have written a volume on the subject.\"\n\"Had you no friend near you,\" said Dr Thompson, \"at that most\nunfortunate time?\"\n\"I tell you, sir, I will never argue with anyone on the subject, unless\nhe have read my Latin treatise `De Natura Pestium et Pestilentiarum.'\"\n\"Then you'll never argue but with yourself,\" said the stout young\nsurgeon.\nThen arose the voices of the men militant over those of the men\ncurative.\n\"The finest eye,\" vociferated our skipper, \"Captain Templar, that ever\nbeamed from mortal.  Its lovely blue, contrasted with her white skin, is\njust like--\"\n\"A washerwoman's stone-blue bag among her soapsuds--stony enough.\"\nHere the medical voices preponderated, and expressions such as these\nbecame distinct--\"Do you accuse me of ignorance, sir-r-r?\"\n\"No, sir-r-r.  I merely assert that you know nothing at all of the\nmatter.\"\nIn the midst of this uproar I was walking the quarter-deck with the\npurser.\n\"What a terrible noise they are making in the cabin,\" I observed.  \"What\ncan they be doing?\"\n\"Invaliding the surgeon,\" said the marine officer, who had just joined\nus, looking wise.\n\"Doubted,\" said the purser.\n\"What a dreadful operation it must be,\" said a young Irish\nyoung-gentlemen (all young gentlemen in the navy are not _young_), \"but,\nfor the honour of the service, he might take it any how, for the life of\nhim.\"\n\"The very thing he is trying to do,\" was the purser's reply.\nBut let us return to the cabin, and collect what we can here, and record\nthe sentences as they obtain the mastery, at either end of the table.\n\"Look at her step,\" said a captain, speaking of his lady.\n\"Tottering, feeble, zig-zag,\" said a surgeon, speaking of one stricken\nwith the plague.\n\"Her fine open, ivory brow--\"\n\"Is marked all over with disgusting pustules.\"\n\"Her breath is--\"\n\"Oh, her delicious breath!\"\n\"Noisome, poisonous, corruption.\"\n\"In fact, her whole lovely body is a region of--\"\n\"Pestilent discolorations, and foul sores.\"\n\"And,\" roared out Captain Templar, \"if you would but pass a single hour\nin her company--\"\n\"You would assuredly repent of your temerity,\" said the obstinate\ncontagionist.\nThis confusion lasted about a quarter of an hour, a time sufficient, in\nall conscience, to invalide a West Indian regiment.\n\"Well, gentlemen,\" said Captain Reud, rising a little chafed, \"have you\ncome to a conclusion upon this very plain case?  I see the doctor looks\nbetter already--his face is no longer pale.\"\n\"I tell you what,\" said the senior surgeon, rising abruptly with the\nothers, \"since you will neither listen to me, to reason, nor to my book,\nthough I will not answer for the sanity of your mind, I will for that of\nyour body.  My duty, sir, my duty, will not permit me to invalide you.\"\n\"Never saw a healthier man in my life,\" said the second surgeon.\n\"Never mind, doctor,\" said the third, \"we have fairly beaten them in the\nargument.\"\nThe gallant captains burst out into obstreperous laughter, and so the\nsurvey was broken up, and the principal surgeons declared that our poor\ndoctor was in sound health, because they found him unsound in his\nopinions.\nThe three surgeons took their departure, the eldest saying with a grim\nsmile to Thompson, \"It may correct some errors, and prepare you for next\ninvaliding day.  Shall I send you my book, `De Natura Pestium et\nPestilentiarum?'\"\nThe jolly doctor, with a smile equally grim, thanked him, and formally\ndeclined the gift, assuring him \"that at the present time, the ship was\nwell stocked with emetics.\"\nNow, the good doctor was a wag, and the captain, for fun, a very monkey.\nThe aspirant for invaliding sat himself down again at one end of the\ntable, as the captains did at the other.  Wine, anchovies, sandwiches,\noysters, and other light and stimulating viands were produced to make a\nrelishing lunch.  Captain Reud threw a triumphant and right merry glance\nacross the table on the silent and discomfited doctor.  The servant had\nplaced before him a cover and glasses unbidden.\n\"Bring the doctor's plate,\" said the captain.  The doctor was passive--\nthe plate was brought, filled with luxuries, and placed directly under\nhis nose.  The temptation was terrible.  He had been fasting and\nmacerating himself for eight or nine days.  He glared upon it with a\ngloomy longing.  He then looked up wistfully, and a droll smile mantled\nacross his vast face, and eddied in the holes of his deep pock-marks.\n\"A glass of wine, doctor?\"  The decanter was pushed before him, and his\nglass filled by the servant.  The doctor shook his head and said, \"I\ndare not, but will put it to my lips in courtesy.\"\nHe did so, and when the glass reached the table it was empty.  He then\nbegan gradually to unwind his huge woollen comforter, and when he\nthought himself unobserved, he stole the encumbrance into his ample\ncoat-pocket.  He next proceeded to toss about, with a careless\nabstraction, the large masses of cold fowl and ham in his plate, and, by\nsome unimaginable process, without the use of his knife he contrived to\nseparate them into edible pieces.  They disappeared rapidly, and the\nplate was almost as soon empty as the wine-glass.\nThe green shade, by some unaccountable accident, now fell from his eyes,\nand, instead of again fixing it on, it found its way to the pocket, to\nkeep company with the comforter.  Near him stood a dish of delicious\noysters, the which he silently coaxed towards his empty plate, and sent\nthe contents furtively down his much wronged throat.\nThe other gentlemen watched these operations with mute delight; and,\nafter a space, Captain Templar challenged him to a bumper, which was\ntaken and swallowed without much squeamishness.  The doctor found that\nhe had still a difficult task to play; he knew that his artifice was\ndiscovered, and that the best way to repair the error was to boldly\nthrow off the transparent disguise.  The presence of the two stranger\ncaptains was still a restraint upon him.  At length he cast his eyes\nupon Captain Reud, and putting into his countenance the drollest look of\ndeprecation mingled with fun, said plaintively, \"Are we friends, Captain\nReud?\"\n\"The best in the world, doctor,\" was the quick reply, and he rose and\nextended his open hand.  Doctor Thompson rose also and advanced to the\nhead of the table, and they shook hands most heartily.  The two other\ncaptains begged to do the same, and to congratulate him on his rapid\nconvalescence.\n\"To prove to you, doctor, the estimation in which I hold you, you shall\ndine with us, and we'll have a night of it,\" said the skipper.\n\"Oh!  Captain Reud, Captain Reud, consider--really I cannot get well so\nfast as that would indicate.\"\n\"You must, you must.  Gentlemen, no man makes better punch.  Consider\nthe punch, doctor.\"\n\"Truly, that alters the case.  As these dolts of surgeons could not\nfully understand the diagnostics of my disease, I suppose I must do my\nduty for the _leetle_ while longer that I have to live.  I _will_ do my\nduty, and attend you punctually at five o'clock, in order to see that\nthere be no deleterious ingredients mingled in the punch.\"  Saying which\nhe bowed and left the cabin, without leaning on the shoulder of either\nof his assistants.\nBut he had yet the worst ordeal to undergo--to brave the attack of his\nmessmates--and he did it nobly.  They were all assembled in the\nward-room; for those that saw him descend, if not there before, went\nimmediately and joined him.  He waddled to the head of the table, and\nwhen seated, exclaimed in a stentorian voice, \"Steward, a glass of\nhalf-and-half.  Gentlemen, I presume you do not understand a medical\ncase.  Steward, bring my case of pistols and the cold meat.  I say, you\ndo not understand a medical case.\"\n\"But we do yours,\" interrupted two or three voices at once.\n\"No, you don't; you may understand that case better,\" shoving his\nlong-barrelled Manton duellers on to the middle of the table.  \"Now,\ngentlemen--I do not mean to bully--I am only, God help me, a weak civil\narm of the service,\"--and whining a little--\"still very far from well.\nNow I'll state my case to you, for your satisfaction, and to prevent any\nlittle mistakes.  I was lately afflicted with a sort of nondescript\natrophy, a stagnation of the fluids, a congestion of the small\nblood-vessels, and a spasmodic contraction of the finitesimal nerves,\nthat threatened very serious consequences.  At the survey, two of the\nsurgeons, ignorant quacks that they are, broached a most ridiculous\nopinion--a heterodox doctrine--a damnable heresy.  On hearing it, my\nindignation was so much roused, that a reaction took place in my system,\nas instantaneous as the effects of a galvanic battery.  My vital\nenergies rallied, the stagnation of my fluids ceased, the small\nblood-vessels that had mutinied returned to their duty; and I am happy\nto say, that, though now far from enjoying good health, I am rapidly\napproaching it.  That is my case.  Now for yours.  As, gentlemen, we are\nto be cooped up in this wooden enclosure for months, perhaps years, it\nis a duty that we owe to ourselves to promote the happiness of each\nother by good temper, politeness, mutual forbearance, and kindness.  In\nnone of these shall you find me wanting, and to prove it, I will say\nthis much--singular cases will call forth singular remarks; you must be\naware that if such be dwelt on too long, they will become offensive to\nme, and disturb that union which I am so anxious to promote.  So let us\nhave done with the subject at once--make all your remarks now--joke,\nquiz, jeer, and flaunt, just for one half hour,\"--taking out his watch,\nand laying it gently on the table--\"by that time I shall have finished\nmy lunch, which, by-the-by, I began in the cabin; there will be\nsufficient time for you to say all your smart things on the occasion;\nbut if after that I hear any more on the subject, by heavens, that man\nwho shall dare to twit me with it, shall go with me to the nearest shore\nif in harbour--or shoot me, or I him, across the table at sea.  Now,\ngentlemen, begin if you please.\"\n\"The devil a word will I ever utter on the matter,\" said Farmer, \"and\nthere's my hand upon it.\"\n\"Nor I.\"\n\"Nor I.\"\nAnd every messmate shook him heartily by the hand, and by them the\nsubject was dropped, and for ever.  That evening Dr Thompson made the\ncaptain's punch, having carefully locked up in his largest tea-chest his\ninvaliding suit.\nWhatever impression this anecdote may make on the reader, if it be one\ninjurious to the doctor, we beg to tell him, that he proved a very\nblessing to the ship,--the kind friend, as well as the skilful and\ntender physician, the promoter of every social enjoyment, the soother of\nconflicting passions, the interceder for the offending, and the\npeace-maker for all.\nCHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT.\nPAVING-STONES SOMETIMES PROVE STUMBLING-BLOCKS--A DISQUISITION ON THE\nFIGURATIVE, ENDS BY RALPH FIGURING AT THE MAST-HEAD, THUS EXTENDING HIS\nVIEWS UPON THE SUBJECT.\nThe next morning at daylight we weighed, and, by the aid of much firing\nof guns, and the display of unmeasured bunting, we got the whole of the\nconvoy out of the cove by noon, with two men-of-war brigs bringing up\nthe rear.  Shortly after losing sight of land, bad weather came on, in\nwhich poor Gubbins was drowned, as I have before narrated.\nBy the time that we had reached Madeira, the ship's company had settled\ninto good order, and formed that concentrated principle which enabled\nthem to act as one man.  It was a young and a fine crew, made up of\ndrafts of twenties and thirties from different vessels, thanks to the\nnepotism of the treasurer of the navy.\nWe also began to understand each other's characters, and to study the\ncaptain's.  Mischief was his besetting sin.  Naturally malignant he was\nnot, but inconsiderate to a degree that would make you think that his\nheart was really bad.  One of his greatest pleasures was that of placing\npeople in awkward and ludicrous situations.  He very soon discovered the\nfattest men among the masters of the merchant vessels; and, when we had\nrun far enough to the southward to make sitting in an open boat very\nunpleasant, he would in light winds, make a signal for one of his jolly\nfriends to come on board, the more especially if he happened to be far\nastern.  Then began Captain Reud's enjoyment.  After two hours' hard\npulling, the master would be seen coming up astern, wiping his brows,\nand, when within hail, Reud would shout to him to give away--and, just\nas he reached the stern ladder, the main-topsail of the frigate would be\nshivered, and the boat again be left half a mile astern.  Another\nattempt, and another failure, the captain meanwhile gloating over the\npoor man's misery with the suppressed chuckle of delight, in which you\nwould fancy a monkey to indulge after he had perpetrated some\nirreparable mischief.\nHowever, he would generally tease his victim no longer than dinner-time.\nThe ship would then be effectively hove-to, the half-melted skipper\nwould get on board, and the captain receive him with studied politeness.\nMuch would I admire the gravity with which he would deplore the\nimpossibility of stopping his Majesty's ship _Eos_ by anything short of\nan anchor and good holding ground.  No, she would not be hove-to--go\na-head or go astern she must--but stand still she could not.  During\nthis harangue, the mystified mariner would look at his commodore, much\nwondering which of the two was the fool.\n\"But, Mister Stubbs,\" the tormentor would continue, \"it is now nearly\nsix bells--you have not dined, I presume; how long have you been making\nthis little distance, Mister Stubbs?\" with a slow accent on the word\nMister.  \"Six hours!--bless me--I would certainly rope's--end those\nlubbers in your boat.  You _must_ be hungry--so must they, poor fellows!\nHere, Mr Rattlin, call them up, put a boat-keeper in the boat, and let\nher drop astern--tell my steward to give them a good tuck--out and a\nglass of grog.  Mister Stubbs, you'll dine with me;\" and the affair\nwould end by the gratified hoaxed one being sent on board his own vessel\nabout the end of twilight, seeing more stars in the heavens than\nastronomers have yet discovered.\nBut these skippers were, though very plump, but very humble game for our\nyellow-skinned tormentor.  He nearly drove the third lieutenant mad, and\nthat by a series of such delicate persecutions, annoyances so artfully\nveiled, and administered in a manner so gentlemanly, that complaint on\nthe part of the persecuted, instead of exciting commiseration, covered\nhim with ridicule.  This officer was a Portuguese nobleman of the name\nof Silva--the Don we could never bring our English mouths to use--who\nhad entered our service at a very early age, and consequently spoke our\nlanguage as naturally as ourselves.  He was surnamed the \"Paviour,\" and,\nwhen off duty, generally so addressed.  It must not be supposed that he\nacquired this soubriquet on account of the gentlemen in corduroys laying\nby their hammers when he walked the street, bidding God bless him, for\nhe was a very light and elegant figure, and singularly handsome.  At\nthis time I was the youngster of his watch, and a great favourite with\nhim.  The misfortune of his life was, that he had written a book--only\none single sin--but it never left him,--it haunted him through half the\nships in the service, and finally drove him out of it.  He had written\nthis book, and caused it to be printed--and he _published_ it also, for\nnobody else could.  His bookseller had tried, and failed lamentably.\nNow, Don Silva was always publishing, and never selling.  His cabin was\npiled up with several ill-conditioned cases of great weight, which cases\nlaboured under the abominable suspicion of containing the unsold copies.\nAs much as ever I could learn of the matter, no one ever got farther\nthan the middle of the second page of this volume, excepting the\nprinter's devils, the corrector of the press, and the author.  The book\nwas lent to me, but, great reader as I am, I broke down in attempting to\npass the impassible passage.  The book might have been a good book, for\naught I, or the world, knew to the contrary: but there was a fatality\nattending this particular part that was really enough to make one\nsuperstitious--nobody could break the charm, and get over it.  I wish\nthat the thought had occurred to me at that time of beginning it at the\nend, and reading it backwards; surely, in that manner, the book might\nhave been got through.  It was of a winning exterior, and tolerable\nthickness.  Never did an unsound nut look more tempting to be cracked,\nthan this volume to be opened and read.  It had for its title the\nimposing sentence of, \"A Naval and Military _Tour up and down_ the Rio\nde la Plate, by Don Alphonso Ribidiero da Silva.\"\nI have before stated that my shipmates were all strangers to each other.\nWe had hardly got things to rights after leaving Cork, when Mr Silva\nbegan, \"as was his custom in the afternoon,\" to _publish_ his book.  He\nbegged leave to read it to his messmates after dinner, and leave was\ngranted.  With bland frankness, he insisted upon the opinions of the\ncompany as he proceeded.  He began--but the wily purser at once started\nan objection to the first sentence--yea, even to the title.  He begged\nto be enlightened as to what sort of _tour_ that was that merely went\n_up_ and _down_.  However, the doctor came at this crisis to the\nassistance of the Don, and suggested that the river might have _turns_\nin it.  The reader sees how critical we are in a man-of-war.\nHowever, in the middle of the second page appeared the fatal passage,\n\"After having _paved_ our way up the _river_;\" upon which, issue was\nimmediately joined, and hot argument ensued.  The objector, of course,\nwas the purser; and, on this point, the doctor went over to the enemy.\nAll the lieutenants followed, the master stood neuter, and the marine\nofficer fell asleep--thus poor Silva stood alone in his glory, to fight\nthe unequal battle; and in doing so, after the manner of authors, lost\nhis temper.\nFive, six, seven times was the book begun, but, like the hackney\ncoaches, the audience could not get off the stones.  The book and the\ndiscussion were always closed together in anger, just as the author was\n_paving his way_.  As he adopted the phrase with a parental fondness,\nthe father was called the \"_paviour_.\"\nAll this duly reached the ears of the captain.  He immediately wrote to\nDon Silva, requesting his company to dinner, particularly soliciting him\nto bring his excellent work.  Of course, the little man took care to\nhave the doctor and purser.  The claret is on the table, the Amphytrion\nsettles himself into a right critical attitude, but with a most\nsuspicious leer in the corner of his eye.  Our friend begins to read his\nbook exultingly, but, at the memorable passage, as was previously\nconcerted, the hue and cry is raised.\nDuring the janging of argument Reud seems undecided, and observes that\nhe can only judge the matter from well understanding the previous style\nand the context, and so, every now and then, requests him, with a most\npersuasive politeness, to begin again from the beginning.  Of course, he\ngets no farther than the paving.  After the baited author had re-read\nhis page-and-a-half about six or seven times, the captain smiles upon\nhim lovingly, and says in his most insinuating tones, \"Just read it over\nagain once more, and we shall never trouble you after--we shall know it\nby heart.\"\nAs it was well understood that the author was never to get beyond that\npassage until he had acknowledged it absurd and egregiously foolish,\nanybody who knows anything about the _genus irritabile_ will be certain,\nthat if he lived till \"the crack of doom,\" Don Silva would never have\npassed the Rubicon.  It was thus that the poor fellow was tormented: and\nevery time that he was asked to dine in the cabin, he was requested to\nbring his Tour, in order that the _whole_ of it might be read.\nThe best and most imposing manner of writing is, to lay down some wise\ndogma, and afterwards prove it by example.  I shall follow this august\nmethod.  It is unwise for a midshipman to argue with the lieutenant of\nthe watch, whilst there are three lofty mastheads unoccupied.  QED.\nOne morning, after a literary skirmish in the captain's cabin the\novernight, Mr Silva smiled me over to him on his side of the\nquarter-deck, just as day was breaking.  The weather was beautiful, and\nwe had got well into the trade winds.\n\"Mr Rattlin,\" said he, \"you have not yet read my book.  You are very\nyoung, but you have had a liberal education.\"\nI bowed with flattered humility.\n\"I will lend it to you--you shall read it; and as a youthful, yet a\nclever scholar--give me your opinion of it--be candid.  I suppose you\nhave heard the trivial, foolish, spiteful objection started against a\npassage I have employed in the second page?\" and he takes a copy out of\nhis pocket and begins to read it to me until he comes to \"After having\n_paved_ our way up the _river_,\" he then enters into a long\njustificatory argument, the gravamen of which was to prove, that in\nfigurative phrases a great latitude of expression was not only\nadmissible but often elegant.\nI begged leave, in assenting to his doctrine, to differ from his\napplication of it, as we ought not to risk, by using a figurative\nexpression, the exciting of any absurd images or catachrestical ideas.\nThe author began to warm, and terminated my gentle representation by\nordering me over to leeward, with this pompous speech, \"I tell you what,\nsir, your friends have spent their money and your tutors their time upon\nyou to little purpose; for know, sir, that when progress is to be made\nanywhere, in any shape, or in any manner, a more appropriate phrase than\npaving your way cannot be used--send the top-men aloft to loose the\ntop-gallant sails.\"\nChecked, though not humbled, I repeat the necessary orders, and no\nsooner do I see the men on the rattlings, than I squeak out at the top\nof my voice, \"_Pave your way_ up the rigging--_pave your way_, you\nlubbers.\"  The men stop for a moment, grin at me with astonishment, and\nthen scamper up like so many party-coloured devils.\n\"Mr Rattlin, pave your way up to the mast-head, and stay there till I\ncall you down,\" said the angry lieutenant; and thus, through my love for\nthe figurative, for the first time I tasted the delights of a\nmast-heading.\nCHAPTER THIRTY NINE.\nRALPH REGENERATETH HIMSELF AND BECOMETH GOOD, FOR HALF-AN-HOUR--SINGETH\nONE VERSE OF A HYMN, ESCHEWETH TELLING ONE LIE, AND GETTETH HIS REWARD\nIN BEING ASKED TO BREAKFAST.\nWhat a nice, varied, sentimental, joyous, lachrymose, objurgatory,\nlaudatory, reflective volume might be made, entitled, \"Meditations at\nthe Mast-head!\"\nWhen I found myself comfortably established in my aery domicile, I first\nlooked down on the vessel below with a feeling nearly akin to pity, then\naround me with a positive feeling of rapture, and at length above me\nwith a heart-warming glow of adoration.  Perched up at a height so\ngreat, the decks of the frigate looked extremely long and narrow; and\nthe foreshortened view one has of those upon it makes them look but\nlittle bigger or more important than so many puppets.  Beneath me I saw\nthe discontented author of my elevation, and of \"A Tour up and down the\nRio de la Plate,\" skipping actively here and there to avoid the\nsplashing necessary in washing the decks.  I could not help comparing\nthe annoyance of this involuntary dance with the after-guard, this\n_croissez_ with clattering buckets, and _dos a dos_ing with wet swabs,\nwith my comfortable and commanding recumbency upon the cross-trees.  I\nlooked down upon Lieutenant Silva, and pitied him.  I looked around me,\nand my heart was exceeding glad.  The upper rim of the sun was dallying\nwith a crimson cloud, whilst the greater part of his disc was still\nbelow the well-defined deep-blue horizon.  All above him to the zenith\nwas chequered with small vapours, layer over layer, like the scales of a\nbreastplate of burnished gold.  The little waves were mantling,\ndimpling, and seemed playfully striving to emulate the intenser glories\nof the heavens above.  They now flashed into living light, now assumed\nthe blushing hue of a rosebud, and here and there wreathed up into a\ndiminutive foam, mocking the smile of youth when she shows her white\nteeth between her beauty-breathing lips.  As I swung aloft, with a\nmotion gentle as that of the cradled infant, and looked out upon the\nsplendours beneath and around me, my bosom swelled with the most\nrapturous emotions.  Everywhere, as far as my eye could reach, the\ntransparent and beryl-dyed waters were speckled with white sails,\nactually \"blushing rosy red\" with the morning beams.  Far, far astern,\nhull down, were the huge dull sailers, spreading all their\nstudding-sails to the wind, reminding me of frightened swans with\nexpanded wings.  Conspicuous among these were the two men-of-war brigs,\nobliquely sailing now here and then there, and ever and anon firing a\ngun, whose mimic thunder came with melodious resonance over the waters,\nwhilst the many-coloured signals were continually flying and shifting.\nThey were the hawks among the covey of the larger white-plumed birds.\nAt this moment our gallant frigate, like a youthful and a regal giant,\nmore majestic from the lightness of her dress, walked in conscious\nsuperiority in the midst of all.  She had, as I before mentioned, just\nset her top-gallant sails, in order to take her proud station in the\nvan.  We now passed vessel after vessel, each with a different quantity\nof canvas set, according to her powers of sailing.  It was altogether a\nglorious sight, and to my feelings, excelled in quiet and cheerful\nsublimity any review, however splendid might be the troops, or imposing\ntheir numbers.  Then the breeze came so freshly and kissingly on my\ncheek, whispering such pleasant things to my excited fancy, and\ninvigorating so joyously the fibres of my heart--I looked around me, and\nwas glad.\nWhen the soul is big with all good and pure feelings, gratitude will be\nthere; and, at her smiling invitation, piety will come cheerfully and\nclasp her hand.  Surely not that sectarian piety, which metes out wrath\ninstead of mercy to an erring world; not that piety, dealing \"damnation\nround the land,\" daily making the pale, within which the only few to be\nsaved are folded, more and more circumscribed; nor even that bigotted,\nsensuous piety, which floats on the frankincense that eddies round the\nmarble altar, and which, if unassisted by the vista of the dark aisle,\nthe dimly-seen procession, the choral hymn, the banner, and the relic,\nfaints, and sees no God: no, none of these will be the piety of a heart\nexulting in the beneficence of the All-Good.  Then and there, why should\nI have wished to have crept and grovelled under piled and sordid stone?\nSince first the aspiring architect spanned the arch at Thebes, which is\n_not_ everlasting, and lifted the column at Rome, which is _not_\nimmortal, was there ever dome like that which glowed over my head\nimagined by the brain of man?  \"Fretted with golden fires,\" and studded\nwith such glorious clouds, that it were almost sinful not to believe\nthat each veiled an angel; the vast concave, based all around upon the\nsapphire horizon, sprang upwards, terminating above me in that deep,\ndeep, immeasurable blue, the best type of eternity;--was not this a\nfitting temple for worship?  What frankincense was ever equal to that\nwhich nature then spread over the wave and through the air?  All this I\nsaw--all this I felt.  I looked upwards, and I was at once enraptured\nand humbled.  Perhaps then, for the first time since I had left my\nschoolboy's haunts, I bethought me that there was a God.  Too, too often\nI had heard his awful presence wantonly invoked, his sacred name taken\nin vain.  Lately, I had not shuddered at this habitual profanation.  The\nwork of demoralisation had commenced.  I knew it then, and with this\nknowledge, the first pang of guilty shame entered my bosom.  I stood up\nwith reverence upon the cross-trees.  I took off my hat, and though I\ndid not even whisper the prayers we had used at school, mentally I went\nthrough the whole of them.  When I said to myself, \"I have done those\nthings that I ought not to have done, and have _left undone_ those\nthings that I _ought_ to have done,\" I was startled at the measure of\nsin that I had confessed.  I think that I was contrite.  I resolved to\namend.  I gradually flung off the hardness that my late life of\nrecklessness had been encrusting upon my heart.  I softened towards all\nwho had ever shown me kindness; and, in my mind, I faithfully retraced\nthe last time that I had ever walked to church with her whom I had been\nfond to deem my mother.  These silent devotions, and these\nhome-harmonised thoughts, first chastened, and then made me very, very\nhappy.  At last, I felt the spirit of blissful serenity so strong upon\nme, that, forgetting for a moment to what ridicule I might subject\nmyself; I began to sing aloud that morning hymn that I had never\nomitted, for so many years, until I had joined the service--\n  \"Awake, my soul, and with the sun.\"\nAnd I confess that I sang the whole of the first verse.\nI am sure that no one will sneer at all this.  The good will not--the\nwicked dare not.  The worst of us, even if his sin have put on the\narmour of infidelity, must remember the time when he believed in a God\nof love, and loved to believe it.  For the sake of that period of\nhappiness, he will not, cannot condemn the expression of feelings, and\nthe manifestation of a bliss that he has himself voluntarily, and, if he\nwould ask his own heart, and record the answer, miserably, cast away.\nHowever, it will be long before I again trouble the reader with anything\nso _outre_ as that which I have just written.  Many were the days of\nerror, and the nights of sin, that passed before I again even looked\ninto my own heart.  The feelings with which I made my mast-head orisons\nare gone and for ever.  How often, and with what bitterness of spirit,\nhave I said, \"Would that I had then died!\"  If there is mercy in\nheaven--I say it with reverence--I feel assured that then to have passed\naway, would have been but the closing of the eyes on earth to awaken\nimmediately in the lap of a blissful immortality.  Since then the\nworld's foot has been upon my breast, and I have writhed under the\nopprobrious weight; and, with sinful pride and self-trust, have, though\ngrovelling in the dust, returned scorn for scorn, and injury for\ninjury--even wrong for wrong.\nI have been a sad dog, and that's the truth; but--\nI have been forced to hunt, and to house, and to howl with dogs much\nworse than myself; and that's equally true.\n\"Maintopmast-head there,\" squeaked out the very disagreeable treble of\nCaptain Reud, who had then come on deck, as I was trolling, \"Shake off\ndull sloth, and early rise.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, what do you say?\"\n\"Ay, ay, sir.\"\n\"Ay, ay, sir! what were you saying?  How many sails are there in sight?\"\n\"I can't make out, sir.\"\n\"Why not?  Have you counted them?\"\nNow, as I before stated, I had taken off my hat, and was standing up in\na fit of natural devotion; and the captain, no doubt, thought that I was\nbareheaded, and shading my eyes, the better to reckon the convoy.  To\nlie would have been so easy, and I was tempted to reply to the question,\nthat I had.  But my better feelings predominated; so, at the risk of a\nreprimand, I answered, \"Not yet, sir.\"\nAt this moment Mr Silva, the lieutenant of the watch, placed the\nmast-head look-outs, and sent the signal-man up to assist me in counting\nthe convoy; and, at the same time, the latter bore me a quiet message,\nthat when the number was ascertained I might come down.\nI came on deck, and gave the report.\n\"I am very glad, Mr Rattlin,\" said the captain, approvingly, \"to see\nyou so attentive to your duty.  No doubt you went up of your own accord\nto count the convoy?\"\n\"Indeed, sir,\" said I, with a great deal of humility, \"I did not.\"\n\"What--how?  I thought when I came on deck I heard you singing out.\"\n\"I was mast-headed, sir.\"\n\"Mast-headed!  How--for what?\"\nAt this question, revenge, with her insidious breath, came whispering\nher venom into my ear; but a voice, to the warnings of which I have too\nseldom attended, seemed to reverberate in the recesses of my heart, and\nsay, \"Be generous.\"  If I had told the truth maliciously, I should have\nassuredly have drawn ridicule, and perhaps anger, on the head of the\nlieutenant, and approbation to myself.  I therefore briefly replied,\n\"For impertinence to Mr Silva, sir.\"\nAnd I was amply repaid by the eloquent look that, with eyes actually\nmoistened, my late persecutor cast upon me.  I read the look aright, and\nknew, from that moment, that he was deserving of better things than a\ncontinued persecution for having unfortunately misapplied an expression.\nI immediately made a vow that I would read the \"Tour up and down the\nRio de la Plate,\" with exemplary assiduity.\n\"I am glad,\" said the captain, \"that you candidly acknowledge your\noffence, instead of disrespectfully endeavouring to justify it.  I hope,\nMr Silva, that it is not of that extent to preclude me from asking him\nto breakfast with us this morning?\"\n\"By no means,\" said Silva, his features sparkling with delight; \"he is a\ngood lad: I have reason to say, a very good lad.\"\nI understood him; and though no explanations ever took place between us,\nwe were, till he was driven from the ship, the most perfect friends.\n\"Well,\" said the captain, as he turned go down the quarter-deck ladder,\n\"you will, at the usual time, both of you, _pave your way into the\ncabin_.  I am sure, Mr Silva, you won't object to that, though I have\nnot yet made up my mind as to the propriety of the expression, so we'll\nhave the purser, and talk it over in a friendly, good-humoured way.\"\nAnd saying this, he disappeared, with a look of merry malignancy that no\nfeatures but his own could so adequately express.\nThe scene at the breakfast-table was of the usual description.\nAuthority, masking ill-nature under the guise of quizzing, on the one\nhand, and literary obstinacy fast resolving itself into deep personal\nhostility on the other.\nCHAPTER FORTY.\nHOW TO MAKE A DAY'S WORK EASY--RALPH AVOIDETH TROUBLE BY ANTICIPATING\nLAND, BUT IS ANTICIPATED BY THE ENEMY--A CHAPTER ALTOGETHER OF CHASING,\nWHICH IT IS HOPED WILL PLEASANTLY CHASE AWAY THE READER'S ENNUI.\nWe had now the usual indications of approaching the land.  In fact, I\nhad made it, by my reckoning, a fortnight before.  The non-nautical\nreader must understand, that the young gentlemen are required to send\ninto the captain daily, a day's work, that is, an abstract of the course\nof the ship for the last twenty-four hours, the distance run, and her\nwhereabouts exactly.\nNow, with that failing that never left me through life, of feeling no\ninterest where there was no difficulty to overcome, after I had fully\nconquered all the various methods of making this calculation, to make it\nall became a great bore.  So I clapped on more steam, and giving the\nship more way, and allowing every day for forty or fifty miles, of\nwesterly currents, I, by my account, ran the _Eos_ high and dry upon the\nIsland of Barbadoes, three good weeks before we made the land.  Thus, I\nhad the satisfaction of looking on with placid indolence, whilst my\nmessmates were furiously handling their Gunter's scales, and straining\ntheir eyes over the small printed figures in the distance and departure\ncolumns of John Hamilton Moore, of blessed (cursed?) memory, in a cabin\nover 90 degrees Fahrenheit, that was melting at the same time the\nyouthful navigator, and the one miserable purser's dip that tormented\nrather than enlightened him with its flickering yellow flame.\nAs we neared the island, greater precautions were taken to preserve the\nconvoy.  We sailed in more compact order, and scarcely progressed at all\nduring the night.  The whippers-in were on the alert, for it was well\nknown that this part of the Atlantic was infested with numerous small\nFrench men-of-war, and some privateer schooners.\nThat morning at length arrived, when it was debated strongly whether the\nfaint discoloration that broke the line of the western horizon as seen\nfrom the mast-head, were land or not.  As daylight became more decided,\nso did the state of our convoy.  The wolves were hovering round the\nsheep.  Well down to the southward there was a large square-rigged,\nthree-masted vessel, fraternising with one of our finest West Indiamen.\nThe stranger looked tall, grim, and dark, with his courses up, but his\ntop-gallant sails and royals set.  The white sails of the merchant\nvessel, and she was under a press of sail, were flying in all\ndirections; she was hove-to, with her studding-sails set, and many of\nher tacks and sheets were flapping to the wind.  Both vessels were hull\ndown from the deck, and we well understood what was going forward.\nRight astern, and directly in the wind's eye of us, was a flat, broad\nschooner running before the wind, with nothing set but her fore\nstay-sail.  As she lifted to the sea, at the edge of the horizon, her\nstrength of beam was so great, and her bulwarks so little above the\nwater, that she seemed to make way broadside on, rather than to sail in\nthe usual position.  There was no vessel particularly near her.  Those\nof the mercantile navy that most enjoyed her propinquity did not seem,\nby the press of sail that they were carrying, to think the situation\nvery enviable.  However, the Falcon, one of our men-of-war brigs, was\nbetween this schooner and all the convoy, with the signal flying, \"May I\nchase?\"\nBut this was not all; a whitish haze cleared up; to the northward there\nwas a spanking felucca, with her long lanteen sails brailed up, and\nsweeping about in the very centre of a knot of dull sailing merchant\nvessels, four of which, by their altered courses, had evidently been\ntaken possession of.  Reversing the good old adage, first come first\nserved, we turned our attention to the last appearance.  We made the\nsignal to the other man-of-war brig, the _Curlew_, to chase and capture\nthe felucca, she not being more than two miles distant from her.\nNo sooner did the convoy generally begin to find out how matters stood,\nthan like a parcel of fussy and frightened old women, they began to pop,\npop, pop, firing away their one and two-pounders in all directions, and\nthose farthest from the scene of action serving their guns the quickest,\nand firing the oftenest.  It seemed to them of but little consequence,\nso long as the guns were fired, where the shot fell.  Now this was a\ngreat nuisance, as it prevented, by the smoke it raised, our signals\nfrom being distinguished, even if these belligerents in a a small way,\nhad not been so occupied by these demonstrations of their valour from\nattending to them.  Indeed, the volumes of smoke the popping created,\nbecame very considerable.  I do not now know if there be any convoy\nsignal in the merchant code equivalent to \"cease firing.\"  If there were\nat that time, I am sure it was displayed, but displayed or not, the\nhubbub was on the increase.  We were at last compelled to fire shot over\nthese pugnacious tubs to quiet them, and there was thus acted the\nsingular spectacle of three vessels capturing the convoy, whilst the\nartillery of its principal protector appeared to be incessantly playing\nupon it.\nHaving our attention so much divided, there was a great deal of activity\nand bustle, though no confusion on our decks.  We were hoisting out the\nboats to make the recaptures, and dividing the marines into parties to\ngo in each.  In the midst of all this hurry, when Mr Farmer, our\ngallant first-lieutenant, was much heated, a droll circumstance\noccurred, the consequence of the indiscriminate firing of the convoy.  A\nboat pulled alongside, and a little swab-man, with his face all fire,\nand in an awfully sinful passion, jumped on the quarter-deck, with\nsomething rolled up in a silk handkerchief.  He was so irritated that\nwhilst he followed the first-lieutenant about for two or three minutes,\nhe could not articulate.\n\"Out of my way, man.  Mr Burn, see that all the small arms are ready,\nand handed down into the boat in good order.  Out of my way, man--what\nthe devil do you want?  Muster the pinnace's crew on the starboard\ngangway--move all these lubberly marines, Mr Silva, if that stupid fool\ndon't cease firing, send a shot right into him.  Man, man, what do you\nwant--why don't you speak?\"\n\"There, sir,\" at last stammered out the little angry master of a brig,\nunfolding his handkerchief, and exhibiting a two-pound shot in a most\nfilthy condition, \"What--what do you think of that, sir.  Slap on board\nof me, from the _Lady Jane_, sir--through, clean through my bulwarks\ninto the cook's slush-tub.  There's murder and piracy for you on the\nhigh seas--my slush-tub, sir--my bulwarks, sir.\"\n\"Damn you and your slush-tub too--out of my way!  Sail trimmers aloft,\nand get ready the topmast and top-gallant studding-sails.\"\n\"Am I to have no redress, sir?  Is a British subject to have his\nslush-tub cannonaded on the high seas, and no redress, sir?  Sir, sir, I\ntell you, sir, if you don't do me justice, I'll go on board and open my\nfire upon that scoundrelly _Lady Jane_.\"\nNow this was something like a gasconade, as our irritated friend\nhappened to have but three quakers (wooden guns) on each side, that\ncertainly were not equal to the merits of that apocryphal good dog, that\ncould bark, though not bite--however, they looked as if they could.\n\"You had better,\" said Captain Reud, \"go on board the _Lady Jane_, and\nif you are man enough, give the master a hiding.\"\n\"If I'm man enough!\" said he, jumping with his shot into his boat, with\nireful alacrity.  Shortly after, taking my glass, I looked at the _Lady\nJane_, and sure enough there was a pugilistic encounter proceeding on\nher quarter-deck, with all that peculiar _gout_ that characterises\nEnglishmen when engaged in that amusement.\nIn answer to the signal of the _Falcon_, which was astern of the convoy,\nand between it and the gigantic schooner, \"Shall I chase?\" we replied,\n\"No.\"  By this time we had thrashed our convoy into something like\nsilence and good order.  We then signalled to them to close round the\n_Falcon_, and heave-to.  To the _Falcon_, \"to protect convoy.\"\nWe had now been some time at quarters, and everything was ready for\nchasing and fighting.  But the fun had already begun to the northward.\nOur second man-of-war brig, the _Curlew_, had closed considerably upon\nthe felucca, which was evidently endeavouring to make the chase a\nwindward one.  The brig closed more upon her than she ought.  It\ncertainly enabled her to fire broadside after broadside upon her, but,\nas far as we could perceive, with little or no effect.  In a short time\nthe privateer contrived to get into the wind's eye of the man-of-war,\nand away they went.  After the four ships had been taken possession of\nand which were each making a different course, we sent three of the\nboats--the barge, yawl, and pinnace--under the command of Mr Silva, in\norder to recapture them, of which there was every prospect, as the\nbreeze was light, and would not probably freshen before ten o'clock;\nfor, however the captured vessels might steer, their courses must be\nweather ones, as, if they had attempted to run to leeward, they must\nhave crossed the body of the convoy.  Having now made our arrangements,\nwe turned all our attention to leeward, upon the large dark,\nthree-masted vessel, that still remained hove-to, seeming to honour us\nwith but little notice.  She had taken possession of the finest and\nlargest ship of the convoy.  Long as I have been narrating all these\nfacts, I assure the reader they did not occupy ten minutes in action,\nincluding the monomachia on board of the _Lady Jane_.  Just as we had\ngot the ship's head towards the stranger, with every stitch of canvas\ncrowded upon her, and the eight-oared cutter, manned, armed, and\nmarined, towing astern, they had got the captured West Indiaman before\nthe wind, with everything set.  The stranger was not long following this\nexample; but steered about a S.W. and by W course, whilst his prize ran\ndown nearly due south.\nI have always found in the beginning, that the size of the chase is\nmagnified, either by the expectations or the fears of the pursuers.  At\nfirst, we had no doubt but that the flying vessel was a French frigate,\nas large, or nearly as large, as ourselves.  We knew from good authority\nthat a couple of large frigate-built ships had, evading our blockading\ncruisers, escaped from Brest, and were playing fine pranks among the\nWest India Islands.  Everybody immediately concluded the vessel in view\nto be one of them.  If this conjecture should turn out true, there would\nbe no easy task before us, seeing how much we had crippled ourselves, by\nsending away, in the boats, so many officers and men.\nIt now became a matter of earnest deliberation, to which of the two\nships we should first turn our attention, as the probabilities were\ngreat against our capturing both.  The _Prince William_, the captured\nWest Indiaman, I have before said, was the largest and finest ship of\nthe convoy.  Indeed, she was nearly as large as ourselves, mounted\nsixteen guns, and we had made her a repeating ship, and employed her\ncontinually in whipping-in the bad sailers.\nThe chase after her promised to be as as long as would have been the\nchase after the Frenchman.\nMr Farmer, who was all for fighting, and getting his next step of\npromotion, was for nearing the West Indiaman a little more, sending the\ncutter to take possession, and then do our best to capture the frigate.\nNow, the cutter pulled eight oars, there were two good-looking jollies,\nwith their muskets between their knees, stuck up in the bows, six in the\nstern-sheets, Mr Pridhomme, the enamoured master's mate, and the Irish\nyoung gentleman, who had seen as much service and as many years as\nmyself; with the coxswain, who was steering.  Mr Farmer, of course,\nmeasured everybody's courage by his own; but I think it was taxing\nBritish intrepidity a little too much, to expect that nineteen persons,\nin broad daylight, should chase in an open boat, and which must\nnecessarily pull up a long stern-pull of perhaps two or three hours,\nexposed to the fire of those on board, and then afterwards, supposing\nthat nobody had been either killed or wounded by the ball practice that\nwould have been certainly lavished on the attacking party, to get\nalongside, and climb up the lofty side of a vessel, as high out of the\nwater as a fifty-gun ship.  We say nothing of the guns that might have\nbeen loaded by the captors with grape, and the number of men that would\ninfallibly be placed to defend and to navigate so noble a vessel.\nCaptain Reud weighed all this, and decided upon making with the frigate,\nthe recapture first, and then trusting to Providence for the other: for\nwhich decision, which I thought most sound, he got black looks from the\nfirst-lieutenant and some of the officers, and certain hints were\nwhispered of _dark_ birds sometimes showing white feathers.\nThe sequel proved that the captain acted with the greatest judgment.  To\nour utter astonishment, we came up hand over hand with a vessel which we\nbefore had shrewd suspicions, could, going free sail very nearly as well\nas ourselves.  Of course, we were now fast leaving the convoy; we found\nthat the felucca had worked herself dead to windward, and was, by this\ntime, nearly out of gun-shot of the _Curlew_, and, that the _faineant_\nstrange schooner had now made sail, and was on such a course as\napproximated her fast to the other privateer.\nThe large vessel, perceiving our attention solely directed to the\ncapture, shortened sail and made demonstrations of rescue.  At this, Mr\nFarmer grinned savage approbation, and, not yet having had a good view\nof her hull, we all thought, from her conduct, that she was conscious of\nforce.  We were, therefore, doubly on the alert in seeing everything in\nthe very best order for fighting.  The bulk-heads of the captain's cabin\nwere knocked down, and the sheep, pigs, and poultry, gingerly ushered\ninto the hold, preparatory to the demolition of their several pens,\nstyes, and coops, on the main deck.  All this I found very amusing, but\nI must confess to a little anxiety, and, younker as I was, I knew, if we\ncame to action, that the eighty or ninety men, away in the boats, would\nbe very severely felt.  I was also sorry for the absence of Mr Silva,\nas I had a great, yet puerile curiosity, to see how a man that had\nwritten a book, would fight.\nThe run of an hour and a-half brought us nearly alongside the _Prince\nWilliam_, when we expected, at the least, a ten hour's chase.  It was\nwell we came up so soon; the Frenchman had clapped forty as ill-looking\nsavage vagabonds on board of her, as ever made a poor fellow walk the\nplank.  They had fully prepared themselves for sinking the cutter, as\nsoon as she could come alongside, and their means for doing so were most\nample.\nAs our prisoners came up the sides, we soon discovered by the shabby,\nfaded, and rent uniforms of the two officers among them, that they\nbelonged to the French imperial service.  They bore their reverse of\nfortune, notwithstanding they belonged to a philosophical nation, with a\nvery despicable philosophy.  They stamped with rage, and ground their\n_sacres_ unceasingly between their teeth.  They could not comprehend how\nso fine a looking vessel should sail so much like a haystack.  The\nmystery was, however, soon solved.  The third mate, with about half a\ndozen men, had been left on board of her; and the provident and gallant\nyoung fellow had, whilst the Frenchmen were so pre-occupied in preparing\nto resist the threatened attack of the boat, contrived to pass,\nunobserved, overboard from the bows, a spare-sail loaded with shot, that\neffectually had checked the ship's way.  Had the Frenchmen turned their\nattention to that part of the vessel, without they had examined\nnarrowly, they would have perceived nothing more than a rope towing\noverboard.  He certainly ought to have shared with us prize-money for\nthe recapture; but after all, he sustained no great loss by not having\nhis name down on the prize-list, as nobody but the captain ever got\nanything for what we did that day.  He, lucky dog, got his share in\nadvance, many said much more, for appointing the Messrs. Isaiahsons and\nCo as our agents.  They got the money, and then, as the possession of\nmuch cash (of other people's) is very impoverishing, they became\nbankrupts, paid nothing-farthing in the pound, were very much\ncommiserated, and the last that we heard of them was, that they were\nliving like princes in America, upon the miserable wreck of their (own?)\nproperty.\nWe made, of course, most anxious and most minute inquiries of Messieurs\nles Francois, as to the class of vessel to which they belonged, and\nwhich we were in turn preparing to pursue.  As might be expected, we got\nfrom them nothing but contradictory reports; but they all agreed in\ngiving us the most conscientious and disinterested advice, not to think\nof irritating her, as we should most certainly be blown out of the\nwater.  We read this backwards.  If she were strong enough to take us,\nit was their interest that we should engage her, and thus their\nliberation would be effected.\nAs it was, notwithstanding these many occurrences, only eight a.m. when\nwe made the re-capture, and as the convoy were all still in sight, we\nonly put six men in the _Prince William_ which, in addition to the\nEnglish still on board, were sufficient to take her to the _Curlew_,\nnear which vessel the merchantmen had all nestled, and orders were\ntransmitted to her commanding officer to see that men enough were put on\nboard the re-capture to insure her safety.\nCHAPTER FORTY ONE.\nRALPH MAKETH ACQUAINTANCE WITH BLOODY INSTRUMENTS, AND BOWETH TO THE\nIRON MESSENGERS OF DEATH; AND IS TAUGHT TO STAND FIRE, BY BEING NEARLY\nKNOCKED DOWN.\nWe now pressed the ship with every stitch of canvas that we could set.\nWe had already learned the name of our friend in the distance; it was\nthe _Jean Bart_.  Indeed, at this time, almost every fourth French\nvessel in those seas, if its occupation was the cutting of throats, was\na \"Jean Bart.\"  However, _Jean Bart_, long before we had done with the\n_Prince William_ had spread a cloud of canvas--a dark one, it is true--\nand had considerably increased his distance from us.  It was a chase\ndead before the wind.  By nine o'clock the breeze had freshened.  I\ndon't know how it could be otherwise, considering the abundance of\nwishing and votive whistling.  At ten we got a good sight of Johnny\nCrapaud's hull from the maintop, and found out that she was no frigate.\nI was not at all nervous before, but I must confess, at this certainty\nmy courage rose considerably.  I narrowly inspected the condition of the\nfour after-quarter guns, my charge, and was very impressive on the\npowder-boys as to the necessity of activity, coolness, and presence of\nmind.\nDr Thompson now came on deck, very much lamenting the disordered rites\nof his breakfast.  The jocular fellow invited me down into the cock-pit,\nto see his preparations, in order, as he said, to keep up my spirits, by\nshowing me what excellent arrangements he had made for trepanning my\nskull, or lopping my leg, should any accident happen to me.  I attended\nhim.  What with the fearnought [_an amazingly thick cloth of a woollen\ntexture_] screens, and other precautions against fire, it was certainly\nthe hottest place in which I had yet ever been.  The dim, yellow, yet\nsufficient light from the lanterns, gave a lurid horror to the various\nghastly and blood-greedy instruments that were ostentatiously displayed\nupon the platform.  Crooked knives, that the eye alone assured you were\nsharp, seemed to be twisting with a living anxiety to embrace and\nseparate your flesh; and saws appeared to grin at me, which to look\nupon, knowing their horrid office, actually turned my teeth on edge.\nThere were the three assistant-surgeons, stripped to their shirts, with\ntheir sleeves tucked up ready, looking anxious, keen, and something\nterrified.  As to the burly doctor, with his huge, round, red face, and\nhis coarse jokes, he abstracted something from the romantic terrors of\nthe place; but added considerably to the disgust it excited, as he\nstrongly reminded me of a carcass butcher in full practice.\nNo doubt, his amiable purpose in bringing me to his den was to frighten\nme, and enjoy my fright.  Be that as it may, I took the matter as coolly\nas the heat of the place would permit me.  The first lesson in bravery\nis to assume the appearance of it; the second, to sustain the\nappearance; and third will find you with all that courage \"that doth\nbecome a man.\"\nBy noon we had a staggering breeze.  We could now perceive that we were\nchasing a large corvette, though from the end-on view we had of her, we\ncould not count her ports.  The _Eos_ seemed to fly through the water.\nAt one o'clock the spars began to complain--preventer braces were rove,\nbut no one thought of shortening sail.\nAt two o'clock we had risen the _Jean Bart_, so as to clear her\nbroadside from the water's edge as seen from our decks.  The appetites\nof the doctor and purser had risen in proportion.  They made a joint and\ndisconsolate visit to the galley.  All the fires were put out.  The hens\nwere cackling and the pigs grunting in dark security among the water\ncasks.  Miserable men! there was no prospect of a dinner.  They were\nobliged to do detestable penance upon cold fowl and ham, liquified with\nnothing better than claret, burgundy, and the small solace derivable\nfrom the best brandy, mixed with filtrated water in most praiseworthy\nmoderation.\nAt three o'clock we had the _Jean Bart_ perfectly in sight, and we\ncould, from the foreyard, observe well the motions of those on deck.\nThe master was broiling his very red nose over his sextant in the\nforestay sail netting, when it was reported that the Frenchman was\ngetting aft his two long brass bow chasers; and in half an hour after,\nwe had the report from the said brass bellowers themselves, followed by\nthe whistling of the shot, one wide of the ship, but the other smack\nthrough our foresail, and which must have passed very near the nose of\nour respectable master.\nMost of the officers, myself with the rest, were standing on the\nforecastle.  Though not the first shot that I had seen fired in anger,\nit certainly was the first that had ever hissed by me.  This first\nsalute is always a memorable epoch in the life of a soldier or sailor.\nBy the rent the shot made in the foresail, it could not have passed more\nthan two yards directly over my head.  I was taken by surprise.\nEverybody knows that the rushing that the shot makes is excessively\nloud.  As the illustrious stranger came on board with so much pomp and\nceremony, I, from the impulse of pure courtesy, could not do otherwise\nthan bow to it; for which act of politeness the first-lieutenant gave me\na very considerably tingling box of the ear.\nMy angry looks, my clenched fists, and my threatening attitude, told him\nplainly that it was no want of spirit that made me duck to the shot.\nJust as I was passionately exclaiming, \"Sir--I--I--I--\" Captain Reud put\nhis hand gently on my shoulder, and said, \"Mr Rattlin, what are you\nabout?  Mr Farmer, that blow was not deserved.  I, sir,\" said he,\ndrawing himself up proudly, \"ducked to the first shot.  Many a fine\nfellow that has bobbed to the first has stood out gallantly to the last.\nWhat could you expect, Mr Farmer, from such a mere boy?  And to strike\nhim!  Fie upon it!  That blow, if the lad had weak nerves, though his\nspirit were as brave as Nelson's, and as noble as your namesake's, that\nfoul blow might have cowed him for ever.\"\n\"They are getting ready to fire again,\" was now reported from the\nforeyard.\n\"Here, Rattlin,\" continued the captain, \"take my glass, seat yourself\nupon the hammock-cloths, and tell me if you can make out what they are\nabout.\"\nTwo flashes, smoke, and then the rushing of the shot, followed by the\nloud and ringing report of the brass guns, and of the reverberation of\nmetal, was heard immediately beneath me.  One of the shot had struck the\nfluke of the anchor in the fore-chains.\n\"There, Mr Farmer,\" said the captain exultingly, \"did you mark that?  I\nknew it--I knew it, sir.  He neither moved nor flinched--even the long\ntube that he held to his eye never quivered for an instant.  Oh!  Mr\nFarmer, if you have the generous heart I give you credit for, never,\nnever again strike a younker for bobbing at the first, or even the fifth\nshot.\"\n\"I was wrong, sir,\" was the humble reply; \"I am sorry that I should have\ngiven you occasion to make this _public_ reprimand.\"\n\"No, Farmer,\" said the little Creole very kindly; \"I did not mean to\nreprimand, only to remonstrate.  The severest reprimand was given you by\nMr Rattlin himself.\"\nI could at that moment have hugged the little yellow-skinned captain,\nwicked as I knew him to be, and stood unmoved the fire of the grape of a\ntwenty-gun battery.\nBut was I not really frightened at the whistling of the shot?\nYes; a little.\nCHAPTER FORTY TWO.\nIT'S WELL TO HAVE A LONG SPOON WHEN ONE SIPS SOUP WITH THE DEVIL--THE\nCAPTAIN'S SHOT SELDOM MISSES.\nIt is always a greater proof of courage to stand fire coolly than to\nfire.  Captain Reud, I must suppose, wished to try the degree of\nintrepidity of his officers, by permitting the chase to give us several\nweighty objections against any more advance of familiarity on our parts.\nA quarter of a century ago there were some very strange notions\nprevalent in the navy, among which none was more common, than that the\nfiring of the bow guns _materially_ checked the speed of the vessel.\nThe captain and the first-lieutenant both held this opinion.  Thus we\ncontinued to gain upon the corvette, and she, being emboldened by the\nimpunity with which she cannonaded us, fired the more rapidly and with\nthe greater precision, as our rent sails and ravelled running rigging\nbegan to testify.\nI was rather impatient at this apparent apathy on our parts.  Mr Burn,\nthe gunner, seemed to more than participate in my feelings.  Our two\nbow-guns were very imposing-looking magnates.  They would deliver a\nmessage at three miles' distance, though it were no less than a missive\nof eighteen pounds avoirdupois; and we were now barely within half that\ndistance.  Mr Burn was particularly excellent at two things--a long\nshot, and the long bow.  In all the ships that I have sailed, I never\nyet met with his equal at a cool, embellished, intrepid lie, or at the\naccuracy of his ball practice.  Baron Munchausen would have found no\nmean rival in him at the former; and, were duels fought with eighteen\npounders, Lord Camelford would have been remarkably polite in the\ncompany of our master of projectiles.\nI was upon the point of writing that Mr Burn was _burning_ with ardour.\nI see it written--it is something worse than a pun--therefore, _per\nomnes modos et casus_--heretical and damnable--consequently I beg the\nreader to consign it to the oblivion with which we cover our bad\nactions, and read thus:--The gunner was burning with impatience to show\nthe captain what a valuable officer he commanded.  The two guns had long\nbeen ready, and, with the lanyard of the lock in his right hand, and the\nrim of his glazed hat in his left, he was continually saying, \"shall I\ngive her a shot now, Captain Reud?\"\nThe answer was as provokingly tautologous as a member of parliament's\nspeech, who is in aid of the whipper-in, speaking against time.  \"Wait a\nlittle, Mr Burn.\"\n\"Well, Mr Rattlin,\" said the fat doctor, blowing himself up to me, \"so\nyou have been knighted--on the field of battle, too--knight banneret of\nthe order of the light bobs.\"\nI was standing with the captain's glass to my eye, looking over the\nhammocks.  In order to get near me he had been obliged to cling hold of\nthe hammock rails with both hands, so that his huge, round, red face,\njust peeped above the tarpaulin hammock cloths, his chin resting upon\nthem, no bad type of an angry sun showing his face above the rim of a\nblack cloud, through a London November fog.\n\"Take care doctor,\" I sang out, for I had seen the flashings of the\nenemy's guns.\n\"Light bobs,\" said the jeering doctor; when away flew the upper part of\nhis hat, and down he dropped on the deck, on that part which nature\nseems to have purposely padded in order to make the fall of man easy.\n\"No light bob, however,\" said I.\nThe doctor arose, rubbing with an assiduity that strongly reminded me of\nmy old schoolmaster, Mr Root.\n\"To your station, doctor,\" said the captain, harshly.\n\"Spoilt a good hat in trying to make a bad joke;\" and he shuffled\nhimself below.\n\"Your gig, Captain Reud, cut all to shivers,\" said a petty officer.\nThis was the unkindest cut of all.  As we were approaching Barbados, the\ncaptain had caused his very handsome gig to be hoisted in from over the\nstern, placed on the thwarts of the launch, and it had been in that\nposition only the day before, very elaborately painted.  The irritated\ncommander seized hold of the lanyard of one of the eighteen pounders,\nexclaiming, at the same time, \"Mr Burn, when you have got your sight,\nfire!\"\nThe two pieces of artillery simultaneously roared out their thunders,\nthe smoke was driven aft immediately, and down toppled the three\ntopmasts of the corvette.  The falling of those masts was a beautiful\nsight.  They did not rush down impetuously, but stooped themselves\ngradually and gracefully, with all their clouds of canvas.  A swan in\nmid air, with her drooping wings broken by a shot, slowly descending,\nmight give you some idea of the view.  But after the descent of the\nmultitudinous sails, the beauty was wholly destroyed.  Where before\nthere careered gallantly and triumphantly before the gale a noble ship,\nnow nothing but a wreck appeared painfully to trail along laboriously\nits tattered and degraded ruins.\n\"What do you think of that shot, Mr Farmer?\" said the little captain,\nall exultation.  \"Pray, Mr Rattlin, where did Mr Burn's shot fall?\"\n\"_One_ of the shot struck the water about half a mile to port, sir,\"\nsaid I, for I was still at my post watching the proceedings.\n\"O Mr Burn!  Mr Burn! what could you be about?  It is really shameful\nto throw away his Majesty's shot in that manner.  Oh, Mr Burn!\" said\nthe captain, more in pity than in anger.\nMr Burn looked ridiculously foolish.\n\"O Mr Burn!\" said I, \"is this all you can show to justify your\nbragging?\"\n\"If ever I fire a shot with the captain again,\" said the mortified\ngunner, \"may I be rammed, crammed, and jammed in a mortar, and blown to\natoms.\"\nIn the space of a quarter of an hour we were alongside of the _Jean\nBart_.  She mounted twenty-two guns, was crowded with a dirty crew, and,\nafter taking out most of them, and sending plenty of hands on board, in\ntwo hours more we had got up her spare top-masts.\nBefore dark, everything appeared to be as if nothing had occurred, with\nthe exception of the captain's gig and the doctor's hat; and hauling our\nwind, in company with our prize, we made sail towards that quarter in\nwhich we had left our convoy.\nAt daylight next morning, we found ourselves again with our convoy.  Mr\nSilva had recaptured the four vessels taken by the felucca.  The\n_Falcon_ hove in sight about mid-day.  She had chased the felucca well,\nto windward, when the immense large schooner had intruded herself as a\nthird in the party, and she and the felucca, as well as I could\nunderstand, had united, and gave the man-of-war brig a pretty\nconsiderable tarnation licking, as brother Jonathan hath it.\nShe certainly made a very shattered appearance, and had lost several\nmen.  However, in the official letter of the commander to Captain Reud,\nall this was satisfactorily explained.  He had beaten both, and they had\nstruck; but owing to night coming on before he could take possession of\nthem, they had most infamously escaped in the darkness.  However, it did\nnot much signify, as they were now, having struck, lawful prizes to any\nEnglish vessel that could lay hold of them.  I thought at the time that\nthere was no doubt of _that_.\nThe next day we made the land.  The low island of Barbados had the\nappearance of a highly-cultivated garden, and the green look, so\nrefreshing in a hot country, and so dear to me, as it reminded me of\nEngland.\nCHAPTER FORTY THREE.\nA NAVAL DINNER, WITH ITS CONSEQUENCES--A NAVAL ARGUMENT, WITH ITS\nCONSEQUENCES, ALSO--THE WAY DOWN THE RIVER PAVED AT LAST, AND THE\nPROCESS AND THE PERSON OF THE UNFORTUNATE PAVIOUR FINALLY ARRESTED.\nWe made but a short stay at \"Little England,\" as the Barbadians fondly\ncall their verdant plat, and then ran down through all the Virgin\nIslands, leaving parts of our convoy at their various destinations.  Our\nrecaptured vessels, with a midshipman in each, also went to the ports to\nwhich they were bound.  When we were abreast of the island of Saint\nDomingo, our large convoy was reduced to about forty, all of which were\nconsigned to the different ports of Jamaica.  Our prize corvette was\nstill in company, as we intended to take her to Port Royal.\nWe were all in excellent humour: luxuriating in the anticipation of our\nprize-money, and somewhat glorious in making our appearance in a manner\nso creditable to ourselves, and profitable to the admiral on the\nstation.  All this occupied our minds so much, that we had hardly\nopportunity to think of persecution.  But some characters can always\nfind time for mischief, especially when mischief is but another name for\npleasure.  The activity which Mr Silva had displayed in making the\nrecaptures, had gained him much respect with his messmates, and seemed\nto _pave the way_ for a mutual good understanding.\nHowever he was invited to dinner with his two constant quizzers, the fat\ndoctor and the acute purser, just as we had made the east of Jamaica.\nI, it having been my forenoon watch, was consequently invited with the\nofficer of it.  We had lately been too much occupied to think of\nannoying each other; but those who unfortunately think that they have a\nprescriptive right to be disagreeable, and have a single talent that way\n(the most common of talents), seldom violate the advice of the\nScripture, that warns us not to hide that one talent in a napkin.\nWe found our sarcastic little skipper in the blandest and most urbane\nhumour.  He received me with a courtesy that almost made me feel\naffection for him.  We found Mr Farmer, the first-lieutenant, with him,\nand had it not been for a sly twinkling of the eye of the captain, and\nvery significant looks that now and then stole from Mr Farmer, as he\ncaught the expression of his commander's countenance I should have\nthought that that day there was no \"minching malicho,\" or anything like\nmischief meant.  There were but five of us sat down to table, yet the\ndinner was superb.  We had, or rather the captain supplied himself now,\nwith all the luxuries of a tropical climate, and those of the temperate\nwere, though he could boast of little temperance, far from exhausted.\nWe had turtle dressed in different ways, though our flat friend made his\nfirst appearance in the guise of an appetising soup.  We had stewed\nguanna, a large sort of delicious lizard, that most amply repairs the\noffence done to the eye by his unsightly appearance in conciliating in a\nwonderful manner all those minute yet important nerves that Providence\nhas so bountifully and so numerously spread over the palate, the tongue,\nand the uvula.  The very contemplation of this beneficent arrangement is\nenough to make a swearing boatswain pious.\nWe lacked neither fish, beef, nor mutton; though it is true, that the\ncarcasses of the sheep, after having been dressed by the butcher and\nhung up under the half-deck, gave us the consolation of knowing, that\nwhilst there was a single one on board, we should never be in want of a\npoop-lantern, so delicately thin and transparent were the teguments that\nunited the ribs.  Indeed, when properly stretched, the body would have\nsupplied the place of a drum, and but little paring away of the flesh\nwould have fitted the legs and shoulders for drum-sticks.  Of fowls we\nhad every variety, and the curries were excellent.  Reud kept two\nexperienced cooks; one was an Indian, well versed in all the mysteries\nof spices and provocatives; the other a Frenchman, who might have taken\na high degree in Baron Rothschild's kitchen, which Hebrew kitchen is, we\nunderstand, the best appointed in all the Christian world.  The rivals\nsometimes knocked a pot or so over, with its luscious contents, in their\ncontests for precedency, for cooks and kings have their failings in\ncommon; but, I must confess, that their Creole master always\nadministered even-handed justice, by very scrupulously flogging them\nboth.\nWell, we will suppose the dinner done, and the West Indian dessert on\nthe table, and that during the repast the suavity of our host had been\nexemplary.  He found some means of putting each of us on good terms with\nhimself.  At how little expense we can make each other happy!\nThe refreshing champagne had circulated two or three times, and the\npine-apples had been scientifically cut by the sovereign hand of the\nskipper, who now, in his native regions, seemed to have taken to himself\nan increased portion of life.  All this time, nothing personal or in the\nleast offensive had been uttered.  The claret that had been cooling all\nday, by the means of evaporation, in one of the quarter galleries, was\nproduced, and the captain ordered a couple of bottles to be placed to\neach person with the exception of myself.  Having thrown his legs upon\nanother chair than that on which he was sitting, he commenced, \"Now,\ngentlemen, let us enjoy ourselves.  We have the means before us, and we\nshould be very silly not to employ them.  In a hot country, I don't like\nthe trouble of passing the bottle.\"\n\"It is a great trouble to me when it is a full one,\" said Dr Thompson.\n\"Besides, the bustle and the exertion destroys the continuity of\nhigh-toned, and intellectual conversation,\" said Captain Reud, with\namiable gravity.\n\"It is coming now,\" thought I.  Lieutenant Silva looked at first\nembarrassed, and then a little stern: it was evident, that that which\nthe captain was pleased to designate as highly-toned intellectual\nconversation was, despite his literary attainments and the _pas_ of\nsuperiority, the publishing a book had given him, no longer to the\nauthor's taste.\n\"I have been thinking,\" said Captain Reud, placing the forefinger of his\nleft hand, with an air of great profundity, on the left side of his\nnose, \"I have been thinking of the very curious fatality that has\nattached itself to Mr Silva's excellent work.\"\n\"Under correction, Captain Reud,\" said Silva, \"if you would permit this\nunfortunate work to sink into the oblivion that perhaps it too much\nmerits, you would confer upon me, its undeserving author, an essential\nfavour.\"\n\"By no means.  I see no reason why I may not be proud of the book, and\nproud of the author (Mr Silva starts), providing the book be a good\nbook; indeed, it is a great thing for me to say, that I have the honour\nto command an officer who has printed a book; the mere act evinces great\n_nerve_.\"  (Mr Silva winces.)\n\"And,\" said the wicked purser, \"Captain Reud, you must be every way the\ngainer by this.  The worse the book, the greater the courage.  If Mr\nSilva's wit--\"\n\"You may test my wit by my book, Mr ---, if you choose to read it,\" and\nthe author looked scornfully, \"and my courage, when we reach Port\nRoyal;\" and the officer looked magnificently.\n\"No more of this,\" said the captain.  \"I was going to observe, that\nperhaps I am the only officer on the station or even in the fleet, that\nhas under my command a live author, with the real book that he has\npublished.  Now, Mr Silva, we are all comfortable here--no offence is\nmeant to you--only compliment and honour; will you permit us to have it\nread to us at the present meeting? we will be all attention.  We will\nnot deprive you of your wine--give the book to the younker.\"\n\"If you will be so kind, Captain Reud, to promise for yourself and the\nother gentlemen, to raise no discussion upon any particular phrase that\nmay arise.\"\nThe captain did promise.  We shall presently see how that promise was\nkept.  The book was sent for, and placed in my hands.  Now I fully\nopined that at least we should get past the second page.  I was\ncuriously mistaken.\n\"Here, steward,\" said the skipper, \"place half a bottle of claret near\nMr Rattlin.  When your throat is dry, younker, you can whet your\nwhistle; and when you come to any particular fine paragraph, you may\nwash it down with a glass of wine.\"\n\"If that's the case, sir, I think, with submission, I ought to have my\ntwo bottles before me also; but, if I follow your directions implicitly,\nCaptain Reud, I may get drunk in the first chapter.\"\nMr Silva thanked even a midshipman, with a look of real gratitude, for\nthis diversion in his favour.  I had begun to like the man, and there\nmight have been a secret sympathy between us, as one day it was to be my\nfate also to write myself, author.\nHaving adjusted ourselves into the most comfortable attitudes that we\ncould assume, I began, as Lord Ogleby hath it, \"with good emphasis, and\ngood discretion,\" to read the \"Tour up and down the Rio de la Plate.\"\nBefore I began, the captain had sent for the master, and the honourable\nMr B---; so I had a very respectable audience.\nI had no sooner finished the passage, \"After we had paved our way down\nthe river,\" than with one accord, and evidently by preconcert, every one\nstretching forth his right hand, as do the witches in Macbeth, roared\nout, \"Stop!\"  It was too ludicrous.  My eyes ran with tears, as I laid\ndown the book, with outrageous laughter.  Mr Silva started to his feet,\nand was leaving the cabin, when he was _ordered_ back by Captain Reud.\nAn appearance of amicability was assumed, and to the old argument they\nwent, baiting the poor author like a bear tied to a stake.  Debating is\na thirsty affair; the two bottles to each, and two more, quickly\ndisappeared; the wine began to operate, and with the combatants\ndiscretion was no longer the better part of valour.\nWhilst words fell fast and furious, I observed something about eight\nfeet long and one high, on the deck of the cabin, covered with the\nensign.  It looked much like a decorated seat.  Mr Silva would not\nadmit the phrase to be improper, and consequently his associates would\nnot permit the reading to proceed.  During most of the time the captain\nwas convulsed with laughter, and whenever he saw the commotion at all\nlulling, he immediately, by some ill-timed remark, renewed it to its\naccustomed fury.  At length, as the seamen say, they all had got a cloth\nin the wind--the captain two or three,--and it was approaching the time\nfor beating to quarters.  The finale, therefore, as previously arranged,\nwas acted.  Captain Reud rose, and steadying himself on his legs, by\nplacing one hand on the back of his chair, and the other on the shoulder\nof the gentleman that sat next to him, spoke thus: \"Gentlemen--I'm no\nscholar--that is--you comprehend fully--on deck, there!--don't keep that\ndamned trampling--and put me out--where was I?\"\n\"Please, sir,\" said I, \"you were saying you were no scholar.\"\n\"I wasn't--couldn't have said so.  I had the best of educations--but all\nmy masters were dull--damned dull--so they couldn't teach a quick lad,\nlike me, too quick for them--couldn't overtake me with their damned\nlearning.  I'm a straightforward man.  I've common sense--com--common\nsense.  Let us take a common sense view of this excruciation--ex--ex--I\nmean exquisite argument.  Gentlemen, come here;\" and the captain,\nbetween two supporters and the rest of the company, with Mr Silva,\napproached the mysterious looking, elongated affair, that lay, covered\nwith the union-jack, like the corpse of some lanky giant, who had run\nhimself up into a consumption by a growth too rapid.  The doctor and\npurser, who were doubtlessly in the secret, wore each a look of the most\nperplexing gravity--the captain one of triumphant mischief; the rest of\nus, one of the most unfeigned wonder.\n\"If,\" spluttered out Captain Reud, see-sawing over the yet concealed\nthing.  \"If, Mr Paviour, you can pave your way down a river--\"\n\"My name, sir, is Don Alphonso Ribidiero da Silva,\" said the annoyed\nlieutenant, with a dignified bow.\n\"Well, then, Don Alphonso Ribs-are-dear-o damned Silva, if you can pave\nyour way down a river, let us see how you can pave it in a small way\ndown this _hog-trough_ full of water,\" plucking away, with the\nassistance of his confederates, the ensign that covered it.\n\"With fools' heads,\" roared out the exasperated, and, I fear, not very\nsober, Portuguese.\nThough I was close by, I could not fully comprehend the whole manoeuvre.\nThe captain was head and shoulders immersed in the filthy trough,\nwhich, uncleaned, was taken from the manger, that part of the main-deck\ndirectly under the forecastle, and filled with salt water.  The doctor\nand purser had taken a greater lurch, and fallen over it, sousing their\nwhite waistcoats and well-arranged shirt frills in the dirty mixture.\nThe rest of us contrived to keep our legs.  The ship was running before\nthe wind, and rolling considerably, and the motion, aided by the wine\nand the act of plucking aside the flag, _might_ have precipitated the\ncaptain into his unenviable situation; he thought otherwise.  No sooner\nwas he placed upon his feet, and his mouth sufficiently clear from the\nsalt water decoction of hog-wash, than he collared the poor victim of\npersecution, and spluttered out, \"Mutiny--mu--mu--mutiny--sentry.\nGentlemen, I call you all to witness, that Mr Silva has laid violent\nhands upon me.\"\nThe \"paviour of ways\" was immediately put under arrest, and a marine,\nwith a drawn bayonet, placed at his cabin door, and the captain had to\nrepair damages, vowing the most implacable vengeance for having been\nshoved into his own hog-trough.  _Did ever anybody know any good come of\nhoaxing_?\nCHAPTER FORTY FOUR.\nTHE PALISADE BANQUET, AND MAJOR FLUSHFIRE'S ANTHEM TO YELLOW JACK--WHO'S\nAFRAID?--THE SANDS OF LIFE'S HOUR-GLASS WILL RUN OUT RAPIDLY, UNLESS\nWELL SOAKED WITH WINE.\nWe will despatch the object of persecution in a few words.  Lieutenant\nSilva was given the option of a court-martial or of exchanging into a\nsloop of war.  He chose the latter.  The captain and his messmates saw\nhim over the side, two days after we had anchored in Port Royal.  The\nspiteful commander purposely contrived, when his effects were whipped\ninto the boat, that one of the heavy, suspicious-looking cases should be\nswung against the gun and smashed.  The result was exactly what we all\nexpected.  The water was strewn with copies, in boards, of the \"Tour up\nand down the Rio de la Plate.\"  They must certainly have been light\nreading, as they floated about triumphantly.  \"I wonder whether they\nwill pave their way up to Kingston,\" said the captain, with a sneer.\nAs the author would not suffer them to be picked up, they sank, one by\none, and disappeared, like the remembrance of their creator in the minds\nof his companions.  We heard, a few weeks after, that he had died of the\nyellow fever: and thus he, with his books, was consigned to oblivion, or\nis only rescued from it, if happily this work do not share his fate, by\nthis short memento of him.\nYellow fever!--malignant consumer of the brave!--how shall I adequately\napostrophise thee?  I have looked in thy jaundiced face, whilst thy maw\nseemed insatiate.  But once didst thou lay thy scorched hand upon my\nframe; but the sweet voice of woman startled thee from thy prey, and the\nflame of love was stronger than even thy desolating fire.  But now is\nnot the time to tell of this, but rather of the eagerness with which\nmost of my companions sought to avoid thee.\nCaptain Reud had got, apparently, into his natural, as well as native,\nclimate.  The hotter it was, like a cricket, he chirped the louder, and\nenjoyed it the more.  Young and restless, he was the personification of\nmischievous humour and sly annoyance.  The tales he told of the fever\nwere ominous, appalling, fatal.  None could live who had not been\nseasoned, and none could outlive the seasoning.  For myself; I might\nhave been frightened, had I not been so constantly occupied in\ndiscussing pine-apples.  But the climax was yet to be given to the fears\nof the fearful.\nAll the officers that could be spared from the ship were invited to dine\nwith the mess of the 60th Regiment, then doing duty at Kingston and Port\nRoyal.  That day, Captain Reud having been invited to dine with the\nadmiral at the Penn, we were consequently deprived of his facetiousness.\nAll the lieutenants and the ward-room officers, with most of the\nmidshipmen, were of the party.  The master took charge of the frigate.\nSuppose us all seated at the long table, chequered red and blue, with\nMajor Flushfire, the officer in command of the garrison, at the top of\nthe table, all scarlet and gold, and our own dear Dr Thompson, all\nscarlet and blue, at the bottom.  These two gentlemen were wonderfully\nalike.  The major's scarlet was not confined to his regimentals: it\ncovered his face.  There was not a cool spot in that flame-coloured\nregion; the yellow of his eyes was blood-shot, and his nose was richly\nBardolphian.  The expression of his features was thirst; but it was a\njovial thirst withal--a thirst that burned to be supplied, encouraged,\npampered.  The very idea of water was repugnant to it.  Hydrophobia was\nwritten upon the major's brow.\nWe have described our rubicund doctor before.  He always looked warm,\nbut since his entrance into the tropics, he had been more than hot, he\nhad been always steaming.  There was an almost perceptible mist about\nhim.  His visage possessed not the adust scorch of the major's; his was\na moist heat; his cheeks were constantly par-boiling in their own\nperspiration.  He was a meet _croupier_ for our host.\nRanged on each side of this noble pair were the long lines of very pale\nand anxious faces (I really must except my own, for my face never looked\nanxious till I thought of marrying, or pale till I took to scribbling),\nthe possessors of which were experiencing a little the torment of\nTantalus.  The palisades, those graves of sand, turned into a rich\ncompost by the ever-recurring burial, were directly under the windows,\nand the land-breeze came over them, chill and dank, in palpable\ncurrents, through the jalousies, into the heated room; and, had one\nthrust his head into the moonlight and looked beneath, he would have\nseen hundreds of the shell-clad vampires, upon their long and contorted\nlegs, moving hideously round, and scrambling horribly over newly-made\nmounds, each of which contained the still fresh corpse of a warrior, or\nof the land, or of the ocean.  In a small way, your land-crab is a most\nindefatigable resurrectionist.  But there is retribution for their\nvillany.  They get eaten in their turn.  Delicate feeding they are,\ndoubtlessly; and there can be no matter of question, but that, at that\nmemorable dinner a double banquet was going on, upon a most excellent\nprinciple of reciprocity.  The epicure crab was feeding upon the dish,\nman, below--whilst epicure man was feeding upon the dished-up crab\nabove.  True, the guests knew it not; I mean those who did not wear\ntestaceous armour: the gentlemen in the coats of mail knew very well\nwhat they were about.  It was, at the time of which I am speaking, a\nstanding joke to make Johnny Newcome eat land-crab disguised in some\nsavoury dish.  Thank God, that was more than a quarter of a century ago.\nWe trust that the social qualities and the culinary refinements of the\nWest Indians do not now march _a l'ecrevisse_ and progress _a reculons_.\nThere we all sat, prudence coqueting with appetite, and the finest\nyellow curries contending with the direst thoughts of yellow fever.\nEver and anon some amiable youth would dash off a bumper of claret with\nan air of desperate bravery, and then turn pale at the idea of his own\ntemerity.  The most cautious were Scotch assistant-surgeons, and pale\nyoung ensigns who played the flute.  The midshipmen feasted and feared.\nThe major and the doctor kept on the \"even tenor of their way,\" that is,\nthey ate and drank _a l'envi_.\nWe will now suppose the King's health drank, with the hearty and loyal,\nGod bless him! from every lip--the navy drank, and thanks returned by\nthe doctor, with his mouth full of vegetable marrow--the army drank, and\nthanks returned by the major, after clearing his throat with a bumper of\nbrandy--and after \"Rule Britannia\" had ceased echoing along the now\nsilent esplanade, and that had been thundered forth with such energy by\nthe black band, an awful pause ensues.  Our first-lieutenant of marines\nrises, and, like conscience, \"with a still small voice,\" thus delivers\nhimself of the anxiety with which his breast was labouring.\n\"Major Flushfire, may I claim the privilege of the similar colour of our\ncloth to entreat the favour of your attention?  Ah! heh!--but this land\nbreeze-laden, perhaps, with the germs of the yellow-fever--mephitic--and\nall that--you understand me, Dr Thompson?\"\n\"As much as you do yourself.\"\n\"Thank you--men of superior education--sympathy--and all that--you\nunderstand me fully, major.  Now this night-breeze coming through that\nhalf-open jalousie--miasmata--and all that.  Dr Armstrong, Dr\nThompson--medical pill--`pillars of the state'--you will pardon the\nclassical allusion--\"\n\"I won't,\" growled out the doctor.\n\"Ah--so like you--so modest--but don't you think the draught is a little\ndangerous?\"\n\"Do you mean the doctor's, or this?\" said the inattentive and thirsty\nmajor, fetching a deep breath, as he put down the huge glass tumbler of\nsangaree.\n\"Oh dear, no!--I mean the night draught _through_ the window.\"\n\"The best way to dispose of it,\" said the purser, nodding at the melting\nGalen.\n\"No,\" replied Major Flushfire, courteously, \"there's no danger in it at\nall--I like it.\"\n\"Bless me, major,\" said the marine, \"why it comes all in _gusts_.\"\n\"Like it all the better,\" rejoined the major, with his head again half\nburied in the sangaree glass.\n\"_Degustibus non est disputandum_,\" observed Thompson.\n\"Very true,\" said the marine officer, looking sapiently.  \"That remark\nof yours about the _winds_ is opposite.  We ought to _dispute_ their\nentrance, as you said in Latin.  But is it quite fair, my dear doctor,\nfor you and me to converse in Latin?  We may be taking an undue\nadvantage of the rest of the company.\"\n\"Greek!  Greek!\" said the purser.\n\"Ay, certainly--it was Greek to Mr Smallcoates,\" muttered Thompson.\n\"To be sure it was,\" said the innocent marine.  \"Major Flushfire,\"\ncontinued he, once more upon his legs, \"may I again entreat the honour\nof your attention.  Dr Thompson has just proved by a quotation from a\nGreek author, Virgil or Paracelsus, I am not certain which, that the\nentrance of the night air into a hot room is highly injurious, and in--\nin--and all that.  You understand me perfectly--would it be asking too\nmuch to have all the windows closed?\"\n\"Ovens and furnaces!\" cried out the chairman, starting up.  \"Look at me\nand worthy Dr Thompson.  Are we persons to enjoy a repetition of the\nBlack Hole of Calcutta?  The sangaree, Quasha--suffocation!  The thought\nchokes me!\" and he recommenced his devotions to the sangaree.\n\"It melts me,\" responded the doctor, swabbing his face with the napkin.\n\"Are you afraid of taking cold?\" said the purser to Mr Smallcoates.\n\"Taking cold--let the gentleman take his wine,\" said the major.\n\"I must confess I am not so much afraid of cold as of fever.  I believe,\nmajor, you have been three years in this very singularly hot and cold\nclimate.  Now, my dear sir, may I tax your experience to tell us which\nis the better method of living?  Some say temperance, carried out even\nto abstemiousness, is the safer; others, that the fever is best repelled\nby devil's punch, burnt brandy, and high living.  Indeed, I may say that\nI speak at the request of my messmates.  Do, major, give us your\nopinion.\"\n\"I think,\" said the man of thirst, \"the medical gentlemen should be\napplied to in preference to an old soldier like myself.  They have great\npractice in disposing of fever cases.\"\n\"But if we must die, either of diet or the doctor, I am for knowing,\"\nsaid the purser, \"not what doctor, but what sort of diet, is most\ndilatory in its despatch.\"\n\"Well, I will not answer the question, but state the facts.  My\nmessmates can vouch for the truth of them.  Five years ago, and not\nthree, I came out with a battalion of this regiment.  We mustered\ntwenty-five officers in all.  We asked ourselves the very same question\nyou have just asked of me.  We split into two parties, nearly even in\nnumber.  Twelve of us took to water, temperance, and all manner of\npreservatives; the other thirteen of us led a harum-scarum life, ate\nwhenever we were hungry, and when we were not hungry; drank whenever we\nwere thirsty, and when we were not thirsty; and to create a thirst, we\nqualified our claret with brandy; and generally forgot the water, or\nsubstituted Madeira for it, in making our punch.  This portion of our\nbody, like Jack Falstaff, was given to sleeping on bulkheads on\nmoonlight nights, shooting in the mid-day sun, riding races, and\nsometimes, hem! assisting--a--a--at drinking-matches.\"\nHere the worthy soldier made a pause, appeared more thirsty than ever,\nscolded Quasha for not brandying his sangaree, and swigging it with the\nair of Alexander, when he proceeded to drain the cup that was fatal, he\nlooked round with conscious superiority.  The pale ensign looked more\npale--the sentimental lieutenants more sentimental--many thrust their\nwine and their punch from before them, and there was a sudden\ncompetition for the water-jug.  The marine carried a stronger expression\nthan anxiety upon his features--it was consternation--and thus\nhesitatingly delivered himself:\n\"And--so--so--sir, the _bons vivants_--deluded--poor deluded gentlemen!\nall perished--but--pardon me--delicate dilemma--but _yourself_, my good\nmajor.\"\n\"Exactly, Mr Smallcoates; and within the eighteen months.\"\nThere was a perceptible shudder through the company, military as well as\nnaval.  The pure element became in more demand than ever, and those who\ndid not actually push away their claret, watered it.  The imperturbable\nmajor brandied his sangaree more potently.\n\"But,\" said Mr Smallcoates, brightening up, \"the temperate gentlemen\nall escaped the contagion--_undoubtedly_!\"\n\"I beg your pardon--they _all died within the year_.  I alone remain of\nall the officers to tell the tale.  The year eight was dreadful.  Poor\nfellows!\"  The good major's voice faltered, and he bent over his\nsangaree much longer than was necessary to enjoy the draught.\nBlank horror passed her fearful glance from guest to guest.  Even the\nrubicund doctor's mouth was twitched awry.  I did not quite like it\nmyself.\n\"But I'm alive,\" said the major, rallying up from his bitter\nrecollections, \"and the brandy is just as invigorating, and the wine\njust as refreshing as ever.\"\n\"The major _is_ alive,\" said the marine officer, very sapiently.  \"Is\nthat brandy before you, Mr Farmer?  I'll trouble you for it--I really\nfeel this claret very cold upon my stomach.  Yes,\" he repeated, after\ntaking down a tumbler-full of half spirits, half wine, \"the major _is_\nalive--and--so am I.\"\n\"The major is alive,\" went round the table; \"let us drink his health in\nbumpers.\"\nThe major returned thanks, and volunteered a song.  I begged it, and the\nreader may sing it as he pleases, though I shall please myself by\nrecording how the major was pleased to have it sung.\n\"Gentlemen,\" said he, \"you will do me the favour to fill a bumper of\nlemonade, and when I cry chorus, chorus me standing, with the glasses in\nyour hands; and at the end of each chorus you will be pleased to\nremember that the glass is to be drained.  No heel-taps after, and no\ndaylight before.  Now for it, my lads!\" and with a voice that must have\nstartled the land crabs from their avocations, he roared out--\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee hack! hie thee back!\n  To thy damp, drear abode in the jungle;\n  I'll be sober and staid,\n  And drink _lemonade_,\n  Try and catch me--you'll make a sad bungle,\n  Yellow Jack!\n  \"But he came, the queer thief, and he seized my right-hand,\n  And I writh'd and I struggled, yet could not withstand\n  His hot, griping grasp, though I drank lemonade--\n  He grinn'd and he clutch'd me, though sober and staid.\"\n  _Chorus_ (with increasing loudness).\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back!\n  To thy damp, drear abode in the jungle;\n  We'll be sober and staid,\n  And we'll drink lemonade,\n  Try and catch us--you'll make a sad bungle,\n  Yellow Jack!\"  (tremendously).\n\"Bumpers of sangaree!\" roared the major, and sang:\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back!\n  To thy pestilent swamp quickly hie thee;\n  For I'll drink _sangaree_,\n  Whilst my heart's full of glee,\n  In thy death-doing might I'll defy thee,\n  Yellow Jack!\n  \"But the fiend persever'd and got hold of my side,\n  How I burn'd, and I froze, and all vainly I tried\n  To get rid of his grasp--though I drank sangaree,\n  No longer my bosom exulted with glee.\"\n  _Chorus_ (still more loudly).\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back\n  To thy pestilent swamp quickly hie thee;\n  For we'll drink sangaree,\n  Whilst our hearts throb with glee,\n  In thy death-doing might we defy thee,\n  Yellow Jack!\"\nAfter the sangaree, strong, and highly spiced, had been quaffed, the\nexcitement grew wilder, and the leader of our revels exclaimed, at the\ntop of his voice, \"Wine, gentlemen, wine--brimmers!\" and thus\ncontinued--\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back!\n  Begone to thy father, old Sootie,\n  Pure _wine_ now I'll drink,\n  So Jack, I should think,\n  Of me thou wilt never make booty,\n  Yellow Jack!\n  \"But a third time he came, and seized hold of my head;\n  'Twas in vain that the doctor both blister'd and bled;\n  My hand, and my side, and my heart too, I think,\n  Would soon have been lost, though pure wine I might drink.\"\n  _Chorus_.\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee hack! hie thee back!\n  Begone to thy father, old Sootie.\n  Pure wine now we'll drink,\n  So Jack, we should think,\n  Of us thou wilt never make booty,\n  Yellow Jack!\n\"Brandy!\" shouted the major.  \"Brandy--he's a craven who shirks the\ncall.\"  There was no one there craven but myself.  My youth excused my\napostacy from the night's orgies.  The major resumed, his red face\nintensely hot and arid:\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back\n  To the helldam, Corruption, thy mother;\n  For with _brandy_ I'll save\n  My heart, and thus brave\n  Thee, and fell Death, thine own brother\n  Yellow Jack!\n  \"To brandy I took, then Jack took his leave,\n  Brandy-punch and neat brandy drink morn, noon, and eve,\n  At night drink, then sleep, and be sure, my brave boys,\n  Naught will quell Yellow Jack but neat brandy and noise.\"\n  _The Chorus_ (most uproariously).\n  \"Yellow Jack!  Yellow Jack! hie thee back! hie thee back!\n  To the helldam, Corruption, thy mother;\n  For with brandy we'll save\n  Our hearts, and thus brave\n  Thee, and fell Death, thine own brother,\n  Yellow Jack!\"\nAt last \"Yellow Jack\" was thundered out loud enough to awake his victims\nfrom the palisades.  The company were just then fit for anything, but\ncertainly most fit for mischief.  Our first-lieutenant intimated to me\nthat our jolly-boat was waiting to take the junior officers on board--\nconsiderate man--so I took the hint, marvelling much upon the scene that\nI had just witnessed.\nWhether or not there was any mystic virtue in the exorcisory cantation\nof the previous night I cannot determine; but it is certain that, next\nmorning, though headaches abounded among our officers, indications of\nthe yellow fever there were none.\nCHAPTER FORTY FIVE.\nINSUBORDINATION FOLLOWED BY ELEVATION--A MIDSHIPMAN TRICED UP IN\nMID-AIR, AFFORDING A PRACTICAL LESSON ON OSCILLATION--ALL TRUCK AND NO\nBARTER.\nBut as it is not my intention to write a diary of my life, which was\nlike all other midshipmen's lives in the West Indies, I shall pass over\nsome months, during which we remained tolerably healthy, took many\nprizes, cut out some privateers, and spent money so rapidly gained, in a\nmanner still more rapid.\nOf my own messmates I remember but little.  They were generally\nshockingly ignorant young men, who had left school too early, to whom\nbooks were an aversion, and all knowledge, save that merely nautical, a\nderision.  I had to go more often to fisty-cuffs with these youths, in\ndefending my three deckers--words of Latin or Greek derivation--than on\nany other occasion.  I remember well that the word \"idiosyncrasy\" got me\ntwo black eyes, and my opponent as \"pretty a luxation\" of the shoulder\nby being tumbled down the main hatchway at the close of the combat, as\nany man of moderate expectations might desire.  I was really obliged to\nmind my parts of speech.  I know that instead of using the obnoxious\nword \"idiosyncrasy,\" I should have said that Mr So-and-so had \"a list\nto port in his ideas.\"  I confess my error--my sin against elegance was\ngreat; but it must be said in extenuation that then I was young and\nfoolish.\nHowever, I really liked my mode of life.  Notwithstanding my occasional\nsquabbles with my messmates upon my inadvertently launching a\nfirst-rate, I can safely say I was beloved by everybody--nor is the term\ntoo strong.  The captain liked me because I was always well dressed, of\nan engaging appearance, and a very handsome appendage to his gig, and\naide-de-camp in his visits on shore; perhaps from some better motives--\nthough certainly, amidst all his kindness to me, he once treated me most\ntyrannously.\nThe doctor and the purser liked me, because I could converse with them\nrationally upon matters not altogether nautical.  The master almost\nadored me, because, having a good natural talent for drawing, I made him\nplans of the hold, and the stowage of his tiers of water-casks, and\nsketches of headlands in his private log-book, to all which he was\ncondescending enough to put his own name.  The other superior officers\nthought me a very good sort of fellow, and my messmates liked me,\nbecause I was always happy and cheerful--and lent them money.\nThe crew, to a man, would have done anything for me, because--(it was\nvery foolish, certainly)--I used, for some months to cry heartily when\nany of them were tied up.  And afterwards, when I got rid of this\nweakness, I always begged as many of them off from the infliction of the\nlash of Mr Farmer, the first-lieutenant, as I could.  With him I could\ntake the liberty if I found him in a good humour, though I dared not\nwith the captain; for, though the latter had some attachment for me, it\nwas a dreadfully wayward and capricious feeling.\nThe longer I sailed with him the more occasion I had to dread, if not\nhate him.  The poor man had no resources; it is not, therefore,\nsurprising that he began to have recourse to habitual ebriety.  Then,\nunder the influence of his wife, he would be gay, mischievous,\ntyrannical, and even cruel, according to the mood of the moment.  Yet,\nat the worst, though his feet faltered, when in his cups, his tongue\nnever did.  He even grew eloquent under the vinous influence.  It\nsharpened his cunning, and wonderfully increased his aptitude for\nmischief.  It was a grievous calamity to all on board the ship that we\ncould not give his mind healthful occupation.  I said that he was fond\nof me; but I began to dread his affection, and to feel myself as being\ncompelled to submit to the playful caresses of a tiger.  As yet, not\nonly had we not had the slightest difference, but he had often humoured\nme to the detriment of the service, and in defiance of the just\ndiscipline Mr Farmer wished to maintain.  If I presumed upon this, who\nshall blame such conduct in a mere boy?  And then, Captain Reud was\nnecessary to me.  I found that I could not avail myself of my too ample\nallowance until he had endorsed my bills of exchange.\nHowever, the concealed fang of the paw that had so often played with,\nand patted me into vanity, was to wound me at length.  It came upon me\nterribly, and entered deeply into my bosom.\nI was learning to play chess of the purser--the game had already become\na passion with me.  It was also my turn to dine in the ward-room, and,\nconsequently, I was invited.  The anticipated game at chess enhanced the\nvalue of the invitation.  That same forenoon the captain and I had been\nvery sociable.  He gracious, and I facetious as I could.  I had been\ngiving him a history of my various ushers, and he had been pleased to be\nwonderfully amused.  I was down in the midshipmen's berth: a full hour\nafter I had received the ward-room invitation, the captain's steward\nshoved his unlucky head within the door, and croaked out, \"Captain\nReud's compliments to Mr Rattlin, and desires his company to dinner\ntoday.\"\nI answered carelessly, rather flippantly, perhaps, \"Tell the captain I'm\ngoing to dine in the ward-room.\"  I meant no disrespect, for I felt\nnone.  Perhaps the fellow who took back my answer worded it maliciously.\nI had totally forgotten, as soon as I had uttered my excusal, whether I\nhad or had not used the word \"compliments,\" or \"respects\"--perhaps\nthoughtlessly, neither one nor the other.\nI dined in the ward-room, enjoyed my chess, and, good, easy youth, with\nall my blushing honours thick upon me, of having given mate with only\ntrifling odds in my favour, the drum beat to evening quarters.  I was\nstationed to the four aftermost carronades on the quarter-deck.  I had\nrun up in a hurry; and at that period, straps to keep down the trousers\nnot having been invented, my white jeans were riddled a good deal up the\nleg.  I passed the captain, touched my hat, and began to muster my men.\nUnconscious of any offence, I stole a look at my commander, but met with\nno good-humoured glance in return.  He had screwed up his little yellow\nphysiognomy into the shape of an ill-conditioned and battered face on a\nbrass knocker.  He had his usual afternoon wine-flush upon him; but a\nfeeling of vindictiveness had placed his feelings of incipient\nintoxication under complete mastery.\n\"So you dined in the ward-room, Mr Rattlin?\"\n\"Yes, sir,\" my hat reverently touched, not liking the looks of my\ninterrogator.\n\"And you did not even condescend to return the compliments I sent you,\nwith my misplaced invitation to dinner.\"\n\"Don't recollect, sir.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, in consideration of your ignorance, I can forgive a\npersonal affront--damme--but, by the living God, I cannot overlook\ndisrespect to the service.  You young misbegotten scoundrel! what do\nmean by coming to quarters undressed?  Look at your trousers, sir!\"\n\"The captain is in a passion, certainly,\" thought I, as I quietly\nstooped to pull the offending garment down to my shoes.\n\"Mr Farmer, Mr Farmer, do you see the young blackguard?\" said the\ncommander.  \"Confound me, he is making a dressing-room of my\nquarter-deck--and at quarters, too--which is the same as parade.\nHither, sirrah;--ho-ho, my young gentleman.  Young gentleman, truly--a\nconceited little bastard!\"\nThe word burnt deeply into my young heart, and caused a shock upon my\nbrain, as if an explosion of gunpowder had taken place within my skull;\nbut it passed instantaneously, and left behind it an unnatural calm.\n\"Pray, sir,\" said I, walking up to him, deliberately and resolutely,\n\"how do _you_ know that I am a bastard?\"\n\"Do you hear the impudent scoundrel?  Pray, sir, who is your father?\"\n\"Oh! that I knew,\" said I, bursting into tears.  \"I bless God that it is\nnot you.\"\n\"To the mast-head! to the mast-head!  Where's the boatswain? start him\nup! start him up!\"\nThe boatswain could not make his way aft till I was some rattlings up\nthe main rigging, and thus, his intentional and kind dilatoriness saved\nme from the indignity of a blow.  Twice I gazed upon the clear blue and\ntransparent water, and temptation was strong upon me, for it seemed to\nwoo me to rest; but when I looked inboard, and contemplated the\ndiminutive, shrivelled, jaundiced figure beneath me, I said to myself,\n\"Not for such a thing as that.\"\nBefore I had got to the main-top, I thought, \"This morning he loved\nme!--poor human nature!\"--and when I got to the topmast cross-trees, I\nhad actually forgiven him.  It has been my failing through life, as\nShakespeare expresses it, \"to have always lacked gall.\"  God knows how\nmuch I have forgiven, merely because I have found it impossible to hate.\nBut it was to be tried still more.  I had settled myself comfortably on\nthe cross-trees, making excuses for the captain, and condemning my own\nwant of caution, and anticipating a reconciliatory breakfast with my\npersecutor, when his shrill voice came discordantly upon my ears.\n\"Mast-head, there!\"\n\"Sir.\"\n\"Up higher, sir--up higher.\"\nI hesitated--the order was repeated with horrid threats and\nimprecations.  There were no rattlings to the topgallant rigging.  It\nhad been tremendously hot all day, and the tar had sweated from the\nshrouds; and I was very loath to spoil my beautiful white jean trousers\nby swarming up them.  However, as I perceived that he had worked himself\ninto a perfect fury, up I went, and to the topgallant-mast-head,\nembracing the royal pole with one arm, and standing on the bights of the\nrigging.  My nether apparel, in performing this feat, appeared as if it\nhad been employed in wiping up a bucket of spilled tar.\nBut I was not long to remain unmolested in my stand on the high and\ngiddy mast.  My astonishment and dismay were unbounded at hearing\nCaptain Reud still vociferate, \"Up higher, sir.\"\nThe royal pole stood naked, with nothing attached to it but the royal\nand the signal-halyards, the latter running through the truck.  My lady\nreaders must understand that the truck is that round thing at the top of\nall the masts that looks so like a button.  I could not have got up the\nwell-greased pole if I had attempted it.  A practised seaman could,\ncertainly, and, indeed, one of those worthies who climb for legs of\nmutton at a fair, might have succeeded to mount a few inches.\n\"What!\" said I, half aloud, \"does the tyrant mean?  He knows that this\nthing I cannot do: and he also knows that if I attempt it, it is\nprobable I shall lose my hold of this slippery stick, and be rolled off\ninto the sea.  If he wishes to murder me, he shall do so more directly.\nForgive him--never.  I'll brave him first, and revenge myself after.\"\nAgain that deadly calm came over me, which makes soft dispositions so\ndesperate, and to which light-haired persons are so peculiarly subject.\nIn these temperaments, when the paleness becomes fixed and unnatural,\nbeware of them in their moods.  They concentrate the vindictiveness of a\nlife in a few moments; and, though the paroxysm is usually short, it is\ntoo often fatal to themselves and their victims.  I coolly commenced\ndescending the rigging, whilst the blackest thoughts crowded in distinct\nand blood-stained array upon my brain.  I bethought me from whence I\ncould the most readily pluck a weapon, but the idea was but\ninstantaneous, and I dismissed it with a mighty effort.  At length I\nreached the deck, whilst the infuriated captain stood mute with surprise\nat my outrageously insubordinate conduct.  The men were still at their\nquarters, and partook of their commander's astonishment; but, I am\nconvinced, of no other feeling.\nWhen I found myself on deck I walked up to Captain Reud, and between my\nclenched teeth I said to him, slowly and deliberately, \"Tyrant, I scorn\nyou.  I come premeditatedly to commit an act of mutiny: I give myself up\nas a prisoner: I desire to be tried by a court-martial.  I will undergo\nanything to escape from you; and I don't think that, with all your\nmalice, you will be able to hang me.  I consider myself under an\narrest.\"  Then turning upon my heel, I prepared to go down the\nquarter-deck hatchway.\nCaptain Reud heard me to the end in silence; he even permitted me to go\ndown half the ladder unmolested, when, rousing himself from his utter\nastonishment, he jumped forward, and spurning me with his foot violently\non my back, dashed me on the main deck.  I was considerably bruised,\nand, before I got to the midshipmen's berth, two marines seized me and\ndragged me again to the quarter-deck.  Once more I stood before my angry\npersecutor, looking hate and defiance.\n\"To the mast-head, sir, immediately.\"\n\"I will not.  I consider myself a prisoner.\"\n\"You refuse to go?\"\n\"I do.\"\n\"Quarter-master, the signal halyards.  Sling Mr Rattlin.\"  Mr Rattlin\nwas slung.  \"Now run the mutinous rascal up to the truck.\"\nIn a moment I was attached to a thin white line, waving to and fro in\nmid air, and soon triced up to the very top of the royal pole, and\njammed hard to the truck.  Is this believed?  Perhaps not; yet no\nstatement was ever more true.  At the time when this atrocity was\nperpetrating not an officer interfered.  My sufferings were intense.\nThe sun was still hot, my hat had fallen off in my involuntary ascent,\nand, as the ship was running before the wind under her topsails, the\nmotion at that high point of elevation was tremendous.  I felt horribly\nsea-sick.  The ligature across my chest became every moment more\noppressive to my lungs, and more excruciating in torture; my breathing\nat each respiration more difficult, and, before I had suffered ten\ntimes, I had fainted.  So soon as the captain had seen me run up he went\nbelow, leaving strict orders that I should not be lowered down.\nDirectly the captain was in his cabin, the first-lieutenant, the doctor,\npurser, and the officers of the watch, held a hurried consultation on my\nsituation.  But the good-natured doctor did not stop for the result, but\nimmediately went below, and told Reud if I remained where I was I should\ndie.  Those who knew the navy at that time will anticipate the answer--\nno others can--\"Let him die and be damned!\"  The good doctor came on\ndeck, desponding.  Mr Farmer then hailed me once, and again and again.\nOf course he received no answer: I heard him, but, at that moment, my\nsenses were fast leaving me.  The sea, with its vast horizon, appearing\nso illimitable from the great height where I was swaying, rocked, to my\nfailing sight, awfully to and fro: the heavens partook of the dizzying\nmotion.  I only, of all the creation, seemed standing still: I was sick\nunto death; and as far as sensation was concerned, then and there I\ndied.\nUpon receiving no reply, Mr Farmer sent one of the top-men up to look\nat me.  No sooner had he reached the topgallant rigging than he reported\nme dead.  A cry of horror escaped from all the deck.  The captain rushed\nup: he needed no report.  He was frantic with grief.  He wept like a\nchild, and assisted with his own hands to lower me down; they were his\narms that received, himself that bore me to his cabin.  Like a wilful\nboy who had slain his pet lamb, or a passionate girl her dove, he\nmourned over me.  It was a long time before my respiratory organs could\nbe brought into play.  My recovery was slow, and it was some time before\nI could arrange my ideas.  A cot was slung for me in the cabin, and\nbewildered and exhausted, I fell into a deep sleep.\nI awoke a little after midnight perfectly composed, and suffering only\nfrom the weal that the cord had made across my chest.  Before a table,\nand his countenance lighted by a single lantern, sat the captain.  His\nfeatures expressed a depth of grief and a remorse that were genuine.  He\nsat motionless, with his eyes fixed upon my cot: my face he could not\nsee, owing to the depth of the shadow in which I lay.  I moved: he\nadvanced to my cot with the gentleness of a woman, and softly uttered:--\n\"Ralph, my dear boy, do you sleep?\"\nThe tones of his voice fell soothingly upon my ear like the music of a\nmother's prayer.\n\"No, Captain Reud; but I am very thirsty.\"\nIn an instant he was at my side with some weak wine and water.  I took\nit from the hand of him whom, a few hours before, in my animosity I\ncould have slain.\n\"Ralph,\" said he, as he received back the tumbler, \"Ralph, are we\nfriends?\"\n\"Oh!  Captain Reud, how could you treat a poor lad thus, who respected,\nwho loved you so much?\"\n\"I was mad--do you forgive me, Ralph?\" and he took my not unwilling\nhand.\n\"To be sure; but do me one little favour in return.\"\n\"Anything, anything, Ralph--I'll never mast-head you again.\"\n\"Oh, I was not thinking of that; I ought not to have put you in a\npassion.  Punish me--mast-head me--do anything, Captain Reud, but call\nme not bastard.\"\nHe made no reply: he pressed my hand fervently; he put it to his lips\nand kissed it--on my soul he did: then, after a pause, gently murmured\n\"Good-night;\" and, as he passed into the after-cabin to his bed, I\ndistinctly heard him exclaim, \"God forgive me, how I have wronged that\nboy!\"\nThe next day we were better friends than ever; and for the three years\nthat we remained together, not a reproachful word or an angry look ever\npassed between us.\nI must be permitted to make three observations upon this, to me,\nmemorable transaction.  The first is, that at that time I had not the\npower of retention of those natural feelings of anger, which all should\ncarry with them as a preservation against, or a punishment for, injury\nand insult.  I know that most of my male, and many of my female readers,\nwill think my conduct throughout pusillanimous or abject.  My mother's\nmilk, as it were, still flowed in my veins, and with that no ill blood\ncould amalgamate.  All I can say is, that now I am either so much better\nor so much worse, that I should have adopted towards Captain Reud a much\nmore decided course of proceedings.\nMy second remark is, that this captain had really a good heart, but was\none of the most striking instances that I ever knew of the demoralising\neffect of a misdirected education, and the danger of granting great\npowers to early years and great ignorance.  With good innate feelings,\nno man ever possessed moral perceptions more clouded.\nAnd lastly, that this statement is not to be construed into a libel on\nthe naval service, or looked upon in the least as an exaggerated\naccount.  As to libel, the gentlemanly deportment, the parental care of\ntheir crews, and the strict justice of thousands of captains, cannot in\nthe least be deteriorated by a single act of tyranny, by a solitary\nmember of their gallant body; and, as to exaggeration, let it be\nremembered that, in the very same year, and on the very same station\nthat my tricing-up to the truck occurred, another post-captain tarred\nand feathered one of his young gentlemen, and kept him in that state, a\nplumed biped, for more than six weeks in his hen-coop.  This last fact\nobtained much notoriety, from the aggrieved party leaving the service,\nand recovering heavy damages from his torturer in the court of civil\nlaw.  My treatment never was known beyond our frigate.\nCHAPTER FORTY SIX.\nRALPH ENTERETH INTO THE REGIONS OF ROMANCE AND PRIVATEERING, CARRIED\nTHITHER BY A PILOT, malgre lui--AN INOPPORTUNE VISIT.\nShortly after the illegal suspension of the Habeas Corpus that I\nrecorded in the last chapter, the portion of the navy stationed in the\nWest Indies became actively employed in the conquest of those islands\nstill in the possession of the French.  Some fell almost without a\nstruggle, others at much expense of life, both of the military and naval\nforces.  As everyone, who could find a publisher, has written a book on\nall these events, from the capture of the little spot Deseada, to the\nsubduing the magnificent island of Guadaloupe, and the glorious old\nstone-built city of Domingo, I may well be excused detailing the\noperations.\nAmong other bellicose incidents that varied the dull monotony of my\nlife, was the beating off a frigate equal in force to our own; though I\nbelieve that we were a little obliged to her for taking leave of us in a\nmanner so abrupt, though we could not certainly complain of the want, on\nher part, of any attention for the short and busy hour that she stayed\nwith us, for she assisted us to shift all our topmasts, and as, before\nshe met us, we had nothing but old sails to display, she considerably\ndecorated us with a profusion of ribands gaily fluttering about our\nlower masts and the topmasts that were still standing gracefully hanging\nover our sides.\nWe were too polite and well-bred not to make some return for all these\n_petits soins_.  As, between the tropics, the weather is generally very\nwarm, we evinced a most laudable anxiety that she should be properly\nventilated, so we assiduously began drilling holes through and through\nher hull; and, I assure the reader, that we did it in a surpassingly\nworkmanlike manner.  But, in the midst of this spirited exchange of\ncourtesies, our Gallic friend remembered that he had, or might have,\nanother _engagement_, so he took his leave; and, as he had given us so\nmany reasons to prevent our insisting to attend upon him, we parted _en\npleine mer_, leaving us excessively annoyed that we were prevented from\naccompanying him any further.\nIn Captain Reud's despatches he stated, and stated truly, that we beat\nhim off.  Why he went, I could not understand; for, excepting in the\nshattered state of her hull, and more particularly in a sad confusion of\nher quarter gallery, with her two aftermost main-deck-ports, he sailed\noff with her colours flying, and every sail drawing, even to her royals.\nBut the French used to have their own method of managing these little\nmatters.\nBut let us rapidly pass over these follies and hasten to something more\nexquisitely foolish.  And yet I cannot, I have to clear away many dull\nweeds, and tread down many noxious nettles, before I can reach the one\nfresh and thornless rose, that bloomed for a short space upon my heart,\nand the fragrance of which so intoxicated my senses, that, for a time, I\nwas under a blessed delusion of believing myself happy.\nI had now been two years and a half in the West Indies, and I was fast\napproaching my nineteenth year.  At this period we had retaken several\nEnglish West Indiamen.\nIn one of these retaken merchant vessels, there was found, as the French\nprize-master, and now of course our prisoner, a mercurial little fellow\nof the name of Messurier.  He was very proud of the glory of his nation,\nand still prouder of his own.  As France possessed many historians, and\nMonsieur Adolphe Sigismund Messurier but one, and that one himself, of\ncourse, he had the duty of, at least, three hundred savants thrown upon\nhis own shoulders: he performed it nobly, and with an infinite relish.\nNow, when a person who is given to much talking is also given to much\ndrinking, it generally happens, injurious as is the vice of the\ngrog-bottle, that the vice of the voluble tongue is still worse.  When\nin his cups, he told of the scores that he had slain, counting them off\nby threes and fives upon his fingers, his thumbs indicating captains,\nhis forefingers first-lieutenants, and so on with the various grades in\nour service, until the _aspirants_, or middies, were merely honoured by\nhis little finger as their representative, we only laughed; and asked\nhim, if he had been so destructive to the officers, how many men had\nfallen by the puissance of his arm.  It seemed that these latter were\ntoo numerous and too ignoble to be counted; for that question was always\nanswered with a _bah_! and a rapidly passing over the extended palm of\nhis left hand with his open right one.\nBut when, one evening, he mentioned that he could pilot a frigate into\nthe inland waters from whence swarmed the crowd of schooner privateers\nthat infested the islands, and by their swift sailing to windward,\neluded our fastest ships, we laughed still, and I did something more; I\nreported this boast to Captain Reud.\n\"Then,\" exclaimed my valorous little creole, \"by all the virtues of a\nlong eighteen, he shall take in His Majesty's frigate, _Eos_.\"\nWhenever he protested by a long eighteen, in the efficacy of whose\npowers he had the most implicit reliance, we might look upon the matter\nas performed.\nThe next morning, whilst Monsieur Messurier was solacing his aching head\nwith his hands, oblivious of the events of the preceding evening, he was\nfeelingly reminded of his consummate skill in pilotage.  He then became\nmost unnaturally modest, and denied all pretensions to the honour.  Now\nCaptain Reud had no idea that even an enemy should wrap up his talent in\na napkin, so he merely said to him, \"You must take my ship in.\"  When\nthe captain had made up his mind, the deed generally trod upon the heels\nof the resolve.  Poor man! he was always in want of something to do, and\nthus he was too happy to do anything that offered excitement, Monsieur\nMessurier was in despair; he prayed and swore alternately, talked about\nsacrificing his life for the good of his country; and told us in a\nmanner that convinced us that he wished us to believe the absurdity,\nthat honour was the breath of his nostrils.  However, the captain was\nfully intent upon giving him the glorious opportunity of exclaiming with\neffect, _Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori_.\nNot knowing the strength of the stronghold that it was our intention to\nsurprise, Captain Reud cruised about for a few days, until he had\ncollected another frigate, a sloop of war, and two eighteen-gun brigs,\nthe commanders of all being, of course, his juniors.  Having made all\nnecessary arrangements, one beautiful morning we found ourselves close\noff the iron-bound and rocky shores of the east end of Saint Domingo.\nWe ran along shore for a couple of hours, when we perceived an opening\nin the lofty piles of granite, that frowned over the blue ocean.  This\nwas the entrance into the harbour where lay our destined prizes.\nCaptain Reud taking the responsibility into his own hands, had\ndetermined to lead in.  The charts were minutely examined, but they gave\nus no hope.  The soundings laid down were so shallow and the path so\nintricate, that, by them, we wondered much how even a privateer schooner\ncould make the passage in safety.  To a frigate drawing three-and-twenty\nfeet of water, the attempt seemed only a precursor to destruction.\nWe hove-to; the captains of the other vessels were signalled on board,\nand with them and our first-lieutenant and master, a sort of council of\nwar was held; and, as everyone present gave his voice against the\nattempts our skipper's mind was made up directly.  He resolved to go in,\ntrusting to the chapter of accidents, to a gracious Providence, and\nMonsieur Messurier upon the fore-yard, with a seaman with a pistol at\neach ear, to scatter his brains the moment the ship struck.  The weather\nwas brilliant, the wind moderate and fair, when we bore up to the mouth\nof the passage.  It was something at once ludicrous and painful to\nwitness the agony of our pilot in spite of himself.  Between oaths,\nprotestations and tremors, the perspiration of terror flowing down his\nface, mingled with his tears, he conned the ship with a precision that\nproved, at least in that matter, that he was no vain boaster.\nBut we had scarcely advanced a few hundred yards within the gorge, than\nI had eyes only for the sublimity of the scenery that opened itself in\nsuccession as we passed.  The water was as smooth as the cheek, as\nbright as the smile, and as blue as the eye of our first love.  Indeed,\nit was \"_deeply_, beautifully blue,\" as Lord Byron saith--to that\n_deeply_ we owed everything.  The channel was so narrow, that, in many\nplaces there was not sufficient room to tack the ship even if she could\nhave turned within her own length, and, in two remarkable points, we had\nnot sufficient width to have carried our studding-sails.  At one\nsingularly romantic spot of this pass, the rocks far above our\nmast-heads leant over towards each other, and the ancient forest trees\nthat crowned the heights, mingled their feathery branches, and permitted\nus to get a sight of the vaulted blue above us only at intervals,\nbetween the interstices of the dark-green foliage.\nThe seamen regarded their situation with wonder, not unmixed with awe.\nBut the view was not the unvaried one of two gigantic walls festooned\nwith flowers and crowned with trees.  At intervals, we found the channel\nopen into wide lagoons, with shelving and verdant shores, studded with\nwhite stone buildings, and well cultivated plantations, and then the\npassage would narrow again suddenly, and the masses of rock rose so high\non each side of us, as almost to exclude the light of the day.  The way\nwas tortuous, but not abruptly so; and, as we wound through it, ever and\nanon we came to some picturesque inlet, some cool grotto, so beautiful\nthat its very beauty must have peopled it with nymphs, for none could\nlook upon them, without feeling, for a time, like poets.  At the\nentrance, the heaving water rose and fell with a heavy moaning against\nthe eternal bases of the rocks, though the surface in mid-channel was\nperfectly smooth; but, as we advanced, the dull indulation gradually\nsubsided, and its measured splash no longer echoed among the cliffs.\nThe silence, as we proceeded, grew strange to us.  An awe crept over us,\nlike that which is felt upon the first entrance into a vast cathedral:\nand the gentle wind came to us noiselessly, and dying away at intervals,\nleft the ship silently stealing on, impelled for a space, by no visible\nmeans.\nThe hush throughout the ship was tomb-like, and the few words of command\nthat from time to time broke upon the ear, sounded hollow and unearthly\nfrom the reverberations of the overhanging precipices.\nBut quickly the scene would change; the jutting promontories and\novertopping walls would recede, and a fairy spot, encircled by\nforest-land, would open upon us, studded with green islands, glorious in\nall the beauties of an eternal spring, and crowded and crowned with\nflowers of every hue, and of a brilliancy the most intense.  We\nproceeded in this delightful manner for more than twelve miles, yet no\none had appeared, in the least to notice our approach.  Had the most\ntrivial attempt at defence been made, we could not have proceeded a\nquarter of the distance; for I verily believe that we passed by points\nso overhanging, that a couple of pounds of gunpowder, properly applied,\nand fired at the right moment, would have tumbled fragments of solid\nrock upon us, that would have crushed us to the bottom in an instant, to\nmention nothing of the several protruding corners of this singular pass,\non which two or three guns could have raked an approaching vessel for\nhalf an hour with impunity, as I have before stated that it would be\nimpossible in those straitened passages to have turned a broadside to\nbear on any impediment.  On we came, and at last a noble bay, or rather\nsalt-water lake, opened upon us, with two wide rivers delivering their\nwaters into the bottom of it.  On our right lay the town of Aniana, with\na fort upon a green mount overlooking the houses, and rising much higher\nthan our floating pennant.\nOur unexpected _entree_, like all other mistimed visits, caused the\nvisited a terrible degree of confusion.  Twelve or thirteen beautiful\nschooners had their sweeps out, and all their sails set immediately.  We\nhaving anchored opposite the town about noon, the breeze fell away into\nalmost a perfect calm, and off they went, making the best of their way\nup the rivers.  There were several other craft lying off the town, into\nwhich the inhabitants were crowding, with all their effects of any\nvalue, no doubt intending to go a little way up into the country also,\nto avoid the inconvenience of inopportune calls.  The signal was made\nfor our little squadron to get out their boats, chase, and capture.\nCHAPTER FORTY SEVEN.\nTREATS OF KIND INTENTIONS FRUSTRATED--A VISITING PARTY PREVENTED BY ONE\nBALL TOO MANY HAVING BEEN GIVEN--AND READY-MADE DOMESTIC HAPPINESS FOR\nSTRANGERS.\nWe first of all brought out the heavily laden craft that were still near\nthe town, and anchored them under our guns.  To the privateers that\nshowed their heels, the larger boats gave chase; and coming up with them\none after another, they were finally all captured.  Had they but acted\nin combination, I think they might have resisted the boats with success;\nbut their commanders seemed to have lost all presence of mind, in the\nconfusion and astonishment into which our sudden appearance had thrown\nthem.\nNow, all this was very pleasant to us, _Messieurs les concernes_.  We\ncalculated upon having the whole wealth of the French town, and the\nlittle French fleet converted into lawful prize-money.  The\ndeeply-laden, poop-encumbered brigs and schooners, so ungracefully down\nby the stern, we imagined to be full of treasure.  Visions of gold\nglittered before our mind's eye.  We were about to recover the plunder\nof ages; for it must be confessed that this Aniana was no better than a\nhaven for pirates.  One of us was cruelly undeceived in one respect.  As\nyet, we had met with no manner of resistance whatever: it was ten\no'clock in the evening, the full moon giving us a very excellent\nimitation of daylight, when all the commanders who had dined with our\nyellow skipper came on deck, in the highest possible glee, delightedly\nrubbing their hands, and calculating each his share of the prize-money.\nAll this hilarity was increased, every now and then, by some boats\ncoming on board, and reporting to us, as commodore, another privateer,\nor some fugitive merchantman, taken, and then immediately shoving off in\nchase of others.\n\"Well, gentlemen,\" said the skipper, \"I'll tell you what we'll do.\nWe'll send the marines on shore to-morrow, and take possession of the\ntown.  However, we will be very civil to the ladies;--we will, by Venus!\nAs commanding officer, I'll permit of no rudeness.\"\n\"None whatever: who could think or frightening them?  I suppose, Captain\nReud, there can be no harm in going ashore now, and paying them a visit\njust to alleviate their fears,\" was the reply of one of the commanders.\n\"Not to-night, not to-night.  Depend upon it, all the best of the\nbeauty, and the best of the wealth, is safely stowed in this numerous\nfleet, quietly anchored about us: we have them all safe.  There might be\nsome villains lurking about the town with their cane knives in their\nbelts; let us have all clear, and daylight before us.  Not that I think\nthere is any pluck among them--they have not spirit enough to throw a\nstone at a dog.\"\nHardly had these taunting words escaped his lips, than \"bang, crash,\"\nand a four-and-twenty pound shot came reeking through the\nwaist-hammocks,--for they had not yet been piped down,--and covered us\nover with horse-hair, and an abominable composition called flock.  The\nball took a slanting direction through the main and orlop decks, and\ncame out just below the water-line, making instantly a leak that we\ncould not affect to despise.\n\"Droll,\" said Reud, shaking the dust from his person.\n\"Very,\" said his well-dined echoes around him.\nIf this be jesting, thought I, the cream of the joke is to come yet.\n\"Beat to quarters, Mr Rattlin.\"\nThe lieutenants and more than half of the crew were away in the boats.\nThe men were soon at their guns, and, as they had been only slightly\nsecured, they were ready to return the fire almost immediately.  Upon\nlooking up at the source of our annoyance, we found that it was a\nhopeless case.  The height was so great, and so immediately above us,\nthat, without heeling the frigate over, not a gun could be brought to\nbear.  Another shot from the battery served to quicken our\ndeliberations.  There was no time to be lost.\nCaptain Reud sent the various commanders on board their respective\nvessels, with orders, as fast as any of their boats came in, to send\nthem to us immediately, with their marines.  For ourselves, all our\nboats were away except the gig.  Into that I jumped, followed by the\ncaptain and six marines.  Every man, except a quarter-master and a\ncouple of look-outs, was piped down below, with strict orders that they\nwere to stay there and not expose themselves, and the ship was left in\ncharge of the gunner; whilst the carpenter and his crew were actively\nemployed in the wings, in plugging the shot-holes; for every ball that\nwas fired came in somewhere upon the decks, and made its way through the\nship's sides, low under the water.\nHowever, annoying as this was, there were but two guns playing upon us,\nwhich, though served with admirable precision, fired but slowly.  We had\nnot lain on our oars a quarter of an hour, between the ship and the\nshore, a space of not more than forty yards, when we were joined by\nseven boats of various dimensions, crammed as full of jollies as they\ncould possibly hold.  We were on shore in a moment, and, without much\ncare as to forming, we all scrambled up the hill as fast as we could.\nIt was very steep indeed, but we were not fired upon by any small-arms\nwhatever; and the guns could not be sufficiently depressed from the\nembrasures to be made to bear upon us.  They certainly must have\nperceived us, for the moon was shining with singular splendour; but they\nseemed to take no notice of our advance, but fired twice upon the\nfrigate as we were climbing or rather scrambling up.\nThis assault was an affair got up with so little premeditation, that\nCaptain Reud had no other arms than his regulation sword; and his\naide-de-camp, my redoubtable self; no other weapon of offence than a\nlittle crooked dirk, so considerably curved, that it would not answer\nthe purpose of a dagger to stab with, and so blunt, that I am sure,\nthough it might separate, it could not _cut_ through a plum-pudding.\nThough I was approaching _pari passu_ with my commander to a parapet,\nwhere there there was _no_ \"imminent deadly breach,\" I was so much\nashamed of my side-arms, that I would not expose them to the night air.\nUp we tumbled close under the low, turf-constructed battlement, and, as\nwe were in the act of scrambling over it, we received a straggling and\nill-directed fire of musketry.\nOne hurrah from our party, and we were into the fort in a moment, and\nthat on the two flanks as well as the front.  For all the service that I\ncould render, I might as well have charged, as a midshipman usually\nwalks the decks, with my hands in my pockets.  However, there we were\nface to face with our opponents, on the planked floor of the fort, just\nas they were making up their minds to run away.  But they did not go\nquite as soon as they ought.  In jumping over the turfy mound, it must\nbe supposed, as was really the case, that it took us an instant or two\nto recover our equilibrium and ascertain the surety of our footing; but\nthat instant was a very annoying one, for the Frenchman directly opposed\nto Captain Reud, deliberately put his musket against the said captain's\nface, and though I, unarmed as I was, actually did strike up this musket\nas much as I was able, it had only the effect of making the bayonet at\nthe end of it score a deep wound from the bridge of his nose to the top\nof his forehead, when the trigger was pulled, and the whole crown of\nCaptain Reud's skull completely blown away.  The shot turned him round\nlike a weathercock; I naturally half-turned also, giving the enemy the\nadvantage of studying my profile, whilst I endeavoured to support my\ncaptain in my arms; and then the same man, being bent on mischief,\nthrust his bayonet right through the back of my neck, grazing the\nvertebra, and entering on the right and coming out on the left side.\nHaving, in this manner, made a sheath for his weapon, the blackguard\nleft it there, and thus, having trussed me as with a skewer, showed me\nhis back and fled.  The butt-end of the musket falling to the ground,\ngave me a terrible wrench of the head, but relieved me at the same time\nof my incumbrance.\nThat was the first time I ever _bled_ for my country.  Indeed, I bled\nmuch more than my poor captain.  However, the gentlemen of the fort\nrushed out, as we rushed in, and rolled head over heels down the other\nside of the hill.  Three or four were killed on the platform; among\nwhom, at the time, I devoutly wished was the inflictor of my wound; some\nwere shot as they ran down the inland side of the hill, and the fort was\nours with the loss of one man killed, and, I think, six wounded.  My\nhurt was very trifling: a piece of adhesive plaster on the two orifices\nwas all the surgical assistance that I either had or required.  But the\ncase with poor Reud was very different.  I detest giving a revolting\ndescription of wounds; I shall only say, that this was a most dreadful\none.  He lay for a month almost in a state of insensibility; and, though\nhe lived for more than half a year with his head plated with silver, I\nknow that he was never afterwards perfectly sane.\nWalking about for a couple of days with a stiff neck, which was all the\ninconvenience I experienced, I assumed no little upon my firmness in\nstorming, and on my honourable scars.  The next morning all the prizes\nwere secured, the town formally taken possession of, and whilst Captain\nReud lay in the torpor of what was all but death, it was deliberated\nwhat we should do with our conquest.  It was a matter of some difficulty\nto decide upon.  At this period, the two factions of the blacks,\nPetion's and Christophe's held the western parts of the fine island of\nSaint Domingo.  The Spaniards had large possessions in the centre of the\nisland, and the French still held a sway over the city of Saint Domingo,\nand had a precarious footing in the eastern division, where we now were.\nThe place was too insignificant to garrison for a permanent conquest for\nthe English.  Many of our officers, and all the men, wished very\nnaturally to plunder it; but the captain of the other frigate, now the\ncommander, would not listen to the proposal for a moment.  However, we\ntotally destroyed their small dock-yard, burned three fine schooners on\nthe stocks, demolished the fort that had been so pernicious to Captain\nReud, and which commanded the town; and then, the officers, and small\nparties of the ship's company were permitted to go on shore, and to live\nat free quarters upon the inhabitants.  Strict orders were given to\nrespect life and limb, and the honour of the ladies; and these orders\nwere generally well enforced.  It was certainly a pleasant thing to go\non shore and walk into any house that pleased you, call for what you\nwanted, be very protecting, and after having eaten and drunk to satiety,\nto depart without having to cast up the items of a bill.\nThese brigands were treated much too leniently, for I verily believe,\nthat, for a vast number of years, all the male population were born,\nbred, lived, and had died pirates.  They were of all nations of the\nearth; and, I must say, that this blending of the various races had\nproduced a very handsome set of men, and very beautiful women.  There\nwere many English females among them, who had been captured in our\nmerchant vessels, and had been forced into marriages with their lawless\ncaptors.  They were, for the most part, like the Sabine women,\nreconciled to their lot and loath to leave their lords, their mansions,\nand their children.  The governor of the place, a French colonel, was\ncaptured as he endeavoured to make his escape in one of the schooner\nprivateers.  We had him on board of our ship for some time, and he\nconfessed that the place flourished only by means of what he was pleased\nto designate as free trading.\nThe prizes, deeply laden, left the port one after the other, and then\nthe men-of-war brigs, afterwards, the sloop of war, and at length our\nconsort, the frigate.  We now lay alone in these quiet waters, and there\nwe remained for nearly three months.  All this time our captain could\nhardly be said to be living.  No one was allowed to come aft beyond the\nmizzen-mast.  We always spoke with hushed voices, and walked about\nstealthily upon tip-toe.  The bells ceased to be struck, and every\nprecaution was taken to preserve the most profound silence.  But our\namusements on shore were more than commensurate for our restraints on\nboard.  Most of the officers and men took unto themselves wives, _pro\nhac vice_--chalked, or rather painted their names upon the doors of\ntheir mansions, and made themselves completely at home.\nCHAPTER FORTY EIGHT.\nLIAISONS DANGEREUSES--RALPH DIVETH INTO THE DILEMMA OF LOVE, AND\nADMIRETH THE FATHERLY CONDUCT OF THE PARENT OF HIS DULCINEA--YET RAGETH\nAND WEEPETH THAT SHE IS A SLAVE WHO HATH ENSLAVED HIM.\nAt this time I had begun to look fierce, if anyone did not concede to me\nthe rights and privileges of a man; and especially since I had received\nmy bayonet wound: my vanity upon this score became insupportable.\n\"Younker\" was now a term of bitternesss to me; on the word \"lad\" I\nlooked with sovereign contempt; \"boy\" I had long done with.  Heartily I\nprayed for a beard, but it came not; so, in order to supply the\ndeficiency, I used to practise looking stern before my dressing-glass.\nBut all my efforts at an outward semblance of manliness were vain; my\nface was much too fair and feminine, though my stature, and the firmness\nof my frame, were just what I wished.  I was not on board the vessel\nafter the first week that she lay in the port of Aniana, nor did I\nrejoin her until she as in the very act of sailing out of it.\nHow am I to approach this subject, so romantic, so delicious, and so\ndelicate!  How can I record events, that, in proving to me that I had a\nheart, first destroyed its strength by the sweet delirium of ecstasy,\nand thus, having enfeebled, almost broke it!  Before, the poetic ardour\nhad often been upon me; but the fire was lighted up at the shrine of\nvanity, and I sang for applause.  It was to be rekindled by love; but to\nburn with a concealed fury, to be whispered only to my own soul--a\nfeeling too great for utterance, too intense for song, was to devour me.\nI experienced ecstasies that were not happiness; I learned the bitter\ntruth, that rapture is not bliss.\nAbout a week after we had obtained a quiet settlement in the town, and\nvery many of us a quiet settlement in the hearts, as well as in the\nhouses, of the beautiful Creoles and half castes; I also went on shore,\nwith Modesty walking steadily on my right-hand, whilst Madam Temptation\nwas wickedly ogling me on the left.  I looked in on the establishments\nof several of my brother officers, and certainly admired the rapidity\nwith which they had surrounded themselves with all manner of domestic\ncomforts, including wives, and, in some instances, large families of\nchildren.  There was much more than ready-made love in these\narrangements; anyone may buy that for ready-money; but a ready-made\nprogeny, a ready-made household, and a ready-made wife, without one\nstiver of ready money, was the astonishment; but English sailors can do\nanything.\nWell, at Number 14, Rue Coquine, I accepted the purser's invitation to\ndinner at four, _en famille_.  It seemed quite natural.\n\"My dove,\" said he, \"you'll get us a bit of fish.  Mr Rattlin loves\nfish.\"\n\"Certainly, my love,\" said Mrs Purser _pro tempore_, looking a battery\nof amiabilities.\n\"Allow me to introduce you to my sister-in-law, Ma'amselle D'Avalonge,\"\nsaid the purser, presenting a very well dressed young lady to me, with\nall the ease of a family man.\nThe introduction took place immediately, and the lady and I found each\nother charming; indeed, we said so.  After a few more compliments, and a\nvery pretty song, accompanied by the guitar, from mademoiselle, I took\nmy leave, promising to be punctual to my appointment.  I was not\npunctual--I never saw their dear faces again.\nI left the town, and strolled up into the interior, keeping, however,\nour small fleet in sight, and walking seaward.  I found the environs\nwell cultivated, and the houses in the various plantations solidly\nbuilt, and of stone.  From every habitation that I passed I had pressing\ninvitations to enter and refresh myself.  These I declined.  At length I\narrived at a beautiful wood, evidently under the care of man; for the\ndifferent trees were so arranged, as to produce a romantic effect.  The\nshade that the lofty mahogany-trees afforded was very grateful, for it\nwas now a little after noon; and in this grove I paced slowly up and\ndown, nursing my pride with all manner of conceits.\nAt length, in the distance, and much below where I stood, I heard voices\nin violent altercation; among which the \"'vast heavings,\" \"blow me\ntights,\" \"a stopper over all,\" with other such nautical expletives, were\npredominant.  I broke from my cover, and found myself immediately on a\nslope, before a very respectable habitation, nearly surrounded by\nboiling-houses, and other out-buildings necessary to a sugar and coffee\nplantation.  The group before me consisted of a small, energetic, old,\nand white-haired Frenchman, neatly dressed in a complete suit of nankeen\nwith his broad-brimmed straw hat submissively in his hand, speaking all\nmanner of fair and unintelligible French words to two Jacks, not of my\nship, between which two, now pulled this way, now plucked that, was a\ntimid and beautiful girl, of about fifteen years of age.  There were\nseveral negroes, grinning and passive spectators of this scene.  I\nunderstood it in a moment.  So did my gentlemen in the tarpaulin hats.\nThey were off to me in a less time than a top-gallant breeze takes to\ntravel aft from the flying jib-boom, supposing the ship to be at single\nanchor.\nI took out my pocket-book, wrote down their names (most likely purser's\nones), and ordered them on board their vessel directly.  They obeyed, or\nrather appeared to do so, and departed, casting many \"a lingering,\nlonging look behind,\" leaving me the triumphant master of the field--the\npaladin, who had rescued the fair, for which I received much clapping of\nhands from the dark visages, and an intense look of gratitude from the\nfair, pale creature, whom I had released from the very equivocal\nrudeness of her admirers.  The thanks from Monsieur Manuel, the father,\nwere neither silent nor few, and when he found that I could converse in\nFrench, he exhausted the vocabulary of that copious language of all its\nexpressions of gratitude.  I hardly could perceive that I had rendered\nany service at all; I had struck no blows and had run no risk; I had\nmerely spoken, and obedience followed.  However, as I could not stem the\ntorrent of his gratitude, I determined to divert its course, by yielding\nto his urgent entreaties to accompany him to his house, and recruit\nmyself after my perilous and heroic deed.\nWe were soon seated in the coolest room of his mansion, and every West\nIndian luxury was quickly produced to tempt my palate.  In fifteen\nminutes he had acquainted me with his parentage, his possessions, and\nhis history.  He assured me, with gesticulations, and a few oaths, that\nhe was not at all connected with the brigands that inhabited the town\nbelow--that he despised them, knew them all to be pirates, or abettors\nof pirates, revolutionists, and republicans--that he was at heart, yea,\nin heart and soul, a royalist, and devotedly attached to the _vieux\nregime_; that the estate he now cultivated he had inherited from his\nfather, who had been one of the few spared in the revolt of the blacks;\nthat he had been educated at Paris, but, for the last five-and-thirty\nyears, had hardly been off his own grounds--that he had no wife, and,\nindeed, never married, had no family at all, excepting Josephine, who\nsat beside him, who was his very dear and only child.\nHe did not add, \"a slave, and the daughter of a slave.\"\nI now looked upon her steadfastly for the first time, and with the most\nintense emotion: but it was pity.  I had been sufficiently long in the\nWest Indies to know exactly the relation in which she stood to her\nfather.  However, he went on to relate how she had been born to him by a\nbeautiful mulatto, for whom he had given a great sum; yet at this she\nstartled not, moved not, blushed not.  But hers was not the calmness of\nobduracy, but of innocence.\nStrongly did I commiserate her, and gently strove to draw her into\ndiscourse.  I found her ignorant, oh! how profoundly ignorant!  She had\nno ideas beyond the estate in which she lived, and those that she had\ngathered from the gang of negroes that worked it.  Her father had taught\nher nothing but to play a few tunes by ear upon the guitar, and sing\nsome old French songs.  Yet she had been accustomed to all the\nobservances of a lady--had slaves to wait upon her, and was always\nelaborately, sometimes richly, dressed.  Isolated as she had been, I\nsoon discovered that she was a compound of enthusiasm, talent, and\nmelancholy.  She was little more than fifteen years old, yet that age,\nin those tropical climates, answers fully to a European one-and-twenty.\nIn form, she was a perfect woman, light, rounded, and extremely active;\nall her motions were as graceful, and as undulating as the\ngently-swelling billow.  If she moved quickly, she bounded; if slowly,\nshe appeared to glide on effortless through space.  She had taken her\nlessons of grace in the woods, and her gymnasium had been among the\nsportive billows of the ocean.  It is but of little use me describing\nher face; for everyone supposes that, in these affairs, the author draws\nat once, as largely as he can, upon his own imagination, and as he\ndares, upon the credulity of his readers.  Though a slave, she had but\nlittle of the black blood in her--in her complexion none.  She was not\nfair, but her skin was very transparent, very pure, and of a dazzling\nand creamy sort of whiteness.  I have seen something like it on the\ndelicate Chinese paintings of the secluded ladies of that very secluded\nempire, and should imagine it just such a permanent tint as the Roman\nempress strove to procure by bathing every day in milk.  Colour she had\nnone, and thrilling must have been the emotions that could call it into\nher placid and pensive cheeks.  Her features were not _chiselled_, and\nhad any sculptor striven to imitate them on the purest marble, he would\nhave discovered that chiselling would not do.  They were at once formed\nand informed by the Deity.  It is of no use talking about her luxurious\nand night-emulating hair, her lips, and those eyes, that seemed to\ncontain, in their small compass, a whole sea of melancholy, in which\nlove was struggling to support a half-drowned joy.\nAs I turned to converse with her, she looked up to me confidingly.  She\nappeared, as it were, incessantly to draw me to her with her large black\neyes; they seemed to say to me, \"Come nearer to me, that I may\nunderstand thee.  Art thou not something distinct from the beings that I\nsee around me--something that can teach me what I am, and will also give\nme something to venerate, to idolise, and to love!\"  As I continued to\nspeak to her, her attention grew into a quiet rapture, yet still a\nsublime melancholy seemed to hold her feelings in a solemn thraldom.\nMy name, my rank, and my situation were soon disclosed to the father and\ndaughter; and the former seeing how entranced we were with each other's\ncompany, like a prudent parent, left us to ourselves.  My French was\nmuch purer and more grammatical than hers, hers much more fluent than\nmine.  Yet, notwithstanding this deficiency on both sides, we understood\neach other perfectly, and we had not been above two hours together\nalone, before I told her that I loved her for her very ignorance, and\nshe had confessed to me that she loved me, because--because--the reader\nwill never guess why--because I was so like the good spirit that walked\ngently through the forests and gathered up the fever-mists before they\nreached the dwellings of man.\nI very naturally asked her if she had seen this being.  She said no, but\nknew him as well as if she had; for old Jumbila, a negress, had so often\ntalked to her about him, that her idea of him was as familiar to her as\nthe presence of her father.\n\"You have much to unlearn, my sweet one,\" thought I, \"and I shall be but\ntoo happy to be your preceptor.\"\nAt sunset, Monsieur Manuel returned, led us into another apartment,\nwhere a not inelegant dinner was served up to us.  Knowing the habits of\nmy countrymen, we sat over some very fine claret, after Josephine had\nretired.  I took this opportunity to reproach him, in the mildest terms\nthat I could use, with the dreadful ignorance in which he had suffered a\ncreature so lovely, and so superior to remain.\nHis reply was a grimace, a hoisting of his shoulders above his head, an\nopening of his hands and fingers to their utmost extent, and a most\npathetic \"_Que voulez-vous_?\"\n\"I will tell you, friend Manuel,\" I answered, for his wine had warmed me\nmuch, his daughter more; \"I would have had her taught, at least, to read\nand write, that she had an immortal soul, a soul as precious to its\nMaker as to herself.  I would have had her taught to despise such\nsuperstitious nonsense as Obeoism, mist spirits, and all the pernicious\njargon of spells and fetishes.  I would, my dear Manuel, have made her a\nfit companion for myself; for with such beauty and such a soul, I am\nconvinced that she would realise female perfection as nearly as poor\nhumanity is permitted to do.\"\n\"_Que voulez-vous_?\" again met my ears; it was attended by some attempt\nat justification of his very culpable remissness.  He assured me, that,\naccording to the laws, social as well as judicial, a person of her\nclass, were she possessed of all the attributes of an angel, could never\nbe received into white society, nor wed with any but a person of colour.\nThe light of education, he asserted, would only the more show her her\nown degradation: he said he felt for her, deeply felt for her, and that\nhe shuddered at the idea of his own death, for in that event he felt\nassured that she would be sold with the rest of the negroes on the\nestate, and be treated in all respects as a slave--and she had been so\ndelicately nurtured.  She had, indeed: her long white fingers and\nvelvety hand bore sufficient testimony to this.\n\"But can you not manumit her?\" said I.\n\"Impossible.  When the island was more settled and better governed than\nnow, the legal obstructions thrown in the way of the act were almost\ninsuperable: at present it is impossible.  I have no doubt that our\nblood-thirsty enemies, the Spaniards, who are our nearest neighbours,\nimmediately you English leave the town, as you have dismantled our\nforts, and carried away almost all the male population captive, will\ncome and take possession of this place--not that I care a _sou_ for the\nbrigands whom you have just routed out.  I shall have to submit to the\nSpanish authority, and their slave laws are still more imperative than\nours, though they invariably treat their slaves better than any other\nnation.  No, there is no hope for poor Josephine.\"\n\"Could you not send her to France?\"\n\"_Sacre Dieu_! they guillotined all my relations, all my friends--all,\nall--and, my friend, I never made gold by taking a share in those long\nlow schooners that you have kindly taken under your care.  I have some\nboxes of doubloons stowed away, it is true.  But, after all, I am\nattached to this place; I could not sell the estate for want of a\npurchaser; and I am surrounded by such an infernal set of rascals, that\nI never could embark myself with my hard cash without being murdered.\nNo, we must do at Rome as the Romans do.\"\n\"A sweet specimen of a Roman you are,\" thought I, and I fell into a\nshort reverie; but it was broken up most agreeably, by seeing Josephine\ntrip before the open jalousies with a basket of flowers in her hand.\nShe paused for a moment before us, and looked kindly at her father and\nsmilingly at me.  It was the first joyous, really joyous smile that I\nhad seen in her expressive countenance.  It went right to my heart, and\nbrought with it a train of the most rapturous feelings.\n\"God bless her heart; I do love her dearly!\" said the old man.  \"I'll\ngive you a convincing proof of it, my young friend, Rattlin.  Ah! bah--\nbut you other English have spoiled all--you have taken him with you.\"\n\"Who?\"\n\"Why, Captain Durand.  That large low black schooner was his.  Yes, he\nwould have treated her well (said Monsieur le Pere, musing), and he\noffered to sign an agreement, never to put her to field-work, or to have\nher flogged.\"\n\"Put whom to field-work?--flog whom?\" said I, all amazement.\n\"Josephine, to be sure; had you not taken him prisoner, I was going,\nnext month, to sell her to him for two hundred doubloons.\"\n\"Now, may God confound you for an unholy, unnatural villain!\" said I,\nspringing up, and overturning the table and wine into the fatherly lap\nof Monsieur Manuel.  \"If you did not stand there, my host, I would, with\nmy hand on your throat, force you on your knees to swear that--that--\nthat you'll never sell poor, poor Josephine for a slave.  Flog her!\"\nsaid I, shuddering, and the tears starting into my eyes--\"I should as\nsoon have thought of flogging an empress's eldest daughter.\"\n\"Be pacified, my son,\" said the old slave-dealer, deliberately clearing\nhimself of the _debris_ of the dessert--\"be pacified, my son.\"\nThe words \"my son\" went with a strange and cheering sound into my very\nheart's core.  The associations that they brought with it were\nblissful--I listened to him with calmness.\n\"Be pacified, my son,\" he continued, \"and I will prove to you that I am\ndoing everything for the best.  The old colonel, our late governor,\nwould have given three times the money for her.  I could not do better\nthan make her over to a kind-hearted man, who would use her well, and\nwho, I think, is fond of her.  Not to part with her for a heavy sum\nwould be fixing a stigma upon her;\" and wretched as all this reasoning\nappeared to be, I was convinced that the man had really meant to have\nacted kindly by selling his own daughter.  What a pernicious damnable,\natrocious social system that must have been where such a state of things\nexisted!\nCHAPTER FORTY NINE.\nRALPH DESERTETH HIS DUTY--ALL FOR LOVE, OR \"THE WORLD WELL LOST,\" WITH\nHIS WITS INTO THE BARGAIN--VERY NICE DISQUISITIONS ON HONOUR.\nThe _soyez tranquille_ of Monsieur Manuel had but a transient effect.\nIt brought no consolation with it.  What I had heard, seemed to clog the\nusual healthy beating of my heart; my respiration laboured, and I fell\ninto a bitter reverie.  The profoundest pity, the most impassioned\nadmiration, and the most ardent desire to afford protection--are not\nthese the ingredients that make the all-potent draught of love?  Let\nuniversal humanity reply--I loved.  But the feeling, generally so\nblissful, came upon my young heart, and steeped it in the bitterness of\napprehension.  My bosom was swollen with big resolves, with the deepest\naffection for one, and hate for all the rest of my species; and the\nthought came over me vividly, of flight with the young and pensive\nbeauty into the inaccessible seclusion of the woods, and of the\nunalloyed happiness and the imaginary glories of a savage life.  In this\nsudden depression of spirits, my mind looked not unloathingly on mutual\nsuicide.  It was a black and a desponding hour, and fell upon me with\nthe suddenness of a total eclipse on a noontide summer's day.\nI sat with my clasped hands between my knees, and my head hanging upon\nmy breast, almost unconscious of the black servitors around me, who were\nre-ordering the room that I had so recently disarranged.  I noted all\nthis as something that did not belong to the world in which I had\nexistence.  Everything around me seemed the shadows of somebody's dream,\nin which I had no part, and could take no interest.  I had but two\nall-absorbing ideas; and these were--injustice and Josephine.  So\ndistraught was I with the vastness of the one and with the loveliness of\nthe other, that, when the young and splendid reality stole into the\napartment softly, and moved before my eyes in all the fascination of her\ngracefulness, yet was I scarcely conscious of the actual presence of her\nwhose ideal existence was torturing my brain.\nTo the cold, the unimpassioned, or the unpoetical, this may seem\nimpossible.  I will not go into metaphysical reasonings on the subject.\nI only know that it was true.  Whilst I was conceiving her flying from\noppression with me, her protector, into some grim solitude, she came and\nplaced herself, almost unnoticed, by my side, took my unresisting hands\nbetween her own, and, seeing how little I appeared to notice the\nendearment, she gradually sank on her knees before me, and, placing her\nforehead upon my hands, remained for a space in silence.  Feeling her\nhot tears trickling through my fingers called me back from my dark\nreverie: and, as I became aware of the present, a sigh so deep and so\nlong burst forth, that it seemed to rend my bosom.\nThose dark, lustrous, melancholy eyes, swimming in tears, were then\nlifted up to mine.  Ages of eloquence were contained in that one look.\nIn it, I read the whole story of her life, the depth of her love, the\nfealty of her faith, and the deep, the unspeakable prayer for sympathy,\nfor love, and for protection.  The mute appeal was unanswerable.  It\nseemed to be conveyed to me by the voice of destiny, to my mind, louder\nand more awful than thunder.  At that moment, I pledged myself eternally\nto her; and, gradually drawing up her yielding, light, and elastic form\nfrom my knees to my bosom, I sobbed out, \"Whilst I breathe, dearest,\nthou shalt never writhe under the lash;\" and then, giving way to an\nuncontrollable passion of weeping, I mingled my tears with hers--and we\nwere happy.  Yes, our young love was baptised with tears--an ominous and\na fitting rite.  We cried in each other's arms like children, as we\nwere; at first, with anguish; then, with hope and affection; and, at\nlength, in all the luxury of a new-born bliss.\nWhen this passion had a little subsided, and smiles, and murmuring\nejaculations of happiness, had driven away the symbols of what is not\nalways anguish, old Manuel approached, and appeared much pleased at the\ntokens of affection that we mutually lavished upon each other.  And\nthen, with my arm encircling Josephine's slender waist, and her fair\nface upon my shoulder, he began his artful discourse.  Gradually, he led\nme to speak of myself, my friends, my views; and, ultimately, my strange\nand mysterious story was fully unfolded.  Even in this prolonged\nrelation, I was amply rewarded by the impassioned looks, at once so\ntender and so thrilling, of the beauteous listener by my side, and by\nthe ready tear at every passage that told of suffering; the fond\ncreature still creeping more closely to me at every instance of danger;\nand bright the beam of triumph would flash from her eye, responsive to\nevery incident of my success.\nWhen all was told, and half wondering, and faintly smiling, I finished\nby the rather silly expression of--\"And here I am,\" I was immediately\nimprisoned in the arms of Josephine, as she pathetically exclaimed, \"and\nfor ever!\"\n\"Josephine speaks well,\" said Manuel, rising and placing patriarchally a\nhand on the head of each of us.  \"My children, would it were for ever!\nIt appears, by the narrative, that Monsieur has done us the great honour\nto relate that he is a castaway--an unowned--and, if my young friend\nmakes use of all the wisdom he doubtless possesses in so high a degree,\nhe will join us in blessing Providence, that has given the gallant young\nhomeless one a home; for I need not tell him that all he sees around is\nhis--the land and the house, and, to the hitherto unloved, a young and\ntender heart that will cherish him, to the fatherless a father.\"\nAnd thus the old _emigre_ concluded his speech, with a tear glistening\nin his eye--and an unexceptionable bow.  Had he flung himself into my\narms, the effect would have been complete.  I hate to record scenes of\nthis sort; but, as I have imposed the task upon myself; I will go\nthrough it; and, though the temptation is great, seeing what I was then,\nthe disciple as well as the offspring of romance, and what I now am,\nworldly in the world's most sordid worldliness, to do my penance in\nself-mockery--for the sake of the young hearts still unseared, I will\nrefrain.\nI was exceedingly affected and agitated at this appeal, the purport of\nwhich I could not misunderstand.  My emotions, at first, prevented me\nfrom speaking.  I arose from the sofa, Josephine still hanging upon my\nshoulder, and taking her father's hand, led them both to the window.\nThe sun was near the horizon; and mountain, sea, and green valley, and\ndark forest, were steeped in a roseate glory.  About three miles\ndistant, and beneath us, my gallant frigate sat in the bosom of the\ngently rippling waters, like a sultana upon her embroidered divan, her\nensign and her pennant streaming out fair and free to the evening\nbreeze.  I pointed to her, and with a voice scarcely articulate--for, at\nthat period, the sob would rise too readily to my throat, and the tear\nstart too freely to my eye--I exclaimed:\n\"Behold my home--my country claims the duty of a son!\"\n\"Monsieur knows best,\" said Manuel, almost coldly.  \"His countrymen have\nconquered us: you are a gallant race, undoubtedly; but one of them has\nnot shown much mercy to my daughter.\"\nThe passionate girl was at my feet--yes, kneeling at my feet, and her\nsupplicating hands were clasped in that attitude of humility that is due\nonly to God.  Who taught her the infinite pathos of that beautiful\nposture?  Taught her!  She had no teacher, save Nature and Love.\n\"Josephine,\" said I, lifting her gently up, and kissing her fair brow,\n\"you are breaking my heart.  I cannot stand this--I must rush out of the\nhouse.  I have never said I loved you;\"--(mean subterfuge!)\n\"But you do, you do--it is my fate,--it is yours--for three years I have\nbeen expecting you--disbelieve me not--ask the Obeah woman.  It is\ntrue,\" and then, hurrying out the words like the downpouring of the\nmountain torrent, she continued, \"Do you love me?--do you love me?--do\nyou love me?\"\n\"I do, Josephine--I do distractedly!  But stern honour stands in the\nway.\"\n\"And what is this honour?\" she exclaimed, with genuine simplicity; for\nit was evident that, if she had ever heard the word before, she had not\nthe remotest idea of its meaning: \"_Et quelle est cette honneur-la_?\"\nand there was contempt in her tone.\nI had no words to reply.\n\"Will this honour do that for you which my father--which I--will do?\nWhat has this honour done for him?--tell me, father.  Has it put that\ngay blue jacket on him, or that small sword by his side?  Show him, my\ndear father, the rich dresses that we have, and the beautiful arms.\nWill honour watch you in your hours of sickness, take you out in the\nnoonday heats, and show you the cool shady places, and the refreshing\nrippling springs?  What is this honour, that seems to bid you to break\nmy heart, and make me die of very grief?\"\n\"Monsieur Manuel,\" said I, extremely confused, \"have the kindness to\nexplain to dear Josephine what honour is.\"\n\"A rule of conduct,\" he replied, with severity, \"that was never\nrecorded, never understood, and which men construe just as suits their\nconvenience.  One honest impulse of the heart is worth all the honour I\never heard of.\"\nThis was a delicate helping of a friend in a dilemma.  I turned for\nrelief from the sarcastic father to the beautiful countenance of the\ndaughter, and I there beheld an expression of intense sorrow that\nagonised me.  Her sudden, and, to me, totally unexpected animation, had\ndisappeared.  Melancholy seemed to have drooped her darkest wings over\nher.  I thought that she must soon die under their noxious shadow.  For\none instant my eyes caught hers: I could not stand the appeal.\n\"I will stay,\" said I, gently, \"until the ship sails.\"\nI had then, for the first time, to witness the enthusiasm of the\nmelancholy temperament--the eloquence of unschooled nature.  The bending\nfigure that seemed to collapse in weakness upon my supporting arm,\nsuddenly flung herself from me; her rounded and delicate figure swelled\nat once into sudden dignity; her muscles assumed the rigidity, yet all\nthe softness of a highly-polished Grecian statue; and stood before me,\nas if by enchantment, half woman, half marble, beautiful inexpressibly.\nI was sorely tried.  There was no action, no waving of the arms, as she\nspoke.  Her voice came forth musically, as if from sacred oracle, that\noracle having life only in words.  Monsieur Manuel had very wisely\ndeparted.\n\"Not an hour--not a minute--not an instant, or--_for ever_!  Young sir,\nyou have already stayed too long, if you stay not always.  Leave me to\ndream of you, and to die.  The thorn is in my heart; it may kill me\ngradually.  Go.  Why, sir, have you looked upon me as man never before\nlooked?  Why, why have you mingled your false tears with mine, that were\nso true--and, oh, so loving!  But what am I, who thus speak so proudly\nto a being whom, if I did not know he was treacherous, I should think an\nangel?  (_Un des bons esprits_.)  I, a poor, weak, ignorant girl of\ncolour--born of a slave, to a slavery--whose only ambition was to have\nbeen loved, loved for a short, short while--for know, that I am to die\nearly--I should not have troubled you long.  But you are too good for\nme--I was a presumptuous fool.  Go, and at once, and take with you all\nthat I have to give--the blessing of a young-born bonds-woman.\"\nAll this time she had stood firmly and nearly motionless, with her hands\nfolded beneath her heaving bosom, at some distance from me.  I\napproached her with extended arms, and had some such foolish rhapsody on\nmy tongue as \"Beautiful daughter of the sun,\" for I had already\ncontemplated her under a new character, when, retreating and waving me\nfrom her, she continued:\n\"Already too much of this--let me die by cruelty rather than by\ncaresses, which are the worst of cruelty.  I feel a new spirit living\nwithin me.  I am a child no more.  Yesterday I should have crouched\nbefore you, as one degraded, as I ought to do.  You have pressed me to\nyour bosom--you have spoken to me as your equal--even your tears have\nbathed my brow.  You have ennobled me.  Oh! it is a happiness and a\ngreat glory.  I, formerly so humble, command you to go--go, dear, dear,\nRalph.  You will not kill me quite by going _now_, therefore, be\ngenerous, and go.\"\nI was already sufficiently in love, and began to feel ashamed of myself;\nfor not having as yet caught a little of her enthusiasm.\n\"Josephine,\" said I, in a quiet, serious tone, \"give me your hand.\"  I\ntook it--it was deadly cold.  At that moment all her best blood was\nrallying round her young heart.  I led her to the open window, and\nshowed her the noble frigate so hateful to her sight, and said, \"Dear\nJosephine, in that ship there are more than three hundred gallant\nfellows, all of whom are my countrymen, and some of them my familiar\nfriends.  I have often shared with them danger, under the very jaws of\ndeath.  I have broken my bread with some of them, constantly, for nearly\nthree years.  These are all claims on me: you see that I am speaking to\nyou calmly.  I had no idea what a little impassioned orator you were--do\nnot look so dejected and so humble.  I love you for it the more.  I only\nmade the remark to convince you that what I now say is not the mere\nprompting of a transient impulse.  But, Josephine, in my own far-away\nland, I have also a few friends; nor am I wholly a castaway; there is a\nmystery about my origin, which I wish to dissipate, yet that I cherish.\nIf I conduct myself as I have hitherto done, in time I shall have the\nsole control and government of a vessel, as proud as the one before you,\nand of all the noble spirits it will contain.  The mystery of which I\nhave spoken I am most sanguine will be cleared up; and I may,\nperadventure, one day take my place among the nobles of my land, as it\nnow is among the nobles of the sea.  Weep not thus, my love, or you will\ninfect me with emotions too painful to be borne.  Let us be calm for a\nlittle space.  The reign of passion will commence soon enough.  Mark me,\nJosephine.  For you--God forgive me if I commit sin!--for you, I cast\noff my associates, sever all my ties of friendship, let the mystery of\nmy origin remain unravelled, renounce the land of my birth--for you, I\nencounter the peril of being hung for desertion.  Josephine, you will\nincur a great debt--a heavy responsibility.  My heart, my happiness, is\nin your hands.  Josephine, I stay.\"\n\"For ever?\"\n\"For ever!\"  A wild shriek of joy burst from her delighted lips, as she\nleaped to my bosom; and, for the first time, our lips sealed the\nmysterious compact of love.  After a moment, I gently released myself\nfrom the sweet bondage of her embrace, and said, \"Dear Josephine, this\ncannot be to me a moment of unalloyed joy.  You see the sun is half\nbelow the horizon; give me one moment of natural grief; for, so surely\nas I stay here, so surely, like that orb, are all my hopes of glory\nsetting, and for ever.\"  And the tears came into my eyes as I exclaimed,\n\"Farewell, my country--farewell, honour--_Eos_, my gallant frigate, fare\nthee well!\"\nAs if instinct with life, the beautiful vessel answered my apostrophe.\nThe majestic thunder of her main-deck gun boomed awfully, and methought\nsorrowfully, over the waters, and then bounded among the echoes of the\ndistant hills around and above me, slowly dying away in the distant\nmountains.  It was the gun which, as commodore, was fired at sunset.\n\"It is all over,\" I exclaimed.  \"I have made my election--leave me for a\nlittle while alone.\"\nCHAPTER FIFTY.\nRALPH FALLETH INTO THE USUAL DELUSION OF SUPPOSING HIMSELF HAPPY--\nWISHETH IT MAY LAST ALL HIS LIFE, MAKING IT A REALITY--AS YET NO\nSYMPTOMS OF IT DISPELLING; BUT THE BRIGHTEST SUNSET MAY HAVE THE DARKEST\nNIGHT.\nShe bounded from me in a transport of joy, shouting, \"He stays, he\nstays!\" and I heard the words repeated among the groups of negresses,\nwho loved her; it seemed to be the burthen of a general song, the glad\nrealisation of some prophecy; for, ere the night was an hour old, the\nold witch, who had had the tuition of Josephine, had already made a\nmongrel sort of hymn of the affair, whilst a circle of black chins were\nwagging to a chords of:--\n  \"Goramity good, buchra body stays!\"\nI saw no more of Josephine that night.  The old gentleman, her father,\njoined me after I had been alone nearly two hours--two hours, I assure\nthe reader, of misery.\nI contemplated a courtship of some decent duration, and a legal marriage\nat the altar.  I tried to view my position on all sides, and thus to\nfind out that which was the most favourable for my mind's eye to rest\nupon.--It was but a disconsolate survey.  Sometimes a dark suspicion,\nthat I repelled from me as if it were a demon whispering murder in my\near, would hint to me the possibility that I was entrapped.  However,\nthe lights that came in with Monsieur Manuel dissipated them and\ndarkness together.  He behaved extremely well--gave me an exact account\nof all his possessions, and of his ready money, the latter of which was\ngreatly beyond my expectations, and the former very considerable.\nHe immediately gave me an undertaking, that he would, if I remained with\nhim, adopt me as his son, allow me during life a competency fit to\nsupport me and his daughter genteelly, and to make me his sole heir at\nhis death.  This undertaking bound him also to see the proper documents\nduly and legally drawn up by a notary, so as to render the conditions of\nour agreement binding on both parties.  We then spoke, as father and\nson, of our future views.  We were determined to leave the island,\nimmediately we could get anything like its value for the plantation and\nthe large gang of negroes upon it.  But where go to then?  England--my\ndesertion.  France?--yes, it was there that we were to spend our lives.\nAnd thus we speculated on future events, that the future never owned.\nI have said before, that, during the whole time that I was in the navy,\nI never was intoxicated--and never once swallowed spirituous liquors.\nBoth assertions are strictly true.  This memorable evening, over our\nlight supper, I drank, perhaps, two glasses of claret more than was my\nwont at Captain Reud's table.  I was excessively wearied both in mind\nand body.  I became so unaccountably, and lethargically drowsy, that, in\nspite of every effort of mine to the contrary, I fell fast asleep in the\nmidst of a most animated harangue of the good Manuel, upon the various\nperfections of his lovely daughter--a strange subject for a lover to\nsleep upon; but so it was.  Had Josephine's nurse and the Obeah woman\nanything to do with it? perhaps.  They are skilful druggers.  If my\nlife, and the lives of all those dearer to me than life itself; had\ndepended upon my getting up and walking across the room, I could not\nhave done it.  How I got to bed I know not; but I awoke in the morning\nin luxuriant health, with a blushing bride upon my bosom.\nAnd then ensued days of dreamy ecstasy; my happiness seemed too great,\ntoo full, too overflowing, to be real.  Everything around me started\ninto poetry.  I seemed to be under the direction of fairy spirits: all\nmy wants were cared for as if by invisible hands.  It appeared to me\nthat I had but to wish, and gratification followed before the wish was\nhalf formed.  I was passive, and carried away in a trance of happiness.\nI was beset with illusion; and so intense were my feelings of rapture,\nmingled with doubt, and my blissful distraction so great, that it was\nlate in the day before I noticed the dress I had on.  The light and\nbroad-brimmed planter's hat, the snowy white jean jacket and trousers,\nand the infinitely fine linen shirt, with its elaborately laced front,\nhad all been donned without my noticing the change from my usual\napparel.  It was a dress, from its purity and its elegance, worthy of a\nbridegroom.  I learnt afterwards that Josephine's old negress-nurse had,\nwith many and powerful incantations--at least, as powerful as\nincantations always are--buried under six feet of earth every article of\nclothing in which I had first entered the mansion.\nWell, there we were, a very pretty version of Paul and Virginia--not\nperhaps quite so innocent, but infinitely more happy, roving hand in\nhand through orange bowers and aromatic shades.  Love is sweet, and a\nfirst love very, very delightful; but, when we are not only loved, but\nalmost worshipped, that, that is the incense that warms the heart and\nintoxicates the brain.  Wherever I turned, I found greeting and smiles,\nand respectful observance hovered along my path.  The household adored\ntheir young mistress and me through her.\nOld Manuel seemed serenely happy.  He encouraged us to be alone with\neach other.  I could write volumes upon the little incidents, and\ninteresting ones too, of this singular honeymoon.  I observed no more\nbursts of passion in Josephine; her soul had folded its wings upon my\nbosom, and there dreamed itself away in a tender and loving melancholy.\nHow I now smile, and perhaps could weep, when I call to mind all her\nlittle artifices of love to prevent my ever casting my eyes upon the\nhated ship!  As I have related before, our little squadron at anchor in\nthis secluded bay departed one by one, leaving only the _Eos_, with her\nsorely-wounded captain; yet, though I saw them not, I knew, by\nJosephine's triumphant looks, when a vessel had sailed.  All the\n_jalousies_ in front of the house were nailed up, so that, if by chance\nI wandered into one of the rooms in that quarter, I saw nothing.\nI had been domesticated in this paradise--a fool's perhaps, but still a\nparadise--a month: and I was sitting alone in the shade, reading, behind\nthe house, when Josephine flew along the avenue of lemon-trees, and\nflung herself into my arms, and, sobbing hysterically, exclaimed, \"My\ndear, dear Ralph, now you are almost wholly mine! there is only one\nleft.\"\n\"And that one, my Josephine?\"\n\"Speak not of it, think not of it, sweet; it is not yours.  But, swear,\nswear to me again, you will never more look upon it; do, dearest, and I\nwill learn a whole column extra of words in two syllables.\"\nAnd I repeated the often-iterated oath; and she sat down tranquilly at\nmy feet, like a good little girl, and began murmuring the task she was\ncommitting to memory.\nAnd how did the schooling get on?  Oh! beautifully; we had such sweet\nand so many school-rooms, and interruptions still more sweet and\nnumerous.  Sometimes our hall of study was beneath the cool rock, down\nthe sides of which, green with age, the sparkling rill so delightfully\ntrickled; sometimes in the impervious quiet, and flower-enamelled bower,\namidst all the spicy fragrance of tropical shrubs; and sometimes, in the\nsolemn old wood, beneath the boughs of trees that had stood for\nuncounted ages.  And the interruptions!  Repeatedly the book and the\nslate would be cast away, and we would start up, as if actuated by a\nsingle spirit, and chase some singularly beautiful humming-bird;\nsometimes, the genius of frolic would seize us, and we would chase each\nother round and round the old mahogany-trees, with no other object than\nto rid ourselves of our exuberance of happiness; but the most frequent\ninterruptions were when she would close her book, and, bathing me in the\nlustre of her melancholy eyes, bid me tell her some tale that would make\nher weep; or, with a pious awe, request me to unfold some of the\nmysteries of the universe around her, and commune with her of the\nattributes of their great and beneficent Creator.\nWas not this a state of the supremest happiness?  Joy seemed to come\ndown to me from heaven in floods of light; the earth to offer up her\nincense to me, as I trod upon her beautiful and flower-encumbered bosom;\nthe richly-plumaged birds to hover about me, as if sent to do me homage;\neven the boughs of the majestic trees, as I passed them, seemed to wave\nme a welcome.  Joy was in me and around me; there was no pause in my\nblissful feelings.  I required no relaxation to enjoy them more\nperfectly, for pleasure seemed to succeed pleasure in infinite variety.\nIt was too glorious to last.  The end was approaching, and that end was\nvery bitter.\nCHAPTER FIFTY ONE.\nA SHORT CHAPTER AND A MISERABLE ONE--THE LESS THAT IS SAID OF IT THE\nBETTER.\nI had been living in the plantation nearly three months.  My little\nwife, for such I held her to be, had made much progress in her\neducation--more in my affection she could not.  I had already put her\ninto joining hand; and I began to be as proud of her dawning intellect\nas I was of her person and of her love.  I had renounced my country,\nand, in good faith, I had intended to have held by her for ever; and,\nwhen I should find myself in a country where marriage with one born in\nslavery was looked upon as no opprobrium, I had determined that the\nindissoluble ceremony should be legally performed.  To do all this I was\nin earnest; but, events, or destiny, or by whatever high-sounding term\nwe may call those occurrences which force us on in a path we wish not to\ntread, ruled it fearfully otherwise.\nI religiously abstained from looking towards the ship, or even the sea;\nyet, I plainly saw, by the alternations of hope, and joy, and fear, on\nJosephine's sweet countenance, that something of the most vital\nimportance was about to take place.  They could not conceal from me that\nparties of men had been searching for me, because, for a few days, I had\nbeen in actual hiding with Josephine, three or four miles up the woody\nmountain.  I must hurry over all this: for the recollection of it, even\nat this great lapse of time, is agonising.  The night before the _Eos_\nsailed she would not sleep--her incessant tears, the tremulous energy\nwith which clasped me and held me for hours, all told the secret that I\nwished not to know.  All that night she watched, as a mother watches a\ndeparting and first-born child--tearfully--anxiously--but, overcome with\nfatigue, and the fierce contention of emotions, as the morning dawned,\nher face drooped away from mine, her clasping arms gradually relaxed,\nand, murmuring my name with a blessing, she slept.  Did she ever sleep\nagain?  May God pardon me, I know not!\nI hung over her, and watched her, almost worshipping, until two hours\nafter sunrise.  I blessed her as she lay there in all her tranquil\nbeauty, fervently, and, instead of my prayers, I repeated over and over\nagain my oath, that I would never desert her.  But some devil, in order\nto spread the ashes of bitterness through the long path of my\nafter-life, suggested to me that now, as the frigate had sailed for some\ntime, there could be no danger in taking one last look at her; indeed,\nthe thought of doing so took the shape of a duty.\nI stole out of bed, and crept softly round to the front of the house.\nThe place where the gallant ship had rode at anchor for so many weeks\nwas vacant--all was still and lonely.  I walked on to a higher spot;\nand, far distant among the sinuosities of the romantic entrance to the\nharbour, my eye caught, for a moment, her receding pennant.  I,\ntherefore, concluded that everything was safe--that I was cut off and\nfor ever, from my country.\nA little qualm of remorse passed through my bosom, and then I was\nexceeding glad.  The morning was fresh, and the air invigorating, and I\ndetermined to walk down to the beautiful minutely-sanded beach, and\nenjoy the refreshment of the sea-breeze just sweeping gently over the\nbay.  To do this, I had to pass over a shoulder of land to my left.  I\ngained the beach, and stood upon it for some minutes with folded arms.\nThis particular walk had been so long debarred to me, that I now enjoyed\nit the more.  I was upon the point of turning round, and seeking the\nnest where I had left my dove sleeping in conscious security, when, to\nmy horror, I beheld the _Eos'_ pinnace, full-manned and double-banked,\nthe wave foaming up her cutwater, and roaring under her sixteen oars,\nrapidly round the rocky hummock that formed the eastern horn of the\nlittle bay.  Her prow soon tore up the sand; and the third-lieutenant, a\nmaster's mate, and the officer of marines, with four privates, leaped\nashore immediately.\nFor a few moments I was paralysed with terror, and then, suddenly\nspringing forward, I ran at the top of my speed.  I need not say that my\npursuers gave chase heartily.  I had no other choice but to run on\nstraight before me; and that, unfortunately, was up a rocky, rugged side\nof a steep hill, that rose directly from the beach, covered with that\nabominable vegetable, or shrub, the prickly pear.  I was in full view;\nand, being hailed and told that I should be fired upon if I did not\nbring to, in the space of a short three minutes, before I was out of\nbreath, I was in the hands of my captors--a prisoner.\nI prayed--I knelt--I wept.  It was useless.  I have scarcely the courage\nto write what then took place, it was so fearful--it was so hideous.\nBounding down the hill, in her night-dress, her long black hair\nstreaming like a meteor behind her, and her naked feet, usually so\nexquisitely white, covered with blood, came Josephine, shrieking \"Ralph,\nRalph!\"  Her voice seemed to stab my bosom like an actual knife.  Behind\nher came running her father, and a number of negro men and women.\nBefore she could reach me, they had flung me into the stern-sheets of\nthe boat.\n\"Shove off! shove off!\" shouted the lieutenant; and the boat was\nimmediately in motion.  Like a convicted felon, or a murderer taken in\nthe fact, I buried my craven head in my knees, and shut my eyes.  I\nwould not have looked back for kingdoms.  But I could not, or did not,\nthink of preventing myself from hearing.  The boat had not pulled ten\nyards from the beach, when I heard a splash behind us, and simultaneous\ncries of horror from the boat's crew and those on shore; among which the\nagonised voice of the heartbroken father rose shrilly, as he exclaimed,\n\"Josephine, my child!\"  I looked up for a moment, but dared not look\nround; and I saw every man in the boat dashing away the tears from his\neyes with one hand, as he reluctantly pulled his oar with the other.\n\"Give way! give way!\" roared the lieutenant, stamping violently against\nthe grating at his feet.  \"Give way! or, by God, she'll overtake us!\"\nThe poor girl was swimming after me.\n\"Rattlin,\" said Selby, stooping down and whispering in my ear--\"Rattlin,\nI can't stand it; if it was not as much as my life was worth, I would\nput you on shore directly.\"  I could answer him only by a long\nconvulsive shudder.  The horrible torment of those moments!\nThen ascended the loud howling curses of the negroes behind us.  The\nseamen rose up upon their oars, and, with a few violent jerks, the\npinnace shot round the next point of land, and the poor struggler in the\nwaters was seen no more.  Tidings never after came to me of her.  I left\nher struggling in the waters of the ocean.  My first love, and my last--\nmy only one.\nI was taken on board stupefied.  I was led up the side like a sick man.\nNo one reproached me; no one spoke to me.  I became physically, as well\nas mentally, ill.  I went to my hammock with a stern feeling of joy,\nhoping soon to be lashed up in it, and find my grave in the deep blue\nsea.  At first, my only consolation was enacting over and over again all\nthe happy scenes with Josephine; but, as they invariably terminated in\none dreadful point, this occupation became hateful.  I then endeavoured\nto blot the whole transaction from my memory--to persuade myself that\nthe events had not been real--that I had dreamed them--or read them long\nago in some old book.  But the mind is not so easily cheated--remorse\nnot so soon blinded.\nCHAPTER FIFTY TWO.\nTHE CAPTAIN TAKETH TO TANTRUMS--AND KEEPETH ON BOARD MONKEYS, BEARS, AND\nDISCIPLINE--IT IS FEARED, ALSO, THAT THE MOON HATH TOO MUCH TO DO WITH\nHIS OBSERVATIONS.\nNotwithstanding my misery, I became convalescent.  I went to my duty\ndoggedly.  Everybody saw and respected my grief; and the affair was\nnever mentioned to me by any, with one only exception, and that was six\nmonths after, by a heavy brutal master's-mate, named Pigtop, who had\nbeen in the pinnace that brought me off.\nHe came close to me, and, without preparation, he electrified me by\ndrawling out, \"I say, Rattlin, what a mess you made of it at Aniana?\nThat girl of yours, to my thinking, burst a blood-vessel as she was\ngiving you chase.  I saw the blood bubble out of her mouth and nose.\"\n\"Liar!\"  I exclaimed, and, seizing a heavy block that one of the\nafterguard was fitting, I felled him to the deck.\nThe base-hearted poltroon went and made his complaint to Captain Reud,\nwho ordered him to leave the ship immediately he came into harbour.\nWe must now retrograde a little in the narrative, in order to show what\nevents led to the disastrous catastrophe I have just related.  Captain\nReud, having been lying for many, many weeks, apparently unconscious of\nobjects around him, one morning said, in a faint, low voice, when Dr\nThompson and Mr Farmer, the first-lieutenant, were standing near him,\n\"Send Ralph Rattlin to read the Bible to me.\"\nNow, since my absence, some supposed I had been privately stabbed by one\nof the few ferocious and angry marauders still left in the town; but, as\nno traces of my body could be found, still more of my shipmates believed\nthat I had deserted.  In plain sincerity, these latter friends of mine\nwere, as our Transatlantic brethren say, pretty considerably,\nslap-dashically right.  However, as the shock to the wounded captain\nwould have been the greater to say that I had been assassinated, they\nchose the milder alternative, and told him that \"they feared I had\ndeserted.\"\nCaptain Reud merely said, \"I don't believe it,\" turned his face to the\nbulkhead, and remained silent for three or four days more.  Still, as he\nwas proceeding towards convalescence, he began to be more active, or,\nrather, ordered more active measures to be taken to clear up the mystery\nof my disappearance.  Parties were consequently sent to scour the\ncountry for miles round; but I was too well concealed to permit them to\nbe of any utility.  The only two seamen that had seen me near Manuel's\npremises belonged to the frigate which had sailed before my captain had\nrecovered his faculties.\nBut I was not to be so easily given up; perhaps he remembered that what\nremained of life to him was preserved by me, and, notwithstanding his\ncruel usage, I well knew that he entertained for me a sincere affection.\nAs the _Eos_ got under weigh, after remaining so long at anchor in the\nport, that the men observed she would shortly ground upon the beef-bones\nthat their active masticators had denuded, and which were thrown\noverboard, the wind was light, and the boats were all out towing, with\nthe exception of the pinnace, which was ordered to sweep round the bay\nand look into all the inlets, in order to seek for some vestige of my\nimportant self.  For good or for evil, the heart-rending results ensued.\nHow short is the real romance of life!  A shout of joy--a pulsation of\necstasy--and it is over!  In the course of my eventful life, I have seen\nvery fair faces and very many beautiful forms.  The fascinations of\nexterior loveliness I have met combined with high intellect, unswerving\nprinciples, and virtuous emotions, awful from their very holiness.  The\nfair possessors of many of these lofty attributes I have sometimes wooed\nand strove to love; but, though I often sighed and prayed for a return\nof that heart-whole and absorbing passion, there was no magic, no charm,\nto call the dead embers into life.  That young and beautiful savage\nswept from my bosom all the tenderer stuff: she collected the fresh\nflowers of passion, and left--It is of no consequence--Josephine,\nfarewell!\nLet us talk idly.  It is a droll world: let us mock each other, and call\nit mirth.  There is my poor half-deranged captain cutting such antics,\nthat even authority with the two-edged sword in his hand cannot repress\nthe outbursting of ignoble derision.  First of all, he takes a mania for\napes and monkeys; disrates all his midshipmen, taking care, however,\nthat they still do their duty; and makes the ship's tailor rig out their\nsuccessors in uniform.  The officers are aghast, for the maniac is so\ncunning, and the risk of putting a superior officer under an arrest so\ntremendous, that they know not what to do.  Besides, their captain is\nonly mad on one subject at one time.  Indeed, insanity seems sometimes\nto find a vent in monomania, actually improving all the faculties on all\nother points.  Well, the monkey midshipmen did not behave very\ncorrectly; so, Captain Reud had them one afternoon all tied up to one of\nhis guns in the cabin, and one after the other, well flogged with the\ncat-o'-nine-tails.  It was highly ludicrous to see the poor fellows\nwaiting each for his turn, well knowing what was to come; they never,\nthan when under the impression of their fears, looked more human.  That\nnight they stole into the cabin, by two or three, in the dead of the\nnight, and nearly murdered their persecutor.  This looked very like\ncombination, and an exercise of faculties that may be nearly termed\nreasoning.\nThey were all thrown overboard.  The next phantasy was the getting up of\nthe forecastle carronades into the tops, thereby straining the ship and\nnearly carrying away the mast.  That folly wore out, and the guns came\ndown to their proper places.  Then a huge bear came on board--a very\ngentlemanly, dignified fellow; never in a hurry, and who always moved\nabout with a gracious deliberation.  Captain Reud amused himself by\nendeavouring to teach him to dance; and a worthless blackguard who could\nplay on the pipe and tambour, and who probably had led a bear about the\ncountry, was taken into especial grace, and was loaded with benefits, in\norder to assist his captain in his singular avocations.\n\"Come and see my bear dance, do come and see him dance,\" was now the\nlittle Creole's continual cry.  But the bear did not take his tuition\nkindly, and grew daily more ferocious; till, at length, seizing his\nopportunity, he caught up the diminutive skipper and nearly hugged the\nbreath out of his body, and almost rubbed his red nose off his yellow\nface in endeavouring to bite him through his muzzle.  The star of Ursa\nMajor was no longer in the ascendant, and he was bartered away, with the\nmaster of the first merchant vessel we met, for a couple of game-cocks;\nand the bear-leader was turned back into the waist, and flogged the next\nday for impertinence, whilst, two days before, the vagabond was too\nproud to say \"sir\" to a middy.\nBut it would be ridiculous to enumerate the long succession of these\ninsane whimsicalities, each latter one being more _bizarre_ than the\npreceding.\nWhether a man be mad or not, Christmas will come round again.  Now,\nJack, from time immemorial, thinks that he has a right undeniable to get\ndrunk on that auspicious day.  In harbour, that right is not discussed\nby his officers, but is usually exercised _sub silentio_ under their\neyes, with everything but silence on the part of the exercisers.  Even\nat sea, without the ship be in sight of the enemy, or it blows hard\nenough to blow the ship's coppers overboard, our friends think it hard,\nvery hard, to have their cups scored next morning upon their back; and,\nindeed, to keep all a frigate's crew from intoxication on a\nChristmas-day would be something like undertaking the labour of\nSisyphus, for, as fast as one man could be frightened or flogged into\nsobriety, another would become glorious.\nIt was for this very reason that Captain Reud, the Christmas-day after\nhe had received his wound, undertook the task; and, as the weather was\nfine, he hoped to find it not quite so hard as rolling a stone up a\nsteep hill, and invariably seeing it bound down again before it attains\nthe coveted summit.  Immediately after breakfast, he had the word\npassed, fore and aft, that no man should be drunk that day, and that six\ndozen (not of wine) would be the reward of any who should dare, in the\nleast, to infringe that order.  What is drunkenness?  What it is we can\nreadily pronounce, when we see a man under its revolting phases.  What\nis not drunkenness is more hard to say.  Is it not difficult to\nascertain the nice line that separates excitement from incipient\ndelirium?  Not at all, to a man like Captain Reud.  To understand a\ndisease thoroughly, a physician will tell you that you will be much\nassisted by the having suffered from it yourself.  Upon this\nself-evident principle, our Aesculapius with the epaulettes was the\nfirst man drunk in the ship.  After dinner that day, he had heightened\nhis testing powers with an unusual, even to him, share of claret.\nWell, at the usual time, we beat to quarters; that is always done just\nbefore the hammocks are piped down; and it is then that the sobriety of\nthe crew, as they stand to their guns, is narrowly looked into by the\nrespective officers; for then the grog has been served out for the day,\nand it is supposed to have been all consumed.  The captain, of course,\ncame on the quarter-deck to quarters, making tack and half tack, till he\nfairly threw out his starboard grappling-iron, and moored himself to one\nof the belaying pins round the mizzen-mast.\n\"Mister Farmer,\" said he to the first luff, \"you see I know how to keep\na ship in discipline--not (hiccup) a man drunk on board of her.\"\n\"I doubt it, sir,\" was, the respectful answer.  \"I think, sir, I can see\none now,\" said he, taking his eyes off his superior, after a searching\nglance, and looking carelessly around.\n\"Where is he?\"\n\"Oh, sir, we must not forget that it is Christmas-day: so if you please,\nsir, we will not scrutinise very particularly.\"\n\"But we will scru--scrutinise very particularly: remember me of scru--\nscrutinise, Mister Rattlin--a good word that scru--screws--trenails--\ntenpenny nails--hammers--iron--clamps, and dog-fastenings--what were we\nall talking about.  Mr Farmer?  Oh; sobriety! we will--assuredly\n(hiccup) find out the drunken man.\"\nSo, with a large _cortege_ of officers, the master-at-arms, and the\nship's corporals, Captain Reud leaning his right arm heavily upon my\nleft shoulder--for he was cunning enough, just then, to find that the\ngout was getting into his foot--we proceeded round the ship on our\nvoyage of discovery.  Now, it is no joke for a man half drunk to be\ntried for drunkenness by one wholly so.  It was a curious and a comic\nsight, that examination--for many of the examined were conscious of a\ncup too much.  These invariably endeavoured to look the most sober.  As\nwe approached the various groups around each gun, the different\nartifices of the men to pass muster were most amusing.  Some drew\nthemselves stiffly up, and looked as rigid as iron-stanchions; others\ntook the examination with an easy, _debonair_ air, as if to say, \"Who so\ninnocent as I?\"  Some again, not exactly liking the judge, quietly\ndodged round, shifting places with their shipmates, so that when the\ncaptain peered into the eyes of the last for the symptoms of ebriety,\nthe mercurial rascals had quietly placed themselves first.\nTo the sharp, startling accusation, \"You are drunk, sir,\" the answers\nwere beautifully various.  The indignant \"No, sir!\"--the well-acted\nsurprise, \"I, sir?\"--the conciliatory \"God bless your honour, no,\nsir!\"--the logical \"Bill Bowling was cook to-day, sir,\"--and the\nsarcastic \"No more than your honour's honour,\" to witness, were, as we\nsmall wits say, better than a play.\nThe search was almost unavailing.  The only fish that came to the net\nwas a poor idiotic young man, that, to my certain knowledge, had not\ntasted grog for months; for his messmates gave him a hiding whenever he\nasked for his allowance.  To the sudden, \"You're drunk, sir,\" of Captain\nReud, the simple youth, taken by surprise, and perhaps thinking it\nagainst the articles of war to contradict the captain, said, \"Yes, sir;\nbut I haven't tasted grog since--\"\n\"You got drunk, sir; take him aft, master-at-arms, and put him in\nirons.\"\nThe scrutiny over, our temperate captain went aft himself, glorifying\nthat, in all the ship's company, there was only one instance of\nintoxication on Christmas-day; and thus he delivered himself; hiccupping\non the gratifying occasion:\n\"I call that discipline, Mr Farmer.  The only drunken man in his\nMajesty's vessel, under my command, aft on the poop, in irons, and that\nfellow not worth his salt.\"\n\"I quite agree with you,\" said the sneering purser, \"that the only\nfellow who has dared to get disgracefully drunk to-day, is not worth his\nsalt, but he is not in irons, aft on the poop.\"\n\"I am sure he is not,\" said the first lieutenant.\n\"That is as--astonishing,\" said the mystified extirpator of\nintemperance, as he staggered into his cabin, to console himself for,\nand to close his labours with, the two other bottles.\nThe reader will perceive, from these incidents, that it was time that\nCaptain Reud retired to enjoy his laurels on his _solum natale_ in\n_otium cum_ as much _dignitate_ as would conduce to the happiness of one\nof his mischief-loving temperament.  The admiral on the station thought\nso too, when Reud took the ship into Port Royal.  He superseded the\nblack pilot, and took upon himself to con the ship; the consequence was,\nthat she hugged the point so closely, that she went right upon the\nchurch steeple of old Port Royal, which is very quietly lying beside the\nnew one, submerged by an earthquake, and a hole was knocked in the\nship's forefoot, of that large and ruinous description which may be\naptly compared to the hole in a patriot's reputation, who has lately\ntaken office with his quondam opponents.  With all the efforts of all\nthe fleet, that sent relays of hands on board of us to work the pumps,\nwe could not keep her afloat; so we were obliged, first putting a\nthrummed sail under her bottom, to tow her alongside of the dockyard\nwharf, lighten her, and lash her to it.\nThe same evening, by nine o'clock, she had an empty hull, and all the\nship's company and officers were located in the dockyard, and\npreparations were made, the next day, for heaving the frigate down.  It\nwas the opinion of everybody that, had not our skipper been the nephew\nof a very high official of the Admiralty, he would have been tried by a\ncourt-martial, for thus attempting to overturn submarine churches and\ncracking the bottom of his Majesty's beautiful frigate.  As it was, we\nwere only ordered to be repaired with all haste, and to go home, very\nmuch, indeed, to the satisfaction of everybody but the captain himself.\nCHAPTER FIFTY THREE.\nA FEVER CASE, AND A POTION OF LOVE, IF NOT ALTOGETHER A LOVE-POTION--\nWHAT ARE THE DOCTORS ABOUT WHEN MEN DIE DESPITE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE, AND\nARE CURED WITHOUT IT?--RALPH KNOWETH NOT.\nHowever, I must retrograde.  It may seem surprising that I have made so\nlittle mention of my messmates, for it would seem that, to a midshipman,\nthe affairs and characters of midshipmen would be paramount.  To me they\nwere not so, for reasons that I have before stated.  Besides, our berth\nwas like an eastern caravanserai, or the receiving-room of a pest-house.\nThey all died, were promoted, or went into other ships, excepting two\nand myself; who returned to England.  It must not be supposed that we\nwere without young gentlemen; sometimes we had our full complement,\nsometimes half.  Fresh ones came, and they died, and so on.  Before I\nhad time to form friendships with them, or to study their characters,\nthey took their long sleep beneath the palisades, or were thrown\noverboard in their hammocks.  This was much the case with the wardroom\nofficers.  The first lieutenant, the doctor, and the purser, were the\nonly original ones that returned to England with us.  The mortality\namong the assistant-surgeons was dreadful; they messed with us.  Indeed,\nI have no recollection of the names, or even the persons, of the\nmajority of those with whom I ate, and drank, and acted, they being so\nprone to prove this a transitory world.\nWe were tolerably healthy till the capture of Saint Domingo; when, being\nobliged to convey a regiment of French soldiers to the prisons at Port\nRoyal, they brought the fever in its worst form on board; and,\nnotwithstanding every remedial measure that the then state of science\ncould suggest, we never could eradicate the germs of it.  The men were\nsent on board of a hulk, the vessel thoroughly cleansed and fumigated,\nand finally, we were ordered as far north as New Providence; but all\nthese means were ineffectual, for, at intervals, nearly regular, the\nfever would again appear, and men and officers die.\nHitherto, I had escaped.  The only attack to which I was subjected took\nplace in the capstan-house, for so the place was called where we were\nbivouacked during the heaving down of the ship.  I record it, not that\nmy conduct under the disease may be imitated, but on account of the\nsingularity of the access, and the rapidity of the cure.\nI had to tow, from Port Royal up to Kingston, a powder-boy, and, through\nsome misconduct of the coxswain, the boat's awning had been left behind.\nSix or seven hours under a sun, vertical at noon, through the hottest\npart of the day, and among the swamps and morasses, so luxuriant in\nvegetable productions, that separate Port Royal from Kingston, is a good\nordeal by which to try a European constitution.  For the first time, my\nstamina seemed inclined to succumb before it.\nWhen I returned to Port Royal, at about four in the afternoon, the first\npeculiar sensation with which I was attacked was a sort of slipping of\nthe ground from under me as I trod, and a notion that I could skim along\nthe surface of the earth if I chose, without using my legs.  Then I was\nnot, as is most natural to a fasting midshipman, excessively hungry, but\nexcessively jocular.  So, instead of seeking good things to put into my\nmouth, I went about dispensing them from out of it.  I soon began to be\nsensible that I was talking much nonsense, and to like it.  At length,\nthe little sense that I had still left, was kind enough to suggest to me\nthat I might be distinguished by my first interview with that king of\nterrors, Saffron-crowned Jack.  \"Shall I go to the doctor?\" said I.\n\"No--I have the greatest opinion of Doctor Thompson--but it is a great\npity that he cannot cure the yellow-fever.  No doubt he'll be offended,\nand we are the greatest of friends.  But, I have always observed, that\nall those who go to the doctor begin going indeed--for, from the doctor\nthey invariably go to their hammocks--from their hammocks go to the\nhospital--and from the hospital go to the palisades.\"  So while there\nwas yet time, I decided to go in quite an opposite direction.  I went\nout of the dockyard gates, and to a nice, matronly, free mulatto, who\nwas a mother to me--and something more.  She was a woman of some\nproperty, and had a very strong gang of young Negroes, that she used to\nhire out to his Majesty, to work in his Majesty's dockyard, and permit,\nfor certain considerations, to caulk the sides and bottoms of his\nMajesty's vessels of war.\nNotwithstanding this intimate connection between his Majesty and\nherself; she did not disdain to wash, or cause to be washed, the shirts\nand stockings of his Majesty's officers of the navy; that is, if she\nliked those officers.  Now, she was kind enough to like me exceedingly;\nand, though very pretty, and not yet very old, all in a very proper and\nplatonic manner.  She was also a great giver of dignity balls, and when\nshe was full dressed, Miss Belinda Bellarosa was altogether a very\nseductive personage.  A warrant officer was an abomination.  She had\nrefused the hands of many master's mates, and I knew \"for true,\" to use\nher own bewitching idiom, that several lieutenants had made her most\nhonourable overtures.\nWell, to Miss Belinda I made the best of my way.  I am choice in my\nphrases.  I could hardly make my way at all, for a strange sort of\ndelirium was supervening.  Immediately she saw me, she exclaimed, \"Ah,\nGoramity! him catched for sure--it break my heart to see him.  You know\nI lub Massa Rattlin, like my own piccaninny.  S'elp me God, he very\nbad!\"\n\"My queen of countless Indians! dear duchess of doubloons! marry me\nto-night and then you'll be a jolly widow tomorrow.\"\n\"Hear him! him! how talk of marry me?\"\n\"Oh!  Bella, dear, if you will not kill me with kindness, what shall I\ndo?  I cannot bear this raging pain in my head.  You've been a kind soul\nto me.  Pardon my nonsense, I could not help it.  Let one of your\nservants help me to walk to the doctor.\"\n\"Nebber, nebber, doctor!\" and she spat on the floor with a sovereign\ncontempt.  \"Ah, Massa Ralph, me lub you dearly--dat sleep here\nto-night--me lose my reputation--nebber mind you you.  What for you no\nrun, Dorcas, a get me, from Massa Jackson's store, bottle good port?\nTell him for me, Missy Bellarosa.  You Phebe, oder woman of colour dere,\nwhy you no take Massa Ralph, and put him in best bed?  Him bad, for\ncertainly--make haste, or poor buckra boy die.\"\nSo, with the assistance of my two dingy handmaidens, I was popped into\nbed, and, according to the directions of my kind hostess, a suffocating\nnumber of blankets heaped upon me.  Shortly afterwards, and when my\nreeling senses were barely sane enough to enable me to recognise\nobjects, my dear doctress, with two more Negresses, to witness to her\nreputation, entered, and putting the bottle of port, with a white powder\nfloating at the top of it, into a china bowl, compelled me to drink off\nthe whole of it.  Then, with a look of great and truly motherly\naffection, she took her leave of me, telling the two nurses to put\nanother blanket on me, and to hold me down in the bed if I attempted to\nget out.\nThen began the raging agony of fever.  I felt as one mass of sentient\nfire.  I had a foretaste of that state which, I hope, we shall all\nescape, save one, of ever-burning and never-consuming; but, though\nmoments of such suffering tell upon the wretch with the duration of\nages, this did not last more than half an hour, when they became\nexchanged for a dream, the most singular, and that never will be\nforgotten whilst memory can offer me one single idea.\nMethought that I was suddenly whisked out of bed, and placed in the\ncentre of an interminable plain of sand.  It bounded the horizon like a\nlevel sea: nothing was to be seen but this white and glowing sand, the\nintense blue and cloudless sky, and, directly above me, the eternal sun,\nlike the eye of an angry God, pouring down intolerable fires upon my\nunprotected head.  At length, my skull opened, and, from the interior of\nmy head, a splendid temple seemed to arise.  Rows of columns supported\nrows of columns, order was piled upon order, and, as it arose,\nBabel-like, to the skies, it extended in width as it increased in\nheight; and there, in this strange edifice, I saw the lofty, the\nwinding, the interminable staircase, the wide and marble-paved courts;\nnor was there wanting the majestic and splashing fountain, whose cool\nwaters were mocking my scorched-up lips; and there were also the long\nrange of beautiful statues.  The structure continued multiplying itself\nuntil all the heavens were full of it, extending nearly to the horizon\nall around.\nUnder this superincumbent weight I had long struggled to stand.  It kept\nbearing down more and more heavily upon the root of my brain: the\nanguish became insufferable, but I still nobly essayed to keep my\nfooting, with a defiance and a pride that savoured of impious\npresumption.  At length I felt completely overcome, and exclaimed, \"God\nof mercy, relieve me! the burthen is more than I can bear.\"  Then\ncommenced the havoc in this temple, that was my head, and was not; there\nwere the toppling down of the vast columns, the crushing of the several\narchitraves, the grinding together of the rich entablatures; the\nbreaking up, with noise louder than ever thunder was heard by man, of\nthe marble pavements; the ruins crushed together in one awful confusion\nabove me;--nature could do no more, and my dream slept.\nThe sun was at its meridian height when I awoke the next day in health,\nwith every sensation renewed, and that, too, in the so sweet a feeling\nthat makes the mere act of living delightful.  I found nothing\nremarkable, but that I had been subjected to a profuse perspiration.\nMiss Bellarosa met me at breakfast all triumph, and I was all gratitude.\nI was very hungry, and as playful as a schoolboy who had just procured\na holiday.\n\"Eh!  Massa Ralph, suppose no marry me to-day--what for you say no yes\nto dat?\"\n\"Because, dear Bella, you wouldn't have me.\"\n\"Try--you ask me,\" said she, looking at me with a fondness not quite so\nmaternal as I could wish.\n\"Bella, dearest, will you marry me?\"\n\"For true?\"\n\"For true.\"\n\"Tanky, Massa Rattlin, dear, tanky; you make me very happy; but, for\ntrue, no.  Were you older more fifteen year, or me more fifteen year\nyounger, perhaps--but tank ye much for de comblement.  Now go, and tell\nbuckra doctor.\"\nSo, as I could not reward my kind physician with my hand, which,\nby-the-by, I should not have offered had I not been certain of refusal,\nI was obliged to force upon her as splendid a trinket as I could\npurchase, for a keepsake, and gave my sable nurses a handful of bits\neach.  Bits of what? say the uninitiated.\nI don't know whether I have described this fever case very\nnosologically, but, very truly I know I have.\nCHAPTER FIFTY FOUR.\nA NEW CHARACTER INTRODUCED, WHO CLAIMETH OLD ACQUAINTANCESHIP--NOT VERY\nHONEST BY HIS OWN ACCOUNT, WHICH GIVETH HIM MORE THE APPEARANCE OF\nHONESTY THAN HE DESERVETH--HE PROVETH TO BE A STEWARD NOT INCLINED TO\nHIDE HIS TALENT IN A NAPKIN.\nDuring all the time that these West Indian events had been occurring,\nthat is, nearly three years, I had no other communication with England\nthan regularly and repeatedly sending there various pieces of paper thus\nheaded, \"This, my first of exchange, my second and third not paid;\" or\nfor variety's sake, \"This, my second of exchange, my first and third,\"\netcetera; or, to be more various still, \"This, my third, my first and\nsecond,\"--all of which received more attention than their strange\nphraseology seemed to entitle them to.\nBut I must now introduce a new character; one that attended me for\nyears, like an evil shadow, nor left me until the \"beginning of the\nend.\"\nThe ship had been hove down, the wound in her forefoot healed, that is\nto say, the huge rent stopped up; and we were beginning to get water and\nstores on board, and I was walking on the quay of the dockyard, when I\nwas civilly accosted by a man having the appearance of a captain's\nsteward.  He was pale and handsome, with small white hands; and, if not\nactually genteel in his deportment, had that metropolitan refinement of\nlook that indicated contact with genteel society.  Though dressed in the\nblue jacket and white duck trousers of the sailor's Sunday best, at a\nglance you would pronounce him to be no seaman.  Before he spoke to me,\nhe had looked attentively at several other midshipmen, some belonging to\nmy own ship, others, young gentlemen who were on shore on dockyard duty.\nAt length, after a scrutiny sufficient to make me rather angry, he took\noff his hat very respectfully, and said:\n\"Have I the honour of speaking to Mr Ralph Rattlin?\"\n\"You have: well, my man?\"\n\"Ah, sir, you forget me, and no wonder.  My name, sir, is Daunton--\nJoshua Daunton.\"\n\"Never heard the name before in my life.\"\n\"Oh yes, you have, sir, begging your pardon, very often indeed.  Why,\nyou used to call me Jossey; little Jossey, come here you little\nvagabond, and let me ride you pick-aback.\"\n\"The devil I did!\"\n\"Why, Mr Rattlin, I was your fag at Mr Roots' school.\"\nNow I knew this to be a lie; for, under that very respectable pedagogue,\nand in that very respectable seminary, as the reader well knows, I was\nthe _fagged_, and not the fagger.\n\"Now, really, Joshua Daunton,\" said I, \"I am inclined to think that you\nmay be Joshua, the little vagabond, still; for, upon my honour, I\nremember nothing about you.  Seeing there were so many hundred boys\nunder Mr Roots, my schoolfellow you might have been; but may I be\nvexed, if ever I fagged you or any one else!  Now, my good man, prove to\nme that you have been my schoolfellow first, and then let me know what I\ncan do for you afterwards, for I suppose that you have some favour to\nask, or some motive in seeking me.\"\n\"I have, indeed,\" he replied, with a peculiar intonation of voice, that\nmight have been construed in many ways.  He then proceeded to give me\nmany details of the school at Islington, which convinced me, if there he\nhad never been, he had conversed with some one who had.  Still, he\nevaded all my attempts at cross-examination, with a skill which gave me\na much higher opinion of his intellect than of his honesty.  With the\nutmost efforts of my recollection, I could not call him to mind, and I\nbluntly told him so.  I then bade him tell me who he was and what he\nwanted.\n\"I am the only son of an honest pawnbroker of Shoreditch.  He was\ntolerably rich, and determined to give me a good education.  He sent me\nto Mr Roots' school.  It was there that I had the happiness of being\nhonoured by your friendship.  Now, sir, you perceive that, though I am\nnot so tall as you by some inches, I am at least seven or eight years\nolder.  Shortly after, you left school to go to another at Stickenham.\nI also left, with my education, as my father fondly supposed, finished.\nSir, I turned out bad.  I confess it with shame--I was a rascal.  My\nfather turned me out of doors.  I have had several ups and downs in the\nworld since, and I am now steward on board of the _London_, the West\nIndiaman that arrived here the day before yesterday.\"\n\"Very well, Joshua; but how came you to know that I went to school at\nStickenham?\"\n\"Because, in my tramping about the country, I saw you with the other\nyoung gentlemen in the playground on the common.\"\n\"Hum! but how, in the name of all that is curious, came you to know that\nI was here at Port Royal dockyard, and a young gentleman belonging to\nthe _Eos_?\"\n\"Oh! very naturally, sir.  About two years ago, I passed again over the\nsame common with my associates.  I could not resist the wish to see if\nyou were still in the playground.  I did not see you among the rest, and\nI made bold to inquire of one of the elder boys where you were.  He told\nme the name of the ship, and of your captain.  The first thing on coming\ninto the harbour that struck my eye was your very frigate alongside the\ndockyard.  I got leave to come on shore, and I knew you directly that I\nsaw you.\"\n\"But why examine so many before you spoke to me?  However, I have no\nreason to be suspicious, for time makes great changes.  Now, what shall\nI do for you?\"\n\"Give me your protection, and as much of your friendliness as is\ncompatible with our different stations.\"\n\"But, Daunton, according to your own words, you have been a sad fellow.\nBefore I extend to you what you require, I ought to know what you really\nhave done.  You spoke of tramping--have you been a tramper--a gipsy?\"\n\"I have.\"\n\"Have you ever committed theft?\"\n\"Only in a small way.\"\n\"Ah! and swindled--only in a small way, of course?\"\n\"The temptations were great.\"\n\"Where will this fellow stop?\" thought I; \"let us see, however, how far\nhe will go;\" and then, giving utterance to my thoughts, I continued,\n\"The step between swindling and forgery is but very short,\" and I\npaused--for even I had not the confidence to ask him, \"Are you a\nforger?\"\n\"Very,\" was the short, dry answer.  I was astonished.  Perhaps he will\nconfess to the commission of murder.\n\"Oh! as you were just saying to yourself, we are the mere passive tools\nof fate--we are drawn on, in spite of ourselves.  If a man comes in our\nway, why, you know, in self-defence--hey?\"\n\"What do you mean, sir?\"\n\"A little prick under the ribs in a quiet way.  The wanderings and\njerkings of the angry hand will happen.  You understand me?\"\n\"Too well, I am afraid, sir.  I have never yet shed man's blood--I never\nwill.  Perhaps, sir, you would not depend upon my virtue for this--you\nmay upon my cowardice.  I tremble--I sicken at the sight of blood.  I\nhave endeavoured to win your confidence by candour--I have not\nsucceeded.  May I be permitted to wish you a good day?\"\n\"Stop, Daunton; this is a singular encounter, and a still more singular\nconference.  As an old schoolfellow, you ask me to give you my\nprotection.  The protection of a reefer is, in itself, something\nlaughable; and then, as an inducement, you confess to me that you are a\nvillain, only in guilt just short of murder.  Perhaps, by this bravado\nsort of confession, you have endeavoured to give me a worse impression\nof your character than it really deserves, that you might give me the\nbetter opinion of your sincerity.  Is it not so?\"\n\"In a great measure, it is.\"\n\"I thought so.  Now let me tell you, Daunton, that that very\ncircumstance makes me afraid of you.  But, still, I will not cast aside\nthe appeal of an old schoolfellow.  What can I do for you?\"\n\"Give me the protection afforded me by a man-of-war, by taking me as\nyour servant.\"\n\"Utterly impossible!  I can press you directly, or give the hint to any\nof the many men-of-war here to do so.  But the rules of the service do\nnot permit a midshipman to have a separate servant.  Do you wish to\nenter?\"\n\"Only on board of your ship, and with the privilege of waiting upon you,\nand being constantly near your person.\"\n\"Thank you; but what prevents my impressing you, even as you stand\nthere?\"\n\"These very ample protections.\"  And he produced them.\n\"Yes!  I see that you are well provided.  But why give up your good\nberth on board the _London_?\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, I have my reasons.  Permit them, as yet, to remain secret.\nThere is no guilt attached to them.  May I sail with you in the\ncapacity of your servant?\"\n\"I have told you before that you cannot be my servant solely; you must\nbe the servant of the midshipmen's berth.\"\n\"Yes, with all my heart, provided that you pledge me your honour that I\nshall never be put to any other duty.\"\nI was astonished at this perseverance, and very honestly told him all\nthe miseries of the situation for which he seemed so ambitious.  They\ndid not shake his resolution.  I then left him, and spoke to Mr Farmer.\n\"Let the fool enter,\" was the laconic reply.\n\"But he will not enter but on the conditions I have mentioned, and his\nprotections are too good to be violated.\"\n\"Then I authorise you to make them.  We are short of men.\"\nBut Joshua would not enter; he required to be pressed; so I went on\nboard his own merchant-ship, according to previous arrangement, and\npressed him.  He made no resistance and produced no documents; he only\ncalled the master of the ship, and the first and second officer, to\nwitness that he was a pressed man, and then, taking his kit with him, he\neven cheerfully tripped down the side into the boat; and thus, for\nnearly an eventful year, I was the instrument of placing my evil genius\nnear me.\nCHAPTER FIFTY FIVE.\nTHE ART OF MISCHIEF MADE EASY--RATHER HARD UPON THE\nEXPERIMENTED--\"HEAVEN PRESERVE ME FROM MY FRIENDS!  I'LL TAKE CARE OF MY\nENEMIES MYSELF,\" SAY THE HONEST SPANIARDS, AND SO SAYS HONEST RALPH.\nAnd so, filling our cabins with invalided officers, we sailed for\nEngland.  We took home with us a convoy; and a miserable voyage we made\nof it.\nIn taking my _soi-disant_ schoolfellow on board the _Eos_, I had shipped\nwith me my Mephistophiles.  The former servant to the midshipmen's berth\nwas promoted to the mizzen-top, and Joshua Daunton inducted, with due\nsolemnities, to all the honours of waiting upon about half a dozen\nfierce, unruly midshipmen, and as many sick supernumeraries; and he\nformally took charge of all the mess-plate and munitions _de bouche_ of\nthis submarine establishment.  There was no temptation to embezzlement.\nOur little society was a commonwealth of the most democratic\ndescription--and, as usually happens in these sort of experiments, there\nwas a community of goods that were good for nothing to the community.\nI will give an inventory of all the movables of this republic, for the\nedification of the curious.  Among these, I must first of all enumerate\nthe _salle a manger_ itself, a hot little hole in the cock-pit, of about\neight feet by six, which was never clean.  This dining-room and\nbreakfast-room also contained our cellars which contained nothing, on\nwhich cellars we lay down when there was room--your true midshipman is a\nrecumbent animal--and sat when we could not lie.  For the same reason\nthat the Romans called a grove _lucus_, these cellerets were called\nlockers, because there was nothing to lock in them, and no locks to lock\nin that nothing withal.  In the midst stood an oak table, carved with\nmore names than ever Rosalind accused Orlando of spoiling good trees\nwith, besides the outline of a ship, and a number of squares, which\nserved for an immovable draught-board.  One battered, spoutless,\nhandless, japanned-tin jug, that did not contain water, for it leaked;\nsome tin mugs; seven, or perhaps eight, pewter plates; an excellent old\niron tureen, the best friend we had, and which had stood by us, through\nstorm and calm, and the spiteful kick of Reefer, and the contemptuous\n\"slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,\" in the galley; which tureen\ncontained our cocoa in the morning, our pea-soup at noon, and, after\nthese multiplied duties, performed the character of wash-hand basin,\nwhenever the midshipman's fag condescended to cleanse his hands.  It is\na fact that, when we sailed for England, of crockeryware we had not a\nsingle article.  There was a calabash or so, and two or three sections\nof cocoa-nut shells.\nWe had no other provisions than barely the ship's allowance, and even\nthese were of the worst description.  Bread, it is well remarked, is the\nstaff of life; but it is not quite pleasant to find it life itself, and\nto have the power of locomotion.  Every other description of food was in\nthe same state of transition into vivification.  There is no\nexaggeration in all this.  From the continual coming and going, and the\nstate of constant disunion in which we lived, it was every man for\nhimself, and God, I am sorry to say, seemed to have very little to do\nwith any of us.  So complete was our disorganisation, and so great our\ndestitution as a mess, that, after the first week, the supernumerary\nsick young gentlemen were relieved from this candlelight den of\nstarvation and of dirt, and distributed among the warrant officers.\nIt was to wait upon our persons, to administer to our wants, and to take\ncare of our culinary comforts, that Joshua Daunton was duly installed.\nIt was very ludicrous to see our late servant giving up his charge to\nour present one--the solemnity with which the iron tureen, and the one\nknife, and the three forks, that were not furcated, seeing that they had\nbut one prong each, were surrendered: Joshua's contempt at the sordid\npoverty of the republic to which he was to administer, was quite as\nundisguised as his surprise.  I again and again requested him to do his\nduty in some other capacity in the ship, but he steadily refused.\nThe silky, soft-spoken, cockney-dialected Josh got me into continual hot\nwater.  At first he seemed to consider himself as my servant only;\nconsequently, he was continually thrashed, and I, on his appeal, taking\nhis part, had to endeavour to thrash the thrasher.  Now, this could not\nalways be conveniently done.  The more I suffered for this Daunton, the\nmore ardently he seemed to attach himself to me.  But there appeared to\nbe much more malice than affection in his fidelity.  Nothing prospered\neither with me or my messmates.  He contrived, in the most plausible\nmanner possible, to spoil our almost unspoilable meals.  He always\nmanaged to draw for us the very worst rations, and to lay the blame on\nthe purser's steward.  In bringing aft our miserable dinners, his foot\nwould slip, or a man would run against him--or somebody had taken it off\nthe galley-fire, and thrown it in the manger.  Salt-water would\nmiraculously intrude into my messmates' rum-bottle, and my daily pint of\nwine was either sour or muddy, or sandy, or afflicted with something\nthat made it undrinkable.  In one word, under the care of the good\nJoshua, Messieurs the midshipmen ran a most eminent risk of being\nactually starved.\nMany a time, after we had gone through the motions of dining, without\neating, and as we sat in our dark, hot hole, over our undrinkable\npotations and our inedible eatables, each of us resting his hungry head\nupon his aching elbows, watching the progress of some animated piece of\nbiscuit, would Master Daunton, the slave of our lamp, which, by-the-by,\nwas a bottle bearing a miserably consumptive purser's dip, beside which\na farthing rushlight would look quite aldermanic--I say, this slave of\nour lamp would perch himself down on the combings of the cable-tier\nhatchway, in the midst of the flood of Heaven's blessed daylight, that\ncame pouring from aloft into this abyss, and very deliberately take out\nhis private store of viands, and there insultingly wag his jaws, with\nthe most complacent satisfaction, in the faces of his masters.  The\ncontrast was too bad--the malice of it too tormenting.  Whilst he was\nmasticating his beautiful white American crackers, and smacking his lips\nover his savoury German sausage, we were grumbling over putrid bones and\nweavilly biscuit, that we could not swallow, and yet hunger would not\npermit us to desert.  It was a floating repetition of the horrors of\nTantalus.\nWell, to myself, this rascal was most submissive--most eager in forcing\nupon me his services.  He relieved my hammock-man of his duty; but,\nsomehow, nothing prospered to which he put his hand.  The third night,\nthe nails of the cleat that fastened my head-clews up to the deck above\nme, drew, and I came down by the run, head foremost; and immediately\nwhere my head ought to have alighted on the deck was found the\ncarpenter's pitch kettle, with the blade of an axe in the centre of it,\nand the edge uppermost.  No one knew how it came there, and, had I shot\nout as young gentlemen usually do on such occasions, I should, if I had\nnot been quite decapitated, at least have died by the axe.  Not being\nasleep when the descent took place, I grappled with my neighbour, the\nold fat assistant-surgeon, and he with the next, and the three came down\non deck with a lunge that actually started the marine officer--who,\neverybody knows, is the best sleeper on board.  Happily for myself, I\nfell from my hammock sideways.  Next, the accommodating Joshua got the\nsole charge of my chest, and, though nothing was missed, in a short time\neverything was ruined.  The cockroaches ate the most unaccountable holes\nin my best uniforms, my shoes burst in putting them on, my boots cracked\nall across the upper leathers, and the feet of my stockings came off\nwhen I attempted to draw them on.\nThe obsequious Joshua was equally assiduous with his other six masters,\nand even more successful; so that, in addition to being starved, there\nwas every possibility of our being reduced to nakedness.  This was no\npleasant prospect, running out of tropical latitudes towards England, in\nthe month of January.  In the course of six weeks, such a ragged,\nwoebegone, gaunt, and famished gang of reefers was never before huddled\ntogether in one of his Majesty's vessels of war.  The shifts we were\nobliged to have recourse to were quite amusing, to all but the\nshiftmakers.  The only good hat, and wearable uniform coat, went round\nand round; it was a happy thing for this disconsolate seven that we were\nall nearly of a size.  To aggravate our misfortunes, we could no longer\nget an occasional dinner, either in the captain's cabin or the\nward-room, for our clothes were all in rags.\nIn the meanwhile, Joshua Daunton grew more and more sleek, and pale, and\nfat.  He throve upon our miseries.  He played his part at length so\nwell, as to avoid thrashings.  He possessed, in perfection, that which,\nin classic cockpit, is called \"the gift of the gab.\"  He was never in\nthe wrong.  Indeed, he began to get a favourite with each of the\nindividuals over whom he was so mercilessly tyrannising, while each\nthought himself the tyrant.  All this may seem improbable to\nwell-nurtured, shore-bred young gentlemen and ladies; but midshipmen\nwere always reckless and idle--that is, personally.  On actual service,\nthey have ever been equally reckless, but commensurably active.  This\nkindness of Joshua, in taking all trouble off our hands, soon left us\nalmost nothing wherewith to trouble ourselves.\nCHAPTER FIFTY SIX.\nAN ANTICIPATED DINNER--ALL THE ENJOYMENT SPOILED BY THE FIRST CUT--A\nSUIT OF CLOTHES ILL-SUITED FOR WEARING--AND JOSHUA DAUNTON TRYING ON A\nPAIR OF IRON LEGGINGS--MORE EASILY PUT ON THAN SHAKEN OFF.\nThis imp, this Flibbertygibbet, was killing us by inches.  At length,\none of the master's mates, no longer being able to starve quietly and\nphilosophically, as became a man of courage, was again determined, by\none last effort, to dine, and breakfast, and sup, in the captain's cabin\nand ward-room as often as he could.  So, finding that there was enough\nnew blue cloth on board, with buttons, etcetera, to make him a complete\nsuit, he purchased them at an enormous price, _on credit_; and set the\nship's tailors to work incontinently.  By this time, we were, with our\nhomeward-bound convoy, on the banks of Newfoundland.  It was misty and\ncold--and we were chilly and ragged.  In such a conjuncture of\ncircumstances, even the well-clothed may understand what a blessing a\nnew suit of warm blue must be--that suit bearing in its suite a long\nline of substantial breakfasts, dinners, and suppers.  All this was\nabout to be Mr Pigtop's, our kind messmate, and respectable mate of the\norlop deck.  He had already begun to protest upon the unreasonableness\nof rotatory coats, or of having a quarter-deck pair of trousers, like\nthe wives of the ancient Britons, common to the sept.  The ungrateful\nrogue!  He had on, at the very time, the only quarter-deck-going coat\namong us, which was mine, and which he had just borrowed to enable him\nto go on deck, and report everything right below.\n\"Captain Reud's compliments to Mr Pigtop, and would be glad of his\ncompany to dinner.\"\nAngelic words, when the invited reefer has a clean shirt, or collar, and\na decent uniform.\n\"`Mr Pigtop's compliments to Captain Reud, and will be most happy to\nwait on him.'  There, you dogs,\" said the elated Pigtop, \"I say no more\nlending of clothes.  Here, you, Josh, jump forward, and tell the tailor\nI must have my uniform by four bells.\"\nJosh jumped forward with a very intelligent grin upon his\ntallow-complexioned but handsome countenance.\nNow, the captain and ward-room officers all knew very well of the\nunaccountable destruction of our clothes, which, they affected to\nbelieve, was not unaccountable to them.  They said it arose from very\nnatural causes; a little of which was to be ascribed to dampness, a\nlittle to the cockroaches, and a great, a very great deal to our\nproverbial carelessness.  Well.  A midshipman careless!  But some people\n_may_ libel with impunity.  Whatever they thought, they enjoyed our\ndilemmas, both of food and of clothing.\nAn hour before the captain's dinner was ready, the much envied suit was\nbrought aft, and duly displayed on Mr Pigtop's chest.  The ward-room\nofficers, or at least those of them with whom he could take that\nliberty, were invited out to view it.  It was pronounced, for\nship-tailoring, excellent.\nPigtop's elation was great.  So was Josh Daunton's; but all in a quiet,\nsubmissive way.  Our envy was proportionate.  Josh was an excellent\nbarber, and he volunteered to shave the happy diner-out--the offer was\naccepted.  Then came the turn of fate--then commenced the long series of\nthe poor mate's miseries.  It was no fault of Daunton's, certainly--but\nall the razors were like saws.  The blood came out over the black visage\nof Mr Pigtop; but the hair stayed most pertinaciously on.  The sufferer\nswore--how horribly he swore!  The time was fast elapsing.  After a most\ntremendous oath from the sufferer, which would have almost split an oak\nplank, Joshua said, in his lowly and insinuating voice, \"Mr Pigtop,\npray do--do, do, sir, try the razors yourself.  My heart bleeds, sir,\nmore than your face--do try, sir, for I think the captain's servant is\nnow coming down the hatchway to tell you dinner is ready.\"\nIn despair, the hungry depilator seized the razors: and, being\nexasperated with hurry, he made a worse job of it than Joshua.  Where\nJosh had made notches, Pigtop made gashes.  The ship's barber was then\nsent for, and he positively refused to go over the bloody surface.\nBut Joshua Daunton was the true friend, the friend in need.  With Mr\nPigtop's permission, he would go and borrow one of Dr Thompson's\nrazors.  The offer was gratefully accepted.  In the meantime, dinner was\nactually announced.  It is just about as wise to attempt to keep the\nhungry tiger from his newly-slaughtered prey, as for a mid to make the\ncaptain of a man-of-war wait dinner.  Reud did not wait.\nHowever, the fresh razor did its work admirably, in the adroit hand of\nJoshua.  The hitherto intractable beard flew off rapidly, and Joshua's\ntongue moved more glibly even than his razor.  Barbers in the act of\noffice have, like the House of Commons, the privilege of speech.  They\nare not amenable afterwards for what they say.  In the act they are\nomnipotent, for who would quarrel with a man who is slipping a razor\nover your carotid artery?  Not, certainly, Mr Pigtop.  Thus spoke\nJoshua, amid the eloquent flourishes of his instrument:--\n\"Mr Pigtop, I've a great respect for you--a very great respect indeed,\nsir.  If you have not been a good friend to me yet, you will--I know it,\nsir; you are not like the other flighty young gentlemen.  I have a\nrespect for years, sir--a great respect for years, and honour a\nmiddle-aged gentleman.  Indeed, sir, it must be a great condescension in\nyou to permit yourself to be only a master's--mate of a frigate, seeing\nthat you are quite an elderly gentleman--\"\n\"There!--that was very imprudent indeed, sir, of you to open your mouth.\nIt was not my fault, you know, that the brush went into it: indeed,\nsome people like the taste of soapsuds--wholesome, I assure you--very.\nA stubble of your growth, sir, always requires a double lathering--don't\nspeak.  Oh, sir, you are a happy man--exceeding.  Your face will be as\nsmooth as a man's borrowing money.  You, boy, just run up the\nafter-hatchway, and tell the captain's steward that Mr Pigtop will be\nin the cabin in the flourish of a razor, or before a white horse can\nturn grey.  Permit me to take you by the nose; the true handle of the\nface, sir: it gives the man, as it were, a sort of a command, sir, of\nthe whole head; he can box the compass with it.  Happy indeed you are,\nsir, and much to be envied.  There was one of the captain's turtles\nkilled yesterday--Jumbo is a cook, a most excellent cook--a spoonful of\nthe soup to-day will be worth a king's ransom--a peck of March dust!\npooh!--I wouldn't give a spoonful of that soup for a hundred bushels of\nit.  Take my advice, sir, and have soup twice, sir.  As it was carried\nalong the main-deck, I'm dishonest, if the young gentlemen didn't follow\nit, with the water running down in streams from the corners of their\nmouths, and their tongues entreatingly lolling out, like a parcel of\nhungry dogs in Cripplegate, following the catsmeat-man's barrow.  One\nmore rasp over your upper lip, and you are as smooth as the new-born\nbabe--talking of lips, as the first spoonful of that turtle-soup glides\nover them--the devil!  I'll take God to witness, it was an accident--the\nroll of the ship!\"\nJoshua Daunton was on his knees before Mr Pigtop, who was in an agony\nof pain, holding on his upper lip, which was nearly severed from his\nface, whilst the blood was streaming through his fingers.\nDoctor Thompson with diachylon and black sticking-plaster was soon on\nthe spot to the assistance of the almost dislipped master's-mate.  After\nthe best was done for it, the poor fellow cut but a sorry appearance;\nstill his extreme hunger, made almost furious by the vision of the\nturtle-soup, so artfully conjured up by the malicious Joshua, got the\nbetter of his sense of pain; and with a great band of black plaster\nreaching transversely from the right nostril to the left corner of his\nmouth, the grim-looking Mr Pigtop made haste to don the new uniform.\nIn the meantime, the protestations and tears of Joshua had convinced\neverybody that the horrible gash was merely the effect of accident, for\nthe ship was rolling a great deal at the moment.  What the captain and\nhis guests were doing in the cabin above with the turtle-soup, it is\nneedless for me to state, for that same soup was never fated to gladden\nthe wounded lip of Mr Pigtop.\nThe hasty and famishing gentleman, in his very first attempt to draw on\nhis new trousers, to the astonishment of all his messmates, who had now\ngathered round him, found them separated in the middle of each of his\nlegs.  He might as well have attempted to clothe himself with cobweb\ncontinuations; they came to pieces almost with a shake.  The waistcoat\nand coat were in the same predicament; they had not the principle of\ncontinuity in them.  Everybody was lost in amazement, except Mr Pigtop,\nwhose amazement, quite as great as ours, was lost in his still greater\nrage.  It was extremely unfortunate for Joshua Daunton that he had cut\nthe lip that day.  The kind doctor was still by during the apparelling,\nor the attempt at it.  He examined the rotten clothes, and he soon\ndiscovered that they had been saturated in different parts by some\ncorrosive liquid, that, instead of impairing, really improved the\nbrilliancy of the cloth.\nDuring these proceedings, Captain Reud and his guests had eaten up the\ndinner; but the captain, not being pleased to be pleasantly humoured\nthat day, sent word to Mr Pigtop to go to the mast-head till midnight\nfor disrespect in not attending to the invitation that he had accepted.\nThere was no appeal, and aloft went the wounded, ragged, famished hoper\nof devouring turtle-soup.  Joshua looked very demure and very unhappy;\nbut Dr Thompson set on foot an inquiry, and the truth of the\ndestruction of the clothes was soon ascertained.  The loblolly-boy, that\nis, the young man who had charge of the laboratory where all the\nmedicines were kept, confessed, after a little hesitation, that for\ncertain glasses of grog he had given this pernicious liquid to Daunton.\nSo, while one of his masters was contemplating the stars from the\nmast-head, the destroyer of reefers' kits had nothing else to do but to\ncontemplate the beauty of his own feet, placed, with a judicious\nexactitude, in a very handsome pair of bilboes under the half deck.\nCHAPTER FIFTY SEVEN.\nTHE CAT-OF-NINE-TAILS BEGETS A TALE THE MOST ANNOYING TO RALPH--THE\nSTORY OF THE THREE CROWS BEATEN HOLLOW--SEVEN'S THE MAIN AND A LOSING\nCAST--A PROMISED TREATISE ON ORNITHOLOGY PUT AN END TO RATHER ABRUPTLY\nBY THE BIPLUMAL RESOLVING THEMSELVES INTO THE MERE BIPEDAL.\nWhen fully secured, the poor wretch sent for me.  He was in a paroxysm\nof fear: he protested his innocence over and over again: he declared\nthat he should die under the first lash; that it was for love of me only\nthat he had come on board of a man-of-war; he conjured me by the\nfellowship of our boyish days, by all that I loved and that was sacred\nto us, to save him from the gangway.  The easiness of my nature was\nworked upon, and I promised to use my influence to procure for him a\npardon.  I went to Mr Farmer, but all my efforts were unavailing.  The\nculprit passed a sleepless night in the intolerable agony of lear.\nBefore he was brought up to be flogged, Mr Pigtop had been fully\navenged.\nThe gratings are rigged, the hands are turned up, and Joshua Daunton is\nsupported by two ship's corporals in a nearly fainting state, and\nstripped by another--he is too much paralysed to do it himself.  The\nofficers are mustered on the break of the quarter-deck, and the marines\nare drawn up, under arms, on the gangway.  Captain Reud looks fierce and\nforbidding, and Mr Farmer, for his generally impassible features,\nreally quite savage.  I come forward shudderingly and look down.  The\nwandering and restless eyes of the frightened young man meet, in an\ninstant, what, most probably, they are seeking--my own.\n\"Ralph Rattlin, speak for me to the captain.\"  The words were in\nthemselves simple, but they were uttered in a tone of the most touching\npathos.  They made me start: I thought that I knew the voice, not as the\nvoice of Joshua Daunton, the mischievous imp that had tormented us all\nso scientifically, but of some dear and long-forgotten friend.  \"Ralph\nRattlin, speak for me to the captain--this must not be.\"\n\"But it shall be, by G---!\" said the irascible Creole.\n\"Captain Reud,\" said I, \"let me entreat you for this once only--\"\n\"Boatswain's mate--\"\n\"Oh, Captain Reud, if you knew what a strange sympathy--\"\n\"The thief's cat.\"\n\"Indeed, sir, since he has been on board he has never stolen--\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, another word, and the masthead.  Stand back, Stebbins!--\nlet Douglas give him the first dozen.\"\nNow, this Douglas was a huge, raw-boned boatswain's mate that flogged\nleft handed, and had also a peculiar jerk in his manner of laying on the\ncat-o'-nine-tails, and that always brought away with it little knobs of\nflesh wherever the knots fell, and so neatly, that blood would, at every\nblow, spout from the wounds, as from the puncture of a lancet.  Besides,\nthe torture was also doubled by first scoring over the back in one\ndirection, and the right-handed floggers coming after in another.  They\ncut out the skin in lozenges.\nI looked in the captain's face, and there was no mercy; I looked below,\nand there appeared almost as little life.  After the left-handed\nScotchman had bared his brawny arm and measured his distance, and just\nas he was about to uplift it and strike, Daunton murmured out, \"Ralph\nRattlin, I knew your father! beware, or your own blood will be\ndishonoured in me!\"\n\"That voice!--they shall flog you through me!\"  I exclaimed, and was\nabout to leap into the waist, and cover him with my arms, when I was\nforcibly withheld by the officers around me; whilst the captain roared\nout, \"He shall have another dozen for his impudent falsehood--\nboatswain's mate, do your duty.\"\nThe terrific lash, like angry scorpions, fell upon the white and\nquivering flesh, and the blood spurted out freely.  It was a vengeful\nstroke; and loud, and long, and shrill was the scream that followed it.\nBut, ere the second stroke fell, the head of the tortured one suddenly\ncollapsed upon the right shoulder, and a livid hue spread rapidly over\nthe face and breast.\n\"He is dead!\" said those around, in a half-hushed tone.\nThe surgeon felt his pulse, and placed his hand upon his breast to seek\nfor the beating of the heart, and shaking his head, requested him to be\ncast loose.  He was immediately taken to the sick-bay, but, with all the\nskill of the doctor, his resuscitation was, at first, despaired of; and\nonly brought about, at length, with great difficulty.  The fact was, not\nthat he had been flogged, but very nearly frightened, to death.\nAnd I was utterly miserable.  The words that Daunton had spoken at the\ngangway, and the strange interest that I had taken in his behalf, gave\nrise to suspicions that I felt to be degrading.  He had declared himself\nto be of my blood; the officers and crew construed the expression as\nmeaning my brother.  I was now, for the first time, looked coldly upon;\nI felt myself avoided.  Such conduct is chilling--too often fatal to the\nyoung and proud heart; it will rise indignant at an insult, but guarded\nand polite contumely, and long and civil neglect, wither it.  I was fast\nsinking into an habitual despondency.  This confounded Joshua had\npreviously completely ruined my outward man: the inward man was in great\ndanger from his conduct, perhaps his machinations.  I was shunned with a\nstudied contempt; the more particularly as my messmates were the\nsubjects of the constant jibes of the captain and the other officers,\nwhich messmates were of a unanimous opinion that Master Joshua ought to\nhave been hung, inasmuch as it is now apparent that their ruined apparel\nwas all derivable from his malice, and his \"Practice of Chemistry made\nEasy.\"  They all panted with impatience for his convalescence, in order\nthat they might see Mr Rattlin's _elder brother_ receive the remainder\nof his six dozen.\nI verily believe that, as I approached my native shores, I should have\nfallen into a settled depression of spirits, which would have terminated\nin melancholy madness, had I not been roused to exert my moral energies,\nand awaken my half-entombed pride, by a stinging and a very wholesome\ninsult.\nSo soon as we were ordered home, Captain Reud's mental aberrations\nbecame less frequent; but, when they supervened, they were more\nextravagant in their nature.  He grew roguish, fretful, and cruel.\nThough he never spoke to me harshly, he addressed me more rarely.  I had\nnot dined with him for a long while: he had taken the mysterious\ndestruction of my wardrobe as a valid excuse; and had gone so far, on\none occasion, in a very delicate manner, as to present me with a\ncomplete change of linen, which perished like the rest, under the\nprovident care of Joshua.  But, after the claim of relationship by that\nvery timid personage, there was no consideration in Reud's look; and,\nwhenever he did speak to me, there was a contemptuous harshness in his\ntone that would have very much wounded my feelings at any other time.\nBut, just then, I took but little notice of and interest in anything.\nWhen I say that we were reduced to rags in our habiliments, the reader\nis not to take the words _au pied de lettre_.  By taking up slops from\nthe purser, and by aid of the ship's tailor, we had been enabled to walk\nthe quarter-deck without actual holes in our dress; but the dresses\nthemselves were grotesque, for the imitation of our spruce uniform was\nvillainous, and our hats were deplorable; they were greased with oil,\nand broken, and sewed, and formless, or rather multiform: bad as were\nour fittings-out, we had not enough of them.\nThrough the rude and the cold flying mists of winter, after we had\nstruck soundings, we again saw England.  It was in the inclement month\nof January: I was starved and half clad.  A beggar of any decent\npretension, had he met me in the streets of London, would have taken the\nwall of me, though I had, at the time, more than three hundred dollars\nin cash, Spanish doubloons and silver, a power for drawing bills for a\nhundred a year, more than three years' pay due, and prize-money to a\nvery considerable amount.\nUnder these circumstances, my eyes once more greeted my native land.\nI got into disgrace.  I record it frankly, as my boast is, throughout\nthis biography, to have spoken the truth of all the different variations\nof my life.  Since the captain's incipient insanity, the _Eos_ had\ngradually become an ill-regulated ship.  The gallant first-lieutenant,\nformerly so smart and so active, had not escaped the general\ndemoralisation.  He was a disappointed man.  He had not distinguished\nhimself.  God knows, it was neither for want of daring nor expense of\nlife.  He had cut out everything that could be carried, and had\nattempted almost everything that could not.  I am compelled to say that\nthese bloody onslaughts were as often failures as successes.  He was no\nnearer his next step on the ladder of promotion than before.  His temper\nbecame soured, and he was now often lax, sometimes unjust, and always\nirritable.  The other officers shared in the general falling off, and\ntoo often made the quarter-deck a display for temper.\nThe third-lieutenant--yes, I think it was the third--had mast-headed me,\nabout the middle of the first dog-watch; most likely deservedly, for I\nhad lately affected to give the proud and sullen answer.  Before I went\naloft to my miserable station, I represented to him that I had the first\nwatch; that there was now but three of the young gentlemen doing their\nduty, the others having very wisely fallen ill, and taken the protection\nof the sick-list.  I told him, respectfully enough, \"that if he kept me\nup in that disagreeable station from half-past five till eight, I could\nnot possibly do my duty, for very weariness, from eight till midnight.\nIt was a physical impossibility.\"  But he was inexorable.  Up I went,\nthe demon of all evil passions gnawing at my heart.\nIt was almost dark when I went aloft.  It was a gusty, dreary night,\nbitterly, very bitterly cold.  I was ill-clad.  At intervals, the fierce\nand frozen drifts, like the stings of so many wasps, drove fiercely into\nmy face; and I believe that I must confess that I cried over my crooked\nand aching fingers as the circulation went on with agony, or stopped\nwith numbness.  It is true, I was called down within the hour; but that\nhour of suffering had done me much constitutional mischief.  I was\nstupified as much as if I had committed a debauch upon fat ale.\nHowever, I was too angry to complain, or to seek relief from the\nsurgeon.  I went on deck at half-past eight, with obtuse faculties and a\nreckless heart.\nThe frigate was, with a deeply-laden convoy, attempting to hold her\ncourse in the chops of the Channel.  It blew very hard.  The waves were\nbounding about us with that short and angry leap peculiar, in\ntempestuous weather, to the narrow seas between England and France.  It\nwas excessively dark; and, not carrying sufficient sail to tack, we were\nwearing the ship every half-hour, showing, of course, the proper signal\nlights to the convoy.  We carried also the customary poop-light of the\ncommodore.\nSuch was the state of affairs at a little after nine.  The captain, the\nfirst-lieutenant, the master, the officer of the watch, and the channel\npilot that we had taken on board off the Scilly Islands, with myself;\nwere all on deck.  Both the signal midshipmen were enjoying the comforts\nof sickness in their warm hammocks below.  Now, I will endeavour to give\na faithful account of what happened; and let the unprejudiced determine,\nin the horrible calamity that ensued, how much blame was fairly\nattributable to me.  I must premise that, owing to shortness of number,\neven when all were well, there was no forecastle midshipman.\nA dreadful gust of icy wind, accompanied by the arrowy sleet, rushes aft\nrather heading us.\n\"The wind is getting more round to the east.  We'd better wear at once,\"\nsaid the pilot to the master.\n\"The pilot advises us to wear,\" said the master to the captain.\n\"Mr Farmer,\" said the captain to the first-lieutenant, \"watch and\nidlers, wear ship.\"\n\"Mr Pond,\" said Mr Farmer to the lieutenant of the watch (a diminutive\nand peppery little man, with a squeaking voice, and remarkable for\nnothing else excepting having a large wife and a large family, whom he\nwas impatient to see), \"wear.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin,\" squeaked Mr Pond through his trumpet, \"order the\nboatswain's mate to turn the watch and idlers up--wear ship.\"\n\"Boatswain's mate,\" bawled out the sleepy and sulky Mr Rattlin, \"watch\nand idlers, wear ship.\"\n\"Ay, ay, sir--whew, whew, whittle whew--watch and idlers, wear ship!\nTumble up there, tumble up.  Master-at-arms, brush up the\nbone-polishers.\"\n\"What an infarnal nonsensical ceremony!\" growled the pilot, _sotto\nvoce_; \"all bawl and no hawl--lucky we have plenty of sea-room.\"\n\"Jump aft, Mr Rattlin,\" said the captain, \"and see that the\nconvoy-signal to wear is all right.\"\nMr Rattlin makes one step aft.\n\"Are the fore-topmast staysail halliards well manned, Mr Rattlin?--Jump\nforward and see,\" said the officer of the watch.\nMr Rattlin makes one step forward.\n\"Is the deep sea-lead ready?\" said the master.  \"Mr Rattlin, jump into\nthe chains and see.\"\nMr Rattlin makes one step to the right--\"_starboard_, the wise it\ncall.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, what the devil are you about?--where's the hand stationed\nto the foresheet?\" said the first-lieutenant.  \"Jump there and see.\"\nMr Rattlin makes one step to the left hand,--\"_port_, the wise it\ncall.\"\n\"Where's the midshipman o' th' watch--where's the midshipman o' th'\nwatch?\" roars out the captain.  \"By heavens, there's no light to show\nover the bows!  Mr Rattlin, be smart, sir,--jump forward, and see to\nit.\"\nThe chilled, the torpid, and half-stupified Mr Rattlin finally went\nforward to the forecastle, where he ought to have been from the first,\nand more especially as the boatswain was also on the sick-list.\nThe consequence of all these multitudinous and almost simultaneous\norders--to jump and see, when, by-the-by, it was too dark to see\nanything a yard off properly--was, that one of the signal lanterns was\nblown out, and the signal consequently imperfect--that the fore-topmast\nstaysail halliards were so badly manned, that those upon them could\nscarcely start that then necessary sail from its netting--that the\npeople were not ready with the deep sea-lead--that little Mr Pond was\nobliged to put down his trumpet, and ease off the foresheet himself till\nrelieved by the quarter-master; but, still, there actually _was_ a\nlantern over the bows, and that in good time.\nWell, the noble ship was no longer buffeted on her bows by the furious\nwind: as the haughty Essex turned on his heel from the blow of his\ntermagant mistress queen, so did the _Eos_ turn her back to the\ninsulting blast, and flew rapidly before it.  Owing to the darkness of\nthe night, assisted by the weak voice of Mr Pond, whose orders could\nnot be very distinctly heard, perhaps a little to his lubberly manner of\nworking the ship, the bounding frigate was much longer before the wind\nthan necessary.  I was straining my sight near the cathead on one side,\nand the captain of the forecastle on the other, but we could discover\nnothing in the nearly palpable obscure.\nOn she dashed, and our anxious eyes saw nothing, whilst our minds feared\ngreatly;--she is at her utmost speed.  In her reckless course she seems\nsufficiently powerful to break up the steadfast rock, or tear the shoal\nfrom its roots at the bottom of the ocean.  On she rushes!  I think I\nhear faintly the merchant cry of \"Yeo-yo--yeo!\" but the roar of the\nvexed waters beneath our bows, and the eternal singing of the winds\nthrough the frost-stiffened shrouds, prevent my being certain of the\nfact.  But I tremble excessively--when, behold, a huge, long black mass\nis lying lazily before us, and so close that we can almost touch it!\n\"Hard a-port,\" I roared out at the top of my voice.\n\"Hard a-starboard,\" sang out the captain of the forecastle, equally\nloudly.\nVain, vain were the contradictory orders.  The frigate seemed to leap at\nthe object before her as at a prey; and dire was the crash that ensued.\nAs we may suppose the wrathful lioness springs upon the buffalo, and,\nmeeting more resistance from its horny bulk than she had suspected,\nrecoils and makes another spring, so did the _Eos_ strike, rebound, then\nstrike again.  I felt two distinct percussions.\nThe second stroke divided the obstacle.  The _Eos_ passed through it or\nover it, and the eye looked in vain for the vast West Indiaman, the\nbearer of wealth, and gay hopes, and youth, and infancy, manly strength,\nand female beauty.  There was a smothered feminine shriek, hushed by the\nwhirlpool of down-absorbing waves, almost as soon as made.  It was not\nloud, but it was fearfully distinct, and painfully human.  One poor\nwretch only was saved, to tell her name and speak of the perished.\nAs usual, they had kept but a bad look-out.  Her officers and her\npassengers were making merry in the cabin--the wine-cup was at their\nlips, and the song was floating joyously from the mouths of the fair\nones returning to the land of their nativity.  The blooming daughters,\nthe newly-married wife, and two matrons with their innocent ones beside\nthem, were all in the happiness of their hopes when the Destroyer was\nupon them suddenly, truly like a strong man in the darkness of night;\nand they were all hurled, in the midst of their uncensurable revelry, to\na deep grave over which no tombstone shall ever tell \"of their\nwhereabout.\"\nOur own jib-boom was snapped off short, and as quickly as is a twig in\nfrosty weather.  Supposing the ship had struck, every soul rushed on\ndeck.  They thanked God it was _only_ the drowning of some forty\nfellow-creatures, and the destruction of a fine merchant-ship.  We\nhauled the single poor fellow that was saved on board.  The\nconsternation among the officers was very great.  It blew too hard to\nlower the boats: no effort was or could be made to rescue any chance\nstruggler not carried down in the vortex of the parted and sunken ship--\nall was blank horror.\nBesides the consternation and dismay natural to the appalling accident,\nthere was the fear of the underwriters, and of the owners, and of\ndamages, before the eyes of the captain.  I was sent for aft.\n\"I had not the charge of the deck,\" said Captain Reud, looking fiercely\nat the first-lieutenant.  \"_I_ am not responsible for this lubberly\ncalamity.\"\n\"I had not the charge of the watch or the deck either,\" said Mr Farmer,\nin his turn, looking at small Mr Pond, who was looking aghast; \"surely,\nI cannot be held responsible.\"\n\"But you gave orders, sir--I heard you myself give the word to raise the\nfore-tack--that looks very like taking charge of the deck--no, no, _I_\nam not responsible.\"\n\"Not so fast, not so fast, Mr Pond.  I only assisted you for the good\nof the service, and to save the foresail.\"\nMr Pond looked very blank indeed until he thought of the master, and\nthen he recovered a great portion of his usual vivacity.  Small men are\nalways vivacious.\n\"No, no, I am not responsible--I was only working the ship under the\ndirections of the master.  Read the night orders, Mr Farmer.\"\n\"The night orders be damned!\" said the gruff old master.\n\"I will not have my night order damned,\" said Reud.  \"You and the\nofficer of the watch must share the responsibility between you.\"\n\"No offence at all, sir, to you or the night orders either.  I am\nheartily sorry I damned them--heartily; but, in the matter of wearing\nthis here ship precisely at that there time, I only acted under the\npilot, who has charge until we are securely anchored.  Sure_lye_, I\ncan't be 'sponsible.\"\n\"Well,\" said the pilot, \"here's a knot of tangled rope-yarn--but that\nyarn won't do for old Weatherbrace, for, d'ye see, I'm a Sea William\n(civilian), and not in no ways under martial law--and I'm only aboard\nthis here craft as respects shoals and that like--I'm clearly not\n'sponsible!--nothing to do in the 'varsal world with working\nher--'sponsible pooh!--why did ye not keep a better look-out for'ard?\"\n\"Why, Mr Rattlin, why?\" said the captain, the first-lieutenant, the\nlieutenant of the watch, and the master.\n\"I kept as good a one as I could--the lanterns were over the bows.\"\n\"You may depend upon it,\" said the captain, \"that the matter will not be\npermitted to rest as it is.  The owners and underwriters will demand a\ncourt of inquiry.  Mr Rattlin had charge of the forecastle at the time.\nMr Rattlin, come here, sir.  You sang out, just before this calamity\nhappened, to port the helm.\"\n\"I did, sir.\"\n\"Quarter-master,\" continued Reud, \"did you port the helm?  Now, mind\nwhat you say; did you, sir? because if you _did not_; six dozen.\"\n\"We did, sir--hard a-port.\"\n\"And the ship immediately after struck?\"\n\"Yes, sir.\"\n\"Pooh! the case is clear--we need not talk about it any longer.  A clear\ncase, Mr Farmer.  Mr Rattlin has charge of the forecastle--he descries\na vessel ahead--he takes upon himself to order the helm hard a-port, and\nwe run over and sink her accordingly.  He is responsible, clearly.\"\n\"Clearly,\" was the answering echo from all the rejectors of\nresponsibility.\n\"Mr Rattlin, I am sorry for you.  I once thought you a promising young\nman; but, since your desertion at Aniana--we must not mince matters\nnow--you have become quite an altered character.  You seem to have lost\nall zeal for the service.  Zeal for the service is a thing that ought\nnot to be lost; for a young gentleman without zeal for the service is a\nyoung gentleman, surely--you understand me--who is not zealous in the\nperformance of his duty.  I think I have made myself tolerably clear.\nDo you think, sir, I should hold now the responsible commission I do\nhold under his Majesty, if I had been without zeal for the service?  I\nam sorry that I have a painful duty to perform.  I must place you under\nan arrest, till I know what may be the port admiral's pleasure\nconcerning this unpleasant business; for--for the loss of the _Mary\nAnne_ of London you are clearly responsible.\"\n\"Clearly\" (_omnes rursus_).\n\"Had you sung out hard a-starboard, instead of hard a-port, the case\nmight have been different.\"\n\"Clearly.\"\n\"Go down below to your berth, and consider yourself a prisoner.  The\nyoung gentlemen in his Majesty's service are not permitted to run down\nWest Indiamen with impunity.\"\n\"Clearly.\"\nIn these kind of capstan-head court-martials, at which captains will\nsometimes administer reefers' law, \"Woe to the weakest!\"  A defence was\nquite a work of superfluity; so, consoling myself with the vast\nresponsibility with which, all at once, I found myself invested, I went\nand turned in, anathematising every created thing above an inch high and\na foot below the same dimensions.  However, in a very sound sleep I soon\nforgot everything--even the horrible scene I had just witnessed.\nCHAPTER FIFTY EIGHT.\nDISTRESSING DISCLOSURES, AND SOME VERY PRETTY SYMPTOMS OF BROTHERLY\nLOVE--WITH MUCH EXCELLENT INDIGNATION UTTERLY THROWN AWAY--JOSHUA\nDAUNTON EITHER A VERY GREAT MAN OR A VERY GREAT ROGUE--PERHAPS BOTH, AS\nTHE TERMS ARE OFTEN SYNONYMOUS.\nI hope the reader has not forgotten Joshua Daunton, for I did not.\nHaving a very especial regard to the health of his body, he took care to\nkeep himself ill.  The seventy-one lashes due to him he would most\ngenerously have remitted altogether.  His eagerness to cancel the debt\nwas only equal to Captain Reud's eagerness to pay, and to that of his\nsix midshipmen masters to see it paid.  Old Pigtop was positively devout\nin this wish; for, after the gash had healed, it left a very singular\nscar, that traversed his lip obliquely, and gave a most ludicrous\nexpression to a face that was before remarkably ill-favoured.  One side\nof his visage seemed to have a continual ghastly smirk, like what you\nmight suppose to decorate the countenance of a half-drunken Succubus;\nthe other, a continual whimper, that reminded you of a lately-whipped\nbaboon.\nI concluded that Daunton was really ill, for he kept to his hammock in\nthe sick-bay; and Dr Thompson was much too clever, and too old a\nman-of-war's man, to be deceived by a simulated sickness.\nThe day _after_, when I was enjoying my arrest in the dignified idleness\nof a snooze in a pea-jacket, on one of the lockers, the loblolly-boy\ncame to me, saying that Daunton was much worse, and that he humbly and\nearnestly requested to see me.  I went, though with much reluctance.  He\nappeared to be dreadfully ill, yet an ambiguous smile lighted up his\ncountenance when he saw me moodily standing near him.\nHe was seated on one corner of the bench in the bay, apparently under\nthe influence of ague, for he trembled excessively, and he was well\nwrapped up in blankets.  Altogether, notwithstanding the regularity of\nhis features, he was a revolting spectacle.  The following curious\ndialogue ensued:\n\"Daunton, I am ready to hear you.\"\n\"Thank you, Ralph.\"\n\"Fellow! you may have heard that I am a prisoner--in disgrace--but not\nin dishonour; but know, scoundrel, that if I were to swing the next\nminute at the yardarm, I would not tolerate or answer to such\nfamiliarity.  Speak respectfully, or I leave you.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin, pray do not speak so loudly, or the other invalids will\nhear us.\"\n\"Hear us, sirrah! they may, and welcome.  Scoundrel! can _we_ have any\nsecrets?\"\nThe fiery hate that flashed from the eye of venomous impotence played\nupon me, at the very moment that the tone of his voice became more\nbland, and his deportment more submissive.\n\"Mr Rattlin, your honour, will you condescend to hear me?  It is for\nyour own good, sir.  Pray be no longer angry.  I think I am dying; will\nyou forgive me?--will you shake hands with me?\"  And he extended to me\nhis thin and delicate hand.\n\"Oh, no, no!\"  I exclaimed, accompanying my sneer with all the scorn\nthat I could put in my countenance.  \"Such things as you don't die--\nreptiles are tenacious of life.  For the malicious and ape-like\nmischiefs that you have done to me and to my messmates--though in\npositive guilt I hold them to be worse than actual felony--I forgive\nyou--but, interchange the token of friendship with such as you--never!\"\n\"Ralph Rattlin, I know you!\"\n\"Insolent rascal! know yourself; dare to send for me no more.  I leave\nyou.\"\nI turned upon my heel, and was about leaving this floating hospital,\nwhen again that familiar tone of the voice that had struck the inmost\nchord of my heart in his shrieking appeal at the gangway, arrested me,\nand the astounding words which he uttered quickly brought me to his\nside.  In that strange tone, that seemed to have been born with my\nexistence, he exclaimed, distinctly, yet not loudly, \"Brother Ralph,\nlisten to me!\"\n\"Liar, cheat, swindler!\"  I hissed forth in an impassioned whisper,\nclose to his inclined ear, \"my heart disowns you--my soul abhors you--my\ngorge rises at you.  I abominate--I loathe you--most contemptible, yet\nmost ineffable liar!\"\n\"Oh, brother!\" and a hectic flush came over his chalky countenance,\nwhilst a sardonic smile played over his features.  \"You can speak low\nenough now.  'Tis a pity that primogeniture is so little regarded in his\nMajesty's vessels of war; but methinks that you are but little dutiful,\nseeing that I am some ten years your senior, and that I do not scorn to\nown _you_, though you are the son of my father's paramour.\"\nThe horrible words shot ice into my heart.  I could no longer retain my\nstooping position over him, but, feeling faint and very sick, I sat down\ninvoluntarily beside him.  But the agony of apprehension was but for a\nmoment.  A mirth, stern and wild, brought its relief to my paralysed\nbosom, and, laughing loudly, I jumped up and exclaimed, \"Josh, you\nlittle vagabond, come, carry me a-pick-a-back--son of a respectable\npawnbroker of Whitechapel--how many paramours was the worthy old\ngentleman in the habit of keeping?  Respectable scion of such\nrespectable parent, who finished his studies by a little tramping, a\nlittle thieving, a little swindling, a little forging--I heartily thank\nyou for the amusement you have afforded me.\"\n\"Oh, my good brother, deceive not yourself!  I repeat that I have\ntramped, thieved, swindled, ay, and forged.  And to whom do I owe all\nthis ignominy?  To you--to you--to you.  Yet I do not hate you very,\nvery much.  You showed some fraternal feeling when they seared my back\nwith the indelible scar of disgrace.  I have lied to you, but it suited\nmy purpose!\"\n\"And I have given you the confidence due to a liar.\"\n\"What! still incredulous, brother of mine!  Do you know these--and\nthese?\"\nThe handwriting was singular, and very elegant.  I knew the letters at\nonce.  They were the somewhat affected amatory effusions of that superb\nwoman, Mrs Causand, whom I have described in the early part of this\nlife.  They spoke of Ralph,--of Ralph Rattlin--and described, with\ntolerable accuracy, my singular birth at the Crown Inn, at Reading.\nThere were three letters.  The two first that I read contained merely\npassionate protestations of affection; the third, that had reference to\nmyself, spoke darkly.  After much that is usual in the ardent style of\nunhallowed love, it went on, as nearly as I can recollect, in these\nwords--\"I have suffered greatly--suffered with you, and for you.  The\nchild is, however, now safe, and well provided for.  It is placed with a\ndecent woman of the name of Brandon, Rose Brandon.  A discovery now is\nimpossible.  We have managed the thing admirably.  The child is fair,\"\netcetera, etcetera.\nIn the midst of my agitation I remarked that the writer did not speak of\nthe infant as \"my child,\" nor with the affection of a mother--and yet,\nwithout a great stretch of credulity, the inference seemed plain that\nshe was the parent of it, though not a fond one.\n\"Mysterious man! who are you, and who am I?\"\n\"Your disgraced, your discarded, yet your legitimate brother.  More it\nsuits me not now that you should know.  I am weak in frame, but I am\nsteel in purpose.  You, you have been the bane of my life.  Since your\nclandestine birth, our father loved me no more.  I will have my broad\nacres back--I will--they are mine--and you only stand between me and\nthem.\"\n\"Desperate and degraded man!--I believe, even after this pretended\nconfession, that you are an impostor to me, as much as you are to the\nrest of the world.  I now understand some things that were before dark\nto me.  My life seems to stand in your way--and your cowardice only\nprevents you from taking it.  You tell me you are a forger--these\nletters are forgeries.  Mrs Causand is not my mother, nor are you my\nbrother.  Pray, where did you get them?\"\n\"I stole them from our father's escritoir.\"\n\"Amiable son!  But I weary myself no more with your tissue of\nfalsehoods.  To-morrow we shall cast anchor.  I will leave the service,\nand devote the rest of my life to the discovery of origin.  I will learn\nyour real name, I will trace out your crimes--and the hands of justice\nshall at once terminate my doubts, and your life of infamy--we are\nenemies to the death!\"\n\"A fair challenge, and fairly spoken.  I accept it, from all my soul.\nYou refused my hand in brotherly love; for, by the grey hairs of our\ncommon parent, in brotherly love it was offered to you--will you now\ntake it as a pledge of a burning, a never-dying, enmity between us?  It\nis at present emaciated and withered--it has been seized up at your\ndetested gangway--it has been held up at the bar of justice; but it will\ngain strength, my brother--there, take it, sir--and despise it not.\"\nI shuddered as I received the pledge of hate; and his grasp, though I\nwas in the plenitude of youthful vigour, was stronger than my own.\nThis dreadful conference had been carried on principally in whispers;\nbut owing to several bursts of emotion on my part, enough had transpired\namong those present to give them to understand that I had been claimed\nas a brother, and that I had very hard-heartedly rejected the claim.\nAfter we had passed our mutual defiance, there was silence between us\nfor several minutes; he coiling himself up like an adder in his corner,\nand I pacing the deck, my bosom swelling with contending emotions.  \"If\nhe should really be my brother,\" thought I.  The idea was horrible to\nme.  I again paused in my walk, and looked upon him steadfastly; but I\nfound no sympathy with him.  His style of thin and pallid beauty was\nhateful to me--there was no expression in his countenance upon which I\ncould bang the remotest feeling of love.  He bore my scrutiny, in his\nweakness, proudly.\n\"Daunton,\" said I, at length, \"you have failed: in endeavouring to make\na tool, you have created an enemy and an avenger of the outraged laws.\nI shall be in London in the course of eight-and-forty hours--you cannot\nescape me--if it cost me a hundred pounds, I will loose the bloodhounds\nof justice after you--you shall be made, in chains, to give up your\nhateful secret.  I am no longer a boy; nor you, nor the lawyer that\nadministers my affairs, shall longer make a plaything of me.  I will\nknow who I am.  Thank God, I can always ask Mrs Cherfeuil.\"\nAt that name, a smile, no longer bitter, but deeply melancholy, and\nalmost sweet, came over his effeminate features.  But it lasted not\nlong.  That smile, like a few tones of his voice, seemed so familiar to\nme.  Was I one of two existences, the consciousness of the one nearly,\nbut not quite, blotting out the other?  I looked upon him again, and the\nsmile was gone; but a look of grief, solemn and heartrending, had\nsupplied its place--and then the big and involuntary tear stood in his\neye.  I know not whether it fell, for he held down his arm to the\nconcealment of his face, and spoke not.\nHad the wretch a heart, after all?\nAs I turned to depart he lifted up his face, and all that was amiable in\nits expression had fled.  With a calm sneer he said, \"May I trouble you,\nMr Rattlin, for those letters which I handed over to you for your\nperusal?\"\n\"I shall keep them.\"\n\"Is your code of equity as low as mine?  They are my property; I paid\ndearly enough for them.  And what says your code of honour to such\nconduct?\"\n\"There, take your detested forgeries!  We shall meet in London.\"\n\"Mr Rattlin forgets that he is a prisoner.\"\n\"Absurd!  The charge cannot be sustained for a moment.\"\n\"Be it so.  Peradventure, I shall be in London before you.\"\nCHAPTER FIFTY NINE.\nLISTENERS SELDOM HEAR GOOD THINGS OF THEMSELVES--RALPH AT A DREADFUL\nDISCOUNT WITH HIS MESSMATES, BUT CONTRIVES TO SETTLE HIS ACCOUNTS WITH\nHIS PRINCIPAL DEBTOR.\nI left him, with a strong foreboding that he would work me some direful\nmischief.\nFor the long day I sat, with my head buried in my hands on the sordid\ntable of our berth.  I ate not, I spoke not.  The ribaldry of my coarse\nassociates moved me not; their boisterous and vulgar mirth aroused me\nnot.  They thought me, owing to my arrest, and my anticipations of its\nconsequences, torpid with fear.  They were deceived.  I was never more\nalive.  My existence was--if I may so speak--glowing and fiery hot; my\nsense of being was intense with various misery.\nTowards evening, another piece of intelligence reached me, that alarmed\nand astounded me.  Since the laying on of the one lash on the back of\nJoshua Daunton, our old servant had descended from the mizzen-top, again\nto wait upon us.  He was, in his way, an insatiate news-gatherer; but he\nwas as liberal in dispensing it as he was eager in acquiring it.\nThe midshipmen were drinking, out of the still unbroken cups and two or\nthree tin pannikins, their grog at eight o'clock in the evening, when\nour unshod and dirty attendant spoke thus:\n\"Oh, Mr Pigtop!--such news!--such strange news!  You'll be so very\nsorry to hear it, sir, and so will all the young gentlemen.\"\n\"What, has the ship tumbled overboard, or the pig-ballast mutinied for\narrears of pay?\"\n\"Oh, sir, ten thousand times worse than that!  That thief of the world,\nsir, Joshua Daunton, is not to have his six dozen, after all, though he\ndid corrupt all the midshipmen's clothes, sir.  Dr Thompson has taken\nhim into his own cabin, and nothing is now too good for him.\"\n\"But hanging,\" said the indignant and scarred master's mate.  \"If he's\nnot flogged, I'll have the life out of him yet, though he should turn\nout to be the only son of Lord Dunknow-Who.\"  Pigtop was a wit, in a\nsmall midshipman-like way.  \"He's turned out to be some great man they\nsay, however--in clog or so, I think they call it; though, for my part,\nI remembers him in irons well enough not more than a fortnight aback--\nand he's had a taste of the girl with nine tails, however--that's one\ncomfort, to me, whatever he may turn out.\"\nThe vulgar have strange sources from which to derive comfort.\n\"But are you sure of all this, Bill?\" said Mr Staines.  \"Because, if he\nshould turn out to be somebody, I'll make him pay me for my traps;\nthat's as certain now as that he'll be sent to Old Davy.\"\n\"Certain sure.  He showed the doctor papers enough to set up a lawyer's\nshop.  But that's not the best of it--hum--ha!  Do you think, Mr\nPigtop, that Mr Rattlin's caulking?\"  (i.e., asleep).\n\"He has not moved these three hours.  I owe Rattlin one for bringing\nthis blackguard on board.  There may be something in this, after all.\nHe claimed Rattlin as his brother at the gangway, or something of the\nsort.  Now, that makes me comfortable.  It will take our proud messmate\ndown a peg or two, I'm calculating--with his smooth face, and his little\nbits of Latin and Greek, and his parleyvooing.  Oh, oh! but it's as good\nas a bottle of rum to me.  With all his dollars, and his bills, and his\nairs, I never had a brother seized up at the gangway.  And the captain\nand the officers once made such a fuss about him!  Damn his smooth\nface!--I've a great mind to wake him, and hit him a wipe across the\nchaps.  He knocked me down with the davit-block, for twitting him about\nthat girl of his, that was drowned swimming after him.  I'll have\nsatisfaction for that.  The captain ordered me to leave the ship for\nbeing knocked down.  Well--we shall see who'll be ordered to leave the\nship now.  I never caused a girl's death by desarting her.  Upon my\nsoul, I've a great mind to rouse him, and hit him a slap of the chaps.\nI hate smooth faces.\"\n\"Well,\" said Staines, \"you may depend upon it Rattlin _is_ asleep, or he\nwould have wopped you, Pigtop, for your compliments.\"\n\"He!  I should very much like to see it--the spooney.\"\n\"If Mr Rattlin is caulking,\" said our _valet-de-chambre_, \"there can't\nbe no harm done whatsomever.  But they do say, in the sick-bay, as how\nMr Rattlin isn't himself, but that Joshua Daunton is he, and that he is\nnobody at all whatsomever; though Gibbons says, and he's a cute one,\nthat if Mr Rattlin is not Mr Rattlin, seeing as how Joshua Daunton is\nMr Rattlin, Mr Rattlin must be somebody else--and as a secret, he told\nme, as like as not, he must be Joshua Daunton.\"\n\"Well, here's comfort again.  If Mr Rattlin--_Mr_ indeed!--turns out\nto be a swindler, as I'm sure he will, it wouldn't be lawful, nor right,\nnor proper in me to pay him the money I owe him,\" said the conscientious\nMr Pigtop.  \"Damn his smooth face!--I should like to have the spoiling\nof it.\"\nHere was important information for me to ruminate upon.  I was\ndetermined to remain still as long as I could gain any intelligence.\nBut the conversation--if conversation we must term the gibberish of my\nassociates--having taken another turn, I slowly lifted up my smooth\nface, and, confronting Mr Pigtop's rough one, I said to him, very\ncoolly, \"Mr Pigtop, I am going to do what you would very much like to\nsee--I am going to wop you.\"\n\"Wop me!--no, no, it's not come to that yet.  I have heard something--\nI've a character to support--I must not demean myself.\"\n\"There is my smooth face, right before you--I dare you to strike it--you\ndare not!  Then, thus, base rascal, I beat you to the earth!\"  And\nPigtop toppled down.\nNow, all this was very wrong on my part, and very imprudent; for I must\nconfess that he had before beaten me in a regular fistic encounter.  But\nit was really a great relief to me.  I longed for some vent to my angry\nand exasperated feelings.  We were soon out in the steerage.  Oh! the\nwolfishness of human nature!  That low and brutal fight was a great\nluxury to me.  Positively, at the time I did not feel his blows.  At\nevery murderous lunge that I made at him, I shouted, \"Take that\nDaunton;\" or, \"Was that well planted, brother?\"\nHad we fought either with sword or pistol, the enjoyment would have been\ninfinitely less to me.  There was a stern rapture in pounding him\nbeneath me--in dashing my hands in his blood--in disfiguring his face\npiecemeal.  In our evil passions we are sad brutes.  Pigtop had the\npluck natural to Englishmen--he would rather not have fought just then;\nbut, having once begun, he seemed resolved to see it out manfully.  The\nconsequence was--to use a common and expressive phrase--I beat him to\nwithin an inch of his life, and then cried with vexation, because he\ncould no longer stand up to be beaten out of the little that my fury had\nleft him.\nWhen the fray was over, my sturdy opponent had no reason to be envious\nof my smooth face.\nRather inflamed than satiated with the result of my encounter, whilst my\nopponent turned into his hammock, and there lay moaning, I, with both my\neyes dreadfully blackened, and my countenance puffed up, threw myself\nupon the lockers, and there sleeplessly passed the whole night,\ndevouring my own heart.  If, for a moment, I happened to doze, I was\ntearing, in my imagination, Joshua Daunton piecemeal, hurling him down\nprecipices, or crushing him beneath the jagged fragments of stupendous\nrocks.  It was a night of agony.\nCHAPTER SIXTY.\nSOFT TACK, ONE OF THE BEST TACKS, AFTER ALL--THAT LEGS OF MUTTON\nSOMETIMES PRODUCE FRIENDSHIPS OF LONG STANDING COMPLETELY PROVED, AS\nWELL AS THE VALUE OF GOOD GRAIN BEST ASCERTAINED AFTER IT HAS BEEN WELL\nTHRASHED.\nThe next day we anchored in the Downs.  Weak, stiff, and ill, I surveyed\nmyself in my dressing-glass.  My battered features presented a hideous\nspectacle.  But I cared not.  I was a prisoner--I should have no\noccasion to emerge from the gloom of the steerage.  This was truly a\nhappy return to my native shores.\nBut I was not altogether left without commiseration--not altogether\nwithout sympathy.  Both Dr Thompson and the purser looked in to see me.\nThe doctor, especially, seemed to feel deeply for my situation.  He\ntold me that he had heard a strange story; but that, as yet, he was not\nat liberty to mention any particulars.  He assured me that he had\nentirely acquitted me of any participation in a series of base\ndeceptions that had been practised upon an ancient, a distinguished, and\nwealthy family.  He bade me hope for the best, and always consider him\nas my friend.  The purser spoke to the same effect.  I told them that my\nconviction was that it was they, and not I, who were the victims of\ndeception.  I stated that I had never pretended to rank or parentage of\nany sort; I acknowledged that everything connected with my family was a\nperfect mystery; but I asked them how they could place any faith in the\nassertions of a man who was in a mean capacity when I met with him--who\nhad confessed to me a multiplicity of villainies--and who had\ncorroborated the truth of his own confessions by his uniformly wicked\nconduct whilst on board.\nTo all this they both smiled very sapiently, and told me they had their\nreasons.\n\"Well,\" said I, \"you are wise, and, compared to me, old men.  You cannot\nthink this Daunton a moral character--you cannot think him honest.\nStill, telling me you are my friends, you champion him against me.  And\nyet I know not how or in what manner.  If he should prove my brother,\nthe world is wide enough for us both; let him keep out of my way, if he\ncan.  Depend upon it, doctor, he is acting upon an afterthought.  He has\nbeen forced into a desperate course.  You marked his abject cowardice at\nthe gangway.  During the many hours that he was in irons, before that\npunishment he so much dreaded was inflicted, why did he not then send\nfor you, and, to save himself, make to you these important disclosures?\nMerely because he did not think of it.  By heavens--a light rushes on\nme--he is a housebreaker!--he has committed some burglary, and stolen\npapers relating to me; and no doubt he has followed me, first, with the\nintention of selling to me the purloined secret at some unconscionable\nprice, and he has since thought fit to change his plan for something\nmore considerable, more wicked.\"\n\"My poor boy,\" said the doctor, kindly, \"you are under a delusion.  Let\nme change the subject, and puncture you with my lancet under the eyes--\nthey are dreadfully contused.  Well, Rattlin, we are to go to Sheerness\ndirectly, and be paid off.  You may depend upon it, the captain will\nthink better about this arrest of yours, particularly as the two men at\nthe wheel positively contradict the quarter-master, and affirm that the\nhelm was put hard a-starboard, and not hard a-port.  It appears to us\nthat it was of little consequence, when the ship was first discovered,\nhow the helm was put.  The fault was evidently on the part of those who\nso awfully suffered for it.  By-the-by, there has been a change among\nthe lords of the Admiralty--there are two new junior ones.\"\n\"Begging your pardon, doctor, what the devil is a change among the\njunior lords of the Admiralty to a half-starved, imprisoned,\nblackened-eyed, ragged reefer?\"\nMuch more than I was aware of.\n\"Now,\" said I to the purser, \"if you wish to do me a real kindness,\nchange me some of my Spanish for English money, and let the first\nbumboat that comes alongside be ready to go ashore in ballast, for I\nshall certainly clear it.\"\nMy request was immediately complied with; and my friends, for the\npresent, took their leave.\nThose blessed bearers of the good things of this life, the bum-boats,\nwere not yet permitted alongside.  Every five minutes, I sent master\nBill up to see.  Great are the miseries of a midshipman's berth, when\nthe crockery is all broken, and the grog all drunk, and the salt junk\nall eaten.  But great, exceedingly great, are the pleasures of the same\nberth, when, after a long cruise, on coming into port, the first boat of\nsoft tack is on the table, the first leg of mutton is in the boiler, and\nthe first pound of fresh butter is before the watering mouths of the\nexpectants.  Aldermen of London, you feed much--epicures of the\nWest-end, you feed delicately; but neither of you know what real\nluxuries are.  Go to sea for six months upon midshipman allowance, eked\nout by midshipmen's improvidence: and, on your return, the greasy\nbumboat, first beating against the ship's sides, will afford you a\npractical lesson upon the art of papillary enjoyment.\nIt is, I must confess, very unromantic, and not at all like the hero of\nthree volumes, to confess that, for a time, my impulses of anger had\ngiven way to the gnawings of hunger; and I thought, for a time, less of\nJoshua Daunton than of the first succulent cut into a leg of Southdown\nmutton.\nThe blessed _avatar_ at length took place.  The bumboat and the frigate\nlovingly rubbed sides, and, like an angel descending from heaven, I saw\nBill coming down the after-hatchway, his face radiant with the glory of\nexpectant repletion, a leg of mutton in each hand, two quartern-loaves\nunder each arm, and between each pair of loaves was jammed a pound of\nfresh butter.  I had the legs of mutton in the berth, and laid on the\ntable, that I might contemplate them, whilst I sent my messenger up for\nas many bottles of porter as I could buy.  But I was not permitted to\nenjoy the divine contemplation all to myself.  My five messmates came to\npartake of this access of happiness.  As the legs of mutton lay on the\ntable, how devoutly we ogled their delicate fat, and speculated upon the\nrich and gravy-charged lean!  We apostrophised them--we patted them\nendearingly with our hands--and, when Bill again made his appearance\nladen with sundry bottles of porter, our ecstasy was running at the rate\nof fourteen knots an hour.\nMy messmates settled themselves on the lockers, smiling amiably.  How\nsorry they were that my eyes were so blackened, and my face so swollen!\nWith what urbanity they smiled upon me!  I was of the right sort--the\ngood fellow,--damn him who would hurt a hair of my head.  They were all\nready to go a step further than purgatory for me.\n\"Gentlemen,\" said I, making a semicircular barricade round me of my four\nquartern-loaves, my two pounds of fresh butter, and eleven of my bottles\nof porter, for I was just about to knock the head off the\ntwelfth (who, under such circumstances, could have waited for\ncorkscrews?)--\"gentlemen,\" said I, \"get your knives ready, we will have\nlunch.\"  Shylock never flourished his more eagerly than did my\ncompanions theirs, each eyeing a loaf.\n\"Gentlemen, we will have lunch--but, as I don't think that lately you\nhave used me quite well (countenances all round serious), and as I have,\nas you all well know, laid out much money, with little thanks, upon this\nmess (faces quite dejected), permit me to remind you that there is still\nsome biscuit in the bread-bag, and that this before me is private\nproperty.\"\nThe lower jaws of my messmates dropped, as if conscious that there would\nbe no occupation for them.  I cut a fine slice off the new bread, spread\nit thickly with the butter, tossed over a foaming mug of porter, and,\neating the first mouthful of the delicious preparation, with a\nsuperfluity of emphatic smacks, I burst into laughter at the woebegone\nlooks around me.\n\"What,\" said I, \"could you think so meanly of me?  You have treated me\naccording to your natures, I treat you according to mine.  Fall-to,\ndogs, and devour!--peck up the crumbs, scarecrows, as the Creole calls\nyou, and be filled.  But, pause and be just, even to your own appetites.\nNotwithstanding our lunch, let us dine.  Let us divide the four loaves\ninto eight equal portions.  There are six of us here, and Bill must have\nhis share.  We will have more for our dinner, when the legs of mutton\nmake their appearance.\"\nWe drank each of us a bottle of porter, and finished our half-quartern\nloaves with wonderful alacrity, Bill keeping us gladsome company.  My\nmessmates then left the berth, pronouncing me a good fellow.  The eighth\nportion of soft tommy and butter, with a bottle of porter, I made the\nservant leave on the table; and then sent him again to the bumboat, to\nprocure other necessaries, to make the accompaniments to our mutton\nperfect.\nIn the meantime, Pigtop, who lay in his hammock, directly across the\nwindow of our berth, had been a tantalised observer of all that had\npassed.  I crouched myself up in one corner of the hole, and was\ngradually falling into disagreeable ruminations, when Mr Pigtop crept\nout of his hammock and into the berth, and sat himself down as far from\nme as possible.\n\"Rattlin,\" said he, at length, dolefully, \"you have beaten me\ndreadfully.\"\n\"It was your own seeking--I am sorry for your sufferings.\"\n\"Well--I thank ye for that same--I don't mean the beating--you know that\nI stood up to you like a man.  Is there malice between us?\"\n\"On my part, none.  Why did you provoke me?\"\n\"I was wrong--infarnally wrong--and, may be, I would have owned it\nbefore--but for your quick temper, and that hard punch in the chaps.  I\nhave had the worst of it.  It goes to my heart, Rattlin, that I, an old\nsailor, and a man nearly forty, should be knocked about by a mere boy--\nit is not decent--it is not becoming--it is not natural--I shall never\nget over it.  I wish I could undo the done things of yesterday.\"\n\"And so do I, heartily--fervently.\"\n\"Well--that is kindly said--and I old enough to be your father--and\ntwenty-five years at sea--beaten to a standstill.  Sorry I ever entered\nthe cursed ship.\"\nHow much of all this, thought I, is genuine feeling, how much genuine\nappetite?  I was sorry for the poor fellow, however.\n\"Rattlin, owing to one crooked thing and another, we have lately fared\nmiserably.  The ship has been a hell upon the waters.  I am faint for\nthe want of something to support me.  Is that prog and that bottle of\nporter private property?\"\n\"They are my property.  I do not offer them to you, because I would not\nthat you thought that I was aping magnanimity.  For the respect that I\nshall always owe to an old sailor, I say to you frankly, that, if your\nfeelings are sufficiently amicable towards me to take it, take it, and\nwith it a welcome and a wish that it may do you much good--but, if your\nblood is still evil towards me, for the sake of your own integrity you\nwould reject it, though you starved.\"\n\"Rattlin, I break bread with you as a friend.  I am confoundedly sorry\nthat I have been prejudiced against you--and there's my hand upon it.\"\nI shook hands with him heartily, and said: \"Pigtop, I cannot regret that\nI did my best to repel your insult, but I sincerely regret its\nconsequences.  Henceforward, you shall insult me twice, before I lift my\nhand against you once.\"\n\"I will never insult you again.  I will be your fast friend, and perhaps\nI may have the means of proving it.\"\nIt now became my turn to be astonished.  Instead of seeing the hungry\noldster fall-to, like a ravenous dog, he broke off a small corner from\nthe bread, ate it, and was in the act of retiring, when I hailed him.\n\"Halloa!--Pigtop--what's in the wind now?  My friend, you do but little\nhonour to my cheer, and I am sure that you must want it.\"\n\"No, no,\" said Pigtop, with much feeling--\"you shall never suppose that\nthe old sailor sold the birthright of his honour for a mess of pottage.\"\n\"Well felt and well said, by all that's upright!  But, nevertheless, you\nshall drink this bottle of porter, and eat this bread and butter--and so\nI'll e'en cut it up into very excellent rounds.  You sha'n't accept my\nfriendship without accepting my fare.  I like your spirit so well,\nPigtop, that for your sake I will never judge of a man again, until I\nhave thrashed him soundly.\"\nTo the surprise of my messmates, when they assembled punctually to the\nfeast of mutton, they discovered me and old Pigtop, hand in hand across\nthe table, discussing another bottle of porter.\nCHAPTER SIXTY ONE.\nRALPH IS PLACED IN AN AWKWARD PREDICAMENT BEING PUT UPON HIS TRIAL TO\nPROVE HIS IDENTITY, AND HAVING NO WITNESSES TO CALL BUT HIMSELF--ALL\nVOICES AGAINST HIM BUT HIS OWN.\nAt this period, every day, nay, almost every hour, seemed to bring its\nstartling event.  Ere good digestion had followed our very good\nappetites, bustle and agitation pervaded the whole ship.  It had been\ntelegraphed from on shore that one of the junior lords of the Admiralty\nwas coming on board immediately.  There was blank dismay in our berth.\nHow could my mess-mates possibly go on the quarter-deck, and assist to\nreceive the dignified personage?  Much did I enjoy the immunity that, I\nsupposed, being a prisoner gave to me.\nThe portentous message came down that \"the young gentlemen, in full\nuniform, are expected to be on the quarter-deck to receive the lord of\nthe Admiralty.\"  All the consolation that I could give was quoting to\nthem the speech of Lady Macbeth to her guests--\"Go, nor stand upon the\norder of your going.\"  The firing of the salute from the main-deck guns\nannounced the approach, and the clanking of the muskets of the marines\non the deck, after they had presented arms, the arrival of the lord\nplainly to me, in my darksome habitation.  Ten minutes had not elapsed,\nduring which I was hugging myself with the thought that all this pomp\nand circumstance could not annoy me, when, breathless with haste, there\nrushed one, two, three, four messengers, each treading on the heels of\nthe other, telling me the lord of the Admiralty wished to see me\nimmediately in the captain's cabin.\n\"Me! see me!  What, in the name of all that is disastrous, can he want\nwith me?\"  I would come when I had made a little alteration in my dress.\nTrusting that he was as impatient as all great men usually are when\ndealing with little ones, I hoped by dilatoriness to weary him out, and\nthus remain unseen.  Vain speculation!  A minute had scarcely elapsed,\nwhen one of the lieutenants came down, in a half-friendly,\nhalf-imperative manner, to acquaint me that I _must_ come up\nimmediately.\nThe scene that ensued--how can I sufficiently describe it?  Had I not\nbeen sustained by the impudence of desperation, I should have jumped\noverboard directly I had got on deck.  I found myself, not well knowing\nby what kind of locomotion I got there, in the fore-cabin, where was\nspread a very handsome collation, round which were assembled some\nfifteen officers, all in their full-dress uniforms, in the midst of\nwhich a feeble, delicate-looking, and excessively neatly dressed old\ngentleman stood, in plain clothes.  His years must have been far beyond\nseventy.  He was fidgety, indeed, to that degree that would induce you\nto think that he was a little palsied.\nI cannot answer for the silent operations that take place in other men's\nminds, but in my own, even under the greatest misfortunes a droll\nconceit will more rally my crushed spirits than all the moral\nconsolations that Blair ever penned.\n\"If this be the _junior_ lord of the Admiralty,\" thought I, \"how\nvenerably patriarchal must be his four seniors!\"  I smiled at the idea\nas I bowed.\nLet us describe the person that smiled and bowed to this august\nassembly.\nFigure to yourself a tall youth, attired in a blue cotton jacket, with\nthe uniform button, a once white kerseymere waistcoat, and duck\ntrousers, on which were mapped, in cloudy colours--produced by stains of\nblack-strap, peasoup, and the other etceteras that may be found in that\nreceptacle of abominations, an ill-regulated midshipman's berth--more\noceans, seas, bays, and promontories, than nature ever gave to this\nunhappy globe.  Beneath these were discovered a pair of dark blue\nworsted stockings, terminated by a pair of purser's shoes--things of a\nhybrid breed, between a pair of cast-off slippers and the ploughman's\nclodhoppers, fitting as well as the former, and nearly as heavy as the\nlatter.  Now, this costume, in the depth of winter, was sufficiently\nlight and _bizarre_; but the manner in which I had contrived to decorate\nmy countenance soon riveted all attention to that specimen of the \"human\nface divine,\" marred by the hand of man.  Thanks to the expertness of\nMr Pigtop, my eyes were singularly well blackened, and the swelling of\nmy face, particularly about the upper lip, had not yet subsided.  Owing\nto my remaining so much, since my arrest, in the obscurity of the\nbetween-decks, and perhaps to some inflammation in my eyes, from my\nrecent beating, I blinked upon those before me like an owl.\n\"As-ton-ish-ing!\" said my Lord Whiffledale.  \"Is that Mr Ralph\nRattlin?\"\n\"The same, my lord,\" said Captain Reud.  \"Shall I introduce him to your\nlordship?\"\n\"By no manner of means--yet--for his father's sake--really--\nridiculous!--Henry, the fifth baron of Whiffledale--ah! black eyes,\nfilthy costume, very particularly filthy, upon my honour.  How is this,\nCaptain Reud?  Of course, my present visit is not official, but merely\nto satisfy my curiosity as a gentleman; how is it that your\nfirst-lieutenant permits the young gentlemen to so far disgrace--I must\nuse the word--the service--as you see--in--in my young friend, there,\nwith the worsted stockings, and swelled lip, and--black eyes--\"\nWhen I first made my appearance, all the captains then and there\ncollected, had looked upon me with anything but flattering regards; some\nturned up their noses, some grinned, all appeared astonished, and all\ndisgusted.  At the conclusion of this speech, I was surprised at the\nbenignity which beamed upon me from under their variously shaped and\ncoloured eyebrows.  There was magic in the words \"for his father's\nsake,\" and \"my young friend.\"\nCaptain Reud replied, \"It is not, my lord, so much the fault of Mr\nRattlin as it would, at the first blush, appear to be.  He himself\npressed a wicked, mischievous young blackguard, who was appointed the\nyoung gentleman's servant.  Incredible as the fact may appear, my lord,\nhe contrived, in a manner that Dr Thompson can best explain to you, to\ndestroy all the clothes of his young master merely in the wantonness of\nhis malice.  I know that Mr Rattlin is well provided with money, and\nthat he will take the first opportunity again to assume the garb of a\ngentleman; and I do assure your lordship that no man becomes it better.\"\n\"Sir, if this youth be Mr Rattlin--I believe it--the very oldest blood\nin the country flows in his veins--but it does seem a kind of species of\nmiracle how a scion of that noble house should stand before me, his\nfather's friend, with two black eyes and a ragged jacket--there may be\nsome mistake, after all.  I was going, Mr Rattlin, to take you with me\nto my hotel, having matters of the utmost importance to communicate to\nyou; but, oh no!--I am not fastidious, so we had better first have a\nlittle private conference in the after--gentlemen, will you excuse\nus?\"--bowing round--\"Captain Reud will perhaps do me the favour to be of\nthe party?\"\nSo, into the after-cabin we three went, I burning with impatience, and\nspeechless with agitation, supposing that the much-coveted secret of my\nparentage would be at length unfolded to me.\nLord Whiffledale and Captain Reud being seated with their backs to the\ncabin-windows, and I standing before them with the light full upon my\ndisfigured face, I must have had a great deal more the look of a\nbattered blackguard, being tried for petty larceny, than a young\ngentleman on the eve of being acknowledged the heir to greatness by a\nvery noble lord.\nThere was a pause for some minutes, during which Lord Whiffledale was\npreparing to be imposing, and the light of mischief began to beam with\nincipient insanity in Reud's eye.  \"Certainly,\" I said to myself, \"he\nwill not dare to practise one of his mad pranks upon a lord of the\nAdmiralty!\"  What will not madness dare?\nHis lordship, having taken snuff very solemnly, and looked round him\nwith a calm circumspection, fixing his dull eye upon me, and wagging his\nhead, with an equable motion, slowly up and down, spoke as follows:--\n\"There is a Providence above us all.  It is seen, Mr Rattlin, in the\nfall of a sparrow--it has protected our glorious institutions--it has\nsanctified the pillars of the State.  Providence is, Mr Rattlin--do you\nreally know what Providence is?  I ask you the question advisedly--I\nalways speak advisedly--I ask you, do you know what Providence is?  Do\nnot speak; interruptions are unseemly--there are few who interrupt me.\nProvidence, young man, has brought me on board this frigate to-day--the\nwind is north-easterly, what there is of it may increase my catarrh--\nthere is the hand of Providence in everything.  I promised my most\nhonourable friend that I would see you as you are--how equipped, how\nlodged, how `cabined, cribbed, confined.'  Apt quotation!--you are\ncabined--you are cribbed--you are confined--_cribbed_--look at your\ncountenance--as I said before, 'tis the hand of Providence--\"\n\"Begging your lordship's pardon,\" said Reud, submissively, with the\ndubious twinkle in his eye for interrupting a nobleman who is so seldom\ninterrupted--\"I rather think that it was the fist of Pigtop.\"\n\"Pigtop!--Providence--my quotation.  Captain Reud, I have not really the\npleasure of understanding you.  This young gentleman who has been so\nlately under the chastening hand of Providence--\"\n\"Pigtop.\"\n\"Is now about to receive from that bountiful hand some of the choicest\ngifts it is in the happiness of man to receive--rank, wealth, a father's\nblessing.  Oh! 'tis too much--I am affected--what can I possibly do with\nhim with those black eyes?  Mr Ralph Rattlin, you have not yet spoken\nto me--indeed, how can you?  What words would be sufficiently expressive\nof--of--what you ought to express!  Captain Reud, don't you find this\nscene rather affecting?  Young gentleman, I am here to verify you--are\nyou fully prepared, sir, to be, as it were, verified?\"\n\"My lord, my lord, I am bursting with impatience!\"\n\"Bursting with impatience!  The scene is affecting, certainly--\ntouching--complete, with the exception of the black eyes.  What would\nnot Miss Burney make of it in one of her admirable novels!  But you\nmight have made use of a better word than bursting--I am ready to\ndissolve with emotion at this tender scene--the discovery of his\nparentage to a tall, ingenuous youth--bursting--you might have used,\nfirst, burning--secondly, glowing--thirdly, consuming--fourthly,\nraging--fifthly, dying--sixthly, there is perishing; but I will not much\ninsist upon the last, though it is certainly better than bursting.  You\nmean to say that you are burning, not bursting, with impatience--it is a\nnatural feeling, it is commendable, it is worthy of a son of your most\nhonourable father--I will faithfully report to him this filial\nimpatience, and how eager I was to remove it.  I do not say satisfy it--\na person less careful of the varieties of language would have said\nsatisfy--an impatience satisfied is what? a contradiction of terms; but\nan impatience removed is--is--the removal of an impatience.  This\ninterview will grow very touching.  Those blackened eyes--I would that\nthere were a green shade over them.  Are you prepared to be verified?\"\nI bowed, fearing that any other expression of my wishes would lead to\nfurther digression.  His lordship then, putting on his spectacles, and\nreading from a paper, commenced thus, I, all the while, trembling with\nagitation:\n\"Are you the person who was nursed by one Rose Brandon, the wife of\nJoseph Brandon, by trade a sawyer?\"\n\"I am.\"\n\"What name did you go by when under the care of those persons?\"\n\"Ralph Rattlin Brandon.\"\n\"Right, very good.  I shall embrace him shortly--my heart yearns towards\nhim.  Were you removed to a school, by a gentleman in a plain carriage,\nfrom those Brandons?\"\n\"I was.\"\n\"To where?\"\n\"To Mr Roots' academy.\"\n\"Right--a good boy, an amiable boy, he was removed to Mr Roots': and,\nhaving there imbibed the rudiments of a classical education, you were\nremoved to where?\"\n\"To a boarding-school kept by a French gentleman at Stickenham, where,\nin his wife, I thought I had found a mother--\"\n\"Stop, we are not come to that yet, that is too affecting--of that anon,\nas somebody says in some play.  Have you, Captain Reud, a glass of water\nready, should this amiable youth or myself feel faint during this\nexciting investigation?\"\n\"Perfectly ready,\" said the Creole, decidedly in one of his insane fits;\nfor he immediately skipped behind his lordship, and, jumping upon the\nlocker, stood ready to invert a glass of water upon his nicely-powdered\nhead, containing at least three gallons, this glass being a large globe,\ncontaining several curious fish, which swung, attached to a beam,\ndirectly over my interrogator.\nHere was a critical situation for me!  A mad captain about to blow the\ngampus (i.e. souse) a lord of the Admiralty, that same lord, I firmly\nbelieved, about to declare himself my father.  I was, in a manner,\nspell-bound.  Afraid to interrupt the conference, I bethought me that my\nLord Whiffledale would be no less my father wet or dry, and so I\ndetermined to let things take their course.  So I permitted his lordship\nto go on with his questions, at every one of which Captain Reud, looking\nmore like a baboon than a human being, canted the globe more and more.\n\"All very satisfactory--all very satisfactory, indeed!  And now, Ralph,\non whom have you been in the habit of drawing for your allowance while\nyou were in the West Indies?\"\n\"Mr ---, of King's Bench Walk, in the Temple.\"\n\"Perfectly correct--perfectly\"--(still reading).\n\"Are you a well-grown youth for your age?\"\n\"I am.\"\n\"Of an interesting physiognomy?\"\nHere the malicious madman grinned at me in the most laughable manner,\nover the devoted head of the ancient lord.\n\"I hope you will think so, my lord, when I have recovered my usual\nlooks.\"\n\"Ugh--hum--ha--of dark brown hair, approaching to black?\"\n\"With intensely black eyes.\"\n\"No.\"--\"YES.\"  Mine was the negative, Captain Reud's the affirmative,\nspoken simultaneously.\nAt this crisis his lordship had made a very proper and theatrical start.\nCaptain Reud grasped the glass with both hands; and the severe, bright\neye of Dr Thompson fell upon the prank-playing captain.  The effect was\ninstantaneous: he slunk away from his intended mischief; completely\nsubdued.  The fire left his eye, the grin his countenance; and he stood\nbeside his lordship in a moment, the quiet and gentlemanly post-captain,\ndeferentially polite in the presence of his superior.  I understood the\nthing in a moment--it was the keeper and his patient.\n\"I am particularly sorry, my lord,\" said the doctor--\"I am very\nparticularly sorry, Captain Reud, to break in upon you unannounced; the\nfact is, I did knock several times but I suppose I was not heard.  This\nletter, my lord, I hope will be a sufficient apology.\"\nHis lordship took the letter with a proud condescension.  Captain Reud\nsaid, \"Dr Thompson's presence is always acceptable to me.\"\nLord Whiffledale read this letter over three times distinctly; then,\nfrom his usual white he turned a palish purple, then again became white.\nIn no other manner did he seem to lose his self-possession.\n\"Dr Thompson,\" said he, at length, very calmly, \"let me see some of\nthese documents immediately.\"\n\"Anticipating the request, my lord, I have them with me.\"  The doctor\nthen placed in his hands several letters and papers.  At length, his\nlordship exclaimed:\n\"I am confounded.  It is wholly beyond my comprehension--I know not how\nto act.  It is excessively distressing.  I wish, on my soul, I had never\nmeddled in the business.  Can I see the young man?\"\n\"Certainly, my lord; I will bring him to you immediately.\"\nDuring Dr Thompson's short absence, his lordship walked up and down\nwith a contracted brow, and much more than his usual fidgety movements.\nNot wholly to my surprise, but completely to my dismay, the doctor\nreappeared with my arch and only enemy by his side--Joshua Daunton.\nThe contrast between him and me was not at all in my favour.  Not in\nuniform, certainly, but scrupulously clean, with a superfine blue cloth\njacket and trousers, white neckerchief; and clean linen shirt; he looked\nnot only respectable, but even gentlemanly.  I have before described my\nappearance.  I may be spared the hateful repetition.\n\"And so,\" said his lordship, turning to Joshua, \"you are the true and\nveritable Ralph Rattlin?\"\n\"I am, my lord,\" said the unblushing liar.  \"The young gentleman near\nyou is my illegitimate brother; his mother is a beautiful lady, of the\nname of Causand, a most artful woman.  She first contrived to poison Sir\nReginald's mind with insinuations to my disfavour; and, at last, so well\ncarried on her machinations as to drive me first from the paternal roof,\nand, lastly, I confess it with horror and remorse, into a course so evil\nas to compel me to change my name, fly from my country, and subject me\nto the lash at the gangway.  If these documents, that I confide to your\nhands, and to yours only, will not remove every doubt as to the truth of\nmy assertions, afford me but a little time, till I can send to London,\nand every point shall be satisfactorily cleared up.\"\nHe then placed in Lord Whiffledale's hands the papers that had been so\nconvincing to Dr Thompson.  Captain Reud, now reduced by the presence\nof the good doctor to the most correct deportment, stepped forward, and\nassured his lordship that I, at least, was no impostor, and that, if\nimposition had been practised, I had been made an unconscious\ninstrument.\n\"Perhaps,\" said his lordship, after scrutinising the papers, and\nreturning them to Joshua, \"the young gentleman with the blackened eyes\nwill do us the favour, in a few words, to give us his own version of the\nstory; for, may I die consumptive, if I can tell which is the real Simon\nPure!\"\nPlaced thus in the embarrassing situation of pleading for my own\nidentity, I found that I had very little to say for myself.  I could\nonly affirm that, although always unowned, I had been continuously cared\nfor; and that the bills I had drawn upon Mr ---, the lawyer in the\nKing's Bench Walk in the Temple, had always been honoured.  My lord\nshook his head when I had finished, diplomatically.  He took snuff.  He\nthen eyed me and my adversary carefully.  He now waved his head upwards\nand downwards, and at length opened his mouth and spoke:\n\"Captain Reud, I wash my hands of this business.  I cannot decide.  I\nwas going to take on shore with me the legitimate and too-long neglected\nson of my good old friend, Sir Reginald.  Where is that son?  I come on\nboard the _Eos_, and I ask him at your hands, Captain Reud.  Is that\nperson with the discoloured countenance my friend's son?  Certainly not.\nIs that other person his son--a disgraced man?  Knowing the noble race\nof my friend, I should say certainly not.  Where is Sir Ralph's [?Sir\nReginalds's] son?  He is not here; or, if he be here, I cannot\ndistinguish him.  I wash my hands of it--I hate mysteries.  I will take\nneither of them to London.  I am under some _slight_ obligations to Sir\nReginald--and yet--I cannot decide.  The weight of evidence certainly\npreponderates in favour of the new claimant.  Captain Reud, perhaps,\nwill permit him to land, and he may go up to town immediately, and have\nan interview with Mr ---, the lawyer; and, if he can satisfy that\nperson, he will receive from him further instructions as to his future\nproceedings.\"\nCHAPTER SIXTY TWO.\nTHE CONFESSIONS OF A MADMAN, WHICH, NEVERTHELESS, EMBRACE A VERY WISE\nCAUTION--RALPH GETS HIS LIBERTY-TICKET--VERY NEEDLESS, AS HE IS\nDETERMINED HENCEFORWARD TO PRESERVE HIS LIBERTY--AND, BEING TREATED SO\nUNCIVILLY AS A SAILOR, DETERMINES TO TURN CIVILIAN HIMSELF.\nHere Captain Reud interrupted the speaker, and told him that Joshua was\na prisoner under punishment, and waiting only for convalescence to\nreceive the remainder of his six dozen lashes.  At hearing this, his\nlordship appeared truly shocked; and, drawing Reud aside, they conversed\nfor some minutes, in whispers.\nAt the conclusion of this conference, Captain Reud stepped forward, and,\nregarding Joshua with a look of much severity, he said: \"Young man, for\nthe sake of other parties, and of other interests, your errors are\noverlooked.  Your discharge from this ship shall be made out\nimmediately.  If you are the person you claim to be, your three or four\nmonths' pay can be of no consequence to you.  Have you sufficient money\nto proceed to London immediately?\"\n\"Much more than sufficient, sir.\"\n\"I thought so.  Proceed to London to the lawyer's.  If you are no\nimpostor, I believe that a father's forgiveness awaits you.  Forget that\nyou were ever in this ship.  My clerk will make out your discharge\nimmediately.  Take care of yourself.  You are watched.  There is a\nwakeful eye upon you: if you swerve from the course laid down for you,\nand go not immediately to Mr ---'s office, be assured that you will be\nagain in irons under the half-deck.  Have I, my lord, correctly\nexpressed your intentions?\"\n\"Correctly, Captain Reud.\"\n\"Joshua Daunton, get your bag ready; and, in the meantime, I will give\nthe necessary orders to the clerk.  You may go.\"\nWith an ill-concealed triumph on his countenance, Joshua Daunton bowed\nsubmissively to all but myself.  To me he advanced with an insulting\nsmile and an extended hand.  I shrank back loathingly.\n\"Farewell, brother Ralph.  I told you that I should be in London before\nyou.  Will you favour me with any commands?  Well--your pride is not\nunbecoming--I will not resent it for your father's sake; and, for his\nand for your sake, I will forgive the juggle that has hitherto placed\nthe natural son--that is, I believe, the delicate paraphrase--in the\nstation of the rightful heir.  Farewell.\"\nI made no reply: he left the cabin, and, in an hour after, the ship.  I\nshall not advantage myself of that expression, so fully naturalised in\nnovels, that \"my feelings might be conceived, but cannot be expressed:\"\nfor they _can_ be expressed easily enough--in two words,--stupefied\nindignation.  After Joshua had departed, the other persons remaining in\nthe after-cabin followed shortly after, with the exception of myself;\nfor Reud told me to stay where I then was, until he should see me again.\nIn the course of an hour, Lord Whiffledale went on shore with his\n_cortege_; and Captain Reud returned into the after-cabin, which I had\nbeen, during his absence, disconsolately pacing.  He was a little\nflushed with the wine he had taken, but perfectly sane.  He came up to\nme kindly, and, placing his hands upon my shoulders, looked me fully and\nsorrowfully in the face.  There was no wild speculation in his eyes;\nthey looked mild and motherly.  The large tears gathered in each\ngradually, and, at length, overflowing the sockets, slowly trickled down\nhis thin and sallow cheeks.  He then pressed his right hand heavily on\nthe top part of his forehead, exclaiming, in a voice so low, so\nmournful, and so touching, that my bosom swelled at its tones, \"It is\nhere;--it is here!\"\n\"Ralph, my good Ralph,\" said he, after he had seated himself; weeping\nall the while bitterly, \"we will take leave of each other now.  We are\ntrue brothers in sorrow--our afflictions are the same--you have lost\nyour identity, and I mine.  Ever since that cursed night at Aniana, John\nReud's soul was loosened from his body; I have the greatest trouble to\nkeep it fixed to my corporeal frame; it goes away, in spite of me, at\ntimes, and some other soul gets into this withered carcass, and plays me\nsad tricks--sad tricks, Rattlin--sad tricks.  My identity is gone, and\nso, poor youth, is yours.  We will part friends.  These tears are not\nall for you--they are for myself; too.  I do not mind crying before you\nnow, for it is not the true John Reud that is now weeping.  You think\nthat I have been a tyrant to you--but, I tell you, Rattlin, there is a\ntyrant in the ship greater than I--it is that horrible Dr Thompson.  He\nis plotting to take away my commission, and to get me into a madhouse!--\noh, my God!--my God! remove from me this agony.  Hath Thine awful storm\nno thunderbolt--Thy wave no tomb!  Must I die on the straw, like a beast\nof burden worn to death by loathsome toil?--and so many swords to have\nflashed harmlessly over my head, so many balls to have whistled idly\npast my body!  But, God's will be done!  Bear yourself, my dear body,\ncarefully in the presence of all medical men.  They have the eye of the\nfanged adder.  You know that your identity also has been questioned; but\nyour fate is happier than mine, for you can hear, see, touch, your\ndouble; but mine always eludes me, when I come home, after an excursion,\nto my own temple.  But, if I were you, when I got hold of the thing that\nsays it is, and is _not_, yourself, I would grind it, I would crush it,\nI would destroy it!\"\n\"I will, so may Heaven help me at my utmost need!\"\n\"Well said, my boy, well said--because he has no right to get himself\nflogged, and thus give a wretched world an opportunity of saying that\nRalph Rattlin had been brought to the gangway.  But do not let this cast\nyou down.  You will do well yet--while I--Oh, that I had a son!--I might\nthen escape.  God bless you!--I must pray for strength of mind--strength\nof mind--mark me, strength of mind.  Go, my good boy; if misfortunes\nshould overtake you, and they leave me anything better than a dark cell\nand clanking chains, come and share it with me.  Now go (and he wrung my\nhands bitterly), and tell Doctor Thompson I wish to speak with him, and\njust hint to him how rationally and pleasantly we have been discoursing\ntogether--and remember my parting words--deport yourself warily before\nthe doctors, carefully preserve your identity, and sometimes think on\nyour poor captain.\"\nThis last interview with Captain Reud, for it was my last, would have\nmade me wretched, had it not been swallowed up by a deeper wretchedness\nof my own.\nEarly next morning, we weighed, and made sail for Sheerness.  On\nanchoring in the Medway, Captain Reud went on shore; and, as I shall\nhave no more occasion to refer to him, I shall state at once, that the\nvery fate he so feared awaited him.  Six months after he had left the\n_Eos_, he died raving mad, in a private receptacle for the insane.\nAt Sheerness we were paid off.\nAs I went over the side of the _Eos_ for the last time, I was tempted to\nshake the dust from off my feet, for, of a surety, it had lately been an\naccursed abode to me.\nIn order entirely to elude all observation from my late companions, I\nabandoned everything I had on board, not worth much, truly, with the\nexception of my sextant and telescope; and took on shore with me only\nthe clothes (miserable they were) in which I stood.  I went to no hotel\nor inn; but, seeing a plain and humble house in which there were\nlodgings to let for single men, I went and hired a little apartment that\ncontained a press bedstead.  I took things leisurely and quietly.  I was\nnow fully determined to discover my parentage; and, after that event,\nentirely to be governed by circumstances as to my future course of life,\nand the resuming of the naval profession.\nMy first operations were sending for a tailor, hatter, and those other\narchitects so essential in building up the outer man.  The costume I now\nchose was as remote from official as could be made.  I provided myself\nwith one suit only, leaving the rest of my wardrobe to be completed in\nLondon.\nKnowing that I had an active and intelligent enemy who had two days the\nstart of me, I was determined to act with what I thought caution.  I had\nmore than a half-year's stipend due to me; I accordingly drew for it\nupon the lawyer, nearly 75 pounds, intimating to him, at the same time,\nby letter, my arrival in England, and asking if he had any instructions\nas to my future disposal.  This letter was answered by return of post,\nwritten with all the brevity of business, stating that no such\ninstructions had been received, and inclosing an order on the Sheerness\nBank for the money.\nSo far all was highly satisfactory.  It proved two things: first, that\nJoshua Daunton had not yet carried his machinations in the quarter from\nwhich arose the supplies; and, secondly, that I should now have\nconsiderable funds wherewith to prosecute my researches.  In the space\nof three days, behold me dressed in the fashionable costume of the\nperiod--blue coat, broad yellow buttons, yellow waistcoat with ditto,\nwhite corduroy continuations, tied with several strings at the knees,\nand topped boots.  It was in the reign of the \"bloods\" and the\n\"ruffians,\" more ferocious species of coxcombs than our dandies, and\nmuch more annoying.\nCHAPTER SIXTY THREE.\nRALPH FINDS EVERYWHERE GREAT CHANGES--GIVES WAY TO HIS FEELINGS, AND\nMAKES A FOOL OF HIMSELF--THIS CHAPTER WILL BE FOUND EITHER THE WORST OR\nTHE BEST OF RALPH'S CONFESSIONS, ACCORDING TO THE FEELINGS OF THE\nREADER.\nHaving stayed one week at Sheerness, and laid down my plan of future\naction, I started in the passage boat for Chatham.  There was not much\nroom for recumbency.  I found it, however, and placed the only luggage\nthat I had, a small parcel, covered with brown paper, under my head as a\npillow.  The parcel contained my logs, and my certificates, and a single\nchange of linen.  Very providentially, I had placed my pay-ticket, with\nmy bank notes, in my pocket-book.\nOnce, as I opened my eyes at the explosion of an oath more loud than\nusual, methought I saw the sudden and white-complexioned face of Joshua\nDaunton hanging closely over mine.  I started up, and rubbed my eyes,\nbut the vision had fled.  I was determined to be watchful; and, with\nthis determination in full activity, I again fell asleep; nor was I once\nmore properly awakened until we had arrived at Chatham.  When I had\nroused myself up, to my consternation, I discovered that my pillow was\nnowhere to be found.  Many of the passengers had already gone their\nways, and those who remained knew nothing about me or my packet.\nIndeed, I only drew suspicions on myself, as my paucity of baggage and\nthe pretensions of my dress were decidedly at variance.  The gentleman\nin top-boots and with the brown paper parcel seemed ridiculous enough.\nSeeing how ineffectual noise was, I held my peace, now that I had\nnothing else to hold; got on the outside of the first coach for London;\nand, by ten at night, I found myself in the coffee-room of the White\nHorse, in Fetter Lane.\nThe next morning, when I arose, it was my birthday, the 14th of\nFebruary; and I stood at mine inn, a being perfectly isolated.  But I\nwas not idle; on descending into the coffee-room, I procured the Court\nGuide; but my most anxious scrutiny could discover no such person among\nthe baronets as Sir Reginald Rattlin.  Paying my bill, I next went to\nSomerset House, and drew my pay; I then repaired to the aristocratic\nmansion of Lord Whiffledale, in Grosvenor Square.  \"Not at home,\" and\n\"in the country for some time,\" were the surly answers of the indolent\nporter.\nIt was a day of disappointments.  The lawyer who cashed my bills was\ncivil and constrained.  To all my entreaties first, and to my leading\nquestions afterwards, he gave me cold and evasive answers.  He told me\nhe had received no further instructions concerning me; reiterated his\ninjunctions that I should not endanger the present protection that I\nenjoyed, by endeavouring to explore what it was the intention of those\non whom I depended to keep concealed; and he finally wished me a good\nmorning, and was almost on the point of handing me out of his office.\nBut I would not be so repelled.  I became impassioned and loud; nor\nwould I depart until he assured me, on his honour, that he knew almost\nas little of the secret as myself, and that he was only the agent of an\nagent, never having yet had any communication with the principal, whose\nname, even, he assured me, he did not know.\nI had now nearly exhausted the day.  The intermingling mists of the\nseason and the heavy smoke of the town were now shrouding the streets in\na dense obscurity.  There were no gas lights then.  Profoundly ignorant\nof the intricacy of the streets of the metropolis, I was completely at\nthe mercy of the hackney-coachmen, and they made me buy it extremely\ndear.  Merely from habit, I again repaired to the White Horse, and\nconcluded my nineteenth natal day in incertitude, solitude, and misery.\nTo Stickenham--yes, I would go there immediately.  But the resolve gave\nno exulting throb to my bosom.\nI went to that spot so consecrated to my memory by bright skies and\nbrighter faces; the spot where I had so often urged the flying ball and\nmarshalled the mimic army--it was there that I stood; and I asked of a\nmiserable half-starved woman, \"where was the play-ground of my youth?\"\nand she showed me a \"brick-field.\"\nI walked a few steps further, and asked for the school-house of my\nhappiest days--and one pointed out to me a brawling ale-house.  It was a\nbitter change.  I asked of another where was now my old light-hearted,\ndeep-learned, French schoolmaster, Monsieur Cherfeuil.  He had gone back\nto France.  The _emigres_ had been recalled by Napoleon.\nThere was one other question that I dreaded, yet burned to ask--I need\nnot state how fearful it was to me, since it was to learn the fate of\nher whom I had honoured, and loved, and hailed, as my mother--the\nbeautiful and the kind Mrs Cherfeuil.  I conjectured that she, too, had\ngone to France with her husband, and the idea was painful to me.\n\"There have been great alterations here, my good girl,\" said I to a\nyoung person whom I afterwards met.\n\"Very great, indeed, sir,--they have ruined father and mother.\"\n\"Your name, my dear, is Susan Archer.\"\n\"Bless me, so it is, sir!\"\n\"And you seem a very intelligent little girl, indeed.\"\n\"Yes, I have had a good deal of book-learning, but all that is past and\ngone now.  When Mrs Cherfeuil lived in that house, she took care that\nwe should always have a home of our own, fire in the grate, and a loaf\nin the cupboard--she had me sent to school--but now she is gone!\"\n\"Gone!--where?--with her husband?\"\n\"Don't you know, sir,\" said she, with a quiet solemnity, that made me\nshudder with dreadful anticipations.  \"If you will come with me, I will\nshow you.\"\nI dared not ask the awful question, \"Is she dead?\"  I took my gentle\nguide by the hand, and suffered her to lead me slowly through the\nvillage.  Neither of us spoke.  We had almost attained to the end of the\nhamlet, when my sad guide gently plucked me by the arm to turn down to\nthe right.\n\"No,\" said I, tremulously, \"that is not the way; we must go forward.\nThat lane leads to the churchyard.\"\n\"And to Mrs Cherfeuil.\"\n\"Go on, and regard me not.\"\nIn another minute we were both sitting on a newly-made grave, the little\ngirl weeping in the innocent excess of that sorrow that brings its own\nsweet relief.\nMy at first low and almost inaudible murmurs gradually grew more loud\nand more impassioned.  At last they aroused the attention of my weeping\ncompanion, and she said to me, artlessly, \"It is of no use taking on in\nthis way, sir; she can never speak up from the grave.  She is in heaven\nnow; and God does not permit any of His blessed saints to speak to us\nsinners below.\"\n\"You are quite right, my good girl,\" said I, ashamed of this betrayal of\nmy emotion.  \"It is very foolish indeed to be talking to the dead over\ntheir damp graves, and not at all proper.  But I have a great fancy to\nstay here a little while by myself.  Pray go and wait for me at the end\nof the lane.  I will not keep you long, and I have something to say to\nyou.\"\n\"I will do as you tell me, sir, most certainly.  I will tell you all\nabout her death, for I was a sort of help to the nurse.  I know you now,\nsir, and thought I knew you from the first.\"\nI shall not repeat the extravagances that I uttered when alone.  I was\nangry with myself and with all the world; and I fear that I exasperated\nmyself with the thought that I did not sufficiently feel the grief with\nwhich I strove to consecrate my loss.  I remember, I concluded my\nrhapsody thus:\n\"Again I call upon you by the sacred name of mother--for such you were--\nand no other will my heart ever acknowledge.  I adjure you to hear me\nswear that I will have all the justice done to your memory that man can\ndo! and may we never meet in those realms where only the injured find\nredress, if I fail to scatter this sacred earth in token of dishonour\nupon the head of him who has dishonoured you--were he even my own\nfather!  It is an oath.  May it be recorded, should that record be used\nas my sentence of death!\"\nHaving made this harsh and impious vow, the effect of over-excitement, I\ntore a considerable portion of the earth from the grave, and, folding it\nin my handkerchief I knotted it securely, and placed it round my heart\nnext to my skin, like those belts that are worn by Roman Catholics as\ninstruments of penance.\nWith a wish for something very like the shedding of blood in my heart,\nand with a fervent prayer in my imagination and on my lips, I left Mrs\nCherfeuil's humble grave, and joined my companion.\nIn one little half-hour, I found my belt of vengeance so cold and so\ninconvenient, that I heartily wished I was well rid of it: it is a\nmiserable confession, a sad falling off in my heroics; but the oath that\nI had voluntarily and so solemnly taken prevented me from ridding myself\nof the disgusting incumbrance.\nAccording to the account of my companion, all was smiles, and happiness,\nand sunshine, around Mrs Cherfeuil; when a person made his appearance,\nby the description of whom I at once recognised that fiend, Daunton.\nDomestic happiness then ceased for the poor lady; rumours of the worst\nnature got abroad; her little French husband, instead of being as for\ntwelve years before he had been, her shadow, her slave, and her admirer,\nbecame outrageous and cruel, and after the horrid word bigamy had been\nlaunched against her, she never after held up her head.\nShe sickened and died.  Nor did Daunton succeed in his plans of\nextorting money--but his scheme was infinitely more deep and more\nhellish.  He had, _but not till after her death_, declared himself to be\nher son.  This, instead of having any effect upon the outraged widower,\nonly made him more eager to drive the impostor from his presence; and,\nthe opportunity offering itself to leave the spot now so hateful to him,\nand the country that had sheltered him and in which he had grown so\nrich, he availed himself of it eagerly.  This account did not aggravate\nmy implacable feelings against this Daunton, for my hate was beyond the\ncapability of increase.\nAfter hearing all that the little wench had to discover, and rewarding\nher, I proceeded alone to wander over the spots that were once so dear\nto me.  In this melancholy occupation, when the cold mists of the early\nevening fell, I continued heaping regret upon regret, until a more\nmiserable being, short of being impelled to suicide, could not have trod\nthe earth.  About five, it began to grow dark; and, weary both in mind\nand body, I commenced climbing the long hill that was the boundary of\nthe common, on my return to London.\nOn the Surrey side of the hill, for its apex separated it from another\ncounty, the descent was more precipitous--so much so, that it is now\nwholly disused as a road for carriages; and not only was it precipitous,\nbut excessively contorted, the bends sometimes running at right angles\nwith each other.  High banks, clothed with impervious hedges, and\nshadowed by tall trees, made the road both dank and dark; and, at the\ntime that I was passing, or, rather, turning round one of the elbows of\nthis descent, a sturdy fellow, with a heavy cudgel, followed at some\ndistance by a much smaller man, accosted me in a rude tone of voice, by\nbawling out:\n\"I say, you sir, what's o'clock?\"\n\"Go about your business, and let me pass.\"\n\"Take that for your civility!\" and, with a severe blow with his stick,\nhe laid me prostrate.  I was not stunned, but I felt very sick, and\naltogether incapable of rising.  In this state I determined to feign\nstupefaction, so I nearly closed my eyes, and lay perfectly still.  The\nhuge vagabond then placed his knee upon my chest, and called out to his\ncompanion:\n\"I say, Mister, come and see if this here chap's the right un.\"\nThe person called to, came up; and, immediately after, through my\neyelashes, I beheld the diabolical white face of Daunton.  It was so\ndark, that, to recognise me, he was obliged to place his countenance so\nclose to mine that his hot breath burned against my cheek.  He was in a\npassion of terror, and trembled as if in an access of ague.\n\"It is,\" said he, whilst his teeth chattered.  \"Is he stunned?\"\n\"Mister, now I take that as an insult.  D'ye think that John Gowles need\nstrike such a strip of a thing as that ere twice?\"\n\"Hush!--How very, very cold it is!  Where is your knife?  Will you do\nit?\"\n\"Most sartainly not.  There--he's at your mercy--I never committed\nmurder yet--no, no, must think of my precious soul.  A bargain's a\nbargain--my part on't is done.\"\n\"Gowles, don't talk so loud.  I can't bear the sight of blood--and, oh\nGod!--of this blood--it would spurt upon my hand.  Strike him again over\nthe head--he breathes heavily--strike him!\"\n\"No,\" said the confederate, sullenly.  \"Tell ye--u'll have neither 'art\nnor part in this 'ere murder.\"\nDuring this very interesting conference, I was rallying all my energies\nfor one desperate effort, intending, however, to wait for the uplifted\nknife, to grasp it, in order that I might turn the weapon against the\nbreast of one assassin, and then use it as a defence against the other.\n\"Would to God,\" said the villain, adding blasphemy to concerted\nmurder--\"would to God that my hand was spared this task!  Give me the\nknife now.  Where shall I strike him?--I have no strength to drive it\ninto him far.\"\n\"Tell ye, Mister, u'll have nought to do with the murder--but u'd advise\nthee to bare his neck, and thrust in the point just under his right\near.\"\n\"Hush!  Will it bleed much?\"\n\"Damnably!\"\n\"Horrible!--horrible!  Do you think the story about Cain and Abel is\ntrue?\"\n\"As God is in heaven!\"\n\"Can't it be done without blood?\"\n\"I'll have nothing to do with the murder.  But, Mister, if so be as you\nare so craven-hearted, take your small popper, and send a ball right\ninto his heart.  It is a gentleman's death, and will make the prettiest\nsmall hole imaginable, and bleed none to signify.  But, mind ye, this\n'ere murder's all your own.\"\nAt this critical moment, as I was inhaling a strong breath, in order to\ninvigorate my frame for instant exertion, I heard two or three voices in\nthe distance carolling out, in a sort of disjointed chorus--\n  \"Many droll sights I've seen,\n  But I wish the wars were over.\"\n\"Now or never,\" said Joshua, producing and cocking his pistol.  I leaped\nupon my legs in an instant, and, seizing the weapon, which was a small\ntool, manufactured for a gentleman's pocket, by the barrel with my left\nhand, and this amiable specimen of fraternity by the right, the struggle\nof an instant ensued.  The muzzle of the pistol was close upon my breast\nwhen my adversary discharged it.  I felt the sharp, hard knock of the\nball upon my chest, and the percussion for the moment took away my\nbreath, but my hold upon the villain's throat was unrelaxed.  The\ngurgling of suffocation became audible to his brutal companion.\n\"Ods sneckens!\" said the brute, \"but this 'ere murdered man is\nthrottling my Mister in his death-throe.\"\nDown at once came his tremendous cudgel upon my arm.  I released my\ngrip, and again fell to the earth.\n\"He's a dead man,\" said Gowles; \"run for your life!  Mind, Mister, I had\nneither 'art nor part in this 'ere--\"\nAnd they were almost immediately out of sight and out of hearing.\nAt the report of the pistol, the jolly choristers struck up prestissimo\nwith their feet.  They were standing round me just as the retreating\nfeet of my assassins had ceased to resound in the stillness of the\ndarkness.\nA voice, which I immediately knew to be that of my old adversary, the\nmaster's mate, Pigtop, accosted me.\n\"Holloa, shipmate!--fallen foul of a pirate, mayhap--haven't slipped\nyour wind, ha' ye, messmate?\"\n\"No; but I believe my arm's broken, and I have a pistol ball between my\nribs.\"\n\"Which way did the lubbers sheer off?  Shall we clap on sail, and give\nchase?\"\n\"It is of no use.  I know one of them well.  They shall not escape me.\"\n\"Why, I know that voice.  Yes--no--damn me--it must be Ralph Rattlin--it\nbean't, sure--and here on his beam ends, a shot in his hull, and one of\nhis spars shattered.  I'd sooner have had my grog watered all my life\nthan this should have fallen out.\"\n\"You have not had your grog watered this evening, Pigtop,\" said I,\nrising, assisted by himself and his comrades.  \"I don't feel much hurt,\nafter all.\"\n\"True, true, shipmate.  But we must clap a stopper over all.  Small-shot\nin the chest are bad messmates.  We must make a tourniquet of my skysail\nhere.\"\nSo, without heeding my cries of pain, he passed his handkerchief round\nmy breast; and by the means of twisting his walking-stick in the knot,\nhe hove it so tight, that he not only stopped all effusion of blood, but\nalmost all my efforts at breathing.  My left hand still held the\ndischarged pistol, which I gave into the custody of Pigtop.  Upon\nfurther examination, I found that there was no fracture of the bone of\nmy arm; and that, all things considered, I could walk tolerably well.\nHowever, I still felt a violent pain in my chest, attended with\ndifficulty of breathing, at the least accelerated pace.\nCHAPTER SIXTY FOUR.\nRALPH APPEARS BEFORE A MAGISTRATE, AND PROVES TO BE MORE FRIGHTENED THAN\nHURT, THOUGH FRIGHTENED AS LITTLE AS A VERITABLE HERO SHOULD BE--A GREAT\nDEAL OF FUSS ABOUT A LITTLE DUST, NOT KICKED UP, BUT FINALLY LAID DOWN.\nWe got on, nevertheless, Pigtop shaking his head very dolefully,\nwhenever I paused to recover breath.\nWe entered the first house that we came to; that of an agricultural\nlabourer.  We told our adventure, and the good man immediately proceeded\nto acquaint the patrol and the constable.  I was anxious to examine the\nnature of my wound, to which my old messmate would not listen for a\nmoment.  He was particularly sorry that he saw no blood, from which\nsymptom he argued the worst-looking upon me as a dead man, being certain\nthat I was bleeding inwardly.\nI decided for a post-chaise, that I might hasten to town and make my\ndepositions; for I was determined to let loose the hounds of the law\nafter my dastardly enemies, without the loss of a moment.  The chaise\nwas soon procured; and, much to the satisfaction of Pigtop, we drove\ndirectly to Bow Street--the good fellow having a firm persuasion that\nthe moment his make-shift tourniquet was withdrawn, I should breathe my\nlast.  I had no such direful apprehensions.\nWhen we arrived at the office, the worthy magistrate was on the point of\nretiring.  The clatter of the chaise driving rapidly up to the door, and\nthe exaggerated report of the post-boy, heralded us in with some\n_eclat_.  The magistrate, when he had heard it was a case of murder,\nvery well disguised his regret at the postponement of his dinner.\nMr Pigtop insisted upon supporting me, although I could walk very\nwell--quite as well as himself, considering his potations: and insisted\nalso upon speaking.  He was one of the old school of seamen, and could\nnot speak out of his profession.  Accordingly he was first sworn.  We\nwill give the commencement of his deposition verbatim, as he is one of a\nclass that is fast disappearing from the face of the waters.\n\"If you please, your worship, I and my two concerts that are lying-to in\nmy wake, after having taken in our wood and water at Woolwich, we braced\nup sharp, bound for London.\"\n\"What do you mean by your wood and water?\" said the magistrate.\n\"Our bub and grub--Here's a magistrate for you!  (aside to me)--your\nworship, down to our bearings.  So, as Bill here said, as how we were\nworking Tom Cox's traverse--your worship knows what that means, well\nenough.\"\n\"Indeed, sir, I don't.\"\n\"It's the course the lawyers will take when they make sail for heaven.\nI can see, in the twinkling of a purser's dip, that your worship is no\nlawyer.\"\n\"This, sir, is the first time anyone has had the impertinence to tell me\nso.\"\n\"Well, well, no offence, I hope, your worship?--there is no accounting\nfor taste, as the monkey said when he saw the cat pitch into the tar\nbarrel;\" and then the worthy witness embarked into a very irrelevant\ndigression about land-sharks.  The magistrate, however, was patient and\nsensible, and at length overcame the great difficulty arising from his\nnever having been to sea, and Pigtop never having been to law.\nHis deposition having been translated into the vulgar tongue, out of\nnautical mysticisms, was duly sworn to; yet not without an interruption\nwhen the magistrate heard that it was supposed that I had the\npistol-ball still somewhere in my body--he wishing me to be examined by\na surgeon immediately.  Mr Pigtop was opposed to this, lest I should\ndie upon the spot; but I gave the magistrate more satisfaction by\ntelling him I had good reason to suppose that the ball had not\npenetrated deeply.\nI was the last examined; and I almost electrified Pigtop when I deposed\nthat I knew well the person of my murderous assaulter, and that it was\nJoshua Daunton.\nAt this announcement, my quondam messmate slapped his hand upon his knee\nwith a violence that echoed through the court, grinned, then looked\nprofoundly serious; but made me very thankful by holding his peace, and\nshaking his head most awfully.  When I proceeded to give a very accurate\ndescription of this wretch's person, looks of understanding passed\nbetween three or four of the principal runners, who were attentively\nlistening to the proceedings.  When this business was concluded, the\nmagistrate said to me, \"The young man who has committed this outrage\nupon your person, we have strong reason to believe, is amenable to the\nlaws for other crimes.  He has eluded our most active officers; and it\nwas supposed that he had left the kingdom.  It appears now that he has\nreturned.  You have had a most providential escape.  The pistol will\ngive us a good clue.  There is no doubt but that shortly we shall be\nable to give a good account of him.  Let me now advise you, Mr Rattlin,\nto have your hurt examined.  Come into my private room; a surgeon will\nbe here in an instant.\"\nPigtop and I were then ushered into a room on one side of the office.  I\nlooked extremely foolish--almost, in fact, as confused as if I had been\ncharged with an offence.  The surgeon soon made his appearance; but, in\nthe short interval, the magistrate had begun to thrust home with his\nquestions as to who I was, what were my intentions, and the probable\nmotives of Daunton's attempt on my life.  All these I parried as well as\nI could, without letting him know anything of the supposed consanguinity\nbetween myself and the culprit: his motive I accounted for as revenge\nfor some real or imaginary insult inflicted by me when we were on board\nthe _Eos_.\nUpon my persisting to refuse, for some time, to strip, that the wound\nmight be examined, the magistrate began to look grave, and the surgeon\nhinted that it was, perhaps, as well not to seek for what was not to be\nfound.  The dread of being looked upon as an impostor overcame my shame\nat the _expose_ of my romantic weakness.  Poor Pigtop had alarms upon\ntotally other grounds.  He watched with painful anxiety the unwinding of\nhis tourniquet, ready to receive me dying into his arms.  His surprise\nwas greater, I fear me, than his joy, when he discovered no signs of\nbleeding when his handkerchief was removed.\n\"What, in the name of pharmacy, is this?\" said the surgeon, detaching my\nbelt of earth; \"but here is the ball, however,--it has more than broken\nthe skin; and there has been a good deal of blood extravasated, but it\nhas been absorbed by the mould in this handkerchief.  By whatever means\nthis singular bandage was placed where I found it, you may depend upon\nit, young gentleman, that it has saved your life.\"\n\"I presume, Mr Rattlin, that you are a Catholic?\" said the magistrate,\n\"and that you have been a very naughty boy: if so, the penance that your\nconfessor has enjoined you has been miraculously providential, and I\nshall think better of penances for the rest of my life.\"\nThe lie so temptingly offered for my adoption, I was about to make use\nof.  But when I reflected from whence I had collected that sacred earth,\nI dared not profane it by falsehood.  So, with a faltering voice, and my\neyes filling with tears, I told the magistrate the truth.\n\"My young friend,\" said he, \"these superstitious fancies and acts are\nbest omitted.  I am sure that you do not need this earth to remember\nyour mother.  Besides, it must be prejudicial to your health to carry it\nabout your person, to say nothing of the singularity of the deed.  Take\nmy advice, and convey it carefully to the nearest consecrated ground,\nand there reverently deposit it.  We will preserve this ball, with the\npistol; and now let Mr Ankins dress your slight wound.  We must see you\nwell through this affair, and the Admiralty must prolong your leave of\nabsence, if it be necessary.  I should wish to know more of you as a\nprivate individual--there is my card.  You are a very good lad for\nhonouring your mother.  Fare ye well.\"\nWith many compliments from the surgeon also, and a roller or two of\ncotton round my chest, we mutually took leave of each other; the\ngentleman very considerately refusing the guinea that I tendered him.\nHaving discharged the post-chaise, Mr Pigtop, his two companions, and\nmyself, left the office,--I bearing in my hand the handkerchief nearly\nfilled with mould.  What did I do with it--saturated as it was with my\nblood, and owing as I did my life to it?  Perhaps, sweet and gentle\nlady, you think that I preserved it in a costly vase, over which I might\nweep, or had it made up by some fair hands systematically into a silken\nbelt, and still wore it next my heart, or, at least, that I placed it in\na china flower-vase, and planted a rose-tree therein, which I watered\ndaily by my tears.  Alas! for the lovers of the romantic, I did none of\nthese.  I told you before all my incidents turn out to be mere\nmatter-of-fact affairs.  Like a good boy, I did as the magistrate bade\nme.  As I passed by Saint Paul's, Covent Garden, I turned into the\nchurchyard; and with a silent prayer for the departed, and asking pardon\nof God for the profanation of which I had been guilty, I poured out the\nwhole of the dust, with reverence, on a secluded spot, and then returned\nand joined my companions.\nTaking leave of them shortly after, I repaired to the White Horse, in\nFetter Lane, and, eating a light supper, retired to bed early, and thus\nfinished this very memorable day.\nOn the day succeeding, I found my arm so much swollen, and myself\naltogether so ill, that I kept my bed.  I need not mention that the same\nsurgeon attended me.  I took this opportunity of furnishing myself with\na few necessaries and a carpet-bag; so I was no longer the gentleman\nwithout any luggage.\nOn the third day of my confinement to the house, sitting alone in the\ndeserted coffee-room, chewing the cud of my bitter fancies, Mr Pigtop\nmade his appearance.  Though I knew the man to be thoroughly selfish, I\nbelieved him to have that dogged sort of honesty not uncommon to very\nvulgar minds.  As, just then, any society was welcome, I received his\ncondolements very graciously, and requested his company to dinner.  My\ninvitation was gladly accepted; and he occupied the time previous to\nthat repast in giving me a history of his life.  It was a very common\none.  He was the son of a warrant-officer.  He was all but born on board\na man-of-war.  At the age of fifteen he got his rating as a midshipman,\nand then rose to be a master's mate.  There his promotion ceased, and,\nto all appearances, for ever.  He had been already twenty-five years in\nthe service, and was turned forty.\nNever having had anything beyond his pay, his life had been one of\nceaseless privation and discontent.  He had now nearly spent all his\nmoney, and had omitted to make those reparations to his wardrobe,\nrendered so necessary by the malignity of Joshua Daunton.  He wished to\nleave the service, and be anything rather than what he had been.  He had\nno relations living, and positively no friends.  His prospects were most\ndisconsolate, and his wretchedness seemed very great.  However, he found\nconsiderable relief in unburthening himself to me.\nAfter our frugal dinner of rump steaks, and our one bottle of port, he\nreturned to the subject of the morning by asking my advice as to his\nfuture conduct.\n\"Nay, Pigtop,\" I replied, \"you should not ask me.  You are much more\ncapable of judging for yourself--you, who have been so much longer in\nthe world than I.\"\n\"There you are out of your reckoning.  I have lived more than twice your\nyears, and have never been in the world at all.  On shore, I'm like a\npig afloat in a washing-tub.  What would you advise me to do?\"\n\"You have no relations or friends to assist you?\"\nThe mournful shake of the head was eloquently negative.\n\"And yet you will not resume that life for which alone you were\neducated?\"\n\"I will not, and I cannot.\"\n\"Well, you must either go on the highway or marry a fortune.\"\n\"Look at this figure-head--look at this scar.  No--no one will ever\nsplice with such an old ravelled-out rope-yarn as Andrew Pigtop.  The\nroad is no longer a gentlemanly profession.  I intend to be a servant.\"\n\"You, Pigtop!--begging your pardon, who the devil would be encumbered\nwith you?\"\n\"You, I hope--no, don't laugh; I know you to be a gentleman born, and\nthat you have a hundred a year.  By hints that I have picked up, I\nbelieve when you come of age, and all is done right by you, that you'll\nhave thousands.  We have one view in common--to hang that rogue,\nDaunton.  I certainly do not wish to put on your livery, without you\ninsist upon it.  Call me your secretary, or anything you like--only let\nme be near you--your servant and your friend.\"\nI saw the poor fellow's eye glisten, and his weather-worn features\nquiver.  I looked upon his worn and shabby uniform, and reflected upon\nhis long and unrequited services.  Venerate him I knew that I never\ncould; but I already pitied him exceedingly.  I resolved, at least, to\nassist him and to keep him near me for a time.\n\"Well, Pigtop,\" I at length said, \"if you would be faithful--\"\n\"To the backbone--to the shedding of my blood.  Stand by me now in my\ndistress: and while I have either soul or body, I will peril them for\nyour safety.\"\n\"Pigtop, I believe you.  Say no more about it.  I engage you as my\ntravelling tutor; and I will pay you your salary when I come of age--\nthat is, if I am able.  Now, what money have you?\"\n\"Three pounds, fifteen shillings, and sevenpence-halfpenny.  Not enough\nto take me down to the guard-ship, when I have paid my bill at the\ntavern.\"\n\"Then, my good fellow, go and pay it immediately, and come back with all\npossible speed.\"  The prompt obedience that he gave to my first order\naugured well for his attention.\nOn his return, I addressed him seriously to this effect: \"My friend, you\nshall share with me to the last shilling; but, believe me, my position\nis as dangerous as it is unnatural.  It is full of difficulty, and\nrequires not only conduct, but courage.  I have a parent that either\ndares not, or from some sinister motive will not, own me; and I fear me\nmuch that I have a half-brother that I know is pursuing me with the\nassassin's knife, whilst I am pursuing him with the vengeance of the\nlaw.  It is either the death of the hunted dog for me, or of the felon's\nscaffold for him.  The event is in the hand of God.  We must be\nvigilant, for my peril is great.  My implacable enemy is leagued with\nsome of the worst miscreants of this vast resort of villainy; he knows\nall the labyrinths of this Babel of iniquity; and the fraternal steel\nmay be in my bosom even amidst the hum of multitudes.  That man has a\nstrong motive for my death, and to personify me afterwards.  Already has\nhe stolen my vouchers and my certificates.  The mystery to me appears\nalmost inscrutable; but his inducements to destroy me are obvious\nenough.  I think that I am tolerably safe here, though I am equally sure\nthat I am watched.  Here is money.  Go now, and purchase two brace of\nserviceable pistols and a couple of stout sword-canes.  We will be\nprepared for the worst.  Of course you will sleep here, and hereafter\nalways take up your abode in whatever place I may be.  As you return,\nyou must find, in some quiet street, an unobtrusive tailor--he must not\nhave a shop--bring him with you.  I must put you in livery, after all.\"\n\"Why, if so be you must, I suppose you must--I'm off.\"\nPigtop did his commissions well.  He returned with the arms and the\ntailor.  \"I hope,\" said he, \"you won't want me to wear this livery\nlong?\"\n\"Not long, I hope.  My friend,\" said I, addressing the man of measures,\n\"this gentleman, lately in the navy, has had recently a very serious\nturn.  He is profoundly repentant of the wickedness of his past life--he\nhas had a call--he has listened to it.  It is not unlikely that he may\nshortly take out a licence to preach.  Make him a suit of sad-coloured\nclothes, not cut out after the vanities of the world.  Your own would\nnot serve for a bad model.  You go to meeting, I presume?\"\n\"I have received grace--I eschew the steeple-house--I receive the\nblessed crumbs of the Word that fall from the lips of that light of\nsalvation, the Reverend Mr Obadiah Longspinner.\"\n\"A holy and a good man, doubtless; would that we were all like him!  But\nour time will come--yes, our time will come.  As is the outward man of\nthe Reverend Mr Obadiah Longspinner, so would my friend have his\noutward man--verily, and his inward also--improved unto sanctity.\"\nThe devout tailor snuffled out \"Amen,\" and did his office.  Whilst\nPigtop's clothes were preparing, he was not idle.  He procured all the\nrequisites for travelling, and I sent him on a fruitless mission to\ndiscover the residence of the Brandons.  He was told by the neighbours\nthat, a year back, they had all emigrated to Canada.  Everything seemed\nto favour the machinations of my enemy, and to prevent my gaining any\nclue by which to trace him out, or the object of my search.  However, I\nhad one chance left--an interview with the superb Mrs Causand, that\nlady that Joshua had so kindly bestowed upon me for a mother.\nIn three days behold us in private lodgings, the Reverend Mr Pigtop\nlooking as sour as any canting Methodist in Barebones' parliament, and\nquite reconciled to the singularly starch figure that he presented.\nThere was certainly a sad discrepancy between his dress and his\ndiscourse.  However, it was a good travelling disguise, and very\nserviceable to a petty officer breaking his leave of absence.\nWith my health perfectly recovered, dressed with the greatest precision,\nand with a beating heart, I went to call upon Mrs Causand.  On her all\nmy hopes rested.  I knew that, as a schoolboy, she was extremely fond of\nme, and I really loved her as much as I admired her.\nI had never before visited her, and was consequently totally ignorant of\nthe style in which she lived.  I found the house which she inhabited,\nfor I always carefully preserved her address, to be one of those which\nfaced Hyde Park.  I was rather chilled as I observed its quiet,\naristocratic appearance.  The porter told me that if I would walk into\nthe adjoining parlour, and favour him with my name, he would go up\nimmediately she was alone and announce me.\nCHAPTER SIXTY FIVE.\nRALPH, FINDING HIMSELF IN PLEASANT PLACES, PREPARETH A LOVE-SPEECH WHICH\nIS NOT UTTERED IN THIS CHAPTER--RALPH DESCRIBETH ONLY.\nIn about five minutes the servant returned, bowed, and led the way.  He\nstepped up quietly and slowly.  There was an awe in his deportment that\nchilled me.  He opened the door of the drawing-room with extreme caution\nand gentleness, bowed, and closed it upon me.  As I stood near the\nthreshold, the last low tones of some plaintive and soothing melody,\nsung in a tone much more subdued than that of common conversation, died\nfaintly away to the vibrating of a chord of the harp; and a youthful\nfigure, bathed in a misty light from the window recess, rose, and moving\nsilently across the room, without once casting her eyes upon myself,\ndisappeared through a door parallel to the one by which I had entered.\nWhilst I remain in the darker portion of this saloon, it is necessary\nfor me to describe it.  I could not have imagined such a combination of\ntaste and luxury.  At first, I was almost overpowered by the too genial\nwarmth of the apartment, and the aromatic and rose-imbued odours that\nfilled it.  I trod on, and my step sank into, a yielding carpet, which\nseemed to be elastic under my feet, and which glowed with a thousand\nnever fading, though mimic flowers.  The apartment was not crowded,\nthough I saw candelabra, vases, and side-tables of the purest marble,\nsupported upon massive gilt pedestals.  In all this there was nothing\nsingular--it was the work of the upholsterer; but the beautiful\narrangement was the work of a presiding taste.\nAt the further end of this superb room, stood two fluted and gilded\npilasters, and two pillars of the Corinthian order, the capitals of\nwhich reached the ceiling: but they were not equidistant from each\nother, the space from the pilaster to the pillar on either side being\nmuch less than that between the two pillars.  Between the two former\nthere were placed statues of the purest marble; what fabled god or\ngoddess they were sculptured to represent, I know not; I only felt that\nthey personified male and female beauty.  I was too agitated to permit\nmyself to notice them accurately.  Between this screen of pillars and\nstatues, hung two distinct sets of drapery, the one of massive and\ncrimson silk curtains, entirely opaque by their richness and their\nweight of texture, that drew up and aside with golden cords; the other\nof a muslin almost transparent, how managed I had no time to examine.\nWhen the draperies fell in their gorgeous and graceful folds to the\nground, they made of the saloon two parts, and the division that\nembraced the windows had then all the privacy of a secluded apartment.\nWhen the curtains were let fall, thus intercepting the light from the\nbayed windows, there was still sufficient from the three sash-windows on\nthe left of this large apartment to give splendour to what would then\nbecome the inner room.\nThe heavy draperies that hung between the pillars were drawn up, but the\nlight muslin was dropped even with the rich Turkey carpet, through which\nI caught but a dim and glowing view of the recess.  It was, as nearly as\nI can recollect, about three o'clock in the afternoon; and the sun, just\ndallying with the top of the trees in the distant Kensington Gardens,\nsent his level beams directly through the large windows, and the\norange-trees and exotics that were placed about them.\nI advanced to the screen; and when close upon it, I perceived the\nfigure, though but faintly, of Mrs Causand, reclining upon a couch.  I\npaused--I do not think, on account of the distribution of the light,\nthat she could have seen me through the veil that intervened between us.\nI dared not break through it without a summons; and there I stood, for\ntwo unpleasant minutes, endeavouring to imagine of what nature my\nreception would be; and whether a lady surrounded by so much\nmagnificence would listen to the appeal of her former pet-playfellow.\nAt this time, it was the fashion, in full dress, to show the whole of\nthe arm bare to the shoulder.  At length, from out of the mass of rich\nshawls, there was lifted the white, rounded, exquisitively shaped,\nthough somewhat large, arm of the lady, beckoning me to enter; but sound\nthere was none.  \"She is delighted to play the empress,\" said I, as I\npushed aside the curtain, and stood before her in her odoriferous\nsanctum.\nVerily, in the pride of her beauty, she never looked more beautiful.\nShe was in full dress--and, as I surveyed her in mute admiration, and my\nmind was busy at once with the past and the present, I pronounced her\nimproved since I had last seen her; for I could perceive no difference\nin her countenance, except that her rounded and classic cheek glowed\nwith a ruddier hue, and her eyes sparkled with a more restless fire.\nI stood before her at the foot of the couch, and my heart confessed that\nthe perfection of womanly beauty lay beneath my wondering eyes, but a\nbeauty which, if in smiles, would rather madden with voluptuousness,\nthan subdue with tenderness, and, if in repose, seemed to command\nworship, more than solicit affection.\nAs I stood mutely there, I looked into her regal countenance for some\nencouragement to speak--I saw none.  I then strove to read there the\nsentiment then passing in her mind, and to my confusion, to my dismay,\nit seemed to me that she was endeavouring to conquer in her countenance\nthe expression of pain.  I watched intently--I was not deceived--a\nsudden convulsion passed over her features, succeeded by the paleness of\nan instant, and then a gush of tears--I was moved, almost to weeping,\nyet dared not advance.  Her tears were hurried off instantly; and then\nagain her dear smile of former days sunned up her countenance into\nsomething heavenly.\nCHAPTER SIXTY SIX.\nRALPH BEGINNETH A CONVERSATION TOTALLY BEYOND HIS COMPREHENSION, AND YET\nCOMPREHENDETH MORE THAN THE CONVERSATION IS MEANT TO CONVEY--HE FEELETH\nSOME INCLINATION TOWARDS LOVE-MAKING, BUT CHECKETH HIMSELF VALIANTLY.\n\"My own brave Ralph,\" said she, extending to me both her hands.\n\"Your schoolboy lover,\" said I: an immense weight of anxiety removed\nfrom my mind, as I kissed her jewelled fingers.\n\"Hush, Ralph! such words are vanities--but ask me not why?  Oh, my dear\nboy, make the most of this visit--\"\n\"I will, I will--how beautiful you are! how very, very beautiful!\"\n\"Am I?--I rejoice to hear you say so!  Ralph, speak to me as my own\ndevoted, my more than loved friend--by all the affection that I have\nlavished on you, speak to me truly; do you, dearest Ralph, see no\nalteration in me?\"\n\"A little,\" said I, smiling triumphantly, \"a very little, for there was\nnever room for much--you are a little more beautiful than when I last\nbeheld you.\"\n\"Thank you--you have given me more happiness by the fervent honesty of\nthat speech than I have experienced for days and weeks, nay, months\nbefore.  Stand from me, and let me look at you--you, Ralph, are also\nmuch, very much improved--perhaps there is a little too much cast of\nthought upon your brow--that thought is a sad wrinkle maker--but, Ralph,\nyou are not well dressed.  But come and sit by me now, there, on that\nlow footstool.  I always loved to play thus with your pretty curls--I\nwish that they were a shade darker; as you have grown so manly, it would\nhave been as well.  Truly, as I look into the ingenuous brightness of\nyour countenance, the joys of past happy hours seem to wing themselves\nback, and whisper to me that word so little understood--Happiness.  But,\nRalph, we will be alone together for this day at least--you shall dine\nwith me here--we will have no interruption--you shall tell me all your\ndeeds of arms--and, you naughty boy, of love also.  Reach that bell, and\nring it--but gently.\"\nI obeyed, and the same handsome young lady, whom I had before seen,\nanswered the silver summons.  She glided in, and stooped over to Mrs\nCausand, as she lay on the couch, and their short conference was in\nwhispers.  As she retired, I was rather puzzled by the deep sorrow on\nher countenance, and the unfeigned look of pity with which she regarded\nher mistress or her friend.  When we were again alone, I resumed my low\nseat, and was growing rather passionate over one of her beautiful hands,\nwhen, looking down, apparently much pleased with these silly\nendearments, she said, \"Yes, Ralph, make the most of it; hand and heart,\nall, all are yours, for the little space that they will be mine.\"\nStrange and disloyal thoughts began their turmoil in my bosom; and\nspeculation was busy, and prospects of vanity began to dance before my\neyes.  Old enough to be my mother!  What then?  Mother! the thought\nbrought with it the black train of ideas of which Daunton was the\ndemoniac leader.  He had asserted that the superb woman before me might\nclaim from me the affection of a son.  I then felt most strongly that I\nwas not there to play any ridiculous part.\nThe protestations that I was about to utter died on my lips--I spake\nnot, but pressed the hand that I held to my heart.\n\"Now, Ralph,\" said Mrs Causand, \"relate to me all the wonders that you\nhave encountered--speak lowly\"--and she threw a white and very thin\nhandkerchief over her face.\n\"But, my dear madam, why may I not gaze upon the countenance that you\nknow is very dear to me?  And this setting sun--how glorious!  Do you\nknow that, at his rising and his setting, I have often thought of you?\nPray come to the window, and look upon it before it is quite hid among\nthe trees.\"\n\"Ralph, by all the love that I bore your mother, by the affection that I\nbear to you, do not talk to me of setting suns!  I dread to look upon\nthem.  You ask me to rise--oh, son of my best friend--know, that I\ncannot--without assistance--without danger--I am on my sick-couch--on my\ndying bed--they tell me--me--me, whom you just now so praised for\nimproved beauty, that my days are numbered--but, I believe them not--\nno--no--no--but hush, softly!--I may not agitate myself--you, my sweet\nboy, have surely come to me the blessed messenger of health--your finger\nshall turn back the hand upon the dial, and years, whole years of\nhappiness, shall be yours and mine.\"\n\"Inscrutable Ruler of heaven!\"  I exclaimed, \"it is impossible!  You are\nbut trying my affection--you do but wish to witness the depth of my\nagony--you would prove me--but this is with a torture too cruel.  Say--\noh, say--my dear Mrs Causand, that you are trifling with me--you--you\nare now the only friend that I have upon earth!\"\n\"These emotions, my dear boy, will slay me outright--the monster is now,\neven now, grappling with me--give me your hand.\"  She took it, and\nplaced it over the region of her heart.  The shock it gave me was\nelectric--that heart trembled beneath her bosom rapidly as flutter the\nwings of the dying bird--then paused--then went on.  I looked into her\nface, and saw again the instant and momentary pallor, that had surprised\nme so much on my first entrance.  The paroxysm was as short as it was\nviolent, and her features again returned to their usual placidity of\nmajestic beauty.\n\"You know it all now, Ralph--the least motion sets my heart in this\nunaccountable fury--and--alas, alas! every attack is more acute than the\nlast.  They tell me that I am dying--I cannot believe it.  I cannot even\ncomprehend it.  I have none of the symptoms of death upon me.\nEverything around me breathes of health and happiness--you alone were\nwanting to complete the scene--you are here--no--no, I will not die.\nHad my hair whitened, my form bowed, my complexion withered--why, then--\nI might have been reconciled--but, no--it is impossible--no--no--Ralph,\nI am _not_ dying.\"\n\"Fervently do I pray God that you are not.  It also seems to me\nimpossible--but still, the youngest of us cannot always escape--hoping,\ntrusting, relying on the best, we should be prepared for the worst.\"\n\"But I am not prepared,\" she exclaimed, with a fierce energy that\nbreathed defiance; and then, relapsing into a profound melancholy, she\nmournfully continued--\"and I cannot prepare myself.\"\n\"Have you spoken to a clergyman?\" said I, not knowing exactly what else\nto say.  \"Is not this some book of divine consolation?\"\nI took it up; it was the popular novel of the day, entitled, \"The Rising\nSun.\"  What a profound mockery for a deathbed!\n\"I tell you, my dear Ralph, that you must not agitate me.  Talk of\nanything but my approaching death--for know, that I am resolved _not_ to\ndie.  To-morrow there will be a consultation over my case of the very\nfirst of the medical faculty in the world.  Ralph, do not you league\ntogether with the rest of the world, and condemn me to an untimely\ndeath.\"\n\"Untimely, indeed.\"\nShe had now evidently talked too much; she closed her eyes, and seemed\nto enjoy a peaceful and refreshing slumber.  I sat by and watched her.\nWas I then in a sick-chamber?--was that personification of beauty\ndoomed?  I looked round, and pronounced it incredible.  I gazed upon the\nrecumbent figure before me, so still, so living, and yet so death-like--\nand moralised upon the utter deception of appearances.\nAt length she awoke, apparently much reanimated.\n\"My dear Ralph,\" said she, \"why are you not in mourning?\"\n\"I understand you--and I perceive that you are now in black.  But I must\nnot disturb you--yet, if I dared, I would ask you one question--oh, in\npity answer it--was she my mother?\"\n\"Does death absolve us from our oaths?\"\n\"I am not, dear lady, casuist enough to answer you that question.  But\ndo you know that I have become a desperate character lately?  I write\nmyself man, and will prove the authenticity of the signature with my\nlife.  I have renounced my profession--every pursuit, every calling,\nevery thought--that may stand between me and the development of the\nmystery of my birth.  It is the sole purpose of my life--the whole\ndevotion of my existence.\"\n\"Ralph--a foolish one--just now.  Bide the course of events.\"\n\"I will not--if I can control them.  Through this detestable mystery, I\nhave been insulted, reviled--a wretch has had the hardihood, the\nturpitude, to brand both you and me--me as the base-born child, and you\nas the ignominious parent.\"\n\"Who, who, who?\"\n\"A pale-faced, handsome, short, smooth-worded villain, with a voice that\nI now recognise, for the first time--a coward--a swindler, that calls\nhimself, undoubtedly among other aliases--\"\n\"Stop, Ralph, in misery!\" and, for the first time, she sat upright on\nher couch.  \"The crisis of a whole life is at hand--I must go through\nit, if I die on the spot--ring again for Miss Tremayne.\"\nThe gentle and quiet lady was soon at Mrs Causand's side.  There was a\nlittle whispering passed between them, some medicines put on the small\nwork-table near the head of the couch, and, finally, a tolerably large\npacket of papers.  She then cautioned Mrs Causand most emphatically to\nkeep herself tranquil, and, bowing to me slightly, glided out of the\nroom.\nCHAPTER SIXTY SEVEN.\nTHE VEIL IS FAST DROPPING FROM BEFORE RALPH'S MYSTERIOUS PARENTAGE--\nSTRANGE DISCLOSURES, AND MUCH GOOD EVIDENCE THAT THIS IS A VERY BAD\nWORLD--RALPH'S LOVE-SYMPTOMS ARE FAST SUBSIDING.\n\"Ralph,\" said the lady, when we were again alone, \"I have, through the\nwhole of my life, always detested scenes, and, to the utmost of my\npower, ever repelled all violent emotions.  I am not now going to give\nyou a history of my life--to make my confessions, and ask pardon of you\nand God, and then die--nonsense; but I must say that your fate has been\nsomewhat strangely connected with my own.  I acknowledge to you, at\nonce, that I am a fallen woman--but, as I never had the beauty, so I\nnever had the repentance, of a Magdalen.  I fell to one of the greatest\nupon the earth.  I still think that it was a glorious fate.  I know that\nyou are going to wound me deeply.  I will take it meekly; may it be, in\nsome measure, looked upon as a small expiation for my one great error!\nBut, spare me, as long as you are able, the name of this person you have\ndescribed with such bitterness--it may not, after all, be he who has\nbeen almost the only bitterness that has yet poisoned my cup of a too\npleasurable existence--'tis pleasurable, alas! until, even in this, my\neleventh hour.  Tell me all, and then I shall be able to judge how much\nit may be my duty to reveal to you.\"\nIt was a fine study, that of observing the gradual emotion of this\nworldly and magnificent woman, as I proceeded with my eventful tale.  I\ntook it up only at that period when Joshua Daunton first made his\napplication to me to be allowed to enter the _Eos_.  The beginning of my\nnarrative fell coldly upon her, and her features were strung up to that\ntension which I had often before observed in persons who were bracing up\ntheir nerves to undergo a dangerous surgical operation.  They were\ncertainly not impassive, for, in the fixed eyes that glared upon me,\nthere was a strange restlessness, though not of motion.\nThe first symptoms of emotion that I could perceive took place when I\ndescribed the lash descending upon the shrinking shoulders of Daunton.\nShe clasped her hands firmly together, and upturned her eyes, as if\nimploring Heaven for mercy, or entreating it for vengeance.  I\nperceived, as I proceeded, that I was gradually losing ground in her\naffections--that she was, in spite of herself, espousing the cause of my\npledged enemy; and when I told her of the defiance that I had received\nin the sick-bay, she murmured forth, \"Well done! well done!\" followed by\na name that was not mine.\nWhen I related to her the documents that he had shown me to convince me\nthat he was no impostor, she said, \"Ralph, it is enough--it is of little\nconsequence now what name you may give him.  _He is my son_!\"\n\"And my half-brother?\"\n\"Oh no, no, young sir!  Disgraced as he has been, a nobler blood than\nthat of Rattlin flows in his veins.  Degraded, disgraced as he is,\nneither on the side of the father nor of the mother need he blush for\nhis parentage.  But you are his sworn enemy--I can now listen more\ncalmly to what you have to say.  But, graceless as he is, he should not\nhave denied his own mother.\"\n\"Mrs Causand,\" said I, in a tone of voice more cold than any with which\nI had yet addressed her, \"it seems that you have, and that most\nunreasonably too, taken part against me.  In no point have I sinned\nagainst you or yours.  I have all along been the attacked, the aggrieved\nparty.  I will no longer offend your ears, or wring your heart, by a\nrecapitulation of your son's delinquencies.  He has done me much wrong;\nhe is contemplating more--only place me in a situation to do myself\njustice, and silence on the past shall seal my lips for ever; but know\nthat he has stolen all my documents, and intends passing himself to\nwhomever may be my father, as his legitimate son, as myself.\"\n\"This must not be--foolish, mad, wicked boy!  That I, his mother, must\nstand up his accuser! must act against him as his enemy! but I have long\nago discarded him--almost cursed him.  Oh, Ralph, Ralph! had he been but\nlike you--but, from his youth upwards, he has been inclined to\nwickedness--no fortune could have supplied his extravagance--he has\nexhausted even a mother's love.  I refused him money, and he stole my\npapers--I never dreamt of the vile use that he intended to put them to.\nSpare me for a little while, and I will let you know all; but should you\nonce get his neck under your heel, oh! tread lightly on my poor\nWilliam!\"  She had evidently another and a most severe attack of her\ncomplaint, which passed rapidly over like the rest; but she now had, for\nthe first time in my observation, recourse to her medicines.  When\nsufficiently recovered, she continued:\n\"Ralph, neither you nor any one else shall know my private history.  It\nis enough for you to understand that I was almost from infancy destined\nto associate with the greatest of the sterner sex.  Early was I involved\nin this splendid--degradation, the austere would call it, though\ndegradation I never held it to be.  Even appearances were preserved;\nfor, before my wretched son was born, I was married to one of the pages\nof a German court, who was sixty years of age, and properly submissive\nand distant.  To the English ear, this sounds like a confession of\ninfamy.  Let me not, Ralph, endeavour to justify it to you--I was taught\notherwise--now, if I could, I would not regret it.  Your father, then an\nonly son, sometimes visited at the house of the person over whose\nestablishment I presided, and--and, mark me, Ralph, injuriously as you\nmust now think of me, I presided over but one.  Deride me not when I\ntell that to that distinguished personage I was chaste.\"\nShe paused, and I thought that her voice faltered strangely, and that\nthe assertion died upon her lips, and I made no reply.  I was by no\nmeans astonished at this detail.  I could only look upon her most\nanxiously, and await her future disclosures.\n\"I have,\" she continued, \"lived for the world, and found it a glorious\none.  The husband of my heart, and the husband of ceremony, have long\nboth been dead.  I enjoy a competency--nay, much more--and yet, they\ntalk to me of dying.  To-morrow will decide upon my fate.  I have lived\na good life, according to my capabilities--it is no delusion--but,\nshould the sentence of to-morrow's consultation be fatal, then the\nlawyer and the clergyman--\"\n\"And why not to-day?\"\n\"Because it is ours, Ralph, or rather, yours.  Well, your mother was of\ngood, though not of exalted, family--the daughter of a considerable\nfreeholder in our neighbourhood.  She was the eldest of many children,\nand the most beautiful born of all in the county.  Her father sent her\nto London; and she became thus, for her station and the period, over\neducated.  She foolishly preferred the fashionable, and refined, and\nluxurious service in a nobleman's family to a noble independence in her\nhonest father's spacious house.  It was her mistake and her ruin.\n\"Ralph!  I loved your mother--you know it--but as a governess in the\nDuke of E's family, I hated and feared her.  I don't think that she was\nmore beautiful than I, but he--he whom I will never mention--began to be\nof that opinion--at least, I trembled.  Reginald Rathelin loved her--\nwooed her; I entered with eagerness into his schemes--his success was my\nsecurity.  Miss Daventry at first repulsed me; but, at length, I\novercame her repugnance--many ladies, notwithstanding my ambiguous\nposition, awed by the rank of my protector, received me--we became\nfriends.  The beautiful governess eloped--I managed everything--they\nwere married.  I was myself a witness of the ceremony.\"\n\"Thank God!\"  I exclaimed, fervently.\n\"Reginald was wild and dissipated, poor and unprincipled--he cajoled his\nwife, and suffered her again to return to her menial station in the\nduke's family.  In due time there was another journey necessary.  It was\nwhen you were born at Reading.  `A little while, and yet a little\nwhile,' was the constant plea of the now solicited husband, `and I will\nown you, my dear Elizabeth, and boast of you before all the world.'\"\n\"My poor mother!\"\n\"About two years after this marriage, Sir Luke, the father of Reginald,\nfell ill, and the neglect of the husband became only something a little\nshort of actual desertion.  Your mother had a proud as well as a loving\nspirit.  She wrote to the father of Reginald--she interested the duke in\nher favour--she was now as anxious for publicity as concealment; but the\nexpectant heir defied us all.  He confessed himself a villain, and\navowed that he had entrapped your mother by a fictitious marriage.\"\n\"And _he_ my father!--but you, _you, her friend_?\"\n\"He deceived me also.  He declared the man who pretended to perform the\nmarriage ceremony was not in holy orders.  He dared us to prove it.  His\nfather, bred up in prejudice of birth and family, did not urge the son\nto do justice to your mother, but satisfied his conscience by providing\nvery amply for yourself: he first took credit to himself for thus having\ndone his duty, then the sacrament, and died.\n\"Your father, now Sir Reginald, in due time proposed for the richest\nheiress in the three adjacent counties, and was rejected with scorn.  We\nmade a strong party against him--the seat of his ancestors became\nhateful to him--he went abroad.  His princely mansion was locked up--his\nestates left to the management of a grinding steward; and the world\nutterly forgot the self-created alien from his country.\"\n\"Then, alas! after all, I am illegitimate.\"\n\"And if you were?--but, methinks, that you are now feeling more for\nyourself than your mother.\"\n\"Oh no, no! tell me of her!\"\n\"After this _expose_, she lived some few years respected in the duke's\nfamily; but she changed her name--home to her father's she would never\ngo--no tidings ever reached her of the man she looked upon as her\nseducer.  It must be confessed, however, that he took great care of his\nchild--he appointed agents to watch over your welfare, though I firmly\nbelieve that he never saw you in his life.\"\n\"I think that he once made the attempt when I was at Roots' school; but,\nbefore I was brought to him, his conscience smote him, and he fled like\na craven from his only and injured son.\"\n\"Most probably.  Rumour said that he had made several visits to England\nunder a strict incognito.  But I must pause--the evening is fast\nwaning--let me repose a little, and then we will have lights and\ndinner.\"  She fell back upon her couch, and appeared again to slumber.\nCHAPTER SIXTY EIGHT.\nRALPH THINKS SERIOUSLY ABOUT CHANGING HIS NAME--GETS A LITTLE UNWILLING\nJUSTICE DONE TO HIMSELF, AND GAINS MUCH INFORMATION--THE WHOLE WOUND UP\nSUDDENLY AND SORROWFULLY.\nIt was nearly dark.  As I sat for more than half an hour by the side of\nthe impenitent beauty, I could not conceive that she was in any danger.\nWhilst she discoursed with me so fully, her voice was firm, though not\nloud, and, were it not for a short and sudden check, sometimes in the\nmiddle of a word, I should say that I never before heard her converse\nmore fluently or more musically.\nWhilst she yet reclined, the servants brought in lights, and made\npreparations for our little dinner, a small table being laid close to\nMrs Causand's couch.  When this exquisite repast was ready, and Miss\nTremayne made her appearance, Mrs Causand rose, apparently much\nrenovated.  She looked almost happy: without assistance, she walked from\nher sofa, and took her place at the table.\n\"There, Fanny,\" said she, quite triumphantly--\"and not a single attack!\nThis dear Ralph has surely brought health with him.  Yesterday, this\nexertion would have killed me.\"\n\"Do not, however,\" said the lady, \"try yourself too much.\"\nWe dined cheerfully: she seemed to have forgotten her son, and I my\nmuch-injured mother.  After the dinner was concluded, and Miss Tremayne\nhad retired, and my hostess had returned to her sofa, she sent for her\nwriting-desk, and then proceeded with her narrative.\n\"Your mother, my dear Ralph, yearned for your society.  She had saved a\nconsiderable sum of money--she wished for a home, to procure which, she\nmarried that little ugly, learned Frenchman, Cherfeuil--but even that\nshe did not do until it was currently reported, and generally believed,\nthat your father was dead.\"\n\"I admire the delicacy of the scruple--I honour her for it.\"\n\"Sip your wine, Ralph--you'll find it excellent--I will indulge in one\nglass, let Dr Hewings say what he will--to your health, my little\nlover, and may I soon hail you as Sir Ralph Rathelin!\"\n\"How is it possible?\"\n\"You shall hear.  We were talking about your good mother.  When she had\nmarried this Cherfeuil, who was the French assistant at a large school,\nshe found out the agents to whom you were entrusted, and soon arranged\nwith them that you should be domesticated under her own roof--you were\nremoved to Stickenham, and she and you were happy.\"\n\"Oh, how happy!\"\n\"Well, you know it was in those happy days that I had first the pleasure\nof forming an acquaintance with the inimitable Ralph Rattlin.\"\n\"But why Rattlin?--my name must be either Daventry or Rathelin.\"\n\"Rathelin, of a surety--it was first of all corrupted to Rattlin by that\ntopmost of all top-sawyers, Joe Brandon--it having thus been so\nestablished, for many reasons, concealment among the rest, your mother\nthought it best for you to retain it.  Now, Ralph, mark this--about\neight, or rather seven, months ago, I took a short trip to my native\ncountry in Germany.  Never was my health more redundant.  I left your\nmother prosperous and happy, and beautiful as ever--she had heard of\nyou, and heard much in your favour, though you never once condescended\nto write to any one of us.  Whilst I was in--your father returned, a\nchanged man--changed in everything, even in religion: he had turned\npenitent and a Catholic; and so had his travelling companion, the very\nman who had married him to your sweet mother.\"\n\"Then he was in holy orders?\"\n\"He was.\"\n\"God of infinite justice, I thank you.\"\n\"The Reverend Mr Thomas came here to my very house, when I was away,\nwith a long and repentant letter from his patron--full of inquiries for\nyourself; and for your mother, Lady Rathelin.\"\n\"Where is that inestimable letter?\"\n\"Oh, where?\" said the again agonised Mrs Causand.  \"Ralph, much\nmischief was done in that absence--my boy, my lost William: he, whom you\nknow as Joshua Daunton, broke into his mother's house, rifled my\nescritoir, and carried off some of my most important documents--that\nunread letter among the number.\"\n\"But how know you its contents?\" said I, breathless with agitation.\n\"By the tenor of these succeeding ones from Sir Reginald and his\npriest.\"\nShe opened her desk, and gave me two letters from my father to her.\nThey were, as she described them, repentant, and spoke most honourably\nand most fondly of my deceased mother--praying Mrs Causand most\nearnestly to tell him of the happiness and the whereabouts of his wife.\n\"And you did, of course.\"\n\"No, Ralph, I did not--look at the dates.  It was a fortnight after\nthese arrived before I returned home.  I weep even now when I think of\nit--three days before I returned your mother had died, almost suddenly.\"\n\"Ah, true, true!\" said I, mournfully.  But, a sudden pang of agony\nseizing my inmost heart, I suddenly started up, and, seizing her roughly\nby the hand, I said, sternly:\n\"Look me in the face, Madam--do you see any resemblance there to my\npoor, poor mother?\"\n\"Oh, very, very great--but why this violence?\"\n\"Because I now understand the villainy that caused her death.  Your son\nmurdered her--see in me her reproachful countenance--oh, Mrs Causand,\nyou and yours have been the bane, the ruin of me and mine.\"\n\"What do you mean by those horrible words?  Ralph, beware, or you will\nyourself commit a dastardly murder upon me, even as you stand there.\"\n\"Mrs Causand, I will be calm.  I see it all.  With the first letter of\nSir Reginald in his hand, he went to Stickenham; and, with the murderous\nintent strong in his black bosom, he branded my mother with bigamy,\nincensed the weak Frenchman against her, and, in twenty-four hours, did\nthe mortal work that years of injustice and injury could not effect.\"\n\"Good God, it must be so!--Ralph, I do not ask you to forgive him--but\npity his poor suffering mother--he has broken my heart--not, Ralph, in\nthe mystical, but in the actual, the physical sense.  In the very hour\nin which I returned home, I found a warrant had been issued for his\napprehension as a housebreaker; and the stony-hearted reprobate had the\ncruelty to insult his mother by a letter glorying in the fact, at the\nsame time demanding a thousand pounds for his secrecy and the papers\nthat he had stolen.  The shock was too much for me.  I had an attack, a\nfit--I know not what--I fell senseless to the earth--my heart has never\nsince beaten healthfully.  Oh, perhaps, after all, it would be a\nhappiness for me to die!--Poor Elizabeth--my more than sister, my\nfriend!\"\n\"But why do I waste my time here?\" said I, starting up, and seizing my\nhat.  \"The reptile is at work.  Where lives Sir Reginald?--my demon--\nlike double may be there before me.  He may personate me long enough to\nkill my father and rifle his hoards.  I must away--but, ere I go, know\nthat, with these abstracted papers, he sought me in the West Indies,\ncheated me out of my name on my return to England, and, finally, waylaid\nand attempted, with a low accomplice, to assassinate me on my return\nfrom Stickenham.\"\n\"God of Heaven, let me die!--he could never have been son of mine--let\nme know the horrid particulars.\"\n\"No--no--no--I must away--or more murders will be perpetrated.\"\n\"Stop, Ralph, a little moment--do not go unprovided.  Take these and\nthese--he stole not all the documents--let me also give my testimony\nunder my own hand of your identity.  It may be of infinite service to\nyou.\"\nShe then wrote a short letter to Sir Reginald, describing accurately my\npresent appearance, and vouching that I, and none other, was the\nidentical Ralph Rattlin, who was nursed by the Brandons, and born at\nReading.\n\"Take this, Ralph, and show it to Sir Reginald.  I only ask one thing:\nspare the life--only the life--of that unfortunate boy!--and in his,\nspare mine--for I am unprepared to die!\"\n\"The mercy that he showed my mother--\"\nI had proceeded no further in my cruel speech, when a great noise was\nheard at the door, and two rough-looking Bow Street officers, attended\nby the whole household, rushed into the room.  They advanced towards the\nupper end of this elegant sanctum.  Mrs Causand sprang up from her\nsofa, and, standing in all the majesty of her beauty, sternly demanded,\n\"What means this indignity?\"\n\"Beg your ladyship's pardon, sorry to intrude--duty--never shy, that you\nknow, ma'am--only a search-warrant for one Joshua Daunton, alias\nSneaking Willie, alias Whitefaced--\"\n\"Stop, no more of this ribaldry--you see he is not here--I know nothing\nconcerning him--of what is he accused?\"\n\"Of forgery, housebreaking, and, with an accomplice, of an attempt to\nmurder a young gentleman, a naval officer of the name of Ralph Rattlin.\"\nMrs Causand turned to me sorrowfully, and exclaimed, \"Oh, Ralph! was\nthis well done of you?\"  Her fortitude, her sudden accession of physical\nstrength, seemed to desert her at once; and she, who just before stood\nforth the undaunted heroine, now sank upon her couch, the crushed\ninvalid.  At length, she murmured forth, feebly, \"Ralph, rid me of these\nfellows.\"\nI soon effected this.  I told them that I was the culprit's principal\naccuser; that I was assured he was not only not within the house, but I\nverily believed many miles distant.  They believed me, and respectfully\nenough retired.\nMiss Tremayne, the companion and nurse of the invalid, now with myself\nstood over her.  She had another attack upon the region of her heart:\nand it was so long before she rallied, that we thought the fatal moment\nhad arrived.  When she could again breathe freely, her colour did not,\nas formerly, return to her cheeks.  They wore an intense and transparent\nwhiteness, at once awful and beautiful.  Yet she spoke calmly and\ncollectedly.  I entreated to be permitted to depart--my intercessions\nwere seconded by the young lady.  But the now cold hand of Mrs Causand\nclasped mine so tightly, and the expression of her eyes was so\nimploring, that I could not rudely break away from her.\n\"But a few short minutes,\" she exclaimed, \"and then fare you well.  I\nfeel worse than I ever yet remember--and very cold.  It is not now the\ncomplaint that has cast me down upon a sick-bed that seems invading the\nvery principle of life--a chilly faintness is coming over me--yet I dare\nnot lay my head upon my pillow, lest I never from thence lift it again.\nRalph, here is a warmth in your young blood--support me!\"\nI cradled her head upon my shoulder, and whispered to Miss Tremayne, who\nimmediately retired, to procure the speedy attendance of the physician.\n\"Are we alone, Ralph?\" said the shuddering lady, with her eyes firmly\nclosed.  \"I have a horrid presentiment that my hour is approaching--\neverything is so still around and within me.  Every sensation seems\ndeserting me rapidly, but one--and that is a mother's feeling!  You will\nleave me here to die, amongst menials and strangers!\"\n\"Miss Tremayne?\" said I, soothingly.\n\"Is but a hired companion; engaged only since the occurrence of these\nattacks.  Yes, you will desert me to these--and for what, God of\nretribution!--to hunt down the life of my only son!  Will you, will you,\nRalph, do this over-cruel thing?\"\n\"He has attempted mine--he still seeks it.  Let us talk, let us think,\nof other matters.  Compose your mind with religious thoughts.  Your\nstrength will rally during the night; to-morrow comes hope, the\nconsultation of physicians, and, with God's good blessings, life and\nhealth.\"\n\"To hear, to know, that he is to die the death of the felon!  Promise me\nto forego your purpose, or let me die first!\"\n\"I have sworn over the grave of my mother that the laws shall decide\nthis matter between us.  If he escape, I forgive him, and may God\nforgive him, too!\"\n\"And must it come to this?\" she sobbed forth in the bitterness of her\nanguish, whilst the tears streamed down her cheeks from her closed\neyelids.  \"Will this cruel youth at length extort the horrible\nconfession!--it must be so--one pang--and it will be over.  Let me\nforego your support--lay me gently on the pillow, for you will loathe\nme.  A little while ago, and I told you I had been faithful to him--it\nwas a bitter falsehood--know, that my son, my abandoned William, is also\nthe son of your father--say, will his blood now be upon your hands?\"\n\"Tell me, beautiful cause of all our miseries, does your miserable\noffspring know this?\"\n\"Yes,\" said she, very faintly.\n\"Yet he could seek my life--basely--but no matter.  His blood shall\nnever stain my hand--I will not seek him--if he crosses my path, I will\navoid him--I will even assist him to escape to some country where,\nunknown, he may, by a regenerated life, wipe out the dark catalogue of\nhis crimes, make his peace with man here, and with his God hereafter.\"\n\"Will you do all this, my generous, my good, my godlike Ralph?\"\n\"You and God be my witnesses!\"\nShe sprang up wildly from her apparent state of lethargy, clasped me\nfervently in her arms, blessed me repeatedly, and then, in the midst of\nher raptures, she cried out, \"Oh, Ralph, you have renewed my being, you\nhave given me long years of life, and health, and happiness.  You--\" and\nhere she uttered a loud shriek, that reverberated through the mansion--\nbut it was cut short in the very midst--a thrilling, a horrible silence\nensued--she fell dead upon the couch.\nI stood awe-struck over the beautiful corpse, as it lay placidly\nextended, disfigured by no contortion, but on the contrary, a heavenly\nrepose in the features--a sad mockery of worldly vanity.  Death had\narrayed himself in the last imported Parisian mode.\nAt that dying shriek, in rushed the household, headed by the physician,\nand closely followed by the companion, with the hired nurses.  Methought\nthat the doctor looked on this wreck of mortality with grim\nsatisfaction.  \"I knew it,\" said he, slowly; \"and Doctor Phillimore is\nnothing more than a solemn dunce.  I told him that she would not survive\nto be subjected to the consultation of the morrow.  And how happens it,\"\nsaid he, turning fiercely to the companion and the nurses, \"that my\npatient was thus left alone with this stripling?\"\n\"Stripling, sir!\" said I.\n\"Young man, let us not make the chamber of death a hall of contention.\nTell me, Miss Tremayne, how comes my patient thus unattended, or rather,\nthus ill attended?\"\n\"It was her own positive command,\" said the young lady, in a faltering\nvoice.\n\"Ah! she was always imperious, always obstinate.  There must have been\nsome exciting conversation between you, sir (turning to me), and the\nlady; did you say anything to vex or grieve her?\"\n\"On the contrary; she was expressing the most unbounded hope and\nhappiness when she died.\"\n\"And the name of God was not on her lips, the prayer for pardon not in\nher heart, when she was snatched away.\"\nI shook my head.  \"Well,\" said he, \"it is a solemn end, and she was a\nwilful lady.  Do you know, Miss Tremayne, if she has any relations\nliving?--they should be sent for.\"\n\"I know of none.  A person of distinction, whose name I am not at\nliberty to mention, sometimes visited her.  We had better send for her\nsolicitor.\"\nSome other conversation took place, which I hardly noticed.  The body\nwas adjusted on the couch, we left the room, and the door was locked.\nAs I walked quietly, almost stealthily, home, I felt stunned.  Health\nand mortality, death and life, seemed so fearfully jumbled together,\nthat I almost doubted whether I was not traversing a city of spirits.\nMy Achates stared at me when I described to him the late occurrences.\n\"So you have at length discovered him?\" said he.\n\"I have--a voice almost from the grave has imparted to me all that I\nwished to know--and something more.  I have sprung from a beautiful\nrace--but we must not speak ill of kith and kin, must we, Pigtop?\"\n\"For certain not.  And, so your father actually did send that old lord\nto look after you at your return from the West Indies.  Well, that shows\nsome affection for you, at all events.\"\n\"The fruits of which affection Daunton is, no doubt, now reaping.\"\n\"Well, let us go and cut his throat, or rather, turn him over to the\nhangman.\"\n\"No, Pigtop; I have promised his mother that I will not attempt his\nlife.\"\n\"But I have not.\"\n\"Humph! let us to roost.  To-morrow, at break of day, we will be off for\nRathelin Hall.  See that our arms are in order.  And now to what rest\nnature and good consciences will afford us.\"\nCHAPTER SIXTY NINE.\nMR. PIGTOP BELIEVETH IN GHOSTS, AND HATH SOME TRUST IN WITCHES, BUT NONE\nAT ALL IN LAWYERS--A CONSULTATION AFTER SUPPER, AND, AFTER SUPPER,\nACTION.\nEarly next morning, Mr Pigtop and myself were seated in a post-chaise,\nmaking the best of our way towards the western extremity of England.\nWhen we had arrived at Exeter, where we found it necessary to sleep, in\norder to gain some little restoration from the fatigues of our incessant\ntravelling, we made up our minds to hire three horses and a groom, and,\nhaving very accurately ascertained the exact site of Rathelin Hall,\nwhich was situated a few miles to the north-eastward of Barnstaple, we\narrived there towards the close of the day, and put up at a very decent\ninn in an adjoining village.\nThe old and large house was distinctly visible, notwithstanding the\nwell-wooded park in which it was situated, from the windows of our inn.\nA conference with our host fully realised our worst fears.  He informed\nus that Sir Reginald was not expected to live many days; that his whole\ndeportment was very edifying; and, moreover, that his dying hours were\nsolaced and sweetened by the presence and the assiduities of his only\nand long-disowned, but now acknowledged, son Ralph.  We, moreover,\nlearned that this Ralph came attended by a London attorney; and that\nthey, with the priest Thomas, in the intervals between rest, refection,\nand prayer, were actively employed in settling his sublunary affairs,\nvery much to the dissatisfaction of a Mr Seabright, the family\nsolicitor, and land-steward of the estate.\n\"Where does Mr Seabright live?\" was my question, instantly.\n\"Why, here, sir, to be sure, in our town of Antwick; and mortally in\ndudgeon he has taken all this.\"\n\"Undoubtedly, and with justice,\" was my reply.  \"So faithful a servant,\nwho has for so many years had the sole management of the Rathelin\naffairs, should not be cast off so slightly.  Give us as good a supper,\nlandlord, as your skill and Antwick can produce, and let us have covers\nfor three.  Send your porter down to Mr Seabright--but I had better\nwrite a note.\"  So I sent to him a polite invitation to sup with us,\ntelling him that two strangers wished to see him on important business.\nTo all these proceedings Pigtop demurred.  He was for the summary\nprocess of going before a magistrate next morning, and taking out a\nwarrant to apprehend Joshua Daunton on the capital charge for which he\nwas pursued in London, and thus, at one blow, wind up the affair.\nBut I held my promise to Mrs Causand to be sacred, and determined to\ngive him, my fraternal enemy, one chance of escaping.  Pigtop's\nrepugnance, however, to the employment of a lawyer could not be\novercome; so, not being able to obtain his consent, I determined to try\nand do without it, which my friend averred to be impossible.\nAt nine o'clock precisely, as the smoking dishes appeared, so did the\nlawyer.  A sudden emotion was perceptible on his iron-bound visage when\nhis eyes first fell upon me, of the nature of which I could form no\nidea.  Mr Pigtop bowed to him very stiffly; and it was some time before\nthe genuine cordiality of my manner could put Mr Seabright at his ease.\nWhile we were at table, I begged to decline giving him our names, as I\nwas fearful that the intelligence might travel to the Hall, and thus\ngive some scope for further machinations on the part of Joshua.  But, as\nis too often the case, we were prudent only by halves.\nThe groom that we had hired, not being enjoined to secrecy, had\nunhesitatingly told everyone belonging to the establishment our\nappellations.  The landlord and his household were much struck by the\nsimilarity of the name by which I still went, Rattlin, and that of\nRathelin; and thus, whilst I was playing the cautious before Mr\nSeabright, the news had already reached the Hall, and those most\nconcerned to know it, that two gentlemen, a Mr Rattlin and a Mr\nPigtop, with their groom, had put up at the Three Bells in the village,\nand had sent for the lawyer.\nWhen, after supper, we had carefully secured the privacy of our\napartment, amidst many nudges and objurgations from my former shipmate,\nI proceeded to relate to the astonished solicitor who I was, and what\nwere my motives for appearing at that juncture in the neighbourhood.  I\nalso told him of the personation of myself that I understood was then\ngoing on at the Hall, at the same time totally suppressing every other\nguilty circumstance of Daunton's life.\nWhen I had finished my recital, I produced my documents; and,\nnotwithstanding that he was almost breathless with wonder, he confessed\nthat he believed implicitly all my assertions, and would assist me to\nrecover my rights, and disabuse my father, to the utmost of his\nabilities.\n\"You have lost much valuable time,\" said he.  \"This impostor has now\nbeen domesticated some days with Sir Reginald.  I think, with you, that\nhe has no ulterior views upon the title and the estates.  His object is\npresent plunder, and the inducing your father, through the agency of\nthat scoundrel London lawyer, to make him sign such documents that\neverything that can be willed away will be made over to him.  We must,\nto-morrow, proceed in a body to the Hall, and take the villains by\nsurprise.  I will now return home and prepare some necessary documents.\nAs this is a criminal matter, I will also take care to have the\nattendance of an upright and clear-seeing magistrate, who will proceed\nwith us--not certainly later than ten o'clock to morrow.\"\nHe then took his leave, with an air of much importance, and more\nalacrity than I could have expected from a man of his years.\nWhen Pigtop and myself were left alone, neither the first nor the second\nnor'-wester of brandy-and-water could arouse him from his sullen mood.\nHe told me frankly, and in his own sea-slang, that he could not\ndisintegrate the idea of a lawyer from that of the devil, and that he\nwas assured that neither I nor my cause would prosper if I permitted the\ninterference of a land-shark.  I was even obliged to assume a little the\nauthority of a master, in order to subdue his murmurings: to convince\nhis judgment I did not try--in which forbearance I displayed much\nwisdom.  We each retired to our respective room, with less of cordiality\nthan we had ever displayed since our unexpected reunion.\nI had no sooner got to bed than I determined, by a violent effort, to\nsleep.  I had always a ready soporific at hand.  It was a repeating and\nre-repeating of a pious little ode by a late fashionable poet.  It\nseldom failed to produce somnolency at about the twelfth or thirteenth\nrepetition.  I would recommend a similar prescription to the sleepless;\nand I can assure them that there is much verse lately printed, and by\npeople who plume themselves no little upon it, that need not be gone\nover more than twice at furthest; excepting the person may have Saint\nVitus dance, and then a third time may be necessary.  I would specify\nsome of these works, were it at all necessary; but the afflicted have\nonly to ask, at random, for the last published volume of poems, or to\ntake up an annual, either old or new, and they may be _dosed_ without\nthe perpetration of a pun.\nThree times had I slept by the means of my ode, and three times had I\nawaked by some horrible dream, that fled my memory with my slumbers.  I\ncould draw no omen from it, for my mind could not bring it out\nsufficiently distinct to fix a single idea upon it.  However, as I found\nmy sleep so much more miserable than my watchfulness, I got up, and,\nputting on a portion of my clothes, began to promenade my room with a\nslow step and a very anxious mind.\nI had made but few turns, when my door was abruptly thrust open, and\nPigtop stalked in, fully dressed.\n\"I can't sleep, Rattlin,\" said he, \"and tarnation glad am I to see that\nyou can't caulk either.  A dutiful son you would be, to be snoozing\nhere, and very likely, at this very moment, the rascal's knife is\nhacking at your father's weasand.  It is not yet twelve o'clock; and I\nsaw from my window, from whence I can see the Hall plainly, a strange\ndancing of light about the windows, and you may take an old sailor's\nword that something uncommon's in the wind.  Let us go and reconnoitre.\"\n\"With all my heart; any action is better than this wretched inactivity\nof suspense.  I will complete my dress, and you, in the meantime, look\nto the pistols.\"\nWe were soon ready, and sallied forth unperceived from the inn.  We had\nno purpose, no ultimate views; yet both Pigtop and myself seemed fully\nto understand that we should be compelled into some desperate adventure.\nI was going armed, and by night, like an assassin, to seek the\npresence, or, at least, to watch over the safety of a father I had never\nseen, never loved, and never respected.\nThe space that separated the abode of my father from the inn was soon\npassed; and, a little after midnight, I stood within the gloomy and\npark-like enclosure that circumscribed the front of the large old\nmansion.  The lodge was a ruin, the gates had long been thrown down, and\nwe stumbled over some of their remnants, imbedded in the soil, and\nmatted to it with long and tangled grass.  I observed that there was a\nscaffolding over the front of the lodge; but whether it were for the\npurpose of repairing or taking down, I could not then discover.\nAs my companion and myself advanced to the front of the building, we\nalso observed that, lofty as were its walls, it was scaffolded to the\nvery attics, and some part of the roof of the right wing was already\nremoved.  Altogether, a more comfortless, a more dispiriting view could\nhardly have been presented; and its disconsolateness was much increased\nby the dim and fitful light that a young moon gave at intervals, upon\ngables, casements, and clumps of funereal yews.\n\"And this,\" as we stood before the portals, said I to Pigtop, \"is my\ninheritance--mine.  Is it not a princely residence?\"\n\"It looms like a county jail, that's being turned into a private\nmadhouse.  If so be as how witches weren't against the law of the land,\nthis seems the very place for them.  Do you believe in ghosts?\"\n\"Verily, yes, and--no.\"\n\"Because I think that I see the ghosts of a hearse and four horses among\nthose tall trees at that corner.\"\n\"Then, Pig, we must be on the alert--for I see it, too; but the vision\nhas assumed the every-day deception of a post-chaise and four.\"\n\"Jeer as you will, it is a hearse: somebody's just losing the number of\nhis mess.  It will take away a corpse to-night, depend upon it.  That a\npost-chaise!  Pooh!  I can see the black plumes waving upon the horses'\nheads; and--hark at the low, deep moanings that seem to sweep by it--\nthat is not at all natural--let us go back.\"\n\"I was never more resolved to go forward.  There is villainy hatching--\ncompleting.  Wrap your cloak closely about your countenance; don't\nmistake the wind for groans, nor the waving branches of cedar-trees for\nhearse-plumes, but follow me.\"\n\"Who's afraid?\" said Pigtop.\nHis chattering teeth answered the question.\nAs I was prepared for everything, I was not surprised to find the\nprincipal door open, and the hall filled with iron-bound cases and\nseveral plate-chests.  As we stepped into the midst of these, completely\nmuffled in our cloaks, a fellow came and whispered to us, \"Is all\nready?\"\n\"Hush!\" said I.\n\"Oh, no fear--they are at prayers in Sir Reginald's bedroom--he is going\nfast--he is restless--he cannot sleep.\"\n\"Where are the servants?\"\n\"Snoring in their nests.\"\n\"And who is with Sir Reginald?\"\n\"Nobody but the priest, and his son, Master Ralph--without the lawyer\nhas gone up since; he saw all right about the chaise.  But am I on the\nright lay?\"\n\"Surely.  Joshua Daunton and I--\"\n\"Enough--you're up to trap--so lend us a hand, and let us take the swag\nto the shay--though swag it ain't, for it's Josh's by deed of law.  Sir\nReginald signs and seals to-night, as they say he can't live over\nto-morrow.\"\n\"No there is no occasion to stir yet.  Which is the way to Sir\nReginald's room?  I must speak one word to Joshua before we start.  I\nknow the countersign--it will bring him out to me in a moment.  I would\nadvise you, in the meantime, just to step to the chaise and see all\nright, and bring it up nearer the door quietly--mind, quietly, for these\nboxes are damned heavy.\"\n\"You're right there,\" said the accomplice, and departed on his errand,\nafter previously showing me the staircase that led to the apartment of\nmy sick father.\nWhen the rascal's steps were no longer heard, \"Now, Pigtop,\" said I,\n\"show your pluck, help me to lock and bar the hall-door--good--so one\nbloodhound is disposed of; he dare not make a noise, lest he should\nrouse the establishment.  Now follow me--but, hark ye, no murder: the\nreptile's life must be spared.\"\nPigtop made no answer, but pointed to his scarred and disfigured lip,\nwith a truly ferocious grin.\nIt is necessary for the fully understanding of the catastrophe that\nensued, that I describe the site of the old building in which such\nstartling events were passing.  The front approach was level from the\nroad; but on the back there was a precipitous, and rugged, and rocky\ndescent, up to the very buttresses that supported the old walls--not,\ncertainly, so great or so dangerous as to be called a precipice; for, on\nthe extreme right wing of the rear of the house, it was no more than a\ngentle inclination of the soil, deepening rapidly towards the left, and\nthere, directly under the extremity of that wing, assuming the\nappearance of a vast chasm, through the bottom of which a brawling\nstream chafed the pointed stones, on its way to the adjacent sea.\nSir Reginald's sleeping-room was a large tapestried apartment on the\nfirst-floor, the windows of which occupied the extreme of the left wing\nof the house, and was directly over the deepest part of the chasm which\nI have described.\nAll this part of the mansion was scaffolded also; the ends of the poles\nhaving what appeared to be but a very precarious insertion on the\nprojections of the rocks below.  It had been the intention of Sir\nReginald thoroughly to repair his mansion; but, falling sick, and in low\nspirits, he had ordered the preparations to be delayed.  The scaffolding\nhad been standing through the whole of the previous winter; and the\npoles, and more especially the ropes that bound them to the cross-piece,\nhad already gone through several stages of decay.\nCHAPTER SEVENTY.\nCONCLUSION.\nMy associate and myself advanced stealthily and noiselessly up the\nstaircase.  We met no one.  The profoundest security seemed to reign\neverywhere.  Favoured by the dark shadows that hung around us, we\nadvanced to the door that was nearly wide open, and we then had a full\nview of everything within.  The picture was solemn.  Seated in a very\nhigh-backed, elaborately-carved, and Gothic chair, supported on all\nsides by pillows, sat the attenuated figure of my father.  I gazed upon\nhim with an eager curiosity, mingled with awe.  His countenance was long\nand ghastly--there was no beauty in it.  Its principal expression was\nterror.  It was evident that his days were numbered.  I looked upon him\nintently.  I challenged my heart for affection, and it made no answer.\nDirectly before my father was placed a table, covered with a rich and\ngold-embroidered cloth, bordered with heavy gold fringe, upon which\nstood four tall wax candles, surrounding a mimic altar surmounted by an\nebony crucifix.  His chaplain, dressed in Popish canonicals, was\nmumbling forth some form of prayer, and a splendidly-illuminated missal\nlay open before him.  There was also on the table a small marble basin\nof water, and a curiously inlaid box filled with bones--relics, no\ndoubt--imbued with the spirit of miracle-working.  The priest was\nperhaps performing a private midnight mass.\nThe fitful attention that Sir Reginald gave to this office was painful\nto contemplate.  His mind was evidently wandering, and he could bring\nhimself to attend only at intervals.  At another table, a little removed\nfrom the one I have described, sat the person of the London attorney; he\nhad also two lights, and he was most busily employed in turning over and\nindexing various folios of parchment.  But I have yet to describe the\nother figure--the, to me, loathsome person of my illegitimate\nhalf-brother.  He was on his knees, mumbling forth the responses and\njoining in the prayers of the priest.  He was paler and thinner than\nusual; he looked, however, perfectly gentlemanly, and was scrupulously\nwell-dressed.\nAs yet, I had not heard the voice of Sir Reginald; his lips moved at\nsome of the responses that the two made audibly, but sound there was\nnone.  At length, when there was a total cessation of the voices of the\nother, and a silence so great in that vast apartment that the rustling\nof the lawyer's parchments was distinctly heard, even where I stood--\neven this hardened wretch seemed to feel the general awe of the moment,\nand ceased to disturb the tomb-like silence.\nIn the midst of this, the prematurely-old Sir Reginald suddenly lifted\nup his voice and exclaimed, loudly, in a tone of the most bitter\nanguish, \"Lord Jesu, have mercy upon me!\"\nThe vast and ancient room echoed dolorously with the heart-broken\nsupplication.  It was the first time that my father's voice fell upon my\near: it was so plaintive, so imbued with wretchedness, that the feeling\nof resentment which, I take shame to myself, I had long suffered in my\nbosom, melted away at once, and a strange tenderness came over me.  I\ncould have flung myself upon his bosom, and wept.  I felt that my\nmother's wrongs had been avenged.  Even as it was, with all the secrecy\nthat I had then thought it my interest to preserve, I could not refrain,\nin a subdued, yet earnest tone, from responding to his broken\nejaculation, from the very bottom of my heart, \"Amen.\"\nA start of surprise and terror, as my hollow response reached the ears\nof all then and there assembled, followed my filial indiscretion.  Each\nlooked at the other with a glance that plainly asked, \"Was the voice\nthine?\" and each in reply shook his head.\n\"A miracle!\" exclaimed the priest.  \"The sinner's supplication has been\nheard.  Let us pray.\"\nDuring this solemn scene, events of a very different description were\ntaking place at the inn which we had just clandestinely left.  Our exit\nhad been noticed.  The landlord was called up; he became seriously\nalarmed, the more especially when the direction that we had taken had\nbeen ascertained.  He immediately concluded that we had gone to Rathelin\nHall to commit a burglary, or perhaps a murder.  He summoned to his aid\nthe constables of the village; called up the magistrate, and the lawyer,\nMr Seabright; and, with a whole posse of attendants, proceeded to the\nrescue.  We will conduct them to the door that Pigtop and myself had\nsecured when we barred out Daunton's accomplice, and, there leaving\nthem, return to the sick-chamber.\nAfter the reverend gentleman had concluded his extempore prayer, but few\nof the sentences of which reached our place of concealment, Sir Reginald\nsaid, \"My friends, the little business that we have to do to-night had\nbetter be done speedily.  I feel unusually depressed.  I hope that it is\nnot the hand of death that is pressing so heavily upon me.  I would live\na little while longer--but the will of God, the Redeemer of our sins, be\ndone!  Bring the papers here--I will sign them.  My friend Brown, and\nyou, my poor and too long neglected Ralph (addressing Joshua), I trust\nto your integrity in all this matter; for not only am I averse to, but\njust now incapable of, business.  But, my dear Ralph, before we do this\nirrevocable deed, kneel down and receive a repentant father's blessing,\nand hear that father ask, with a contrite heart, pardon of his son and\nof his God.\"\nThe parchments were brought and placed before the baronet by the\nassiduous lawyer, and the son--for son to Sir Reginald he really was--\nwith looks of the most devout humility, and his eyes streaming with\nhypocritical tears, knelt reverently down at the feet of the trembling\nand disease-stricken parent.  His feeble hands are outstretched over the\ninclined head of the impostor, his lips part--this--this--I cannot\nbear--so, before a single word falls from our common father, I rush\nforward, and, kneeling down beside my assassin-brother, exclaim, in all\nthe agony of wretchedness and the spirit of a newly-born affection,\n\"Bless me, even me also, O my father!--he has taken away my birthright,\nand, behold, he would take away my blessing also.  Bless even me!\"\n\"Ralph Rattlin, by all that's damnable!\" screamed forth the\nself-convicted impostor.\nThus, this apparently imprudent and rash step was productive to me of\nmore service than could have been hoped from the deepest-laid plan.  In\na moment we were on our feet, and our hands on each other's throats.\nThis sudden act seemed miraculously to invigorate our father; he rose\nfrom his seat, and, standing to the full height of his tall and gaunt\nfigure, placing his bony hand heavily on my shoulder, and looking me\nfixedly in the face, said, \"If thou art Ralph Rathelin, who then is\nthis?\"\n\"The base-born of your paramour!\" and with a sudden energy I hurled him\nfrom me; and he lay bruised and crouching beneath the large oriel\nwindow, at the extremity of the room.\n\"It was unseemly said, and cruelly done,\" said the baronet, sorrowfully.\n\"Oh, but now my sins are remembered upon me!  I cast my sons loose upon\nthe face of the earth, and, in my dying hour, they come and struggle\ntogether for their lives before my eyes!  Verily am I punished; my crime\nis visited heavily upon me.\"\nThe other parties in the room were little less affected with various\nemotions.  The London attorney was making rapidly for the door, when he\nwas met by the advancing Pigtop, who thrust him again into the\napartment, and then boldly faced the priest--the latter still in his\ncanonicals, the former dressed as a sectarian preacher.\nTheir antipathy was mutual and instantaneous.  But, ere the really\nreverend gentleman could begin some pious objurgation at this apparent\ninterference with his communicant, Pigtop indulged in one of the\nheaviest oaths that vulgarity and anger together ever concocted, and\nstraightway went and seized the crouching Joshua, and lugged him before\nthe agonised father, exclaiming, \"Warrants out against him, Sir\nReginald, for burglary, forgery, and assassination--he is my prisoner.\"\nThe craven had not a word to say--his knees knocked together--he was a\npitiable object of a terror-stricken wretch.  Sir Reginald already began\nto look down upon him with contempt: and my heart bounded within me,\nwhen I already found him leaning parentally on my shoulder.  \"Speak,\ntrembler!--is this person the veritable Ralph Rathelin?\"\n\"Pity me, pardon me, and I will confess all.\"\n\"Splits!\" said the attorney, and vanished through the now unguarded\ndoor.\n\"Speak!\"\n\"This gentleman is your lawful son--but I also--\"\n\"No more--escape--there is gold--escape--hide yourself from the eye of\nman for ever!\"\n\"No,\" said Pigtop, giving him a remorseless shake.  \"Do you see this\nscar?\"\n\"Let him go instantly, Pigtop!--obey me--I have promised his mother--it\nis sacred.\"\n\"For my sake!\" said Sir Reginald.\nAt this instant, the steward rushed in, partly dressed, crying out, \"Sir\nReginald, Sir Reginald, the constables and the magistrates have broken\ndown the hall-door, and are now coming upstairs, to arrest the\nhousebreakers--they have packed up all the plate, and it lies in the\nhall, ready to be carried off?\"\n\"My God!  It is too late,\" said Sir Reginald, wringing his hands.\n\"No,\" said I; \"let him escape by the window.  Be so good, sir,\" said I\nto the priest, \"to secure the door--we shall gain time.  Hold it as long\nas you can against all intruders.  The scaffolding will enable the\nculprit to reach the ground with comparatively little danger.\"\nThe priest obeyed; and not only fastened the door, but also barricaded\nit with furniture.\n\"Now, Pigtop,\" said I, \"if you wish to preserve my friendship, assist\nthis poor wretch to escape--he is paralysed with his abject fears.\nCome, sir,\" addressing Joshua, \"you will certainly be hung if you don't\nexert yourself.\"\n\"He'll be hung yet,\" said Pigtop sulkily.  \"But I am an old sailor, and\nwill obey orders--nevertheless, I know that I shall live to see him\nhung.  Come along, sirrah!\"\nBetween us, we led him to the window.  We then thrust him out, and he\nstood shivering upon the cross-boarding of the scaffolding level with\nthe window-sills.\n\"Slide down the poles, and run,\" said I--and Pigtop together.\n\"I can't,\" said he, shuddering; \"the chasm is awfully deep.\"\n\"You must, or die the death of the felon.\"\n\"Oh, what shall I do!\"\n\"Cast off the lashing just above you,\" said Pigtop; \"pass it over the\ncrosspiece over your head, make a running noose, put it under your arms,\nand keep the other end of the rope in your hand.  You may either cling\nto the pole with your legs as you like, or not--for then you can lower\nyourself down at your ease, as comfortably as if you were taking a nap.\"\n\"Come away, Pigtop--shut the window, close the shutters--the constables\nare upon us!\"  I exclaimed.  This was done immediately, and thus was the\nimmaculate Joshua shut out from all view.  As the attacks on the door of\nthe apartment became more energetic, and we concluded that Joshua was\nnow safe, we were going to give the authorities entrance, when we heard\na dreadful crash on the outside of the window.\n\"The lubber's gone by the run, by God!\" said Pigtop; \"he'll escape\nhanging, after all!\"\n\"Let us hope in mercy not,\" said Sir Reginald, shuddering.  \"I trust it\nis not so.  I hear no scream, no shriek.  I am sure, by the sound, that\nit was the toppling down of the boards; he has most likely displaced\nsome of them in his descent.\"\n\"Shall we admit, Sir Reginald, the people who are thundering at the\ndoor?\"\n\"Not yet: let there be no appearance of disorder--remove these\"--\npointing to the small altar and crucifix--\"and would it not be as well,\nmy friend, to divest yourself of those holy vestments? they are\nirritating to heretical eyes.  Assist me, sir, to my chair.\"\nI placed him respectfully nearly in the position in which I first\ndiscovered him.  All vestiges of the Catholic religion were carefully\nremoved, and the door, at last, thrown open.  The crowd entered.\nHurried explanations ensued; but we could not conceal from the\nmagistrate that a robbery had been planned and nearly effected, and that\nthe real culprits, for whom, at first, Pigtop and I had been mistaken,\nhad escaped.\nAt length, the master of the inn suggested that perhaps they had passed\nout of the window, and might be still upon the boarding or the\nscaffolding.  The shutters were hastily thrown open--and, sight of\nhorrors!  Joshua Daunton was discovered hanging by the neck--dead!  Sir\nReginald gazed for some moments in speechless terror on the horrible\nspectacle, and then fell back in a death-like swoon.\nThe body was brought in, and every attempt at resuscitation was useless.\nHe had died, and was judged; may he have found pardon!  Some thought\nthat he had hung himself intentionally, so completely had the noose\nclasped his neck; others, among whom were Pigtop, thought differently.\nThe old sailor was of opinion, from the broken boards that had given way\nbeneath his feet, that, when he had got the noose below his chin, and no\nlower, his footing or the scaffolding had failed him; and that, letting\ngo the other end of the rope, it had taken a half hitch, and thus jammed\nupon the cross-pole.  However the operation was brought about, he was\nexceeding well hung, and the drop represented to perfection.  As Pigtop\nhad prophesied, the post-chaise in the shrubbery was turned into a\nhearse, in order to convey his body to the inn for the coroner's\ninquest.\n\"I knew I should live to see him hung,\" said Pigtop, doggedly, as he\nbade me good-night, when we both turned into our respective rooms for\nthe night, in the house of my father.\nContrary to all expectations, the shock, instead of destroying, seemed\nto have the effect of causing Sir Reginald to rally.  He lived for six\nmonths after, became fully satisfied of my identity; and just as he was\nbeginning to taste of happiness in the duty and affection of his son, he\ndied, having first taken every legal precaution to secure me the quiet\npossession of my large inheritance.\nMy grief at his decease was neither violent nor prolonged.  After his\nburial, I was on the point of repairing the old mansion, when I found\nmyself involved in three lawsuits, which challenged my right to it all.\nI soon came to a determination as to my plan of action.  I paid off all\nthe establishment; and, having got hold again of my foster-father and\nmother, Mr and Mrs Brandon, I rebuilt the lodge for them comfortably,\nand there I located them.  I shut up the whole of the Hall, except a\nsmall sitting-room, and two bedrooms, for Pigtop and myself; and thus we\nled the lives of recluses, having no other attendants than the Brandons.\nBy these means I was enabled to reserve all my rents for carrying on my\nlawsuits, without at all impairing the estate.  In eighteen years, I\nthank God, I ruined my three opponents, and they all died in beggary.\nThe year after I came into undisputed possession of my estates, the next\nheir got a writ issued against me of \"_de inquirendo lunatico_,\" on the\nground of the strange and unworthy manner that I, as a baronet with an\nimmense estate, had lived for those last eighteen years.  I told my\nreasons most candidly to the jury, and they found me to be the most\nsensible man that they had ever heard of, placed in a similar position.\nAfter having thus speedily settled these little matters, as I was fast\napproaching my fortieth year, I began to alter my style, and live in a\nmanner more befitting my rank and revenues; yet I still held much aloof\nfrom all intimacy with my neighbours.\nI am now in my forty-first year, and grown corpulent.  It is now\ntwenty-one years since I saw my unfortunate parent interred, and I walk\nabout my domains Sir Ralphed to my heart's content--or, more properly\nspeaking, discontent.  Old Pigtop is a fixture, for he has now really\nbecome old.  I cannot call him my friend, for I must venerate him to\nwhom I give that title, and veneration, or even esteem, Pigtop was never\nborn to inspire.  My humble companion he is not, for no person in his\ndeportment towards me can be less humble than he.  He is as quarrelsome\nas a lady's lapdog, and seems never so happy as when he has effectually\nthwarted my intentions.  Prince Hal said of the jolly wine-bibber, Jack,\nthat \"he could have better spared a better man!\"  Of Pigtop I am\ncompelled to say more--\"I could not spare him at all.\"  He has become\nnecessary to me.  He was never very handsome; but now, in his\nsixty-second year, he is a perfect fright; so, at least, everybody tells\nme, for I don't see it myself.\nHis duties about my person seem to be continually healthily irritant;\nthe most important one of which is, to keep me a bachelor, and scare\naway all womankind from Rathelin Hall.  He controls my servants, and\nhelps me to spoil them.  Such a set of heavy, bloated, good-for-nothing,\nimpudent, and happy dogs, never before fed upon a baronet's substance,\ncontradicted him to his very face, and fought for him behind his back.\nThe females in my establishment bear but a most niggardly proportion to\nthe males--in the ratio of Falstaff, one pennyworth of bread to his many\ngallons of sack: and these few are the most hideous, pox-marked,\nblear-eyed damsels that the country could produce--all Pigtop's doing.\nNever shall I forget the consternation, the blank dismay of his\ncountenance, when, one fine, sunshiny morning, I announced to him my\nintention of installing in the mansion some respectable middle-aged\ngentlewoman as my housekeeper.  It was some time before he could find\nhis speech.\n\"Blood and thunder! bombs and fury! what have I done, that you should\nturn me out of your house in my grey hairs--now I'm dismantled, as it\nwere, and laid up in ordinary?\"\n\"Turn you out, Piggy! what could put that in your foolish noddle?\"\n\"If madam comes in, I cut my cable, and pay off Rathelin Hall right\nabaft--even if I die in a ditch, and am buried by the parish.  Take a\nhousekeeper!--oh Lord! oh Lord! oh Lord!  I would just as soon see you\nmarried, or in your coffin.\"\n\"But some such a person is absolutely necessary in an establishment of\nthis extent; so a housekeeper I'll have, of some sort.\"\n\"Why the devil need it be a woman, then? why won't a man do--why won't I\ndo?\"\n\"You?\"\n\"Yes, me--Andrew Pigtop.  I ask the appointment--do, there's a good Sir\nRalph, make it out directly.  Clap your signature to it, and let it run\nas much like a commission as possible.  I ask it as a favour.  You know\nthe great sacrifices that I have made for you.\"\n\"The first time I ever heard of them, upon my honour.  Pray enlighten\nme.\"\n\"Why, you must be convinced, Sir Ralph, if I had not left the navy to\nattend you all the world over, as the pilot-fish sticks to the shark, I\nshould, by this time, have been an old post-captain, and very likely\nC.B. into the bargain.\"\n\"You, who remained one quarter of a century a master's-mate during an\nactive war, should rush up through the grades of lieutenant and\ncommander to be posted during another quarter of profound peace!  But,\nperhaps, you would have depended upon your great family interest.  Well,\nif I make out your commission as my housekeeper, will you do the duties\nof the office?\"\n\"On course.\"\n\"And wear the uniform?\"\n\"On course, if so be it be such as a man might wear; I bar petticoats\nand mob-caps, and female thingamies.\"\n\"Will you carry the keys?\"\n\"On course.\"\n\"And see that the rooms and the passages are well swept, and that the\nmaids are up betimes in the morning?\"\n\"Damn them!--on course--certainly.\"\n\"And, when Lady Aurelia Cosway and her five beautiful daughters drive up\nto the door, will you go and receive them in the ball; and, making them\na profound curtsey, beg to conduct them into a dressing-room?\"\n\"No; because, d'ye see, no ladies ever came further than your door.\"\n\"And whom may I thank for that?\"\n\"Me, assuredly,\" said Pigtop, very proudly.\n\"I do.\"\nI did not make out his commission, which vexed him; but, on the other\nhand, I did not get me a housekeeper, which, at first, a little vexed\nme; but, really, my friend, in an ex officio manner, does most of the\nduties of the office to which he aspired extremely well.\nWithout vanity, I still preserve my good looks, though I must confess to\na little unbecoming obesity of figure; yet, through my indolence, and\nthe perseverance of Pigtop, and perhaps certain recollections of a green\nand bright, bay in one of the summer islands, I do fear that I am a\nconfirmed bachelor.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Rattlin the Reefer\n"},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7450", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Alexander Otis, 4 January 1821\nFrom: Otis, George Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 4th Jany. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tIn the letter which I had the honour to address to you with the 2nd Volume of my translation of Botta, I omitted to observe that I had intimated to Mr. Jefferson your objection to the liberty taken by that Historian of composing speeches for Richard Henry Lee, and John Dickinson, at the same time informing him that you were a promoter and generous patron of my enterprise. He has had the goodness to answer me in the following terms:\u201cSir,I join Mr. Adams heartily in good wishes for the success of your labours, and hope they will bring you both profit and fame. You have certainly rendered a good service to your country: and when the superiority of the work over every other on the same subject shall be more known, I think it will be the common manual of our revolutionary History. I disapprove, with Mr. Adams, of the factitious speeches which Botta has composed for R. H. Lee and John Dickinson, speeches which he and I know were never made by these gentlemen. They took part indeed in that great debate, and I believe we may admit Mr. Dickinson to have been the most prominent debater against the measure. But many acted abler parts than R. H. Lee, as particularly Mr. Adams himself did. The former, (Lee) was considered as an orator and eloquent, but not in that style which had much weight in such an assembly of men as that Congress was. Frothy, flimsy, verbose, with a musical voice and chaste language, he was a good pioneer but not an efficient reasoner. This Mr. Adams can tell you as well as myself. With regard to Botta, I have understood that he has taken some occasion to apologize for these suppositious speeches by pleading the example of the ancient historians. And we all know that their practice was to state the reasons for and against a measure in the form of speeches, and put them into the mouths of some eminent character of their selection, who probably had never uttered a word of them. * I think the modern practice better of saying it was argued on one side by A. B. C and others, so and so, and on the other side, by D. E. F. and others, so and so: giving in this form the reasons for and against the measure. I do not recollect whether Botta has repeated the fault on other occasions. With respect to the speeches in the British parliament, I have taken for granted that he copied or abridged them from the parliamentary debates. Mr. Adams\u2019s criticism on Davila and Hume is just: that the former is an apology for Catharine of Medicis, and the latter of the Stuarts, to which might be added Robertson\u2019s Mary, queen of Scots, and these odious partialities are much to be lamented: for otherwise they are three of the finest models of historical composition which have been produced since the days of Livy and Tacitus. Wishing you a full remuneration, either by the profits of your work, or by the evidence which it may have furnished the Government of the degree in which they may avail the public of your services, I salute you with sentiments of esteem and respect\u201d.Signed Th: Jefferson.I hope the deep interest I have in the success of a work in which I have spent so much time and pains will be my excuse for the solicitude with which I appear the apologist of Botta, and even appeal to the authority of his friends; of which number, I hope by this time you are one. with the most sincere veneration I have the honour to be Dear Sir, Your obliged Hum. Sert.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeo. Alex. Otis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7451", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Guild, 7 January 1821\nFrom: Guild, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear  Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston January 7th 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe enclosed paper was sent to me, to procure subscribers, and though it is not probable the work will contain much that will add to your information on the Subjects, to which it will be devoted, Yet I thought the patronage of  your name would be a great gratification to its excellent editor Mr Sparks, and might encrease its the number of his subscribers & extend the usefulness of his work. Although I am not sorry that the convention are about to dissolve I regret that it happens before your confirmed health enabled you to join them\u2014With great respect / Yr. ob Set\n\t\t\t\t\tBenj Guild", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7452", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 10 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\ndear Sir\nMontezillo January 10th 1821\nyour friendly letter of December the 20th. is a Cordial to me, in my present State of retirement and Convalescence\u2014The testimoneys of Respect offered me from the Convention are a Consolation to me not as a gratification of my vanity, but as a proof that my principles and systems of Government are openly adopted and avowed by that great Assembly which is a City sett on a Hill\u2014The eyes of all Europe and all America, north and South are turned to that object\u2014And I sincerely believe hope their proceedings will be useful to mankind\u2014not only in North and South America but throughout all Europe\u2014where the efforts to obtain Representative Government ought to be restrained by Cautious prudence and resolute restrictions\u2014Torrents of Blood and horrible devastations\u2014dispassionate investigation of of Countries may be saved by a dispassionate investigation of the Nature of Man and of Society\u2014and by temperate precautions against excess of passions in the Rich and the poor, Wise and the foolish, the learned, & the ignorant\u2014For it is most manifest that Information has been wanting in all these Classes of Persons for the last thirty years\u2014Passion and not judgement, have governed Nations for two long a Time\u2014The Convention, I agree with you, is as wise learned and Patriotic an Assembly as ever Convened in New England\u2014and I will add or in Old England\u2014and I may add in the Old World\u2014I covet the firmness of your hand which would certainly furnish you much more trouble from your old friend and only living Classmate\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7453", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William S. Cardell, 11 January 1821\nFrom: Cardell, William S.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 11th: Jan. 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe literary institution on which I before had the honor to address you has become organized with very encouraging prospects. The enclosed circular which is in part an amplification of my former letter explains the outlines as far as it was thought proper to form them by anticipation.The officers elected are His Ex. J. Q. Adams President\u2013Judge Livingston, Judge Story and Hon. William Loundes V. Presidents\u2013Rev. Doct Alex. McLeod Recording Sec.\u2013John Stearns, M. D. (President of New York State Med. Soc.) Treasurer.Counsellors Chancellors Kent\u2013Daniel Webster Esq. Boston\u2013Bishop Brownell Con.\u2013John M. Mason D. D. Joseph Hopkinson Esq N. Jersey. P. S. DuPonceau LL.D. Phil.\u2013Doct John Augustin Smith, President William & Mary College\u2013John L. Taylor C. Justice N. Car. Hon. H. Clay\u2013Washington Irving Esq. now in London.\u2013President Dana, of Dartmouth & President Allen, Bowdoin, are prominent candidates to fill a remaining vacancy. The gentlemen elected have very cordially accepted their appointments except that Mr: Webster has not given a decisive answer and from Mr: Clay no return is recd. Among other transactions of the society, it is made my duty, Sir, respectfully to communicate to you their unanimous choice of  you as an honorary member.The other Hon. Members are Hon. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Munroe, John Jay, C. C. Pinckney and John Trumbull. In electing as honorary members of this new society, those citizens who have passed thro all forms and degrees of honor which a nation can confer, our scholars could not of course suppose they were imparting any additional dignity; but it was the highest tribute of respect in their power to offer, and the cordial approbation of those distinguished men gives to the institution the means of additional usefulness to their CountryThe only publication yet made is the offer of a premium of 400 Dollars and a gold medal for the best American History for a class book in Academies and Schools.Several other premiums are proposed. A printed copy of the resolutions will be forwarded in a few days for the purpose of obtaining the opinions of members. It is deemed important to make a judicious Selection of objects. May we not, Sir, obtain a series of essays for children, say from 5 to 8 years old, which will contain much useful knowledge and American Sentiments, with a captivating grace from Mr: Clay no return is recd. and Simplicity of style, founded on the analysis of the mind, and adapted to the capacity of children at that tender and important age.A large proportion of useful discoveries and inventions have originated with intelligent practical men in the ordinary walks of life. Perhaps a premium may be offered for the best treatise of Natural Philosophy or useful science adapted to the circumstances and wants of the great body of Agriculturalists and artisans of our country; not to call a farmer from his plough nor a mechanics from their shops, to make them refined scholars; but to bring useful instruction home to them in their daily occupations. A certain degree of intelligence is necessary to the character and duties of a free citizen, and what advantages may we not derive from having the active industry of our hardy millions properly guided by the light of science? Is there not a national prospect that the scholarship of our country may by proper direction, essentially improve public morals and taste and form a more exalted standard of national sentiment and character?There is a greater coincidence of opinion and more concert in action than were anticipated on a subject so new and among men so widely scattered. Among those who have had the opportunity of a full personal consultation there seems indeed to be but one mind. That some gentleman whose wishes were good, should suppose the plan impracticable or premature was perfectly natural to expect; but under present circumstances these doubts are fast subsiding. Some persons may perhaps draw an unfavorable inference from our commencing with so little eclat; but there is a disposition to proceed with as little ostentation as possible.Excuse, Sir, what you may deem the needless prolixity of this letter and accept the assurance of my highest Respect and my sincere wishes for the choicest blessings on your remaining evening of life. \n\t\t\t\t\tW. S. CardellCor. Secretary Am Acad. of Language & Belles Lettres.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7454", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Sullivan, 11 January 1821\nFrom: Sullivan, George\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tPrivate\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tAs you take a deep interest in our College and the conduct of its affairs, I enclose you Mr Websters report made on that subject to the convention. Its object is to confirm by constitutional provision the law of Judge Parsons\u2019 contrivance in 1810, re-enacted by an additional act in 1814.\u2014laws admitted by the amendment itself to be invalid without this confirmation! This devise, to say the least of it, is outrageously subversive of common right, as it may disfranchise forever the overseers appointed by the Constitution of 1780. But what is, if possible, worse, there is reason to apprehend, that this institution, which ought not to have either sectarian or political purposes to accomplish, is becoming, what Judge Parsons no doubt intended by his law to make it, a powerful engine in the hands of politicians and polemical divines. I send you also a pamphlet which shews a striking variance between the chairman\u2019s language in his report and his own words in the case of Dartmouth College. The pamphlet is a hasty production (commenced in the morning and sent to press in the evening of the same day) but will serve as pioneer to an \u201cExamination of the Report\u201d; if you think with me that it  will be well to take measures to prevent the adoption of this amendment by the people. Of this I should be glad of your opinion. Nothing will be easier, if begun in season\u2014These unitarian gentleman are riding over all other denominations. and I have felt the pressure of their \u201ccar\u201d in the new Episcopal church I have had some hand in establishing here: and their influence must be regarded as alarming, when we seen them able to induce Mr W. to hold in his Report a language so repugnant to his words in the heading & conclusive case of Dartmouth College!Praying the favor of a simple line, if but to say aye. or no.; I remain, Dr Sir, very respectfully / your obliged hble Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tGeo Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7455", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Ward, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Ward, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 15 Jany 1821\n\t\t\t\tIf it is not too great an intrusion upon your retirement I wish to enquire of you as to the character standing & services of my Grandfather Samuel Ward one of the Members of Congress for Rh. Island from the first organization of that body till his death on the 26th March 1776. From the Journals of Congress and casual reports I am inclined to believe that my Ancestor was a firm man a sound statesman and active in the discharge of the duties of his station. Few things could afford me more gratification than an assurance under your hand that such was the factI wish this information solely for the satisfaction of myself & family and would you favour me with any facts in relation to him you would add much to that debt of gratitude which in common with every Citizen I owe you for the many spendid and useful services you have rendered our common CountryI am Sir / With the greatest respect / Your most Obt Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tRichard R. Ward", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7456", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George A. Otis, 16 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Otis, George A.\ndear Sir\nMontezillo January 16th. 1821\nI thank you for your letters, and for the second\u2013Volume of Botta\u2014And now I have read both Volumes\u2014I should have finished this reading much sooner, had I not been interrupted by business, and by indisposition\u2014I unite with many other Gentlemen in opinion, that the translation has great merit\u2014has raised a monument to your Name, and performed a valuable service to your Country\u2014If the Work should not have a rapid Sale at first, it will be in the language  of Booksellers, good Stock, and will be in demand as long as the American Revolution is an object of Curiosity\u2014It is indeed the most Classical, and methodical; the most particular, and circumstantial; the most entertaining and interesting narration of the American War that I have seen\u2014the result of the whole may be sum\u2019ed up, in the words of Marlborough to Tallard \u201cWe committed a hundred faults, and the English an hundred and one.\u201d Yet I cannot agree with the Author when he represents the American Cause so often in dangerous and desperate circumstances, particularly the British project of opening a Communication between Quebeck and New York\u2014by means of the Lakes and Rivers, always appeared to me one of the results weakest of all their plans\u2014It would have required the whole British Army in America, with all their Allies, Black, White and Red, to have established Posts upon that long line\u2014that could have defended themselves for any length of time.\u2014Their guards and Sentinel Parties, and Convoys would have been surrounded Captured or Slaughtered in detail\u2014And after all they could not have cut off the Communication between the Northern and middle States\u2014\nAccept my best thanks for your Communications on this subject\u2014and believe / me to be your friend, / and humble Servant\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7458", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Ward, 29 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Ward, Richard\nDear Sir\nMontezillo January 29th 1821\nIt is with great pleasure that I inform you that I was acquainted with your Grandfather the Honble: Samuel Ward who was once Governor of Rhode Island from the year 1758 at Worcester Massachusetts where he had a Lawsuit with Governor Hopkins\u2014That acquaintance was renewed in 1774 and became more intimate in \u201975 and \u201976 till his death. He was a Gentleman in his manners Benevolent and amiable in his disposition and as decided ardent and uniform in his patriotism as any member of that Congress\nWhen he was seized with the small Pox he said that if his vote and voice were necessary to support the cause of his country he said he should live if not he should die\u2014He died, and the cause of his Country was supported, but it lost one of its most sincere and punctual advocates. He was an Ingenious man and well informed\u2014His place was in some measure supplied afterwards by his nephew Mr Henry Merchant my recollections of both of them are altogether pleasing.\nIt is a great pleasure to me to find that Mr Ward has a descendant to preserve and transmit his name and his blood to the latest posterity\nI am sir with great regard / Your most obedient humble / servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7459", "content": "Title: To John Adams from George Alexander Otis, 29 January 1821\nFrom: Otis, George Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 29th January 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI acknowledge as a benefit of the last importance, and of durable effect, the high approbation you have deigned to bestow on my Translation of Botta\u2019s History. The generosity with which you have so largely bestowed it, is the more entitled to all my gratitude, as the Author, from defect of materials, has not done full justice to yourself. In a letter that I have but now had the honor to receive from Mr. Madison, while passing the highest eulogies on the Historian, as One who was capable of viewing our revolutionary Transactions and Events with a philosophic eye, and describing them with a polished and eloquent pen, he remarks upon the fictitious Speeches, as follows: \u201cBotta was probably led to put his factitious, and doubtless very erroneous Speeches for and against Independence into the mouths of Mr. Lee and Mr. Dickinson, by his discovery that the former was the organ of the proposition and the latter was the most distinguished of its opponents. It is to be regretted, continues Mr. Madison, that the Historian had not been more particularly acquainted with what passed in Congress on that great Occasion. He would probably have assigned to the venerable John Adams a very conspicuous part on the Theatre.\u201d I well recollect that the reports from his fellow-labourers in the Cause from Virginia filled every mouth in that State, with the praises due to the comprehensiveness of his views, the force of his arguments, and the boldness of his patriotism. It is to be hoped that historical justice may be done by others, better furnished with the means of doing it.\u201dThe foregoing remarks, as well as those on the same subject, and to the same purport, from Mr. Jefferson, I have transmitted to Mr. Botta together with your favor of the 16th inst, in which you so eloquently and forcibly have traced the character of his work. I have no doubt he will thank me for putting it in his power to repair the fault in future editions of it. If my translation should ever see a second, I shall be happy to insert in a note the genuine Speeches, if in being and, at any rate, the observations of Mss. Jefferson and Madison on this topic. My original intention was to have added notes to the present edition: but I changed it, on reflecting that the appearance of the work would probably excite remarks and criticisms which might enable me to render them more full and satisfactory. The Honble John Jay has favoured me with his remarks upon my first volume at some length. He notices, however, but one error of fact; and that is, that general Montgomery\u2019s widow never had any children, as stated in the History. He combats nevertheless the suggestion, which he finds often insinuated by the Author:\u201cThat anterior to the Revolution, there existed in the Colonies a desire of Independence.\u201d\u201cExplicit professions and assurances of Allegiance and Loyalty to the Sovereign (especially since the accession of King William) and of affection for the mother country, abound, says Mr Jay, in the Journals of the colonial Legislatures, and of the Congresses and Conventions, from early Periods to the second Petition of Congress, in 1775.If those professions and assurances were sincere, they afford Evidence more than sufficient to invalidate the charge of our desiring and aiming at Independence. If, on the other hand, those professions and assurances were factitious and deceptive, they present to the world an unprecedented Instance of long continued, concurrent, and detestable Duplicity in the colonies.\u2014Our Country does not deserve this odious and disgusting imputation. During the course of my Life, and until after the second Petition of Congress (in 1775) I never did hear any American, of any class, or of any description, express a wish for the independence of the Colonies.\u2014It has alway been, and still is, my opinion and Belief, that our country was prompted and impelled to Independence by Necessity, and not by Choice. They who know how we were then circumstanced, know from whence that Necessity resulted.\u201d Mr: Jay had seen only the first volume when he wrote the above. In the third the Author, has these words. \u201cIf it may be supposed that the Colonists had for a long time sought an opportunity to throw off the yoke, it must be admitted also that the English were themselves the first to excite them to it. &c.\u201d. Such are the criticisms of Mr. Jay. But the Hon\u2019ble Charles Thompson, whom I visited not long since at Harrington over Schuylkill, assured me that he had held conversation with John Hancock on the subject of Independence, during the tea business; Mr. Hancock being then on a visit to Philadelphia with an Aunt, from whom he had expectations of inheritance. Your recollection doubtless could furnish decisive testimony relative to the point in question.\u2014The Kind interest which you and your\u2019s have shown me in my struggles with adverse fortune, has made an indelible impression on my heart. It has opened to me a brighter perspective, and cheered me with better hopes. May the evening of your \u201chonoured days,\u201d be as happy as their course has been illustrious! With the highest veneration, / I have the honor to be, / Dear Sir, your ever obliged / Humble Servant.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge Alexander Otis.\n\t\t\t\t\tP. S. I have the honor to forward here with the third and last volume of my Translation. Again, I beg leave to recommend myself to your probation, and benevolence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7460", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 3 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo February 3d 1821\nI have just read a sketch of the life of Swedenborg, and a larger work in two huge volumes of Memoirs of John Westley by Southey, and your kind letter of January 22d came to hand in the nick of time to furnish me with a very rational exclamation, \u201cWhat a bedlamite is man!\u201d They are histories of Galvanism and Mesmerism thrown into hotch potch they say that these men were honest and sincere, so were the Worsipers of the White Bull, in Egypt and now in Calcutta, so were the Worshipers of Bacchus and Venus, so were the worshipers of St Dominick and St Bernard. Swedenborg and Westley had certainly vast memories and immaginations, and great talents for Lunaticks. Slavery in this Country I have seen hanging over it like a black cloud for half a Century, if I were as drunk with enthusiasm as Swedenborg or Westley I might probably say I had seen Armies of Negroes marching and countermarching in the air shining in Armour. I have been so terrified with this Phenomenon that I constantly said in former times to the Southern Gentleman, I cannot comprehend this object I must leave it to you, I will vote for forceing no measure against your judgements, what we are to see God knows and I leave it to him, and his agents in posterity. I have none of the genius of Franklin to invent a rod to draw from the cloud to its Thunder and lightning. I have long been decided in opinion that a free government and the Roman Catholick religion can never exist together in any nation or Country, and consequently that all projects for reconciling them in old Spain or new are Eutopian, Platonick and Chimerical. I have seen such a prostration and prostitution of Human Nature, to the Priesthood in old Spain as settled my judgment long ago, and I understand that in new Spain it is still worse if that is possible.\nMy appearance in the late convention was too ludicrous to be talked of. I was a member in the Convention of 1779 and there I was loquacious enough I have harrangued and scribbled more than my share but from that time to the convention in 1820 I never opened my lips in a publick debate after a total desuetude for 40 years I boggled and blundered more than a young fellow just rising to speak at the bar, what I said I know not, I believe the Printers have made better speeches than I made for myself. Feeling my weakness I attempted little and that seldom. What would I give for nerves as good as yours but as Westley said of himself at my age, \u201cold time has shaken me by the hand, and parallized it.\nWhat pictures of Monarchy even limited Monarchy, have the trials of the Duke of York and the Queen of England held up to the astonishment contempt and scorn of mankind, I should think it would do more than the French and American revolutions, to bring it into discredit. indeed all human affairs, without your philosophical and Christian mantle of resignation, would be deeply malancholy even that friendship which I feel for you ardent and sincere as it is would be over clouded by constant fears of its termination.\nJohn Adams\n   Wesley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7462", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Henry Wheaton, 7 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Wheaton, Henry\nSir,\nMontezillo February 7th. 1821\nMy best thanks are due to you, for your Anniversary discourse before the historical society in New York on the 25th. of December\u2014I have read this discourse with uncommon interest, and peculiar delight\u2014It is the production of great reading, profound reflection, a discriminating mind, and a pure taste.\u2014I have never read any discourse produced in America relative to the science of public Law, with so much satisfaction\u2014Had I read such a discourse sixty five years ago, it would have given a different, and more respectable cast to my whole Life;\u2014The rising generation in America may bless their stars, that they have so many shineing lights erected for their Illumination, in their own Country\u2014\nI am Sir your obliged, / and most Obedient / humble Servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7463", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Daniel Raymond, 8 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Raymond, Daniel\nSir\nMontezillo February 8th. 1821\nI am indebted to the publisher for your thoughts on political Economy in two parts\u2014Altho reading is almost an intolerable imposition upon my Eyes\u2014Yet I have read this volume through, and have been richly rewarded for my pains, by the pleasure and instruction I have received\u2014I know not what the Reviewers will say of it, on either side the Sea\u2014But I will venture to say, that I have never read any Work upon political Economy with more satisfaction\u2014It is a rich Addition to my Library, or what is of infinitely more importance, a proud monument of American literature\u2014You very justly consider a nation as a single Colossal personage, like the picture of Hobb\u2019s Leviathan made up of as many Million little mortals as you please\u2014whether these compose the hands, or the feet, the head or the span,\u2014if they are all industriously employed in labour\u2014they are all producing National Wealth\u2014You have persued the only genuine method of investigating truth\u2014by precise definitions of words\u2014by clear statements of facts, and establishing general sound principles\u2014That Eearth is the source; and labour the cause, of both public and private Wealth\u2014are as clear truths, as any I know, and I believe with Harrington\u2014It is the source of dominion also\u2014I know not what objection to make to any of your definitions, or principles\u2014You have indeed cracked the shell of political Economy, and extracted the purest oil from the nut\u2014\nI shall warmly recommend it to the perusal of every Man of Letters that I see\u2014\nAccept my thanks, to you, as the Author, And to the publisher for my property in the Book\u2014and believe me with / great respect, your most obedient / and most humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7464", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George A. Otis, 9 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Otis, George A.\ndear Sir\nMontezillo February 9th. 1821\nI thank you for your favour of the 29 January, and your Translation of Botta, I have not yet read it\u2014for I received it but yesterday, And reading to me so laborious, and painful an occupation, that it requires a long time\u2014But I cannot refrain from expressing the pleasure I have received from the reasoning of Mr Jay; upon the passage in Botta\u2014\u201cThat anteriour to the Revolution there existed in the Colonies a desire of Independence\u201d\u2014There is great ambiguity in the expression,\u2014There existed in the Colonies a desire of Independence\u2014it is time there always existed in the Colonies a desire of Independence of Parliament, in the articles of internal Taxation, and Internal policy; and a very general, if not a universal opinion, that they were Constitutionaly entitled to it, and as general a determination if possible, to maintain, and defend it\u2014but their never existed a desire of Independence of the Crown, or of general regulations of Commerce, for the equal and impartial benefit of all parts of the Empire,\u2014It is true there might be times and circumstances in which an Individual, or few Individuals, might entertain and express a wish, that America was Independent\u2014in all respects, but these were\u2014\u201crari mantes in gurgite vasto\u201d\u2014For example in one thousand seven hundred and fifty Six, Seven, and eight\u2014The conduct of the British Generals Shirley Braddock, Loudon, Webb, and Abercromby\u2014was so absurd, disastrous, and distructive, that a very general opinion prevailed, that the War was conducted by a mixture of Ignorance\u2014Treachery, and Cowardice,\u2014And some persons wished we had nothing to do with great Britain forever\u2014Of this number I distinctly remember, I was myself one, fully believing that we were able to defend ourselves against the French, and Indians, without any assistance or embarressments from great Britain\u2014In fifty eight, and fifty nine,\u2014when Amherst and Wolf changed the fortune of the War, by a more able and faithfull conduct of it\u2014I again rejoiced in the name of Britain, and should have rejoiced in it, to this day, had not the King and Parliament committed high Treason and Rebellion against America\u2014As soon as they had conquered Canada, and made Peace with France\u2014That there existed a general desire  of Independence of the Crown, in any part of America before the Revolution, is as far from the truth, as the zenith, is from the nadir\u2014That the encroaching disposition, of great Britain was early foreseen by many wise Men, in all the States, would one day attempt to enslave them, by an unlimited submission to Parliament, and rule them with a rod of Iron\u2014\nThat this attempt would produce resistance on the part of America, and an awful struggle was also foreseen\u2014but dreaded and deprecated as the greatest Calamity that could befall them\u2014For my own part, their was not a moment during the Revolution, when I would not have given every thing I possessed for a restoration to the State of things before the Contest began, provided we could have had any sufficient security for its continuance\u2014I always dreaded the Revolution as fraught with ruin, to me and my family, and indeed it has been but little better\u2014\nI could entertain you with many little trifling anecdotes, which though familiar, and Vulgar, would indicate the temper, feelings, and forebodings among the people, that I cannot write\u2014\nI see at the end of the Biography, of the Author, that Botta, has written the Biography of John Adams\u2014I never saw, or heard of it before\u2014but if he means me, it must be a curious mass, for he can certainly have no Authentic information on the insignificant subject\u2014\nI am Sir your obliged Friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7467", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Dorothy Scott, 12 February 1821\nFrom: Scott, Dorothy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHon\u2019le Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, February. 12th. 1821\n\t\t\t\tThis will be handed you by the Hon\u2019le Francis Gardner, Son of the Revrd. Francis Gardner, late of Leominster\u2014this gentleman wishes to be introduced to your notice, he has been a resident in the State of New-Hampshire for several years, and a representative from that State in Congress. He return\u2019d to his native State some time since, and fixed his residence in this town, where, he pursues his profession of the law. His family and connections are respectable. I have know them long, and intimately. You will doubtless recollect his sister, Mrs Salisbury, who was for some years, an inmate in my family. I can recommend Mr Gardner, as deserving your approbation, and confidence. Any favour confered on him, will be very gratifying, and acceptable to / Yours Sincerely\n\t\t\t\t\tDorothy Scott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7468", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathan Hale, 17 February 1821\nFrom: Hale, Nathan,Pickering, Octavius\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tThe Reporters of the Debates in the Convention present their respects to Mr. Adams, and request that he will be pleased to accept the present volume of the Debates, in exchange for the copy which he has before received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7469", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Charles Jarvis, 17 February 1821\nFrom: Jarvis, William Charles\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tHon. Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tPittsfield February 17. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tPermit one who now sits under that political vine and fig tree, which you have had so great a hand in planting and rearing, to present you a little volume called \u201cThe Republican\u201dAs an American citizen, you will permit me to take this opportunity to express to you my gratitude, for the eminent services you have rendered your Country.I am with the highest respect / your Obet. & very humble / servant\n\t\t\t\t\tWilliam C. Jarvis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7472", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Henry Lee, 24 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lee, Richard Henry\nDear Sir\nMontizillo February 24 1821\nYou have confered an obligation upon me by your kind letter of February the 6th. In former years of my Life I reckoned among my friends 4 gentlemen of your name Richard Henry Lee Francis Lightfoot Lee William Ludlow Lee and Arthur Lee, all Gentlemen of respectable characters for capacity information and integrity, with your Grandfather Richard Henry Lee I served in congress from 1774 to 1778 and afterwards in the senate of the United States in 1799 1789 he was a Gentleman of fine talents, of amiable manners and great worth. As a public speaker he had a fluency, as easy and graceful, as it was melodious, which his classical education enabled him to decorate his with frequent allusion to some of the finest passages of Antiquity. With all his brothers he was always devoted to the cause of his Country; I am glad your are about to commense a memoire of that illustrious patriot.\nI cannot take upon me to assert upon my own memory who were the movers of particular measures in Congress, because I thought it of little importance. I have read in some of our Histories that Govenor Johnson and of Maryland nominated Mr Washington for commander and Chief of the army, Mr Chase the first motion for foreign alliances, Mr Richard Henry Lee for a delaration of Independence. As such motions were generally concerted before them I presume Mr Johnson was designated to nominate a General because the gentlemen from Virginia declined from delicacy the nomination of their own colleague. Mr Richard H. Lee was prefered for the motion for Independence because he was from the most ancient colony &c Mr Chase for foreign alliances that too many motions may not be made by the same member &c &c. It ought to be eternally remembered that the Eastearn Members were interdicted from taking the lead in any great measures because they lay under an odium and a great weight of unpopularity, because they have been suspected form the beginning of having independence in contemplation; they were restraind from the appearance of promoting any great measures by their own discretion, as well as by the general sense of Congress. That your Grandfather made a speech in favour of a Declaration of Independence I have no doubt and very probably more than one; though I cannot take upon me to repeat from memory any part of his speeches, or any others, that were made upon that occasion, the principles and sentiments and expressions of the declaration of Independence had been so often pronounced and echoed and reechoed in that congress for 2 years before, and especially for the last 6 months that it will forever be impossible to ascertain who uttered them and upon what occasion I applaud your piety in recording the fame of your ancestor and heartily wish you success in the enterprize.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7473", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 24 February 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and High Respected frend\nOldenbarneveld 24 Febr. 1821\nNo\u2014you can not forget me even without one single line I should be fully persuaded of this truth\u2014yet it was pleasing to be so affectionately remembered\u2014You knew, that it would increase my contentment in my deep retirement\u2014It was as a moderate electric shock it giveth a soft impulse on my family shewing their gratification, that their Husband and Father continues to be favoured with your distinguished attention\u2014Unquestionably they share in it, and if known to you, you would not deem them undeserving it.\nThat a month\u2019s attendance in Boston\u2019s caused a fever is nothing strange to me. To receive such distinguished proofs of respect, to be so warmly applauded might cause an unusual flow of spirits\u2014and consequently some less regular motions in the system of a more cool man and phlegmatic man\u2014than my frend! but what is a fever, as long the mind remains undisturbed\u2014the head free of aching pains and the eyes clear?\nSince I left Boston\u2014I can scarcely see\u2014and labour often under excruciating headache\u2014yet\u2014I suppose, I have reasons of thankfulness above thousands\u2014The recollection of my reception at Boston and Quincy, blunts its sharpest feelings\u2014and when I place myself\u2014under your roof\u2014at your table\u2014these are soon blunted\u2014and my contentment bids them farewel\u2014How often, how delightfully do I represent to myself these scenes! can you perceive that that charming boy\u2014your grandson\u2014keeps also some recollection of me? If the endowments of his mind become equal\u2014to those of his heart, He, in time shall spread a new lustre on J. Adam\u2019s name.\nWesley\u2019s appearance is certainly a wonder in the moral world\u2014and yet\u2014how awkward\u2014how terrible such appearances are\u2014they contribute finally to ameliorate and enlighten the moral world\u2014as earthquakes and vulcano\u2019s and Inundations the Physical\u2014or Revolutionary convulsions and the hurricanes of Despotism do on the political state of mankind\u2014I am full of apprehension for Europe, it had its time\u2014the cup of all blessings may finally become America\u2019s heritage. who could have believed\u2014that the most enlightened on earth should have considered, an Alexander immaculate, and been dazzled by the glitter of something little better than\u2014muscovy glass? but do not tell my surprise in Gath\u2014we cannot reach the temple of virtue\u2014neither that of happiness\u2014without passing a steep, rugged\u2014and often bloody road\u2014good it is\u2014that at the places of rest faithful guides are placed, to warn us of the danger, and encourages us to hold out, till we reach the summit. Alexander perhaps may address himself by an emissary to obtain an indulgence\u2014\nI thought I was\u2014nearly allways cool and temperate under your roof\u2014how could I then possibly have mentioned remedies for corns? Believe me, I am not intitled to this credit\u2014I know\u2014I am considered a Doctor in petto, but was not transformed in a Quack. and am not permitted\u2014nor would desire a permit to follow it\u2014I am not acquainted with other potent remedies\u2014than ense\u2014and if this will not do\u2014igne\u2014. The first I applied successfully when young\u2014for the second I can produce as evidences Hippocrates and Temple\u2014however\u2014as you might be the suffering-goat\u2014to atone for the sins of your whole race\u2014I will do what I can\u2014and share with you\u2014in equal halves a Relique\u2014which a Madonna St. Helen\u2014on her return from a mission to Philadelphia\u2014offered me for the cure of all wounds\u2014bruizes &c\u2014consequently for corns too\u2014Bene-dicite\u2014if successful\u2014\nPray Sir! look once at your Genealogical Tables\u2014is there about 1657\u2014a John Adams\u2014then I presume about thirty\u2014I lately discovered him\u2014in attendance with Mr. Buckman at New-Amsterdam? perhaps\u2014I may, in time\u2014find out some thing else\u2014which I shall communicate\u2014if good\u2014otherwise it must remain buried in the dusty records.\nMy frend shall recollect, that I had once an offer of his portrait\u2014a High-respected Lady insinuated, that Stuart was the cause of my disappointment\u2014now I solicit the favour, that I may be permitted, to demand of Stuart\u2014to present me with such a painting\u2014even if it was only a sketch\u2014I doubt not or I shall obtain it\u2014if you do not forbid me, to make the application\u2014in which case I shall submit\u2014otherwise consider it\u2014as a fresh proof of your High regard\u2014to one, who remains with the highest respect / My Dear and high respected Sir: / Your obliged frend:\nFr. Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7475", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 6 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo March 6th 1821\nThe sight of your hand writing and your name is to me a cordial for low Spirits. I wish I could give you a specimen of mine as beautifully written; but a pen will not obey the command of my paralytick nerves\u2014The 5th Vol: of Dr. Franklin\u2019s works, mentioned in your kind letter of 27th February, I have never seen, nor any preceding Vol: except the first. What the Editor Mr: William Temple Franklin, if he is the Editor, may mean by your journal or mine, I know not. No person ever had any thing of that description from me. Indeed I never kept any journal of that period, except the one that was sent to Congress, which General Hamilton made somewhat notorious by the exquisite Satire, which he, so justly, did it the honour to confer upon it. I presume therefore, with you, that Mr Franklin has in his possession either in print or in manuscript, copies of our letters to Congress. My advice, or rather my request to you is, that you would write to the Editor or publisher, at Philadelphia, Stating the fact, and your authority will be decisive. You need be under no concern, for your letters will do honour wherever they go. I am under no concern for mine, because they never can be made more infamous than they have been already.\nI hope your confinement to your house will not be long, and that you will soon be on horse-back, and ride away your present feebleness. I too am feeble and have been confined to the house the greatest part of the Winter; but I hope to crawl out, like a Turtle in the Spring; your Cyrography gives me full assurance that you will be on horseback before that time.\nI congratulate you upon the gaiety of the prospect of our Country.\nI am, as ever, your Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7476", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Charles Jarvis, 8 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jarvis, William Charles\nSir\nMontezillo March 8. 1821\nI thank you for your favour of February 17\u2014and for the valuable volume called the Republican\u2014\nNot long ago I read a volume upon political Economey by Senator Tracy translated from the French by Mr Jefferson And very lately I have read another volume of thoughts upon Political Economy by Daniel Raymond Esqre. Counsellor at Law Baltimore with still more delight, and satisfaction\u2014your volume entitled the Republican I have also read with pleasure Your subject is more comprehensive\u2014but as far as it comprehends political Economy it agrees in substance with the two former works\u2014I am very glad to find three Authors so well agreed, in what I think the true system\u2014Your researches for materials, and in the composition of your Work\u2014you must have found a profitable study, and a delightful amusement\u2014You have read a great deal, and of the best Books\u2014It has been a pleasant employment to me to revise the substance of the studies of my former days\u2014Collected together from many valuable volumes in one body\u2014It affords me much satisfaction to see such speculation cultivated in this Country and such principles spreading in this Country\u2014\nI am Sir with many thanks for the entertainment you have given me\u2014 / and am Sir your obliged friend / and humble servant \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7478", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Dawes, 9 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dawes, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo March 9th 1821\nThough I cannot boast aurium occulis cumque vigor integis yet I have been able to read, & to hear last night & this morning the comforts of old age, which you have so kindly Sent me, and which discovers good sense, great taste, & a good heart in Sir Thos Barnard the author\u2014This work has been the more agreable to one, because it is a Commentary, a paraphrase, and an Immitation of Tullys divine treatise on old age\u2014Which with the Dream of Scipio have been my delightful vade mecum for several years\u2014the latter has led me many a weary jaunt through the regions of the first Stars, where one may wander for ever, without being able to conceal, or immagine, or conjecture any end.\nWe may well say the author of them is infinite power, for the work itself seems to be infinite\u2014I cannot but wish that Cicero had been acquainted with The Telescopes of Henshall, and the Discourses made by them. If he had been, how much more sublime, eloquent, & divine would have been his reflections? & what would he have been thought of Sir Isaac Newton\u2019s Theories of light\nIf I were to let my heart, & Immagination loose in writing to you\u2014you would throw away my letter with impatience\u2014I will however detain you upon the Subject  of Bible Society\u2014and without expressing either admiration, approbation, or contempt of them at present\u2014I will hint a wish that similar societies in India, China, & Persia with equal dissenterest, generosity and zeal would transmit us Translations of their sacred Books into English, French, German, Italian & Spanish, that we might be able to form a correct Judgement of the Religion, morality, Philosophy, and History of those ancient Nations and be able to compare them with the Christian\u2014that we might be able to see the infinite superiority of the latter With my thanks for the favor you have done me I remain / your Sincere Friend, / And Humble Servant \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7479", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 20 March 1821\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBedford\u2014West Chester Country\u2014N York\u201420th. March 1821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tOn the 10th., I recieved your letter of the 6th Inst: You will doubtless be desirous to know what I have done in Pursuance of the Advice and Request contained in it. To obviate Suspense on this head, I take this early opportunity of informing you, that on the 13th Inst, I wrote a Letter to Mr. William Duane, who published Dr. Franklin\u2019s works at Philada. in the following words\u2014\u201cSirDuring the last month I for the first time saw the 5th. volume of Doctr. Franklins works, published by you at Philadelphia\u2014It surprized me not a little to find in the 293d. page, a note of the Editor which contained the following Passage\u2014vizt.\u201d(here it was inserted verbatim)\u201cHaving never given any thing like such a Journal to any Person, and having no Reason to believe that Mr. Adams had, I wrote to him on the subject of the above note. On Saturday last I recd. his answer, dated the 6th. Inst. in which he thus expresses himself\u2014\u201d\u2018What the Editor may mean by your Journal or mine I know not. no Person ever had any thing of that Description from me\u2019\u2014\u2018my advice or rather my Request to you is, that you would write to the Editor at Philadelphia, stating the Fact.\u2019 \u201cBe pleased Sir! to inform me what are the Papers thus called our Journals, and from whence they were derived.\u2014\u201d\u201cI have also observed a note (in Page 291 of the same 5th. volume) in these words.\u201d\u2018It appears from the Journal of Mr. Jay, that the afterwards so much celebrated Sir William Jones, was considered as engaged by the British Government to proceed to America, for the Purposes here expressed; and had proceeded on his way to Paris, where he tarried a short Time, but was recalled, and the Project abandoned.\u2019 \u2018Phil. Editor\u2019\u2014\u201cMy not having asserted (nor indeed known) that Sir William Jones was recalled, is an additional Reason for my requesting the abovementioned information respecting, what, in these notes, is called my Journal.\u201d\u201cBeing persuaded of the Propriety of this Application, I cannot doubt of its meeting with correspondent Attention\u2014I shall communicate the Result to Mr. Adams, and hope it will be satisfactory to us both\u2014\u201d \u201cI am Sir\u201d\u2014&cwhen I shall receive an Answer from Mr. Duane is uncertain; but whenever it may be, a Copy of it shall without delay be transmitted to you by / Dear Sir / your constant Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Jay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7480", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 27 March 1821\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBedford\u2014West Chester County\u2014NYork\u201427th. March 1821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tIn my Letter to you of the 20th. Inst: I inserted a Copy of the one which on the 13th. Inst: I had written to Mr. William Duane; and promised on recieving his answer, to transmit a Copy of it to you. The last mail brought me his answer, in the words following\u2014\u201cPhiladelphia\u201416th. March 1821\u201d\u2014\u201cSirYour Letter of the 13th. Inst: which  you did me the honor to address to me, concerning some notes in the fifth volume of the works of Franklin, I have duly recieved; and altho\u2019 this is the thirtieth day of my Confinement to bed, and am in a consequent state of debility, my Respect for you will not permit me to postpone to another day a Reply\u2014On the immediate subject to which they refer, it is scarcely to be presumed that I should have stated in so formal a manner as fact, that which I could not sustain. In Truth Sir! I am in Possession of two Journals, very short indeed, but as authentic as any public documents ever were. One of them is entitled as expressed \u201cthe Journal of John Jay Esqr. and the other, of John Adams Esqr.\u201dHaving explicitly answered as to the principal point, I must observe that the circumstance you urge, as having never given any thing like such a Journal to any Person, does not disprove the Reality of such a Journal having an authentic and demonstrable Existence\u2014and I feel so perfectly satisfied of the fact, that I could to a certainty satisfy yourself of the authenticity of the Papers in my Possession.\u2014I can give no other Description of the Papers, than has been already given, and if it were compatible with that sense of confidence which when reposed in me, I have never violated, I should be very happy to inform you whence they were derived. Should it ever be necessary to shew the source of their derivation, which it is always in my Power to do, that disclosure will be also the Proof of their authenticity\u2014Entertaining towards you the most unfeigned Respect, I have with some Inconvenience endeavoured to comply with your wishes\u201d\u2014\u201cI am Sir / with great Respect \u201c Wm. Duane \u201d\n\t\t\t\t\t\u201cI have made use of the Pen of one of my Daughters\u2014my Hand not being steady enough.\u201d\u2014As yet I have not had Time to bestow that further Degree of Consideration on this subject for which Mr. Duane\u2019s Letter gives occasion; having several Letters to write and send by the mail, which sets out Tomorrow morning\u2014The Result of your Reflections on that Letter will be very acceptable to Dear Sir / Your Friend\n\t\t\t\tJohn Jay\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7481", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 31 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\ndear Sir\nQuincy March 31st. 1821\u2014\nI thank you for your favour of the 20th. your letter to Mr Duane comprehends every thing necessary to be said upon this occasion, and I presume will remove all difficulties\u2014\nI congratulate you on the firmness of your nerves fully demonstrated by your hand writing, the beauty and firmness of which is equal to the best of your former days mine are so debilitated that I can neither write\u2014or scarcely carry about my Corpulence\nPray what do you think of the science of the times\u2014Is the holy league of the Imperial and Royal Confederates to be a second Edition of the holy league between the Pope Phillip the second of Spain, Catherine of Medina in France, and the House of the Guises, some hundred years ago\u2014What human or devine right have these Crowned Heads, to dictate to other Nations, the Government, or Religion they are to Institute, whether agreeable, or disagreeable to their consciences, Judgements and Inclinations? I wish that all Nations could make Constitutions as cooly, and temperately as we do in Massachusetts\u2014I think we have some reason to congratulate ourselves that we are rather more moderate than your worthy Citizens of New York\u2014or rather to wish that you had more sang\u2013froid\u2014\nMy kind Rememberance to your Children\u2014 and believe me to be, still as ever, your friend, and humble / Servant\u2014\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7482", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Stephen Duponceau, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Duponceau, Peter Stephen\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia, 19. April 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe honor you have done me by noticing my weak productions & encouraging my endeavours to be useful to a Country to which I am under So many & Such great obligations; a Country that has kindly received me into its bosom, & treated me (a stranger) as a child of the family, emboldens me to take the liberty of presenting you with a Copy of the proceedings which have taken place on the opening of a Law Institution which I am endeavouring to establish in this City, & in which I have the pleasure to find myself generally Supported by my brethren of the profession. As I have no pecuniary object in view, but am merely influenced by the wish to be useful to my fellow Citizens, you will be disposed to view my efforts with indulgence, & I shall be happy if they meet with your high approbation.  I have the honor to be / With the greatest veneration / and respect / Sir / Your most obedient / humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tPeter S. Du Ponceau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7484", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 30 April 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nMy Dear Sir\u2014\nQuincy April 30th. 1821\nI must beg your pardon for delaying so long the acknowledgement of your kind favour\u2014you have done all that is necessary to be done with Mr Duane\u2014The sume of the matter is I suppose is\u2014he has ploughed the Son of the Heifer in the Secretary of States Office\u2014and procured copies of some of your communications to Congress\u2014My letter to Jonathan Jackson, which was unfortunately and absurdly laid before Congress\u2014I have no apprehensions of any evil that can now come of either\u2014\nMy friend Mr Shaw of the Atheneum brought me up on Saturday a rememberances, in which is your first Charge to the grand Jury as Chief Justice of New York, in the year 1777\u2014this elegant and masterly composition, however it escaped my attention in the time of it\u2014I never saw till now\u2014It revived a thousand painful, and as many pleasant recollections\u2014The Snare is broken\u2014and we have escaped\u2014but Heaven alone knows how\u2014The more I look back, for sixty years\u2014the more I am astonished, and a deeper sense of gratitude I feel\u2014\nI am dear Sir, and ever shall be\u2014 / your friend, and / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7485", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 2 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nLittle Hill May 2d. 1821\nYour letter dear Waterhouse, is a precious lecture in Piety Religion and morality according to our blessed Constitution; and I hope to be profited and edified by it, accordingly\u2014But you have not given me the true cause of your buziness\u2014It is that you have a second Wife, who fills the places of the first, enters into all your Literary pursuits and makes you too happy to write letters\u2014If I were as happy as you, I should be too as lazy\u2014Pray can you tell me where I can find an old Lady between eighty and 100 who would have me\nI never think of Mr Winthrop without a tenderness of sentiment and a pang of indignation\u2014Name family genius talents learning, the Son of my revered Instructor and invariable Friend sacrificed as I believe to an overbearing jesuitical party Spirit\u2014\nWhile you have been reading Davila I have been reading Charlemaine, and Lewis the ninth\u2014I regret that French Literature is unfashionable\u2014Every Age of French History is as interesting, entertaining and instructive as any of Scotts Novels\u2014I have also been reading over again\u2014The Spirit of the League and the Spirit of the Fronde\u2014nothing in the Life or Writings of Dr Johnson ever gave me a higher opinion of his Wisdom than his project  of a Translation into English of Theranus\u2019s History\u2014But John Bull had neither sense nor Candour enough to support him\u2014I hope the time will come when America will do what Johnson wished to have done in England\u2014We are so bigoted to Thucidies Livy, Plutarch and Tacitus, Hume Robertson and Gibbon that we read little else; but DeThon Davila and Guicchiardini would be more instructive to us\u2014I wish that Velly\u2019s History of France was Translated\u2014Roman Catholic nonsense and Bigotry need not mislead us\u2014any more than the pritty nonsence of Grecian Roman Egyptian of Hindoston Mythology\u2014\nThis nonsensical letter has cost me great labour\u2014if you can read it through you burn it\u2014it will have fulfilled the desire of your friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7487", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 7 May 1821\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBedford\u2014West Chester County\u2014N York\u20147th. May. 1821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tBy the Mail, next to the one which brought me a Letter from Mr. Duane, I transmitted a copy of it to you in a Short Letter dated the 27th. of march. I had then no Time to be more particular, having recieved Letters which required answers without Delay.\u2014I afterwards, vizt. on the 7th. of april, recieved your Letter of the 31st. of March, and should have answered it immediately, but the Expectation of soon receiving one from you respecting mr. Duane\u2019s Letter, induced me to wait for its arrival, intending to answer both together. as that Expectation has not been realized, I am apprehensive that my Letter has not come to your Hands, or that some obstacle to your writing has occurred\u2014I hope it is not Sickness...Lest my Letter should have miscarried. I shall subjoin another copy of Mr. Duane\u2019s.\u2014On considering Mr. Duane\u2019s Letter, it appears to me that the Journals which he calls ours, cannot be exact copies of our official Letters to the Secretary for foreign affairs; for he mentions those Journals as being \u201cvery short indeed\u2014\u201d whereas our Letters were very far from being short. Hence I conclude that those Journals are composed of Extracts from our Letters, or are abridgments of them. How judiciously such Extracts have been selected and combined\u2014or how correctly such abridgments have been made, are questions which derive some Importance from the Circumstance, that they are to be given to the Public as our Journals. I am therefore inclined to think it adviseable to request of him to give us Copies of them; that we may know what they are, and judge how far they correspond with the Tenor and Import of our Letters...I have not as yet replied to his Letter.\u2014At the age to which you have arrived, I believe very few enjoy an equal Exemption from its usual Infirmities\u2014Your Hand indeed is not now as formerly the hand of a ready writer; but you still retain a more than common Degree of general Health. In these Respects I have been less favored.\u2014For twelve years past I have not had one well Day\u2014an incurable obstruction in the Liver has gradually reduced me to an emaciated and feeble State; and severe attacks of Rheumatism frequently produce much acute Pain.\u2014It rarely happens that the Maladies and Infirmities which generally accompany old age, will yield to medical Skill\u2014but happily for us, Patience and Resignation are excellent Palliatives.\u2014I perfectly concur with you in opinion, that the Sovereigns who are Parties to what they call the \u201cHoly Alliance\u201d have no Right to dictate to other nations\u2014Sovereign Power however is seldom uniformly restrained or regulated by moral Considerations, and we have seen this observation verified in more than one Instance\u2014It is honorable to Massachusetts that their political Parties have been so attentive to moderation, and Decorum\u2014I wish the like Remark was equally applicable to those in this State. Certain of our Demagogues seem to regard Checks and Ballances as inconvenient obstacles; and there is Reason to fear that the kind of Constitution which it is said they prefer, will, if adopted and established, retard the Prosperity of the State.\u2014My affection for my Country and Children prevents my regarding the course of political affairs with all that Indifference which would otherwise result from my approach to the Period, when I shall be removed far beyond their Reach and Influence\u2014With the best wishes for the Continuance of your Health and Welfare / I am Dear Sir / your Friend & obt. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Jay\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Children are obliged by your kind Remembrance, and request me to present to you their respectful Compliments\n\t\t\t\tCopy of Mr. Duane\u2019s Letter\u2014\u201cPhiladelphia\u201416 March\u20141821\u2014SirYour Letter of the 13th. Instant, which you did me the Honor to address to me, concerning some notes in the firth volume of the works of Franklin, I have duly received; and altho this is the thirtieth Day of my Confinement to Bed, and am in a consequent State of Debility, my Respect for you will not permit me to postpone to another Day a Reply.\u2014On the immediate Subject to which they refer, it is scarcely to be presumed that I should have stated in so formal a manner as fact, that which I could not sustain. In truth Sir! I am in Possession of two Journals, very short indeed, but as authentic as any public Documents ever were. One of them is entitled as expressed, the Journal of John Jay Esqr., and the other of John Adams Esqr.\u2014Having explicitly answered as to the principal point, I must observe, that the circumstance you urge, as having never given any thing like such a Journal to any person, does not disprove the Reality of such a Journal having an authentic and demonstrable Existence. And I feel so perfectly satisfied of the fact, that I could to a certainty satisfy yourself of the Authenticity of the Papers in my Possession.\u2014I can give no other Description of the Papers, than has been already given; and if it were compatible with that sense of confidence, which when reposed in me I have never violated, I should be very happy to inform you whence they were derived. Should it even be necessary to shew the Source of their Derivation, which it is always in my Power to do, that Disclosure will be also the Proof of their Authenticity.\u2014Entertaining towards you the most unfeigned respect, I have with some Inconvenience endeavoured to comply with your wishes\u2014I am Sir / with great Respect\n\t\t\tWm. DuaneJohn Jay EsqrI have made use of the Pen of one of my Daughters\u2014my hand not being steady enough.\u201d\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7488", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 8 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nLittle Hill May 8th. 1821\nYou must have much pleasure in watching the Opining mind of your Grandchild; for, being half Waterhouse and half Ware it must be a choice Spirit.\nBut how Smal is your felicity in comparison with mine, who have Seven Grand Children, Scattered over the World, and Seven more under my own roof, and eight or ten great grandchildren, one of whom is here with her Mother. A great grand daughter, and a great  grandson of the Same Age three Years; whose Sports, capers, gambols, and droleries are diverting as any harlequins on any Stage.\nSo much for diversion, amusement and felicity! but there is a reverse of the medal; a Solemn Side of the picture! I feel a great Trust; a Solemn Sacred responsibility! What is to be the fortune or destiny of this numerous Posterity? Have I done my duty to them? Aye! there\u2019s the rub; that gives me pain. I have Spared neither pains nor expence in proportion to my means, Oportunities, and abilities, in the Education of my family: but I find that Education alone is not all sufficient. Streight is the gate and narrow is the Way, that leads to reputation, honour, success, and hapiness even in this World. This narrow road leads through the Provinces of Prudence Temperance, Justice and Fortitude, and must be steadily and cautiously travelled. Hercules will find Sloth, and Indolence and pleasure, and vanity, and Pride, and Ambition, and Luxury, and Avarice, and Slander, and Ridicule, and Reproach, and Vilification, assaulting him in every Stage of this Journey, and tempting him out of his Way.\nHow streight is this Gate! How narrow is this Way! Yet most infallibly, it is the only Path to Hapiness in this World. I say nothing, at present, of the next.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7491", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Rush, 14 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Mr Rush\nMotezillo May 14. 1821\nI have been tenderly affected by the kind expressions of your friendship in your letter of the 9th of february.\nIn the course of forty years I have been called to assist in the formation of a Constitution for this State. This kind of Architecture I find is an Art or Mistery very difficult to learn and Still harder to practice. The Attention of Mankind at large Seems now to be drawn to this interesting Subject. It gives me more Solicitude than at my Age I ought to do. for nothing remains for me but submission and Resignation. Nevertheless, I cannot wholy divest myself of anxiety for my Children, my country and my Species. The probability is that the fabrication of constitutions will be the Occupation or the Sport, the Tragedy Comedy or farce for the entertainment of the World for a century to come. There is little Appearance of the Prevalence of correct notions of the indispensible Machinery of a free Government, in any Part of Europe, or America. Neither Spain Portugal or Naples can long Preserve their fundamental Laws under their present Constitutions.\nBut I must recollect that I am not reading a Lecture.\nBut hazardous as it may be, I will venture One Remark upon Our National and State Constitutions.\nThe Legislature and Executive Authorities are too much blended together. While the Senate of the United States have a Negative on all appointments to Office, We can never have a National President. In spight of his own Judgment he must be The President, not to say the Tool of a Party. In Massachusetts the Legislature annually elect an executive Council, which renders the Governor a mere Doge of Venice, a mere Testa di legno, a mere Head of Wood.\nStrait is the Gate and Narrow is the Way that leads to Liberty, and few Nations if any have found it.\nI am, Sir with great Esteem and real Affection, Your Sincere Friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7492", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Emma Willard, 16 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willard, Emma\nDear Miss Willard\nMontezillo May 16th 1821.\nI have received Mr Southwicks address to the Apprentice of Albany and have read it three times over after the first reading I said there is no need of addition, subtraction, correction or alteration; a generation of apprentices educated in Mr Southwicks principles and formed upon his model would redeem a nation on the brink of destruction. After the third reading I found nothing worth criticizing. but I wished that in enumerating writers on Moral Philosophy he had recommended the sermons and the preface to the sermons of Dr Butler Bishop of Bristol which are the profoundest essays on Moral subjects that are to be found in any language\u2014and Dr Barrows moral discourse especially his five sermons on Industry which are the greatest effort of genius that ever wass displayed upon any single human duty and virtue.\nWhen I began this letter I intended to have waved all that is said of me: but I have altered my mind and awkward as the tastes is I will say something. I rejoice to learn from Mr Southwick, that the purity of my motives in writing the \u201cDefence\u201d is now generally acknowledged But I believe those motives are but imperfectly understood. Those volumes were written in the spirit of Martyrdom. My Country was in rebellion and France was on the eve of it.\nI saw a conflagration breaking out which must inevitably spread through the world and I thought it my indispensable duty to bear my testimony feeble as it was, against those wild frantic nations of Republican Liberty which were then prevalent every where: I certainly knew that I would offend a great part of the people of America, and believed it extremely probable that I should sacrifice all the little popularity I ever had. But it was not a new thing for me to hazard my popularity or my life. My friends in Europe, Americans, English and French shook their heads and said. \u201cWe know not how this will be received in America\u201d but I had the satisfaction to find that it was not at first so ill received as I had feared three editions of it were immediately printed one in Philadelphia another in New York and a third in Boston and copies of the first volume were in the hands of the Convention for forming the National constitution before they could agree upon any thing, and I desire it may be remembered that the three volumes were all read by Mr\u2014Jay, Mr Madison and Mr Hamilton before the Federalist was begun.\nThe work is unpublished, ill digested and uncouth A work was written in fifteen months which ought to have employed twenty years. Nevertheless it utters a solemn, warning voice to all men to beware of the awful dangers which surround every form of Republican government that has ever been tried in the world. I tremble for the State of New York lest they should set a dangerous example of danger Indeed all Europe exhibits great cause of anxiety to very thinking mind. The system of a free government appears still to be but imperfectly understood.\n I am Madam with many thanks and great esteem / your obliged Friend and / humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7493", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Hosack, 17 May 1821\nFrom: Hosack, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDr Sir\n\t\t\t\tyou did me the honour some time since after reading my memoir of Dr Hugh Williamson to write me a letter stating some particulars relative to the Hutchinson letters\u2019 which were new to me and which are calculated to unfold some secrets of that affair that before were inexplicable, I mean relating to the agency of Mr Temple and Mr Hartley\u2014I read that part of your letter to the new york Historical Society\u2014they were very much gratified by the communication\u2014The Society are printing a third volume of their Transactions\u2014my memoir corrected and improved will make part of the volume\u2014It has been thought proper to publish the sources from whence I obtained the facts I have related\u2014Mr Read of Phila and Bishop White have kindly consented to the publication of their communications to me\u2014as a part of your excellent letter to me would be calculated to give additional information and support to the character of Dr Williamson as it regards his veracity and integrity I beg leave to solicit the favour that you will allow me to add your letter to those of Bishop White and of Mr Read\u2014The Society too will deem it an important addition\u2014lest you may not have kept a copy of your letter to me I inclose a copy of it for your perusal\u2014as the paper memoir is now printing, your reply as early as may suit your convenience will be an additional favour conferred upon meI am Dr Sir with Sentiments of great / respect yours\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Hosack", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7495", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 19 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Friend\nMontezillo May 19. 1821\nMust We, before We take our departure from this grand and beautiful World, Surrender all our pleasing hopes of the progres of Society? Of improvement of the intellectual and moral condition of the World? Of the reformation of mankind?\nThe Piemontese Revolution Scarcely assumed a form; and the Neapolitan bubble is burst. And what Should hinder the Spanish and Portuguese Constitutions from rushing to the Same ruin? The Cortes is in one Assembly, vested with the legislative power.\u2014The King and his Priests Armies Navies and all other Officers are vested with the Executive Authority of Government. Are not here two Authorities Up, neither Supream? Are they not necessarily Rivals constantly contending like Law Physick and Divinities for Superiority? Are they not two Armies drawn up in battle, Array just ready for civil War?\nCan a free Government possibly exist with a Roman Catholic Religion?\nThe Art of Lawgiving is not So easy as that of Architecture or Painting. New York and Rhode Island are Struggling for conventions to reform their Constitutions and I am told there is danger of making them worse. Massachusetts has had her Conventions: but our Sovereign Lords The People think themselves wiser than their Representatives, and in several Articles I agree with their Lordships. Yet there never was a cooler a more patient candid, or a wiser deliberative Body than that convention.\nI may refine too much, I may be an Enthusiast. But I think a free Government is necessarily a complicated Piece of Machinery, the nice and exact Adjustment of whose Springs Wheels and Weights are not yet well comprehended by the Artists of the Age and Still less by the People.\nI began this letter principally to enquire after your health and to repeat Assurances of the Affection / of your Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7497", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 21 May 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and respected Sir!\nOlden barneveld 21 May 1821.\nIs it not Strange, that this year\u2014I Should not have received one Single line from those\u2014whom I So highly respect, at Boston? No\u2014not even of Montezillo? It cannot be\u2014that you are indisposed\u2014or any of the family\u2014your promising George would have mentioned it to me\u2014The last notice I obtained of the family was from Fish-kill\u2014and will the 4th of march your\u2019s was of 18 Febr\u2014Could it be possible, that my last visit at Boston, caused me So much mischief\u2014then I may truly regret it\u2014but even this can not be the case by that Venerable man, who know my weak as well as my good Side\u2014and by whom\u2014I am confident, I can not be forgotten.\nI postponed to write from week to week, till at lenght\u2014I was unexpectedly, favoured with the luminous Report of J. Q. A. on Weights and measures. It might be deemed importune, to interrupt his more Serious occupations by an insignificant Letter of thanks\u2014as you will inform Him, that I am highly Sensible for this distinguished mark of attention\u2014to an old frend of his revered Parents. I Sincerely regret, that I am too incompetent a Judge to appraise its worth\u2014it being out of my Sphere\u2014It communicated nevertheless much Scientific knowledge\u2014it drove away Some visionary dreams on this Subject\u2014and makes me imagine that I Should know, to follow the track of this unassuming guide if I had been a member of Congress\u2014He fully appraises, what has been performed in France and England\u2014and what he proposes to Congress deserves a civic crown\u2014Pag. 59, 45-86, 90-92, 125/9 ought to be read again and again\u2014Soon it Shall have crossed the Atlantic\u2014In Europe\u2014In France and England principally\u2014it must increase the exalted opinion of J. Q. A\u2014He has indeed not worked in vain\u2014noctes diesque\u2014with what complacency may he read to his Louisa\u2014in the course of a few months\u2014the congratulations\u2014which he now may expect from London and Paris! He made by it indeed\u2014in my opinion\u2014a gigantic Stride towards that Seat\u2014who around which he Shall entwine a glorious wreath\u2014which Posterity will admire\u2014even\u2014if it was not actually benefitted by it\u2014\nMy Daughter\u2019s health was this winter very indifferent\u2014God be praised! She is recovered\u2014reads and writes, and Superintends again our family\u2014except Severe head-ache\u2014taking but Seldom leave of your frend\u2014and weak eyes\u2014to an excess\u2014health and contentment remains our Share\u2014Since my return from Quincy I accomplished four vol. more of the Records, and as many of these become more important, I am irresistibly Spurred to continue\u2014as long I can decipher a Single Sentence\u2014\nI Solicit as a boon\u2014and our time may be Short\u2014led me hear now and then\u2014the well fare of your Self\u2014and family\u2014when I hear no longer the voice of frendship, or can not trace its Sound\u2014it is time, to leave this Scene\u2014but to receive even the Smallest proofs in my deep retirement, of those, whom I love, honour and revere, is a dainty, with which I would not part for any wordly treasure\u2014\nI presume\u2014the Eliot\u2019s are all So much engaged in feasting and Tyng\u2014in winding up the concerns of his office\u2014that Olden barneveld is not longer remembered\u2014\nHow often am I in the middle of your family\u2014at morning in the Evening\u2014and with what delight I review the particulars of our conversation\u2014when it is a difficult task, not to regret that I Shall not receive these kindnesses again\u2014The Lilies of Montezillo are now growing in my Garden with other Bostonian flowers\u2014and can I look at them\u2014and Suppress the wish! o! Quando te revisam!\nAssuring you of my high respect and cordial frendship / I remain / My Dear and respected Sir! / Your most obed. and bliged\nFr. Adr. van der Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7498", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 22 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\ndear Sir\nMontezillo May 22\u20141821\nHow do you do? as we have been friends for seventy years, and are Candidates for promotion to an other World, where I hope we shall be better acquainted, I think we ought to enquire now and then after each-others health and welfare while we stay here\u2014\nI am not tormented with the fear of death; nor though suffering under many infirmities and agitated by many afflictions, weary of Life\u2014I have a better opinion of this world and of its Ruler than some people seem to have\u2014a kind Providence has preserved and supported me for eighty five years and seven months, through many dangers and difficulties, though in great weakness; and I am not afraid to trust in its goodness to all Eternity\u2014I have a numerous Posterity, to whom my continuance may be of some importance; and I am willing to await the orders of the supreme power\u2014We shall leave the world with many consolations, it is better than we found it\u2014Superstion, persecution and Bigotry are some-what abated, Governments are a little ameliorated; science and Literature are greatly improved and more widly spread\u2014\nOur Country has brilliant and exhilerating prospects before it; instead of that solemn gloom in which many of the former parts of our lives have been obscured\u2014The condition of your state has, I hope been improved by its seperation from ours, though we scarcely know how to get along without you\u2014\nInformation of your health, and welfare will be a gratification to your sincere friend / and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7499", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Hosack, 23 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hosack, David\nDear Sir\nMontezillo May 23\u20141821\nI have received the letter you did me the honour to write me on the 17th: of this month.\nI am glad to see that your memoirs of Dr. Williamson are to be published in the transactions of your Historical Society. New York is exhibiting splended specimens of improvement in many things; in Literature & Science in general; in Agriculture, Manufactures, the fine Arts as well as the Mechanic Arts. They will, I hope soon produce an example of useful Advancement in the art of Law-giving, the most important the most splended essential of all; because all Arts and sciences all Interests are comprehended in it and depend upon it.\nBut Why should I wander? My letter to you sir of the 28th: January you are perfectly at liberty to publish in whole or in part as you please. I thank you for the copy of it; but I dare not let the most trifling letter go out of my hands without preserving a copy.\nWith great esteem I am Sir / Your obliged & most obedient Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7500", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mathew Carey, 24 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nDear Sir\nMontezillo May 24 1821\nOn the 22d of the month I received the letter you did me the honour to write me on the 16th.\u2014\u201cThe Sett of Papers the object of which is to prove that our present Policy is highly pernicious to the best Interests of the Cultivators of the Soil,\u201d is not yet arrived.\u201d\nIt would not be difficult to prove, that the Policy of this Country is erroneous in Several particulars. We have an uncertain a fluctuating, a fallacious and iniquitous Standard of Value; or rather no fixed Standard at all. This is neither consistent with honour Equity or humanity. It destroys our Morals, and corrupts our Elections. I presume also to think that our Constitutions of Government are not yet So perfect as they Should be. The Legislative Powers are too much blended with the Executive.\nAllas! All Europe is Still groping in the dark, a violent Effervescence in favour of Representative Government, without Sufficient Knowledge of the System of Organization necessary to form it and preserve it.\nJ. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7502", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 26 May 1821\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tmy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork (Maine) 26th. May 1821\n\t\t\t\tIn answer to your first query, how do you do? altho\u2019 I may not with propriety reply \u201cAthletice, prancratise, Valeo,\u201d Yet thro the smiles of a kind providence, I am free from pain or anxiety of Body or Mind, respecting the things of this life or a future\u2014I have food and raiment convenient, and in a quiet contented frame of Mind perhaps in as much, or more so: than at any former period of my former pilgrimage.\u2014Altho\u2019 I ought, you may suppose to be otherwise employed I am as much attached to the News of the Day, or the affairs of the World moral and political as I have ever been.\u2014Not from a desire or inclination to be employed or engaged in its transaction, for I covet no ones Honour, or Riches\u2014But from a desire to know how things are going on\u2014in this, and other parts of the World\u2014And am as much affected, with the adversity or prosperity of other, as at any former period I Read considerable, and especially such as treat of the Scripture Prophecy Which seem to be dayly fulfilling. The uncommon exertions that seem to have commenced, and been increasing, for the 20 Years passed for  communicating the knowledge of the Scriptures, afford a hopefull prospect of the amelioration of the Mankind, thro\u2019 the habitable Earth\u2014and that the Times frequently alluded unto, in various parts of the Bible, after the destruction of the four Monarchies mentioned by the Prophet Daniel, Were Spedily approaching.\u2014I acknowledge that I have been a little mortified by the congressional transactions, respecting the Missory Territory, and its Awkward prospective Admission as a State into the Union\u2014And I sincerely hope there will not be,   that Objection to the Proclaimation, that is expected to Issue on the Occasion,\u2014as arose upon Mr. Maddison, that the French Decrees Violating the Neutral Commerce of the United States Were revoked, or annulled, the 2nd. of Novemr. 1811.\u2014Sometimes I feel solicitous for the Welfare of the White Population of the Slave holding States.\u2014and What the future consequences Will be,? from the amazing increase of Slaves, in the Southern States\u2014and in the Louissiana and the Florida Territories\u2014But an overluring beneficent providence, brings Good, out of Evil beyond the coruption of finite beings.\u2014It creates a kind of Nausea to  peruse the proceedings in, the British Parliament respecting the Queen consort of George the 4th.\u2014And it affords me no pleasure to find the Crowned heads of some of the European Nations trembling alive to the support of their dignity and endeavouring to dictate the Internal regulations of the civil police of some of their Neighbours\u2014But whether have I permitted my Pen to flow, since I took it up to Write you,\u2014But I cannot close without remarking that the affairs of the Turkish Govemt. when connected with their neighbours of Russia, are approaching its dissolution\u2014I am much gratified with your Letter and that your nerves are so strong as to Write me with Your own hand, so largely\u2014but not to tire your patience with perusing my hasty Scrolls, I will close with sincere Wishes for your Comfort and happiness here and hereafter\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. my present intions is, to Write you oftener, than heretofore If I can find any matter to afford you amusement,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7503", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 30 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\nDear Sir\nMontezillo May 30. 1821.\nI have received your kind favour of the 26th: Happy Man! profound Philosopher! Pious Christian! I congratulate you with all my heart. I read and hear read a great deal too much Not upon Prophicies immidiately, for I have read and heard so much of them heretofore and have found the Prophets for 1500 indeed for 1800 years so uniformly out in their calculations that I have long since concluded with Sir Isaac Newton that the Prophecys were not intended to make us Prophets. My pursuits have been somewhat different The Religions of Chaldea, Ph\u0153nicia, Carthage Egypt, Greece, Rome, Phrygeia, Turkey, Arabia, Tartary, Nigroland, Ashantee, Mexico, Peru and our North American Savages. And a deplorable study it has been. Faces of the true religion have been found every where but every where corrupted by mercenary politicians with superstition and Cruelties a mixture of Knavery and credulity, disgraceful to the human head & heart. One reflection among many is all I can write at present. I can not work up my mind to the mous faith that all these millions and millions of Men are to be miserable and only a handful of Elect Calvinists happy forever. Missionary and Bible Societies are another Crusade. There are hundreds of Millions of people in Christendom as ignorant of Christianity as Hindoos & as vicious; Would it not be better to employ our wealth in enlightening and reforming these than in scattering it over the universe to very little purpose. The Crusades were invented by deeper Politicians than Richard C\u0153ur de Leon or St Louis to prevent the Barrons from destroying Kings & Pope\u2019s: and these Bible Societies have been invented by deeper Politicians still to divert mankind from the study and pursuit of their Natural Rights. I wish Societies were formed in India China & Turkey to send us gratis translations of their Sacred Books one good turn deserves another. I wish Turkes would teach Christians to obey the 8th: Commandment. A Mr Foster in London has lately published a work upon the evils of Popular Ignorance. I wish it was reprinted here and universally read. His Account of the ignorance in England and Europe I know is no exageration\nPardon the length & heresy of this letter from Your Friend\nJohn Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7505", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Waterhouse, 4 June 1821\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCambridge June 4th. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tYour letter justifying & glorifying the character of Junius Brutus is the most masterly apology for that prodigy of patriotism & integrity I ever read. I have read it so often that I have it by heart. I wish all my crude political notions had met with such corrections.\u2014My letters to you of late, have been the productions of an easy &, as you suggested, a happy mind; but this one is not of that class. Since I wrote you last, an event has come to my knowledge, which has filled me, & mine, with trouble & anxiety. In the late pulling to pieces of our little army, I am left out of the list of medical men, and of course deprived of all my income. Yes all. It besure was small; only twelve hundred dollars per ann. Still it was an anchor, sufficient to hold me steady & safe untill I should not need it. But now they have cut my cable, & I am left, when nearer 70, than 60 years of age, to be stranded on the Essex, or any other inhospitable Shore. It has been supposed that Mr Monroe (for the matter rests solely with him) has been induced to believe that I am a man in easy circumstances; & that my salary was no object to me; whereas I have, at present, no other means of subsistence, & can strike into no new line of business. I maybe some day in easy circumstances; but this depends on the life of a man belonging to a family famous for longivity; and as noted for holding fast & hard whatever they possess. We are, unfortunately, classed among the rich, & obliged to appear so, without deriving any benefit of the riches of our connexions.\u2014To be poor and to be thought rich by our acquaintance, is a species of splendid wretchedness, that wants a name.President Jefferson gave me a medical appointment worth 15,00 dolrs. per ann. avowedly for my successful labours in vaccination. When Dr Eustis, & some other Doctors of the army expressed their dissatisfaction at it, Mr Jefferson replied\u2014\u201cDuring our revolutionary war, we lost in Canada, & on our frontiers Ten thousand men by the Small Pox; and we should probably lost loose that number or more this  war should we have another war, had not Dr. W. prevented such a calamity by expediting, by his incessant labours, the practice of vaccination full twenty years sooner than it, otherwise, would have been adopted. Beside, I consider not merely the army, but the whole people of the U.S. under obligations to him for saving an immense number of lives\u201d\u2014And he added, I therefore seized the first opportunity that occurred of testifying my sense of that obligation. Prest. Madison caught the same idea from his predeccessor;\u2014but the thing I fear escaped President Monroe.Since that time you know better than any of them, how the unprincipled & jesuitical Junto impelled the college to join with certain professional men to destroy me & my family root & branch. They robbed me of the hard-earned fruit of the labours of more than 30 years & gave it to two of their favourites, because I would not join them in their bitter war against the national government. Both Mr Jefferson & Mr Madison exerted themselves to prevent my destruction, without their aid, when, in fact, I cannot; for my creditors would eat me up in a twelve month.\u2014When the army was reduced to the peace establishment, the Board of officers, acting according to certain military principles, left me out; but President Madison took his pen & put me in again. The late board of Officers, acting on the same principles, left me out; but when the list was presented to Prest. Monroe he did not put me in again, as was expected. I expected the board would have acted as they did; for I never was in the actual service of the army\u2014And it is said that the President has been made to believe that I am rich.Now I believe, & so do others, that you could set this right with Prest. Monroe by a few lines better than I, or any one, or every one could do by writing a volume. I am loath, very loath to tax your exertion. I feel for your eyes, & your yet extraordinary hand, which seems, by your last letter, to have come to.Every one of our Presidents may not consider that the proper emblemn of Our Government is not an Eagle, but an Arrow, which is a potent weapon combines compounded of the sword & the pen. The sword\u2013part is useless without the feather. If the sword has done much, the pen has done more. When the first is rewarded, the last should not be forgotten.I have been confined, the week past, by indisposition, or should have rode over to Quincy, instead of writing.I remain as ever your steady friend\n\t\t\t\t\tBenjn: Waterhouse\n\t\t\t\t\tIt has been said, by some high officers that the office I held, (assistant surgeon of a reduced post) was too mean for me, and so indeed I felt it. Will the President give me one that I am more fit for, and I for it?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7506", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 6 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nMontezillo June 6 1821\nI have enclosed to the President a letter from Dr Waterhouse. I wish you would ask to see it.\nBetween you and me I suspect that our friend Eustace has been of no service to Waterhouse. Ancient Jealousies of him among professional men in Boston may have left some traces. But as this is mere conjecture I lay no stress upon it.\nWhether any thing can be done for him consistent with the public service I know not. But by endeavouring to draw the Attention of Government to his unhappy case, I have done the duty of private friendship and what I think the public good. I am your affectionate\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7507", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Monroe, 6 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nQuincy June 6th 1821\nOf the multitude of applications to me for Letters of Introduction and recommendation to the President and Heads of departments, in favour of candidates for Office, I have for a long time Sternly, and Sometimes almost cinically refused them all.\nBut the enclosed letter from Dr Waterhouse has so tenderly affected me that I cannot resist my feelings and Inclination to transmit it to you. I believe it is strict truth; and that he is poor and in distress, and that his Poverty and distress have been owing to his constant Support of the Union and national Government. I agree with Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison in the great merit of Dr Waterhouse. I scarcely know a Man who has done more good in this Country.\nI know not whether any thing can be done for his relief: but if he is crushed it will be a proud tryumph for a faction who have done much harm to this Country, if We must allow they have done Some good.\nWith perfect respect I have the honour to be, Sir your Sincere Friend / and most humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7508", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Mussey, 9 June 1821\nFrom: Mussey, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston June 9th 1821\n\t\t\t\tThrough the politeness of your Nephew Mr Shaw, I have the pleasure to present you with an implement in domestic economy, which perhaps in some of its parts parts may be considered novel, especially in the case with which it is separated, and consequently kept clean; a circumstance not common to those which I have heretofore seen; although, professedly designed to effect the same purposes.As an individual thing it is hardly worth accepting, but when applied to a nation, the aggregate of its savings makes it an object of more consideration; from that circumstance, I beg Sir you would accept it, and, should you consider it deserving public patronage I should be glad of opinion on it.With sentiments of profund / Respect, I am Sir / Your obedient Sservt\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas Mussey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7509", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 10 June 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear and respected Sir!\nOldenbarneveld 10 June 1821\nIndeed you are very kind towards me: I can not reciprocate these proofs of your frendship as by assuring you of my most cordial thankfulness\u2014that may be called, filling the measure\u2014till it runs over\u2014I know, I should receive some tiding from Montzillo\u2014but a Letter\u2014in your own handwriting, I could not expect indeed. Although I do not publish your Letter\u2014this to me\u2014deservedly might be placed next those\u2014which we lately perused. You have done justice to Southwick, insulted by an intolerant clergyman\u2014and you confirmed me in my opinion, which struck me, when I studied in former days your Excellent work in defence of our constitution. You Strewed again some fragrant flowers on my path, as it is so painful to me, to imagine that I should be forgotten, by the few remaining\u2014whom I love and respect\u2014This indeed, is for me the balm of life\u2014and my apprehension\u2014by you at least\u2014will appear excusable, when you reflect, how I was graded with kindnesses, during my late residence in N. Engl. which I have no hope that can be renewed\u2014join to this\u2014that since I returned home\u2014the good Dr Childs was gone\u2014here the Daughter of my frend Mappa continued to be afflicted by the excruciating tict douleureux\u2014The amiable miss Cornelia Platt\u2014while I came to console her sister\u2014and wished to foster the hope of her Recovery\u2014was departed\u2014just at the point\u2014when a new connection in life was to be concluded\u2014Col. Lansingh\u2019s wife\u2014was dangerously bruised by a fall breaking her collar bones and arm in two places\u2014and my old frend Seriba was attacked by a violent fever\u2014all this combined, to prepare me\u2014being enraptured with the sight of your letter\u2014before I had perused it\u2014and the electric impulse was communicated to my wife and daughter\u2014You can thus not surprised, and you will permit me, who honoured me, during forty years\u2014with your esteem\u2014with your frendship\u2014that I renew my most ardent thanks\u2014May you remain entitled to these, till I shall be no more\u2014and why should it not be so? Tyng\u2014whose silence during a considerable time could not lessen my warm attachment to him, renews his favours, and writes me\u2014only two days past\u2014\u201cmr Shaw passed a day or two with our venerable frend\u2014whom he found in good health\u2014and still in the full exercise of his great intellectual powers\u2014So might think a relative, but the candid impartial Tyng adds \u201cHe is indeed the wonder of the age! why then might you not survive me?\nYou decline to judge of J.Q\u2014Report\u2014because he is your son. I presume\u2014but can this be a sufficient reason, to bereave him from your applause\u2014in a Letter to a frend? I confess I am incompetent, but\u2014what was in my sphere\u2014I admired\u2014so much erudition! without a shadow of show\u2014So much solid judgment! Such an elegant stile! my frend J. Luzac would have written in this manner! I send it yesterday to my honoured frend Judge Platt\u2014who respects the writer as a man\u2014a Son\u2014a Husband and Father, and shall pay him I doubt not, the tribute due to his exalted talents\u2014It shall remain a monument of lasting fame\u2014you, who knew him, could alone excuse me\u2014in presuming that I could supply even raw materials to such a master-workman. I finished during this year again three vol\u2014of the Records\u2014the fourth is far advanced\u2014but my eyes are weakening from day to day\u2014yet I will not give it up\u2014\nTyng makes atonement for the whole Eliot family\u2014but besides this\u2014I believe I am in duty bound\u2014to follow your advice and indulge\u2014their temporary indolence\u2014it may be I betray\u2019d in my last Letter a want of forbearance in this respect. I was gratified, to be informed\u2014that Cambridge shall not loose Norton\u2014The Boston Ladies seem to strive with Lorenzo\u2019s\u2014who shall do the most for the splendid luminaries of that country.\nI am apprehensive\u2014Europe inclines to fall\u2014nothing\u2014nor grandeur nor wealth could lure me, to fix my permanent residence there\u2014within a century\u2014its grandeur\u2014its wealth\u2014its arts and sciences may be nearly eclipsed by the rising generation of this immense country\u2014It is not presumtif that we shall arrive at the ackme of glory\u2014without some interruptions\u2014some convulsions\u2014the black population in some parts\u2014the unprincipled education in others\u2014the love of power\u2014and domineering in others may cause these\u2014and give them an awful aspect\u2014but they can not be lasting\u2014they can not crush the beautiful fabric\u2014and then\u2014in the last resource, Dr. Sangrado\u2019s Seignare\u2014clysterium donare\u2014iterum Seignare\u2014shall throw of the dreggs\u2014epure the mass, and render America\u2014the future object of admiration on the globe\u2014\ndo you suppose\u2014that we shall obtain then some information\u2014of the transactions of this puny planet? or shall we be employ\u2019d in higher topics of contemplation? whatever may be of this\u2014may I be blessed by our Heavenly Father! to enjoy a continued existence, how humble my station may be\u2014not far from those\u2014whom I have loved and revered! I pray ardently for your continued health and happiness and remain / My Dear and respected Sir! / Your obliged frend!\nFr. Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7510", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Jay, 11 June 1821\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBedford\u2014West Chester County\u2014N. York\u201411th June\u20141821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tSince my last to you of the 7th. Ult. I have recieved your\u2019s of the 30th. of April, and 13th. of May. As in the latter (which came to hand on the 19 May) you approved of an application to Mr. Duane for copies of what he calls our Journals, I did apply to him accordingly, by a Letter of which the following is a copy\u2014vizt.\u201cBedford\u2014Westchester County\u2014N. York\u201422d. May 1821\u2014\u201d\u201cSirOn the 24th. of March I recd. your Letter of the 16th. in answer to mine of the 13th. of that month. Accept my acknowledgments for the Delicacy which prompted you to dictate that answer from a Bed of Sickness, rather than permit Delay to give the appearance of Neglect. I regret your having made such a painful Effort under circumstances which afforded such cogent Reasons for Postponement.\u2014On the 27th. of March I transmitted to President Adams a Copy of your Letter, but it was not before the 19th. of this month that his Answer came to my hands\u2014I am thus particular, to account for my not having sooner replied to your Letter.From your Letter it appears that in your opinion the Journals in question are ascribed to us on competent Evidence. If in this you are not mistaken, they must be either the Letters\u2014or copies of them\u2014or Extracts from, or abridgments of them, which were written by us respecting the Negotiations for Peace in 1783.On the 17th. of Novr. 1783 I did write such a Letter to the Secretary for foreign affairs; but the following Remark in your\u2019s leads me to conclude that the Journal ascribed to me, is neither that Letter nor a Copy of it. vizt.\u2018I am in Possession of two Journals\u2014very short indeed, but as authentic as any public Documents ever were\u2014one of them is entitled, as expressed, the Journal of John Jay Esqr. and the other of John Adams Esqr.\u2019As my Letter to the Secretary was a very long one, the short Journal in your Possession cannot be more than an Abridgment, or a Compilation of Extracts from it\u2014Such also is probably the case as to the Journal ascribed to Mr. Adams.\u2014How judiciously such abridgments made have been made, or such Extracts selected and combined, are Inquiries which the intended Publication of those Journals renders interesting. Hence it becomes adviseable, and I think reasonable, to request that you will have the Goodness to send me Copies of those Journals\u2014I will cheerfully defray the Expense of the Copies, and of every incidental charge.\u2014If on Examination I find that the one called mine, is genuine and correct, I shall certainly admit it to be so\u2014if incorrect, I will specify the Errors to you.\u2014On receiving a Copy of the one ascribed to Mr. Adams, I will transmit it to him; and am persuaded that his Sentiments respecting it, will be communicated with perfect candor.\u2014\u201d\u201cI hope that by this Time you are advanced beyond convalescence, for with the best wishes for the entire Restoration of your Health, I am / Sir / your obt. Servt\u201c\u201cWilliam Duane Esqr.\u201dTo this Letter the last mail brought me his answer\u2014vizt.\u201cPhila. 30 May 1821\u2014\u201d\u201cSirI have recd. your Letter of the 22d., and am gratified to find that you recollect to have written some such Papers as were referred to\u2014As this was the only Circumstance in which I could feel any concern, it has been thankfully received. As to giving Copies as suggested, I must be pardoned for declining to do so, for Reasons expressed in my former Letter\u2014I am Sir with great Respect / Your obedt. Servt.\u201d\u201cWm. Duane\u201d\u201cJohn Jay Esqr\u201dFrom this Letter I conclude that his Journals are composed of Extracts from our Letters to the Secretary for foreign affairs; and that as those Extracts would evince their having been obtained indirectly from the Secretary\u2019s office, he does not think it prudent to afford that Evidence by giving us Copies\u2014I had understood that a Publication of the secret Journals of Congress had been ordered, but was not informed whether that order extended to All the official Letters referred to in those Journals, or only to a select number of them. If our Letters are to be published, I am of your opinion that we need give ourselves no Concern about Mr. Duane\u2019s Extracts or Copies\u2014In my Opinion the irritated State of the public mind and Feeling in this State, renders a Convention unreasonable. We are nevertheless to have one; and I should consent to be a member of it, if there was a Probability of such an Improvement in my Health, as would enable me to go to Albany and take a Seat in it\u2014but of this there is no Prospect.\u2014If our Intelligence respecting foreign nations is accurate, there is an Effervescence which portends considerable Changes in Europe, and perhaps in parts of Asia; but on this head there seems as yet to be more Room for conjecture than for calculation.\u2014The Commonalty in general have doubtless acquired more Knowledge of the Rights of Man, but I fear not of the Institutions necessary to secure the Enjoyment of them.I have derived much Gratification from the Kindness which pervades your Letters, and remain / Dear Sir / your obliged and constant Friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Jay\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. The Book you was so obliging as to send me contains much interesting matter, and I thank you for it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7511", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 12 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Son\nMontezillo June 12th. 1821\nOur dear Shaw, who ransacks his Atheneum and the litterary World to afford me Amusements and Instruction, two evenings and one day in a Week, brought me on Saturday your Welcome letter of the 22d of May.\n The true cause of the infrequency of letters between You and me is a conscientious principle on my part. I know that you would answer every Scratch of a pen from me; but I know the importance of your Occupations and your indefatigable Attention to them, and no trifling letter from me Should divert your mind from them, for a moment.\nI regret to learn from Mr Shaw that Mr Little thinks he Shall not be able to make me a visit. I Should receive him with cordial delight.\nI rejoice that a Religion of Comfort and Joy is to be admitted into Washington, and there countenanced  instead of a Religion of Gloom and horror.\nIn delightful hope of Seeing you, in August at least / I am your Affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7512", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Mussey, 12 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Mussey, Thomas\nSir\nMontezillo June the 12th. 1821\nI have received from my merutorious firend and Nephew Mr Shaw, your polite letter of the ninth of this month; together with an ingenious and valuable implement in domestic economy. This invention appears to me an improvement in our culinary \u0153conomy which perhaps wants reformation and amelioration as much in proportion as any other interest.\nI thank you, sir, both for your letter and  / machinery and am your obedient and obliged / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7514", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 18 June 1821\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork June 18th. 1821\n\t\t\t\tyour Letter of the 30th. Ulto. has been recieved, and once and again perused with pleasure and satisfaction; as is every of your Communications.\u2014To humanize, or Civilize, I doubt not, is doing something essential to ameliorate the Condition of Mankind, as Well as, to Christanize, And attempts at the former ought to precede the latter\u2014But the uncommon exertions of the latter; at the present Day may have a happy tendency to the promotion of both.\u2014Miracles in the Strict sense of the Term, are not to be expected in these latter Days. But the Divine Being uses means, in bringing about his hidden designs\u2014Indeed the regularity of the motions of the heavenly Bodies, are a Standing Miracle of his power and perfections, and the more We observe and contemplate them, the more We Shall be Satisfied of the truth of the Observation.\u2014I am fully of the Opinion that the Propheceys, Were more especially intended to ascertain the Times when they actually arived, or Were Accomplished; than to enable Persons to fix the periods of their comeing from any Enigmatical computations a Priori\u2014I percieve the Ostensible intention of Calling the Massa. Convention for revising their Constitution (The fixing anew, the Number of the Senate, and the diminution of the House) has not been effected.\u2014A representation of the House founded upon equality, and of the Senate on the Basis of Taxation yet remains unimpaired.\u2014Some Minor but usefull amendments have been effected\u2014There appears to me no Solid Objection to the Junction of Small Towns in the choice of Members for the assembly.\u2014But upon the Whole the grand principles of the Massa. Original Constitu remains unimpaired: Notwithstanding the attempts that have been made to Weaken and impair lessen it.\u2014The Secession of Maine I always Suppsd was as much desired by influential Characters in Massa. proper as in the District. And the great Idea, held-up in the latter a Cheaper Civil Government will soon be found a deception to many of its greatest advocates upon that computation, by office Seekers, But having permitted my Pen to ramble far beyond my Original intention When I took it up to Write you I Will Stop its progress by adding my best Wishes for your health and happiness\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7515", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Jay, 19 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jay, John\nDear Sir.\nMontezillo June 19 1821\nI thank you for your kind favour of the 11th. which I have this moment received, and Soon determined that an acknowledgement of it should not be So long delayed.\nYou have done, with dignity and propriety all that can be done. A publication of your letters to Mr Duane and his Answers would place him in a ridiculous light. But Duane Cobbet and Calender are Such excentric Characters that it Seems unnecessary to expose them, for Posterity will forget them, or if they Should be remembered, it will be like Anytus and Metytus.\nI was informed by the Secretary of State that Congress had ordered the publication of all the Correspondence relative to the negotiations of 1782 and 1783. But as I expect him here I will ascertain this point more particularly.\nThe Convention in New York may do great good; if it is wisely directed and conducted. I hope they will abolish all legislative interference with executive Authority and annihilate all Executive Counsells. I wish you to be there, if possible.\nThe present and future Condition of Mankind give me more Solicitude than they ought. The Same kind Providence will govern the future as it has done the past, in Wisdom and Benevolence. I can no longer do any thing even as instrument. What cause then of disquetude remains? Why Should I grieve when grieving I must bear?\nAfter all, whatever reformations my be produced in Religion and Government, this life will be but a terrestrial existence. We are not to remain eternally here. The Vicissitudes of Seasons will continue. Our Bodies will be Weather Glasses. Disseases and I fear Vices, and certainly death, will continue their ravages. Glory will dazzle Alexanders C\u00e6sars and Napoleons may hereafter arise, even in our own beloved Country. This is a State of Tryal.\nI am my dear with respect Esteem and Affection / your Sincere friend and / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7516", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Waterhouse, 26 June 1821\nFrom: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCambridge June 26th 1821\n\t\t\t\tHearing that your rheumatism was no better, I hasten to say that instead of the Volatile Tincture of Guaicum, I would advise you to apply the flesh\u2013brush, or that coarse cloth which the Russians call Krash to the limb that is affected and to the region of the hip & loins, begining at the leg & so rubbing upwards. This should be done by some prudent man, who will be carefull not to rub off the skin. In want of Krash any stiff, short\u2013haired brush will answer. The guaicum  is an inflammatory medicine & may not be good for your eyes, whereas the stimulating, or inflammatory brush affects only the part that needs its stimulus. Your pain is from a diminished tone in the fibres of the investing membranes, hence they require excitement by friction, or by blistering with mustard, or cantharides. I use to consider this dry friction almost an infallible remedy in myself when afflicted with rheumatism. It should be used night & morning. I hate to take medicine inwardly and   so do you, and when I can have recourse to external stimuli, I never take them inwardly, even in the form of a cordial. The philosophy of currying an horse is to prevent rheumatism, and to remove any such affection should it exist. My father in law has this operation performed for him every day, & so has Dr Danforth, who is older than you.\u2014I have never been forward in carrying you company, from a fear that it might not be, at all times agreeable, but I could not resist the wishes of such a man as Major Wooley. He was bred a lawyer, & is very well read\u2014a good chemist, & a favourite of the President, and indeed of all who know him intimately. He has never that I ever knew had an opportunity of distinguishing himself in battle, but it is his Science, & his fidelity in the expenditure of very large sums that has made him valuable. He is moreover with his wife remarkably serious,    of the New Jersy calvinistic cast. I am sorry to add that in the new arrangement he must go to Arkansaw, & leave his wife and children at Newwark. Did he not stand at the head of the list of Majors he would resign. Fearfull that the mail will be closed, I have written with more hurry that I could wish\u2014My wife desires her great & particular respects to you, and to your valuable  nurse her namesake, who we both hope approves of our prescription. My Louisa has had long practice in the care of an Uncle, & of a father far advanced in life\u2014  Yours with encreased attachment\n\t\t\t\t\tB. Waterhouse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7518", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Dawes, 5 July 1821\nFrom: Dawes, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 5th. July 1821\n\t\t\t\tI hope and trust that I shall not offend you by any thing in this communication. What is every body\u2019s business is nobody\u2019s: and therefore I meddle with a subject above my talents, lest it should be touched by hands inferior to my own. Notwithstanding the disparity of years between you and me, it is very probable that you may survive me, as your constitution is better than mine: yet, according to the more common course of nature, I may survive  you: in which case I should consider it a circumstance above estimation to possess some outlines of your biography from childhood to the present time. All men know that it might be collected from the annals of our country. But should you be called, as we all must be, sooner or later, to the world of spirits, your surviving friends might be anxious for a sketch of your past life; leaving to historians a more minute and ample display, like that of Marshal\u2019s Washington or Middleton\u2019s Cicero\u2014If I could have a family likeness of the original, or rather a series of portraits of it, in different stages, were I living at your decease, I could use it more freely than Secretary Adams might, from motives of delicacy, were he present, think it proper to do. Should you condescend to commit such a sketch to my keeping, I would inscribe on its envelope these words \u201cThis is to be returned to the Honorable John Adams of Quincy\u201d So that should I leave the world before you, no improper use would be made of the sacred deposit; but it would be returned to you for some other, but not more faithful friend than, Sir your\u2019s most respectfully\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas Dawes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7519", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Charles Greely Loring, 7 July 1821\nFrom: Loring, Charles Greely\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tEmboldened by a remark contained in one of your letters to the late Hon. Judge Tudor, I have taken the liberty to send a copy of the oration delivered on the fourth inst.; and should the perusal of it afford you the slightest pleasure; it will be to me a very great gratification, that I have had an opportunity of paying this humble tribute of my respect, to one to whom I, as a citizen of this country, feel myself immeasurably indebted.I have the honour to be most respectfully / your Obed. Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tCharles G. Loring", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7520", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Gerry Fairbanks, 16 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Fairbanks, Gerry\nSir,\nMontezillo 16 July 1821\nI thank you for an ingenious and pleasing Oration, pronounced by you on the fourth of July\u2014The spirit of moderation, and impartiality, which runs through it, is very amiable and keeps pace with the spirit of Liberty & patriotism which adorns it. It is not in my power, to point out particularly the beauties or the faults in this composition; but I beg leave to suggest a query\u2014whether it is worth while for us, to take much notice of the British claims of superioty over us. We must candidly acknowledge that they greatly exceed us in many respects. First in antiquity. We are but two hundred years old. They are two thousand, and if, the bards and ballads of the Welsh of the Druids, had not been unfortunately lost, they might, but for what we know, have boasted of two thousand more nearly as respectable as any. Secondly\u2014their Gentlemens seats in the Country are much more elegant than ours. Our Lymans & Quincys\u2014our Perkins\u2019s and Derbys\u2014our Welles\u2019s & Parsons\u2014our Gores and Prebles can exhibit nothing comparable to Hagley\u2014Mount Edgcomb or Stowe\u2014\nWe have no pleasure grounds or gravel grand walks, winding round a compass of half a dozen miles in Hogarth\u2019s waving line of beauty, ornamented with flowers & roses, with forest trees and shrubbry collected from all parts of the world, to be compared with theirs\u2014We have no Country houses, presenting a forest of thirteen hundred fifty feet, with porticoes, supported by pillars of marble and of Composition, of splendour and magnificence to be compared with theirs\u2014\nWe have no temples to Bacchus or to Venus or to Victory\u2014We have not a Corinthian gate, which would cost the price of a Country with us, through which you enter, to behold with surprize\u2014the astonishing front of the palace\u2014Indeed we have not an ornamented farm to be compared with that at Woburn, Paynes hill or even Shenstons Leasowes. Thirdly\u2014they excell us in a national debt, that inexhaustible sources of national & individual wealth, by a sagacious speculation in which, a Man may make a hundred thousand pounds sterling in a night\u2014such a debt is a fertilizing source of literature and science\u2014It enables thousands and tens of thousands to purchase books and libraries, to the great encouragement of Authors to employ their leisure and exert their genius in illuminating the World\u2014Fourthly we have yet not as yet, been blessed with Generals and Admirals, whose bravery and patriotism, have conquered sixty or a hundred millions of people, abounding in all the richest productions of the earth, or who have swept from the occean all the commerce of the World\u2014There are many other articles, in which they outstep outstrip us in the race of competition\u2014but I have not time to enumerate more and must conclude abruptly by subscribing myself / your obliged friend & humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7521", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Charles Greely Loring, 18 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Loring, Charles Greely\nSir\nMontezillo July 18th. 1821\nI have received your kind and friendly letter of the 7th. for which I thank you\u2014and much more for the oration which accompanied it\u2014which I have read with great pleasure the composition is very eloquent though very neat and simple without the least affectation\u2014The sentiments are such as good give offence to no honest American\u2014and the glow of Patriotism with which the felicity of our Country is painted must have exerted the honest pride of every one who heard it, as it certainly did mine in reading it\u2014I hope a collection will be made for some public Library or by some wealthy and curious individual of all the orations that have been delivered upon that occasion\u2014great assistance may be derived by some future historian from these sources,\u2014and the temper feelings and manners of the times, are perhaps in shorter expression, the beating of the public pulse may be felt for forty five years\nI am Sir your friend, and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7522", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Ware, 18 July 1821\nFrom: Ware, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tMr Ware is induced by the request of Dr Waterhouse, to take the liberty of offering to the Honorable Mr Adams the enclosed historical pamphlet; and would avail himself of the opportunity of expressing the sentiments of high respect with which he views his life & character.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7524", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Caleb Cushing, 26 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Cushing, Caleb\nDear Sir:\nMontezillo 26th. July 1821.\nAlthough unfortunately my eyes have been so ill that I could not read, yet I have had the pleasure of hearing read, your Oration on the fourth of July; and never have read or heard a better. To point at its merits would be to copy the book. When Voltaire was asked why he had not written criticisms upon Racine as well as upon Corneille, he answered, \u201cbecause there is no criticism to be made.\u201d I should only have to write at the bottom of each page, beautiful, charming, excellent, admirable, exquisite.\nI have been much affected with the uniformity of principles and sentiments, and the coincidence of topics, which appear in all the orations of the present year. A foreigner would suspect a concert among the orators; but this is impossible; for they come from various cities and distant states, which render any combination or conspiracy impracticable. They all concur in celebrating the greatest glory of America, the national assertion of the divine right of the people to institute governments, to create magistrates, lawgivers, and priests, in contradistinction, or rather in opposition, to the divine right of kings, nobles & hierophants.\nI have also heard read your address to your class. If such advice is followed, our country has nothing to fear.\nI am, Sir, / Your obliged & obedient humble servant.\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7525", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Dawes, 28 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Dawes, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLittle Hill July 28 1821\nI am informed by your Brother G, that you wish to know from me some Account of my Education! The first part of it was under Mr Joseph Cleverly in the public latin School in Braintree, the last part under Mr Joseph Marsh who kept a private Accademy the next door but one to my fathers house. From him I was Sent to Colledge in 1751. Had my first degree of course in 1755. kept th: Latin School in Worcester and read Law with Colonel James Putnam till 1758 when I had my Second degree at Colledge and was admitted an Attorney at Law by the Court of Common Pleas in the County of Suffolk. In 1761 I was dubbed a Barister and assumed my Gown Wigg and band.\nThe report of my pupillage under Mr Gridley arose from this. Mr Gridley after an examination painful, troublesome and distressing enough to me generously presented me to the Court for Admittance at the Bar in which he was joined by Mr Pratt Mr Otis and Mr Thatcher four Gentlemen whose Patronage and friendship I can never forget. I am with great Esteem your friend \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7527", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Wiley & Halstead, 30 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Wiley & Halstead\nMontizillo 30th. July 1821\u2014\nI have recieved a letter under this signature dated 22 July 1821 but it must surely be a supposition for the genuine master of the trident which is the sceptre of the ocean never indulged himself in so much flattery nevertheless the institution he recommends has my most cordial approbation. Every institution calculated to alleviate the sufferings & promote the comforts of that brave, generous hardy & intrepid tho\u2019 too often inconsiderate portion of our fellow citizens: the seamen ought to be encouraged; any thing which would teach them to think would be invaluable to them. If I had a book which could assist the design I would endeavour to find means to send it.\nI am with profound respect to the true Neptune and no ill will to the immaginary one / his humble Servant\u2014\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7528", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Monroe, 31 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 31st July 1821\nHad I not been poisoned by the mephytic iffluvia of blossoms and roses to such a degree as to deprive me of the right of letters and the feeling of a pen: I should have long since acknowledged the honour of your obliging letter of the 13th of the month. it is perfectly satisfactory to me and it ought to be so and I presume will be so to Dr Waterhouse.\nI am happy to hear that your health is generally very good, and congratulate you on the great and just success of your administration. My health is much better, though feeble enough than at my age I have any right to expect.\nAlthough we happily enjoy a profound tranquillity and a remarkable prosperity, the state of the world is still alarming; but I have heard that \u201cthe business of the world will do itself and there is a sense in which it is true. There can be no doubt it will be done well. With great respect and sincere esteem I have the honour to be / your obliged friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7529", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mrs. Derby, 31 July 1821\nFrom: Derby, Mrs.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tChesnut Street 31st. July.\n\t\t\t\tMrs. Derby presents her respects to Mr. Adams, and altho\u2019 he gave her leave in presence of many witnesses, to put his name to the Subscription paper for Mr. Freeman\u2019s Book; She cannot deny herself & others, the pleasure of seeing so honored a name written by his own hand.She is join\u2019d by her Mother & Mr. Derby in presenting their respects to Mr Adams & the Ladies of his family\u2014.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7530", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., July 1821\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tAfter waiting nearly in vain to obtain further documents for the biography of James Otis, I have resolved to begin to make the most of the materials, I now possess\u2014I hope in the course of a few days to have completed, the first part of his life, embracing his youth, & what may be called the private part of his professional career\u2014It will all be comprized in a few pages, so few are the anecdotes I have been able to collect. I shall take the liberty of sending it to you, and if you will read it, and give me the advantage of any suggestions or corrections that may occur to you it will be doing me an invaluable favorIn the mean time Sir, it will much oblige me, if you would give me a minute of the main facts in the case of Corbet for killing Lt Panton\u2014I know that Mr Otis left the weight of that trial on your shoulders (which were capable of sustaining it) and there is some mention of it in one of your letters to my Father\u2014but I wish to introduce a mention of it as one of the causes in which he was employed, and still more from its deep interest & connection with the spirit of those times. To do this effectually I wish to make a brief statement of the facts of the case & the trial.May I ask you also if Mr Otis took no part in the proceedings connected with the \u201cmassacre\u201d of the 5th of March 1770? I do not recollect to find his name at all connected with any of the measures relating to that remarkable event\u2014I am Dear Sir / with the highest respect / Your Most obed sert\n\t\t\t\t\tW. Tudor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7531", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph E. Sprague, 4 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sprague, Joseph E.\n\t\t\t\t\tMontezillo. Aug. 4, 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI owe you many thanks for the present of an ingenious, entertaining and valuable oration, pronounced by you on the 4th of July, before the Salem Charitable Mechanic Association. I have read it with great pleasure, as 1 have all the orations which have been sent me this year. I have been much affected with the remarkable uniformity of principles and sentiments, and coincidence of topics, which pervades them all, although spoken in various cities and distant states. Such an harmonious train of thinking is an augury of great good to our country. It gives us proofs of a national character, of a national public opinion, cheering hopes of a lasting union, prosperity and happiness. Nothing could be more natural than in addressing a Charitable Mechanic Association, you should take notice of the proud reflections on us, so perpetually poured forth in England. This topic has not escaped the notice of any oration I have read this year. I own I am glad to see it. We have been tame and patient under the scalding drops of their contempt too long. It is time for us to arouse ourselves, and to assert honestly our own just pretensions, and show them that their impertinence shall no longer be borne without resentment and retaliation.\u2014The English emissaries in all our cities, who have access to any of the newspapers, are pouring forth their murmurs and complaints under the lash, which shows that it has had its proper effect. It has already produced an appearance of modesty, and more decency, both in England and Scotland. When they treat us like men, I hope we shall treat them like gentlemen.\nI am sir, your much obliged and most humble / servant, \n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7533", "content": "Title: From John Adams to U.S. Military Academy at West Point, 14 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: U.S. Military Academy at West Point\n\t\t\t\t\tMy young fellow citizens and fellow  soldiers.\n\t\t\t\tI rejoice that I live to see so fine a collection of the future defenders of their country in pursuit of honor under the auspices of the national government.A desire of distinction is implanted by nature, in every human bosom, and the general sense of mankind in all ages and countries cultivated and uncultivated, has excited, encouraged and applauded this passion in military men more than in any other order of society. Military glory is esteemed the first and greatest of glories. As your profession is at least as solemn and sacred as any in human life, it behoves you seriously to consider What is glory?There is no real glory in this world or any other, but such as arises from wisdom and benevolence. There can be no solid glory among men but that which springs from equity and humanity; from the constant observance of prudence, temperance, justice and fortitude. Battles, victories and conquests abstracted from their only justifiable object and end, which is justice and peace, are the glory of fraud, violence and usurpation.\u2014What was the glory of Alexander and C\u00e6sar? The glimmering which those \u201clivid flames\u201d in Milton \u201ccast pale and dreadful\u201d or \u201cthe sudden blaze\u201d which far round \u201cillumined Hell.\u201dDifferent\u2014far different, is the glory of Washington and his faithful colleagues! Excited by no ambition of conquest or avaricious desire of wealth; irritated by no jealousy, envy, malice, or revenge; prompted only by the love of their country, by the purest patriotism and philanthopy, they persevered, with invincible constancy, in defence of their country, her fundamental laws; her natural, essential and inalienable rights and liberties, against the lawless and ruthless violence of tyranny and usurpation.The biography of these immortal captains, and the history of their great actions, you will read and ruminate night and day.\u2014You need not investigate antiquity, or travel into foreign countries to find models of excellence in military commanders, without a stain of ambition or avarice, tyranny, cruelty or oppression, towards friends or enemies.In imitation of such great examples, in the most exalted transports of your military ardour, even in the day of battle, you will be constantly overawed by a conscious sense of the dignity of your characters as men, as American citizens, and as christians.I congratulate you on the great advantages you possess for attaining eminence in letters and science, as well as in arms.\u2014These advantages are a precious deposit, which you ought to consider as a sacred trust, for which you are responsible to your country, and to a higher tribunal. These advantages, and the habits you have acquired, will qualify you for any course of life you may choose to pursue.That I may not fatigue you with too many words, allow me to address every one of you in the language of a Roman dictator to his master of the horse, after a daring and dangerous exploit for the safety of his country,\u201cMacte virtute esto.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7534", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 20 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo August 20 1821\nThere are on the Journals of Congress some early resolutions for establishing a Nursery for the Education of young men in military Science discipline and tactics; but paper money was so scarce that they never could afford to carry them into execution. When the idea was revived I do not remember; but it has been cherished under Jefferson Madison and Monroe and is now brought to a considerable degree of perfection. The late Visits of the Cadets to several States seem to have made the institution popular.\nWould not a similar establishment for the education of naval Officers be equally Usefull. The public Opinion of the nation Seems now to be favourable to a Navy as the cheapest and Safest Arm for our national defence. Is not this a favourable moment for proposing a Naval Accademy?\nFloyd is gone! You and Jay, and Carrol are all who remain. We shall all be asterised very soon. Sic Transit Gloriola (Is there such a Latin word?) mundi.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7535", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas J. Gantt, 23 August 1821\nFrom: Gantt, Thomas J.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tCharleston 23rd: August 1821\n\t\t\t\tBy a resolve of the 76 Association, made in consequence of their high regard for your republican Principles, and gratitude for the Service, you have rendered the nation, I Send you a Copy of Mr: Elliotts Oration, delivered before that Society on the last 4th of July. I also Send you a copy of Mr: Ramsay\u2019s, delivered the year previous. I am aware that you Should have received the latter long since, and can only Say (in excuse for its not being Sent you) that I had not the honor at that time of being on the committee. I am dear Sir with Sentiments of / the most profound respect your / Humble Servant.\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas John Gantt.Chairman Comee: arrangts 76. assn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7536", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Thornton Kirkland, 24 August 1821\nFrom: Kirkland, John Thornton\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tCambridge 24. August 1821\n\t\t\t\tI had the honor of Sending you a Card requesting your presence at Commencement.\u2014I beg leave to remind you of your being one of the Judges of the speaking for Boylston prizes the day after Commencement, & to ask you, if you should attend, to do me the favor to dine with me on that day at half after two oC.\u2014 With high consideration / & affectionate regard, / I am, Dear Sir, / Your ob. Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn T. Kirkland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7537", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Nathaniel A. Haven, 27 August 1821\nFrom: Haven, Nathaniel A.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPortsmouth N.H. August 27. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tA belief that nothing is uninteresting to you that is connected with the history or character of our country, has given me confidence to address you, upon a subject in which both are concerned. Although the fact, to which I wish to call your attention, was not within your personal knowledge, you may probably recollect some explanation that may have been given of it, at the time it occurred. At least, your acquaintance with the members of the Convention that framed the constitution will enable you to decide whether a just inference has been drawn from their conduct.In the London Quarterly Review, published in October 1820. (No 46. page 551.) in the article entitled \u201cNew Churches,\u201d the following occurs in a note, and is designed to support the insinuation, that the government of these states \u201cprofess a liberal indifference whether there be any religion in the country, or none.\u201cWhen the American Convention were framing their constitution, Dr. Franklin asked them how it happened that while groping, as it were, in the dark to find political truth, they had not once thought of applying to the Father of lights to illuminate their understandings?\u2014I have lived, Sir, (said he) a long time; and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid? We have been assured, Sir, in the sacred writings, that \u201cexcept the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it.\u201d I firmly believe this; and I also believe, that without his concurring aid, we shall succeed in this political building, no better than the builders of Babel. We shall be divided by our little, partial, local interests; our projects will be confounded, and we ourselves shall become a reproach and a bye-word to future ages\u201d\u2014He then moved, that prayers should be performed in that assembly every morning before they proceeded to business. \u201cThe Convention, except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary!!\u201d These words, and these notes of admiration were written by Franklin himself.\u201d Thus far the note in the Quarterly Review.Upon turning to Franklin\u2019s works (Duane\u2019s edition) Vol. 1. page 474. I find the same story related in nearly the same words; and the remark that the convention thought prayers unnecessary, together with the accompanying notes of admiration, ascribed to Franklin himself.The same fact was, several years ago, referred to in Aikins Annual Review: but I cannot now find the particular passage.The fact, if correctly stated, is curious in itself; but it becomes of more importance, when it is made the ground of a general censure of the religious feelings of our country.Were the members of the convention, like the Legislature of Virginia, afraid of giving a preference to some religious sect? Were there any personal considerations mingled with the decision? Or were they really indifferent, as the English Reviewer suggests, \u201cwhether there be any religion in the country, or none\u201d?I pray you to pardon the presumption, which has led me to address you. I should hardly have intruded upon your retirement, if I had not recently been assured by your townsman and neighbour, Mr. Daniel Greenleaf, that you would willingly communicate any facts within your knowledge, which might in any manner illustrate the history of our country.I have the honor to be / with great respect / Your obedient Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tNathl. A. Haven Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7538", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Rebecca de Molitor, 29 August 1821\nFrom: Molitor, Rebecca de\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston 29th August 1821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tYour being a relation of My Fathers Induces me to take the liberty of making my Situation known to you\u2014Confident from your known Benevolence of character that you will not turn a deaf Ear to the voice of Misfortune\u2014My Fathers Name was William Engs\u2014Son of Maddet Engs his Mothers Maiden name was Ann Adams, and bore near affinity to your Father\u2014he had two Sisters\u2014Avis & Ann, Avis Married Captn Barnabas Binney and resided in the Mansion House of my Grandfather in Summer Street, which is still standing\u2014the Other Married Mr. John Phillips and resided in Quebec, he held some office under the then British Goverment\u2014I am particcular Sir in Mentioning my Family that you may recognize the Claims I have to it\u2014when young my Father went to Newport RIsland where he Married. I was his fourth Child have often heard him Speak of Samuel and Nathaniel Adams, as his particular and Intimate friends\u2014but as he must have been many years your Senr. I think he could have no personal knowledge of you. Except in his Visits to his friends after he left it\u2014when you Sir was Called to the high and Important office as Chief of these States, I was not in my Native place, yet I can recollect afterwards hearing him Speak of you in terms of admiration and delight\u2014My Father was not Rich but preserved an Unblemishd Character. the only Legacy he left his children they have not impaird it\u2014in 1780 I Married, some few years afterwards removd with my Husband to Nova Scotia\u2014that then Inhospitable Clime Baffled our pursuits\u2014years roll\u2019d on after years our Industry was in Vain fortune fled us, and my Husband resignd his breath fourteen years ago\u2014Since that time I have resided with my children\u2014came here in the Month of May in the family of my Son Inlaw, who was formerly Clerk in the Navy Yard in Halifax, and thro the reduction of that Establishment and the Army has been obligd to leave it, being partial to my native Country I perswaded him to try his fortune here\u2014thro a combination of untoward events he has not succeeded, and finally has left this Town in persuit of more favorable prospects elsewhere\u2014I am left with my Daughter and several Small children without any means of Support, save what our little industry can procures us, and that is small\u2014be pleasd to excuse what you find deficient Sir, in these unvarnishd lines\u2014they are from the pen of Woman in her Seventieth Year in an Indifferent state of Health\u2014I Should have Sought the pleasure of an Interview had you been in Town\u2014but as the distance is considerable beg the favor of a line\u2014we reside at the Corner of Back and   Richmond Streets Boston\u2014where any attention Shewn us will be Gratefully and Respectfully remembered\u2014by Sir Your very\u2014 / Humble Servt.\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tRebecca de Molitor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7540", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mr. Marston, 1 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Marston, Mr.\nDear Sir\nMontezillo September 1st 1821\nThe Roman dictator was Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus. His Master of the horse was Caius Servilius Ahala whose daring and dangerous exploit was killing Spurius Melius for aiming at royalty. The story is in Livy, Book 4th Chapter 13th In Rollin\u2019s Roman History Vol 2 p 46 In Adam\u2019s defence Vol 3 p 242 The Roman Antiquities of Dionisius Halicarnassensis come not down so low His account is lost but I presume the anecdote is to be found in every general Roman History.\nIs it not remarkable that this most memorable of all the applications of the phrase Macte virtute esto is omitted in all the dictionaries Stephens Faber Ainsworth amidst all their learned lumber have forgotten this. They have quoted Virgil Ovid Cicero and even the wag Horace but overlooked Livy.\n Horace the rogue in his first book of Satyres Satire 2 lines 21 22 &c puts these words into the mouth of Cato and applies them for a very curious moral purpose\n\u201cMacte virtute esto inquit sententia dia Catonis\nNam simul ac venas inflavit tetra libido\nHuc juvenes aequum est descendere non alienas\nPermolere uxores.\u201d\nVirgil in his ninth Aeneid has made Apollo Say to Ascanius, after his noble Juvenile exploit in killing Numanus\n\u201cMacte nova virtute, puer: Sic itur ad astra\nDis genite, et geniture deos.\u201d\nHe afterwards descends from his cloud in the shape of old Butes, the Armor Bearer and Janitor and gives Iulus good advice,\n\u201cSit satis Aeneada telis impune Numanum\nOppetisse tuis &c\nC\u00e6tera parce puer bello.\u201d\nServius\u2019s commentary upon the word \u201cMacte\u201d is Magis aucte Et est sermo tractatus a  sacris; quoties enim aut Thus aut Vinum  victimam fundebatur dicebat: Mactus est taurus vino vel thure hoc est cumulata et hostia et magis aucta.\nIn the Dauphin\u2019s Edition the Note upon the Word \u201cMacto is \u201cMactus\u201d quasi Mauctus id est magis auctus, hic herba adulta dicta est a Catone macta quia aucta. Hosti\u00e6 quoque mactie quia mola, Vino, thure Spaigebantur et quasi cumulabantur augebanturque ante Sacrificium; unde mactare pro cadere dictum fuit. Diis ippi in Sacrificiis exclamabunt: Macte hocce vino inferio esto; macte hacce dape esto quia sacrificiis augeri eorum felicitatem putabunt. Cicero dixit Nonio teste maitare aliquem honoribus. Plautus mactare infortunio, Hac formula vocativum adhibetiri Macte pro nominativo Mactus, more attico Macte ingenio este c\u00e6li interpretes Pliny. Macte virtutites estote Milites Romani.\nRollin in the second volume of his history page 261 translates the phrase Macte virtute est liberata Republica by commentary J\u2019approve votre action et je vous  de votre zele Servilius Vous venez de delivrer votre Patrie d\u2019un  tyran qui voulut la  reduire en Servitude.\nLivy\u2019s narration of this whole transaction is ample in his fourth book Chapters 13 14 15 16.\nThere is in Livy another remarkable application of this phrase by Porsenna, In the second book of Livy Chap 11 12 13 14 is the romantic and miraculous Story of Caius Mucius Sc\u00e6vola and his attempt to kill the king of Etruria in his camp and tent Failing in his enterprise by killing the Secretary instead of the king and expecting death in torment he tormented himself by thrusting his hand into burning. Porsenna showedd soul equally great by pardoning him in these words \u201cTu vero abi in te mages quam in me hostilia ausus Iuberem macte vurtute esse si pro mea Patria ista virtus staret Nunc jure belli liberam te intactum inviolatum que dimitto.\n Some Critics have pretended that Macte is an adverb and some that it is in the ablative case both absurdly.\nIn Ovid may be found the following phrases Mactare alequem duum Mactare animal Picaseo Mactare anseum hospitibus Dius Mactare catuun Mactare piraneam Mactare pivennas bid queqam Mactare orem pauti Mactaro ores Mactare  tot mactare & vinum Mactari ad ovas sacras victima Mactatuo racca Miuccor Mactatus ad aucas and many others but I am weary of this per ducubital amusement.\nJ. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7543", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jacob W. Watson, 11 September 1821\nFrom: Watson, Jacob W.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton Sepr. 11th: 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe Citizens of Princeton having moved to this place for the purpose of escorting the your Son, the Hon John Quincy Adams to Princeton have this moment learnt that the venerable Mr Adams our late President was accompanied by him. we are happy to find Sir that even at this time of life Providence has so favour\u2019d you & us As to as to give us this opportunity of bidding you a Cordial Welcome & of Escorting you Sir together with him\n\t\t\t\t\tJacob W. WatsonChairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7544", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 12 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tMonticello Sep. 12. 21.\n\t\t\t\tI am just returned from my other home, and shall within a week go back to it for the rest of the autumn. I find here your favor of Aug. 20. and was before in arrear for that of May 19. I cannot answer, but join in, your question, of May 19. are we to surrender the pleasing hopes of seeing improvement in the moral and intellectual condition of Man? the events of Naples & Piedmont cast a gloomy cloud over that hope: and Spain & Portugal are not beyond jeopardy. and what are we to think of this Northern triumvirate, arming their nations to dictate despotisms to the rest of world? and the evident connivance of England, as the price of secret stipulations for continental armies, if her own should take side with her malcontent and pulverised people? and what of the poor Greeks, and their small chance of amelioration even if the hypocritical Autocrat should take them under the iron cover of his Ukazes. would this be lighter or safer than that of the Turk? These, my dear friend, are speculations for the new generation, as, before they will be resolved, you and I must join our deceased brother Floyd, yet I will not believe our labors are lost. I shall not die without a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance. we have seen indeed once within the records of history a compleat eclipse of the human mind continuing for centuries. and this too by swarms of the same Northern barbarians, conquering and taking possession of the countries & governments of the civilized world. should this be again attempted, should the same Northern hordes, allured again by the corn wine, and oil of the South, be able again to settle their swarms in the countries of their growth, the art of printing alone, and the vast dissemination of books, will maintain the mind where it is, and raise the conquering ruffians to the level of the conquered, instead of degrading those to that of their conquerors. and even should the cloud of barbarism and despotism again obscure the science and liberties of Europe, this country remains to preserve and restore light and liberty to them. in short, the flames kindled on the 4th. of July 1776. have spread over too much of the globe to be extinguished by the feeble engines of despotism. on the contrary they will consume these engines, and all who work them.I think with you that there should be a school of instruction for our navy as well as artillery; and I do not see why the same establishment might not suffice for both. both require the same basis of general mathematics, adding projectiles & fortifications for the artillery exclusively, and Astronomy & the theory of navigation exclusively for the Naval students. Bezout conducted both schools in France, and has left us the best book extant for their joint & separate instruction. it ought not to require a separate professor. A 4th of July oration delivered in the town of Milford in your state gives to Samuel Chase the credit of having \u201cfirst started the cry of independance in the ears of his country men.\u201d do you remember any thing of this? I do not. I have no doubt it was uttered in Massachusets even before it was by Thomas Paine. but certainly I never considered Samuel Chase as foremost, or even forward in that hallowed cry. I know that Maryland hung heavily on our backs, & that Chase, altho\u2019 first named, was not most in unison with us of that delegation, either in politics or morals et c\u2019est ainsi que l\u2019on ecrit l\u2019histoire! your doubt of the legitimacy of the word gloriola is resolved by Cicero, who in his letter to Lucceius expresses a wish \u201cut nos metipsi vivi gloriola nostra perfruamur.\u201d affectly. Adieu\n\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7545", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Stockton, 12 September 1821\nFrom: Stockton, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir \n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton (N.J.) Sepr. 12th. 1821\n\t\t\t\tPermit me to introduce to you my Son Robert F Stockton of the Navy at present Commanding the Schooner Alligator now in the port of Boston. I can assure you with truth that he is a youth of exemplary moral Character and conduct,\u2014and that he has already earned for himself a professional reputation equal to that of any other officer of his age and rank in the Navy.\u2014I could not think of his leaving Boston without paying his respects to the venerable Sage for whom his Grand Father entertained\u2014and his Father entertains so profound a respect. A great space local and moral has divided you from me for the last twenty years. I had once an opportunity of seeing you in trying circumstances. I believed you then to be not only a great Man but a Patriot most ardent and pure\u2014I have never changed that opinion, but have constantly expressed it when ever it was proper so to do. This may indeed be said of all your Jersey Friends\u2014they have been steady and uniform in their attachment to you. I have just alluded to my Father and Shall take leave to mention an anecdote which I never ventured to relate while in the habit of daily intercourse with you\u2014I well remember that on his first return home from Congress in the Summer of 1776 after the 4th. of July he was immediately surrounded by his anxious political Friends\u2014who were eager for minute information in respect of the great event which had just taken place\u2014Being then a Boy of some observation and of very retentive memory I remember these words addressed to his Friends\u2014\u201cThe man to whom the Country is most indebted for the great measure of Independence is Mr John Adams of Boston\u201d\u2014\u201cI call him the Atlas of American Independence\u201d\u2014\u201cHe it was who sustained the Debate, and by the force of his reasoning demonstrated not only the justice but the expediency of the measure.\u201d This I have often spoken of to others and distinctly remember the very language which he used. Afterwards and when I commenced the study of the Law under his direction he often told me that he considered Mr A: one of the most profound Common Law Lawyers he had ever conversed with. I hope venerable Sir! that I Shall not offend your delicacy or use an improper freedom when I assure you of the interest which all of us take here in the dignity of your latter years\u2014With Pride and gratitude we behold realized in your Person a portrait often-times drawn but rarely seen. That of a Man advanced almost to the extreme end of human life in full possession of the great powers of his mind\u2014who after a long life devoted to noble pursuits calmly waits with hope and dignity to be translated to the region of everlasting peace and joy.   I am dear and venerable Sir / with unfeigned and profound / respect / Your obt: and humble \n\t\t\t\t\tRd Stockton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7546", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Stockton, 23 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Stockton, Richard\nDear Sir\nMontezillo Sept 23 1821\nI have received your kind letter of the 12 inst. as its it is a demonstration of the continued friendship of a family for whom I have felt for more than five & 40 years the highest respect esteem & affection. For your father the chief justice of N Jersey and a fellow laborer with me in Congress I had a great veneration. I may boast that he was always faithful partial to me. For yourself I have always entertained a great regard as well as for your Brother with wom whom I had a more slight acquaintance. With Dr Rush I had an  uninterrupted friendship & constant correspondence from 1774 to the period of his death. His lady your sister was on terms of intimacy & correspond with my dear departed consort till her death Be assured Sir there is not a family in N.A. if I may except my own, to which I am more cordially attached. I never knew till I received your letter that Capt Stockton of the Navy\u2014was your son\u2014if I had I should not have waited for your letter to have sought his acquaintance I had heard of his fame\u2014He has an hereditary right to all his virtues talents: & accomplishments which as I am well informed are of the highest order. My eldest son & his lady speak of him in the highest terms\u2014as do all others. I shall immediately solicit a visit from him and a furlow for a few days to pass with me if his duty in the navy will possibly admit of it.\nI am Sir with great & sincere esteem your / assured friend & humble Sert\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7547", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Robert Stockton, 23 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Stockton, Robert\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 23d September 1821\nHad I known that you were of the family of Stocktons of New Jersey I should have waited for a letter from your Father to have solicited your acquaintance and friendship\u2014For more than five and forty years I have esteemed the various branches of your family among my most respectable and valuable friends. For your Grandfather I had a great veneration. And for your Father a cordial esteem\u2014and without flattery I hear so good accounts of your own merit that I should have earnestly wished a visit from you had your name and connections been wholly unknown to me, I beg of you if it be consistent with the naval service and your duty, to procure a furlow to pass a few days with me at Quincy or if that is not possible to take dinner with me, or a bed for a night, that I may have an opportunity of introducing you to my family and in paying all possible respects in my power to you and yours\u2014\nI am Sir with great regard your sincere friend / and most obedient / humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7548", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 24 Septr. 1821.\nI thank you for your favour of the 12 inst. Hope springs eternal. Eight Millions of Jews hope for a Messiah more powerful & glorious than Moses, David, or Solomon who is to make them as powerful as he pleases. Some hundreds of millions of Musslemen expect another Prophet more powerful than Mahomet who is to spread Islamism over the whole earth\u2014Hundreds of millions of Christians expect and hope for a Millennium in which Jesus is to reign for a thousand years over the whole world before it is burnt up\u2014The Hindoos expect another and a final incarnation of Vishnu who is to do great and wonderful things. I know not what.\u2014All these hopes are founded on real or pretended revelation. The modern Greeks too it seems hope for a deliverer who is to produce them.\u2014The Themistoclese\u2019s and Demostheneses. The Plato\u2019s and Aristotle\u2019s The Solon\u2019s and Lycurgus\u2019. On what prophecies they found their belief I know not.\u2014You and I hope for splendid improvements in human society and vast ameliorations in the condition of mankind.\u2014Our faith may be supported by more rational arguments than any of the former\u2014I own that I am very sanguine in the belief of them as I hope and believe you are and your reasoning in your Letter confirmed me in them. As Brother Floyd has gone I am now the oldest of the little Congressional group that remain. I may therefore rationally hope to be the first to depart; and as you are the youngest and the most energetic in mind and body, you may therefore rationally hope to be the last to take your flight and to rake up the fire as father Sherman who always sta\u00efd to the last and commonly two days afterwards used to say, \u201cthat it was his office to sit up and rake the ashes over the coals\u201d and much satisfaction may you have in your office.\nThe Cholera Morbus has done wonders in St. Helena and in London. We shall soon hear of a Negociation for a second Wife. Whether in the body or out of the body I shall always be your friend.\nThe anecdote of Mr. Chase contained in the Oration delivered at Milford must be an idle rumour for neither the Sate of Maryland nor of their Delegates were very early in their conviction of the necessity of Independence, nor very forward in promoting it. The old Speaker Tilghman, Johnson, Chase, and Paca, were steady in promoting resistance but after some of them Maryland sent one at least of the most turbulent Tory\u2019s that ever came to Congress\u2014\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7550", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Richard Rush, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear and Venerable Sir.\n\t\t\t\t\tLondon September. 30. 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour life will never cease to be useful to your country. In spite of yourself, in spite of your years, you will always belong to it. The incident, from alluding to which I could not refrain in my letter of February, has been followed up by another scarcely of less interest, and which perhaps may one day produce effects still more worthy to be noted. I mean, Sir, the address to the cadets, those children of the Republick, which you delivered during the past summer from your retreat near Boston. I read it I can scarcely say with what feelings. Will not Trumbull, or Sully, or Alston, or some one at Boston with a  pencil better than theirs, if there be any better, give us this scene upon canvass? We ought to have it so, and I hope will.For the letter which you kindly took the trouble to write to me in reply to mine of February, I desire to offer my thanks. As to the constitution of the United States, it is so superior to that of any other country, that we shall, I suppose, have to overlook whatever of imperfection has found a place in it, and cling to it as it is. Constitution-making is, doubtless, the most difficult task that human skill can take in hand. Many of its best rules are to be found in a commentary upon the factions of the free states and cities of Italy, in an American work which I need not name, but that I heartily wish could be read and properly estimated at this peculiar moment throughout Spain and Portugal. But how often have we not been told, that nations as well as individuals, forget all the lessons of experience!As far as I know, there will be no rupture for the present between Russia and the Turks. But I hear nothing on the subject but what the newspapers contain, this being a season when official people, and nearly all others with whom I mix, are our of London.I have read, and with great delight, the secretary of state\u2019s address on the 4th of July. It is eloquent and profound; sound in its principles and sterling in its patriotism.I remain, dear and / venerable Sir, with / devoted respect and / friendship, your obt / Sevt\u2014 \n\t\t\t\t\tRichard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7551", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Abraham Holmes, 8 October 1821\nFrom: Holmes, Abraham\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tRochester Octr. 8th 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have just given the Book Novanglus and Massachusettensis a second perusal; and the satisfaction which it produced is indiscribable. I felt it a duty which I was not at liberty to dispense with to render to you my personal thanks for the important service you at that important critical moment rendered your opprest and insulted country; which thanks I hope (tho\u2019 I am personnaly unknown to you) I hope your obligingness will induce you to accept.The greater part of the Readers of the present day will read that book with the same kind of sensations that they feel when they read Cicero\u2019s orations or the declamations of Demosthenes; but there are a few yet surviving whose feelings will be far different; who can say \u201call which I saw, and part of which I was.\u201d The man who at the time when He were had come to the years of understanding, and who had furnished himself with an understanding of the merits of the controversy, and had that anxiety which the importance of the subject was calculated to inspire; when he reads those performances, is irresistably carried back to that time, and fancies himself situated in the midst of the all important but dubious contest: the sparks of that patriotic Zeal are instantly fanned into a flame, and all his rational powers are absorbed in one undistinguished  mass of patriotic annimation. He sees (in retrospect) an huge Phalanx of mercenaries with all the awful parade of military horror Under the Mandates of a foreign despot advancing to deprive him of every blessing which distinguishes him from the vessel who is chained to the oar; that would condemn his posterity (born and unborn) to a lingering state of misery thro\u2019 a painful life, and when released therefrom by Death to leave the same wretched inheritance to their miserable descendants. He also see the great mass of the people under the direct influence and inspiration of Heaven rising spontaneously in a body to repel this horrid and merciless invasion; and \u201clong time in equal scale the contest hangs\u201d, and all the former dubious anxiety irresistably takes a temporary possession of the mind. The man who has been born since that important crisis is as incapable of those sensations as the man who was born blind is of Judging of light and Colours.Yet those who have subsequently come on the stage, and those who are Yet to come will receive important information from such publications, and a careful attention thereto will unavoidably raise a degree of interest in the mind, and create a gratitude to Heaven for it\u2019s peculiar interpositions, as well as an high respect for the instruments made use of by divine providince in the defusing political knowledge and in creating  promoting the patriotic Zeal which pervaded every part of the Colonies Many publications of that time which were worthy of being preserved in Golden Letters, have become extinct. Those ought to have been carefully preserved for the benefit of posterity, but are lost forever. The Letters of Novanglus would have suffered  the same fate had it not been for your prudent publication of them. Thirty four years since in Edes\u2019s repository of Pamphlets I picked out all them those political pamphlets (which I could find) which were published during the grades which led to the Revolution, and in the time of the Revolution; and got them bound in fifteen Volumes. These I consider as an invaluable Treasure. The present Chief Justice of this Commonwealth (some years since) being in my Office, and seeing them said if he out lived me and my Library should be sold at Vendue, he would come from Boston to purchase them; for there was a great variety of important matter in those books which would be lost to posterityIt is my duty to ask your pardon for this interruption of your Leisure / which I accordingly do, and hope you will grant it. / I am Sir with every sentiment of respect your\u2019s &c\n\t\t\t\t\tAbrm. Holmes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7552", "content": "Title: To John Adams from A. & J.W. Picket, 8 October 1821\nFrom: Picket, A. & J.W.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBaltimore, Md. Oct. 8. 1821\n\t\t\t\tWe address you on a subject of vital importance: to which we presume you have given much attention; we mean the subject of Female Education. In our opinion, it has not, at least in this country, received that high regard, which its nature requires. If it be worthy of national concern to educate young men well, we believe it no less necessary to bestow the same care on the education of Females, with due reference to the duties of the respective sexes.Under the impression, that much by a proper course, for the interest of Female Instruction, may be accomplished, & that individual exertion is something towards the desirable object, we propose to apply to the Legislature of Maryland, at its Session in December, for Means to erect an Institution exclusively devoted to the education of Females; in which, the various departments of Science, & ornamental accomplishments, each under its proper Professor, will receive that consideration, which they demand.The importance of an Institution, or College of this kind is universally seen & felt. It would be a mean of making the advantages of female Instruction permanent, &, perhaps, of bringing into existence in the various states, more of a similar natureAfter 25 years\u2019 engagement in developing the faculties of the female mind, we have formed the above opinions; & as the opinions of those who have influence will benefit us much, we solicit your attention to the following.1. What is your opinion of such an Institution?2 \u201c \u201c \u201c course of study to be adopted?An answer as soon as convenient will oblige / Yrs with the highest esteem\n\t\t\t\t\tA. & J. W. Picket", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7553", "content": "Title: From John Adams to J.B. Binon, 11 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Binon, J.B.\nMontezillo Oct 11th. 1821\nTo all who may see this letter I certify that I have been acquainted for several years  with the barer J B Binon and have found him a Man of letters, taste and sense, very much of a gentleman\u2014and a Manly candid & generous Man\u2014he is eminent in the fine Arts, especially in sculpter and statuary which are his professional occupation, he has been employed in Boston in making many Busts\u2014& in the Marble work of some of the most Costly and Elegant buildings which are erecting in Boston\u2014he has also amused himself in preparing plaster of Paris by Calcination, & for Agriculteral purposes, and in all things as far as I have heard has given universal satisfaction as a Man of Probity\u2014Industry and Politeness\nThis I certify under my / hand\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7555", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Abraham Holmes, 14 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Holmes, Abraham\nSir\nMontizillo 14 Oct 1821\nI have received your letter of the 8. Oct & I thank you for your civilities. It is a comfort in old age to receive the testimony of an contemporary especially from one of so respectable a character, of his opinion that we have done any good in any part of our lifes. Whatever public good the publication you mention may have done at the period of its original publicaton composition or since its republication I shall leave for posterity to judge though as you well observe blind men can not well disriminate colours. None but those who lived from the year 1759 to  the 1784 can ever see  feel or think as we did\nI have however great reason to suspect that I was mistaken in imputing Massachusutensis to Mr Sewal. The testimony of Judge Chipman of St Johns New Brunswick & of Judge Leonard London both of them authorities too respectable to be controverted ascribe those papers to Mr. Daniel Leonard This makes no alteration in the argument but the jus suum cuique is of eternal obligation I have had in the early part of my life nearly equal esteem & afection for both of those characters and am willing that justice should be done between them. Judge Parker\u2019s jocularity with you was very pleasant. I wish that I had been as carefull as you to preserve pamphlets but alas but it is now past remedy\u2014\nWishing you Senectute placidam / quietem I am Sir &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7556", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Francis James Jackson, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Jackson, Francis James\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tHaving been told by a number of gentlemen, & particularly by the Hon. Mr Quincy, that you considered the preservation of your house at the late fire, was owing to my exertions; this Sir, is placing a great deal too much to my Cr. at the expense of your neighbours, who speedily exerted every nerve to prevent the portending destruction.Permit me to sketch what fell under my notice at this critical moment.\u2014being about a quarter of a mile from your house, I heard the cry of fire; & hastened to the spot; as I approach\u2019d your house, I saw there was a warm job at hand, for the fire had firm hold of the windward part of the roof; & the wind blowing verry strong from the westward; from the moment I first saw the blaze, I concluded we should be short handed, & tho\u2019t it would be best, to endeavour to smother the flames with carpets & blankets, as they would be more plenty in the onset, than buckets & water; & I enter\u2019d the door with a determination to try the project; as I ascended I collected some blankets, & luckily found a sufficient quantity of water lodged upon the upper chamber floor, to wet them thoroughly; which done spread them immediately over the flames, & retreated for more blankets; & as I ascended a second time, the upper chambers was so full of smoke, that I found it difficult to breathe while soping the blankets upon the floor; & had frequently to put my head out of the window to take breath; as I went thro the scuttle, it was apparent that the first spread blankets, was the means of driving so much smoke into the chambers; I tho\u2019t this was a favorable omen, & immediately spread a second parcel of blankets, wherever I found the greatest quantity of fire; but the flames breaking out in fresh places, more blankets were required; but I sought for them thro\u2019 the chambers in vain; for they were completely stripped of every thing movable; I went immediately to the street, where I found blankets in abundance; & was astonished to see the street lined a considerable distance, with household apparatus; it had an appearance not unlike that which I have frequently seen in Boston, when the movables of a dozen houses are piled in the street.\u2014having collected a third parcel of blankets, I ascended, wet them, & spread them as before; & concluded that nothing was now wanting, but to keep them well wet; & a goodly number had turned their attention to this object, & employed themselves with great perseverance in bringing water up the stair way, & passing the buckets out at the scuttle; & throwing their contents with great success wherever they were most wanted; to this comparatively small number, who bro\u2019t water up the stair-way, is the preservation of your house to be attributed, most unquestionably; from a hasty glance at the operation of the engine, I saw that it was well man\u2019d & watered; & that they were making every effort to extinguish the fire; but not with so much success, as was anticipated;: as a great part of the water thrown from it was lost; the engine was placed to the leeward of the fire, and when the water rose above the roof, its force being so nearly exhausted, that it was carried back by the wind, which still blew verry strong; & much water that did not rise to the top of the roof, struck the butts of the shingles, & fell back into the gutter, & was lost; but as I was not in a situation to see much of the engine, these remarks may be incorrect; I think however that the engine should have been placed to the windward; unless they could have extended a long hose to the top of the roof, in which case it could have been directed to any spot at pleasure & with great effect; The Hon. Mr Greenleaf who stood for some time upon the roof close to the scuttle, to receive the buckets of water, had an excellent opportunity to judge whether the blankets were of much use; & whether the water passed thro\u2019 the scuttle or that which was thrown from the engine did the most execution; & I think he will say, that those 20 or 30 or more who handed him the water saved your house. A great majority of those who first came turned their attention to clearing the house, & worked with surprising dexterity; this turned out to be an error in judgment; for the exertions of those who carried up water, rendered the efforts of those who carried out furniture; worse than useless; & forcible reminded me of Lord Nelson\u2019s maxim; \u201cfirst secure the victory; & then make the most of it\u201d: nevertheless, considering the great value the house contained, & particularly the papers (which would have been a great public loss,) & considering too the alarming appearance of the flames as they approached the house, it was both natural & prudent, to make sure of them; from the hurry & bustle of the moment confusion was unavoidable, but I never saw greater exertions made at any fire in my life; & I have been present at verry many of the fires in Boston for the last fifteen years;\u2014there were no lookers-on, but every one briskly employed; the young ladies in particular worked like heroes, lugging both furniture & water with great nimbleness; they deserve at least good husbands, who would be equally active upon any emergency.\u2014I think by this time, Sir, you will be satisfied that the preservation of your house is owing to the exertions of no one individual, but to the persevering & combined efforts of your worthy neighbors\u2014The whole time I spent at your house on this occasion did not exceed one hour; & for these few moments of service, I was most amply paid long before; I mean on the day the \u201cNational Cadets\u201d paid their respects to you; I was passing, & my friend Mr. Briestler Jr. invited me in; & myself & wife had free access to all parts of your hospitable mansion; & of the bountiful refreshments it contained; & in truth I must say, that no two hours of my life was ever better enjoyed; nor no two have ever passed that I shall be less likely to forget\u2014With great respect & esteem\n\t\t\t\t\tFrancis Jackson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7557", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Francis James Jackson, 19 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jackson, Francis James\ndear Sir\nQuincy October 19th\u20141821\u2014\nI am greatly obliged to you for your most interesting letter of October 16th\u2014My honble and excellent friend Mr Quincy and the the other gentleman you mention\u2014were too strong in their expressions\u2014I never attributed to you alone the Salvation of my House\u2014I have often said, & now say again that three Cercumstances contributed to the event which without one spree of superstition in my composition\u2014I could not help without considering, as providential incidents\u2014first the suden abatement of the wind in  a most critical moment\u2014secondly the excavation of a pond in my lower garden\u2014which I had lately made which from several never failing springs, was filled with water\u2014and abundently supplied the Buckets & Engine, when the Pump was compleatly exhausted thirdly the accidentle arrival of a stranger who advised the application with of wet Blanckets. had I been at home myself\u2014my first order would have been to have collected every Carpet and every Blancket in the house\u2014soaked well in water & thrown over the flames\u2014for I had been for more than forty years of the efficacy of such an expedient, but it seemes none of my family\u2014& none of the nor any of the actors or Spectators thought of it till you arrived\u2014& very opportunely suggested it to them\u2014\nAll thes things however have never deminished my gratitude to my Neighbors & fellow Citizens for their active & zealous exertions to save my property\u2014which I believe with you were never exceeded upon any occasion\u2014which is the more remarkabl\u2014as fires have but rarely occured in this Neighbourhood\u2014My Honble neighbour Mr Greenleaf, & all the Gentlemen of the town were here with incredibble cellerity and all the Engine Men\u2014& a Noble Company of Stone Cutters, braved every danger & exerted every nerve, I agree with you that the Engine would have been better placed in the garden to the windwand\u2014there must have been great prudence\u2014and judgement\u2014as well as activityfor it is astonishing how little damage was done to the house and furniture\u2014the Heroism of the young Ladies shall never be forgotten\u2014I was informed of it the very next day, by my Grandson Charles\u2014& every account I have heard since, has confirmed his\u2014every one of them deserve an excellent husband, as you wish them\nI am Sir your much / obliged humble Servent\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7558", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 19 October 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear and Respected Friend!\n\t\t\t\t\tOldenbarneveld 19 Oct. 1821\n\t\t\t\tAlthough I did not hear from Montezillo\u2014Since your very affectionate Letter of 30 May\u2014except by our friend Tyng, on 27 July\u2014I am confident, that I can not be forgotten\u2014and Supposed, that health and contentment must have remained your familys Share, increased yet by the presence of the Secretary of State, and the distinguished progress of your grandson\u2014yet these pleasing contemplations were disturbed, when I read in the N. Paper an account which Should have happened to your Mansion\u2014\u2019till I received an answer of Mr. johnson\u2014with the information, received from Mrs Clark, on the 27 Sept\u2014which assuaged my fears. God be praised! He avert Similar desastrous events, and remain the Protecting God of you and your Respected family!\u2014My health remains unimpaired\u2014but my eyes become more and more dim every day\u2014I have now resolved on the Request of my family\u2014as I can Scarce read, to make a trip to N.y\u2014& See if I can obtain there Some relief\u2014Shall your grand Son, now graduated, obtain his wish\u2014to visit Europe? may he receive there equal benefits with his Hon. Father? what a gratification to see a grandson pressing the Steps\u2014which you had trodden!I convey this day, once more 3 vols. of the Rec\u2014containg upwards of 2500\u2014there are numerous highly interesting particulars\u2014the only black Spot I yet could discover was the encouragement of the Slave-trade but even this, was Some what effaced by an article of a treaty of peace\u2014with the Indians\u2014Stipulating\u2014that they might Send their Children for education to N-Am St\u2014I hope\u2014the whole family is well\u2014and that you my best frend! to whom I never can be Sufficiently grateful\u2014for numerous affectionate kindnesses, during a long course of more than forty years\u2014will renew the remembrance of a man\u2014who delights in recollecting the delightful hours\u2014passed at your Seat\u2014I dare not hope that I Shall ever again enjoy that happiness\u2014and yet I place me often at your break fast\u2014dinner and Supper table\u2014and rose in your Gardens\u2014with Some of whose flowers I adorned my little Spot.with confidence recommending myself to your continued frendship\u2014I remain with the highest respect\u2014 / Your affectionate Frend!\n\t\t\t\t\tFr. Adr. van der Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7560", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 21 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\ndear Sir\nMontezillo Oct 21, 1821\nThe ha rare happiness we have injoyed in the society of J Q A and his family, the consiquent occupations amusements & intercourse of visits and social festivities as well as grave lectures & solemn disquisitions, have prevented my acknowledgement of yours of the 18th. of September.\u2014I must add to all this something of an opposite character eyes distempered almost to blindness, knees & hands trembling over the grave, I realy found my home on my return from Princtown more agreeable I believe even for the Calamity it has suffered  the feelings of gratitude to my kind Neighbours for their great exertions in saveing me a place where to lay my head, were, and are delicious. What will be the end of the air of Nebuchadnazzer the second as you call him very wickedly tho\u2019 very aptly I know not but I am told that the cholera morbus is as much a family disorder as the kings evil as many of the family have died of it. It happens however that Bonaparte who was not of the family had died of it at St Helena\u2014not long before the Queen died of it in London\u2014far be it from me to suspect any other cause for the mortality of these illustrious personages than cholera morbus; there is too strong a propensity in the world\u2014to give malignant interpretations to actions & events, especially when party passions are gratified by them and factious view promoted; When my illustrious friend the Baron Van der Capellen de Poll died, strong suspicions were entertained & virulent assertions made that he died by poison\u2014I did not believed & constantly discountenanced all such insinuations & I do the same upon this occassion. I will not believe that even courtiers in the present age can be so meanly diabolical as to practice such secret infernal arts, yet I cannot forget upon this occasion a memorable anecdote of half a century ago\u2014an old woman of in the county of Essex\u2014& her son were indicted for the murder of his wife by poison, the circumstances of the case & the symptoms of the disorder were published in the newspaper; the Boston physicians Drs Nathaniel Berkins\u2014Lloyd & Warren, indeed all the physicians in Boston were of opinion that the symptoms were exactly those of the cholera morbus. I am not about to give a report of the trial, but those physicians gave their testimonies upon the trial to this effect\u2014if if such is the similitude between arsenic & cholera it may be expected that suspicions will spread & take root that the riddance of two such personages was by different means than cholera\u2014It is to be lamented that such prejudices should be so easily excited so mischievous in their effects and so difficult to be confuted. I have been told by able physicians that the gas of the stomach is sometimes vitiated to such a degree as to become a real poison\u2014the peculiar lives of distress & anxiety of Napoleon & Caroline may have have produced such an effect upon them juices of their intestines & I have known an instance in common life in wh\u2019 similar causes produced such an effect\u2014at any rate I will not suspect voluntary    poison in either of these cases I might add that  Y\u2019r great skill in all these sciences will enable you to judge better than y\u2019r friend & humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7561", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alden Bradford, 24 October 1821\nFrom: Bradford, Alden\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston, Octo. 24th: 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have a wish to learn who was the writer of the enclosed\u2014There are some just distinctions made, which are not unlike those suggested by James Otis in his Rights of the Colonies in 1764\u2014This, I think, was several years later\u2014& occasioned by a Speech of Hutchinson, who had asserted the Supreme & unlimited power of Parliament; & thence inferd. the duty of submission to its acts, however unjust, oppressive or unconstitutional\u2014I am unwilling to give you trouble\u2014& I assure you, it is not with a view publickly to boast of a correspondence with you\u2014Which, tho\u2019 it would be esteemed the highest honor I could aspire to, I do not think justifiable in every humble individual in the Community\u2014If you can give me some clue to the find the real writer of the paper, you will confer a new obligation on your fellow citizen, who is with most sincere & respectful consideration your obt. Sert.\n\t\t\t\t\tAlden Bradford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7562", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mathew Carey, 24 October 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tSeveral times since my return home, I have thought it wd be proper to write you on the subject of the Conversation that took place at your table as both business, & a certain reluctance to resume the subject, have prevented me from enacting this purpose.\u2014Further reflexion has convinced me that justice to myself and to the cause of truth, imposes a duty on me, to vindicate the Olive Branch & its author from the acusation you thought proper to press.You advanced two positions\u2014one that the Olive Branch was written expressly with a view to disparage & degrade the New Englanders\u2014& the other that the work was not regarded as worthy of a refutation.The crying injustice done your own greatest work, should make you circumspect in passing sentence on the productions of other people.\u2014My opinions of the people of New England, have expressed in print, & a hundred times in writing, have been and are favourable. I have always regarded the yeomanry of Ma that section of the union, as the pride of the  Nation. They are second to no people on earth in my opinion for urbanity, order, decorum, industry, intelligence, & enterprize. And I have always regard held the aspersions thrown out on them, as marks of base & illiberal minds. I enclose a sketch of them which I published in the Port folio, many Years since\u2014& the same favourable sentiments are expressed in the Book which is so obnoxious to you. I have had arguments without number on this topic, & some of them very violent ones with some of my oldest friends.It is very true, the contents of the Olive Branch bear hard on the Essex junto\u2014on these leaders of sedition,  into whose hands a majority of the voters of the New England states had blindly resigned themselves, by a delusion and infatuation almost unparalleled, & who were gradually leading them step by step to the edge of the frightful precipice of separation and civil war. This,  when I wrote, I believed, & still believe, was the tendency of the a large portion of the public proceedings in Massachusetts, which led these other states blindfold. That such was the view of the great body of the party, I do not believe nor have I asserted, nor even hinted\u2014But I trust I have given ample proof that such were the views of the leaders. For this I might rest satisfied with a bare reference to the work itself, of which whole chapters contain the evidence. But to save you the trouble of examination, I answer a brief sketch of a part of the proof on which the accusation restsTreason was publically preached in the temples of the Living God, when his  creatures went to celebrate his worship\u2014& to evince their approbation of the execrable doctrines, many of those sermons to which the authors deserved to be consigned to penitentiaries, they were ordered to be printed.The rev Mr. Gardiner, in a sermon preached in Boston July 23, 1812, boldly informed his Congregation\u2014\u201cIf you do not wish to become the slaves of those who own slaves & who are themselves the slaves of French slaves, you must either, in the language of the day, cut the Connexion, or  so far alter the national Constitution as to insure yourselves a due share in the govt.It was a farce to suppose that during a time of war the Constitution could be altered to put the views of their mouthpieces  of treason, & therefore the only alternative was \u201ccutting the connexion\u201d that is, a separation of the states, with all its bloody consequences.The rev Mr Osgood, in a sermon delivered the same day, at Medford\u2014says.\u201cIf at the present no symptoms of civil war appear, they certainly will soon, unless the courage of the war party fail them\u201d\u2014Treachery\u2014\u201cOnce hope only remains, that this last stroke of perfidy,\u201d [i.e. the declaration of war against a nation which had unceasingly goaded us,  by almost every possible outrage for fifteen years] \u201cmay open the eyes of a besotted & most wretchedly deluded people, that they may awake like a giant from his slumbers, & wreak their vengeance on their betrayers, by driving them from their stations, & placing at helm more skilful & faithful hands.\u201d Now, sir can you for a moment persuade yourself, that this means any thing else but civil war & separation?But it is not on the testimony or approbation of the democratic party alone, that the work rests. Numbers of candid & rational  federalists have expressed approbation nearly as strongly. I shall mention but three\u2014Judge Yates\u2014Wm Rawle\u2014& Nicholas Biddle.Under these circumstances, it is not wonderful, that I appeal from your judgment, which, I am tempted to believe, has been formed without a perusal of the work\u2014at least without a perusal of the whole of it. This wd. not be a very new case. Holt acknowledged to you that he had written a series of papers against your \u201cDefence,\u201d which he had not then read.\u2014Neither you nor I have long to live. We shall soon be summoned to that land \u201cfrom whence bourne no traveller returns.\u201d The work will survive us both. How long, neither of us can tell. But to be candid, at the risque of being charged with vanity, I do hope that a Book containing a sketch of the history of this Country, during a most eventful period,\u2014fortified throughout with documents as it is\u2014supported by the approbation of some of the best men in the Country\u2014& so generally disposed\u2014will be read with by remote posterity. To their decision, when you, & I are mouldering in our graves, I appeal\u2014and should it appear that the Olive Branch owes its existence to foul or corrupt motives\u2014that I have barely sacrificed truth at the shrine of party, faction, fraud, or falsehood, then, sir may my name be carried into infamy\u2014& may my descendants cover themselves with sackcloth & ashes, as often as they reflect on the conduct of their ancestor.I remain, Sir, / Your obt. hble Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tMathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7563", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alden Bradford, 26 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bradford, Alden\ndear Sir\nMontezillo October 26th. 1821\nYour kind letter of the 24th. has exerted a thousand conjectures in my Mind, and as many questions.\u2014Where was the paper enclosed found\u2014To whom was it addressed, by whom was it written\u2014I have no recollection, of having seen it in print, or read it in Manuscript\u2014Apparently it was written by some person who had been conversant in law, and history\u2014though some ideas in it, might have been borrowed from some of Mr Otis\u2019s former writings\u2014It could not have been his composition, for he at that time was too much dissipated\u2014\nJosiah Quincy I think was absent in England\u2014The only plausible conjecture that occures to me is, that it was composed by Governor Bodwion, And Samuel Dexter; Father of the late great orator\u2014For Bodwin was the Son of a Huguenot, and Dexter I think married a Huguenot\u2014The luminous history of the Edict of Nantze and its revocation, indicates a French Protestant Origin\u2014It was probably a letter from those two Gentlemen, or one of them to another Member of the Council; who differed from them in opinion, in the Council, concerning the governors Speech\u2014Or it might be originaly a draft of a project of an answer to the Governors Speech, which was not adopted by the Council.\u2014It is not at all in the Character of Governor Adams\u2019s writings\u2014I am not at all apprehensive that you will publish these wild conjectures\u2014And should not have been, if you had not expressed your sentiments of this indiscreet custom; which I disapprove, as you do\u2014\nBust since Gentlemen are disposed to trifle with, me, I am willing to say, \u201cvive la Bagatelle\u201d And trifle with them in return\u2014I get some valuable Books, and some curious Pamphlets by the sport; which I should otherwise never see\u2014I return you the Manuscript, but should be very glad to know more about it\u2014I am Sir your obliged / humble Servant \nJ A\nP.S. The Manuscript is so able a State paper, and bears the marks of so well exercised and disciplined a pen\u2014that it ought to be printed and preserved among the most precious monuments of that period; And the public respectfully requested to compare the hand writing with that of the most celebrated and litterary Characters of that time.\u2014\nI forgot to suggest the Name of Dr Winthrope who was one of the Council, and who possessed information and powers of reasoning, equal to the work\u2014that gentlemans fame was not proportioned to his merit\u2014I can scarcely think Dr Cooper equal to it\u2014Mayhew and Thatcher who were quite equal to it in their time; where dead long before.\u2014\nJ A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7564", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 26 October 1821\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork October 26th. 1821\n\t\t\t\tWe are about commencing the 87th. year of our pilgrimage. And by the last Catalogue of H.C. among the front Ranks of our Cotemporary of that\u2014and indeed of any other of our Early Society,\u2014May Health of Body & mind accompany you, the ensuing, equal and surpass what you have enjoyed the year past.\u2014Our political matters in Maine appear somewhat changeable especially in the Official duties of the first Majistrate or rather the Person officiating as such.\u2014And the Object of Separation seem now to be developed\u2014Offices, more than the real benefit of the State, and when required are less lucrative than Imagination had fondly concieved.\u2014The increase of State expences, has disappointed the predictions of many, who had put confidence in their democratic leaders upon that Subject.\u2014But patience and economy may in time reconcile us to our Situation.\u2014I have lately had the perusal of the publications of Pacificus, or the Massa. Peace Society and there are many Striking observations contained in them. Could the sentiments they contain be universally Adopted Mankind would be much happier\u2014and be fast approximating to the period mentioned in some of the profetts prophets of the old Testament And however Utopian, and Visionary they may appear, may We not have some hope, of their being productive of the leaving of happy prospects to suceeding Generations? I Wish to hear from you, and of your Welfare, as frequently, as your leisure will permit.\u2014your Friend & Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth is much in Status quo, as when I last Wrote you", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7565", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Mathew Carey, 30 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Carey, Mathew\ndear Sir\u2014\nMontezillo October 30st. 1821\nI have received your favour, and thank you for it\u2014I should have written to you before but St Anthony has sent his subtarranan fires into my eyes\u2014so that I have not been able to write or read\u2014a word.\u2014The little sparring at my table was alltogether my fault, and I ask your pardon; I did not give the opinion as my own but as the general opinion of this part of the Country\u2014The facts as generally stated by you I cannot controvert; they were as grevious to me at the time, as to you\u2014And are lamented by me still as much, as by you\u2014But I am unable to enlarge\u2014I will only add a pleasant recommendation to you\u2014\nFirst to write another volume as large\u2014under the same title of the Olive Branch\u2014on the History of the two Insurrections in Pennsylvania, the Gallatins Insurrection, and Fries\u2019s insurrection; with as copious extracts from the Sermons of the Clergy in Pennsylvania, and their Prayers\u2014and from the Speeches of Members from that State\u2014And from the Circular letters from Members of Congress to their Constituents in that State\u2014And from the letters and intrigues of the two Mecklingburghs among the Germans throughout that State\u2014And from the lieing hand Bills printed in the german Language and scattered among the germans every where\u2014Collect all these precious materials and I will warrant for a Second volume of the Olive Branch as large as the first\u2014and which deserve to be scattered in ten thousand volumes all over the world like the first\u2014Secondly I advise you to write a History of the State of Virginia from 1796 to 1801 with copious extracts from their proceedings of their Legislature\u2014from the speeches made in it from the Newspapers and Pamphlets printed in it\u2014And from the Circular printed Circular letters from Members of Congress to their Constituents in all the Southern and Western States\u2014And I will warrant you, you may make a third volume as ample as the other two, and as deserving of dispersion throughout the World for the benifit of Mankind When you shall have written, and printed these three volumes Olive branches, I will acknowledge you entire impartiality\u2014And I verily believe they will have a happy tendency to preserve the Union by discouraging such atrocious proceedings for the future\nI am Sir with hearty good will / and sincere esteem / your friend and humble / Servant\nJ A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7566", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alden Bradford, 1 November 1821\nFrom: Bradford, Alden\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\tI cannot say positively where the paper, I lately sent you, was found\u2014There are here some files of letters &c. which were saved from the wreck of Governor Hutchinson\u2019s library\u2014I am inclined to think, I found it among them\u2014But why should he have it? Perhaps his friend, to whom it was addressed, gave him a copy\u2014This is probably a copy\u2014there being no signature to it\u2014By your remarks, I perceive you think it to have been as late as 1770 or 1771 or 2\u2014I am inclined to the opinion, that it was in Octr. 1765, on Bernard\u2019s making a speech, in which he speaks of the unlimited Supremacy & authority of the Parliament\u2014He called the Court together in Sepr. by a special proclamation, on account of the riots in Boston in August respecting stamps, when effigies of Oliver & others were burnt & Hutchinson\u2019s house attacked\u2014But soon after making the speech, he prorogued the Court, & the Council & House of R. had not time to answer it\u2014See Masstts State papers, (compiled by your huml. servt) pages 39, 40, 41 & 42\u2014In his Speech, he says, \u201cthe right of Parliament to make laws for the Colonies is not disputed at Westminster\u2014I trust the Supremacy of Parliament over all the members of the empire never was & never will be denied\u2014I have only to say, that the Stamp act, being a Law of Parliament, ought to be obeyed\u201d &c &cIn the answer of the House in Octo. they observe, they had too great reverence for the Supreme Legislature of the nation, to question its just authority\u2014It belongs not to us to set adjust the boundaries of the power of Parliament\u2014but boundaries there certainly are\u201d\u2014\u201cParliament has a right to make all laws within the limits of their own Constitution; they claim no more\u201d\u2014&cMr Otis was at N. York attending Convention at this time\u2014The Comtee who prepared the answer of the House was S. White of Taunton,, Speaker\u2014T. Cushing, S. Dexter, J. Lee, Genl. Winston &c\u2014Why is it not probable, that this was a letter of Dexter to some friend inclined to think with Govr. Bernard, written soon after the adjournment of Court in Sepr. Some of the same opinions are advanced in the answer of the House, made in Octo\u2014See pages 43, 44 of above mentioned book\u2014& Dexter was one of Comtee.very respectfully\n\t\t\t\t\tA Bradford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7567", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 4 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\nDear Sir\nMontizillo 4 Nov 1821\nThanks for your favour of 26 Oct last Mankind seem to be children from the cradle to the grave. They will beg & pray\u2014wrangle & fight for rattles of victuals, and as soon as they have obtained them, grow so indifferent about them, as to break them to peices, or throw them away\u2014So our good fellow citizens of Maine\u2014However ardent they were for the seperation, now, when they have so peaceably obtained it, they seem to care little about it & perhaps even regret it. So our dear republicans of New England & of the other states, who fought so gloriously for independence, seem now, at least many of them, to be willing to return to their wallowing in the mire. The full soul loath\u2019s even the honey comb. So it is on the other hand, when men possess any thing valuable\u2014they set lightly by it, & part with it rashly, and soon wish to recover it back again. So our good people of Masstts, who so easily consented to your independence, now look upon you with a longing eye\u2014but enough of this.\nYou were a great astronomer at college and calculated many eclipses, and among the rest the total eclipse of the sun in 1806\u2014and it lies strongly in my mind, that Dalton and I calculated the same, but I will not swear to either of these facts. \u2014Pray inform me, whether my imagination deceives me. I have had preserved all my calculations of eclipses my theses and blundering latin syllogisms, which our tutor Mayhew some times called ora tronculas\u2019s in a chest by themselves, but when I call became a wanderer from home, they all disappeared\u2014and whether they were employed by my clerks to light their pipes or my girls to cover their pies, I know not, but I have not a scrap of a single college paper left in the world\nYou will not expect connexion from me & therefore I will ramble. Pray are your classical fires so as relumined, as to excite a longing for the independence of ancient Greece? The restoration of its language in its purity\u2014the resurrection of its ancient heroes and sages\u2014lawgivers orators poets & historians its artists in architecture painting\u2014sculpture & musick and its mechanic artists of every kind? The eyes and the policy and the intrigues of all Europe are directed to that spot.\u2014and the grand Seignor & Ali Pacha and his sons must be greater men, than I believe they are to prevent a volcanic explosion, in that country, within a few years, which may spread a conflagration throughout out Europe & perhaps through Asia\u2014I am Sir with constant esteem & affection your friend & only surviving classmate\nJ.A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7568", "content": "Title: To John Adams from David Sewall, 13 November 1821\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tYork Novemr. 13th. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tThis is to acknowledge and thank you for your favour of Novr. 5. (a day anciently memorable in this Country on account of the Gunpowder plot, to destroy the King and Parlamment) And the application therein made to our great Men of Mayne, in their anxiety and eagerness to Acquire an Independence from Massa. and the Indifference to its places of Honour and profit, after they had acquired them.\u2014excited in a small degree my Risables.\u2014But it is a changeable World We live in.\u2014And the Aphorism of \u201cTempora mutantur, et nos mutamus in illis,\u201d is frequently verefied.\u2014As to your query about calculating Eclipses It was I acknowledge my Hobby bone, but I do not recollect that you or Dalton made attempts of that kind while at College.\u2014But one thing I very Well remember, that upon the leuming of the Old Greasy Tabels of the Hall in April 1753 a lille before the Annual Fast; The Epitaph put up, on the Hall Door, the morning, or in a Day or two after that Event; was ascribed to you And the Trouble Dalton suffered, on account of a Suspicion entertained by the Executive Government of the College, that He was a principle or Accessory in their destruction but of which he was totally unacquainted.\u2014I have not, for some years undertook to calculate a Solar Eclipse\u2014until a few days since observing Reading some Observation made in a Portland Gazette; of a difference of an Hour in Time, Some Almanacks had made in that which is expected in Feby. next (1822) I thought I would attemp it, and after finding the time of the 6 of the  &  would be about 4.\u2019 after 11. A.M. of the 21. and the  Lat. to be somethin North at the Time\u2014having lent or lost my case of mathematical Instruments, by Which alone I was could ascertain by Projection, the beginning, End duration and Quantity; upon our Meridian,\u2014I desisted, and determine to leave it to be decided by actual Observation Which of them are most Correct in their predictions Calculations.\u2014I have noticed in a late Boston Paper that a 2nd. Argument was directd. to be made in the U.S. Circuit Court upon a libell for condemning a Slave trading Vessell Seized on the affrican coast under French Papers, because the Trafick was a violation of the law of Nations.\u2014That this Traffick is a abominably Wicked and immoral, cannot for an Instant be doubted.Notwithstanding it was carried on by Americans before and since, the revolution. But now, if I am rightly informed it is contrary to the laws of G.B. France and the U.S. and some other Nations.\u2014For the honour of our Nation, and the reputation of its Judiciary, I feel desirous, if this vile trafick may have heretofore been supposed tolerated by the law of Nations Will in these days of more light and knowledge, be adjudgd to be abolished.\u2014How many Independent Nations, agreing in a particular usage, doth it take to make a law of Nations? But this Question is before a Court, Which I hope will make a Riteous and just decision\u2014As to the dissolution of the Turkish Empire, and the closing period of Mahomitan delution, The signs of the Times indicate its approximation. And all liberal minds will not only Acquiese, but rejoice that ancient Grece, as Well as other places and Nations under Slavish despotism of a civil or religious nature may be emancipated; And that the glorious times foretold in the Scriptures of Truth, When Sword, and Spear, shall be converted into Instruments of Husbandry and Nation shall make War with Nation no longer\u2014may be realized.your old Friend & Classmate\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7569", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Smith Thompson, 18 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Thompson, Smith\nSir\nMontizillo 18 Nov 1821\nAlthough the writer of the inclosed letter is as unknown to me as any stripling in the moon, the nassiete naievty of it has induced me to transmit it to you. As we are told, that the conqueror of the world might have been but the first wrestler on the green; so I presume that the some first wrestlers on the green might have been become conquerors of the world. Who knows but that this child may be destined to become a Perry? That he should have conceived the thought of writing to me is such an oddity as to have excited me to amuse you with the curiosity of it, especially as it gives me an opportunity of expressing, the high esteem & respect I entertain for your characterI am Sir &c\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7570", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Anonymous, 18 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Anonymous\nSir\nMontezillo 18 Nov\nI have transmitted your letter of the 10 Nov to the Secy. of the navy with the certificate of Mr Bartram and am your well wisher\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7571", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mathew Carey, 24 November 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\tWhen I wrote you last, I had not only considered the contents of the letter to which I replied\u2014& therefore deem it necessary to make some addition to   itOn the subject of the Western insurrection,   the Olive Branch contains some  animadversions, sufficiently caustic, as I am persuaded you will allow, if you examine them. But had I been wholly silent on this tender topic, it wd. have been no impeachment of my impartiality; as I likewise passed over in silence. Shays\u2019s insurrection, which was a much more desperate one, & undertaken, I am persuaded, with     more wicked views by the leaders. The excise system, which was opposed by our Western Citizens, with a violence to the last degree unjustifiable, had been not very long before solemnly denounced by Congress as the \u201chorror of all free states\u201d\u2014& young & old, rich & poor, high & low, had imbibed an irremoveable detestation of it. This most assuredly, though not by any means a justification of the opposition, must, by every candid observer, be admitted to be no small palliation. And the hardihood &  folly, that, under such circumstances, could offer violence to every  the feelings of every class of the community, for so paltry a revenue as arose from the excise, can not be too highly reprobated\u2014more especially as the import might have been raised so as to produce the sum necessary, without being felt by the nation\u2014& moreover so as to lend a helping hand to the manufacturing industry of the nation, of which in the competition with foreign skill, capital, and industry, it stood in so much need. So much for the  Western insurrection.As to what has been pompously styled \u201cFries\u2019s insurrection,\u201d it is difficult to write on it with temper. Steven was a molehill more completely magnified into a mountain. Even in England, where they have so many species of treasons, I am persuaded no grand jury would have ever found a true tile against the offenders for treason\u2014nor, if a grand jury could be found to return \u201ctrue bill,\u201d is there a petit jury who  wd. have convicted them. It was a high crime & misdemeanor, & ought to have been punished by fine & imprisonment\u2014but it never, I am persuaded, in the eyes of God or man, warranted the forfeiture of life. I never felt more disgust or vexation at any public transaction in my life, than I did at the results of these trials\u2014to find that the dire precautions of the framers of our Constitution were so completely evaded.That my book\u2014to conclude a long letter\u2014is entirely impartial, may perhaps admit of doubt. Neither you nor I are probably competent to decide. But that it is more impartial by far than any other Book  I ever saw, written merely on politics & by a professed party man, is beyond a doubt. If you know of any more impartial, I should be glad to be favored with the title. Your obt. hble. Servt.\n\t\t\t\t\tMathew Carey\n\t\t\t\t\tPS. I have not touched on the proceedings of Virginia &c. because I think the proceedings during Mr Jefferson\u2019s administration, in New England, of which I have taken  no notice, are a very fair set off.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7572", "content": "Title: From John Adams to F. C. Schaeffer, 25 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Schaeffer, F. C.\nRev & dear Sir\nMontezillo 25 Nov 1821\nI thank you for your favour of Nov 19. & for the address inclosed. The Ceremonial for at laying the corner Stone of St Mathews church & the address pronounced on that occasion, were solemn affecting & impressive. You have not in my humble opinion given too much credit to Luther I love & revere the memories of Huss Wickliff Luther Calvin Zwinglius Melancton and all the other reformers;\u2014how muchsoever I may differ from them all in many theological metaphysical & philosophical points. As you justly observe, without their great exertions & severe sufferings the U.S.A had never existed.\nI know not whenever I have read any thing with more pleasure than those words in your 9 page \u201cGod knows that every worthy member of our Church rejoices in the prosperity of all christian congregations & delights in the evidences of their increasing numbers & piety. Christian love & tolerance are essential principles of our faith\u201d\u2014& though on some points we may differ from our Cristian fellow citizens, still we love them & extending the right hand of fraternal affection we call them bretheren. The true members of our community are charitable towards all men whether of their own house hold of faith or the supporters of another denomination\u201d.\nThese sentiments are, in the true spirit of christianity as I understand it. I desire to be in full communion with all such christians\nI am Sir your sincere well wisher & / obliged hum Sert.\nJ.A\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7573", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Waterhouse, 25 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Waterhouse, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 25th November 1821.\nI sympathise with Alexipharmacus in his resentment of the indignities offered to Richardson, Lock, Barrow &ca: yet I cannot approve of the principle of Clarissa Harlow\u2019s history, because such virtue ought never to be rendered so unfortunate; for I believe it never is, even in this world; nor was ever so infernal a villain as Love-lace ever able to maintain, for so long a time, the esteem and the admiration of man-kind. Nor do I approve of the resolution of Sir Charles Grandison to confine himself to private life; for such talents and such virtues are under moral and religious obligations to engage in the service of their Country and mankind, and to undertake the most hazardous services when circumstances may require them.\nThe obligations of mankind to Mr. Locke for his diffusion of the principles of Civil & Religious Liberty, are beyond all my powers of calculation; nor is his merit the less, though the wit of Voltaire and the eloquence of Rousseau, who derived their principles from him, Reprobates as they were, contributed more to scatter them throughout the world, among all ranks of peoples, than his plain discourses could have done. His Essay upon the human understanding is an admirable work. He had studied Descartes & Hobbs, and his theory was suggested by them. He corrected most of their errors, but he adopted some even from Hobbs. Some of his mistakes have been noted by Hume, Berkley & Reid, but the inaccuracies of them all, I think, have been clearly pointed out by Dugald Stuart, who has proved that Metaphysicks are too profound for the human understanding to investigate\u2014\nAre you a partizan for the Greeks against the Turks? G B. is determined that neither Russia or Austria Shall have them; if it be true that the King is sending 15000 troops from Hanover to the Ionian Islands\u2014But this is as far beyond my comprehension as Metaphysics. This I know that I am / Your Old Friend \nP.S. I do not relish the controversy between England and Scotland\u2014They have both done wonders in a literary way, even in the present Century. Pray, is Hallam, the Middle-age-man, Scotch, or English? John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7574", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 26 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\nDear Sir\nMontezillo 26. Nov. 1821\nYour favour of the 13 Nov has made me laugh and cry almost or quite like an ideot. The epitaph on the greasy tables I have never seen since I read it on the post. Although it must have been a stupid thing I would give an mille for a copy of it. The conflagration of the tables is a proof of the capacity of our country men equal to the inundation of the tea. The actors in both scenes have shown a generalship equal to any of the heroes of the world and a determined faithful secresy that never has been equalled but by the free masons. I never knew or suspected any one of either conspiracy.\nI spent six weeks at least in Daltons chamber in calculating eclipses\u2014in conic sections and algebraic equations & sometimes at midnight we went up at on the roof of old Harvard to view with a Tellescope the eclipses of the Sattelites of Jupiter and gaze at the ring of Saturn. We chose Daltons chamber to avoid the noises in the lower entry chamber which were of great annoyance to my chamber if not to yours. Charles Cushing and my chum and some others made an intolerable racket for though Charles was a very clever fellow & turned out much better than I ever expected he was at college very idle and very obstreporous and I was sometimes not much less so in a nother way. When Mr Whitfield preached in Boston I went to Boston to hear him and when I came back, Dalton treated me with some of his exquisite hyson with which his rich father always supplied his only son of which I drank half as many cups as ever Dr Johnson ever drank and by the inpsiration of that tea I repeated Whitfield\u2019s sermons, imitating his voice andgestures as well as I could\u2014and I made as much noise too storys high as Charles and his rabble made below. Pray did you belong to our play reading club? You were one of the actors in the tragedy of the Brothers before the Cambridge ladies) Though these are juvenile frivolities\u2014Haec enim memenisse juravit.\nThe Consolato del mare is the only monument of a general conventional law of nations in the history of mankind. That book was solemnly sworn to be observed by the kings of France Spain the emperor of Germany & most of the sovreigns of Europe. England was not a commercial or a maratime importance power sufficient to be thought at that time worthy of the association Since that period the law of nations has been regulated by treaties between particular nations. It has now become a chaos and of late years its eternal principles of justice have been violated at pleasure by every nation except our own\nI am as ever your friend,\nJ A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7575", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Richard Rush, 28 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Rush, Richard\nDear Sir\nMontezillo November 28th. 1821\nI love to see a young, Man, who in the language of Montesquieu is capaple de s\u2019estime beaucoup; but in an old Man this is rather odious than amiable. The kind Compliments in your letter of the 30th. September, make me too proud for a Man in his 89th. year; but your idea of a picture overcame all my gravity and made me laugh outright. What would the Lords of the Gentlemens and Seats in England say to a picture of my House of Eight-Rooms, As Feron said though he has deminished the number, nearly one half? However, my imagination was soon seized with other questions. What point of time would a painter seize, and what particular scene would he select\u2014? That in which the young gentlemen, were at breakfast under an awning, after a march of Nine Miles in a very hot morning; or that in which in which they were drawn up on a small round after breakfast they prostrated themselves on the ground, under shades of Trees and went to sleep as decently and as soundly as if they had been at Church; or that in which they were drawn up on a small round elevation of green grass, opposit the house, on the other side of the road, going through their exercises and man\u0153uvers\u2014? or when they were drawn up in a body, before piazza, listening to an old man; melting with heat, quaking with palsy; tormented with Rheumatism and Sciatick; and scarcely able to stand; uttering a few words by way of Commentary on their two Motto\u2019s Scientia ad gloriam\u201d\u2014And Paremus.\u201d After Mature reflection I rejected all these, and fixed upon the last when the whole body marched up in a file; taking the Old Man by the hand; taking a final leave marched up in a file of him forever\u2014and receiving his poor Blessing\u2014\nNever before, but once, in my the whole course of my life, was my Soul so melted into the Milk of human kindness, and that once was when 4 or 500. fine Young fellows, appeared before me in Philadelphia, presenting an address and receiving my answer\u2014On both occasions I felt as if I could lay down my an hundred lives to preserve the liberties and promote the prosperity of so noble a rising generation\u2014But enough and too much of this. No picture will ever drawn; indeed the subject is too slight\u2014\nIs all Europe going together by the ears, about the Turkish province of Albania? Are the Greeks rising like the phenix from their Ashes? Is Britain sending forces to the Ionian Islands to check the Empires? The South Americans have translated the clumsy book you hint at into Spanish, but whether they will derive any benefit from it I know not\u2014\nI am Sir, with the warmest hereditary / friendship, your \nJ. A\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7576", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Smith Thompson, 29 November 1821\nFrom: Thompson, Smith\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington Nov. 29th. 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have received your letter of the 19th. Inst. inclosing one from Master Jesse Y. Shaw soliciting your aid in procuring him a Midshipmans warrant. Altho the Department is much pressed with applications for the service, yet the oddity of this Young Gentlemans letter is calculated to excite curiosity, and shall receive due consideration, more especially as you have deemed it worthy your attention. If the measures adopted by Congress at the ensuing Session shall justify me in making any considerable additions to our present number of Midshipmen I will endeavor to give this Young man an opportunity to develop his hidden talentWith great Respect / I have the honor to be / Your humble Servant\n\t\t\t\t\tSmith Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7577", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Tudor, Sr., 3 December 1821\nFrom: Tudor, William, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear & Venerable Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston Decr. 3d. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI take the liberty of sending you a copy of a Report which is to be acted upon in Town meeting this day week\u2014A chain of circumstances forced me to be a good deal instrumental in getting this affair into its present shape. Several gentlemen of the Committee devoted their great legal knowledge & very sound discretion to the preparation of the Bills, which should furnish the ground work of our recommendations. The report itself is cheifly of my composition\u2014& you will perhaps remark in alluding to the nature of our corporations, that I have adverted to their influence in bringing on the Revolution, a fact which I had treasured up from some of your writingsThough Sir, your employments in public life have been directed to a much wider range, fortunately for this nation, than the concerns of a single Town; still as you have in former times been a Citizen and always felt a deep interest in Boston, I thought you would excuse my troubling you with a plan for making a considerable altertion in its government; though I hope without impairing its peculiar features or doing any thing that might tend to injure that spirit & intelligence, that makes the pure & simple democracy of this large town the most remarkable example of civil government now existing in the world\u2014I will not add any thing to the reasoning on the report, but if its views & principles should appear to you wise & salutary, I shall feel much gratified in having had any part in the business\u2014The time which I have been obliged to devote for three weeks past to this Committee has interrupted my life of Otis\u2014but I hope in a very few days to have a few sheets in readiness to submit to your perusal for your opinion, which I shall solicit more particularly at the time\u2014With the highest respect / I am Your Mo hbl sert\n\t\t\t\t\tW. Tudor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7578", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Peter Burtsell, 12 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Burtsell, Peter\nSir\nMontezillo December 12th. 1821\nIt is my duty to thank you for Lucon\u2014it is entertaining and instructive enough to be an Antidote to Rochfaucault Maxims and Mandevills Fable of the Bees if has none of their Synicisms or mysanthrophy, it is pure, Moral, and Sober in Religion\u2014It has quickned my circulations, and I shall keep it on my Table for a vade mecum\u2014The anecdotes are ennumerable, well chosen and well applied, I shall note only one instance\u2014What he says of Horne Tooke is admirable because it is true\u2014It is greatly to be lamented that such Men as this Gentleman and many others should be so violent in their principles and indiscreet in their conduct, as to make the Government think it necessary not only to neglect their great talents\u2014but to persecute them to distruction\nI am Sir your obliged humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7579", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 13 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nMy Dear Sir\nMontezillo December 13th 1821\nThe unexpected Visit of Judge Smith to my Cottage, was highly interesting, and acceptable\u2014and I entertained hopes that he would have made me a Second, and of longer continuence\u2014from all that I had heard of him; I had conceived an high Esteem, which his personall appearance and conversation fully confirmed\u2014my health was much better when he was here; than it has been since; and it is now extremely feeble we cannot expect grapes of Thorns, or figs of Thistles, nor bright eyes, nor clean memory, or steady nerves, at Eighty six years of age\u2014The Electioneering Campaign is the least of my concern, I leave it to the Providence of God, and the reason of the People\u2014and if they will not comply\u2014with their reason, I am willing they should indulge their humours\u2014Eternal rivalrys will attend all elections, in all future times, as they have in past.\u2014\nWhat in nature, can John Quincy\u2019s family have to do with Prof. Keimper\u2019s Geneology\u2014how ever, we will notify the Family as you desire\u2014Your Boston and Cambridge friends, I suppose are two happy, and consequently too indolent in their delirium of delight\u2014I fear they will resemble Lucullus\u2019s Soldiers; and cry let him mount breaches who has ne\u2019er a groat\u2014\nI am very glad you proceed in translating the Records\u2014The New york Convention have done two good things at least\u2014the Abolition of the Council of appointment and the Council of revision\u2014their Universal sufferage is not much deeper than ours\u2014it will only occasion by and by, a little more trouble, and a little more expence to Gentlemen of fortunes to carry their Electionsand as it frequently cost two Gentlemen in England their whole fortunes, one to loose, the other to gain the Election of a pot-walloping Burrough\u2014\nI am and shall be untill death your / affectionate friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7580", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 14 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\n\t\t\t\t\tYork 14th. Decemr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tyours of the Novemr. 26th. ulto. came duly to hand, and gratified me, (as all your Communications do), and if my scribbles afford you agreable amusement, it is a Satisfaction that, I am happy to contribute thereunto\u2014I never saw any copy of the Epitaff on the greasy Tables of HC but from the impression it made on my mind at the Time, from reading it, on the Hall Door, as it now lays in my recollection, was Substantially as follows yesterday were gathered to the state of Oblivion, after being purified by fire, the Greasy Tables of Harvard College  (87). Their untimely and it is expected will be a Memento to those who have the care and oversight of their Successors, to take effectual measures; to prevent their wallowing in filth and Greasiness; least they should come to the like untimely end.\u2014Reading in a late Gazette an agreable mention\u2014of things and Persons and places under the name of Ruminessince, I thought I would attempt Something of the kind, by reducing to writing the most Interesting Occurrences in a Journey with Father Flynt in 1754 to Portsmouth, & back to Cambridge Which, as you are the only Person in my recollection, who can appreciate the genuineness of the Relation, I now inclose for an innocent amusementyour Friend & Sert.\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Sewall\n\t\t\t\t\tI was not a member of the Club you mention\u2014or of any other Club, except of that called the Snug Club, of which you were the only Person, ever admitted, after its Original formation\n\t\t\t\tA Schollar & no Gent}The description of College Tutor, by a Waggish SatiristA Gentleman & no SchollarA Gentleman, & a SchollarNeither a Schollar, or a Gent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7581", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Burtsell, 17 December 1821\nFrom: Burtsell, Peter\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 17th Decr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tI had this morning the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 12th Instt:Your approbation of the Book \u2018Lacon\u2019 is very gratifying to me\u2014And I hope the small Volume may prove an amusing companion to a good man in the Vale of years\u2014In writing to the man who once ruled the destinies of my country & who took as active a part in obtaining her independence, who Contributed so much to the establishment of a Navy that has since added so much important to the National Character I feel a pleasure not easily expressedThat You may yet Continue in the full possession of a Vigorous intellect & enjoy many days of Happiness is the wish / of Your Obt Sert.\n\t\t\t\t\tPeter Burtsell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7582", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Daniel Webster, 23 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Webster, Daniel\nDear Sir,\u2014\nMontezillo, December 23, 1821.\nI thank you for your discourse, delivered at Plymouth on the termination of the second century of the landing of our forefathers. Unable to read it, from defect of sight, it was last night read to me, by our friend Shaw. The fullest justice that I could do it, would be to transcribe it a full length. It is the effort of a great mind, richly stored with every species of information. If there be an American who can read it without tears, I am not that American. It enters more perfectly into the genuine spirit of New England, than any production I ever read. The observations on the Greeks and Romans; on colonization in general; on the West India Islands; on the past, present, and future in America, and on the slave-trade, are sagacious, profound, and affecting in a high degree.\nMr Burke is no longer entitled to the praise\u2014the most consummate orator of modern times.\n What can I say of what regards myself? To my humble name, \u201cExegisti monumentum \u0153re perennius.\u201d\nThis oration will be read five hundred years hence, with as much rapture as it was heard. It ought to be read at the end of every century, and indeed at the end of every year, for ever and ever.\nI am, Sir, with the profoundest esteem, your obliged friend, and very humble servant,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7583", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Peter Thatcher Vose, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Vose, Peter Thatcher\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMost Honourable & Venerable Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy Decr 24th. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tAllow me in the name of the Author of the Map of the United States, & Territories, with the contiguous British & Spanish Possessions in North America, for 1820.\u2014to Present You with this Copy.And permit me to mingle my sensation of pleasure & pride, while performing this duty, in tendering to you this testimony of respect & esteem, for your renowned & emminent Services & toils for your Countrys good; and if any thing could give zest, to this Single act of My life, it would be in retracing the active Scenes of Youthfull days.* while approximating yours,\u2014 \u201cblest abode\u201d! two Centuries & one year only, have passed since the landing on yonder Rock, of the virtuous Pilgrims\u2014driven by stern oppression from their Native land, to this then inhospitable Shore, in cold December dreary month.\u2014And to One: who has been during all most the past Century an eye & ear Witness, & conspicuous Actor on the great Drama, & Scenes that have Since intervened to transform US. to a Nation. with what pleasure & Satisfaction, will this Civilian\u2014Statesman, Philosopher, & Sage, \u201cwho is happy\u2014Nature to explore,\u201d Survey, in his retired moments (as is beleived), this faithfull, deleniation, but faint Picture, of Our beloved Country? embracing all the variety of Soil & Climate, within the temperate zone from 25. to 50. N. Latd. and from the St. Croix to the Pacific Ocean with the most extensive & innumerable, Rivers & Streams rolling in constant Succession, to the \u2018great Deep,\u2019 \u2018the common highway of Nations,\u2019 passing in review the rapid Strides in population & civilization the fertile & highly cultivated fields, Villiages, Towns & Cities, with all the conveniences, elegances, and\u2014embelishments, of life.\u2014The progress of the Arts & Sciences, the Agricultural, commercial, mecanical & manufacturing improvements, Spoke into existence as it were in a moment, within your own recollection, Observation & experience.\u2014with a Goverment founded on the \u201cequall rights of Man,\u201d and best calculated (if faithfully administerd) to secure all the important blessings of Civilized Society.\u2014than whom NO, One Man, contributed more than yourself, to establish & perpetuate, and in perfect harmony & accordance with Our Washington! with what complacency & self Satisfaction, while in life, do you review the past, the present, & look forward to the future? to the Greatness & happiness of Millions yet unborn, in this our highly favourd land by these \u201cOur Fathers GOD!\u201dPeace to this blest abode!Where dwells our Adams, His Countrys most revered & venerable Sage!\u2014\u201cFirst to assert his Countrys cause,\u201dProtector of her liberty & laws.\u201dAccept the unfeined admiration / gratitude & veneration, & Prayers / for a happy Continuance of life & health / Till it shall please the great Author, of / all Worlds, & beings to give you a more / perfect view of His Wonderfull Works, in / His Mantions of  rest; & where / Kindred Spirits Shall enjoy eternal / felicity.\n\t\t\t\t\tPeter Thatcher Vose\n\t\t\t\t\tPS. The Person who has the honor to now make this first & perhaps the last communication to you, Sir\u2014has not been & idle or indiferent Spectator, of your emminent & distinguished services for more than 30 years past & tho for more than 40 years absent from his Native Town still cherishs a fond remembrance, & if kindred earth may be allied to Birth & Worth, is proud of the honour of so near affinity as that of a Miltonian*", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7584", "content": "Title: From John Adams to David Sewall, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sewall, David\nThanks dear Sir for your favour of the 14\u2014Let the epitaph go to oblivion with the tables\nIn this famine of news reminiscences & recollections furnish the principal entertainment of the newspapers & have recorded many curious & memorable facts. You I perceive have are seized on with the spirit of the times & recollected a journey more amusing to me than any of them. I seem to see you & your then companion in your dignified chair & pacing horse & to follow you in every step of your progress\u2014At the most of the houses where you stopt I have been entertained. The character of Mr Flint is well supported througout. As you advanced through towards Portsmouth I conceived a wish & a hope that you would make a visit to Newington & pass a night with my fathers eldest brother Joseph Adams minister of that town. I would give an eagle for an evenings conversation between those two patriarchs. They were both born in this town & not very different in age. They were nearly equal in learning & as preachers there was not two pence to boot, for I have heard them both. My uncle had been a great admirer of Dr Mather & was said to affect an imitation of his voice pronunciation & manner in the pulpit. His sermons though delived in a powerful & musical voice consisted of texts of scripture quoting chapt. & verse delivered memoriter & without notes. In consversation he was vain & loquacious though some what learned & entertaining: Flint was equally remarkable for reserve & taciturnity\u2014Flint was full of dry wit humour and satire Adams had none of either. You may judge then what an entertaint you would have had in the sharp shot now & then bolted by the one on the other.\nReminiscences I find are associated with other reminiscences\u2014Your journey has brought to my recollections one of my own made two or three years before yours. I went with a young preacher Ebenezer Adams the son of that uncle up through Chelmsford, to London Derby and a place beyond it called Litchfield if I remember right & from thence down to through the Kenlington to Newington & Portsmouth. Either going or returning we visited Parson Whipple whose lady persecuted me as much as she did afterwards father F\u2014The lady had a fine figure & a fair face. At dinner I was very bashful & silent. After dinner Parson W. invited us into another  where he took a pipe himself & offered us pipes I was an old smoaker & readily took one. The  lady very soon came into the room lifted up  her hands and cried out in a masculine voice I am astonished to see that pretty little boy with a pipe in his mouth smoking that nasty poisoned tobacco I cant bear the sight I was as bashful & timorous as a girl\u2014but I resented so much being called a little boy at 15 or 16 years of age & as stout as her husband, that I determined not to be frightened out of my pipe so I continued to puff away You may well suppose that I bore no very good will to that lady till I afterward becames acquainted with the character of Miss Hanna Whipple who afterwards married Dr. Bracket & gave two thousand dollars to the botanical garden to Cambridge\u2014The excellences of the daughter very early atoned for all the severity of the mother & I have long since esteemed her an amiable & intelligent woman though some times a little too free with her guests. I recollect nothing more worth recording in my tour except that we called at Parson Bridges at Chelmsford & Parson Fogs at Kensington where we had much conversation respecting Mr Wibert afterwards my minister then much celebrated for the elegance of his style\u2014By this time you will be so much fatigued as enough to be glad to read the reminiscence that I am your humb Sert\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-7585", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Peter Thatcher Vose, 25 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Vose, Peter Thatcher\ndear Sir\nMontezillo December 25th 1821\nI rejoice to have been introduced this morning, to the knowledge of a Gentleman, whose nativity was so near\u2014and whose sentiments and feelings so much nearer to my own\u2014whose names have been venerated by me all my Life time There is not a family in North America, who have transmited to their numerous Posterity even down to the present time, more of the Piety and Virtues, the literature and science of our forefathers than Those who bear the name of Thatcher\u2014The founder of the family in America was before his emigration so fordmidable to the views of Arch Bishop Laud, that he draged him before his high Commission, or Star Chamber Court\u2014and we find his fortitude and intrepidity recorded in the State Trials immortality\nI pray you to present my kindest thanks to Mr Mellish for the rich present of his Map of the United States which is the most elegant and perfect performance of the kind ever produced in North America, It will be of inestimable benifit to the Children of my family\u2014\nThe glowing Eulogium in your letter ought to excite in me only a profound sigh for the imperfect manner in which it had been merited\u2014Accept my sincere thanks for the friendly agency you have had in the busine business\u2014And believe me your very / obliged friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3866", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nmy dear daughter\nMontezillo January 5th. 1821\nIf after your example I could have keept a Journal\u2014from the fifteenth of November, to the eighteenth of December\u2014I could have given you a Curious history\u2014\n I have had the Influenza, and with great difficulty have got the better of it\u2014but not perfectly cured\u2014I attended every day the Convention and the Air of that Hall\u2014Instead of curing my Cold imperceptably increased it from day to day\u2014And the unceasing hospitality of  the gentlemen in Boston compelled me most willingly, to accept invitations to Dinner, all most every day\u2014The Company was most facinating\u2014An Assemblage of the Power, Authority, Wealth, Genius, Learning, and Politeness of the State\u2014The Governor\u2014Leiutnt Governour\u2014The President of harvard College\u2014The President of the Senate\u2014The Chief Justice\u2014and other Judges\u2014Mr Webster Mr Prescot\u2014Mr Storry some of the best of the Clergy, Strangers of distinction, Electors of President and Vice President\u2014and whatever Characters there were most precious, composed the Company\u2014Add to all this the Ladies were very Charmingly solicitious to invite me to parties in the Evening\u2014and in this enchanting delirium, I passed a whole month and three days How my shattered nature held out so long, I know not\u2014at last however nature gave way, and I fell sick hurried home to Quincy\u2014and here have been confined to my Chamber\u2014and House from the 18th. of December to this day\u2014\nNow let me ask you a serious question\u2014do you not think that this was the most Boyish folly that ever was committed by a Man of eighty five years\u2014I acknowledge it\u2014But it was one of the most delightful months of the eighty five years\u2014\nI miss my George and John\u2014but you have their Company, who have a double right to it\u2014and they have a fine opportunity to see the great American World, and to know the great Characters\u2014I wish they could have attended some of the debates in our Convention where there has been an exhibition of talents, information, and eloquence which will do honour to any Assembly in the World\u2014\nThe weather has been extremely severe for a long time\u2014I expect it will carry off a great number of Old people\u2014for who can stand before such Cold\u2014\nWill you be so good as to inform me whether Mr Randolph is in Congress\u2014and whether he distinguishes himself as usual by his Oratory\n We are in general pritty well\u2014and  send love to you, and yours\u2014and none more / cordially than your / affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3867", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tJamaica plain 15 Jany 1821\n\t\t\t\tI call\u2019d this morning upon The Treasurer of the Commonwealth\u2014and rec\u2019d of him Eight Dollars\u2014to  your pay as Elector\u2014your pay as delegate he said required your order\u2014Which I enclose for your signature & to be returnd to me, wch. I will immediately apply for payment, wch. is 70 Dollars\u2014added to the Eight Dollars already rec\u2019d I will pay to Mr Foster or send to you by post if he is not able to see you within a day or two\u2014I have the pleasure to say Mrs Bs Cold is better\u2014& we intend if the weather is favorable to send over the close sleigh early in the forenoon on Friday to Quincy to bring you and your family to spend the day with us\u2014and to return you safe again at any hour you may think most agreable to you after dinner you may depend upon a well  air\u2019d rooms\u2014and every attention paid to prevent your taking cold.With mrs Boylstons kindest regards respects to you, and our kind regards to\u2014Mrs Adams, Mrs Clark & Miss Smith and Judge Adams, on whom we depend for their company at the same timeI am, my Dear Cousin / most affectionately / yours\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3868", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tHermitage Jamaica plain 7 oClock Friday Mrng 19 January 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have sent my Sleigh with Bear skins, & Furs, and as the day is fine and the sleighing never better I hope you will find yourself better for a change of air, and as our Rooms are well air\u2019d, you will find yourself as comfortably warm as you will be, in your own Room\u2014we shall be at home to you & your own Family alone\u2014and every thing done to make you comfortable & at your easeI have procured a fine cask\u2014a princeton Turkey and with the addition of something else\u2014you shall have your Dinner on Table at any hour you may wish\u2014I have also got a warm carriage to take you home again when you say you wish to return after Dinner. my Sleigh has seats for 4 persons wch: can take the 3 Ladies & yourself.\u2014Judge Adams will come in his own sleigh.\u2014My Letter of Wednesday I hope you received, and please to bring the order you are required to sign to get your money from the state TreasurerWe hope to see you all  by Eleven oClock\u2014yours affectionately\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tPS Mr Ignatius Sargent senior Bro\u2019 of the state Treasurer died yesterday, of what is called here a Long fever of 3 days confinement", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3869", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 22 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nHonored and dear Father\nMontezillo January 22d. 1821\nI revoke the appellation of Son\u2014Your conduct to me is more like that of a tender affectionate partial and too indulgent a Father\u2014than like that of a Cousin, or a Brother or a Son\nYou overwhelm me so with your kindness that I have no expressions adequate to my sense of obligations\nI have received the two Barrels of Cider, and the Bottles of Wine which I shall reserve for the best use of which they are susceptible\nmy best thanks and kindest regards to Mrs Boylston and yourself / from your / dutiful Son\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3870", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 27 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\t(Private)Dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 27 January 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have been so much indisposed it has been almost impossible for me to keep my journal and my family has been too large to admit of sufficient quiet to do any thing but partake of the amusements of the place which however have been but few comparatively speaking. It has been remarked frequently that there has never been so gloomy a session as the present and I doubt if there ever was one which has been so idly spent\u2014The reduction of the Army causes considerable sensation, and the House is divided into prodigals, and Radicals: how in any shape they can acquire the former name it would require a wiser person than myself to understand\u2014but I confess in one point of view it may be admissible, as they appear willing to lop a little from every body but themselves\u2014This is the only sense in which the word can be understood as applicable to Congress who have ever been much more famed for their meaness and parsimony than for their liberality\u2014This curtailing system is absolutely necessary it is said in consequence of the desperate state of our finances, but the remedy appears to me to be some what like many celebrated quack medicines, which relieve for the moment, more effectually to destroy\u2014A number of the Members it is said voted on the idea that the Senate would reject the Bill and that they might obtain popularity with their Constituents without producing any real change in the situation of the Country\u2014This is a new principle of Legislation, and if generally adopted calculated to place us in a very elevated point of view among nations\u2014To natural and unsophisticated beings whose minds are not sufficiently expansive fully to understand these master strokes of policy, there is something truly unpleasant in this sort of double dealing; but ignorance is our shield and we rely on it for our excuse\u2014The plan of Mr. Calhoun was very generally approved but the spirit of intrigue is up and very few understand the game or the stake for which they are playing\u2014  To the astonishment of all the world Mr. Clay who has hitherto been remarkable for his liberality has cut off the pension proposed for the Mother of poor Perry. It is a pity he lost one of the really best traits of his character for the sake of so miserable a pittance which could barely have afforded subsistence to the Mother of the man who largely assisted in saving the Republic from destruction\u2014I wish my Dear Sir our Republic would imitate their predecessors in their virtues and not make the vice of ingratitude the principal object of their example In the hope that your health is perfectly restored I hasten to apologize for the above observations and to assure you of the dutyful affection of your Daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3871", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 31 January 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nmy dear George\nMontezillo January 31st. 1821\nI thank you for your letter of the 31st. as well as for that from New York\u2014I have been reduced so low in health that I have not been able to write answers to letters as I used to\u2014Your letter to Claudious was sent to him, as soon as it was received\u2014I have long been anxious for your Mother\u2014presuming her to be unwell\u2014And rejoice in her Convalescence\u2014\nI am impatient to hear Your admiration of the Oratory of Mr Randolph\u2014Our National affairs at present are in an awkward situation\u2014The relation between the Union, and Missouri, is Novel\u2014\nWe are all pritty well here\u2014The sleighing was never finer\u2014and the weather never Colder\u2014and the sleding is so good that we are able to get a bout a Cord of Wood a day, from the Wilderness\u2014and that is pritty near the quantity we burn a day\u2014We have almost as many fires going as your friend Feron says, I have Rooms in the House\u2014But I can assure him, that I have several rooms that have no fires in them\u2014to be sure, it is true, my House is sufficiently republican\u2014but as my Countrymen give me no credit for that virtue, I am not sorry that Foreigners do\u2014\nIf I may judge of your taste and feeling, by my own\u2014you must have great delight in hearing the Oratory in Senate, and the house, and the supreme Court\u2014for I spent a whole month in an easy delightful trance\u2014in hearing the innumerable Orators of all sects, parties, and denominations, in our grand Convention\u2014an entertainment which I have not enjoyed for many years\u2014\nI am sorry to hear you complaining so often of ill health\u2014I advise you to live upon bread and Water\u2014to make this diet luxury I allow you to put a piece of toasted bread in to the water\u2014with this regimen your head will always be clear\u2014your stomach light, your temper serene and your whole body free from pain\u2014and you will make more improvement in science and literature in one day, than you can in a week, if you eat meat, drink wine, and smoak Cigarrs; you will never be well unless you ride ten miles a day, or walk a mile\u2014If young Men will not learn the necessity of living upon a cooling diet, if they study, they must die\u2014I suppose you will say as most young Men do\u2014I had rather die\u2014but if you are so determined do not blame your / affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3872", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 1 February 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear and ever beloved Son\n\t\t\t\t\tHermitage Jama plain 1st Feby 1821\n\t\t\t\tFor such you have allowed me to call you, (the evidence of wch. I shall retain as long as I retain any thing in my possession, and, shall cherish with delight\u2014tho\u2019 rank\u2019d in age with the Patriarchs of the old Testament times\u2014Indeed I think I begin to feel the infirmities of that age by a Rheumatic afliction in both arms, both legs, & indeed universial\u2014or you wou\u2019d have seen me at Quincy before now\u2014I certainly misunderstood you abt. the Post you sent by Mr Foster\u2019s son\u2014I tho\u2019t you had given him an order to receive it\u2014and therefore supposed it settled\u2014untill Mr Foster, told me, the day before yesterday he had a Letter from you at his house wch had lain there some days\u2014I called immediately and yesterday received of the Treasurer #70 in Boston Money which if I am not able to bring myself, will send you by Thomas AlkerMrs Boylston still continues very much distressed by her cough, we hope yours has  totaly left you, with her affectionate regards to you & kind remembrance to the Ladies / I am / your ever affectionate / Father\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3873", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 1 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John,Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tFebruary 1 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have received your kind note of this afternoon. Mr De Wint and his family are all in Boston and are engaged there till next Saturday. It is utterly impossible for me to wait upon you in the present state of my health; nor in any case can I go with such an army as you have invited. All the strength nature has left me is not sufficient to endure it. Your kindness overwhelms me. My son said to you what was unfounded (through mistake). I beg you to pardon and excuse me. If there comes a snow or not I presume Mr D will return to New York immediately after his return from BostonI am  Sir / totally oppressed by your kindness and the  obligations you are daily imposing on me / Your perpetually affectionate & loving Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Adams Junr.(per order) John Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tTurn Over\n\t\t\t\tMy dear SirIt was undoubtedly through some mistake of my Uncles that what you heard, to use grandfathers words \u201cwas unfounded\u201d; and accordingly it is dashed in my Grandfathers letter, being put there by me. Although this disappointment must be born as patiently as possible\u2014you may depend upon my exertions to carry into effect part of your scheme But it must be in private for he will not come with an army as he says. Make no calculations and no preparations for him. If he comes it must be by chance.This addition he knows nothing about and I wish he should not as he might be displeased\u2014with the liberty taken by / Your\u2019s AffectionatelyJohn Adams Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3874", "content": "Title: From Henry Clay to John Quincy Adams, 2 February 1821\nFrom: Clay, Henry\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tMr. Clay has the pleasure to accept the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Adams to dinner on thursday the 8h. inst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3876", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 7 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nmy dear daughter\nMontezillo February 7th. 1821\nMy thanks are due to you, for your kind favour of the 27th. of January\u2014I am sorry to hear that you have been so seriously indisposed\u2014I have been myself confined to my House since the 18th. of December, thirty odd days in punctual attendance in Convention; And almost as many luxurious dinners in the best of Company in the World\u2014And as many Visits to Widows, as if I was looking out for another Wife, raised my spirits above my strength\u2014and made me so very sick that it is a wonder, that I had not suffered the fate of Voltaire after his last visit to Paris, and Coronation, of the nine muses\u2014I have however recovered all, but my strength\u2014\nI want to hear from Mr Randolph my old friend you know; who has honored me for twenty years with so many beautiful figures of his rhetoric, that my ambition craves a few more\u2014by all that I can learn, he has totally neglected me the last session\u2014I am fearful least he should do so in this,\u2014a few sprigs of laurel more from his honourable hand, would be very acceptable\u2014\nYou mention nothing of your Sons, and we have heard very little from them since they left us\u2014\nThe public in this quarter, are waiting with some impatience for the Secretary of States reports, upon weights, and Census\n I forgot to tell you, as you desired, that I voted for Mr Monroe and Mr Tomkins, and very much regreted that any of my Colleagues in our Electoral College voted for any other than Mr Tomkins for Vice President\u2014though I very well know the merit of Mr Stockton\u2014The public have lamented the death of your friend, and Pupil, Mr Gallisson, as deeply as any young Man I ever remember\u2014\nWe go on here in the usual way\u2014I am your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3877", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 19 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19 February 1821\n\t\t\t\tI enclose you a Letter from one of your young correspondents which was received a few days after your departure and which I suppose you would regret very much to lose.In taking the Desk which your Brother lent you I want to know what you did with the papers which were in it among which the two Contracts of Mr. Van Coble were placed and I am very much concerned at not being able to find them any where.Washington has become excessively dissipated and to night we have no less than two Balls one at Mrs: Thompson\u2019s and the other at Mrs. Van Ness\u2019sMr Canning gave a most elegant Ball on friday night at which it is said there were ninety nine Ladies\u2014The House is handsome and what is better comfortable\u2014I am obliged to go out otherwise I would write a longer Letter tell George I shall answer him immediately and if John can condescend to write to me I shall be glad to hear from him in his old style: As he will probably be less under the magic of Cupid he may be able to devote a  leisure moment to his old Mother\u2014Adieu I will send your Trunk as soon as possible as yet there has been no opportunity\u2014Mr de Neuville has brought a charming little Nephew with him about your size who would have been  a charming companion for youYour Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3878", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 24 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 24 February 1821\n\t\t\t\tI yesterday received your Letter dated Quincy and was delighted to find your very formidable journey without accident. I admire very much your kindness in having lengthened your ride, and separated from your Brothers for the purpose of delivering the Letter of your new acquaintance who I think must be exquisitely delighted by this exalted mark of friendship and devotion\u2014I am sorry you could not find the music. I have two charming girls staying with me who are great proficients in Music and who contrive to teaze Johnson so prettily he talks of removing to Illinois where he intends to practice Law and be returned to the Legislature or sent to Congress as soon as possible. I do not much admire the plan and hope it will not be put in execution\u2014Charles read him well and this is only the beginning of his caprices for I fear he is inclined to be restless which I look upon as one of the most fatal maladies a young man can be siezed with in early life well calculated to blast the hopes of future promise\u2014But it is really astonishing how seldom we meet with what I call character among mankind and how much even the best and firmest are mere creatures of circumstances\u2014A weak even silly woman may be the means of either there success or their misery and the most trifling accident destroy their brightest prospects by producing this fluctuating doubting unsettled state of mind and thus teaching us to view every thing through the medium of our senses instead of being guided by reason and reflection\u2014I trust however I shall Keep him here and that you will at least study part of your time together and excite one another to emulation\u2014We are all well and it will give me great pleasure to hear from you frequently either in a sober or chit chat form which will be equally welcome to your Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3879", "content": "Title: From William Pinkney to John Quincy Adams, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Pinkney, William\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tMr Pinkney presents his Complements to Mr. & Mrs. Adams and accepts with great pleasure the honour of their invitation to Dinner on Friday this 2d. March.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3881", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Alexander Bryan Johnson, 10 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Johnson, Alexander Bryan\nDear Sir\nMontezillo March 10th. 1821\nI received your letter this morning of March 1st. and congratulate you on the birth of another Son, and condole with you on the illness of your father; we must sing of mercy & judgement together from the cradle to the grave, and we must bend our minds to a perfect resignation; nothing short of this, will procure us the happiness of which our nature is capable in this world.\nThe name you have given to your child will not be of any injury, though it will do it little good, for notwithstanding the disposition you speak of, to do justice to that name, yet it never was, and never will be much beloved, or esteemed, in this Country; I fear it has been too much slandered, and abused in writings, that cannot all of them perish; it is however a heart felt satisfaction to me to find that my principles, systems, and writings, are now respected in the world, adopted and spreading, because I beleive them calculated for the benefit of mankind; as to me they are of no consequence, for I Shall very soon follow your departed, beloved son, and meet him with his Great Grandmother; and a crowd of other relations, and friends, who have gone before me, where Slander and Panegyric, will be heard no more; Tell Abby not to despair, there is time enough for Daughters.\nWith respects, and regard, to your family I am / your affectionate Grand Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3882", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 11 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 March 1821\n\t\t\t\tI will answer your last Letter by saying that your most horrible is altogether thrown away as neither of the young Ladies who remained with us were very beautiful or fascinating but good natured pleasant girls who amused me very much by their musical talents and the eldest by a highly cultivated mind\u2014Their ages would not have frightened you but their tall Grenadier look might have intimidated you a little not being yourself of the Patagonian race The eldest was 20 the other 16. quite as fond of dancing as you are and always inclined to be gay and frolicksome\u2014Georges fit or frenzy will probably be over before we come on and he will be more keenly occupied in preparation for his Commencement\u2014your father begins already to doubt and hesitate about the time of his visit but I think I shall prove restive this time and insist\u2014which you know is quite Congressional in theory but not much in practice the Superior house generally flinching on account of the purse strings being held by the inferior branch of the Legislature\u2014This parallel will not agree altogether in my case but some other power must be excited tho\u2019 it will be difficult to any so well calculated to command\u2014Mrs. Gouverneur has a daughter and there is some disappointment but much rejoicing at the great house\u2014You do not say any thing about Quincy in your  Letter, and I want much to learn how every thing goes on there and how you found your Grand father Write me on this subject as many of my plans will depend upon what I may hear from thence\u2014Colverts Mother is very bad and there is but little hope of her recovery\u2014do not however mention it to him as it would only serve to grieve him\u2014Write me frequently and particularly how Charles is effected by the Climate and believe me ever your affecte. Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3883", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 13 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 13 March 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter which I received yesterday gave mutual delight to all of us\u2014It was exactly the style I have so often wished you to acquire easy playful and affectionate. This is the peculiar charm of familiar correspondence and worth all the studied phrases and elegant quotations that you could select from the first rate and best authorsI suppose your appointment to be one of the standing committee for future dinners must be a great mark of distinction as a purveyor I think this office would Charles John than you as he is somewhat more of an epicure Yesterday we had the whole corps diplomatique at Dinner which passed off  gaily enough more especially as our dinner was more than usually excellent considering the season\u2014We had two Ladies the hue and cry being so great concerning them I have thought fit to resume my old custom of inviting them; rather late in the day you will say but better late than never\u2014It is said that the Presidents salary will be reduced to 15000 because he will not give the Ladies a dinner this appears to me to be rather an extraordinary mode of promoting tho but perhaps times are about to receed so much that he will be able to give dinners for nothing\u2014We shall certainly have cause to hail the auspicious day come when it will as the rent roll we at present receive is by no means so large as our need\u2014The ambassador seems to wear his dignity hourly and was not so promises to be prominent as he used to be he appears to be too heavily laden and as if he could not long support the load at present carries\u2014She is exactly what she was amiable simple and good, but her head notwithstanding she is of the weaker sex is better ballasted than his and will better sustain the changes of this very changeable world\u2014I am very sorry to lose them as I fear we shall never find any so well suited our Atmosphere\u2014Mr. Canning was courteous and affable\u2014His down-cast look and demure phiz alway remind me a little of Joseph Surface and his high pretension to gallantry \u00e0 le anglaise always make me smile involuntarily\u2014It is said he was brought up for the Church this may account for the gravity of his demeanor\u2014Mr. Poletica was as usual much absorbed by the good cheer before him and only now and then snuffled agreeable things to the company quite \u00e0 la Russe\u2014General Vives was as usual almost a silent spectator of the feast cold and grave as a Spanish Grandee should be I suppose on such occasions Mr. Roth was never more literally charg\u00e9 des Affair and really appeared to be wound up to the highest pitch of garrulity not very much to the satisfaction of Son Excellence who remarked more than once that he talked too much\u2014As dinner is just ready I must conclude this nonsense and bid you an affectionate farewell\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3884", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 20 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tDr Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 20 March 1821.\n\t\t\t\tThe Bearer Dr Charles Caldwell visits Europe for purposes connected with the promotion of Literature and Science in the Western Regions of our Country. The cause claims the helping hand of every patriotic American, and the well known and distinguished merit of the person, will be his most effectual introduction, wherever he may be named. I recommend him and the objects upon which he will visit London, to every attention and kindness, which it may be in your power to shew them.I can only avail myself of the opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of a number of Letters from you, which it has not been in my power to answer.\u2014I am, Dr. Sir, ever faithfully, Yours.\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams:", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3886", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 22 March 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 22 March 1821\n\t\t\t\tI feel a little uneasy about you and therefore write you again to give you a timely caution as there are whispers concerning the restlessness of your Class which lead me to dread an explosion Your own sense my dear Boy will teach you how foolish and imprudent it is to run any risk of expulsion or even rustication as the loss of a year to you who are so desirous of obtaining your liberty would be bitterly felt as a punishment and you may rely upon it your spirit would be more deeply wounded than you imagine\u2014The young Ladies who were with me were the Miss Roberdeau\u2019s not first rate beauties by any means but fine Girls and remarkably pleasant and unaffected and really accomplished You may smile but I say really because they are more in the style of the Nicholas\u2019s therefore more to my taste than the extremely artificial manners which I usually meet with among person\u2019s of my own sex who appear to me almost always to be running into the opposite shades of bluntness or affectation\u2014Either noisy or insipid, boisterous or dull, or such perfect automatons that the most you can extract from them is an insip smile or a Languishing drawl just sufficient to evince that they breathe, \u201clive, and have a being\u201d\u2014Those among whom you live and at least according to your account have had the benefit of experiences to fit them for enjoyment\u2014I am surprized I own that with your ardent character and aptness for the belle passion that charms so finished and matured should not have set your young blood in a flame and heated even to poetic phrenzy your imagination\u2014but I suppose your hour is not yet come and you are perhaps waiting an opportunity as favorable as one recently mentioned in the papers which you perhaps have seen \u201ca youth who being himself 29 led to the hymeneal Altar a Virgin no not a Virgin but a Widow of only 85\u201d\u2014If this is your plan I shall receive my daughter with smiles of welcome and do every thing towards promoting your Nuptial felicity\u2014And that you may dream at your leisure of your future Bliss I will hasten to subscribe myself your affectionate Mother\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3887", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 5 April 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5 April 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter full of complaints my dear Charles reached me yesterday and I am sorry to see you indulge still in a querrulous disposition but a little intercourse with young men I still flatter myself will cure you therefore I shall say nothing farther on the subject\u2014Your Trunk I sent on about ten days since and hope as it was addressed to the care of Mr Cruft you have received it safe with the Gun and the Violent and the Cloak which I believe I ought not to have sent\u2014I however have such confidence in the superior power of your mind my Son that however painful the effort there are few things I am sure which you could not vanquish once resolved and ere many Months have elapsed I trust you will have recovered as completely as Johnson appears now to be excepting occasionally\u2014He begins to be sensible that beauty is not perfection\u2014Our little friend has derived considerable advantage from the lessons she received in the Winter and I am much more satisfied with her than I ever was before perhaps because I begin to reap the fruits of my labours\u2014She is becoming too much of a belle and I am a little afraid that admiration will undo my efforts to improve her\u2014I write you thus my dear Charles because you must be in the habit of hearing of her and because I would rather you would continue to think of her as she is than to avoid the subject and by that means encourage the passion which you have indulged hitherto but which you may rely on it time will prove is altogether imaginary\u2014Is George as much of an enamorato as ever. He is so fiery I suppose he will be quite overcome by the attractions which dissolved your mighty heart and I expect to be quite perdu with love scenes poetry & c.\u2014after we return from Boston\u2014Adieu my Boy make light of life and do not encourage at your age misanthropical feelings\u2014receive the kindness intended you with kindness and tho\u2019 it may not be displayed in the exact form or manner which is most pleasing to you remember always that the motive which prompts it is amiable and benevolent and that however desirous we may be of avoiding obligation there is frequently more real grace  and goodness elicited by the manner of receiving favours and more real gratification bestowed than by offering them\u2014Throw yourself into the society of young men if they are a little older never mind it\u2014Be assured my dear Boy that your Mother loves you too sincerely to advise any thing unsuitable and it is the conviction of the necessity there is for your future welfare and happiness to shake off the habits you have been acquiring under my roof under my own eye indeed that makes me so urgent and a very little force put upon your inclinations will teach you that much good is to be found in society as well as evil and that with a little discretion we may enjoy the one and avoid the other", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3890", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 9 April 1821\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tI have read with infinite satisfaction, your observations on the restrictive & prohibitory Commercial system, and thank you kindly for having sent me the pamphlet; and I could wish, that it were possible to open the eyes of the blind, to heal the sick, and relieve the oppressed, under your liberal and generous ideas\u2014With much esteem very Respectfully I am / yr: ob: Servt\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3892", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 25 April 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25 April 1821\n\t\t\t\tYou become so testy I almost begin to feel disinclined to write to you at all as my Letters instead of contributing to your happiness appear to produce a contrary effect\u2014I do not think you more wild than young men of your age generally are but I think you suffer your passions frequently to master your reason and on this account I have sometimes been apprehensive that you might suffer severely from the consequence of your intemperance\u2014I am happy to find you well employed and hope your critique of Kenilworth will fully answer your expectations and reward your labours\u2014It is remarkably well written but I do not think he has drawn so finished a portrait of Elizabeth as might of been expected\u2014The contrast between the helpless loveliness of the Countess of Leicester and Varney is awfully striking and the character of Leicester is truly contemptible shuffling base and wicked\u2014You have no doubt in your review of the work sought in history for the great proportion of the characters which are prominent and have ascertained the correctness of the facts represented. I expect to be favoured with a sight of the piece when completed and have no doubt I shall be highly gratified with your production\u2014On this day I presume you are occupied in attendance to the exhibition where your brother is again to maintain his reputation as a Speaker. That he will succeed I have no doubt and it will procure him a very great advantage on his entrance into life (that is upon a larger scale) to have gained such a point\u2014Oratory in this Country is a gift and is the real source when well understood and well applied by which Ambition is fed\u2014It is therefore necessary for every young man who has to make his own fortune in the World to devote much of his attention and study to this particular branch of his education and to determine early to baffle all impediments to its acquirement\u2014We have proof, of the possibility of this in the History of Demosthenes who labouring under a natural impediment succeeded in correcting the deficiency by laborious exertion and unceasing application\u2014You have nothing of this kind to apprehend as nature has been bountiful in her gifts and has denied no essential qualification\u2014To Charles I recommend to pay particular attention to these recommendations and to be assured that at his time of life we can if we will mould ourselves to what form we please\u2014But we must not lose the opportunity for want of exertion and supinely sit down with a conviction taken up on the weakest pretences that because we have failed once, twice, nay thrice; we are never to succeed: on the contrary this very want of success in our first attempts should lead us to pursue with ardour to conquer the difficulties and like Demosthenes to acquire greater glory and immortal and unperishable fame for having attained to that which even Nature seemed to deny.Who is the Author of Sukey? Send me the Poem! I am obliged to close my Letter as my paper is out\u2014Adieu\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3893", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 29 April 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 29 April 1821\n\t\t\t\tMary is amusing me as usual in crying and whining because I suggest to her the necessity of some occupation She has written one page of your fathers Bible Letters and imagines that after such an immense exertion she must rest from her labours altogether. I will leave it to you to decide whether the Sabbath is to be literally understood as a day of total inactivity both of mind and body or whether it ought not to be employed in some advantageous occupation for the mind more especially for a mind so barren and uncultivated and so little susceptible of improvement\u2014It puts me a little in mind of those vast heath\u2019s in England on which much labour of has been bestowed but which after all only produce weeds and fern to repay the pains of the cultivator\u2014There is only the poor satisfaction of knowing that however unproductive the soil may prove no pains have been spared to enrich it and to hope that among the Tares which are so prolific some more valuable seeds may germ and arrive at perfection\u2014This is but a poor compensation but alas it is all I rest my hopes on\u2014Your Exhibition is now over and you have now the flattering prospect of gaining some opportunity of again proving your application and industry if not your native merit. That your exertions may be crowned with success is my anxious prayer as I look upon it as a serious advantage to a young man to leave such an Institution as Harvard with a good reputation and highly calculated to promote his future interests in Society or rather in that large Sphere the world in which as a Lord of the Creation you are bound to play a distinguished part\u2014Did the smiles of the fair crown your last endeavours or did the Snow Storms of your clime make cold still colder by the want of that lovely artificial stimulous the Ladies eyes to witness your performance? experience has taught me how powerful such an incentive proves on such occasions and I prayed that you might be doubly blessed\u2014You are at that happy age when Youth and beauty sheds a magic lustre over your days and when its excitements may become powerful motives for your ambition this is a sentiment dictated by nature itself and is only dangerous when we suffer its magic influence to obscure our reason. It heightens our enjoyments and inspires all the benevolent feelings of our Souls and when youth and beauty are accompanied by sense and virtue it sheds a lustre on the human race which ever leads our thoughts to something far beyond the Sphere in which we live, move, and have our being\u2014Such a picture affords ample scope for heavenly contemplation as it approaches towards those Seraphic beings whom we are taught to believe we shall one day hope to meet in a world to come and such contemplations lead us to aim at such a degree of perfection as will enable us to attain so precious a reward even in this  for  our exertions and teach us to appreciate the value of such a blessing\u2014This is no ideal system many such beings may be found and the best wish your Mother can offer for your future happiness is that you may find one such and be worthy of her and of the large portion of felicity which you in such circumstances must enjoy.Affectionately and Ever Yours\n\t\t\t\t\tSeek not to cull in haste the roseNor let its fragrance waste in airOft e\u2019er its beauteous buds uncloseIt fades and withers in despair.So youthful love too early soughtMakes every future prospect\u2014nought.To GeorgeSeek not in haste to cull the rose,Nor let its fragrance waste in air;Oft e\u2019er its beauteous buds uncloseIt fades, and withers in despair.The Canker worm has siezed its heart,Its lovely blush, its leaves decay;Pining beneath th\u2019 envenom\u2019d smart,It droops, and gently wastes away\u2014So Youthful love unheeded sought,Blights every promised future joy;Makes ev\u2019ry brilliant prospect nought,And fills each hope with sad alloyOf grief, of poverty, of pain,And evils dire and endless chain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3894", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 3 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy dear Daughter\nLittle Hill May 3d 1821\nI hope We have not forgotten each other! We wait with impatience for the weighty and immeasurable Report. I am afraid I shall not live long enough to read it, if to see it.\nOur Harvardinians call upon Us, now and then and are always received with open Arms. George continues to maintain his Character as a Speaker; John is coming to consideration. But Charles is the reserved and the thoughtful one.\nI hope you will encourage them all in their Studies of French Litterature. I think it, as usefull as the English. French History is more faithful to the Truth than the English. But all history seems like Romana. It shows Mankind in such a contemptible and odious light that I can hardly believe any of it. Though I cannot keep my Eyes off of it, I am constantly disgusted with it\nI long to see, once more my dear Son and Daughter, and depend upon that pleasure, at least in August. If it can be sooner it will be so much, the more delightfull. I am your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3896", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 4 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 4 May 1821\n\t\t\t\tYou reproach me without a cause and I dare say you got your Letter the very day after you wrote\u2014My time has however been very much occupied in sitting for a picture which is not a quarter finished and which it is probable will employ me the whole summer\u2014You complain without reason of your Letter to me which was by no means bad tho\u2019 it was odd but I do not know what you mean by saying you were not in your proper senses\u2014This admits of an interpretation which would be very painful to me and certainly very disgraceful to you I therefore trust it was only a mode of expression in itself meaning nothing but carelessness which tho\u2019 a fault tis excusable provided you do not repeat it too often\u2014Your brothers success cheered us considerably and the account you give of John is likewise very grateful as we know you would not deceive us by leading us to expect more than was true\u2014In a short time we hope to hear news as pleasant concerning yourself and have no doubt or fears being perfectly assured that you will make every proper exertion to obtain the same standing as your brothers which will be easy to you being gifted by heaven with every means to ensure a good reputation in your Class\u2014I am happy to learn that it is likely to be so promising as it will excite you to emulation and rouse that latent spark of ambition which has apparently lain dormant Ambition used in this sense my Son is honourable to every man as it is only a desire to attain excellence and strive at perfection\u2014You have sometimes appeared to me to understand this term in too limitted a sense and suffered your imagination to dwell only on its political meaning\u2014The scale on which I place it is vast and expansive as the firmament which we behold but which we cannot measure and the excellence which I anticipate leads to that perfection which we are taught to believe exists in a future state\u2014To this Ambition let me exhort you and be assured that we often attain what we believe impossible by our will to acquire it and to despair of conquering.  difficult only indicates a supine and indolent character which seeks not to rise above the most ordinary level and is content to grovel on the earth instead of aspiring to the Skies\u2014You are born for better things determine to be great and good and you have reached almost to the end of your journey as this will make difficulties light and you will asscend the rugged path with ease and fortitude gradually overcoming the little impediments which may occasionally obstruct it and reaping the sure reward of your labours in the road to virtue and science\u2014We are all well. Johnson is gone to Baltimore after his lass who has treated him with scorn for his pains The front of the house is finished and it looks beautiful\u2014Ever yours\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3897", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Harriet Welsh, 9 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Welsh, Harriet\nDear Mrs Welsh\nMontezillo May 9th 1821\nYou are it seems requested to enquire of me 1. Whether there was ever any \u201cCoolness\u201d between President Washington and me? 2. Whether, there was any difference in Opinion between Us, on public Affairs?\nYou have not informed me who the inquisitive Person is, or whether his motives are benevolent, or malicious; but as all these points are indifferent to me, I have no reluctance to answer\n1. There never was any personal Coolness between Us. The Temperature of the Atmosphere between Us was very uniform from 1774 to his death.\n2 The differences of Opinion between Us, were not a few; but I Shall enumerate only two. 1. The Neutrality of the United States. From 1789 to 1793 he was a great Admirer of French Constitutions and Revolution and Strongly inclined to closer Alliance with France. I could approve of neither and had the Utmost difficulty to convince him of the Policy and Necessity of declaring Neutrality. 2. In the organization of the Army, after his retreat We differed in the choice of Officers. I was for selecting the best officers from both Parties. He or his Advisers, were for confining the Choice to Federalists. Thus you have answers enough for the present to your two questions from your humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3899", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 11 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 May 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour reproach my dear Sir was very keen and keenly felt because conscience pointed its force and added mortification to its merited sting\u2014To make excuses will not repair the fault and the only rational one I can offer is that I have been waiting impatiently for the publication of the weights and measures and was really entirely decieved as to the length of time that had elapsed since writing to you\u2014We hope my dear Sir to come on in July it is at present Mr. Adams\u2019s intention to meet me at Quincy in August and nothing can prevent it but the negotiation now pending between this Country and France which at present I believe does not wear the most auspicious appearance and is cause of considerable business in the Cabinet\u2014The french Minister seems to be very sick of his Brazillian Mission and would probably be glad of any thing which could prolong his stay in this Country but the Ambassadorial dignity is a strong temptation more especially as besides the rank there is an addition to the financial part of the cituation which having once enjoyed it is not agreeable to resign\u2014This reminds me of Revolutions and these naturally drive us to Europe which appears at this time to be in a state of revolt and confusion between Tyranny and liberty\u2014The struggle is a great one a noble one but alas there is but little prospect of its success\u2014What is your opinion concerning these events? Or do these things no longer interest you as they used to do?We are much gratified by the success of George and look forward with hope and pleasure to the Commencement tho\u2019 we do not expect he will have a conspicuous part\u2014n\u2019importe if he has acquired a reputation as a Speaker it is sufficient to carry him far in this Country in which Oratorical talent is appreciated and valued tho\u2019 I will not always say justly as I have heard some fustian rant pass for excellent\u2014John will I trust also be successful in his studies as it is said he is a good Scholar\u2014As for Charles his character is so strongly marked I scarcely dare give an opinion concerning him. His future life depends on the coming four years and whatever bias he takes will be lasting\u2014My hopes have always been of the most favourable kind but he is thrust into temptation at a very early period of life and with an understanding if I may so express myself at variance with his years which will often lead him into difficulty oftener into mortifications at which his pride will revolt and which may produce the worst consequences for his future fate. That Divine Providence which has hitherto been so merciful to  will I trust protect him from danger and while I have a rock so solid on which to build my faith I will not indulge any fear of evil\u2014God Bless you My dear father give my love to my brother and Sister and to all the members of the family and I trust you will pardon the Sins of omission of your affectionate and respectful daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3902", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 12 May 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton May 12th 1821\n\t\t\t\tIt is a source of Deep regret and vexation to me, that I was obliged to leave Roxbury without seeing you again\u2014Bad weather, Bad, & sometimes impassable Roads by repeated unusual Snow Storms, together with a Bad cold, & Rhuematic lameness, kept me a prisioner to my House  untill a few days before I came to this place\u2014and being under a previous obligation to be here from the 7th. to 12th of last month on Convention Business as you have been at Quincy, alieved me but a short time to make a number of arrangements in my affairs in Boston & elsewhere prior to my leaving Roxbury, which I was compeld to do  on the 30th ultimo, which if I overstaid this Town woud have lost the benefit of my taxes wch. they depinded on & felt the loss very severely.\u2014It seems by the returns that most of our labours in Convention are not likely to meet wth general acceptance by our Constituents\u2014in this Town they negatived one half\u2014& what was approved was the least important part\u2014we however did what we cou\u2019d as the best we were able to do, where almost every part had been taken to peices by certain compacts & modil\u2019d to their particular views before it was brought forward for disscussion\u2014I do not hower agree with your venerable Bror in opinion in any point. He says you cant speak\u2014hate him, if you please, and all other men will agree in the same opinion, that you spoke with more important effect, than any other member of that Convention\u2014I mean in your reply to General Dearborne on the apportionment  of the Senate\u2014that speech in its effects is worth more than ten times all the Convention cost the State, this is not my partial opinion, (it is universal)\u2014I read it in our town meeting as part of my explanation\u2014I am now transcribeing it to send  to England for republication, as I am sure it will be there valued and preserved as a most important text for present & future Legislators.If I had been capable of makeing such a speech, with yr.   I shd. have tho\u2019t I had engravend my name on the adamantine tablet of human nations\u2014it is not flattery in saying this,  the multitudes who have spoken to me on the subject, have confirm\u2019d my first impression as express\u2019d to you & led me to urge you to give a correct statement of it to the public.As I never mean to appear either in the Character of Moses or Aaron you will never hear me misquoted, or dispraised as a public man\u2014I have made up my mind never to suffer myself to be put up for any Deliberative assembly either as law giver or Legislator\u2014my Alpha & omega was the Convention\u2014I was importuned & urged to be the representative from this Town, & assured of every vote, still they woud persist & put me up\u2014I then told them my reasons for declining, and if chosen I could not, & wouldnt serve them in that character,\u2014& left them meeting before they cou\u2019d make a choiceBy the same post which brought me your kind Letter\u2014I rec\u2019d from Mr Secretary Adams his report to Congress on Weights & measures, from the short opportunity I have had to look into it, it appears to be a most wonderfull Effort of mind, as well as deep & labourious research, which in all ages and Countries will do him infinite honor I shall write him shortly with my thanks & claim his promise of seeing him & Mrs A here before commencement\u2014Mrs Boylston desires her affectionate regards to you & kindest rembrances to evy part of yr family, you will also please to add mine, and belive the assurance of the constant attachment & devotion of / Your obliged & faithfull / Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3903", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 15 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 15 May 1821\n\t\t\t\tWhat sort of a Letter was your last and how is it to be answered? to be angry with you is impossible to sympathize with you equally so, and to pity you is showing a degree of contempt for your understanding mortifying to your feelings and wounding to my own. Are you aware that you sent your Letter to the Post without a wafer and that it arrived in that state at your fathers office? do not my Son give way to feelings which would cease to be painful if you did not give them an extensive degree of latitude and for your fathers your Mothers and your own sake beware of indulging in habits which will prove you destruction and destroy the future peace and happiness of yourself and your affectionate parents who have never yet denied you every blessing in their power. exert your natural strength of mind avoid reading publications which excite the senses and do not like a spoilt Child cry for the Moon which it is impossible for you to obtain or for your very best friends to procure for you\u2014rely on it that what we positively will in reason we can atchieve if our resolution is determined, and that we often defeat our best prospects by an idle indulgence of imagination in which we form pictures which never can be realized because it is easier to dwell indolently on such objects than to combat them by exertion\u2014You have much to do to prepare for your examination in which I am sure you will acquire credit for your industry\u2014The vacation will we suppose be passed at Quincy which will make a little variety for you and force your attention from yourself\u2014Not having seen Melmoth I cannot judge of the work but Maturin is always extravagant and unnatural and the vagaries of the wildest brain seem to be more popular now than the great and rational productions of real genius\u2014How did you like Kenilworth I believe you have never mentioned it\u2014We have not fished this year. My Tuesday Evengs. are resumed and my portrait is nearly completed\u2014It is thought the best Mr. King has ever painted and your father is quite charmed at it\u2014Music is going on as usual and I am very sorry to hear that you have abandoned your violin as I think it would make a variety in your occupation and prove a relief from more serious studies\u2014I hope I shall soon hear that you have purchased a music book and that you have resumed it as I assure you we begin to have a great scorn for unaccomplished Gentlemen at our house.Adieu reflect well on this Letter and once more exert the natural energy of your character for be assured nature that nature never intended you to be a ROMEO but cut you out to fill a much higher grade of character, and stamped you with that mark which spite of yourself you must and will carry to your grave, notwithstanding your pretended want of ambition; and the time will soon arrive when you will yourself be anxious to convince this fact to your sincerely devoted Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tMajor Dix is said to be paying his devoirs at our hour. very well received\u2014tho\u2019 not serious\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3904", "content": "Title: From James Monroe to William Steuben Smith, 15 May 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Smith, William Steuben\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington May 15. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI find, on conferring with the Secretary of the Treasury, that it will proper for me to appoint a naval officer for the customs at Pensacola, and to allow him one thousand dolrs. pr. annm. salary, with the other emoluments incident to the trust. If you are willing to accept the appointment, I will confer it on you, & will direct the commission to be issued immediately. A sloop of war will sail from Norfolk, in about 10. or 12 days for Pensacola, in which I shall endeavor to have you & your Lady accomodated, should you be so disposed. I will thank you for an early answer to this communication.with great respect & esteem / I am yr very obedt Servant\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3905", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 17 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy Dear Daughter\nMontezillo May 17th. 1821\nLast night I received and read your lovely Letter of the 11th: As the three Cantabridgeans were here\u2014they and I and all the family Uncle Aunt and Cousins all enjoyed the Luxury of it at Supper. It made a great impression on all of Us, especially upon George who with great dignity enjoined it upon his Brothers to lay the contents of it to heart.\n We all rejoice in the hope of seeing you in July and Mr Adams in August. Mr Boylston claims a promise of a Visit.\nFrance and all Europe may do as their Wisdom dictates and I hope WE shall have Some of our own. Commerce ought not to be crushed. But Manufactures ought to be encouraged. It may be a nice line to draw between them, so as to do no essential Injury to either, but it may be done. Upon the whole I would stint commerce, rather than Manufactures.\nThe Neapolitan Bubble is burst, and I fear many others will be. Clear Ideas of the necessary organization of a free government are not yet acquired in Europe and there is no People there, as yet capable of it. Liberty and Popery, cannot live together.\nOur American Constitutions, indeed, are still in some respects imperfect deficient and erroneous. They must be amended, or We shall never have either a National or a State Government. All will be Governments merely of exclusive and monopollizing Parties if not Factions. It is certainly difficult to convince The People of the Truth, when it interferes with their Prejudices.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3906", "content": "Title: From Joseph Anderson to William Steuben Smith, 17 May 1821\nFrom: Anderson, Joseph\nTo: Smith, William Steuben\n\t\t\t\t\tTreasury-Department, Comptroller\u2019s office, 17th. May, 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe President of the United States having been pleased to appoint you to the office of Naval-Officer at Pensacola, your Commission is enclosed. You will take and Subscribe the oath prescribed by Law, and enter into bond, with two or more Sufficient Sureties, in the Sum of two thousand dollars, for the faithful discharge of the Trust. Forms of the oath and bond are also enclosed. When taken and executed, you will transmit them to this office, for approbation, together with the Certificate of the District-Attorney, or of one of the Judges of the District, or of the Clerk of the Court, touching the Sufficiency of the Sureties. You shall then be furnished with the forms and instructions necessary for the due discharge of your official duties.Respectfully\n\t\t\t\t\tJos AndersonComptroller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3907", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 19 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19 May 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour last Letter my dear Charles quite revived my spirits as it re-assured me concerning yours which had really alarmed me and your father very much We are in the depths of distress on another account which is the removal of your Uncle and Aunt Smith to Pensacola where he is appointed Naval Officer a place which it is expected will become very valuable at present he is to have 1000 Dollars a year but there are other emoluments which the place hunters here say will make it three thousand in a short time. I am not so sanguine tho\u2019 I have no doubt if Pensacola should be-come a Commercial City that the opening will be very good for a prudent man\u2014If we are fortunate in our present state and future prospects we are at the same time subjected to very severe privations and the loss of two of my Sisters is and must be very severely felt by me.I am too much out of spirits to write much so you must be satisfied for the present with this short Letter from your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3909", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 22 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tCpd.My Dear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 22d May 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI have been highly gratified in recieving your kind Letter of the 10th. instant.\u2014I hope you will not attribute the infrequency of my Letters to you, to any other than its true cause.The Revd. Mr. Little will deliver you this Letter. He is the Pastor of a small flock of Unitarian Christians, who are gathering in this City, and who need some assistance to enable them to erect a place of Worship suitable for them.\u2014Without enjoying the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with Mr. Little, I have frequently, and always with pleasure attended his public administrations.\u2014His Character is in the highest degree respectable, and I take satisfaction in this opportunity of introducing him to your acquaintanceI am Dr. Sir, your ever faithful and affectionate / Son,\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3911", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 25 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 25 May 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter caused me some uneasiness perhaps more than was necessary in consequence of your first concealment which though done with the very best motive renders me fearful and suspicious that you still make less of your complaint than is necessary and by this means decieve yourself as well as me as to the care and attention which may be due to remove it\u2014You are at a critical age and caution properly applied may insure you the blessing of health and a good constition and I rely much upon a change of Climate and regular habits for promoting this effect\u2014You will soon cease to be so much exposed to the inclemencies of the Seasons and avoid the violent Colds which have debilitated your Lungs partially but which I hope are not seriously injured\u2014Johnson Hellen who has been so long an invalid appears to be gaining strength and I think will shortly become a hearty man\u2014It appears by the papers that your demy God Mr. Kean has been as usual misbehaving himself to a great degree and will probably return to England to abuse and belie us as most of his Countrymen do to excuse his own impertenence\u2014You Yankees are so apt to run into extremes and extravagance when any thing English and fashionable falls in your way you spoil your pets and then wonder at their presumption\u2014This you have most certainly done to the Gentleman in question who being in his own Country obliged to submit with reverence to his gallery Gods presumes in ours to dictate and chuse his audience and this makes good the old proverb, \u201cset a beggar on horseback and he will ride to the Devil\u201d I might have chosen something more elegant than this to adorn my Letter but the force of the thing is so striking it is more suitable than if it were more choice\u2014As the Post is going out I must hasten to close my Letter and entreat you will not only be particular in the account of your own health but also as it regards that of your brothers which will much gratify your affectionate Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tI am not at all solicitous about your having a very distinguished part at Commencement as I understand the practice of the University too well to think it a matter of any importance as to the real and solid reputation of a Scholar\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3913", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 28 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 28 May 1821.\n\t\t\t\tThe Bearer of this letter, a Mr W. E.  Horner Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania visits Europe with views having reference to his profession. Recommended by the respectability of his own character and by the friendship of his relative, Mr Moore, a Member of Congress from the state of Virginia, of which Mr Horner is a Native, I take pleasure in the opportunity of introducing him to your acquaintance, and of requesting in his favour your friendly and obliging attentions.I am, Dear Sir, your friend and faithful / Servant, \n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3914", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 3 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy dear daughter\nMontezillo June 3d. 1821\nI am glad to learn from your favour of 25. of May, that you have Seen Mr and Miss Roach. They had Eyes and Ears to perceive the eternal person; but not feelings to Sympathize with the internal Griefs Paines Anxieties Solicitudes and inquietudes within. I will not however complain. No Man had ever more cause of Gratitude. In all the Vicisstudes terrors, Vexations and Perplexities and Agitations of a long Life of danger a kind providence has preserved me to this advanced Age, in Such a degree of health that I have rarely been incapable of business or Study. I am not yet weary of life. I Still enjoy it. When I cease to do So, I will pray to be discharged.\nI rejoice that Mr Smith is appointed Naval Officer in Pensacola. With prudence and industry he may be a hapy and a Usefull Man. In that Country a vast Scene is opening. The Acquisition of the Floridas will Signalize Mr Monroe and his Secretary. I dare not look into futurity. I Shudder at the thought of assuming the Character of a Prophet. I Should appear a ranting enthusiast, if I Should open to you or to any one all my thoughts of the importance of this Event and its consequences, prosperous adverse and problematical. As a Source of Naval power the floridas are incalculable; and the Effects of American Maritime Power over the whole Globe no human Wisdom can foresee. Consider the W.I. Islands, S. America the Pacific Ocean India China Affrica. The Missura Negroes may be employed as instruments to civilize their own colour; If I were to let loose my imagination rapt into future times I could paint portraits of Glories and Terrors and Horrors, sublime beautiful and miraculous. But Sacred Authority Says \u201cLord thou destroyest the hope of Man\u201d So he does the fear.\nYour Sisters Seperation from you must tenderly affect you but many Such Scenes have already been your lot and many more must Occur. Your husband can tell you of Adicus, as exquisitely painfull as any that ever fell to the Lot of Humanity.\nThis not our continuing City! I can no more!\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3915", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 3 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 3d June 1821\n\t\t\t\tWe yesterday went fishing for the first time and to my great astonishment on looking up our Tackle found your rod or rather part of it as Mr. Philip appears to have injured very much and lost one of the peics\u2014It answered the purpose however very and Mary had the benefit of it\u2014Had I known it was not in your Trunk I should have sent it on with the Gun and am very sorry it was omitted I can find nothing that was omitted excepting one Book a \u201cyear and a day\u201d and that I intend to bring with me when I visit Quincy\u2014I wish you would write me some account of your visit there and what you think of mine\u2014It is so long since I have been there I should like to know how things are likely to be and to form some regular plan for my stay\u2014It is my intention at present to leave Washington the first Week in July and as I am to travel in my own Carriage I shall be three weeks on the road so that by the time I arrive Georges vacation will have commenced and I shall have him for a Companion at Quincy altho\u2019 he will I suppose be busily occupied in writing his part for Commencement which he say\u2019s will not be distinguished\u2014I suppose your father will arrive just in time to witness the performances and I much fear his stay will be very short as the pending Negociation with France will oblige him to be in Washington as much as possible\u2014Our visit to Mr Boylston will of course depend entirely on these circumstances as your father you know looks upon all private affairs as very secondary to his public duties\u2014Do you enter this Commencement? are you to chum with Horace Dawes? Mrs. Eliot whom I saw the other day says she is a little afraid of the examination for him\u2014does he appear to have any doubts himself? Be very cautious my dear Child in the choice of your companion, for though I have no doubt of the firmness of your character yet human beings rely so much on one another we are continually led astray without being aware of our danger\u2014Another preaching Letter you will say!\u2014but you know that when writing to my children I am impelled by the force of maternal affection to write the dictates of my heart and as their welfare is the strongest desire which actuates its impulses the thoughts thus inspired are too prompt to be rejected by one who so dearly loves you as your affectionate friend and Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3917", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 5 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5 June 1821.\n\t\t\t\tMr. William Beach Lawrence of New York, the Bearer of this letter may already be personally known to you, in which case, it will be superfluous for me to add, that he is a Gentleman of highly respectable character. His Lady who accompanies him on his visit to Europe is a daughter of Mr. Gracie with whose character and person you are well acquainted\u2014I recommend them to any kindness of attention in your power.I am with high regard and esteem, Dr Sir, / very affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3918", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 8 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy dear George\nMontezillo June 8 1821\nThough the theory of Government is a nice and dangerous Study as I have found by experience; Yet I am glad to find that the lectures you have attended have drawn your Attention to it\u2014Without Some knowledge it, you will be always in confusion, blown about by every Wind. It is a melancholly pursuit, because it is humiliating to human Nature. Selfishness prevails over benevolence; Knavery over Integrity; Hypocrisy; over Sincerity; imposture over Sincerity and credulity, So generally, that Examples of public Virtue appear, rari nantes in gurgite vasto.\nAnd what is worse, these few are generally unfortunate.\nAfter dinner with forty or fifty of the great ones of the Earth, at the Marquis of Carmarthens, the famous Mr Eden, took me aside to a Window Seat and Said \u201cMr Adams, it appears to me, that two honest Men might Sitt down together and in a few hours adjust all the differences between this Country and yours.\u201d I replied \u201cI am perfectly of your Opinion, Sir, but this nation does not appear to think So.\u201d This nation think! Said Mr Eden, \u201cthis nation thinks, as two or three of Us, would have it think; or at most four or five\u201d! This may be thought Vanity in Mr Eden; but I believe it true, because it is conformable to all that I have ever read or heard or Seen.\nI could produce Examples without number at home and abroad ancient and modern. But I will restrain myself at present to L\u2019Esprit de La Fronde, which you know I have been reading for the third time tedious at it is. Mazarine, Gaston, Conde and Gondey, governed France, as absolutely as Mr Eden and his Triumvirate governed England. Mole, with all his faults, was the only Sound consistent and intrepid Character, and even he coveted riches too much. L\u2019Esprit de la Ligue is another magazine of Examples of the Same doctrine. If you like Speculations of this kind I am at your Service.\nThis Letter would expose you to ridicule and me to Scornful criticism. Show it therefore to none but your Brothers and to them only in confidence, from your Affectionate / Grandfather\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3919", "content": "Title: From Bishop Chevereuse to John Quincy Adams, 8 June 1821\nFrom: Chevereuse, Bishop\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington, 8 June 1821\u2014\n\t\t\t\tBishop Chevreuse regrets that it will not be in his power to wait upon Mr. and Mrs. Adams, on Monday next, as he will be out of town by previous engagement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3920", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 11 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nMontizello June 11 1821\nI have finished the Sprit of the King. About 3400 pages, as romantick as any of Scotts Novels and as ennuiuse as they are Sprightly. The great modern novellist is as true an historian as any We have.\nL\u2019Esprit de la Fronde concludes with an Observation which every reader must have made on every page of the Work. It is, \u201cIt now remains to profit of a great truth, of which this history is but a devellopement: I will borrow it from an ancient Author, who well knew the human heart, and the Secret Springs which Sett it in motion. Sallust, in his Cataline, a history of a War Sufficiently resembling that which We have been relating, he expresses himself thus: \u2018the Specious name of Public Good, was but a Cloak, with which all those covered themselves, who in those times, troubled the State. Under the Pretext of Supporting the Interest of the People, or of procuring to the Senate the greatest Authority: their particular elevation, was the motive of So many combats.\u2019\n\u201cWe have Seen this Maxim verified, in almost every page of this Work, and it is undoubtably the most solid Instruction We can draw from it. But at the same time that it makes Us deplore the Miseries of civil Wars, in which one part of the Citizens are necessarily deceivers and the other deceived, if they go not So far as to exterminate each other, let us not forget that it is perhaps to these days of darkness and Calamity, that We owe these brilliant times of prosperity, forever to be remembered which followed them, and which would probably appear incredible if as has been wisely remarked before Us, an illustrious Writer the president Henault, that \u2018the age of Augustus, in the Same Circumstances, had not So Soon produced the Same results.\u2019\n\u201cWho can mistake in Such a revolution, Such an astonishing Vicissitude, that wise Providence, which watches over the Safety of Empires, which even from causes of their ruin, drawing those of their grandeur, as from those of their Aggrandment it draws those of their ruine, causes kingdoms to flourish and decay to live and die, at its pleasure, and operates upon the passions of Men for the Accomplishment of its impenetrable designs\u201d\nAll this is very wise. you will, neverly less observe my dear George, all along in the mass of the People, a confused general Sense of a common Interest or Public Goods, and to this Sense, all the Intriguers are compelled to have Some regard. Here and there You will find an honest Sincere and consistent Character uniformly aiming at the public good. These you Should Seek out as Jewells of inestimable price be their friend, make them your Friends, and grapple them to your Soul with hoocks of Steel.\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3921", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 12 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 12 June 1821\n\t\t\t\tPoor Mariano is dead. On Sunday Even\u2019\u2014he was sitting reading the new Tragedy of Lord Byron when he laid the Book down and marked the page being as it is supposed siezed with the Cramp and ran  across the street to his friend\u2019s room for assistance across the exclaiming to have his arm cut I suppose meaning to be bled\u2014The people thought him crazy and he died immediately after speaking these words\u2014He was buried yesterday and the Catholicks refused him what we call Christian burial because he had not taken the Sacrement and he was thrown into his grave like a dog without form or ceremony There is something awfully painful to the feelings of any human beings at the idea of cruelty or insult after death and it is impossible to avoid a sensation of  dis\u2014at such conduct among those who profess to be the followers of Jesus Christ whose doctrines they wantonly defy while they pretend to preach them\u2014It is said that he omitted to take the Sacrament at Easter being in a situation in which it was attainable and this according to the Catholick Church was a sufficient reason for his having no decent prayers to usher his Soul into eternity\u2014It is likewise said that he was a nobleman of an ancient family in Italy and that his name was assumed\u2014Mariano being that of the Estate\u2014I cannot vouch for this fact but it certainly adds much to the apparent bitterness of his fate\u2014Bonani is likewise at the point of death and there is no hope of his recovery\u2014This is a melancholy Letter\u2014I last night received yours and am very sorry to understand by it that you have unjustly suspected George of accusing you to me of any thing\u2014He has seldom written to and scarcely ever even mentioned you to me Your own careless and inconsistent Letters gave me the information that your mind at least did not appear to be in a well organized state and I wrote as I did in consequence of these observations\u2014Seek to be just and remember that your brother is entitled to your respect and confidence and that he is fully worthy of your affection being the Eldest Son of your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3923", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Smith Shaw, 16 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\nDear Shaw\nMontizello June 16 1821\nI believe I have related to you, for Shaw told the Story 100 times, of a very vulgar dialogue between Brigadier Rugles and Counsellor Tyler.\nRuggles was raving against Dr Young. Why! Says Tyler, I consider Young in the Town a I do you in the State. Both necessary in your places. \u201cWhat do you mean? Says Ruggles\" Tyler. Yesterday I saw a Watchmaker in his Shop, putting together the Springs and wheels of a Watch. All parts were bright and clean and nicely fitted to each other. The machine seemed to be perfect, but it would not go. The Artist then poked among some dust, and took out a little pin, and with his thumb and finger screwed it into a little hole, and the Watch clicqued in an instant. Such a dirty pin are you in the Province and Young in Boston.\nRugles, \u201cSince you are upon Clockwork, hear what you resemble. You are a pendulum dismally Swinging from Side to Side, but I will do you the justice to Say I never knew one Swing so dear.\u201d\nI have omitted certain expressions of gross vulgarity in which those great men indulged themselves in their jocular and familiar conversations with each other. Providence, my dear William, employs such instruments as it pleases to accomplish its inscrutable designs. May we not consider Alexander Cicero Cromwell Napoleon and even Lord Verulam as little dirty pins in the great Machine. They have all done great good as well as great evil.\nVoltaire, for what I know was as great, as useful, as necessary, and as dirty a Pin as any of them.\nBy this time, I presume you will exclaim \u201cWhat in the World has put all this whimsical Stuff into the head of my dear Uncle this morning\u201d? I will tell you. Recollect, you asked my opinion of Dr Jarvis\u2019s Discourse on the Religion of the Indian Tribes. It is a pretty book. It is an ingenious and diligent compilation of Authorities and Observations as near the truth as any thing that has yet been discovered. Many Remarks may be made upon it when We meet: but at present I shall confine myself to one. In the 15th. and 16th pages is a note upon Voltaire and Some extracts from him. Dr Jarvis acknowledges his Talents, but condemns him by wholesail, in the sweeping Sintince \u201cHis Writings have done more injury  to Truth and to human happiness, than those of any other modern, perhaps I may add of any other being\u201d.\nI may grant to Dr Jarvis, that he was as \u201cDirty a Pin\u201d as Lord Bacon. But he has caused as great a Revolution in Religion as Bacon did in Science. His constant Object was to discountenance Ecclesiastical Tyrany and fanatical persecution. His \u201ccaustic sarcasms and the corruscations of his Witt\u201d reinforced by his invincible Arguments caused his Writings to be universally read in all the languages of Europe: and have done more, to introduce and establish that still imperfect degree of religious liberty which mankind now enjoys, than any \u201cother Modern, Perhaps I may add of any other Being\u201d.\nI am my dear Nephew, your affectionate Uncle\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3924", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 19 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19 June 1821\n\t\t\t\tI congratulate you upon the recovery of your spirits; and I do not know what to say about Langdon as I doubt if he is as steady and good a boy as Horner, but if Horner does not enter I cannot know of any person better calculated than Langdon for a Chum On your share of prudence you know best how much I can rely and conduct towards your brother George from whom I have not heard for many weeks during his very serious indisposition has hurt and mortified me very much. You my dear Charles of all people should be the first to make allowance for excentricities of character and be and be indulgent to weaknesses of constitution which you are as liable to as any one that I know\u2014Perhaps you are not aware that you are as odd a fish as George ever can be and that it will require a great stock of patience in your Chum to live with you as it does in John to stay with George a thing by the by that John had no great capital to introduce into the firm when he entered into the partnership\u2014In entering the miniature world to which you will shortly belong you must remember the great maxim of do unto others as you would they should do unto you and do kindnesses even if you should have no opportunity to reciprocate them and remember that the stronger your understanding is the more will be expected from you not only in the necessary studies of a collegiate life but in your conduct through the period which must elapse ere you quit it\u2014If you fail in one of the first and greatest duties what am I to anticipate as to the others?I am seriously alarmed concerning George as if your account is correct of his having a very low part the mortification which he will suffer will add much to his indisposition and prey upon his spirits you are therefore bound to treat him with the utmost kindness respect and affection instead of ungraciously sneering at that which may and which will in all probability happen to yourself\u2014To me it makes no sort of difference as it regards George as he has already distinguished himself sufficiently to stamp his reputation and given both his father and myself all the satisfaction we desire go thou and do likewise and you delight and gratify your affection but just Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams.\n\t\t\t\t\tAs I am to come on in my own Carriage it will be impossible for me to bring any one home I understand Mrs. Clark expects to return with me\u2014\n\t\t\t\tI suppose you may board out as your father as said nothing against\u2014Only take care of the expence\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3925", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 19 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19 June 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter pleased and displeased me; the goodness and purity of your motives can never admit of a doubt, but there are ways of doing things which sometimes make them appear harsh and unkind and the general style of your last impressed your father with the idea that you were not so affectionate and kind to your Brother as he could wish for your mutual comfort\u2014Your brothers excentricities of which he has many should not harden your heart towards him for his nature is kind and amiable, and his heart is excellent, formed in natures best mould\u2014Little oddities sometimes worry us but we should reflect on ourselves and remember that we are none of us exempt from peculiarities of which we are not aware and which operate upon others as unpleasantly as theirs do on us\u2014You know this is an old question between us and that I have never been pleased with yours or Charles conduct towards your brother who in all his Letters has invariably spoken only to the praise of you both, and has never even hinted any thing to your disadvantage\u2014Do not think I am displeased at the information conveyed in your Letter on the contrary I am much obliged to you and grateful for the means you put into my power to reason and persuade my poor George into more caution and prudence but in sickness my dear John persuasion and mildness will produce great effects as the mind is always affected in proportion to the weakness of the frame unless in extraordinary instances and it almost always requires soothing and seldom can submit to contradiction which however well meant generally aggravates suffering and encreases instead of remedying that which we wish to alleviate. The time is now very short which you will pass together let me urge you to compassionate his situation and to humour a little his general opinions which nothing but experience can cure and you will much gratify your affectionate Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3929", "content": "Title: From Mary Catherine Hellen Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 June 1821\nFrom: Adams, Mary Catherine Hellen\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\tMrs Porter\u2019s compliments to Mr & Mrs Adams & Miss Helen & requests the pleasure of their company on friday evening", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3930", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to George Washington Adams, 2 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear George\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 2 July 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter calmed my anxiety concerning your health which had been great and still more so because you are apt to be thoughtless and imprudent and not to pay that attention either to your diet or your exercise which is essential at the present period of your life on which probably your future health and Constitution depend\u2014I shall shortly have the pleasure of seeing you when I hope you will have shaken off (or nearly), your College Labours and you will be able to act as your Mothers beau and protector until your father arrives which will be soon after me as I am delayed by a variety of circumstances one a Ball at Mr de Neuville\u2019s and shall not leave Washington until the ensuing week so that I shall probably not be at Quincy until the beginning of August\u2014No plans are yet formed concerning Commencement and your father is so much engaged in the anticipation of the 4th on which occasion he is to shine not a faint Sattelite at least in my eyes but a bright meteor which like the fabled Comets of the Skies will leave a long and brilliant light behind whose rays I trust will long illumine the path of his Children and produce Sparkles as bright and as durable\u2014Your Uncle and Aunt sailed for Pensacola last Thursday\u2014It is a triste voyage but if it terminates in Independence they will be well rewarded for the inconveniences which they must endure at the outset. Your Aunt Faye\u2019s baby has been very sick and is still very delicate but we hope recovering\u2014My health will be much benefited by my journey more especially if I can pass some time in Boston or Nahant so as to have the advantage of regular Sea Bathing which my Physician strongly recommends\u2014Adieu tell your Brothers I shall write them once more before I start from hence\u2014I got their last Letters yesterday Your Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3934", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to John Adams Smith, 9 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Smith, John Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir,\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 9. July 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI take pleasure in introducing to your acquaintance, and recommending specially to your kind attentions, the bearer, Mr. Waldburg, a Gentleman of highly respectable character and connections, who visits Europe with views of instruction and amusement. I understand it would be agreeable to him to be attached to one of the legations of the United States in Europe, as other young Men have occasionally been, without charge to the Public. As this must always be left to the convenience and sense of propriety of the Ministers themselves, I have not thought myself at liberty to recommend it to Mr. Rush, but if upon Mr. Waldburg\u2019s arrival in England, he should retain that inclination, and you think Mr. Rush would have no objection to it, I will thank you to propose it to him. For this, or any other kindness, which it may be in your power to shew this Gentleman, you will receive my hearty thanks.I am with great regard and esteem, / Dr Sir, faithfully yours,\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3935", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton July 10th 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have been precluded an opportunity of writing, by two circumstances; one the want of eyesight, the other by a Succession of Company from various places and from various objects\u2014we are now alone, and I devote the first interval to enquiries after your health\u2014I have some ground to hope it has not been long interrupted, if I may judge from the very polite Letter written to a widow Lady, in the state of new york, who has that fit to publish it in the news paper, I dont wonder any one should be proud of your correspondence\u2014but it is not usual for Ladies to give copies of Letters they receive from Gentlemen thro\u2019 the medium of news papers\u2014though part of the subject may be a matter of political Interest\u2014however its contents like every thing that drops from your pen, gives light & conviction to every eye that meets them.\u2014I was much pleased with the Sentiment it Containd.\u2014I suppose you are now occupied in the pursuits of yr. Farm as I am here, I commenced by Haying the 25th ultimo, but by checks of rainy weather I have hardly got in one Seventh of my Crop, and I fear from present appearances it will not exceed in quantity the last years\u2014wch. I believe is the Case every where about us. I hope to hear that yours turn out better.\u2014Grain never appeard better\u2014I have piece of Barley wch. I sowed the 2d. of June & on the 7th Instant I measured some of the Blades taken as an average\u2014& found it measured 4 feet 8 Inches, wch. is a growth of nearly a foot per week\u2014Mr Lincoln of Worcester dined with me to day, & thought the whole piece so extraordinary that he was induced to take several Blades to Worcester to shew the Trustees of the agricultural Society at that place\u2014I however promise no grain from it\u2014being too heavy to stand untill ripe, (tho\u2019 now in bloom), but must be Compeld to cut it for fodder, the greater part being above 4 feet 6 Inches high. I have about 30 acres of potatoes planted as a Substitute for Indian Corn, that Grain does not in these high Lands succeed so well as potatoes; your Indian corn I hope promises as well as it does in this vicinity (wch. is abundance)\u2014I have not yet had any answer to my Letter, to Mr Secretary Adams requesting the favr of seeing him & Mrs Adams here on their way to Quincy. I pray that no circumstance may defeat our hopes\u2014I know you will indulge me so far as to resign a day or two of his visit to oblige me, as I have much to say to him on subjects I am unwilling to trouble him with, while he is so deeply engaged in Public concerns.\u2014I suppose you have heard them there is a probability that the Proffessor of Rhetoric & Oratory will be obliged to resign; his situation, being such as renders him useless to the university\u2014I hope the Corporation will not be so precipitate & feeble minded as they were in their last appointment\u2014such a professorship I own is difficult to fill and therefore more time & Investigation of Merits ought to be used in a future choice\u2014Mrs Boylston desires her affectionate respects to you\u2014and joins in regards to the Ladies of yr family\u2014we have been lookg out for Judge & Mrs Adams who promised us a visit when they went to Lunenburgh, if they have not yet been there, they must remember us\u2014whenever they do\u2014With every sentiment of affection and regard respect believe me always\u2014 / your obliged Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nich\u2019s Boylston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3936", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Harriet Welsh, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Welsh, Harriet\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tBoston July\u201410th. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tAs Louisa informs me you choose to have my request addressed directly to yourself respecting a conversation between you Mr. S. Adams and others previous to the nomination of Gen Washington by you to the command of the army, during the revolution, I shall do it very briefly, by asking to have that conversation and the debate which ensued upon the nomination took place in Congress,\u2014recorded by you; in any form you think proper, if it has not already been done.\u2014I am very glad to hear by John that you are better and hope you make generous use of the juice of the grape\u2014& that it may much longer preserve you in strength to be the vintager of that renown which is implanted so firmly\u2014that it must ever increase in strength  / with sentiments of unfeigned respect / & affection believe allow me\u2014 / to subscribe myself / your friend\n\t\t\t\t\tH Welsh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3937", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 13 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tWilmington 13 July 1821\n\t\t\t\tHaving arrived safely without any \u201chair breadth scapes\u201d to relate, I have little or nothing to say, but, that we are well, that the Horses were very much frighten\u2019d at their trip in the Steam boat, and that Dash is the admiration of every one; so much so that Joseph is very apprehensive we shall have him stolen\u2014In Baltimore it is said that there is little or no fever\u2014we remained there but an hour, and in that short  space of time saw two funerals, and heard the most horrible accounts of the malignity of the desease while on board the Steam boat; which was crowded with Ladies, all flying on some pretence or other, but really and evidently from this plague which they are unwilling to acknowledge\u2014Capt Tripp did not go on account of his Wifes indisposition which is thought very serious and we were indebted to Mr. Barnum for every attention who placed in the charge of the Capt\u2014and assisted in seeing our Carriage on board &c\u2014When he left us I discovered an old acquaintance in Mr. Strong who politely offered his services and who was very attentive during our short voyage\u2014It would be as diverting as it is impossible to give a description of our company in the Ladies Cabin\u2014there were many would be young Ladies and some really old ones, who amused Mary very much\u2014Two of the former were quite original\u2019s, addressing one another in the most flattering stile; sounding to those who had eyes and ears like absolute mockery; as for instance a Lady of fifty, telling her friend of the same age, that she looked as blooming as a rose\u2014Mary lost all her philosophy and we were obliged to retire to compose our risible faculties, and be pretty behaved\u2014As usual I knew nobody but the Collar of Mr. Dash announces me to all the world, and I am surprized continually by enquiries after your great and mighty self, when I had no idea any one knew who I was, and I was repeatedly informed that the Gentlemen were all ready to offer me their services if I should stand in need of any\u2014That you perceive that with or without you, your name operates as a charm, and ensures attention to your affectionate Wife\n\t\t\t\t\tL  C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\t Johnson Mary has taken cold but is not  shall be at Philadelphia tomorrow God willing", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3939", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 16 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 16. July 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI received this morning your Letter from Wilmington, delighted to learn that you had got well on thus far\u2014I send this to catch you at New-York\u2014We are all as comfortably well as we can be without you\u2014Antoine seems pretty well recovered. I got a Letter from W. S. Smith off Cape Henry, dated the 8th. Catherine had had a spice of Sea Sickness and got over it\u2014W. D. Robinson by missing time had caused some detention, and nearly lost them a Midshipman and four men.I enjoin positively upon Mary to write me a Letter at least once a week, until I come to join you\u2014She must understand that I shall take no denial, and forgive no omission\u2014As I have deprived her of the benefit of Madame Grelaud\u2019s Instructions, I intend giving her some of my own\u2014But she must begin and keep up the Correspondence.Ever faithfully yours.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tWe are going this Evening to a Concert of the Columbian Harmonee Society.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3942", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 19 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19. July 1821.\n\t\t\t\tYour Letters from Philadelphia of the 15th and 16th. have come to hand\u2014From the last of them I hope you are by this hour. (6 in the Evening) at New\u2013York. I answered your Letter from Wilmington, by a short one which I hope will overtake you at New\u2013York\u2014Major Grahame from Frederick has been here these three days with Coll. M Pherson a friend of his who wishes to obtain a warrant of Midshipman for a young Son; but I am fearful he will not succeed. Major Grahame brought a Letter for you from Fanny Johnson, which I now enclose; together with one this day received from your brotherHere, we mope, along, as you may readily suppose, in your absence\u2014Johnson, is however very kind and attentiveWe are to dine the day after to\u2013morrow with the Baron\u2014I had thought of sending an excuse; but I was puzzled whether to plead engagement or indisposition, and finally concluded to do neither\u2014Mr Roth embarks for France in a few days; unless the Barron should change his mind, and embark, himself.Bitter Criticisms are falling in upon the Address from all quarters\u2014Never was a fourth of July Oration so belaboured\u2014But there are approvers too, so we go.Adieu my best and fairest of Critics\u2014I hope and trust Mary has entirely recovered, and will be punctual to my injunction.Your faithful husband", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3943", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 29 July 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 29. July 1821.\n\t\t\t\tYour two Letters of Journal from New-York were duly received and afforded me much amusement\u2014The illness of the Coachman came so mal  \u00e0propos, that I believe you determined upon the best thing that could be done, including to go in a Packet to Providence\u2014I hope you have long before this safely arrived at Quincy, and that the health of all has been recruited by the Journey.Among the Strangers whom we have had travelling this way, was Mr Phillips, the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts with his Lady. I invited him to dine with me yesterday, with a small party, consisting of the members of the Administration, the Navy-Commissioners, Captain Downes, Messrs. Brent and Bailey, and our neighbour Dr Thornton\u2014also Dr Tucker\u2014Mr Phillips had made his arrangements for leaving the City yesterday, and sent me an excuse\u2014Mr Crawford being unwell did the same\u2014With the rest we had a good humoured, jovial party, in which our friend of the next door did not suffer the conversation to flag.Mr Roth left the City last Thursday to embark in the Frigate Junon at Norfolk for France\u2014On taking leave he requested to be very respectfully remembered to you, and to say that he should be happy to execute any Commission for you at Paris\u2014He told me that he expected and hoped to come back, but the Newspapers announce that he is not to return, and I think it likely that they are well informed.The Baron de Neuville has been suffering with the rhumatism We dined with him last week, at the time which I mentioned to you in a former Letter\u2014We met there Mr Canning, and the British Legation; with whom we were as sociable as could be expected\u2014Mr Canning has since sent me a very civil note, with a copy of a Report from a Committee of the House of Commons to that body upon Weights and Measures.Mrs Frye has returned from Bladensburg, with her child quite recovered\u2014The address continues to be bandied about with praise and blame in the Newspapers, till the public here have got sick of hearing any more about it\u2014The censure generally falls where I supposed it would; upon misconceptions and misrepresentations of its meaning\u2014It has been republished I believe in more than one hundred newspapers, and canvass\u2019d in all sorts of tempers\u2014[For yourself only]I have reason to believe that some suggestion has been rather officiously made to my friend Joseph Hall the Sheriff at Boston, that upon my coming on there, it would be well that some mark of distinction should be shewn me\u2014for example a public dinner\u2014or some other such Show of notice\u2014I intreat you, to take some opportunity to see him, and without letting any one else know any thing about it, tell him that I rely upon his friendship\u2014not only to give no countenance to any such suggestion, but to prevent its being done, if the same suggestion has been made to any one else. I am ever faithfully yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3944", "content": "Title: From John Adams Smith to Jeremy Bentham, 1 August 1821\nFrom: Smith, John Adams\nTo: Bentham, Jeremy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Sir.\n\t\t\t\tI pray you to accept my best thanks for the tracts you have sent me. There is something in the American Character\u2014I feel it\u2014that makes us as much interested in \u201cSpanish and Portuguese Affairs\u201d approaching to freedom as in our own affairs. I will say almost as much interested\u2014for sake of the Sceptics under despotic governments & Monarchies\u2014who believe it not possible that a town, a country, a State, or a People, should care much for the happiness & freedom of other nations. I believe I need not assure you that I do, and from your acquaintance with the principles & Institutions of freedom in the U.S it will not be a very great stretch of imagination to believe that we, are interested in freedom in every Clime & every quarter of the globe. I am Dr Sir / your very obedient\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Adams Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3946", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy very dear friend\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy 3d. August 1821\n\t\t\t\tMr. Shaw brought me your letter last night of the 29 and you may be assured I will attend to the confidential injunction it contained\u2014 At the same time I will take the liberty of expressing my doubts as to the propriety of shrinking thus for ever from any manifestation of the publick feeling which it is natural to expect (and which with our Institutions which are altogether popular) it is sometimes dangerous to reject. To me who understand perfectly what the real motives are by which you are actuated, and who can fully appreciate them, it would be perfectly unnecessary to assign reasons; but the world seldom examine farther than the surface of things and our very virtues are frequently tortured into vices by  misconception\u2014 You in consequence of the natural coldness and reserve of your manners are more calculated to produce a harsh judgment than most men; more particularly as the publick opinion inclines to believe this coldness to proceed from pride; instead of being as I know from modesty, and a desire to avoid display. The Address notwithstanding it has been severely censured for party purposes, has in fact prepared the publick for a change of opinion favourable in every respect both to your manners and principles, and it would perhaps be wiser to meet it with ease and grace, than to be thought to shun it with disdain: more especially as there is nothing uncommon or remarkable in such a circumstance, as all the Secretaries are offered the same marks of respect or esteem; and the very desire to avoid it implies and attatches an idea of importance to it, which tho\u2019 it may be real, ought not to be perceptible\u2014 You will read and frown perhaps at the remarks above; but you will forgive them, and need never sanction them. We have all a right to an opinion; perhaps not to express it; but the length of time we have lived together, and the cordial interest I must ever take in your interest concerns authorizes them, and makes them harmless\u2014 Last Eveng Mr Van Lenop was here wishing to make a compliment he said he hoped when he returned to America in four years he should have the honour of visiting me at the great house. I pretended not to understand and replied he would always be a welcome visitor at any house: upon which he began a speech meant to be very civil which terminated by \u201cif the Vox populi must chose he did not know why they should not pick you up\u2014 We have all been sick here and Mary and myself considerably so\u2014 The Coachman\u2019s fever left him for a week but returned last night\u2014 Your Father improves in health and  every hour and is planning parties all the time  I am to accompany him\u2014 He says you must break away from the President and Mr C Baron whether they like it or not for see you he will\u2014 Your Brother still has the jaundice and look badly but he is lively and conversable and more as he used to be than I have seen him for many years\u2014 We are all at a loss about Commencement and I am teazed by questions which I cannot answer\u2014 It is not very fashionable to make an entertainment on the occasion and in your situation from all I see and hear it would scarcely be possible to do it without making exceptions\u2014 At all events every part of the family that can will attend and what is to be done with them?Ever Yours\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3947", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 7 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nMy dear Boylston\nMontezillo 7th August 1821.\nAlthough I have not been able to acknowledge your kind letter, I have not been less grateful for it nor less delighted with the exuberance of the productions of your agriculture. My little hills too have been tolerably fruitful but they are mole hills in comparison with your mountains. I long to look down upon my hillocks from your lofty heights but all such delights are forbidden to and unattainable by me. I must be contented with gazing at your Wachusett from one of my miniatures.\nWe are blessed with the company of my dear daughter, John Quincy and her son George who desire to be remembered to you and by you and Mrs Boylstone. The Secretary is expected by the 25th. but all is uncertain with respect to him. He is flying in the air and no man knows when or where he will alight. I shall see you at the little Hills after Commencement. Farewell dear Cousin\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3948", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Mary Catherine Hellen Adams, 8 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Mary Catherine Hellen\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Mary.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 8. August 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI was much gratified in receiving your Letter of the first of this Month, which I trust will be followed up by others; at least as often as once a week\u2014Of all the accomplishments that a young Lady can acquire there is none more reputable, or which can be more useful to her through life, than the talent of writing Letters\u2014None that so indispensably requires the exercise of the faculties of the mind\u2014Like all other talents it is much improved by practice; and when I gave the injunction with which I now thank you for complying, it was not less with a view to your profit than to my pleasure.Although your journey from New-York to Boston was so much shortened, by taking the Packet to Providence, I was apprehensive that it would prove a severe trial to your Aunts\u2019 health\u2014I hope it has been in the end useful to you all, and have no doubt that it was particularly so to you.We have had here nine of the hottest days in succession that I ever experienced at Washington\u2014Since Monday they have been cooler, but the Sun is yet glowing with all his fervourA very melancholy Event happened here yesterday, which had been preceded by others too naturally leading to it\u2014One day last week a Mr Hepburn attacked in the Pennsylvania avenue young Henry Randall, as he was walking with his Sister and another Lady\u2014Hepburn knocked him down with a club, and there was a scuffle in which Randall stabbed him with a dirk, but so that the wound was not dangerous\u2014Some days afterwards Randall made a like attack upon Mr Edward Fox;\u2014in consequence of which Fox challenged him\u2014They fought yesterday in Virginia, and Fox was shot dead upon the spot\u2014This is a sad way for a young man to end his life\u2014and still more sad, to be the means of so ending the life of another.The President came to the City yesterday for a few days\u2014Your brother Johnson is very well\u2014Mary Buchanan has been about a week at Mrs Frye\u2019s, and is going this week to Philadelphia\u2014I called to see her one evening last week but was disappointed, as she happened to be gone out.This Letter will reach you just in time for you to answer it so that I may receive the answer the day before I propose to leave the City, on my way to Quincy\u2014I shall look for it therefore, and in the meantime remain your affectionate Uncle and friend\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3949", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 9 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy 9 August 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter was brought to my chamber door and thrown in by your father this morning before I was up he having heard me express some anxiety to hear from you yesterday morning was so good as to give it me as soon as it arrived\u2014I am delighted to learn that you adhere to your resolution of leaving Washington on the 20th. and shall be careful to have a conveyance for you to Quincy from Dedham\u2014The Coachman grows worse instead of better and we have very little use of the Carriage unfortunately as your father seems to take more pleasure in riding than in any other amusement\u2014We are just setting out for Cambridge on a visit to the boys by his request but I fear a little that the fatigue may be too much for him though he is not willing to acknowledge his weakness. The plan of a party to Sandwich is not likely to succeed as the Scarlet fever is in the house Mrs. Clark being very ill confined to her bed at this moment (though not considered dangerously so) and several of the younger members of the family having already had it before we arrived\u2014The Dr. has recommended caution and I have prevented Mary from going into the Chamber at all. By the time you arrive I trust every symptom of it will be removed as I should be uneasy at the idea of your being exposed to infection of any kind\u2014The anecdote of Mrs. Hay accords so entirely with her character and disposition it was impossible for a moment to doubt its authenticity\u2014Mr H must have felt charmed at the soft sensibility of his better half and delighted at the tenderness displayed by his most affectionate Wife\u2014I shall probably see the Sheriff to day and will attend to your request\u2014You however have nothing to fear as much pains is taking to render your Address unpopular and an Answer is in the Press it is said supposed to be written by John Lowell\u2014dr. Eustis and De Grand called here and De Grand say\u2019s that even Judge P. of S. was a little concerned at the effect it might produce Eustis however says it was not half bitter enough\u2014Will Johnson accompany you? John Boyd is here very much improved and likely to make a very fine young man. He is very desirous of being exchanged to another Ship as the Columbus is to be layed up for a year and as he seems to have a taste for the profession it would render him an essential service to keep him actively employed\u2014Perhaps Stewart would take him? Your Brother is likewise very anxious to get Thomas into the Cadet School they are now here and could it be done it might save the boy from ruin.\u2014The Carriage is at the door and I am not half dressed\u2014Ever Yours\n\t\t\t\t\tL\u2014C Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3951", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy 12 August 1821\n\t\t\t\tThis will probably be the last time I shall write you as your journey will commence soon after the receipt of this Letter. My present object is to mention a plan which has occurred to me concerning your father who is very desirous of going to Commencement but who is evidently too weak to support the fatigue of the day without something is done to make it easy. My  plan is to engage two chambers and a sitting room at Cambridge to which we can take him the day before Commencement and to remain there with him until the exhibitions are over which will be three days. By this means he will escape all the fatigue of riding and have only the business of the day to attend to\u2014He got through his journey to Cambridge and Boston very well the other day but he has suffered much ever since in consequence of the exertion which however he is not at all willing to acknowledge. He complains of a constant pain in his back and his eyes are very bad much in the state yours were in England\u2014His spirits are pretty good and the anticipation of seeing you seems to keep him alive.We are to have a great parade here the day after tomorrow with the Cadets. Your father is to give them a breakfast and it will put him to much trouble and expence besides the anxiety which it produces\u2014The Compliment is acceptable but it seems to me they might have paid their respects without expecting him to put himself to any inconvenience. The family however think differently and we are to have half Quincy besides the Corps. Large tables are to be set out of doors with every suitable refreshment and others in doors for the Officers and the Ladies\u2014Your brother and Mrs. A. of course must do the honours and make the arrangements which are also partially put into Briesler\u2019s hands\u2014Shaw will likewise be here and we are to have Speeches &cc\u2014I wish it was over the hour being early for me and not being very fond of such things\u2014The Sheriff says he has not heard an intimation of what you feared so I pretended you knew nothing about it and that it was only an idea of my own. My health has been wretched ever since I have been here Mrs. Clark is better but Coachman still continues to have his fever\u2014  I wish you would tell Ellen to put my two Grey Silk pelices one lined with white and the other trimmed with fringe into your Trunk and Elizabeth\u2019s Great Coat which is in the large trunk in Entry\u2014I will not gratify you so much as to say how much I wish to see you but if you participate the wish you will judge by your own feelings of those of your affectionate Wife\n\t\t\t\t\tLouisa C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tGive my love to JohnThe Quincy Farm looks quite handsomeAn Answer or properly a review has been sent to me of your Address by de\u2019 Grand\u2014It is a  coup manqu\u00e9e I would send it to you were it worth it\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3952", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 17 August 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton Augt. 17th 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour kind & welcome Letter by mail of last Eveng relieved my increasing anxieties respecting the cause of your long silence, I placed it to various events, or employments but my fears suggested that you were unwell and too much indisposed even to dictate a Letter, as I knew Mr G W Adams was most probably with you\u2014a Glimpse of relief however appear\u2019d from what was announced in the Boston News Papers that the young cadets march to pay their respects to you at Quincy on Tuesday wch. they wou\u2019d not have proposed had you been the least Indisposed\u2014My mind is now at rest on that account & hope you will long, long continue to enjoy that health & spirits you evince in your correspondence with the Ladies & also the authors of public Orations\u2014I am sorry to find its altogether uncertain as to Mr Secretary Adams leaving Washington this Season, I depended much on seeing him & Mrs Adams here before this day\u2014I find she has slip\u2019d by us, got to Quincy without our knowing of her having left WashingtonAs it will not be in our power to come to you after two days spent at Cambridge and seting 6 & 7 Hours each day in the meeting House\u2014which I do not know how I can endure at this Season of the year. But I have to try it\u2014and a trial of my strength it will be if the weather is as hot as it has been here for the last 7 days, The Thermometer has hardly once been below 85. & up to 92 the greater part of the time\u2014I hope it has not been so much with you\u2014We propose to hasten our departure from hence this day week, and pass our Sunday with you & return in the afternoon to the Hermitage, provided the weather or any interveneing accident should not forbid the fullfillment of our pleaseing anticipationsMrs Boylston desires her particular respects to Mrs Secretary Adams to wch. you will please to add mine, to hers & our kind regds to the Ladies\u2014Mrs Boylston also begs you woud Accept her affectionate wishes & regards / And am my Dear Cousin / Your ever faithfull / And obliged Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tI beg my complimts to Mr T Adams & Mr G W A\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3953", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 18 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy 18 August 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe style in which my Letter of the 3d was written, pretty clearly evinced by its apologetic nature, the fear I felt of giving offence; and your answer has proved those fears were not unfounded: Surely I have never doubted the or disputed the all distinguished attentions you have received from your Countrymen, and still less ever suggested the idea that you courted them\u2014You must permit me to say, that I think there is a wide difference between courting, and shunning, the advances of the publick, and that there could be no other meaning in the observations I made on the subject, you of all men must be most sensible, as my sentiment on the subject of intrigue of any kind, has been too decided on all occasions to be doubted\u2014Your commission was executed and happily; as I found there was no cause for the caution which as I informed you I took upon myself altogether lest it might be misunderstood that your reason\u2019s are solid and good I am perfectly sure were it my business to enquire; but it is quite sufficient you should deem them so, for me to act accordingly\u2014Your Brother has met with an ugly accident which confines him to his appartment. The day after the Cadets were here, he took his two Children in his fathers Gig, and was overset by the little wild Horse who will I fear if not sold or exchanged sooner or later endanger your fathers life. The Children were fortunately uninjured; but the Judge had a large cut in the head, a contusion on the forehead, and the back of the head, and Neck, and a hurt on the breast\u2014He was bled yesterday and is recovering fast from the disagreeable effects of the accident, but I hope it will confine him a short time longer, or till you come to us which I am glad to learn from your Letter is still fixed for the 25th.George\u2019s part is the 24 part, in concert with Mr King Mr Coffin and Mr. Corbet who it is now said will return and take his part\u2014The subject of George\u2019s part is the influence of Natural Scenery on Poetry. He is determined to keep his part secret and not let a creature see it until he speaks it; otherwise he will not speak it at all\u2014I like his independence and think it should be encouraged, for he had better exhibit his own thoughts than be indebted to the Genius of others\u2014It will be given in before you arrive\u2014Charles is here to pass his birth day. He does not look well having an ugly eruption on his skin, but this is common to boys of his age and rather an indication of health\u2014I expect to hear from you once more before you arrive when I trust you will write me something I dont know and which will excite less and a different kind of interest, than the Letter received to day; which to be candid grates a little upon the feelings of your Wife and friend.\n\t\t\t\t\t is a failing which I am sensible I participate with many, particularly when I find myself in a good  I shall do nothing with Commencement until you come\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3954", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 19 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 19. Augt. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tI have received your Letters of the 9th and 10th. and am able now only to ask you not to be disappointed if I should not reach Dedham next Saturday as I have proposed.The day before yesterday I was obliged to send an Express to the President, who is at Shannondale Springs\u2014His answer might have obliged me to put off my visit to the North entirely\u2014The Express has just returned\u2014I cannot start to\u2013morrow; but yet hope that I may on Tuesday\u2014Then if I am not detained Philadelphia I may yet get through this week\u2014Otherwise you are not to expect me till the night before Commencement.Mr and Mrs Smith sailed from Port au Prince for Pensacola the 27th. of July\u2014Well.I can not even see to assure you of my unseasing / affection", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3956", "content": "Title: From John Adams to William Smith Shaw, 22 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\nMy Dear Nephew\nMontezillo August 22d 1821\nHave you the laws of Congress from 1797 to 1801-3 or the journals of the senate for that period? Can you find the Law by which provision was made for the Military Academy? Was it made before 1797 or during, or after that year? Before I left Congress in November 1777 Resolutions were passed for such an institution\u2014They are in the Journals of 1775 1776, or 1777\u2014can you find them? My Eyes forbid all search. Was there any Preceptor of such a Seminary appointed before Jonathan Williams? I remember my nomination of him and the reception that nomination met in senate\nThe secretary S A Otis gave me a particular Account of it\u2014The testimony of many of the Senators to his qualification for the situation, from their personal knowledge was ample and satisfactory\u2014you, I presume, must remember his appointment?\nNaughty Child! on Saturday, you disappointed / your Uncle \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3957", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Peter De Windt, 8 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: De Windt, John Peter\nDear DeWint\nMontezillo Sept. 8 1821\nI have this moment received the Joyful News in your Letter of the 3d. Say to Caroline \u201cMacte virtute esto.\u201d Go on and bless the World with as many daughters As Providence will permit. If She educates them to be as good as their Mother Grand Mothers Great Grandmothers Great Great Grand Mothers and Great Great Great Grandmothers They will be the Salt of the Earth. I have known this whole Generation of Ladies and a wiser or better race never existed in this World.\nYour Convention begins well and I doubt not will be wise. They have able Men. Diamonds of the first Water.\nI am with much Affection and Esteem / your Gradfather\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3959", "content": "Title: From Thomas Boylston Adams, 2 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: \n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy 2d October 1821.\n\t\t\t\t1. U.S. Register\u2014for 1822\u2014 1824/102Memo\u2014Thomas Boylston Adams\u2014Junr, To be entered as a Candidate for admission as a Cadet at West Point\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tT. B. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3960", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 3 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\n\t\t\t\tList of Keys, left at Quincy by J. Q. Adams\u2014with T. B. A.\n\t\t\t1. Padlock large French trunk\u2014marked J. Q. A.2. Chest\u2014not painteddo3. Chest do  do4. Mahogany box\u20145. Small black trunk6. Trunk de la Volaille7. Large Hair Trunk.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3961", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 7 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 7 October 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe Enterprize has just arrived and brought all the stray baggage which will be delivered to us tomorrow morning\u2014A Gentleman has just called to announce to us this very acceptable inform news who says he made every exertion to expedite its return\u2014Of the Coachman and Elizabeth we have heard nothing but are in hopes they will be here tomorrow night and should they arrive I propose to leave New York tomorrow Eve on Tuesday in the Brunswick Steam Boat and proceed to Philadelphia where it is probable I may remain two or three days\u2014Mr. & Mrs. de Wint do not leave Town until next Friday they have passed the Eveng with me and are very well\u2014The little Lady is a very fine Child and Mrs. de Wint seems delighted at her having black eyes and says she is likely to be more volatile than either of her Children who are all three very steady and sober\u2014I fear she is likely to be more like her namesake than is to be wished\u2014George\u2019s poetic effusions and Mary\u2019s perpetual giggle makes it impossible for me to say more than that I am as ever your very affectionate Wife\n\t\t\t\t\tLouisa C Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn S A Boyd came last night and took leave\u2014He is in perfect extacy with his female Commander Mrs. S. whose high toned authority he spoke of with some mirth The Franklin dropped down this morning\u2014We are still confined to our chamber\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3962", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 7 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York 7 October 1821\n\t\t\t\tThe plan of your father to follow us as far as the cross roads to Dedham prevented my taking leave of you I therefore hasten to write you a few lines in explanation and to let you know how we go on\u2014Our journey was tolerably pleasant until we reached Blakes at West Greenwich where the Coachman was taken sick and we were obliged to hurry on to New London as I was impatient to consult a Physician\u2014who found him so ill as to be apprehensive of a Typhus fever. As your father wished us to accompany him to New York I left Elizabeth to take care of him and we went on board the Steam Boat where we found a great number of Passengers. Mr. Lanman whom you remember and he enquired very kindly after his old favourite\u2014When we arrived at New Haven your father persuaded me to take a walk and on our return we found the Boat in which we had come gone and half of our baggage gone with it and all my money\u2014You can easily imagine what a state of anxiety this threw us into and how foolish I felt not having a key left to the Trunks which we had with us and how pleasant the idea of losing all my pretty things was to me\u2014In addition to this we had a most stormy voyage and so much disgusting Sea sickness that it scarcely possible to endure it\u2014On our arrival here we could only procure a bed room and have had the delight of eating drinking Sleeping and receiving visits in the same since yesterday morning eight o\u2019clock\u2014Your father proceeded to Washington immediately with just enough money to carry him on and not sufficient to purchase a Cloak to keep him from the Cold\u2014Mr & Mrs. de Wint have been here and are now remaining in New York which they do not propose to leave until Friday I have therefore given up all thoughts of going to Cedar Grove and shall continue my journey on Tuesday morning\u2014John Boyd came last Eveng and took leave and the Franklin went off to dayMany times and oft have I thought of you and Charles since I left you and always with the conviction that you were both exerting the talents you are both so eminently gifted with to bless and reward the tender affection with which I am your Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tOur baggage has all be brought back to us this Eveng\u2014George is better but still poorly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3963", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 11 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dearest friend.\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11. October 1821.\n\t\t\t\tOn arriving here yesterday, I had the pleasure of receiving your Letter of last Sunday from New-York by which I learnt the prospect of recovering the missing baggage\u2014I found all well at home, but there is yet considerable disease in the City; and the yellow fever is said to be at Alexandria.Antoine says you sent him an order to get  a grate for the chamber over head; but he cannot find one that will suit\u2014He desires me to tell you, that you can get one at Philadelphia, as good for 25 dollars as one which would cost fifty here\u2014But he adds that there are none such to be had at Baltimore\u2014I shall expect you here about this day week, and though anxious for your arrival, would not have you hurry yourself at all\u2014Trippe\u2019s Steam Boats will come from Frenchtown next Wednesday Evening, so that if you leave Philadelphia Tuesday, you will be there in time for him.I enclose three Letters for you, and remain with love to George and Mary, Faithfully yours\n\t\t\t\t\tJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3964", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Quincy Adams, 14 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\tMy best friend\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia 14 Octbr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tMr Sergeant sent me your Letter yesterday morning and I thank you for the pleasant information it contained concerning the health of all at home\u2014I wish I could give you the same assurance concerning my little party but the Coachman is still very ill and Elizabeth is also quite unwell. George is on the whole better but occasionally much indisposed and subject to faintness\u2014Mary and I do better than either and we hope to reach home on Wednesday according to your wish\u2014On the whole Antoine had better get a set of Iron jambs for the Ball room like  those in your Library as I find Grates large enough for the room are very expensive\u2014Give my love to Johnson and believe me most / affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\tL C Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3965", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Caroline Amelia Smith De Windt, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: De Windt, Caroline Amelia Smith\nDear Caroline\nMontezillo Oct. 16th. 1821\nI have received your very kind letter of 7th. october\u2014the friendly conspiricy between your Aunt yourself & Mr De Wint to transport me to fishkill\u2014is admirably well contrived\u2014and is very flattering to my feelings but it is too hazardous, ardous & magnificent to my feeble and timorus age to encounter I should infallibly be seasick on board the Steam Boat\u2014and one fit of sea sickness would put an end to my frail fabrick and I thank you for kind wishes & intentions but I am under the necessity of declining yo with your compliance\u2014my love to all my family, and yours, who are with you or at a distance from you\u2014& rejoice that you are with your Aunt who is a precious Jewel, and a fine model for you we are here as well as usual\u2014and all send love\u2014I am your affectate G F\nJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3966", "content": "Title: From George Washington Adams to William Smith Shaw, 18 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, George Washington\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 18th October 1821.\n\t\t\t\tMy Father has desired me to request you to send on with his law books a large Ainsworths Latin Dictionary and a copy of Adam\u2019s Roman Antiquities both which are somewhere among his books at the AtheneumI am my dear sir / respectfully yours.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge Washington Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tP.S. This is written in a hurry I shall soon write you a letter. I will trouble you to hand the enclosed paper to Mr Benjamin Joy and to tell him that I was requested to transmit it to him by his Brother Mr George Joy of London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3967", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 21 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 21 October 1821\n\t\t\t\tYour Letter my caused me a mixture of feelings some pleasing some painful the latter because there is an evidence of a temper little calculated to promote the success of your wishes and evincing a disposition to rebel against your fathers order which must end unhappily to yourself\u2014Be assured my dear Son that industry obedience and application will produce the best effects and that while you practice those these virtues your Mother will be watchful of your wishes and will labour to gratify them\u2014Your father is a little vexed at learning that you have again been to Quincy he says he possitively forbade your going there yet Elizabeth has written to Mary and says you were there last Saturday week\u2014I am glad you have become acquainted with Mr Saul he is said to be a very fine young man but I a little mistrust the morals of a young man just from New Orleans\u2014be on your guard as to the acquaintance you make for on them may Depend your future prosperity in this life\u2014Second my exertions by your own and your Mothers in your favour may perhaps be crowned with success\u2014I hasten to close my Letter as it is late and I cannot write long without suffering\u2014Yours Ever\n\t\t\t\t\tTell John when he writes to wafer his Letters\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3971", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 30 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 30 Octr. 1821.\n\t\t\t\tRegularity and method are so essential to the acquisition of real knowledge that the little annoyance of the Bell is a trifle to the good consequences which its sound produces when it reminds you that certain duties are to be performed at certain times\u2014The human mind requires an incessant spur or stimulus to invigorate its action or more properly speaking to force it into certain channels where application or study is requisite which from its nature is always more or less dry most especially when the higher branches of knowledge are to occupy our minds Your idea of being a walking machine is a very good one and I hope that your habits will all be regulated by decency and decorum as well as your studies hitherto I have had no cause of complaint\u2014Home is indeed as dear to me as ever. but poor Washington has suffered so much that we hear of littl else but sickness and deaths\u2014Julianna Wetcroft is to be married next Tuesday week to a Mr Marshall of Kentucky he is a Nephew of the Chief Justice and a man of fortune and talents\u2014I do not hear of any other news worth writing at present and shall conclude with love to John your affectionate Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3972", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 31 October 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear & honoured Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 31 October 1821\n\t\t\t\tSince my return home George has so well supplied my place in writing to you and we have had so few events (save melancholy ones) to detail that I find it scarce possible to address you on any subject that can excite a moments interest\u2014The family generally are well and Georges health we hope is rappidly mending\u2014This day the new Spanish Minister was introduced to the President this day. He is said to be a gentlemanly agreeable man but I suspect he is a very high tempered and irrascible person and likely to give and make a great deal of trouble more especially at this moment when the Spanish Governors in Florida have cut out so much work ready to his hand\u2014The City has improved astonishingly during our absence and is really progressing rappidly\u2014The City Hall is a very fine building and when completed will be very ornamental The Unitarian Church is roofed and will be completed by Christmas\u2014We are to have a very gay Winter in which I do not think I shall participate much not being in a state of health which will not admit of much fatigue\u2014Many of the Members intend bringing their families it being the long session\u2014Our sickly Season is nearly over and there are but few cases left these however are of the most desperate kind\u2014Several instances of Yellow fever it is said have occurred but I am inclined to doubt the fret\u2014It is however certain that it has been in some of the small Country Towns at a distance from the Sea Ports which makes the question of its importation very doubtful\u2014 I will write again soon\u2014Give my love to all the family I find I am not to see my poor boys this Winter perhaps I may never see them again. but Gods will be done\u2014Your dutyful daughter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3973", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Ward Nicholas Boylston, 31 October 1821\nFrom: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Cousin\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinceton 31st Octr. 1821\u2014Wednesday Evg\u2014\n\t\t\t\tTho\u2019 you have not indulged me with the pleasure of hearing from you, since your return to Quincy, I have been comforted with the assurances of others, who have seen you, that you thought you were benefited by your excursion and sustaind the fatigues of your journey much better than you expected\u2014every thing that contributes to exhilarate your comforts, or pleasures, adds to mine in  a decuple proportion, and I hope when we meet at Quincy wch I hope soon to be able to do\u2014I shall see you in perfect Health.\u2014I assure you we daily & almost hourly recall to our contemplations the favor you conferrd on us & the obligations we owe for the visit you made us\u2014and on this Day we particularly devoted to you as your natal day\u2014my workmen and hired men kept it, as a Jubilee.\u2014and tho\u2019 I had not the fatted calf to kill, I slaughterd the Stalld fed ox, and made merry wth our friends, & they with theirs\u2014and in the Evening treated the Carpenters, Labourers, & others, who repeatedly drank your Health in the best I could give them, with Cakes of the best wheat flour, spiced to their palates\u2014abt 10 oClock the party separated in perfect peace & as far as I have heard (sobriety)\u2014I have been detaind here much longer than I expected\u2014but from necessity I am compeld to wait untill my farm House Cellar was stoned and my Frame  was raised all my working cattle being daily employ\u2019d in drawing Stone and geting in my winter crops.\u2014this being now in such a State of forwardness as leads to conclude I shall be able to leave this place on Monday the 5th of the ensuing month, if a snow storm don\u2019t intervene, wch. may be expected at this season\u2014Mrs Boylston desires her affectionate respects & regards to you\u2014and kind remembrances in union with mine to Judge & Mrs. Adams & Miss SWith the greatest affection / I am ever yours\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tWard Nichs Boylston\n\t\t\t\t\tPS Do us the favr. when you write to Mr Secretary & Mrs Adams rember us with every sentiment of regard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3974", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Ward Nicholas Boylston, 1 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Boylston, Ward Nicholas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo November 1st 1821\nThough my visit to Princetown formes an Era in my Life, and afforded me as much pleasure as my nature, and state was capable of\u2014And though I look upon every step of its progress with delight St Anthony who was as persecuting a saint as any in the Callendar took advantage of it to stir up his fires subterranean fires, and sent a violent inflamation into my eyes and face, which has prevented my writing till this time\u2014I left your lofty situation and Elegant Establishment with admiration that I shall never forget\u2014nor your, and Mrs Boylstons perpetual civilities and kindness\u2019s I hope this Noble seat will descend to your Posterity, in the name of Boylston forever and ever\u2014which reminds me of my duty to complain of your with-holding from me the sight of your grandson Ward Boylston of Lancaster\u2014I would have skiped off my Bed like a grashopper to have seen him\u2014And I reproach myself with my own hebetude in not thinking to demand an introduction to him\nI found my Old Habitation looking externally exactly as it did when I left it, and without any difference internally, except a few repairs going on in the upper Chambers\u2014Without fondly believing in any miraculous interposition of a special Providence for me, I am stricken with admiration, and deeply affected with gratitude for a surprising preservation, from a privation of a Place, in which to lay my head\u2014The expence of repairs, though two great for my scanty revenues to bear without inconvenience, were not so great as I expected\u2014My family are all  arrived in good health in Washington, and George town\u2014I hope soon to hear of your arrival in Roxbury, and to receive you, and Mrs Boylston with open Arms at Montezillo\u2014\nI presume the secretary of State is sufficiently tormented in writing sharp answers, to bitter remonstrances, to Don somebody, concerning Floridian affairs\nI am with sincere affection / your friend,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3975", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 3 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy dear George\nMontezillo November 3. 1821\nYour letter of the 28th. of October has been received with pleasure\u2014First because it is sprightly ingenious and agreeable\u2014Secondly because it is a proof of your continued punctuality and Correspondence\u2014Thirdly because it gives us a most refreshing assurance of the abatement of the epidemic in Washington, Georgetown, and its neighbouring region\nFourthly, because you appear to be pleased with the tranquility and retirement of your present situation\u2014\nFifthly, because you are sensible of the advantage you have of the Society and Councel of your Father, an inestimable blessing for which you can never be grateful enough, for, he is as willing, as he is able, to explain everything to you, and assist you, in every step, in the advancement of your studies\u2014\n Sixthly because you will have so constantly the Society of your Mother, who has as much sense, as she has taste, and as many elegant accomplishments, as she has extensive acquaintance with the world. She can direct you in all your pursuits of French literature, as well as English; she can refine and polish your taste in all things\u2014so much for this time, and this text\u2014now for Politicks.\u2014\nI have been reading Vondoncourts Ionian Island from the History of the Intrigues of Venice, Russia, Austria France, and now England with Ali Pacha\u2014It is to me highly probable there will be e\u2019er long be a mighty explosion in the Province of Albania and Ancient Greece which must e\u2019re long be a scene of desolation Or under an independent Government\u2014I wish you would ask your Father, if he can communicate to you\u2014And consequently to me, anything concerning the Proclamation of the Senate of Messina, or concerning the application of the Ionian Islands to our Government\u2014\nYour letters George give me a great deal of satisfaction\u2014and I take delight in answering them\u2014\nI am your affectionate / Grandfather\u2014\nJohn Adams\nP.S. love to your Mother and Mary Hellen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3976", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 5 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 5 Novbr 1821\n\t\t\t\tWhen at Quincy you have often reproached me for being prejudiced concerning the Unitarians and not willing to listen to listen to the truth\u2014I now candidly confess that I understand so little what the difference is between this and other sects I should feel very thankful if you would enlighten my understanding upon these points at the same time requesting you not to refer me to long Theological discussions which would be much more likely to disgust my patience than to convince my reason\u2014All I want to know is what are the primary principles and if the difference is really nothing more than that which Jesus was not the Son of God but that he was sent by God being inspired by the Deity with particular powers to save man from perishing eternally by becoming a sacrifice for the Sins of the World.\u2014You will be surprized at my writing you on this subject but I thoroughly despize a mean and a narrow prejudice and am desirous of being convinced by reason of my error\u2014No man is more capable of producing this conviction on your dutiful and affectionate daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3977", "content": "Title: From George Washington Adams to William Smith Shaw, 10 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, George Washington\nTo: Shaw, William Smith\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 10th November 1821.\n\t\t\t\tFor your favour of the 23rd October I am greatly indebted;  it should have been acknowledged before were it not that subjects are constantly accumulating in which we are led to apply to you and I thought it better to delay for a short time the answer to your letter in order to take an opportunity at the same time reluctantly to trouble you with some request or other. Such an opportunity has arrived as I am requested by my Father to thank you for forwarding the books in the schooner Ocean and to inform you that they have arrived safely and uninjured. The present request is that you will be so kind as to add to the books which I have previously begged of you to send on when a convenient opportunity shall offer, a volume of Terence the Delphin Edition which my Brother John will give to you should you recollect it when you see him. It belongs to me and I left it among my books at Cambridge.I was glad to learn the names of the authors of the North American Review as there are one or two articles in the present number very apropos to my present pursuits. The articles on Coke upon Littleton, and Colter on English Law I shall read carefully, the former by Mr Cushing the latter by Mr Brooks but I confine myself at present almost entirely to Blackstone with whom I am highly delighted. Indeed it appears to me to be one of the most interesting works which I have ever met with and gives me as much pleasure as it is calculated to afford instruction.There is nothing new in WashingtonI am Sir / sincerely yours\n\t\t\t\t\tGeorge Washington Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3978", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 11 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear daughter\n\t\t\t\t\tMontizillo 11 Nov 1821\n\t\t\t\tI have to thank you for two amiable letters\u2014the last is of too great importance for me to answer to your satisfaction or my own. I am myself too much under the influence of prejudices to have ever reproached you seriously with yours. As long as association of ideas & feelings and the consequent power of habit shall be a constituent part of the constitution of human nature so long will all men labour more or less under the influence of prejudice. Esteem and affection for the faith that was taught us in our infancy and professed by our parents is rather an amiable quality than a culpable fault. It is our duty however to embrace the truth when we see evidence for it although it may counteract contradict our early opinionsI do  not however attach so much importance to creeds because I believe that his cannot be wrong whose life is in the right. I would not advice you to distress or perplex yourself with questions which have confounded the wise in all ages of the world. I believe that a hundred volumes would not inform you of all the arguments strong weak & indifferent which have been produced on the controversy between Unitarians & Trinitarians. For seventy years I have read everything that fell in my way concerning this subject and after all, you would be surprize  that you will if you did not think me insane, if I were to tell you how I would proceed if I were to begin this examination anew\u2014but I will state begin by the folowing Questions.Quest 1. Is this stupendous & immeasurable universe governed by eternal fate?\u20142. Is it governed by chance? 3. Is it governed by caprice anger resentment & vengeance\u20144 Is it governed by intelligence wisdom and benevolence\u2014The three first of these questions I have examined with as close attention as I am capable of & have decided them all forever in the negative. The 4th I have meditated with much more satisfaction & comfort to myself & decided unequivocally in the affirmative & from this last decision I have derived all my system of divinity & the first philosophy and have received more joy & comfort in believing it, than I could have received from believeing the affirmative or doubting about it the three first. The doctrine of the Trinity is a part of an immense system of doctrines of too enormous faith for me to digest\u2014The imputation of Adams sin to all his posterity\u2014their merit of eternal punishment for it\u2014the damnable state in which we are all born\u2014the necessity of an infinite sacrifice in the blood & death of Almighty God, as an atonement to himself for this guilt in a very few elected by hiswill his mere will to shew the glory of his power\u2014but I must stop for the present\u2014but I shall never cease to be your affectionate father\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3979", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 11 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 Novbr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tWhen I left you I did not think  you were so soon to assume the sacerdotal vestment but I sincerely congratulate you on having even the external appearance of that which I so much advise and of course cannot wish to shorten the term which places you in so respectable a light\u2014  That you should be eclipsed is not remarkable at all\u2014but that you should make great exertions to shine by your own light and not to consent to be obscured by rays which however brilliant, may only prove luminous Meteors calculated to attract your attention and observation, rather than to repel your future attempts would not be remarkable and would only prove that an a positive act of volition is capable of overcoming the greatest difficulties and productive of the happiest results\u2014I am never offended my dear Boy unless I see a determination to wound my feelings by disrespect or indifference either of which would hurt me more than I can express\u2014The duty which I have ever considered as incumbent on me both as your Mother and your best friend frequently induces me to counsel and advise you and always with the intention of avoiding harshness or unkindness\u2014The chief happiness of my life consists in knowing my children good and correct and the only real solicitude I feel is for their interest which engrosses my thoughts by night and by day\u2014In them I have ever placed unlimitted confidence and I am too proud to think a child of mine could ever abuse it\u2014My hopes have ever preponderated over my fears and I am convinced so strongly of your affection that it ensures your success at least as far as depends upon undeviating industry and application which even supposing you possessed the most splendid natural talents you are called upon to continue to make those talents profitable\u2014.The serious style in which I am accustomed to write does not please you but you must remember that the topics between us must in a great measure be limitted but I will endeavour to make my correspondence more amusing if you will endeavour to write a better hand which you can do with very little trouble and afford your Mother who so sincerely loves you the greatest satisfaction\u2014I could wish you would listen kindly to this request of your devoted Mother\n\t\t\t\t\tL. C. Adams\n\t\t\t\t\tHaughtiness always implies a great degree of merit\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3980", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 11 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 11 Novr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tI make no charges against you what ever and on the contrary am delighted to find that if I did you can so easily exonerate yourself from them\u2014What I meant in my last Letter was simply to put you on your guard and to inform you that such a plea was made to your father as a reason for your not having risen higher in your Class\u2014Georges pen is so prolific and his style so pleasant I believe I shall be obliged to resign to him a great part of my correspondence as I find myself too much inclined to serious counsel and the extreme affection I feel for my children leads me to fear when perhaps I ought to confide\u2014I wish I had been of your party when George Barnwell was read I at least should have betrayed the tear of sympathy and have joined in the feeling of real woe which that admirable Tragedy relates\u2014It is the awful and striking reality of the picture drawn in this piece that makes it so truly pathetic, that brings it home to the heart of every dissipated Youth and leads him to reflection\u2014Too many are the fatal instances which we almost daily witness of such seductions and alas too often do we hear of the same fatal terminations of error and vice\u2014It is a Tragedy which I never could see performed although I was in England when Mrs. Siddons used to perform in a style which harrowed the Souls of the beholders\u2014I heard her say that this part and that of Mrs. Beverly were two of the most difficult to perform as it required every exertion to command her own feelings which were ever highly excited by the nature of the parts\u2014After playing these and Belvidera she said she was generally carried home in strong histeria fits\u2014I note your list of Books and recommend you to go on and prosper rely on it not a moment of exertion will lose its rich reward now or at a remoter period\u2014The health of our City is restored but we are ineffably dull\u2014George is a hard Student but begins to grow fat. I thank you from my Soul for your attention to my wishes concerning the Cigars and pray God to protect and bless you ever", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3981", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 12 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\n\t\t\t\t\tDear George\n\t\t\t\tI thank you for your letter of the 4 Nov. I am very glad you have got so far through Hallams middle ages to hear that you are so nearly through Hallam\u2019s middle ages. I am travelling through the same country from the benevolence of your friend Quincy, who after travelling through it himself gave me a lease of it for a term. It is a valuable compendium and I am very glad to find that he gives so great a character of MURATORI whose grand collection is in the library of the Mass. Acad. of arts & sciences and whose annals and antiquities are still in mine. The great work of Sismondi which he quotes with so much respect I have never seen; though I have read his literature of the South of Europe with infinite pleasure. If your father has not the works of this great writer, I hope he will procure them for you & your brothers. I owe the imperfect knowledge which I have of this writer to the friendship of Mr Lyman as I do for the use of 50 other volumes, which but for him I should have never received. I beg you to seek the friendship & correspondence of this gentleman.In Vellys history of France, you will find a great part of Hallam and more in detail. In Mezeray\u2014father Daniel\u2014Froissard & Phillip de Coomines you already know much is to be found. Hallams account of the feudal system is I believe pretty correct but I own to you I have never had so at strong an impression on my imagination and my heart as of the decided despotism of this system as from the poems & novels of Walter Scot\u2014but if I should follow the confused ramblings of my old head I should never arrive at the conclusion that I am your affectionate grandfather\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3982", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 15 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nDear George\nMontezillo November 15th. 1821\nI thank you for your letter of the 4th. November I am very glad to hear that you are so nearly through Hallams Middle Ages.\u2014I am travelling through the same country from the benevolence of your friend Quincy.\u2014who after travelling through it himself gave me a lease of it for a term.\u2014It is a valuable compendium and I am very glad to find that he gives so great a character of MU RATORI, whose grand collection is in the library of the Massachusetts Academy of Arts and sciences; and whose Annals and antiquities are still in mine. The great work of Sismondi which he quotes with so much respect I have never seen; though I have read his literature of the South of Europe with infinite pleasure.\u2014If your Father has not the Works of this great writer, I hope he will procure them for you, and your Brothers\u2014I owe the imperfect knowledge which I have of this writer, to the friendship of Mr Lyman as I do for the use of 50 other volumes; which but for him I should have never received. I beg you to seek the friendship and correspondence of this Gentleman\u2014\nIn Vellys history of France\u2014You will find a great part of Hallam, and more in detail. In Mezeray, Father Daniel\u2014Froissard and Phillip de Comines, you already know much is to be found\u2014Hallams account of the feudal system is I believe pritty correct but I own to you I have never had so strong an impression on my imagination and my heart, of the decided despotism of this system, as from the poems, and Novels of Walter Scot\u2014but if I should follow the confused ramblings of my old head, I should never arrive at the conclusion, / that I am your affectionate Grandfather\u2014\nJohn AdamsPS Mr Martin is on his way to the City of Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3983", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, 15 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nMy dear Daughter\nMontezillo november 15th. 1821\nI have to thank you for two amiable letters\u2014the last is of too great importance for me to answer, to your satisfaction, or my own\u2014I am myself too much under the influence of prejudices to have ever, have, reproached you seriously with yours. \u2014As long as association of ideas and feelings and the consequent power of habit shall be a constituent part of the constitution of human nature; so long will all men labour more or less under the influence of prejudice.\u2014Esteem and affection for the faith that was taught us in our infancy and professed by our Parents is rather an amiable quality, than a culpable fault.\u2014It is our duty however to embrace the truth when we see evidence for it\u2014although it may contradict our early opinions.\u2014\nI do not however attach so much importance to creeds, because I believe that his, cannot be wrong, whose life is in the right.\u2014I would not advice you to distress or perplex yourself with questions which have confounded the wise in all ages of the World.\u2014I believe that a hundred volumes would not inform you of all the arguments strong, weak and indefferent; which have been produced on the controversy between Unitarians, and Trinitarians.\u2014For seventy years I have read everything that fell in my way concerning this subject, and after all, you would be surprised if you did not think me insane. If I were to tell you how I would proceed, if I were to begin this examination anew\u2014but I will begin by the following Questions.\u2014\nQuestion 1st. Is this stupendous and immeasurable Universe governed by eternal fate?\u2014\n2. Is it governed by chance. 3 Is it governed by caprice anger, resentment and vengeance\u20144 Is it governed by intelligence wisdom and benevolence\u2014The three first of these questions I have examined with as much close attention as I am capable of, and have decided them all forever in the negative. The 4th I have meditated with much more satisfaction and comfort to myself and decided unequivocally in the affermative, and from the last decesion I have derived all my system of divinity and the first philosophy, and have received more joy and comfort in believing it\u2014than I could have received from beleiving the affirmative or doubting about the three first.\u2014The doctrine of the Trinity is a part of an immense system of doctrines of too inormous faith for me to digest.\u2014The imputation of Adams Sin to all his Posterity. There merit of eternal punishment for it.\u2014The damnable State in which were are all born\u2014The necessity of an infinite sacrifice in the blood and death of Almighty God, as an atonement to myself for this guilt in a very few elected by his mere will to shew the glory of his power\u2014But I must stop for the present\u2014But I shall never cease to be your affectionate Father\u2014 \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3984", "content": "Title: From Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 23 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy dear Nephew\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tQuincy November 23d 1821.\n\t\t\t\tUnder an expectation that after our personal interview at Cambridge, you would provide yourself with the Article of dress which you required, and a new Hat, at Mr Fairbanks\u2019s, I have been less urgent to answer your Note which was received and acknowledged by your Aunt, in my absence from Quincy. I have now only to Say, that whatever Garments you or your brother may want, if not, like yours, of the first necessity; the making of them would best be postponed till the Winter vacation\u2014&ca.We are all well as usual and look forward to a pleasant interview, at the Annual Festival. Love to our Sober-faced but lively-minded Nephew of the first Class, from your / Affectionate Uncle\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3986", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Adams, 26 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear John\nMontezillo 26 Nov 1821\nI also am an advocate first for universal suffrage 2dly. for universal emancipation 3dly for universal toleration & fourthly for universal education.\nBut I must still inquire, what is meant by universal suffrage? If reading & writing were necessary, that rule would in the middle ages have excluded all mankind except the clergy and a greater part of them and even Charlemagne himself. I have three grandchildren at my fire side under fifteen, who can read as well & write better than Jefferson Maddison or Munroe. The present generation of children under 12 years of age  in New England can read & write better than their representatives in Senate & house. This qualification then will not do. Your discretion independence judgment & will are an admirable rule\u2014but by what criterion shall we determine who possesses these qualifications & who does not. Who shall be the judges\u2014who shall appoint those judges and are you sure that the judges will possess those qualifications themselves & are you sure that they If readig & writing constituted the  criterion this rule would exclude nine tent tenths of the people of England and forty nine fiftyieth of the people of France & the like proportion in Spain Portugal Italy and at least among the Catholic proportion of Germany & in Holland too and how great a proportion would it exclude even from Holland You make very light of the argument for the ladies & evade it by a turn of wit & gallantry but this is not argument Upon what principle of liberty justice equity & fraternity would you exclude them? Once let them know that they have the right and you will find them as fond of displaying their eloque and their charms and their eloquence in public as the men and as ardently aspiring to offices and dignities. We have had instances in this Country. Miss Eleneor Custuss grand daughter of Mrs. Washington & now a virtuous & excellent matron Mrs. Lewis. While a beautiful & blooming virgin she mounted her palfry and galloped to the hustings & demanded her right to vote as a free holder & a free holder she was to a large amount. Laws must be general & can not always comprehend every individual. The question is what law will be the most general & most equitable. My opinion  old fashioned to be sure\u2014that property in land is the safest the most equitable and the most likely to produce education independence discretion & will. An acre of land is not likely to break or run away. Personal property more easily takes to itself wings. A group of foreigners ought not to appear on the day of election & decide the most important elections & the next day fly away like a flock of birds of passage. Personal property should not be wholly excluded but should be guarded by terms of residence or other proofs of permanence & stability\u2014but a drunken ignorant profligate thoughtless licentious & giddy rabble ought not to bo away the property of the most industrious & substantial part of the community. Would you permit to come out all the paupers of England to vote for members of parliament & to vote themselves into parliament? I am not advocate for your pot walloping burroughs. These may be as pernicious  it would be to let out paupers & prisoners I agree with you that it is desirable to have an uniform rule in the US but when you become a member of Congress you may find it more difficult than you imagine\u2014& you will find every general standard which you can imagine to be attended with more difficulties and will unjustly exclude greater numbers of individuals & admit greater numbers who are unworthy than your sense of right will approve. Exempli gratia If you fix on twenty one as the age\u2014you will exclude many of 19 & 20 who are better qualified than many others already admitted of 22 & 23\u2014If you Fix on free hold, you will admit many who are indiscreet and exclude many who are discreet. If you fix on any personal property you will find it liable to the same exceptions. If you fix on sex, you will exclude the better half of mankind\u2014If you fix on writing & reading, you will exclude allmost all  man kind & even in your own country, more than you are aware of. By this time you must weary of reading this long epistle from your affectionate grand father \nJ. A. agree with you that an uniform rule throughout the US. is very desirable but how to effect it is the question", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3987", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to Charles Francis Adams, 29 November 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, Charles Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tDear Charles\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 29 Novbr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tI was much pleased to observe that you had taken more pains with the writing of your last Letter than you generally do and sincerely thank you for it as all these things prove your affection for me much more strongly than could possibly be manifested by any other method and immeasurably encrease maternal affection by adding esteem to the strong ties of nature\u2014You have yet but little idea of a correct and elegant style but practice and habit will soon correct these difficiencies and as your taste improves by the perusal of well selected authors and a general acquaintance with polite literature (not meaning by this only W Scott novels) you will acquire a rich flow of language which will enable you to express your ideas with purity and conciseness\u2014The only caution I have to give you is concerning the choice of a model copy none servilely but select good from all and make a practice of noting passages which strike your imagination forcibly in a common place book but beware my darling boy of forming erroneous opinions of character and let no false colouring however specious or brilliant delude your understanding or mislead your judgment\u2014There are unfortunately for youth too many such fascinating authors and Rousseau ranks the highest among them when studied by a youth just entering on the stormy period when the passions require constant controul to prevent them from usurping dominion over our reason\u2014Have you read Miss Aikin\u2019s Elizabeth? it is spoken of as an excellent thing! I am like you I do not like one idea\u2019d persons but without drudgery in youth we cannot acquire a capital on which to live in old age and it is then we are made bitterly to feel ourselves reduced to be one idea\u2019d and without a prospect of change for the better\u2014While I know you to be applying with real energy to distinguish yourself by diligence and industry and I can never doubt of your ultimate success in obtaining every desirable distinction whatever cloud may at present obscure the horizonYour Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3988", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 2 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tDear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 2 Decbr. 1821\n\t\t\t\tI should have answer\u2019d your Letter earlier could I write with my accustomed care but it fatigues me so much I feel too much inclined to neglect my usually pleasant occupations\u2014I received a Letter yesterday from your brother which indicates a very seriously discontented mind and makes me very apprehensive that his disposition is acquiring a habit of complaining and uneasiness calculated to injure his future prospects during his College education I know not what to do in this case but should think that his living much alone would encrease this tendency and lead to unpleasant feelings in his ClassmatesYou my dear John have a character and understanding so similar to my own I can freely utter my sentiments to you on all occasions without having to listen for an hour to sophistical arguments whose ingenuity may be great but the hollowness of which only irritate me because they convince they me that plain truth advanced by sound and correct principles, must often submit to appear vanquished when it is most palpably right and as I grow old it acts more violently upon my temper and has the unpleasant consequence of keeping me in a state of perpetual warfare to guard against the stealing influence such a mode of argument is calculated to produce\u2014I think my Dear John were you and Charles to write a respectful and affectionate Letter to your father beseeching him to grant you permission to come under a promise that you will return before the expiration of the vacation so as to be at College when the term begins it might perhaps produce a good effect and at any rate if you were denied it would make matters no worse\u2014Your father as you are sure acts upon the best possible motives and intends by this measure only your good\u2014and that being his great object should it be possible that he would grant your petition it must operate upon you both as an additional motive for exertion any failure of which under such circumstances would render very unhappyYour Mother", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3991", "content": "Title: From Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams to John Adams, 23 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMy Dear John\n\t\t\t\t\tWashington 23d Decbr 1821.\n\t\t\t\tAltho\u2019 I write with difficulty I cannot resist the temptation and must gratify myself by writing to you and my Dear Charles even if I pay dear for it\u2014Upon one subject the nearest to my heart I will say nothing lest I should say too much\u2014In this world we must innure ourselves to disappointments and we must learn to meet them with patience and only remember them as incitements to greater exertions in future\u2014Be assured that in well doing we have the greatest of all satisfaction the approbation of an approving conscience and with this all circumstances however painful they may be to our feelings for a time prove but the ephemeral evils of a little hour which is for ever gone ere we have hailed its birth\u2014Madame de Stael was certainly a woman of an extraordinary cast and her talents blazed with a  lustre even during her life; and after her death as a brilliant metear for Fame to record and Trumpet to Posterity\u2014Fortunately however for mankind, such women are rare; such minds could not be fitted for the common relations of society\u2014They could not bear the shackles and restraints which man for his own comfort necessarily imposes, and would soar above that social and moral compact, which forms the strong basis of family union, peace, and happiness.\u2014As a single individual, she was an object of universal admiration, As a Daughter to her Mother, and as a Wife, she utterly failed in those qualifications in which the real and great merit of Women consist\u2014The natural propensity to coquettry which exits, in every female heart, and which varies but really remains until long after it is supposed to be no more, would utterly unfit us for the operations of government which even in the hands of Men give too much opportunity to display the narrow and evil passions of humanity; without the excitement of petty allurements addressed altogether to the sensual passions, and irritating natures of Mankind\u2014Woman when she steps out of the common and limitted bounds of her Sex is an Angel, or a Devil: and as superiority generally creates a torrent of envy, hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness, the latter as the great success, while the former shrinks dismayed from the appalling contact of vice and depravity\u2014Your Mother my beloved Son is always flattered by the even exaggerated opinion of her children; for to them had she the ability, she would combine all that is great and excellent by way of example and stimulus to exertion\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-03-02-3992", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington Adams, 27 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, George Washington\nMy Dear Grandson,\nQuincy 27th Decr. 1821\u2014\nI have mourned with your mourning in your No. 9 of the 16th Dec. for the loss of Colonel Trimble, and laughed through your gaiety concerning the Ball at the English Ambassador\u2019s. The transitions from grave to gay and from gay to grave are very frequent in this mingled world and we ought to make sober reflections on them all. But I must transide from the letter to a former one.\u2014\nYou are reading it seems my old English translation of the spirit of laws. If I remember any thing of scrawls in the margin, made 50 or 60 years ago, they were mere exercises of the pen made to imprint on my mind the substance of the Book. I fear they will be of very little service to you.\u2014It is a great work and many things are to be learned from it. But perhaps some errors in it are to be avoided. He seems to think that government is a mere affair of Climate, and that despotism, monarchy, aristocracy and democracy are to be deliniated on the map by the scale and compass, and by the latitude and longitude of places. He talks too about fear, honour and virtue, as the principles of government in a manner rather too geometrical, for I believe no government of any kind can be established or supported without all these principles of fear, honour and virtue\u2014mixed together in great or less degrees. He speaks too of the love of equality as a passion in the human breast, but I have never been able to find any such passion there. In all the democratical governments I have ever read, heard or seen, I have found as little love of equality as in monarchies, oligarchies, aristocracies, despotisms or even in mixed governments. In all governments there is an eternal struggle in every individual to rise above somebody or other or to depress somebody or other who is above him to his own level or to a degree below him. And this is my observation of human nature, but if Montesquieu penetrated deeper into it, I should be glad to be convinced of it. I have seen too many instances of men who had practically said\nI love my friend as well as you\nBut why should he obstruct my view?\n We have prepared a handsome and convenient room for your Brothers, and prepared fuel and accommodations for their comfort and studies, and I am delighted to hear that they are become exemplary students. They have never been here through the whole term, except at Thanksgiving, and then they were very punctual to their time.\u2014\nYou would scarcely know Penn\u2019s Hill since is has been ornamented with so handsome a wall.\u2014\n Tell your Father that I gave to your Brother John my old pine tree, and cod fish, and buck skin seal, but he has promised to send it to your Father, who is the most proper person to keep it and to give it to whom he pleases when he has done with it.\u2014\nTell your Father that I have found the old circular pedigree which looks like so many wheels within wheels of boules de savon and that Miss Abigail and Miss Elizabeth have undertaken to copy it, and as they yesterday had the courage to go to Boston without a beau I presume they will be able to accomplish this enterprise.\u2014\n We are all well or convalescent.Your affectionate Grandfather\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0030", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William S. Cardell, [post\u20136] March 1820\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cardell, William S.\n                I have recd. your favor of the 4th. inclosing a printed copy of a circular address on the subject of a \u201cNational Philological Academy.\u201d\n                The object of such an Institution well recommends it to favorable attention. To provide for the purity, the uniformity, & the stability of language, is of great importance under many aspects; and especially as an encouragement to genius & to literary labours by extending the prospect of just rewards. A universal and immortal language is among the wishes never likely to be gratified: But all languages are more or less susceptible of improvement and of preservation; and none can be better entitled to the means of perfecting & fixing it, than that common to this Country & G. Britain, since there is none that seems destined for a greater & freer portion of the human family. This consideration alone makes it desirable, that instead of allowing this common tongue to be gradually fashioned into distinct ones, or even to diverge into different dialects, there should be at least a tacit co-operation in perpetuating its identity by a joint standard. No obstacle on the side of G. B. can arise from the present ascendancy of British over American literature and population. Whilst it must be flattering to both nations to contemplate the prospect of covering with their posterity & their language, a greater space on the earth, than any other nation, it is obvious that a few years will transfer the ascendancy to the U. S. with respect to the number of people, and that a period of years, may be calculated to have a like effect as to the number devoting themselves to scientific & literary pursuits.\n                From this view of the subject you will not doubt my cordial wishes for the success of the projected Academy, nor the sense I have of the honorary relation to it, held out to me. Foreseeing at the same time, as I can not but do, that in accepting it, I should be a nominal functionary only, and in the way of some other choice which might justify the distinction by the services due from it, I must hope to be excused for requesting that my name may not be proposed as suggested by your partiality & politeness.\n                I know not well what to say in answer to your request of names worthy of being associated in the proposed Institution. I am not sure that any occur to me at present who are not sufficiently known to the public; nor can I lose sight of the risk of doing injustice by omissions of which I should be unconscious. I shall not be backward nevertheless in contributing any future aid on this head, which my better recollections, or further information, may put in my power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0169", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John H. Wood, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Wood, John H.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Permit me to thank you for your polite and friendly Answer to my letter. My application was certainly predicated on the presupposition that whatever relief you cou\u2019d grant me consistently with engagements & obligations (of which we all are surrounded) wou\u2019d have been done with willingness.\n                On addresses for pecuniary aid I shou\u2019d always be entirely indisposed to afford any, cou\u2019d I suppose the embarrassmt to have originated in extravagance and dissipation. My truant days (thank heaven) are over and gone. It is chiefly the affliction of my unfortunate wife for more than two years that has a little enthrald me for the present, but shou\u2019d I meet tolerable luck this year I expect to be entirely freed from pecuniary wants.\n                When ruminating on the embarrassm\u2019ts of Life, it is not unfrequent that my mind is Struck with one of the finest pieces of Morallity contained in any paper of the Spectator. Father, says a youth, \u201cthy fortune is a very wretched if there be not another World\u201d\u2014true, son! And what is thine if there be another?\n                My venerable mother (wou\u2019d that I was worthy to be her son) seems to feel all the respect & veneration due to yr. exalted virtues & talents, & that sincere affection so eminently due to Mrs. Madison, her relation; to whom with yourself, I beg leave to subscribe myself most sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0170", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 6 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n                Mr. Hackley called on me a few days ago on his way to Washington. I found him very intelligent and of agreeable manners. He observed a commendable delicacy in the part of his conversation, which touched his personal hopes from the Government; but it was not concealed that he aspired to some provision under its patronage. He will doubtless be, if he has not already been, more explicit & particular at the seat of Govt.\n                I can add nothing to what you know of the public career of this gentleman; and as to his actual standing at large, I must be less competent to judge than you probably are. Of his capacity for public service, I derived a higher opinion from the opportunity afforded by his visit than I had previously formed. But what I took up the pen chiefly to state, & what may be less known to you, is that he is on the best footing with Mrs. H\u2019s highly respectable connections & friends, who profess a particular esteem for him; and taking a warm interest in his welfare, wd. be much gratified by any beneficial marks of the confidence of the Governt. In making this circumstance known to you, and in adding that I should of course, sympathize very sincerely in any result favorable to him and his family, I am not unaware that private wishes, are always under the controul of public considerations, and that a casting weight only can be allowed them, when an equilibrium occurs in the latter. Mr. H. I find indulges a persuasion that he will have the benefit of this weight in the friendly dispositions both of yourself and the Secretary of State. Health & success", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0171", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Davis Robinson, 6 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Robinson, William Davis\n                I have recd. your favor of Decr. 28. accompanied by a Copy of your \u201cMemoirs of the Mexican Revolution.\u201d As I can not at present find leisure to go thro the volume, I make an offer at once, of my thanks for your obliging attention.\n                So little is known of the late events & of the actual State of things in Mexico, which well deserve to be known, that accurate information as to\nboth must be particularly acceptable to the people of the U.S. who take so deep an interest in the destinies of that neighboring section of the American hemisphere, and I am led to \u27e8b\u27e9elieve that accounts at once accurate & authentic are no where so likely to be found as in the work you have just given to the public. I promise myself therefore much pleasure in the perusal of it. I may add that from the few pages into which I have dipped, there wd seem to be less occasion than you have presumed for the apologies you offer for its literary execution. Be pleased to accept my respects & my good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0173", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert Mackay, 7 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay, Robert\n                An accident to the Saw of my Sawmill requires a new one immediately, the season being now favorable for using it. Will you be so obliging as to have a good one chosen, & held ready for the application of Mr. Howard\u2019s waggoner, who will be down very quickly after this reaches you. If he shd fail, I will authorise some other waggoner to bring up the Saw.\n                The sickness in my family and other circumstances have suspended the carr[i]age of my flour to Market. As you can estimate the prospect of prices better than I can at this distance I must leave it with your discretion, to dispose of what may be on hand or hereafter arrives at whatever moment you may judge most favorable. Be so good as to drop me a Sketch of the state of Accts. between us. Yrs. with friend[l]y respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0174", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Barbour, 8 January 1821\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                I understood when at your house that you were in want of a good riding horse. In consequence when I returned here, having found the one I had bought of Mr Johnson the writer of the within a very fine one I mentioned to him your wish. In answer he returned me the enclosed note. If you think proper to avail yourself of his offer and should choose either of the horses and signify which to me I will advance the money for you here which you can restore me on my return to Virginia. Most respectfully Your Friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0175", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Tench Coxe, 8 January 1821\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have heard of a collection of the debates in Congress between 1790 and 1800, which are to be shewn to me and will at least direct my searches and attention. Perhaps want of money, which exists in the case, may occasion a sale. If it should I shall make the terms known to you.\n                Our state after 41 years, and with only 700 to 800 slaves in 1810 are about to pass a final abolition act, paying every owner a value by arbitration or a jury as he may prefer, if they do not accept the slave at his value. As our law of 1780 gave nothing for value or damage and this is to give it by a bill drawn by a counsellor at law of our abolition society it makes the states with many slaves safe and free from the ruinous and disorganizing pretense that there is in our states & union no property in slaves. I have carefully conferred with one of Philadelphia county senators, who moved the resolution at Harrisburg and with the counsellor who in cooperation with Mr. Rawle their president, drew the pending bill. Pennsa. having 3800 slaves in 1790 has spread her slow gradual abolition of slavery over a period of 41 years tho joined on the east west & north by states with few slaves.\n                I have on my table a 12th number of my series of papers, which I enclose for your amusement. The last N. 13 will appear to morrow. The emphatic manner, in which I maintained in all of them the rights of property, to which the abolition as a general consideration feel the greatest respect, has I am satisfied convinced such men as Messrs. Rawle, Sargeant, Binny, Ingersoll & Morgan that no law could be advocated by men of their characters, which did not provide full & prompt payment.\n                I shall be glad after you have satisfied yourself with the enclosed, if you will cover it to him with my respects. I wish as long as I shall live that the details of my conduct and the grounds of it may be known and understood by you and by him.\n                The English quarterly review in a tract upon Germany undertakes to give a concluding paragraph, wch. will be translated into the German in Hanover and circulated through that interesting Empire defaming us for having refused in Congress the abolition of Slavery in Missouri; while \u201cdespotic Russia\u201d is abolishing slavery. We are cultivating in New York & Pennsylvania, and shall send a full reply. It will be published here on the first dearth\nof foreign Intelligence. I have endeavoured also in drawing it to throw in sedatives for the Missouri agitations. Great Britain is not popular among the old unappostate revolutionary men North of Maryland nor with the constitutional, republican or democratic interest there, and we believe that they are much changed since the first hasty feelings on the Missouri case.\n                If Spain has really ratified our Florida treaty, her abolition of the papal & ecclesiastical pomp, wealth, luxury, despotism, and general march in Europe with her moderation in S America renders her truly and deeply interesting to us and all other real friends of civil & religious liberty. I should not be surprized if she expressed her dissatisfaction at the treatment Austria seems to contemplate of Naples, & many in France would be pleased at her interfering in like manner.\n                You have seen with comfort that our exports by the return to Sept 30. 1820 amount to almost 70,000,000. The first year of this government was 18,000,000. The \u0153conomy of money, of expenditures public & private and generally our encreased prudence on the pecuniary subject are working wonders for us. I have the honor to be with perfect respect dear Sir yr. most obedt h Servt\n                    Genl. Hiester has appointed but two officers, his Secretary & Attorney General. He had urgent federal applications of abilities and weight; but did not give them either of those important offices. Mr. Gregg you know Mr. Elder is also a Democrat. Mr. Hiester will not be separated from the republican administration of the Union and Mr. Mo[n]roe has his entire confidence and decided attachment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0177", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William S. Cardell, 12 January 1821\nFrom: Cardell, William S.\nTo: Madison, James\n                    The literary institution on which I before had the honor to address you has become organised with very encouraging prospects. The enclosed circular which is in part an amplification of my former letter explains the outlines as far as it was thought proper to form them by anticipation.\n                    The officers elected are His Ex. J. Q. Adams President. Judge Livingston, Judge Story Hon. William Lowndes, V. Presdts. Alex. McLeod D.D. Rec. Sec. John Stearns M.D. (President of N.Y. State Med. Society) Treasurer. Counsellors\u2014Chancellor Kent, Daniel Webster, Boston. Bishop Brownell, Con. J. M. Mason D.D. Joseph Hopkinson, N.J. P.S. Du Ponceau LL.D. Phil. John L. Taylor, C. Justice N. Car. H. Clay, Kentucky. Washington Irving, now in London. There are 2 vacancies. Doct. Smith of William & Mary College will be elected to fill one and probably the President of Dartmouth or Bowdoin College, the other.\n                    We have returns, generally cordial and able, from the officers elected except that from Mr. Clay we have not heard.\n                    Among other transactions of the Society Sir, it is made my duty respectfully to communicate to you their unanimous election of you as an Honorary member.\n                    The other Honorary members are Hon. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Munroe, John Jay, C.C. Pinckney and John Trumbull.\n                    In electing as honorary members of this new Society those citizens who have passed thro all forms and degrees of honor which a nation could confer, our scholars could not of course suppose they were imparting any additional dignity; but it was the highest tribute of respect in their power to offer, and the cordial approbation expressed by those distinguishd men gives to the institution the means of additional usefulness to our country.\n                    In the expectation of forwarding in a few days a printed schetch of proceedings, I forbear, Sir, to trouble you with further details at this time. Accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest respect.\n                        Am. Acad. of Lan. & Belles Lettr\u27e8es\u27e9\n                    Your attention is respectfully requested to an association of Scholars for the purpose of improving American literature. This association, though yet at its commencement and unknown to the public, has been the subject of an interesting correspondence for some months past; and it is believed will not be deemed unimportant as connected with the best interests of our country.\n                    To settle at once a point on which some difference might exist, it is not designed, independent of England, to form an American language, farther than as it relates to the numerous and increasing names and terms peculiarly American; but to cultivate a friendly correspondence with any similar association or distinguished individuals in Great Britain, who may be disposed to join us in an exertion to improve our common language.\n                    The objects of such an institution which directly present themselves, are, to collect and interchange literary intelligence; to guard against local or foreign corruptions, or to correct such as already exist; to settle varying orthography; determine the use of doubtful words and phrases; and, generally, to form and maintain, as far as practicable, an English standard of writing and pronunciation, correct, fixed, and uniform, throughout our extensive territory. Connected with this, and according to future ability, may be such rewards for meritorious productions, and such incentives to improvement, in the language and literature of our country, and in the general system of instruction, as from existing circumstances may become proper.\n                    These objects will not be thought trifling, by those who have spent much time in the cultivation of literature, or attended to its influence on society. Such persons need not be told how directly they are connected with our progress in general knowledge, or our public reputation; or that their influence may extend from social to national intercourse, and to our commercial prosperity. Perspicuity in language is the basis of all science. The philosophy that professes to teach the knowledge of things, independent of words, needs only to be mentioned among enlightened men to be rejected.\n                    Most of the European nations have considered the improvement of language as an important national object, and have established academies, with extensive funds and privileges, for that purpose. An interference of the government has, perhaps, been omitted in England, from a singular and rather accidental reliance on the acknowledged superiority of a few leading individuals; and so long as all the literature in the English language had its origin and center in London, there was less danger in thus leaving it to the guidance of chance. Science may be comparatively recluse; but literature is social; and American scholars, spread over 2,000,000 square miles, are not to be drawn to a virtual and national association, without the form.\n                    It is very properly said of France that its literature has frequently saved the country when its arms have failed. The advantages resulting to that nation, from the exertions of a few academicians, have been incalculable, and may serve to show, in some degree, what such a confederacy of scholars is capable of performing. The effect of their influence was not barely to elevate France in the literary world, and to improve its learning within itself; but to extend their language throughout Europe; to introduce, at the expense of other nations, their books, their opinions, and, in aid of other causes, their political preponderance. The Philological Academies of Italy and Spain, though unaided by the same powerful co-operation, have effected very great improvements in the language and literature of their respective countries. The great work now performing by the German scholars, in addition to what they have before done, is a noble example to other nations, and calculated to elevate the condition of our nature. With how much greater force does every consideration connected with this subject, apply, in a free community, where all depends upon the virtue and intelligence of the great body of the people.\n                    Without dwelling a moment on invidious comparisons between England and the United States, the time appears to have arrived, in reference to ourselves, when, having acquired a high standing among nations, having succeeded in a fair trial of the practicability and excellence of our civil institutions, our scholars are invited to call their convention and to form the constitution of national literature.\n                    We have some peculiar advantages in an attempt to establish national uniformity in language. Happily for us, our forefathers came chiefly from that part of England where their language was most correctly spoken, and were possessed of a good degree of intelligence, according to the learning of that time. Though in a country as diversified as ours, there are, from various causes, many particular corruptions, we hardly find any thing that can properly be called a provincial dialect. We have at present no very inveterate habits to correct, where gross barbarisms, through large districts, are to be encountered. The attempt therefore, seasonably and judiciously made, presents a prospect not only of success, but of comparative facility. Our scattered population seem only to want from a competent tribunal, a declaration of what is proper, to guide them in their practice. The present appearances are more favorable than the most sanguine among the projectors of the plan dared to predict. There is the best reason to expect the general concurrence of our distinguished literary men in favor of a measure which promises so many advantages, so nationally important in its principles and effects, and to which so little can be objected. It is deemed unnecessary at present to dwell minutely on the details of the plan, which probably will not be difficult to settle, if the leading principles are generally approved. It is equally useless to enter upon a train of arguments to prove the advantages of such an association under the present circumstances of our country. The commanding influence of literature upon national wealth and power, as well as morals, character, and happiness, especially in free communities, will not be doubted by those whose minds have been most directed to this interesting branch of civil policy. Perhaps there never has been, and never may be, a nation more open to the influence of moral causes, than the American Republic at the present time. In every country truly free, public opinion is in effect the governing law; and public opinion, and all the complicated interests of society, greatly depend on the state of national literature. That independence which is our boast must consist in the proper independence of the mind. Without contemning the experience of past ages, we ought not too slavishly to follow the path of others. It is enough to respect the Europeans as honorable competitors, without regarding them as absolute masters. American ambition should aspire to noble objects, if we mean to rise to excellence: for, besides that the imitator is almost necessarily inferior to his model, the old world can furnish no model suited to the circumstances and character of our country. We are a world by ourselves. Our privileges, resources, and prospects, are of the highest order. Happily exempt from hereditary despotism or bigoted hierarchies, from jealous and powerful bordering nations; the professed advocates of rational freedom, the world may justly claim from us an example worthy of such a situation and such a cause. Our numbers and wealth are greater than those of England were, when the last of her splendid\ncolleges was erected; we may have the learning of Europeans in common stock, with an exemption from their burdens, and the highest eminence which others have attained, ought to be the American starting point in the career of national greatness.\n                    And is there any thing impossible, or even particularly difficult, in reducing these ideas to practice? Without expecting to render human nature perfect, or to fix an unalterable standard for living language and literature, may there not be some regulation which will place the decisions of the wise in preference to the blunders of the ignorant? When can a more favorable time be expected, to correct the irregularities yearly multiplying upon us, and becoming more and more embodied with the literature of our country? Why should chance be expected to accomplish, what, from its nature, can result only from well-regulated system? It would indeed be imprudent to attempt too much. Sound discretion will point out a middle course between a wild spirit of innovation and a tame acquiescence in obvious error. Language is too important an instrument in human affairs to have its improvement regarded as useless or trifling. Of all the objects of national identity, affection, and pride, national literature is the most laudable, the most operative, and the most enduring. It is to the scholars of antiquity we owe all we know of their statesmen and heroes, and even their distinctive national existence. In the long train of ages their tables of brass have mouldered away, and their high-wrought columns crumbled to dust. Cities have sunk, and their last vestige been lost. The unconscious Turk half-tills the soil manured with decayed sculpture: but the monuments of genius and learning, more durable than marble and brass, remain the subject of undecreasing admiration and delight. The fame to which great minds aspire, is, to soar above the local contentions of the day, and live to after ages in the esteem of their fellow men. The thought of this animates the patriot\u2019s hope and nerves his arm, in danger, toil, and want. Shall it not be the ambition of Americans to proclaim the honor of their benefactors, and transmit the glory of their country to the latest age of the world? We are not here to awe the ignorant by the splendor of royal trappings, but to command the respect of the wise and good by moral greatness. These objects are neither above the capacity, nor beneath the attention, of our countrymen. They are interwoven with our individual happiness, our national character, and our highest interests. When we survey this vast assemblage of States, independent, yet united; competitors in useful improvement, yet members of one great body; the world has never prepared such a theatre for the exhibition of mental and moral excellence: and if the men of all ages, whom we most delight to honor, have made it their chief glory to advance the literature of their respective countries, shall it be degradingly supposed, that, in this favored land, either talents or zeal will be wanting in such a cause? If it is said, that Americans have not paid that\nattention to education which the subject demanded; it is true; and neither justice nor sound policy requires us to disguise the fact: but has any fatality ordained that the people most interested in diffusing the light of instruction, must be degraded in the republic of letters? Much irritation has been produced by the observations of foreign writers upon the learning and intellect of our countrymen. We ought not to waste time in idle complaint on this subject. Is there not in America enough of genius, of scholarship, and of patriotic spirit, if properly organized and conducted, to raise our literary character above the influence of any combination abroad? Shall our numberless blessings remain an unprized possession? Will foreign pens maintain and elevate American character? Is it not time to make a national stand in the moral world, as the expositors of our own principles, the vindicators of our institutions, and, under a Beneficent Providence, the arbiters of the destiny of unborn millions? Even if, contrary to all human expectation, such an association should fail in its objects, would it not justly be said, \u2018magnis tamen excidit ausis\u2019?\n                    It is not intended to bring the society before the public by a premature and unnecessary parade, but to make it known chiefly by its practical good.\n                    The following is a general outline of the institution alluded to, subject of course to such variations as may be thought to increase the prospect of its utility.\n                    To be called \u201cThe American Academy of Language and Belles Lettres.\u201d\n                    Its prime object is to harmonize and determine the English language; but it will also, according to its discretion and means, embrace every branch of useful and elegant literature, and especially whatever relates to our own country.\n                    To be located in the city of New-York, where accommodations will be furnished free from expense.\n                    To commence with fifty members; maximum number, one hundred and twenty. More than that would lessen the credit of membership, and diminish rather than increase its authority.\n                    Members to be divided into three classes. Resident, who reside in or near New-York; Corresponding, those whose distance prevents their regular attendance; and honorary, those at home or abroad, whom the body may think proper expressly to admit as such: but, perhaps, it will be thought best to make very few honorary members in the United States. The only reason for making a difference between resident and corresponding members, is to give to the latter all practicable privileges and facilities in communicating their opinions, propositions and votes in writing, as a compensation\nfor the difficulties of personal attendance. In questions requiring a ballot, the written opinions and wishes of distant members are taken as votes on all points to which they directly relate. As most of the questions likely to arise will relate to written language, and as few of them will require haste in the decision, there will be a particular fitness in arriving at a general result through the means of the various opinions in writing.\n                    It will be a standing request, though not absolutely required, that each member shall, within one year after his admission, deliver personally, or by writing, a discourse upon some subject relating to language or general literature, or to the situation and interests of the United States.\n                    The Society, when organized, will send a respectful communication to such literary gentlemen in the British dominions as may be thought proper, explaining to them the design of the establishment, and inviting their cooperation. Public policy, as well as general convenience will point out to them the importance of improving our language, facilitating its acquisition to foreigners as well as native citizens, and preserving its uniformity throughout the extensive regions where it now does, or hereafter may prevail.\n                    The Modus Operandi should be the result of the joint wisdom of the body, when formed; but almost every disputed point in language, and in ours they are very numerous, may be made a case, subjected to rule as far as possible, and brought to a decision, endeavoring to have this decision concurrent between the British and ourselves.\n                    But besides the acknowledged corruptions which prevail in the language of this country, our peculiar institutions and circumstances; our discoveries and improvements, have given rise to a large class of new words, Americanisms, if the critics please; necessary to express new things. To adopt and regulate these is not to alter the English language; but only to supply its deficiencies. This is particularly a work of our own. It is also important that attention should be paid to the numerous names of places, French, Spanish and Aboriginal, which are daily becoming incorporated with our literature, and concerning which so much diversity at present exists.\n                    The unprofitable disputes among teachers and the authors of elementary books, who are often very unskilful advocates of their opposing systems, and whose arguments tend only to increase a difference which ought not to exist, would be in a great degree obviated. The professors of Rhetoric and Logick, in our best universities, should at least agree in spelling the names of the important sciences they teach. Our numerous youth would then be left free to pursue the straight course to the knowledge of a language which might be, not only strong and copious, but, to a far greater extent, regular and fixed. In addition to other advantages, there cannot be a rational doubt that such an institution may have a beneficial influence in exciting emulation\nand national concert, in our literature in general, and that many might be drawn to this interesting subject, who are now less profitably and less honorably employed in other pursuits.\n                    The object here contemplated is certainly of sufficient national importance to merit an adequate fund from the public. Should this fail, it would be improper to lay a burdensome expense on the members. Expenditures to any considerable amount are not considered indispensably necessary; for though individuals may not be able to accomplish all that may be desired, much may be done at a moderate actual expense. Twenty-five dollars at the admission of a member, and two dollars a year afterwards, though trifling to some, is considered enough to impose by any imperative rule.\n                    The only objections which have been made to the proposed plan, are on the ground of its practicability. The difficulties alleged are, the superiority of the British in literature; the contempt with which they will look on our institutions and offers of correspondence; the prejudices of our own people in their favor, and the consequent necessity of waiting for them to lead the way. These difficulties, if correct to the extent that some of our citizens seem inclined to admit, show at least the necessity of trying to produce a favorable change. If in literature and science we are greatly inferior to any other people, it is not because we are deficient in natural, political, or moral advantages, or have not as strong reasons as any nation ever had to encourage letters; but because we have hitherto neglected any general or systematic means for their advancement. The arguments are fallacious which attempt to find in the circumstances or dispositions of our people any disqualification for the highest mental attainments. American genius and enterprise properly directed, may as well be displayed in the highest walks of literature and science as in any thing else. One difficulty is our scholars, as such, have very little intercourse, and have too long been strangers to each other. Homo solus imbecilis.\n                    Concert will excite a generous emulation. This, upon the plan proposed, will operate upon a vast and highly reputable field; it will be identified with the national character and the dearest interests of a great and rising people, and cannot fail to produce excellence and command patronage and respect. The bare circumstance of exciting attention to the subject is an important point gained. \u2018Aude et faciat.\u2019 A colonial servility in literature is as unworthy of our country as political dependence. The necessary limits of this letter forbid a course of reasoning upon the subject: it may be thought proper to give a fuller exposition in a pamphlet form. The general principles explained above are deemed sufficient as the basis of preparatory arrangement.\n                    Among the respectable persons consulted respecting the proposed institution, the sentiment, as far as ascertained, is very general and zealous in its favor. It is designed to carry it into effect with as little delay as sound\ndiscretion, in refererence to character and advantageous arrangements for a favorable commencement will admit.\n                    The constitution formed for the Society is purposely a very short one, intended chiefly as the basis for a commencement. A body of scholars, associated for the laudable object of promoting the literature of their country, many of them very familiar with public proceedings, will need fewer legal rules than a bank or a state. Whatever may be the deficiencies of this constitution, experience will be more competent to supply them than any wisdom of anticipation.\n                    From the peculiar circumstances of our country, the institution will have no guide in any thing which has gone before; but liberal criticism will make some allowance for the difficulties necessarily attendant on first attempts. The same regular progress will not be expected in an untrodden field as on a well travelled road; but in pursuing a noble object with good intention, there is the consolation that those best qualified to judge are least inclined to condemn. If our beginning is a small one, so was that of the Royal Society of London; and we can have no reason to dread more obloquy from the illiberal, than they received.\n                    Very generous subscriptions, by a number of gentlemen who are not expected to be members, are volunteered, pro patria, and there is an encouraging prospect for funds. If among the variety of character in our country, there is a portion too ignorant, or too grovelling, to depart from their own narrow views of immediate gain, it is hoped that, among ten millions of people, there are enough possessed of talent to estimate, and spirit to maintain, an institution whose aim is to promote the best interests and lasting honor of the United States. In such a cause it is deemed unnecessary for the institution to solicit pecuniary aid, farther than by a fair exposition of its principles and objects. The subscriptions are to be a free-will offering upon the altar of our country: yet it will be no less creditable to the society, than just in itself, to hold in grateful remembrance and transmit to future generations, the names of those generous citizens who, by their donations, become at once, the patrons of learning and the vindicators of the American name. It may be one of the good effects of this society to bring patriotic generosity more into fashion, by causing it to be more honored. In behalf of the Association, Sir, I have the honor to be, Very respectfully and truly yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0179", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph M. Sanderson, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Sanderson, Joseph M.\n                I have recd. your letter of Decr. 9. with a copy of Vol. I of the Biographical work in your hands, for which I return my thanks.\n                The Object of the work is such as must be highly interesting to the public; and the undertaking it at an early day is necessary to do justice to the memories of the men who signed the immortal act which made us a nation.\n                Not having found it convenient as yet to examine more than the \u201cLife of Hancock,\u201d and that but slightly, I cannot pretend to judge of the entire merits of the volume. What I have read appears to be executed with fidelity & candor, and to bespeak literary talents in the author. At the same time it is incumbent on me not to suppress the remark, that he some times indulges a luxurience of fancy more than is required for ornament, or permitted perhaps by the simplicity and neatness suited to biographical composition. It may well be expected however that the progress of the work will be marked by the improvements for which the capacity of the author can not be doubted.\n                I wish I could venture to promise a contribution to the materials you wish to collect. I did not participate in the federal Councils at the Epoch of the Declaration of Independence. And what of an interesting nature I may happen to know in relation to any of its signers, is for the most part what is attainable from public sources or better private sources of information.\n                Being disposed to reduce rather than extend my subscriptions for new publications, especially such as require a lengthened period for their execution, I must ask the favor of you to enter on your list of subscribers, instead of my name, that of \u201cJohn Payne Todd,\u201d to whom the vols. will be delivered as they successively arrive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0182", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Tench Coxe, 17 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n                    I recd. a few days ago your favor of the 8th. inclosing a paper signed Phocion. Your own papers inclosed in your two preceding letters have been forwarded according to your suggestion.\n                    I have looked over the paper of Phocion. It indicates intelligence and acuteness in the writer, and no inconsiderable fairness, in facing, at every point, the subject he discusses. In his charges against me of inconsistency, he errs in identifying me with Mr. Hamilton in the opinion given in the 77th. No. of the Federalist, \u201cthat a removal from office required the concurrence of the Senate.\u201d It was never understood that the parties to that work were answerable, each, for all the sentiments expressed in papers written by the others. To those acquainted with the circumstances under which the work was carried on for the press, it was manifest that a mutual privity even, was not always possible. The latter part of the work on the Executive and Judiciary Departments, including No. 77. were written after I left N. York for Virginia.\n                    In the view P. gives of my opposition at first, and my assent afterwards to the Bank, he has not adverted to the grounds of the assent, as explained at the time. It implied no change of opinion as to the original construction of the text of the Constitution. It implied the contrary; the assent being founded on the principle that a certain character & course of precedents had the effect of fixing the meaning of Constitutions as well as of laws. Altho\u2019 this is denied by some, it was not contested in the case of the Carriage tax; those who regarded it as equally with the Bank a breach of the Constitution, having acquiesced in the decision on that point, tho\u2019 not so extensively sanctioned as the decision in the case of the Bank. Phocion may have been misled perhaps by the view given of this change by the Supreme Court, in their late judgment on a case involving the constitutionality of the Bank.\n                    It is remarkable that the power of removal from office, though of such material agency, excited so little attention, whilst the Constitution was under discussion. It seems to have presented its important aspects, for the first time, at the first session of Congress, when the establishment of the Executive Offices was on hand. The debates on that occasion will shew, to a certain extent at least, the different reasonings in support of the different opinions on the subject. In the final decision, experience seems to have produced a universal concurrence. What indeed would become of the efficiency or even practicability of the Executive trust, if every officer from the most confidential downward, who might be favored by a single vote more than \u2153 of the Senate, could, in defiance of the President and a single\nvote less than \u2154, hold his place till the delays of an impeachment could reach him. If ever there was a case where the argumentum ab inconvenienti, ought to turn the scale, this was surely one.\n                    If I understand, from a perusal not very critical, the doctrine and arguments of this writer, he supposes that \u201cExecutive Power,\u201d as distinct from Legislative & Judiciary power, depends wholly on constitutional modifications. That it is subject to Constitutional distributions is certain. But that it is a substantive power distinct in its nature from others, can not be denied, whatever difficulty there may sometimes be, in marking the dividing line between them. The language of the State Constitutions and Declarations of Rights, recognizes this substantive character of the Executive, as well as of the Legislative & Judiciary powers.\n                    If, as seems to be contended, no power not expressed, belongs to the Executive, because expressed powers only are delegated to the federal Government, to whom does the removing power belong? Not to either of the other Departments, for it is not expressed among their powers. It must consequently, as not belonging to any, result to the States or to the people. To say that it results to the President & two thirds of the Senate, is not only to take off the wheels of the Govt: but to adopt a constructive power represented as inadmissible.\n                    The difficulty is certainly not lessened by the distinction taken between high crimes & misdemeanors, and minor offences. The distinction take[s] away the impeaching remedy even, for the latter, without leaving the remedial power of removal. Such consequences from the doctrines of P. make me almost suspect that I have not rightly caught his meaning.\n                    The remarks into which I have run, are as you will see not in a form for the press. I have no doubt that the flaws in the paper will be much better exposed by others, if the task be called for in relation to the Constitution of Pennsylvania. As the paper affects myself merely, I am content to leave its criticisms to themselves, without imposing the trouble you so kindly offer, of pointing out their fallacies. I am neither so blind nor so vain as to claim an entire exemption from the changes of opinion, or from the argumentative inaccuracies & inconsistences, incident to a very long course of political life; & to a participation in a great variety of political discussions, under many vicisitudes and varying aspects of the subjects of them. A comparative exemption, is as much as I dare aspire to; and this I ought to presume will not be refused, if I should be found to have a title to it.\n                    I am glad to learn that the temper of all parties is assuming so much calmness on the subject of Missouri. The views of it, latterly presented to the public, according to the specimens you have sent me could scarc[e]ly fail to have such an effect. If all the States are not in Glass houses, none of them, it appears, are within Stone Walls.\n                    The attention you keep up to my request as to the debates of Congress for a certain period obliges me very much. As you say nothing of Noah Websters \u201cSketches\u201d or Peletiah Websters \u201cDissertation\u201d I conclude they are not to be procured. Health and every other blessing\n                    For the Democratic Press. Remarks on the Constitution of Pennsylvania, More particularly on the Power of Appointment and Removal. Addressed to the Legislature of the State. No. III.\n                    Having briefly shown the extent of the Governor\u2019s influence over the officers of his appointment, and hinted at a principle by which his power might be plausibly claimed, we shall proceed to examine whether this power of removal may not be constitutionably denied to the executive and subjected to the discretion of the legislature.\n                    The constitution of the State is not silent on this important subject. It has provided in the most explicit terms for the removal from office of all incumbents who shall misbehave themselves. By article 4th section 4. \u201cThe Governor and all other civil officers under the commonwealth shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office. But judgment in such cases shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under this commonwealth.\u201d\n                    There is a marked difference between the constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania, on this point. When it is considered the latter was modelled on the former, and is mutatis mutandis written in the same terms, this difference cannot be supposed accidental and without consequence. By the constitution of the United States art. II. sect. 4th. It is provided that \u201cThe President, Vice President, and all civil officers, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanours.\u201d This clause in the ordinary import of language, and the common rules of legal construction, does not embrace all misdemeanours. The words \u201chigh crimes and misdemeanours\u201d are used in contradistinction and in opposition to, crimes and misdemeanors, of ordinary character, unaggravated in their nature. And the word \u201cother\u201d would be believe be [sic] construed by every judicial bench in the country to mean offences, of the same grade and character as those specifically named. Taken in this sense the Pennsylvania convention of 1790, did not consider the clause sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all causes for which removal from office should take place, abandoning therefore the discriminating words used in the constitution of the United States it has adopted phraseology which includes every degree of malversation; subjecting the officer to \u201cimpeachment for any misdemeanor in office,\u201d under\nthe constitution of the United States, the power of removal, might have been assumed by the executive, as implied in the power of appointment, with greater color of reason, than, it could be assumed by the Governor under the constitution of Pennsylvania. The power to remove by impeachment might be considered with propriety as not reaching, many offences, the commission of which render the removal of the officer desirable. As that constitution, then had not provided for the removal of officers thus offending the general responsibility of the executive for the faithful administration of the laws, might appear to carry with it the right to remove, unfaithful officers.\n                    But the power of removal is exercised by the president, in its full extent, embracing all officers appointed by him, by and with the advice of the senate. Whence does he obtain this power? Is it assumed, as incidental to the power of appointment? But, the president removing at his pleasure, does not appoint at his pleasure. He does not possess the totality of the power of appointment. The senate participates in its exercise: the President and Senate form the appointing power. Here then is a new case, not depending on the principle generally assumed, that the power of appointment to, includes the power of removal from, office. Though this principle should be taken as incontrovertable, it will not solve the case before us, and we must resort to other principles.\n                    This important question has undergone a thorough discussion, and has been viewed in all possible aspects by the House of Representatives of the U. S. and in that august body, produced a most extraordinary diversity of opinion. It came before them at the first session, after the adoption of the federal constitution, on a resolution offered by Mr. Madison in the committee of the whole, \u201cthat it is the opinion of this committee that there shall be established, an executive department to be denominated the department of foreign affairs; at the head of which there shall be an officer to be called the secretary to the department of foreign affairs, who shall be appointed by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate; and to be removeable by the president.\u201d Immediately on the presentation of this resolution, the words \u201cwho shall be appointed by the president by and with the advice and consent of the senate,\u201d were stricken out on the ground, that \u201cthe constitution had expressly given the power of appointment in the words there used.\u201d The resolution as amended after much debate was carried, with an understanding that an opportunity would be offered for an ample discussion of the power of removal, which was denied to the president, by several members on many grounds. On the 15th of June, 1789, the question came again before the House, on the bill for establishing an executive department, to be denominated the department of foreign affairs. A more interesting animated, and argumentative debate, is not to be found in our congressional annals, than, that which arose on this occasion. The\nfirst clause of the bill after recapitulating the title of the officer and his duties had these words, \u201cTo be removeable from office by the president of the United States.\u201d\n                    The power to remove from office was generally admitted to be lodged, in the gen. gov. but to what br[a]nch it was constitutionally given, was a point, producing great collision of opinion. There were however some gentlemen, who denied, that the power of removal from office, for mere misdemeanour was at all given by the Constitution, and who opposed every attempt of Congress to intermeddle with it, until further power had been given by the people, by an amendment to the Constitution; this class was not numerous, and it was soon overpowered by the number of its opponents, if not by the force of their arguments. Those, who believed, that the power was given by the Constitution, assigned very different reasons for their faith. By one section it was said that, the power of removal in all cases, belonged to the Senate, by virtue of the clause relative to impeachments, and that, the Constitution having pointed out that mode of dismissal from office, none other was admissible. By a second it was contended, that the power to remove was co-incident with and dependent upon the power to appoint: and that, the power of appointment being vested in the President and Senate therefore, the power of removal could be exercised only by them conjointly. A third section argued, that, as the power of removal was not expressly given by the Constitution, to the President or the Senate nor to the President and Senate; but that as the necessity of the power was apparent and the Legislature, having the right \u201cto make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by the Constitution\u201d the power of removal belonged to the Legislature, embracing, the President, Senate, and House of Representatives, who might dispose of it as they should deem most advantageous to the people. This opinion was sustained, by many able speakers, and swayed the House in their decision of the question. For most of those, of the last section, we have to enumerate, who contended for the power of removal in the President alone, supported their position by this argument, that although it should not be conceded that the Constitution gave the power to the President, yet it must be admitted that the Legislature possessed it, and might bestow it on the President. It is true however, that some contended boldly, for the right of the President, under the Constitution, independently of the Legislative power: But not one of those were over willing to pass the bill, without the clause granting the power of removal of the Officer to the President. Mr. Madison who led the way on the President\u2019s Constitutional power, to appoint, at first availed himself of the foregoing argument, th[o]ugh he afterwards disclaims reliance upon it, because the Legislature might choose to vest the power elsewhere than in the President. As the opinion of this Gentleman and his associates in the argument, most\nmaterially interferes with our views on this subject, we are constrained to review the reasons on which it is founded. That we approach this task with diffidence and awe will not be doubted. The opinions of the man, who contributed so greatly to the formation of the Constitution, and to the organization of the government under it, and who justly obtained, the confidence of the Country, must always be assailed with great disadvantage. Our own convictions almost yield to the force of his name; and we fear that the voice of reason\u2019s self, would be doubted when opposed to his. Will it be permitted us before we advance to this unequal warfare to attempt to clear the way by remarking that this great man\u2019s opinions even on constitutional points, are not infallible, and that however maturely formed, they do not always resist the magic influence of expediency.\n                    If the power claimed for the President, by Mr. Madison, be a constructive one, and we think it can bear no other name, the inference must not be drawn that Mr. M. is at all times friendly to constructive powers. In the XIIth No. of the Federalist, he combats this doctrine manfully, and on the principles which be there laid down, he in the year 1791 resisted the incorporation of the United States Bank. In addition to the reasons he drew from the specific enumeration of powers in the constitution, he gives one that we would think was conclusive and insurmountable in his own mind at least. On the floor of Congress, Mr. [M.] declared, \u201cThat the power to grant charters of incorporation was in the original plan reported by the committee to the convention among the enumerated powers granted by the 8th section of the first article of the constitution; but that after three days consideration and ardent debate in that body, it was stricken out, as a power improper to be vested in the general government.\u201d In the face of this declaration and of this fact, Mr M. as President of the United States sanctioned an act incorporating the Bank of the United States. Again, the Federalist is deemed a text book on the constitution, in the composition of which Mr. M took a considerable part, and is generally supposed to have seen and approved, all communicated to the public under the signature of Publius. The 77th number of that work, treating of the President\u2019s power to appoint, commences thus, \u201cIt has been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected from the co-operation of the senate in the business of appointments that it would contribute to the stability of the administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to displace as well as to appoint.\u201d The Federalist we all know, was written to enforce the acceptance of the Federal constitution by the several states. It was written principally by Messrs. Madison and Hamilton, who were members of the convention which framed that constitution, and therefore the presumption that their exposition of that instrument, was in the sense in which it was conceived, is founded in strict justice to them. Yet immediately after the adoption of the constitution, a construction is given to it by Mr. M. contrary to the\none published to induce its adoption. We do not mean to be understood, that Mr. M. stated at any time what was not his real opinion. But we would be understood to mean that, Mr. M in the change of his opinion in the two cases we have cited, convicted himself of error, and we urge that conviction against the Prestige of his name and character. With this preparation we proceed to offer impartially, the foundation of Mr. M\u2019s. argument in favor of the constitutional power of the President to remove from office.\n                    On the introduction of his resolution, Mr. Madison, defended it, on the ground of the responsibility of the executive, arising from the nature of his office; and urges strongly the expediency of imposing on the President, the responsibility for the conduct of all officers in the department. He does not attempt to prove the constitutionality of the power he contends for, until the propriety and practicability of this responsibility is shaken by the arguments of his opponents, in the debate on the passage of the bill for establishing a department for foreign affairs. It is opinion that the Constitution gives this power to the President, he avows is the result of an intermediate examination, and that \u201cit does not perfectly correspond with the ideas which he entertained of it from the first glance.\u201d The passages of the constitution on which he relies, are the first sentence of Art. II. sec. 1. \u201cThe executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America,\u201d and the concluding sentence of section III. of the same article, \u201cHe (the President) shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.\u201d He then contends, that removal from office is an executive power, and therefore belongs to the President; and that it being the duty of the President to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, he must necessarily have the power to remove those who execute them unfaithfully.\n                    The construction given to these passages of the Constitution, we think we shall shew clearly is not warranted by them. That they are given in terms so general, as to admit of great latitude of construction, if they stood unconnected with other parts of the constitution, we admit, but that they would justify precisely the meaning here given to them, is not so obvious. If the words \u201cthe executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America,\u201d stood alone, in order to assign to them any meaning, it would be necessary to define the \u201cexecutive power.\u201d In a certain sense, these words are understood by all. They mean a power to execute the laws. But the degree of power depends on the form of government and the extent of the grant. It varies from the whole power of the state, to the most incons[i]derable part. In governments approximating to despotism, the executive power is paramount to every other; in those approaching to democracy, it is feeble, and of little consideration. There is every degree of this power between the maximum and minimum of the scale. Even in the United States, where the general basis of the state governments is the\nsame, there are various degrees of this power. Now, what is the grant conveyed by the words \u201cexecutive power,\u201d as used in the Constitution of the United States. \u2019Tis not a despotic power; for that would render useless all other parts of the Constitution. It cannot be the executive power exercised by the King of Great Britain, for we have abjured the government of Great Britain and created one for ourselves. It cannot be that given to either of the several states; for there are no means by which we can ascertain from [which] it was borrowed. Then if it be neither of these, it must be that executive power given by the constitution of the United States, and the passage we have quoted should read, \u201cThe executive powers given by this constitution shall be vested in a president,[\u201d] &c. If then this be the true reading, we have not advanced a step by the use of this passage, in dete[r] mining the power of the President to remove from office. For though we should admit the power of removal to be an executive power, it does not appertain to the president unless given to him by the constitution. If this opinion need additional support, it will be found in the consideration. That the general government is altogether a factitious one, that it owes its existence to the concessions of the several state sovereignties and that it has no other power save that delegated to it\u2014On the subject of constructive powers we would appeal from Mr. Madison construing the constitution, to Mr Madison defending it. The fear that powers not expressly given by the constitution, might be obtained by implication, formed one of the many objections to its adoption, by the several states. This objection was particularly urged against the clause, authorizing Congress \u201cto provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States.\u201d To remove this dread Mr. Madison in the same number of the federalist from which we have already made an extract, expresses himself thus: \u201cIt has been urged and echoed, that this power amounts to an unlimited commission to exercise every power which may be alledged to be necessary for the common defence and general welfare. No stronger proof could be given of the distress under which these writers labor for objection than their stooping to such a misconstruction. (Has experience shewn this to be a misconstruction?) What color can the objection have, when a specification of the objects alluded to, by these general terms immediately follows; and is not even separated by a longer pause than a semicolon? If the different parts of the same system ought to be expounded, so as to give meaning to every part which will bear it, shall one part of the same sentence be excluded altogether from a share in the meaning; and shall the more doubtful and indefinite terms be retained in their full extent, and the clear, precise expressions be denied any signification whatever? For what purpose could the enumeration of particular powers be inserted, if these and all others were meant to be included in the preceding general power? Nothing is more natural or common, than first to use a general phrase, and then to\nexplain and qualify it by a recital of the particulars. But the idea of an enumeration of particulars which neither explain nor qualify the general meaning, and can have no other effect than to confound and mislead, is an absurdity which as we are reduced to the dilemma of charging either on the authors of the objection, or on the authors of the constitution, we must take the liberty of supposing, it had not its origin with the latter.\u201d\n                    Now may we not ask, is there an argument here used against constructive powers in congress, that does not apply with equal force to such power in the President. Is not the passage relied on by Mr. Madison a \u201cgeneral phrase?\u201d Is it not followed by a \u201crecital of particulars\u201d by an enumeration of powers in the very article of which it forms the commencement? Does not the sentence which Mr. Madison pronounces on the \u201cauthor of the objection\u201d recoil upon himself?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0183", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Alexander Otis, 17 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Otis, George Alexander\n                I received some days ago your letter of the 4th. instant. However favorable my general opinion may be to the History of Botta, I could not undertake to vouch for its entire exemption from flaws, such as are charged on it, without a more thorough examination of the work than I have made, or than other calls on my time will now permit me to make. It is indeed quite\npresumable, that at the early date of his undertaking, a defect of materials may have betrayed him into errors of fact; and that as a foreigner, he has not always penetrated the character of a people, fashioned as the American has been by so many peculiar circumstances; nor comprehended fully the mechanism and springs of their novel and compound system of Government. It is not the less true however, that his history may have a value justly entitling it to all the attention claimed for it from the American Public. If it cannot be regarded as a popular Manual, it may aspire to the merit of being nearly a cotemporary work, by an Industrious Compiler, who was capable at the same time of viewing our revolutionary transactions & events with a philosophic eye, and describing them with a polished & eloquent pen.\n                I know not any source from which Botta could have taken a tincture of partiality for one more than for another portion of our Country. He was probably led to put his fictitious and doubtless very erroneous Speeches for and against Independence into the mouths of Mr. Lee and Mr. Dickinson, by his discovery that the former was the organ of the proposition, and the latter the most distinguished of its opponents. It is to be regretted that the Historian had not been more particularly acquainted with what passed in Congress on that great occasion. He would probably have assigned to your venerable correspondent a very conspicuous part on the Theatre. I well recollect that the reports from his fellow labourers in the cause from Virginia filled every mouth in that State, with the praises due to the comprehensiveness of his views, the force of his arguments, and the boldness of his patriotism. It is to be hoped that historical justice may be done by others, better furnished with the means of doing it. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0185", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William S. Cardell, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cardell, William S.\n                I have recd your letter of the 12th. inclosing a copy of your Circular one, on the subject of the \u201cAmerican Academy of Language & Belles Lettres.\u201d It informs me at the same time that the Society has been pleased to put [me] on the list of its honorary members.\n                I request Sir, that they may be assured of the respectful impressions with which I receive this mark of distinction.\n                Having heretofore made known my good wishes for the Institution now developed under the above title, I have only to renew my tender of\nthem; and to express the confidence inspired by the names enlisted in the cause, that the Academy will be the means as well of illustrating the present advance, as of extending the future improvement of useful & ornamental literature in our Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0187", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Nathan Sanford, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Sanford, Nathan\nTo: Madison, James\n                William Beach Lawrence and John Q. Jones Esquires of New York, are about to travel through Virginia; and if they should pass near your residence, they will do themselves the honor to visit you. I beg leave to introduce them to you, in this manner. They are young gentlemen of great personal merit, and of the most amiable dispositions. Their parents and friends, are among the most respectable citizens of New York.\n                I pray you Sir, to present my respectful compliments to Mrs. Madison, and to accept for yourself, the assurance of my highest respect. May you, in your retreat from public cares, long enjoy health and happiness. I have the honor to be With the highest consideration Sir Your most obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0188", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Thornton, 20 January 1821\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have just heard that Mr. Charles Todd, of Kentucky, is returning from the Republic of Columbia, & as another Agent will most probably be appointed, I am exceedingly desirous of succeeding him. I had been very highly recommended to the President before Mr: Todd was appointed, by the honorable Colonel Johnson, & some other respectable Senators, & the Colonel & many other Friends are desirous of aiding me in obtaining the appointment now: but as this is a popular Government, & the voice of the people is always attended to, it has been thought proper to convince the President that it would be a popular appointment before I could expect to receive this honor.\n                I have served this Government above twenty six years, & have been so happy as to obtain the approbation of the successive Presidents. I have been invited by the Officers of the highest grade in the Republic of Colombia to accept of Commissions from them: but I have very explicitly refused every offer, though very tempting. The Secretary of State & Finance of Colombia, Se\u00f1or Don Jos\u00e9 R: Revenga, being my very intimate Friend, the celebrated Roscio, Vice President of the Republic, being also my Friend; & having been intimate with the famous Orator Don Pedro Gual L.L.D. formerly Govr: of Carthagena, I am confident I should be well received as an Agent to that Country. One of my Objects is to write the natural History of, & describe by drawings &c, that very extensive, rich & interesting, but almost unknown Country: and I am now so far advanced in life that I have not a moment to lose. The celebrated Franklin offered if I would travel in the Service of the United States, keep a Journal of what I though[t] worthy of record, without subjection to any restraint whatever, & deliver\nmy writings to the United States, he would obtain for me a Salary that should be worthy of any Gentleman, & as his individual Subscription to aid in carrying into Effect what he wished, he would give his Salary as Governor of Pennsylva: for one Year, which was a thousand pounds Pennsylva: Curry: but my delicate State of Health solely prevented me from accepting one of the most honorable Appointments that perhaps was ever offered from one so justly renowned, & so high in Science, to one so young as I then was. I have written to the late President Jefferson that great patron of the Sciences & Arts, to favor me with a few lines if he think me worthy, & I solicit from you whatever you can with good conscience say in my behalf on this Occasion. I shall never forget the Obligation, & shall consider your Opinions, if in my favor, as the Summum of all that can be desired. Be assured, also, that I shall never cease to endeavour to prove myself worthy of your patronage.\n                Govr: Barbour of Virginia mentioned to some of my Friends a few Days ago, an Expression of Mr: Jefferson\u2019s in my favor, which I shall never forget, but cherish in the most grateful remembrance.\n                My wife & her mother would not perhaps go with me at first; but if I should be appointed & agreeably established I am in hopes they would not refuse to go afterwards. Please to give our best regards & most respectful compliments to your amiable Lady. Her name is mentioned very often, with uncommon kindness, & her kind & condescending deportment & friendly attentions to the Citizens will never be forgotten. I am dear Sir, with the highest respect, most sincere regard & consideration Yrs &c\n                    William Thornton\n                    An Answer as soon as your time will permit will very much oblige me, as there is not a moment to be lost. Yrs. W.T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0189", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas B. Parker, 24 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Parker, Thomas B.\n                I have recd. your letter of Jany. 18. & thank you for the 2 papers containing very interesting parts of the debates & proceedings of your Convention.\n                I am very sensible Sir of what I owe to the respect & confidence marked by your request of my opinions on 2 great points in the articles of amendment proposed to the State Constitution. But I must appeal to the same friendly dispositions for an excuse from a compliance with it. Naked opinions could have no claim to attention. And if it were less inconvenient than it is at present, to explain the grounds of them, I could not but feel the delicacy of the task; at the same time that I have every reason for presuming that I could throw no new light on subjects wch. have been publickly discussed, & doubtless with so much ability & information. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0191", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Reynolds Chapman, 25 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Chapman, Reynolds\n                I recd. yours of the 16th. some days ago. Particular engagements have prevented an earlier answer.\n                Different plans for reading history have been recommended. What occurs as most simple & suitable, where the object is such as you point out, is to begin with some abridgement of Genl. History. I am not sure that I am acquainted with the best; late ones having been published wch. I have not seen. Millots history ancient & modern translated from the French would answer well enough. The work is not large, and might be preceded or accompanied by Colvins historical letters now publishing at George Town, in a single volume. After this outline, Humes History of England & Robertsons Hist: of Scotland might follow: Then Ramsay\u2019s history of the U.S. & of the American Revolution; and Burkes Histy. of Virga. continued by Jones, & Gerardin\u2019s. This course being ended, particular histories of different Countries according to leisure & curiosity might be taken up: such as Goldsmith\u2019s history of Greece, do. of Rome preceded or accompanied by Tooks Pantheon. Robertsons history of America would also deserve attention. This fund of information, with a competent knowledge of Geography, would prepare the mind for reading with advantage, the Voyages round the world and the most intelligent travels into the most interesting countries. Geography is a preliminary in all cases to a pleasing & instructive course of historical reading. That & Chronology, have been called the two eyes of History. Geography might be called the right one.\n                No studies seem so well calculated to give a proper expansion to the mind as Geography & history; and when not absorbing an undue portion of time, are as beneficial & becoming to the one sex as to the other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0192", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ethan A. Brown, 26 January 1821\nFrom: Brown, Ethan A.\nTo: Madison, James\n                To Mr. Madison, long considered the ablest expositor of the principles of the federal Constitution, the accompanying report is transmitted, by his obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0194", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Wheaton, 29 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wheaton, Henry\n                J. Madison presents his respects to Mr. Wheaton, with thanks for the copy of his \u201cAnniversary Discourse,\u201d which is well calculated to attract attention to a subject deeply interesting to the U.S. by the views under which it is presented, and the lights thrown on it by his valuable researches & investigations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0195", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Peter Stephen Chazotte, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Chazotte, Peter Stephen\n                I have recd & thank you for your little tract on the culture of vines Olives &c. Its practical views of the several articles derived from long personal experience, with the apparent aptitude for them of soils & climates in a certain portion of the U. States justly claim the attention of those\nparticularly living within its limits. Experiments for introducing these valuable productions are strongly recommended by the success which attended the culture of Rice & Cotton, the importance of which was at one time as little understood as that of the articles whose merits you discuss. With friendly respects\n                    (Signd) James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0196", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                    The inclosed letter to mr. Cabell so fully explains it\u2019s object, and the grounds on which your signature to the paper is proposed if approved, that I will spare my stiffening & aching wrist the pain of adding more than the assurance of my constant & affectte. friendship.\n                    We the subscribers, visitors of the University of Virginia being of opinion that it will be to the interest of that institution to have an occasional meeting of the visitors, by special call, on the 1st. day of April next, do therefore appoint that day for such meeting, and request the attendance of the sd. Visitors accordingly; personal notice being to be given to them respectively one week at least before the said day. Witness our hands on the several days affixed to our respective signatures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0197", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Alexander Otis, 31 January 1821\nFrom: Otis, George Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Philadelphia January 31st. 1821.\n                I feel very sincerely obliged by your letter of 17th instant, and by the general benignity with which you have deigned to view my undertaking. I now have the honor of transmitting you the last volume of the Translation, which if honored with your approbation will reward me for all my toils in a task, which if it does not yield me reputation I fear will yield me nothing.\n                The venerable J. Adams, after having finished reading the 1st and 2d volume of the translation, has waived his objections entirely; and compliments me in high terms. He agrees with many other gentlemen [\u201c]that the Translation has great merit, has raised a monument to my name, and performed a valuable Service to my Country.\u201d &c. &c. I have the honor to be, with the most Sincere veneration, Your obliged humble Servant\n                    George Alexander Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0198", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Lynde Walter and Others, 3 February 1821\nFrom: Walter, Lynde\nTo: Madison, James\n                Accept our particular thanks, for the kind expressions contained in your esteemed favor 24 Jany, & for the candor with which you have given us a frank exposition of your views. Whatever Bankrupt system may at first be adopted will, we fondly hope, receive such beneficial amendments, as experience may show to be necessary, to render it worthy of your support. Receive the renewed assurance of our high regard & esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0201", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard S. Hackley, 9 February 1821\nFrom: Hackley, Richard S.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Presuming, on the letter of Introduction, from Governor Randolph, which I had the honor to deliver to you, some short time since, The friendly dispositions, expressed towards me, and evinced, in your recommendation of me, to the President, I beg permission to State, That I yesterday, solicited the appointment of Collector of the Port of St. A[u]gustine, in East Florida, whenever the Executive shall deem it proper to make such an appointment.\n                The president, sugested the propriety of directing my recommendations, for that office, to the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Crawford, as the channel through which this appointment will properly come, and that of addressing yourself & Governor Randolph, for a line of recommendation to that Gentleman.\n                Unprovided with recommendations to that Gentleman, I can only calculate upon the goodness of such acquaintance as I have in Congress, to name me to him. And I shall feel most grateful, for whatever recommendation of me, you may deem it proper to add. With Sentiments of the highest respect, I have the honor to be Sir Yr: Most Obt. Hble sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0202", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Joy, 9 February 1821\nFrom: Joy, George\nTo: Madison, James\n                You shall have no cause to complain of a tardy rejoinder to your favour of the 25th Novr. last, altho\u2019 in that war of recrimination I was long since offered the Alliance of my friend Jeremy Bentham; and it was literally the fact that at the hour of receiving your Letter last Evening and from that to the present, I have had more of Correspondence to attend to than for any week together in the current year. However we sometimes manage best when put to our shifts; and the Receipt of your Letter determined me to divert to Montpellier a Newspaper I was about sending to Washington, and even to add to it the Copy of a Letter I wrote a few Days before, and which you will see I had retained for some such purpose. I have a young Myrmidon here, the only Servant I can afford to keep, who writes a hand\nso like my own (albeit he can write much better) that I am afraid Physiologists will mistake him for one of my Bastards, for I have seen a deal of family Conformation in handwriting\u2014(tho\u2019 by the way there are no two of my own family that write at all alike)\u2014but what I dread much more is that his Orthography should be mistaken for mine, especially when he writes from dictation or from the reading to him from a Stenographic Copy\u2014for the enclosed he had the original before him; but I am afraid to trust it, without this Notice. It is a Letter to my Sister, who had bored me more than once for an opinion on the Speech of our Nephew at the Wiltshire Meeting; and I have not time to clip it. I have however marked the Scripture phrases in quotations as a New Englander should always do in writing to a Virginian. I shall also eke out my despatch by an Extract from a Letter just received from my Brother, on a Work of Wm Tudor (Letters on the Eastern States published in New York) and another from my own Letter to Tudor of this date. I am reminded by his Letter on Politics of the Efforts I made to remove the Notion entertained here that the Members of the opposition to our Government could be counted on as friendly to this; particularly in my Conciliator Nr 5. The importance of inculcating this opinion\u2014(now, I trust, confirmed at home)\u2014is one of the strongest motives for getting the Work into Circulation here. I have little apprehension of a Collision; but it is well to take Time by the Forelock; and reference to a Work written now may be more satisfactory than any Statement drawn up pro re nata.\n                By the way I have tried in various ways to get Copies of my Conciliator, printed in the National Intelligencer, of which Mr: Gales sent me the first three Numbers with his Exordium; and he wrote that he had printed the whole. I have particular reasons for wishing to have them in that form. I am afraid the wish is hopeless; but if you could put me in the way to procure them, it would oblige me greatly. If I had covered the Wiltshire Paper to Mr. Gales, I should have repeated a requisition of this kind; but besides the Intervention of your Letter to give it another direction, here is now the Speaker himself saying, to send it to the Nat. Int. would be too like the Puff direct. This however is not to prevent your making any use you please of it or of the learned Comments upon it; and as I cannot lay hold of the preceding County Paper to compleat the Series; I cover the Times of the 19th Ult. containing with the Wiltshire an Account of the Kent County Meeting. With respect to the distresses arising from superabundance, I cannot help thinking if the Moonites have sufficiently good Telescopes what a miserable set of Lunarians they must take us for. But Ministers shall not have my project of redress, till I have a better Guarantee than they can give me, that in \u201cwaxing fat, like Jessurun,\u201d they will not also \u201ckick.\u201d I have held it back for years under this apprehension, and I should not wonder if it never came forward.\n                In respect to the Changes taking place in Europe, I note your distinction between the precise dangers from within and the probable dangers from\nwithout\u2014it is not in the nature of things that Monarchs should be pleased with those Changes; and however prudent, and wise it may be to yield with a good Grace where the insurrectionary movement is already made; if those to whom it is only approaching should make no Effort to keep it off, it will only be because \u201ctheir Poverty and not their Will consents.\u201d\n                I see no reason to alter the opinion I have uniformly held on the subject of Manufactures. I wish not for an isolated Independence; but rather, if it could be had, the freest possible interchange of all the Commodities of Life\u2014but this, depending on a general acquiescence, is rather possible than at once practicable. All the world must be Quakers before we can have universal peace\u2014and to this sect I beg you to tell Mrs. M. with my Compliments, tho\u2019 I have not made up my mind on the subject, I think I approach the nearest\u2014and if such general acquiescence cannot be had; it behoves every nation to take care of herself. Hamilton reported long since on the policy of encouraging such manufactures as would make the Country independent on foreign Nations for the Munitions of War, and these include many Articles ancipiti usus\u2014what would an Army do in our Climate without Blankets? Laisser faire is a good general rule; but there are occasions on which the Government may lend a hand. If there were none other than offensive wars; I should never desire the means to be of easy acquirement; but where to be defenceless is to invite insult, I must say, Si vis pacem, para Bellum. But even the Doctrine of Laisser aller must bring about Manufactures in the Case you mention, and they should have some encouragement. \u201cIf you cannot sell you cannot buy\u201d\u2014then as Dr: Franklin said 50 years ago, you must use the Loom more and the Plough less.\n                Now you will think I have made out a Dispatch of sufficient Bulk; and I see my Boy has shown his predilection for Legitimacy, by copying the Extracts in a hand less resembling mine than the Letter to Miss Joy. He is one of the nova progenies; and not a bad example of the benefit of giving education to the poorer Classes. I know only the outline of the Missouri Question, and am sorry to say it presents itself to me as a thing of some difficulty\u2014a sort of Collision between Justice and Humanity. I trust there is sufficient Virtue, and sufficient good temper, in the U.S. to render these objects compatible with each other; and shall rejoice to hear that it is settled on satisfactory terms.\n                The Bag of the regular Boston Ship goes tomorrow; and I shall avail myself of your monstrous Sinecure to give this a long Sweep of postage by that route.\n                I am always gratified in receiving a Letter from you; and hope you will indulge me at your leisure, addressing as this last to No 13 Finsbury Square. Always, very faithfully, Dear sir, Your most obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0203", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert H. Rose, 10 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rose, Robert H.\n                I have recd your letter of Jany. 21. with a Copy of your address to the Agricultl. Socy. of Susquehanna County, for which I return my thanks. I offer but a just tribute to the Address, in saying that it contains very judicious observations presented in the best form, & apparently very appropriate to the rural circumstances of the new County.\n                The multiplication of these Societies is among the many proofs of the spirit & progress of improvement in our Country. And the establishment of them in districts unimpoverished by a vicious cultivation may prevent those wasteful errors which it is found so difficult & expensive to repair. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0204", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Todd, 11 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Todd, Thomas\n                We learn by a letter from Mrs. Cutts with much pleasure that you had ended your journey to Washington in good health; and we flatter ourselves that you will give us the opportunity of being eye witnesses to its continuance, on your return to Frankfort. I need not say how truly glad we shall be to see you; how much we shall expect it; and what a disappointment we shall feel, if you should take a different route. The disappointment will be the greater as Mrs. Todd has been so good (God bless her) as to let us know that she had laid the proper injunctions on you. I would not bespeak the visit from you if I were not perfectfully [sic] confident that it would expose you to no danger from a fever which has lately found its way into our family, & been fatal to some of the black part of it. Besides that we hope the last of the cases has occurred, there is every reason to believe, that no danger whatever attends a transient intercourse even with the sick in the most\ntainted atmosphere; much less, with the well, in that which is the purest. Favor us therefore with an assurance that we shall be able in due time to embrace you at our fireside.\n                I have been very sensible of your kindness in forwarding the several portions of our Legislative Journals, and have to thank you particularly for those of 1783. lately recd.\n                In a letter to Judge Washington, I inclosed some time ago, certain letters which he was so obliging as to send me with a permission to copy. I promised to return them & wish to know that they got safe to hand. Be so good as to take an occasion for asking him whether this was the case. Mrs M. & Payne are at my elbow with all the affectionate wishes of which I pray you to accept assurances from yours tru\u27e8ly\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0205", "content": "Title: From James Madison to an Unidentified Correspondent, 11 February 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n                \u00b6 To an Unidentified Correspondent. Letter not found. 11 February 1821. Described as a two-page autograph letter, signed, from Montpelier, in Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 1425 (14 Feb. 1929), item 41.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0206", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John A. Wharton, 12 February 1821\nFrom: Wharton, John A.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I am unacquainted with you; yet an unmeaning ceremony, I believe, to be as disagreeable to you, as it is foreign to the purpose. It will not therefore, I hope, be thought presumption in me to address you at present, on a subject of the first importance. But to the purpose. I am a young man in pursuit of an education, and desirous of enjoying the benefits offered by the establishment of The University of my native state. My object at present is to solicit any information which you possess relative to the seminary at Charlottesville Viz: When it will go into operation, and as economy is by no means to be disregarded by me I wish to ascertain what will be the probable annual expense of a student at the University. And lastly what are the qualifications necessary to ensure an entrance into each class. I entertain doubts, whether it will be in your power [to] answer the last of my enquiries. However as information on that head would obviate many difficulties, I thought it necessary to insert it. As my residence in Tennessee is only temporary, I have to request you to direct your answer to Davis\u2019 store, Bedford Virginia, the place of my residence. I have now to beg pardon for\nintruding on your patience & to pray you to accept the assurance of my profound respect and esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0207", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Baldwin, ca. 13 February 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Baldwin, Henry\n                \u00b6 To Henry Baldwin. Letter not found. Ca. 13 February 1821. Printed facsimile of RC cover sheet, addressed and franked by JM; postmarked 13 Feb. 1821 at Orange Court House. Offered for sale in Robert F. Batchelder Catalog 64 [1988], item 32. Henry Baldwin (1780\u20131844), a Connecticut-born, Yale-educated, Pittsburgh lawyer, was half-brother to Abraham Baldwin and Ruth Baldwin Barlow. Baldwin served in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1817\u201322, where he was chairman of the committee on manufactures, 1819\u201322. From 1830 until his death he was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (M. Flavia Taylor, \u201cThe Political and Civic Career of Henry Baldwin, 1799\u20131830,\u201d Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 24 [1941]: 37\u201350).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0208", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert S. Garnett, 14 February 1821\nFrom: Garnett, Robert S.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Mr Garnett presents his compliments to Mr Madison and begs that he will accept of the Report of the Committee on Agriculture herewith enclosed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0209", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert H. Rose, 14 February 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rose, Robert H.\n                \u00b6 To Robert H. Rose. Letter not found. 14 February 1821. Calendared as a one-page letter in the lists probably made by Peter Force (DLC, series 7, box 2).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0210", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Ethan Allen Brown, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Brown, Ethan A.\n                J. Madison presents his respects to Governour Brown with many thanks for the \u201cReport\u201d accompanying his Note of Jany. 26. It is a very able paper, on a subject well meriting the consideration and discussion, to which the views taken of it by the Committee are calculated to lead.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0211", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Harris Crawford, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\n                Mr Hackley heretofore in the Consular service of the U.S. in Spain, is desirous of an appt. in E. Florida, which it seems to be understood, is soon to come within their jurisdiction.\n                My personal acquaintance with Mr. H. is very limited. I can say with truth & with pleasure, nevertheless, that I have been led by it to a very favorable opinion not only of his agreeable manners but of his general intelligence and his capacity for pub: service. And I find that he is held in very particular estimation by his highly respectable friends & connections; all of whom taking a warm interest in his behalf will be much gratified, should no superior pretensions be an insuperable obstacle, at seei[n]g him in an improved way of making provision for a most deserving & amiable family. Begging pardon for this intrusion, I tender you, Sir assurances of my high consideration & cordial regards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0212", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard S. Hackley, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hackley, Richard S.\n                In consequence of your letter just recd. I have dropped a few lines on the subject of it to the Secy. of the Treasy: which are enclosed. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0213", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas L. McKenney, 17 February 1821\nFrom: McKenney, Thomas L.\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Weston\u2014Heights of Geo Town\u2014Feby, 17. 1821.\n                I hope I may be excused for troubling you with the enclosed pamphlet. I am prompted to enclose it to you, Sir, by other considerations than those which relate to its merits.\n                I avail myself of the occasion to make a tender of my remembrance to Mrs. Madison, in which I am join\u2019d by Mrs. McKenney; and to assure you of my Sincere & respectful regards.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0214", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 17 February 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                I regret to have to inform you of the death of Mr Wm. Burwell which took place on yesterday, after a long illness. He was a virtuous man & good member.\n                The treaty with spain has been ratified unconditionally by her govt., & the grants annulld in the instrument of ratification. It is now before the Senate on the question whether it shall be accepted, the time stipulated for the ratification having previously expird. No serious opposition is anticipated.\n                There is some hope that Missouri will be admitted, on a mov\u2019ment on the part of Pennsyla., by her Senators in concert with some members in the H. of R. Mr Biddle who is here, has renderd some service in this important occurrence.\n                There is also some hope that our commercial difference with France will be adjusted. Your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0215", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Laval, 19 February 1821\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have the honor to inform you that the fourth Edition of Nature Displayed is just published: the Cause of the delay of the publication, until this period, is the long absence of Mr. Dufief from the U.S. I forward you, by this day\u2019s Mail, the first Volume, & Shall transmit, by the next, the Second of the Copy for Which you paid four Years Since. I am With Consideration & respect Sir, Your very humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0216", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert S. Garnett, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Garnett, Robert S.\n                J.M. presents his re[s]pects to Mr. Garnet with thanks for the Report of the Come. on agriculture which well merits the perusal for which an opportunity was politely afforded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0217", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert Mackay, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay, Robert\n                I duly recd. yours of  . The Mill saw was safely brought by the Waggoner. I am sorry to observe that it was not only without the usual holes for fixing it in the wooden frame; but had a flaw inward from the teeth near the middle of the saw, visible at the slightest glance. This defect is particularly unfortunate, as it requires a slackness in working the Saw, that loses both time & water, the latter a very scarce article. If it will be taken back; I request the favor of you, to send me another and a better, by the first oppy. you can confide in. Before I was informed of the defect in the Saw, orders had been given for punching the necessary holes. These however are now an advantage to it. Be so obliging as to forward the inclosed as soon as may be to Liverpool.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0218", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Maury, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Maury, James\n                Your favor enclosing Act. Sales & invoice came safe to hand. The articles sent are liable to no objection except that some of them are rather of a superior sort & of course, price, than was in view. I have arranged with Mr. Mackay, the balance due from me so as [to] stand debited in his books for it.\n                The sales of the Tobo. did not fully meet expectation. That of the best quality it was thought wd. have equalled the price of the James River, and the difference in the prices of the different Hhds was less than the supposed\ndifference in their qualities. I am afraid that a distinction is made in England, between Tobo. going from Rappahannock & from James River, to the disadvantage of the former; tho\u2019 of the same quality, from the same soil, and such as would sell at Richd at the same price. If this be the case, I must send my future Crops to the latter place whether to be there shipped or sold. One of the motives for sending the last Crop to Fredg. was that it saves nearly half the expense of transportation; and it was presumed that its quality alone wd. determine its price in the foreign market. Be so good as to favor me with an early line of information on this subject. My late crop of Tobo. is of the best quality the year on the whole having been favorable, and the soil such as you know.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0220", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Mackay, 23 February 1821\nFrom: Mackay, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n                Yr favour 20th. is before me. I regret exceedingly that the Saw does not meet your expectations. Being no judge myself, I requested others to choose, and at Same time agreed that it should be returned if it did not answer. I have mentioned the Subject to Mr. Richards from whom it was purchased, who Says he is willing to take it back, although holes are punched, provided it has not been used so as to be perceived & thereby prevent a Sale. I however imagine this is the case.\n                The letter for Mr. Maury is already forwarded. Yours with esteem,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0221", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Alexander Otis, 25 February 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Otis, George Alexander\n                \u00b6 To George Alexander Otis. Letter not found. 25 February 1821. Offered for sale in Kenneth W. Rendell, Inc., Catalogue No. 88 (1973), item 100, where it is described as a one-page autograph letter, signed, with the following text: \u201cI have received the favor of your last volume of Botta for which I make you my acknowledgments. On running it over, my opinion is not lessened either as to the value of the work itself or the public patronage due to your laudable task in translating it. And I join in every wish which has been expressed that you may be disappointed of no part of the reward to which you are entitled.\u201d For the letter JM refers to, see Otis to JM, 31 Jan. 1821.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0224", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George W. Featherstonhaugh, 6 March 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Featherstonhaugh, George W.\n                I offer you many thanks for the 1st. vol: of Memoirs published by your Agricultural Board. It contains a very valuable mass of instruction both Theoretical & Practical. If it had not the benefit of the materials expected from the subordinate Societies, it must be of great use in stimulating and guiding their reports which may succeed it.\n                I am very glad to find that it fell within the scope of your disquisitions, to unfold the present Chemical doctrine with regard to the elements of matter; particularly the organized parts of it. It will answer well the purpose of counteracting any general imputations from unfriendly quarters; should pretexts for such be taken from the defective views of the subject, in the paper, which I see has been honored with a place in your Volume.\n                On the supposition, as authorized by facts, that a combination of two elements may produce a third substance different from both; that a combination of a greater number may proportionally diversify such new results; and that a change even in the proportions of the same elements combined may have like effects; a field seems to be opened for a possible multiplication, from a few elements, of the forms and qualities of matter such as the face of our globe now presents. It does not necessarily follow however from this possibility, that all the varieties now beheld in the productions of nature, could be converted into a single or few classes of them. It is more than probable that there are laws, in the economy of nature, which would not admit so entire a metamorphosis of her original System; that there may be certain relations between different classes of her productions, which require for their preservation and increase, the existence & influence of each other. And it seems certain that such a revolution would have the consequence, not easily to be admitted, of rendering a portion of elementary matter, supernumerary & useless for the laboratory of nature.\n                Whatever be the number of distinct elements or gases, as these must be inconvertible one into another, the existing mass of each element must be of fixt amount, and bear of course a fixt proportion each to the others, in the existing order of things. Taking then any particular class or classes of plants, (those for example of human use) which happen not to comprize every distinct element, or tho\u2019 comprizing every element, yet in proportions not corresponding with the proportions now existing in the whole vegitable creation, a destruction of every other class of plants would\nnecessarily leave unemployed all the elements not required for the new modelled Systems.\n                Perceiving how far I have wandered from my proper object, I hasten a return to it, by repeating my acknowledgments for your valuable Book, with assurances of my esteem and cordial respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0225", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter Minor, 7 March 1821\nFrom: Minor, Peter\nTo: Madison, James\n                A special meeting of the Agricultural society of Albemarle, was held yesterday upon a business, the nature of which you will understand from a perusal of the enclosed papers under cover to Mr. Skinner.\n                As the paper appointing Mr Skinner the Societys agent, will necessarily be exhibited in Spain, it was thought it would go forth better authenticated with the addition of your Signature as President of the Society; & I now comply with their wishes & resolution, in asking you to affix it. I further ask the favor of you to inform me if this comes to hand, and request you to forward the packet by mail to Mr Skinner.\n                The committee ask your indulgence for having opened the letter of Matro de la Serna, addressed to you. A well grounded belief that it related to the business in question, & your absense & distance from this place they thought would excuse the liberty. With very great respect Yr. obt. Sert.\n                    Agl. Soc: of Albemarle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0226", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Maury, 8 March 1821\nFrom: Maury, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                Ere this I intended to have thanked you for the letters of introduction which you were kind enough to send to Tom Maury for me, not only as such, but for the very flattering attention I have met with from them.\n                Luckily I arrived at Lexington before Mr Clays departure for the Seat of Government, other wise I should have missed the opportunity he gave me of enjoying a Society, more improved & polished than many I have seen in larger Towns\u2014this will surprize many of my English friends, as you may suppose from Mr Clays ironical observation to me. What; said he, did you come alone? Yes. And did you meet with no Buffaloes or Bears? No. But with Wild Indians certainly you had an encounter.\n                This tho is really an idea entertained by many, otherwise well informed in the Old Country.\n                At Frankfort I only staid a couple of days, where I found Judge Todd on the point of starting. I could not see him, but left your letter.\n                I attended the Legislature, the first Body I had seen in this Country. They were rough & unpolished, but seemed to possess a great deal of shrewdness for their own interest.\n                Thence I proceeded to Louisville, still pleased with my tour & mode of travelling, but the prospect for the Roads & Weather was so bad that I came down the River in a Steam Boat; the passage was agreeable enough but I prefer Horse back so much, that I shall return by Land, in about a Month.\n                I am glad tho that I had an opportunity of witnessing the grandeur of the River, & Resources of this City, in a few years to become one of the greatest in the United States & one day to vie with all the former splendor & magnificence of Alexandria!\n                \u2019Tis not with the general society & manners of the City that I have been as much pleased, as the contrast with other Cities in the United States for this is the first specimen I have seen of French manners, & I cannot speak French.\n                The Governor has been very attentive to me; in him I find a well informed & polite Gentleman, tho he will laugh a little at John Bulls expense.\n                Last week I was in Natchez, but Governor Poindexter was at his Seat 40 miles from there & Mr. Holmes gone to Washington. That is also a very thriving place, containing about 4000 people, the Society formed by the neighbouring planters very good.\n                The American inhabitants now beginning to predominate in this City its improvement is commencing, first by paving it, which must considerably add to its health, to say nothing of beauty or convenience.\n                This Season will I think be very unhealthy from the immense quantity of provisions &c, that must for want of sale be warehoused. Even now when the heat is only 70 a 75 they are beginning to putrify.\n                The poor Kentuckian is only getting 2.50 for Flour, 30 for Corn & 2 a 4\u00bd for his Tobacco.\n                The best thing to be done is to turn Cotton planter, getting 12 a 18 for what will produce 11 a 17 in Europe! Certainly a few copies of Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations ought to be sent here.\n                Pray present my respects to Mrs Madison & accept the assurance with which I have the honor to be Your obliged servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0227", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph C. Cabell, 10 March 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph C.\nTo: Madison, James\n                It would have given me great pleasure to write you from time to time the state of our business in the Assembly, and I should have done so, but that my constitution was scarcely able to support the pressure of my regular duties. In the interview which I shall have the pleasure to have with you at Monticello in April, I will give you any details you may desire respecting past transactions & future prospects. But I must ask leave to say a few words to you in anticipation. You see our Bill has passed, but in a shape very different from what we desired. \u201cTwo or three more such victories & we are undone.\u201d The Academies have joined the Primary Schools, & we\nare hemmed in between the $45,000, & the surplus over $60,000, with a debt the interest of which amounts to nearly half of our annuity. It is really strange: no body in the country seems to care for this poor school system: and yet in the House of Delegates it remains popular. My present impression is that to get rid of our debt, we must look beyond the Literary Fund, and the Assembly will always be difficult on that head. Many respectable men in the Assembly are becoming impatient about the Academies, and are pressing the opinion that the University should go forward by degrees. Our leading friends about Richmond discover great anxiety as to the future. The enemies of the Institution are gaining ground with the Bulk of the people generally thro\u2019 the State. The Appointment of Doctor Cooper has enlisted all the religious orders of Society against the Institution. You have not an idea how excessively unpopular Doctor Cooper now is in Virginia. I verily believe that 99/100s of the people of Virginia would now vote against him. Even all the free thinkers of my acquaintance about Richmond protest against his being made a Professor of the University; all on the ground of policy, & some on the ground of principle. I sincerely believe that if Doctor Cooper should be made President, it will cause the entire overthrow of the institution. Possibly he may be sustained as a Professor, if he comes in with others, after a time. I doubt whether he would get any votes except yours, Mr. Jefferson\u2019s & mine. If he should, the further support would be reluctant homage to yourself and Mr. Jefferson. This state of things vexes & distresses me: and I apprize you of it, to prevent you and Mr. Jefferson from being taken unawares, & from committing yourselves to Doct: Cooper. For further information on this head I refer you to the Visitors in full meeting. It is the Universal opinion of all our friends that we should never come here again for money to erect buildings. This is the last donation for that object. Our friends tell me\u2014\u201cFor God\u2019s sake, beg Mr. Jefferson & Mr. Madison, to finish the buildings with this $60,000. and if it should not be enough, not to commence any building which cannot be finished.\u201d Many think we had better not spend any more of the $60,000, than is indispensably necessary to put the institution into operation, & to keep as much as possible of the Annuity for the annual support of the establishment. They think it would be a great recommendation to report a balance unexpended next winter. The two Houses parted on very bad terms; the House of Delegates in a state of great excitement, because the Senate would not consent to an unconditional surrender of the back quotas. The Senate only insisted on a few very reasonable amendments calculated to prevent waste & misapplication. We are falling into days of ignorance & bigotry where local & petty interests, take captive the general good, as the Liliputians did Gulliver. Looking to the future, with better hopes, at the begining of our session, I had made up my mind to offer no more for the Senate but I have at the request of Mr. Jefferson & some\nother friends consented to come again, & render any service in my power. I have written in various directions to my friends with the hope of bringing in auxiliaries. I hope to succeed with Mr. Taylor of Chesterfield, the gentleman who acted so great a part on the subject of the site. Mr. Archer of Powhatan will also join us. He is a man of considerable energy of character, & very zealous in whatever he undertakes. Col: Mallory of your county, is of the same class, is very enthusiastic on this subject & ought to return. Mr. Morton appears to me a most amiable & enlightened young gentleman, & would go any lengths for the University. Doddridge joined us heartily at the close of the session: he will not return. Blackburn united cordially with us, & was a valuable friend. He will probably return & run with us. But he was much offended about the failure of the Primary School-bill. Mr. Morris of Hanover, one of our best friends will come again. So I hope will Mr. Crump, Mr. Bowyer, Mr. Watson & Mr. Gordon. But I greatly fear that our principal friend, Genl. Breckenridge will not consent to serve again. This is a point of infinite importance, for he is the only man that can keep the western delegation correct. He promised me not to commit himself till our meeting in April, but I am credibly informed that when he left town, he declared he could not consent to serve again. Botetourt Court is on monday next, and I fear he will then publicly decline, and another candidate be declared in his place. Yet I have reasons to believe that if such should be the fact, the person will be the late Speaker Watts, son in law to the Genl. who could be prevailed on to give place to his father in law. I now write you, as I have this day written Mr. Jefferson, chiefly for the purpose of conjuring you to write immediately to the Genl. and to use all your influence with him to serve one more term. He is our Bulwark in the House of Delegates, & if we lose him, without a great change in the public mind, I shall be in utter despair for years to come. His address is Fincastle. We shall lose our valuable friend Mr. Stevenson, who will go to Congress. I am, Dr. Sir, with great respect & sincere regard yr. obt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0229", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander Scott, 10 March 1821\nFrom: Scott, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\n                In addition to the favors heretofore received from you, (which I shall ever hold in grateful recollection) I feel a reluctance at making any other request, and must premise a wish that you will not comply with it unless perfectly agreeable to your feelings.\n                I should wish to fill a situation created under the Spanish treaty (Secretary to the Board of Commissioners,) and consider myself qualified for it by a knowledge of the French and Spanish Languages, which the law requires. The former I learned in early youth, and by a subsequent residence in France attained a more perfect knowledge of it. The latter I can translate, not with the same facility but with correctness. I am recommended strongly by my friends Genl Mason, Mr. Wirt, & Chancellor Kilty, also Col Lloyd of the Senate. The present Pressure of the times has much augmented the competition for office, and the number of applicants is further encreased by the diminution of the army. A few lines from you to Col Monroe would, I am persuaded turn the scale in my favor. I do assure you Sir, it shall be the last time I will ever ask your interference, and do it now with much unwillingness.\n                Mrs. Scott, who is in very bad health and under great mental depression from the recent loss of our two promising sons, desires her best respects and wishes to Mrs Madison. With great respect and Esteem I am Dr Sir Yr mo: obedt. Servt\n                    Alexander Scott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0230", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Cooper, 12 March 1821\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Columbia S. Carolina March 12. 1821\n                When I first engaged to act as chemical Professor at the south Carolina College, I refused to contract for a longer period than a twelve month, expressly on account of my engagement in Virginia.\n                At my departure from this place last autumn, I refused making any promise to return here on a permanent engagement, untill I had an opportunity of ascertaining the prospects of the Charlottesville University. In meantime, a Dr. Porter came here, on invitation of some of the Trustees, recommended by Professor Silliman of Yale College to take the chair of Chemistry should I decline it.\n                When I returned here, I passed thro\u2019 Virginia, & staid a week at Monticello. Mr Jefferson told me, he was quite uncertain whether the Virginia legislature would afford sufficient aid to the Charlottesville institution to enable it to go on: that it was a very unpropitious time to make the application owing to the losses the state had lately incurred: that if they should refuse the necessary aid, the Buildings might remain unoccupied for seven years to come.\n                I found Governor Randolph also in great doubt wher. any thing wd. be done by the Legislature or not. I returned with this hopeless kind of information to Columbia.\n                I there found the Trustees desirous of retaining me, but hesitating about my election for another limited period: Dr. Porter meanwhile ready for the Chair, as my Suppleant, should I relinquish it.\n                I was not able to waste any more time indefinitely. My family were anxious to join me some where. I had no encouragement to go to your state, and I was compelled to accept of the chemical Chair on the conditions of permanent residence, and removing my family here. I have done so, and I consider myself as fixed in this place.\n                Since I have been here, the Trustees have influenced the Legislature to add 1000 Dlrs to my Salary as mineralogical Professor, and have since elected me President of the College for a period, which will end I presume at my option or my demise.\n                Under these circumstances, I feel myself bound in honour to recommend if I can an efficient Professor of Chemistry & Mineralogy to your Institution; and under that obligation I write now.\n                Mr Lardner Vanuxem, now with me here as an assistant, was formerly a student of mineralogy and Chemistry for two years in Philadelphia, and since that time for 3 years with exemplary industry at Paris, where he received the public compliment of approbation in the introductory lecture of the Mineralogical professor in the school of Mines. His good character, talents, & merit are well known to Mr Gallatin who will confirm this report.\n                I think I know every man in the United States who has pretensions to Chemical and mineralogical Knowledge: I speak with the utmost confidence, & without scruple, when I say, that Mr Vanuxem has no equal among them. You cannot procure a person so well qualified in point of Knowledge. How he would perform as a public lecturer I know not, but the necessary fluency is easily acquired, where there is the necessary knowledge, as there is here.\n                Mr Vanuxem is about 30 Years of age: of a well known family in Philadelphia, his father, a merchant of very long standing there, attached to the Virginia politics, having a very large family natives of the United States.\n                It is true I wish to render Mr Vanuxem a service, but I have not the slightest motive to interest myself in his behalf, but his merit: and it is because I feel personally and anxiously concerned for the interest of the Virginia Institution, that you are now troubled with this detail from Dear Sir Your obliged & faithful friend and Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0234", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 15 March 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n                Your favor of the fourth of December came safely to hand, and with it the letter for Mr Joy, and one for Miss Wright, both of which have been delivered. Mr Smith into whose hands I put the latter, informs me that there was no difficulty in forwarding it to its destination. I have to beg, dear Sir, that you will without scruple commit to my care whatever letters you may have occasion to write to this country, and I would add indeed, that if you should ever wish any forwarded to any other part of Europe, opportunities by the way of England being the most frequent, I shall be at all times happy if you will entrust them to my charge. I beg you also to command me in all other ways whilst I stay here, in which it may ever occur to you that I can be useful. The friendship with which you have honored me, stands forward as among the first pleasures and gratifications of my life, and to be still kept in your recollection whilst I am away, keeps alive feelings in me that I shall ever greatly prize.\n                Knowing that it was your wish to see a good answer to Malthus on population, I had great pleasure in sending you, about a month ago, Godwins work on this express subject. It was at a moment when I was not able to accompany it by a line, as I had wished, nor indeed had I then had the leisure to look into the book. I have since read it through, and with extraordinary interest. What is thought of it here, I do not yet know, as nobody in the circles where I chiefly move seems to be acquainted with it, and the Reviews have not yet that I have seen taken it in hand. But the book will probably make some noise in the world. Whatever Godwin writes, is calculated to set people to thinking, whether he be in the right or not; and it is understood that he is chiefly desirous that his fame should rest upon this work. It makes some startling appeals to the legislator and the political\neconomist. I see that he has fallen into some extravagant mis[s]tatements respecting our country; but the general current of his facts and reasoning, taking the work throughout, has something in it curious and awakening. He writes too much in a passion; yet, if passion does blunder sometimes it is also its characteristick to be energetick, and so is he in this work. He battles his cause fiercely, and with frequent if not constant success. It seems difficult to rise from his pages without looking upon a man in some new lights. We begin to regard him as an animal more rare and valuable than we had supposed; as no incumbrance to the earth in England, or even in China itself, and as proper to be brought into being in all countries by bounties, rather than kept away by prohibitions. I am afraid to say all that I think of his theory, not being able at present to carry my investigations enough into it to satisfy my own conclusions, and being too much under the influence of first impressions. I have for some years inclined to an opinion that the true policy of the United States would consist in extending the rights of citizenship to all new-comers upon terms far easier and more alluring than we do now; as Holland did in the best days of her history, and as Russia does at this moment. How then must this book have affected me? I shall wait with impatience for Malthus\u2019s rejoinder. Rejoin I presume he will, after all the hard blows this formidable adversary has given him.\n                The agricultural address with which you were so kind as to favor me a couple of years ago, contained sentiments, as nearly as I can recollect, in accordance with some of Godwins leading views. But perhaps I am wrong. Having been forced to part, as I formerly mentioned, with both my copies of the pamphlet, I regretted that I could not turn to it.\n                Events of the highest moment are daily expected to take place in Italy. You will have seen the official letter of Lord Castlereagh respecting the merits of the dispute between Naples and Austria. That the troops of the latter may be discomfited in their unjustifiable invasion, is, I should say, the ardent wish of a majority of the people of this country; but not, I believe, of the ministry.\n                Begging to join Mrs Rush in affectionate remembrances to Mrs Madison, I tender to you, dear Sir, the assurances of my perpetual respect and attachment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0235", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Rhea, 19 March 1821\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Madison, James\n                Please to accept the within copy of a circular Letter\u2014and be so good as to present my respects to your Lady. I have the honor to be Your obt servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0236", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Peter S. Du Ponceau, 23 March 1821\nFrom: Du Ponceau, Peter S.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Understanding that the new Virginia University at Charlotte[s]ville is to be opened in December next, & that a Professor of Chemistry & Mineralogy is to be elected, I take the liberty of recommending for that station, Mr Lardner Clark Vanuxem, now of Columbia S.C. He is a native of this City, from respectable parents, who from his infancy Shewed such a disposition to the studies connected with natural Philosophy, that his whole mind was employed in them until he came to the age of chusing a profession when his father finding that the bent of his genius was not to be conquered, Sent him to Paris, where he pursued for three Years his favorite studies under the best teachers, & returned home fraught with knowledge. He is now an assistant to Dr Cooper who thinks highly of his acquirements & most probably will recommend him to you. For my part I am free to certify to his excellent Moral Character, & to his unconquerable attachment to the studies he has pursued, which I have for many Years witnessed. I have the honor to be With the greatest veneration & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0237", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Elwell, 26 March 1821\nFrom: Elwell, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n                I Write to Inform You of my Lemantable Sitewation & if Your Exelincey recolects in 1811 and 1812 I Was on to se You and made an Aplication Concerning the Schoner Hero and Cargo that Was robed from me and My regester forged in Wilmington North Carlonia. You Advised me to wait Untill Congress met and lay my Greviance befour the House Which I did take Your Advise and petioned for releif. The petion was dispenced With reading befour the House and refered to a Comitee Of Comerce and Manefactors Which I think was the Wrong Comitee to have layed the business befour as I think the Comitee of the Judicary Would have been more proper. Then the Whole business of the Courts would have been examined into and the Matter fully explained\u2014by Some Means the business was delayed so that I Could Not Obtain no Information nor redress Whatever. Neither have I had a full knoledge of the whole business since I left Washington on the Account of having to render the same fate in this state for the proceedings has been Just alike in Both states by the Influence of that Combination of swindlers of the Laws of our Cuntry. When Ariving into the state of Massachusetts their I found a power put on reccord perporting to be a General power. I then Advertised the Whole proceedings a forgery in the Argis paper printed in portland a forgery in order to back all their fallce proceedings Under that stolen power. They sold reail and personal property to a Large an Amount and received the money and gave deeds Contrary to law Which the Combination of theives and swindlers Cannot deny because those deeds was put on reccord in the County of Hancock\u2014and Now they Come forrawd and say it was to try to save my property So like the Theif When he is de[te]cted Must and will have some excuse. They Own they Ment to steel but the Whole business Neads no further proof than the records where the deeds Are recorded and the Stattitute violated by their artfull proceedings. I Humbly if they meant to serve me Which they pretended Why did they place my Whife and Children in a state of starvation in my absence from Them So that they were Obliged to Cawl on the town For relief. So the thing speaks for it self. They not ondly Set out to destroy me but the Whole famely Which has been a Grevious thing as my Children has had but a Slim Chanc to get their edication. I have tryed to learn them What has been Cause of such a delay of Justice that if Death should take me away from them by Copys from the deferant Courts and Notery publicks protest of their Protentions they would be able to look up their fradulent Transactions Except that the Covenant was broken and our bill of rights violated and taken from us. I Want Your Exelincys Opinion Wuther a man Can be Debard from the\nlaws of his Cuntry except he has been Outlawed by some Open violation that he has been Guilty of or be debard from a Jury of our Cuntry\u2014but it seems as tho it Now is the Cace in this Odious trancaction for they never dare to let this Cace go to a Jury even for the damages on account of the Crimanality. Now sir if This is the Case on the account of such a Large Combination has been Guilty of violating the Laws of God and man that The Law Cant Give redress do they not place the Individual Over their heads to Make the Law to sute himself. I very Well know their has been a rumer spread by that Combinatn Of swindlers that I was a Crazey man but I Will apeal to Your Exelenceys Judgement if their was not more of a Crazey turn in their brains than Your H Servant. If Ever such an Open violation of permidated piece of treachery would ever taken place Under this Goverment to Robe One of their own sitzans and family out of some Where about Twenty thousand dollars Worth of real and personal property Besides placeing me out of my business for twelve years. They have tryed to excuse themselves Under ever transaction that Man was able to invent but all proved fruitless. You may think it very strange that the mater has been Delayed by me not makeing a more perservering atempt for this length of time as it was a business of such a Magenitud. I have been expecting that Congress would do something for me and my family as I hope and trust they will by the \u27e8action?\u27e9 Of You and some of my good friends as I and my family are determined to look up the proceedings as soon as may be for I Now have a Whife and four sons Men grown that have with myself been a wating with a great deal pacience. If they will Not Come forrowd to Grant me No releif What are we to do in such a Case? Why we Must Cawl on the diferant Legislatures of the states and from them to the people Which are all Liable under our elective Goverment. But I pray that will not be the Case for I have a better opinion of our Rulers and I trust that they have more regard for their oathe of office than to Neglect One Indvidual and his family by haveing the Constitution and the Laws of our Cuntry trampled upon in such a manner by a sett of Swindlers. I Expect if I had let that Combination Of the violaters of the Law have my vesell sail under a forged register the same as tho I had it sold to a British Merchant the business would have been setled with And My money paid over to me. Then Where was my Oath in such a Case besides my own Conscience by being Gilty of such anormis Crime? Would Not such a proceeding have been High treason by asisting a foreigner With our sertificates of register to help their trade. You now se the begining of this business. A Foreigner one George Cameron set out To Rob me out of my vesell and Cargo and sertifcte. of Registery to help their trade. You now se the beginning of this business. A Foreigner one George Cameron Of the town of Wilmington North Carolina had Been a resident for a Number of Years but Never Would take the Oath of Alegance to this\nGoverment Set out to rob me out of My vesell and Cargo and a Sartificat of the Government Because as he afterwards Said that I Was a Dambd Yankee the Ofspring of those Rebels that rebeled against his Goverment. He With som Others More friendly to his Goverment than they Ware to their own Especialy one Samuel R. Goselin a Lawyer then set out to take pertentions as a proctur of the Laws of the General Goverment Which was a pretended Libell befour the district Court for the United States in Wilmington N Carolina. After the proceedings was dismissed by the District Judge Potter he then Obtained an other pretence from the County of Hanover in the state afoursaid and Caused the Whole Vesell and Cargo to be sold befour my face and at the sail I Loudly Exclamed Who ever bought that property bought Stolen Goods. The Sheriff William Nut did sell the Whole property to William Camell. He finding the sail fradulent sold herr again to get herr of his hands for says he to the Cheif Judge of the County I have ruined my self for I have bought Stolen Goods for the Owner was Present and Loudly Exclaimed that whoever bought that property bought Stolen Goods and Where Liable to the provisions of the Law. His Advice was You Must sell herr again for to get herr of Your hands. He then sold herr to one Whiple as he said belon[g]ing to New York. After Geting ready for sea I asked him how he was a going to saile that vesell. His reply was You will Grant request papers for herr will You Knot. My reply was she sould lay their and rott first\u2014he then aplyed to the Collector for the papers but he refused by saying You Nor No Other Shall have them papers Untill Jonathan Elwell is paid and Setled with. The vesell Layed about Tenn days and then a Clearance Was Granted by the Collector Rober Cochran of Wilmington and the said Schooner did sail a Number of Voy[ag]es under some Clande[s]tine head I supose to serve that Scotch foreigner In order for to earn Money for to pay the damages Still keeping me their Without furnishing me with any Suport What ever. I made a number of Atempts to Scivill Authorities for to Obtain Warrants to aprehend them Robers to bring them to Justice but they all refused. If I had Money I Should have sued them for their Denying their duties Injoined Uppon by Law. The Courts seeing such a Comitment they delayed the Matter, thinking to Weare me out or that I should be so Much dissatisfyed to seek some other Cuntry for redress but they found out their Mistake for Wher evver I am robed out of my property their I am determined to seek Redress to the Last end of life. Sir pardon me for this Naritive as it is very Lengthy and Meanly Wrote as You must expect from the sitiwation I am placed in To Work hard and fare the same with My property and damages in the hands of them swindlers and their Accomplices. Now sir this is sent to you by the desire of My second son that is on his Death beed. He repeats the request over and again Never to quit\nWriteing to You and the heads of the Nation Untill redress is Granted for my Greivanc as he Lays his death to the Cause of Workeing hard and faring the same with the perplexity of Mind that has Caused a Consumption of his vitals To se such high Crimes and Misdominors in ofice that Justice Could Not Be obtained Intirely a dead Letter of the Law, Laws against Us but None in our favour for us. He has been expecting to get better for to Come on to se You if the Covenant was broken or What steps was Necsary for my relief but alass he is no More but Intirely Resigned himself Up to the hands of his Gracious God by saying he was Glad to retire from this theifing Combination and their Accomplicies. He alltho my son he has allways been admired for his tallents and virtues. Seeing and hearing of My Constant adhearing to the Constitution and the Laws of the Land With the perticuler favour for the Administration he has Made it [h]is studdy to find out such a delay of Justice Which I in som degree have sati[s] fyed by My papers and doctuments in my possesin With the pub[l]ick News papers in my possion in the State Where the robery took place. Sir their is no doubt that forgery with Lys has taken place that My property has been restored with damages by some and Others that My property never was Robed from me. Then what mus be my feeling taking Such a solemn Oat[h] befour My god besides the proof by their pretended Athorities of the General Goverment and state Goverments. Allso if I Could Not prove those Asertions should I dare to Cawl On the diferant tribunals with this asurance. No the diferant tribunals Up to Congres knows the facts. The Courts have tried the Causse and the precidents have pardoned alltho kept in secret from the publick but Not from me as I think I know Every proceeding from the County court up to Congress. I Humbly ax You What must be your feelings Was You to be placed in such a situwation Humbly Beging for your own property that was Robed from You that You had spent the principle part of You[r] days by brousing the seas and that the Chief Magistrate for the Nation would give you No sati[s]faction so that the Loer tribunals would Not adheare to Your suplications as they expect that the Large Weale must be set a going then of Course the small Weale would of Course follow to do Justice. Sir You stated to me that I Could do More than You Could. I Expect in Case of Impeacment Agreable to the Constitution of the Judges that the president shall Not pardon but the plaintiff Shall have his triall by a Jury of the Country and if they are Condemned their is their State the Gallos. This I know to be the Case. But What steps Upon the Humane side of the Law. Death is a tereable terror but if It was Not for this terror Where would be the security for any personal property for every thinking person is shure that the Majestry of the Law is the Next step from the father of all. Good Sir I Humbly axk ten thousand Pardons For waring Your paticen with this\nawfull \u27e8Moras?\u27e9, but I hope You will forgive me as we desire the Great and Gracious God will forgive Us all by our Hum station This from Your Most obd Humble Servant\n                    Jonathan Elwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0239", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 31 March 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                Since I have been in this office many newspapers have been sent to me, from every part of the union, unsought, which, having neither time nor curiosity to read, are in effect thrown away. I should have stopped the practice, but from delicacy to the Editors, & expecting also, that they would subject me to no charge. Lately I have been informed that the same practice took place in your time, & had been tolerated till you retird, when the editors sent you bills for the amount of the subscription, to their papers, for the eight years, making an enormous sum. Be so kind as to inform me whether this was the fact, as in case it was, I may write to the Editors (a few excepted, & very few) not to send them.\n                The law for executing the Florida treaty has subjected me to great trouble & embarrassm[e]nt. The organizing a govt. in Florida, & appointment of officers there, is in itself a serious duty. I have as yet appointed the Govr. only, who is Genl. Jackson. The institution of a board of commissrs., for the settlement of claims on Spain, is attended with still greater difficulty. In general, the persons best qualified live in the great towns, especially to the Eastward. In those towns also the claimants live. If I appoint a Commissr. in one only, and not in the others, all the latter will complain; and it is impossible to appoint them in all, the number not admitting of it. I have therefore thought it best to avoid the great towns, & propose to appoint Govr. King of Maine, Judge Green of Fredericksbg, & Judge White of Knoxville Tenn:, two Lawyers & one Merchant. They are all able & upright men unconnected with the claims & claimants. I may make some changes, the commn. not having issued, & therefore wish you not to mention it.\n                From Europe we have nothing interesting since the accounts lately publishd of the menacd movment on Naples, by Austria & perhaps Russia & Prussia, tho it is intimated, that the two latter, will only place armies of\nobservation, near the scene of action, to be governd by events; & also of the decision of the British govt., not to interfere in the contest.\n                Mrs Monroe\u2019s health continues to be very delicate. The rest of my family including our youngest daughter, & her daughter, are in good health, & all desire to be affectionately rememberd to you & mrs Madison. Very sincerely your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0240", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Eyrien Fr\u00e8res & Cie., 2 April 1821\nFrom: Eyrien Fr\u00e8res & Cie.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Messieurs les administrateurs du jardin du Roi a Paris, nous ont fait Passer une caisse de grains pour vous. Nous l\u2019avons jointe a quelques autres caisses du m\u00eame Envoy & avons embarqu\u00e9 le tout abord du navire americain Cadmus Capn. Witelok, a l\u2019adresse de Monsieur Hosack Directeur du jardin de Botanique de l\u2019Etat de New-york, de qui vous voudrez Bien la reclamer.\n                Nous Prenons La libert\u00e9 de Vous offrir nos Services pour Votre Correspondance avec Messieurs les administrateurs du jardin du Roi, ou pour tout autre objet qui pourrait vous interesser en france. Nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, avec La plus parfaite Consideration Monsieur, Vos tres Humbles & obeissants Serviteurs\n                CONDENSED TRANSLATION\n                The administrators of the King\u2019s Garden at Paris have forwarded to us a package of seeds for you. We added it with some other packages for the same shipment and sent it all on board the American ship Cadmus, Capt. Whitlock, addressed to Mr. Hosack, director of the Botanical Garden of the State of New York, from whom you will please request it.\n                We take the liberty of offering you our services for your correspondence with the administrators of the King\u2019s Garden, or for any other object in France which might interest you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0241", "content": "Title: Minutes of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, [2 April 1821]\nFrom: \nTo: \n                At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia at the said University on Monday the 2d. of April 1821. present Th: Jefferson Rector, James Breckenridge, Chapman Johnson & James Madison.\n                A letter having been recieved by the Rector from Thomas Appleton of Leghorn stating the prices at which the Ionic & Corinthian capitels wanting for the Pavilions of the University may be furnished there in marble, and these prices appearing to be much lower than they would cost if made here in stone, Resolved that it be an instruction to the Committee of superintendance to procure the sd. Capitels in marble from Italy.\n                Resolved as the opinion of this board, that it is expedient to procure the loan of 60,000.D or so much thereof as may be necessary, as authorised by the late act of the General Assembly concerning the University of Virginia, and that the Committee of superintendance be instructed to negociate the same with the President & Directors the literary fund of preference, or if not to be obtained from them, then with others according to the authorities of the sd. act.\n                Resolved that it is expedient to proceed with the building of the Library on the plan submitted to the board: provided the funds of the University be adequate to the completion of the buildings already begun, and to the building the Western range of hotels & dormitories, & be also adequate to the completion of the Library so far as to render the building secure & fit for use: & that it be an instruction to the Commee. of superintendance to ascertain as accurately as may be the state of accounts under the contracts already made, the expences of compleating the buildings begun & contemplated, and not to enter into any contracts for the Library until they are fully satisfied that, without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions,\nhotels & dormitories, begun and to be begun, they have funds sufficient to put the library in the condition above described.\n                And the board adjourns without day.\n                    Th: Jefferson. rector.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0242", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George W. Featherstonhaugh, 5 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Featherstonhaugh, George W.\n                I have received your favour of March 19. & am glad to find that you think of giveing still more value to your Agricultural work, by extending in a new Edition, your practical veiws of the subject. I retain at the same time my opinion in favour of the Chemical instruction which your original plan combined with them.\n                I know not well what to answer to your enquiry relative to the reception such a Volume would meet with in the Southern States. As to the state in which I live I dare not speak with confidence; so difficult is a deffusion of literary productions thro\u2019 its dispersed readers, and so universal is the present dearth of means even for the minuter articles of cost. I can scarcely doubt however that the attention which has been excited to the practice & the science of rural economy would produce a demand sufficient at least to give a right turn to the scale, if it should need such a weight, which I should not easily suppose would be the case. For myself I sincerely wish that your calculations may justify the experiment: & that, without a pecuniary loss, which would be very unreasonable, it may reward you with the satisfaction of contributing more extensively to enlighten & animate a persuit so deeply interesting to the public prosperity. I renew to you Sir assurances of my esteem & good wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0243", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 5 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n                This will be presented by John P. Wilson Esqr. of this State. I cannot speak of his worth from personal knowlege, but it is well vouched to me by a friend on whom I can entirely rely. He avails himself of resources & a leisure which enable him to indulge his curiosity in a trip to Europe; and he will be so much gratified by being made known to you that I can not refuse him a line of introduction. Yours with the highest esteem", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0244", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Cooper, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cooper, Thomas\n                I recd. some days ago your letter of Mar. 12. recommending Mr. L. Vanuxem for the Chemical Chair in our University, which we can no longer hope to fill as we had wished. He could not certainly be presented under better auspices; but it is not yet known who may be brought into comparison with him, and it is ascertained moreover that the University cannot be opened for a year or two; and must be unopened for a number of years, unless the Legislature of the State should, exchange into a Gift, the loans it has afforded.\n                Deeply as I regret the loss we have sustained, I cannot but congratulate you on the footing you at length find yourself; with a tender of my best wishes, that it may prove in every r\u27e8egard\u27e9 as beneficial to yourself, as I am sure it will to the institution which has had the good fortune, of which the course of circumstances deprived ours.\n                I duly recd. the copy of your introductory Lecture, which you were so good as to send me. I did not thank you for it at the time, because it was uncertain whether you were in Pena. or S. Cara. Permit me now to supply\nthe omission. I read the discourse with real pleasure; the views taken of the subject, appearing to have been happily selected, and presented in lights peculiarly adapted to make the desirable impressions. Be assured always of my great esteem & cordial regards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0245", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Maury, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Maury, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                I addressed you some weeks since from this place, & now submit for your inspection & opinion the annexed copy of a letter which I have to day received from my Fathers partner.\n                It is a subject upon which I would not have taken the liberty of addressing you, did I not know the strong friendship you have always manifested towards my Father. Pardon me therefore in doing this for his sake.\n                Might I ask the favor of you to consult Mr Monroe at your convenience, whether an application from my Father for the Office of Consul, in the event of his resignation for myself, would be successful.\n                His delicacy upon such a subject would be such, that unless there was a strong probability of success he would not apply; & even then, he could not, except taking into consideration that for the first 20 years the Office cost him from 1 a $400 \u214c annum & that now, he should be reimbursed, his Family will from the usual course of Nature with persons at his advanced stage of life lose their only chance.\n                Indeed my Dear Sir, tis but from these considerations alone that I thus address you, & again I pray you pardon the liberty.\n                The weather is becoming very warm thermometer 80 & this is so great a warning for a Stranger that I shall take it next week.\n                The Governor was married last evening to Mr Skipwiths eldest daughter\u2014she is 18.\n                I hope to find Mrs Madison & yourself in good health when I call for quarters in May. Meantime I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0246", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 7 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n                I have recd. your favor of the 31. ult. The retrospective claim for Newspapers has been made on me, in one instance only, since I was out of office. A printer in Vermont sent me a charge for a weekly paper during my term of 8 years, several years after I was out of office. I answered that I had never subscribed for the paper, and had always supposed it to have been forwarded without pecuniary views. The reply was that the original Editor had died, & that the paper had been continued by his successor, on the ground that my name was on the list, and in expectation of payment. The correspondence ended with a suggestion on my part, that the original printer, whose Books had passed into the new hands, had probably never meant to make a charge; but that I would pay for the period subsequent to his death, as it was alledged that the paper had been continued with that expectation. No further answer has been recd. and the lapse of time makes it probable that the claim is abandoned. I may add that at the expiration of the first four years, an acct. was presented by Poulson, whose paper had been regularly sent without a sanction. I declined paying it, as it was not legally due and had certainly no plea of any other sort. He stated that it had been sent to every President from the commencement of the Govt. and had been understood that its continuance was a matter of course. I then paid for it. It was sent afterwards, as long as I remained at Washington. But no charge has ever been made for it. Since I have been out of office, several papers gratuitously sent before have been continued, and several others\nfrom other presses have been sent me, some regularly some occasionly, for which no charge has been made, as yet at least. I shd. have put a stop to most of them, but from the delicacy which has swayed you.\n                I attended the meeting of the University Visitors the first of the month. It appears that the buildings will be compleated for opening it next year, or at farthest the Spring following: But unless the loan from the State can be changed into a gift, the annuity of 15.000 Dolrs will not be liberated for a long period, & in the meantime professors cannot be engaged. The hope of this liberality from the Genl. Assembly, depends a good deal on the payment of the State claims on the Genl. Govt. We are much interested therefore in this payment both as to the amount and the time of it. As far as it can be accelerated, with propriety, a very essential service will be rendered to the Institution. Mr. Jefferson will probably write to you on the subject. I left him quite well & several years younger in Constitution & appearance, than he was in April last. We have I fear lost all our fruit, the peaches & cherries certainly. When do you mean to leave the City? & give us the pleasure of seeing you. We hope you will be accompanied as heretofore. With our best wishes for you all Yrs. truly & respectfully.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0247", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 7 April 1821\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                I regret to find, by your letter of the 20th Feby that some of the goods sent were higher priced than you contemplated: & I can readily account for your remark so far as relates to the glasswares, the silk hose, & furniture calico: each of these being entitled to a drawback on exportation, but the expences at the excise office & custom house in stamps bonds & entry would, on such small quantities, greatly exceed the amount of those Drawbacks; as to the other articles most of them being designated fine, the orders\nto our trades men were in conformity: on future occasions of the sort we shall be obliged by your giving us your directions as to price.\n                In regard of your tobo., it having been shipped at Norfolk, a general port for taking in cargoes from all the rivers, I verily believe the idea of Rappahannock was out of the question, because the samples were exhibited with those we had on sale at the same time from Richmond; & indeed the average price of your consignment is almost, if not quite, equal to most of those we had from our correspondents in Upper James river: yet, had your\u2019s been landed out of a vessell direct from Rappahannock, it possibly might have been somewhat unfavorable, & therefore, permit me to suggest, whether it might not on the whole, be better to submit to the extra expence of carriage to Richmond, be it your intention to sell in the country or ship to a British market; & was I a Planter situated as near to James River inspections as Montpellier is, I think I should pursue the course I suggest.\n                Indeed, Sir, I am at a loss what to recommend under the present aspect of things for our antient staple; prices now are as annexed which I consider equal to a reduction of 1d. @ 2d. from those of last year. This is written in behalf of my partner & of your old obliged friend.\n                    James River leaf tobo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0248", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Shepherd, 7 April 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Shepherd, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                \u00b6 From William Shepherd. Letter not found. 7 April 1821. Referred to in JM to James Francis Madison Shepherd, 8 Dec. [1825] (DLC), where JM quotes from William Shepherd\u2019s letter: \u201cA family of the negroes that belonged to my brothers Estate have been taken back for the benefit of Betsy Shepherd: if you think proper to subscribe $500 towards paying for them, it will be thankfully recd. The money is now due.\u201d Dr. William Shepherd (d. 1825) was the brother of Alexander Shepherd, who married Elizabeth (Betsy) Conway Madison Shepherd, the daughter of JM\u2019s deceased brother Francis (Southeastern Reporter [200 vols; St. Paul, Minn., 1887\u20131939], 2:273; Chapman, \u201cWho was Buried in James Madison\u2019s Grave?,\u201d 253).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0249", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Francis Glass, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Glass, Francis\n                I have recd. your letter of Mar. 3. on the subject of your \u201cLife of Washington written in Latin for the use of Schools.\u201d\n                If it were less foreign to my inclination to be distinguished by a Dedication, I should recommend as more expedient, that you should bestow that mark of respect, on some one who would find it more practicable to give value to his acceptance of it by a previous examination of the work, and whose known critical knowledge of the Language would satisfy the public of the merit of its execution. This precaution is rendered particularly worthy of attention, by the difficulty of giving to Modern Latinity, the classical purity requisite for a School Book, & by the fewness of Examples, in which the undertaking has been regarded as successful.\n                I regret the failure of your laudable efforts to make your acquirements a resource for the maintenance of your family; and wish that your future ones may be more fortunate. With respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0250", "content": "Title: To James Madison from C. J. Brand, 10 April 1821\nFrom: Brand, C. J.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have the honor to offer to You, a copy of a treatise on the Rights of Colonies, which I beg You will condescend to accept, as a mark of the highest respect and esteem, which I entertain for the Honorable Colleague, of the ever memorable Washington. Believe me Sir! that in offering the said copy, I am only actuated by a sense of admiration for a Country, which from a colony elevated itself to the rank of a free and independant Nation, and which was the native Country of a man, whose memory shall be always dear to me, who has the honor to be a colonist, (for I feel it a honor since Washington was such:) and who, when returned in his dear Country the Cape of Good Hope, shall never cease to look up to Washington, as a guide in his future life, and consecrate in his own heart, the Memory of that great civil Reformist.\n                Allow me Sir, wishing You all happiness and prosperity, and independence to the American Nation, to Subscribe myself with the highest consideration and regard; Sir, Your most obedt: humble and devoted Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0251", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Solomon Southwick, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Southwick, Solomon\nTo: Madison, James\n                I take the liberty of begging your acceptance of my Address, &c. herewith Sent.\n                I have only to add, that I went to Washington several years ago, having previously imbibed prejudi[c]es against you as a political character, but I had not conversed wit[h] you fifteen minutes, before I was convinced that I had been duped into a wrong view of your character by designing men in whom I had placed confidence. I left Washington your friend & admirer; & I felt mortified that I had yielded myself to such erroneous impressions. In the address I am send[ing] you, I have laboured to guard the inexperienced against similar errors.\n                I sincerely pray, that you & your good Lady, to whom please tender my respectful compliments, may long live to enjoy the pleasures of dignified retirement, & the fruits of that public liberty you have so eminently contributed to establish. Your most obed\u2019t Serv\u2019t", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0253", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Anthony Charles Cazenove, 18 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\n                If you have any remains of the Lisbon Wine I had from you a year ago, or any of similar quality & price viz 125 Cents per Gallon, be so good as to send me a pipe or Hhd. well cased by the first opportunity to Fredericksburg addressed to the care of Messrs. Mackay & Campbell: also a twenty Gallon Keg of best Cognac brandy, and a like keg of best West India Spirits, both cased also. If I do not step out of your line I ask the further favor of you to send a Barrel of good brown Sugar, and another of good White do. with a Bag of Java Coffee, or of nex[t] best quality, the whole addressed as above. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0254", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 21 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n                Your favor of Novr. 15. came safe to hand, with Mr. R\u2019s farming Pamphlet, for which I return my thanks.\n                The inflexibility of G.B. on the points in question with the U.S. is a bad omen for the future relations of the parties. The present commercial dispute, tho\u2019 productive of ill humour, will shed no blood. The same cannot be said of Impressments and Blockades.\n                I have lately recd. also Mr. Godwins attack on Malthus, which you were so good as to forward. The work derives some interest from the name of the Author, and from the singular views he takes of the subject.\nBut it excites a more serious attention by its tendency to disparage abroad, the prospective importance of the U.S. who must owe their rapid growth to the principle combated.\n                In this country the fallacies of the Author will be smiled at only; unless other emotions should be excited by the frequent disregard of the probable meaning of his opponent, and by the harshness of the comments on the moral scope of his doctrine. Mr. G. charges him also with being dogmatical. Is he less so himself? And is not Mr. G. one of the last men who ought to throw Stones at Theorists? At the moment too of doing it he introduces one of the boldest of speculations, in anticipating from the progress of Chemistry, an artificial conversion of the air, the water, and the Earth into food for man of the natural flavor & colour.\n                My memory does not retain all the features of Mr. Malthus\u2019s System. He may have been unguarded in his expressions, and pushed some of his notions too far. He is certainly vulnerable in assigning for the increase of human food, an arithmetical ratio. In a Country thoroughly cultivated, as China is said to be, there can be no increase, and in one as partially cultivated, and as fertile as the U.S. the increase may exceed the geometrical ratio. A surplus beyond it, for which the foreign demand has failed, is a primary cause of the present embarrassments of this Country.\n                The two cardinal points on which the two authors are at issue are 1. the prolific principle in the human race. 2. its actual operation, particularly in the U. States. Mr. G. combats the extent of both.\n                If the principle could not be proved by direct facts, its capacity is so analogous to what is seen throughout other parts of the animal, as well as vegitable domain, that it would be a fair inference. It is true indeed that in the case of vegitables on which animals feed, and of animals the food of other animals, a more extensive capacity of increase might be requisite than in the human race. But in this case also it is required, over & above the ordinary wastes of life, by two considerations peculiar to man; one that his reason can add to the natural means of subsistence, for an increasing number, which the instinct of other animals can not; the other that he is the only animal that destroys his own species.\n                Waving however the sanction of analogy, let the principle be tested by facts either stated by Mr. G. or which he can not controvert.\n                He admits that Sweeden has doubled her numbers in the last hundred years, without the aid of emigrants. Here then there must have been a prolific capacity equal to an increase, in ten Centuries, from two Millions to a thousand Millions. If Sweeden were as populous ten Centuries ago, as now, or should not in ten Centuries to come arrive at a thousand Millions, must not 998 Millions of births have been prevented, or that number of infants have perished? and from what causes?\n                The two late enumerations in England which shew a rate of increase there much greater than in Sweeden, are rejected by Mr. G. as erroneous. They probably are so, tho\u2019 not in the degree necessary for his purpose. He denies that the population increases at all. He even appeals with confidence to a comparison of what it has been, with what it is at present, as proving a decrease.\n                There being no positive evidence of former numbers, and none admitted by him of the present, resort must be had to circumstantial lights; and these will decide the question with sufficient certainty.\n                As a general rule, it is obvious, that the quantity of food produced in a Country determines the actual extent of its population. The number of people cannot exceed the quantity of food; and this will not be produced beyond the consumption. There are exceptions to the rule, as in the U.S. which export food, and in the West Indies, which import it. Both these exceptions however favor the supposition that there has been an increase of the English population; England adding latterly imported food to her domestic Stock, which at some periods was diminished by exportation. The question to be decided is whether the quantity of food produced, the true measure of the population, consuming it, be greater or less now than heretofore.\n                In the Savage State where wild animals are the chief food, the population must be the thinnest. Where reared ones are the chief food, as among the Tartars, in a pastoral State, the number may be much increased. In proportion as Grain is substituted for animal food, a far greater increase may take place. And as cultivated vegitables, and particularly roots enter into the consumption, the mass of subsistence being augmented, a greater number of consumers, is necessarily implied.\n                Now it will not be pretended, that there is at present in England more of forest and less of cultivated ground, than in the feudal or even much later periods. On the contrary it seems to be well understood, that the opened lands have been both enlarged & fertilized; that bread has been substituted for flesh; and that vegitables, particularly roots have been more & more substituted for both. It follows that the aggregate food raised & consumed now, being greater than formerly, the number who consume it is greater also.\n                The Report to the Board of Agriculture quoted by Mr. G. coincides with this inference. The animal food of an individual, which is the smaller part of it, requires, according to this authority, two acres of ground; all the other articles 1\u00be of an acre only. The report states that a Horse requires four acres. It is probable that an ox requires more; being fed less on grain & more on grass.\n                It may be said that Horses which are not eaten, are now used instead of oxen which were. But the Horse, as noted, is supported by fewer acres than\nthe ox; and the oxen superseded by the horses, form but a small part of the eatable Stock to which they belong. The inference, therefore can be at most, but slightly qualified by this innovation.\n                The single case of Ireland ought to have warned Mr. G. of the error he was maintaining. It seems to be agreed that the population there has greatly increased of late years; altho\u2019 it receives very few if any emigrants; and has sent out numbers, very great numbers as Mr. G. must suppose, to the U.S.\n                In denying the increase of the American population from its own stock, he is driven to the most incredible suppositions, to a rejection of the best established facts, and to the most preposterous estimates & calculations.\n                He ascribes the rapid increase attested by our periodical lists, wholly to emigrations from Europe; which obliges him to suppose, that from the year 1790 to 1810, 150,000 persons were annually transported; an extravagance which is made worse by his mode of reducing the number necessary, to one half; and he catches at little notices, of remarkable numbers landed at particular ports in particular seasons; as if these could be regarded as proofs of the average arrivals for a long series of years, many of them very unfavorable for such transmigrations. In the year 1817, in which the emigrants were most numerous according to Docr. Seybert, they did not, in the ten principal ports, where with few if any exceptions they are introduced, exceed 22,240. little more than 1/7 of the average number assumed.\n                Were it even admitted that our population is the result altogether of emigrations from Europe, what would Mr. G. gain by it.\n                The Census for 1820, is not yet compleated. There is no reason however, to doubt, that it will swell our numbers to about ten Millions. In 1790. the population was not quite four millions. Here then has been an increase of six millions. Of these Six, not less than five millions will have been drawn from the population of G.B. & Ireland. Have the numbers there been reduced accordingly? Then they must have been, thirty years ago, greater by five millions than at this time. Has the loss been replaced? Then, as it has not been by emigrants, it must have been by an effect of the great principle in question. Mr. G. may take his choice of the alternatives.\n                It is worth remarking that New England, which has sent out such continued swarms to other parts of the Union for a number of years, has continued at the same time, as the Census shews, to increase in population; altho\u2019 it is well known that it has received comparatively very few emigrants from any quarter; these preferring places less inhabited for the same reason, that determines the course of migrations from N. England.\n                The appeal to the case of the black population in the U.S. was particularly unfortunate for the reasoning of Mr. G; to which it gives the most striking falsification.\n                Between the years 1790 & 1810, the number of slaves increased from 694,280. to 1,165,441. This increase, at a rate nearly equal to that of the\nWhites, surely was not by emigrants from Africa. Nor could any part of it have been imported (\n   *The precise no. from official returns from the Custom Houses where a poll tax was paid was laid before the Senate of the U.S. at the last Session; but I cannot lay my hand on it. It made part of a Speech by Mr. Smith a Senator from S. Carolina.\nexcept thirty or forty thousand into S. Carolina & Geo); the prohibition being every where else strictly enforced throughout that period. Louisiana indeed brought an addition amounting in 1810 to 37,671; This number however (to be reduced by the slaves carried thither from other States prior to the census of 1810) may be regarded as overbalanced by emancipated blacks and their subsequent offspring. The whole number of this description in the Census of 1810 amounts [to] 186,446.\n                The evidence of a natural & rapid increase of the Blacks, in the State of Virginia alone is conclusive on the subject. Since the Epoch of Independence the importation of slaves has been uniformly prohibited, and the spirit of the people concurring with the policy of the law, it has been carried into full execution. Yet the number of slaves increased from 292,627. in 1790 to 392,518 in 1810, altho\u2019 it is notorious that very many have been carried from the State by external purchasers, and migrating Masters. In the State of Maryland to the North of Virginia whence alone, it could be surmised that any part of them could be replaced, there has also been an increase.\n                Mr. G. exults not a little (p 420\u20132) in the detection of error in a paper read by Mr. W. Barton in 1791 to the Philosophical Society at Philada. I have not looked for the paper; but from Mr. G\u2019s account of it, a strange error was committed by Mr. B: not however in the false arithmetic blazoned by Mr. G. but by adding the number of deaths to that of births in deducing the productiveness of marriages in a certain parish in Massts. But what is not less strange than the lapsus of Mr. B. is that his critic should overlook the fact on the face of the paper as inserted in his own page, \u201cthat the population had doubled in 54 years,\u201d in spite of the probable removals from an old parish to newer settlements. And what is strangest of all, that he should not have attended to the precise Statement in the record, that the number of births within the period exceeded the number of deaths by the difference between 2247 and 1113. Here is the most demonstrable of all proofs of an increasing population; unless a Theoretic zeal should suppose that the pregnant women of the neighbourhood made lying in visits to Hingham, or that its sick inhabitants chose to have their dying eyes closed elsewhere.\n                Mr. G. has not respected other evidence in his hands which ought to have opened his eyes to the reality of an increasing population in the U.S. In the population list of Sweeden, in the authenticity of which he fully acquiesces, as well as in the Census of the U.S., the authenticity of which he does not controvert, there is a particular column for those under 10\nyears of age. In that of Sweeden the number is to the whole population as 2,484 to 10,000 which is less than \u00bc. In that of the U.S. the number is as 2,016,704 to 5,862,096. which is more than \u2153. Now Mr. G. (p. 442) refers to the proportion of the ungrown to the whole population, as testing the question of its increase. He admits and specifies the rate at which the population of Sweeden increases. And yet with this evidence of a greater increase of the population of the U.S., he contends that it does not increase at all. An attempt to extricate himself by a disproportion of children or of more productive parents emigrating from Europe, would only plunge him the deeper into contradictions & absurdities.\n                Mr. G. dwells on the Indian Establishment at Paraguay by the Jesuits, which is said not to have increased its numbers, as a tr[i]umphant disproof of the prolific principle. He places more faith in the picture of the Establishment given by Reynal than is due to the vivid imagination of that author, or than the author appears to have had in it himself. For he rejects the inference of Mr. G. and reconciles the failure to increase with the power to increase, by assigning two causes for it\u2014the small pox\u2014and the exclusion of individual property, and he might have found other causes in the natural love of indolence till overcome by avarice and vanity, motives repressed by their religious discipline; in the pride of the men retaining a disdain of agricultural labour; and in the female habit of prolonging for several years, the period of keeping children to the breast. In no point of view can a case marked by so many peculiar circumstances, & these so imperfectly known, be allowed the weight of a precedent.\n                Mr. G. could not have given a stronger proof of the estrangement of his ideas from the Indian character & modes of life than by his referring to the Missouri Tribes; which do not multiply \u201caltho\u2019 they cultivate Corn.\u201d His fancy may have painted to him fields of Wheat cultivated by the plough, and gathered into Barns as a provision for the year. How would he be startled at the sight of little patches of maize & squashes, stirred by a piece of wood, & that by Squaws only; the hunters & warriors spurning such an occupation, and relying on the fruits of the chase for the support of their Wigwams. Corn-eaters, is a name of reproach given by some tribes, to others beginning, under the influence of the Whites, to enlarge their cultivated Spots.\n                In going over Mr. G\u2019s volume, these are some of the remarks which occurred, and in thanking you for it, I have made them some supply the want of more interesting materials for a letter. If the heretical work should attract conversations in which you may be involved, some of the facts, which you are saved the trouble of hunting up, may rebut mistatements from uninformed friends, or illiberal opponents of our Country.\n                You have not mentioned the cost of Godwin\u2019s book, or the pamphlet of Rigby. I suspect they overgo the remmant [sic] of the little fund in your\nhand. If so let me provide for it. You will oblige me also by forwarding with its price, the Book entitled \u201cThe Apocryphal New Testament translated from the original Tongues\u201d printed for Wm. Hone, Ludgate Hill. Always with affectionate esteem Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0255", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Solomon Southwick, 21 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Southwick, Solomon\n                I have recd. your letter of the 12th. with a copy of your address at the opening of the Apprentices\u2019 Library.\n                This class of our youth is a valuable one; and its proportional numbers must increase as our population thickens. It is a class too which particularly claims the guardianship of benevolence. Their age, their separation from their parents, and their residence for the most part in towns or villages, where groups are readily formed in which the example of a few may attaint many, create snares into which their relaxations from labour too often betray them. Among the provisions against the danger the establishment of special Libraries was a happy thought to the author of which your eulogy was a just tribute. A proper assortment of books always at hand will enable the apprentices to put their morals and their understandings both to a good school, for their own happiness; at the same time that they are acquiring the professional arts so useful to the community of which\nthey are members. Your Address is an eloquent & persuasive recommendation of the opportunity. I hope it may have all the success which your laudable zeal merits. Mrs. Madison joins in a return of the good wishes you have expressed for us both. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0257", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Anthony Charles Cazenove, 25 April 1821\nFrom: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\nTo: Madison, James\n                I improve the first moment that I can write after a trifling accident to one of my eyes, to answer your very obliging favor of 18th. instt.\n                I have no more Lisbon Wine on hand, nor do I know of any as good in town at present, but if you wish it will make the best purchase I can, or order some from Baltimore or Philada. When inquiring for some have found some very superior Sicily Madeira @ $1.40/100. What Java Coffee there is in town is of so inferior quality & so full of fatty grains, that I will substitute some other quality. Please let me know as early as convenient what you have concluded about the wine, that it might be sent with the other articles offerd per first opportunity for Fredericksburg; & whenever you may feel disposed to resume your former orders for Murdoch\u2019s Madeira, to be imported for you, or supplied from the Stock on hand, shall be pleased to be favor\u2019d with your commands. I beg leave to assure you I shall be happy to attend to any others you may have in this place & neighborhood & remain with highest regard very respectfully Your Obedt. Servt.\n                    P.S. Should you feel disposed to order here in the Spring your Linens & in the fall your Woollens for the people on your estate, it is likely you would make a saving worth the trouble, on what you can get them at in your neighborhood.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0258", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Anthony Charles Cazenove, 30 April 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\n                I have recd. your favor of the 25th.\n                As the injury to your eye was slight, I hope it has been of short continuance. My want of Lisbon wine not being urgent, I prefer waiting till you can supply such as I formerly recd.; if the prospect of it be not remote or uncertain. In either of these cases be so good as to give the order you suggest on Baltimore or Philada. enjoining particularly the precaution of having it well cased. I prefer the Lisbon to the Sicily Madeira. Of the true\nMadeira, my Stock on hand renders an addition unnecessary. I thank you for your advice & offer as to Woolens & Linnens for my people; But am endeavoring to have both manufactured in the household way; from my own materials. Whilst the present prohibitions on prices of our produce in foreign Markets continue, our labour must be transferred from agriculture to the objects which agriculture can no longer purchase.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0260", "content": "Title: From James Madison to David Hoffman, May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Hoffman, David\n                J Madison presents his respects to Mr Hoffman, with thanks for the copy of his \u201cSyllabus.\u201d\n                It has not been convenient for him to bestow on it the critical attention necessary, if he were better qualified, to remark defects, if there be any, or to do justice to its merits. To the view he has taken of the plan, it appears to embrace the subject in its due extent and to designate and arrange the particular topics in a manner well adapted to a highly instructive course of Law Lectures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0261", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George M. Dallas, 1 May 1821\nFrom: Dallas, George M.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I cannot hope, by any expressions in a letter, to convey to you my deep sense of your Kindness in having indulged me with the loan of the inclosed correspondence. Although my professional business, by which only I am able to keep a small family from want, has prevented, and must still, for some time, prevent, the publication of my father\u2019s biography and writings, delay appears to increase, rather than diminish, the interest of the subject: and upon a rapid revisal, I perceive but very few passages in the inclosed letters, which need, or can, with propriety, be omitted.\n                For my own part, I am desirous of communicating to the world, the portrait of my father such precisely as he was: nothing extenuating: fully convinced that the virtuous and meritorious features of his character, are the bold and obvious ones; and that if he had passions and foibles, they rather ministered to the efficacy of his nobler qualities, than interfered with them. Even his personal hostilities\u2014if they can bear so harsh a name\u2014sprung from the same source with his friendships, a zealous love of virtue and honor. The picture must have its shades: yet I am certain that every moral connoisseur will pronounce them to be beautiful and becoming.\n                My father is but little known, except as a public man. Even his hospitality was so unbounded that he may be said to have lived, for many years, constantly in a crowd: And strangers, those not immediately connected with his domestic circle, enjoyed but few opportunities of perceiving his great worth as a private instructor, example, monitor, parent. No one could easily detect how sincerely he was adored by his children, and how entirely and devotedly he possessed the confidence of his friends. I wish him known in this light. It is a scene altogether of his own creating: and it is one beyond the influence of any changes in public opinion.\n                With these views, will you pardon me if I suggest that there may probably be in your possession some letters entirely unconnected with his official relation to you, that may assist in pourtraying his disposition of heart, and his patriotic feelings? I have been told, that shortly after the burning of the Capital by the British, he wrote to you, volunteering his services, in any way in which they might be useful. Such a letter, resembling one which, in a similar case, he addressed to the Governor of Pennsylvania, is an invaluable\nillustration of character: and would be proof to those, naturally inclined to suspect the impartiality of my delineations.\n                I renew, Sir, my grateful acknowledgments for the indulgence you have shewn: and respectfully desire to be remembered to Mrs. Madison. Very sincerely, Your friend and faithful Serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0263", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William S. Cardell, 2 May 1821\nFrom: Cardell, William S.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Mr. Cardell of New York has the honor to present his respects to Mr. Madison and will call on him this morning. The circumstances and prospects of the American Academy of Language & Belles Lettres are becoming interesting and on that subject a personal interview with Mr. M. is particularly desired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0264", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 4 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n                I observe that Genl. A. Moore has resigned the office of Marshall for Virga. I know not who may be candidates for the vacancy. I beg leave to name for your consideration Mr. Robert Taylor of this County, formerly a Speaker of our Senate, & of a character well established for intelligence, proberty [sic], and habits of punctuality in business. I am particularly induced to bring him into view by the circumstance, of my having postponed him to Genl. Moore, when they were competitors for the office, which he may possibly suppose was occasioned less by the inferiority of his pretensions, than by a delicacy, a false one as it might appear to him, suggested by his kindred to me. I have had no communication with him; nor does he know that I am writing to you on the subject. With the highest esteem & consideration, yours always,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0265", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Milligan, 4 May 1821\nFrom: Milligan, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n                By this days mail I have sent two parcels which contain five copies of Historical Letters for Mrs Madison. There is in one [of] the parcels a book for your neighbour the Hnbl. P. P. Barbour. He requested me to send it together with the copies that I was to send to Mrs M. With respect I am yours\n                    Joseph Milligan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0267", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Anthony Charles Cazenove, 13 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Cazenove, Anthony Charles\n                I have been favd. with yours of the 7. and am giving orders for getting up the articles you have forwarded as soon as they arrive at Fredg. I am taking measures also for having the amt. due remitted. Should they not have immediate effect, others will be adopted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0269", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Quincy Adams, 14 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n                I have received the Copy of your Report on weights and measures, which you were so good as to inclose to me.\n                Not knowing how long it may be before I shall be able to give it a due perusal, I tender at once my best thanks, anticipating as I certainly do, both pleasure and instruction from your execution of the important task committed to you. Be pleased, Sir, to accept a repetition of my high esteem and cordial respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0270", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mackay & Campbell, 14 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay & Campbell\n                I am to receive from Mr. Cazenove of Alexa several Bbles &ca which I took the liberty of requesting him to address to your care. Shd they have come to hand, the Waggoner Aleck will bring them up. The cost of these articles is $243.36. If you can witht. inconvenience make Mr. C. this remittance you will oblige me: if not let me know. I have a little more flour to send down wch. will follow the Tob. now occupying my Waggons; & wch I wish to hasten to Liverpool as much as I can. There will be abt. 14 Hhds. for which I must get to provide a freight. How soon may I expect to get it into a situation authorizing me to draw a Bill.\n                The Bearer will bring also a Garden Watering Pot if you can have one delivered to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0271", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Elizabeth (Betsy) Conway Madison Shepherd, 14 May 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Elizabeth,Shepherd, Betsy Conway Madison\nTo: Madison, James\n                \u00b6 From Elizabeth (Betsy) Conway Madison Shepherd. Letter not found. 14 May 1821. Acknowledged in JM to James Francis Madison Shepherd, 8 Dec. [1825] (DLC), in which JM quotes from the letter: \u201cmy object is that an arrangement may be made for those Negroes to be bought in & secured. The Docr. [William Shepherd] I am confident will only say, what he has already said to me, that they must be sold and that he could devise no plan by which they can be purchased. I flatter myself, my uncle, by what passed between us, that you will not let me lose them. The probability is that they wi\u27e8ll\u27e9 go low, as they will be sold by the Sheriff.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0272", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 16 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\n                I am just informed by Mr. F. Corbin, that E. Randolph, who held a Commission in the late Army, is desirous of the Collectorship at Pensacola, at which place he had established himself, in anticipation of its becoming a port of the U.S. As his military appointment originated in my nomination, and it was so well justified by his distinguished gallantry on several important occasions, it seems to be expected that I should not withold an expression of my sense of his merit, and of the satisfaction I should feel in seeing it rewarded. His military merit needs no other testimony than is found in the official communications of the Commanding General; and if in other respects his character be as praiseworthy as is represented by those best acquainted with it, you will I am sure feel the same pleasure in gratifying his wishes and those of his friends, as I shall do in lear[n]ing that it has taken place; I well know however that these feelings must always be subject to the controul resulting from rival pretensions, of greater weight, in impartial scales, a controul which though unknown to me, may be insuperable to you. With the greatest esteem and attachment Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0273", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 16 May 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n                By this day\u2019s mail, I take the liberty of sending you a set of papers, intended to prove the pernicious effects of our present policy on the best\ninterests of the agriculturists generally. Hoping it may meet with your approbation, I remain, respectfully, Your obt. hble. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0275", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 19 May 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                Had I receiv\u2019d your letter respecting Mr. Robt. Taylor, before the appointment of General Pegram to the office of marshall was made, I would not have hesitated to appoint Mr Taylor. But I knew nothing of his wish on the subject, & being appriz\u2019d by the person who sent forward the resignation of General Moore, that an immediate appointment of his successor, would be necessary, as judge Tucker intended to hold a court, as soon as the vacancy was filled, & not before, I acted without the usual delay.\nGeneral Pegram occurr\u2019d to me, as a person well qualified to discharge the duties of the office, & whose appointment promised to be satisfactory to the public. I had not heard from him, nor did I know that he would accept it. I thought if he declin\u2019d it, that I should have done my duty in having, offer\u2019d it to him, & gain\u2019d time to receive & weigh the applications & pretentions of others. He accepted the office, as soon as he heard of his appointment, tho\u2019 the commission being directed to Petersburg did not immediately reach him. The census had not been fully taken under General Moore, which was another strong motive for dispatch. His health & mind had been severely shocked, as I heard, by disease, and on his own account, as well as that of the public, I was glad that he withdrew. It is said that he has sufferd much from that cause, by the misconduct of his deputies.\n                I have at length made the arrangments, and appointments, that were injoind on me, by the late law, for carrying into effect the treaty with Spain. Judge White of Tennessee Govr King of Maine, & Mr Tazewell, are the Commissrs. for the settlement of claims on Spain. Dr. Watkins of Bal: is secretary & Jos: Forrest of this city, Clerk of the board. The territory from St Mary\u2019s to Cape Florida makes one collection district for the revenue; from the cape to Apalachicola, a second; & thence to the perdido, the third. At the last, I have appointed Mr Alexr Scott Collector, Steuben Smith naval officer, who will appoint John Martin Baker Inspector. At St. Augustine Mr Hackley is appointed, Surveyor and Inspector. The salaries to these officers will be small, but I shall endeavour to send them to their stations in a public vessel, & to have them quarterd in the public buildings. The territory ceded, having been divided under Spain, into two provinces, & St Augustine being so very distant from Pensacola, & separated by a wilderness, it was thought adviseable to retain in some circumstances that form. The appointment of the governor extends of course over the whole; but as he will probably reside at Pensacola, a secretary is appointed for St Augustine, and another for Pensacola. Two judicial districts are also form\u2019d, and one Judge appointed for each. Mr Fromentin to the one, and Mr. Duvall, formerly member of Congress from Kentucky for the other. Judge Anderson\u2019s son is appointed district attorney for Pensacola.\n                Mr, now Baron de Neuville, has been negotiating with Mr Adams a commercial treaty, without much prospect from the beginning of concluding one. The restrictive duties on both sides had cut up the commerce between the two countries, which on our part was making its way into France, thro England, nice, genoa &c, and had not Florida been surrender\u2019d, would have been smuggled from France into the UStates through its ports. There is reason to think that this resource had been in part relied on in the early stages. The great inequality of the duties imposed by France, compar\u2019d, with those of the UStates, was as you know the motive to our last law, which producd that of France, which cut up the commerce between\nus. He proposed a reduction of one third of the existing duties on both sides, which would still preserve the inequality. This was rejected. He has been offerd, a reduction of the duties on French wines & silks, or an augmentation on silks from China in lieu of the latter, simply, for the establishment of equality on ships, on the principle of our act of the 3d. of March 1815. which he has refused. He has since been offerd a regulation on another principle, that of a nominal equality, on both sides, of one and half pr cent for example, on the articles ad valorem, which on a vessel of 250. tons if loaded with cotton would make a duty of 450. dolrs, a regulation, notwithstanding its nominal equality, which by the greater bulk & less value of our articles, would operate decidedly in favor of France, & he now has this proposition under consideration, but with little expec[ta]tion of his accepting it. In short I do not think that there is much, if any prospect, of an agreement.\n                The reduction of the army is now compleated. It has been a painful duty, as it will dismiss many good officers, who had relied on the profession as a support, & have no other resource at present.\n                The termination of the Neapolitan movment, has by its manner disgracd that country, if it does not injure the cause in Spain & Portugal. The foundation is weak; the people are ignorant, depravd, & unequal to such a trial. Mrs Monroe & Mrs Hay have been sick since Congress left us, & recently, our gd. daughter, Hortensia has been dangerously ill, with a sore throat & fever which had nearly carried her off. The complaint is atmospheric, & has taken off several children in this part of the city. The fever has left her, & her throat getting well, but she is reducd to a skeleton. I shall move them to Loudoun (where Mrs Gouverneur was sent with her child for safety) as soon as she can travell. The Board of Commissrs. will meet the 1st. of June, and I wish to be here to confer with them generally on their business; and other concerns will necessarily bring me here occasionally, so that for the present my residence will be principally in Loudoun. Should we visit Albemarle, or I alone, we shall certainly call on you. Our best respects to Mrs Madison & family. Very sincerely I am your friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0278", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mathew Carey, 26 May 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Carey, Mathew\n                I have received your letter of the 16th. inst: which was followed by the printed Sheets to which it referred. Of these I can not say less than that they exhibit the same extent of statistic research, the same condensation of ideas, and the same tone of disinterested patriotism, which have been remarked in other publications from the same pen.\n                The subject which they discuss has been so ably presented under variant aspects, not only among ourselves, but by foreign authors of much celebrity, that it is not wonderful that different opinions should still exist on particular questions involved in it.\n                In a theoretic point of view I cannot but concur with those who maintain that the sagacity and interest of individuals will best guide the application of their industry and their capital, and that this principle ought to be the basis of the general policy of every Governmt. In free Governments, where the intelligence and activity of the people are entitled to most confidence, the greater ought to be the caution in controuling the spontaneous pursuits of the community.\n                On the other hand I think it equally certain, that there are exceptions to this general rule of policy; and that the wisdom of a Government is to be tested by its selection of the cases forming the exceptions, and by its apportionment of the patronage due to & needed by them.\n                Some of the exceptions are so obvious and pressing that all readily acquiesce in them. No nation ought to depend on another, for articles essential to its defence & safety. The implements of husbandry used in procuring the necessaries of life, ought in like manner to be secured by an internal economy. (In the policy of encouraging our navigation also, not only as a nursery for manning a defensive navy, but as a vehicle independent of foreign conveyances for our bulky & valuable exports to foreign markets, all opinions seem to be united).\n                But there are other exceptions, which though less striking, seem when fully understood to fall within the scope of a provident system of national policy.\n                As one example, we may take the case on which you dwell, of manufacturing emigrants attracted by a prospect of bettering their condition, and who will add to the stock of manufacturing labour, without diverting a single hand from agriculture, or any other useful occupation.\n                Another case may arise from the difficulties & casualties incident to new undertakings of a costly & complicated nature, especially when they are to encounter a wealthy and politic rivalship from abroad; although when once brought into adequate and regular operation, they may prosper by their inherent capacities. But for these obstacles to the introduction of manufacturing Establishments, there is probably scarce a nation in Europe, which would not long ago have substituted in no small degree their own workshops for the foreign ones which have supplied their wants. That there may be cases where manufactories once established will be stable & prosperous, under circumstances which would not have given birth to them, is proved by those which grew up under the forcing circumstances of the late war, and which have withstood the trials to which the effects of peace subjected them. It is altogether probable that not one of the manufactories now said to be in a flourishing condition would spontaneously originate in the state of things which gives them their present productive support.\n                The frequency & effect of foreign wars, to say nothing of the possible ones of our own, furnish another case well meriting Legislative attention. During the last hundred years, the manufacturing nations of Europe have been half the time at war, and the effect of a state of war on the price of labor, of freight, and of ensurance, has been too much felt not to be well understood. In calculating therefore the patronage that could be afforded to domestic fabrics, attention ought to be given not simply to the cost of foreign ones in times of peace, but to the average cost in peace and war taken together; and to the just presumption that manufacturing establishments at home will not be undertaken during a state of war which are likely to be broken down by a return of peace. In deciding on a given rate of impost for the encouragement of domestic manufactures, it is always a fair question whether the consumer will be most taxed by such a tariff in periods of peace, or by a dependence on supplies from abroad in periods of war.\n                The mention of these excepted cases, will not be understood as excluding others which may rest on equivalent considerations. Far less are they meant to espouse a frequency of legal interpositions, warping the course of private industry, which would convert the exceptions into a general rule of political economy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0280", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert B. Corbin, 1 June 1821\nFrom: Corbin, Robert B.\nTo: Madison, James\n                It is my painful duty to communicate to you, as the friend of my Father, the melancholy intelligence of his death. He expired on Wednesday the 23d. ulto. in the sixty second year of his age, after a short, but painful illness. The high place which you held in his confidence and esteem, together with your intimacy with him in early life, as well as in later years, induce me to give to you the first information of this sorrowful event. It is our wish that the office of delineating his enviable character, and of announcing to the world his decease, should be performed by some kindred mind: and we know of no one who is more able to do justice to the subject, or better entitled to undertake it, than yourself. You, my dear Sir, are the most prominent of that distinguished class of Virginians to which it was my Father\u2019s pride to belong\u2014the task would, therefore, be performed by you with peculiar propriety and, I am confident, with equal pleasure.\n                As you are well acquainted with the history of my Father\u2019s political life, much of which passed under your own observation, it is unnecessary for\nme, at this time, to remind you of any of it\u2019s events. My worthy friend Mr. Kingman, who will have the honor to deliver this letter, will give you the particulars of his illness and any information in relation to his family that you may desire.\n                My Mother, Brother and all the younger members of the family unite their affectionate regards with mine, for you and Mrs. Madison. With sincere respect and esteem, I am, My dear Sir, yours most truly,\n                    P.S. Mr. Kingman having lived in the family as Tutor for the last two years, and having had, during that time, much conversation with my Father, will be enabled to refresh your memory in regard to any facts, which you may deem it necessary to make use of.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0281", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Robert B. Corbin, 4 June 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Corbin, Robert B.\n                    Your letter of the 1st. inst: was duly handed to me by Mr. Kingman. Altho\u2019 unversed in such tasks, the motives to which the occasion appeals, would not permit me to decline at [sic] attempt to fulfil the one committed to me. I am aware at the same time that the haste in which the sketch I inclose was penned, and my deficient knowledge or recollection of many circumstances in your Father\u2019s history may have produced errors or omissions which ought to be avoided. Should this be the case, your letter itself is a proof that there is a pen on the spot which can well apply a remedy.\n                    I need not express to you Sir, the very painful impressions with which I recd. the melancholy & unexpected event of which Mr. K. was the bearer; or the unfeigned sympathies of Mrs. Madison & myself with Mrs. Corbin & the whole family in the heavy affliction under which they are suffering. For yourself Sir, accept assurances of my cordial regards & best wishes.\n                    Departed this life on   at his seat \u201cThe Reeds\u201d Francis Corbin Esqr. at the age of sixty two years. His death was occasioned by an attack of the gout to which he had been occasionally subject.\n                    Mr. Corbin was the youngest son of Col: Richard Corbin, a gentleman of a highly cultivated mind, and who held a distinguished Rank in the Government of Virga. in its Colonial State.\n                    The son was sent to England at an early age, for his education; which was commenced at Canterbury School, and finished at the University of Cambridge. He afterwards read law at the Temple in London.\n                    Immediately after the peace in 1783, he returned to his native State; bringing with him a mind well stored with classical studies; and what was far more meritorious, an ardent love of Country, and principles of liberty congenial with its new rank as an Independent Nation, and with its new form as a Republican Government.\n                    His superior talents and engaging manners attracted at once the notice & confidence of his fellow Citizens, whose suffrages gave him a seat in the Legislature of the State. As a member of this Body, tho\u2019 young and under the disadvantage of his long absence, he was able to bear an important part in the Legislative business. In debate, he gave constant proof of his enlarged information, of his reasoning powers, and of an elocution uncommonly graceful & persuasive.\n                    He continued a representative of his County, untill the great crisis, which ended in the change of the Original Confederation of the States into the present Govt. of the U.S. Mr. C. was among the first to espouse & promote the efforts for bringing about the appointment of the General Convention which had that for its object; and he was not overlooked in the choice of worthies for the Convention of Virginia, when the plan proposed by the General Convention was submitted to the several States for their sanction.\n                    In this select assembly, Mr. C.\u2019s name is on the list of those who bore a conspicuous part in the discussions. His Speeches in the published proceedings shew that his mind embraced the whole subject in its true principles, and various aspects; and that he was able to give to his arguments all the advantages depending on a suavity of manner, and a polish of language.\n                    After the new Constitution had been organized & put into operation he was annually re-elected for a number of years as a delegate to the Legislature of the State, where he always sustained the reputation which his talents had acquired.\n                    For some years previous to his death, he had withdrawn himself from public life; and devoted much of his time to the indulgence of his taste for\nliterature & philosophy, & to the guidance of the education of children, of whom as a parent he had every reason to be proud. The other portions of his time were given to the care of his ample estate, and to the Society of his numerous friends, who could no where enjoy more of the sweets of hospitality, and the repast of elegant & interesting conversation, than under his roof: nor could any one enjoy more fully those social scenes, than Mr. C. himself. But, alas! Death, with his unsparing hand, has translated him for ever from all sublunary enjoyments; leaving in sorrow the friends who admired him; and in tears an amiable family; in the bitterest of them, her who was bound to him by the most tender of the ties that have been severed.\n                    This hasty tribute to his memory is offered by one who having partaken largely of his friendly sentiments whilst living, wished to lay on his tomb some token of what was felt in return.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0282", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William F. Gray, 6 June 1821\nFrom: Gray, William F.\nTo: Madison, James\n                    I take the liberty of handing your acct. since the last settlement. Having a pressing occasion for money, if it be perfectly convenient to you\u2014you would oblige me by remitting the amt. due\u2014$46.37\u00bd.\n                            1 Mosheims Ecclesiastical Hist.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0283", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William F. Gray, 11 June 1821 (letter not found)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gray, William F.\n                \u00b6 To William F. Gray. Letter not found. 11 June 1821. Offered for sale in Stan. V. Henkels Catalogue No. 1405 (24 June 1927), item 41, where it appears as the following extract: \u201cJ. Madison\npresents his respects to Mr. Gray and encloses $40\u2014which balances his account within 37\u00bd cents (which cannot be well sent in a letter) after deducting $6.\u2014for two copies of Horace paid for by J. P. Todd.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0285", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Thompson, 14 June 1821\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Customhouse N York Collectors OfficeJune 14. 1821.\n                There is in the public Store of this Port a small box directed to you said to contain garden seeds from the Royal Garden near Paris rec\u2019d per Ship Cadmus from Havre. Please direct how it shall be forwarded to you. I am with the greatest respect your Obt. Servt.\n                    Jonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0287", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Spencer Roane, 20 June 1821\nFrom: Roane, Spencer\nTo: Madison, James\n                I had the honor to receive, some short time since, your interesting favour, on the subject which is discussed in the Enclosed Numbers. I found it extreemly able, and satisfactory, and I return you my thanks for the favour.\nThe Enclosed No\u2019s were written by me, just before, and have been published in the Enquirer. I had hoped to have had a few Copies struck in a more Eligible form, to be presented to my particular, and my distinguished friends, but have been disappointed. I now doubt whether I ought to venture to send them to you, as taken from the Columns of a news paper. Yet the subject is important; and I am desirous of placing them before the Eyes of the distinguished citizen, who, more than any other, contributed to found our excellent constitution. With great consideration, respect, and Esteem, I am, dear sir, Yr: obt: Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0288", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John B. Sartori, 21 June 1821\nFrom: Sartori, John B.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have just received your esteemed favr. of [illegible] Inst. Mr. Caffarena never wrote to me the particulars of his Letter to you, But if you desire from me an opinion as his Friend on the Subject of your Letter, I think if the Statue is not of use to you, the best way will be to have it packed up and Send it to me in Philad, where I will Keep it Subject to his order. Please to present my best respects to Mrs. Maddison, and to accept the sentiments of my Sincere respects and Consideration with which I have the honor to remain Your Most Obed & Huml sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0289", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Gales Jr., 22 June 1821\nFrom: Gales, Joseph Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I am honored by your favor of the 12th instant. I much regret, that it is wholly out of our power to oblige Mr. Joy. Admiral Cockburn, when he\npaid his respects to us, took care to leave us no spare copies of the National Intelligencer\u2014having burnt them, with the few books I had at that time collected.\n                I have been uneasy to perceive that a paragraph from the Enquirer, remarked on by us, has made an erroneous impression on the public mind respecting your present occupations, as though you were preparing a Work for the Press\u2014which I understand is not the fact. Should you think this worth contradicting, we shall be happy to hear from you. Begging to be most respectfully remembered to Mrs. Madison, I am, with profound respect, Your faithful servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0290", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George M. Dallas, 23 June 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Dallas, George M.\n                I recd. lately by the return of J. P. Todd, your letter of May 1, accompanying the correspondence of your father. I am sorry to be obliged to say that altho\u2019 I have made a pretty thorough search among my papers, I cannot find such a letter as the one supposed to have been written by him after the British visit to Washington in 1814: nor do I recollect that such a one was recd. It is possible that the letter may have miscarried, or may have been mislaid & lost after reaching me, and its patriotic language was confounded with oral evidence of the same tenor, which I have heard from & of him. I send herewith all the letters from him of whatever description, not heretofore sent; and should I find any others, particularly that to which you have alluded, they will be added. Be so good as to return them at the proper season.\n                In glancing at the correspondence which has been in your hands, I observe that your marginal lines embrace passages in several letters; which if marked for publication, & not merely for your attention or preservation, may be displeasing to individuals, & deserve reconsideration. I refer to the letter of Aug. 1. 1815. in which \u201cthe character of the man\u201d as applied to Genl. Jackson may admit a construction at least equivocal: to that of May 20. 1815, in which Mr. E. Livingston is brought into unfavorable view: to that of June 1816. which speaks of Mr Adams \u201cMetaphysical\u201d letter &c. & to that of Octr. 5. 1816. which in giving the character of Mr. Lowndes, distrusts his nerves &c. a term liable to an unjust tho\u2019 susceptable of an innocent construction. Unless the remarks on Mr Lee be deemed sufficiently qualified by \u201cit is said,\u201d perhaps he also may be touched by them.\n                I wish sincerely Sir that you may find time to do justi\u27e8ce\u27e9 both to yourself & to the memory of your father in pourtraying to the world his shining talents, his pub: services & his exemplary virtues.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0291", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n                Your favor of the 21st of April reached me a few days ago, and I have great pleasure in sending you herewith, a copy of Hones new testament, which I hope will be in time for the return of the packet. I have no account of the price, it having been just left at my house without a bill. It is but a trifle, and can be thought of at a future day. There is no other account between us. I have also to acknowledge on behalf of Mrs Rush, a letter received with yours, which Mrs Madison has been so kind as to write her.\n                The views which you have taken the trouble to throw together on Godwin\u2019s work, are many of them very striking, and will be valuable to me. Though impressed favorably with parts of his theory, I saw the extravagance of his errors of fact respecting our country, as also his errors of reasoning. Both became more perceptible as the subject was more looked into, and I accordingly sought an opportunity of conversing with Mr Malthus, with a view to suggest to him a few such remarks as obviously occurred in opposition to Mr Godwins statements. I do not as yet know\npositively that Malthus contemplates a reply; but must take it for granted that he does, after so very fierce an attack. I am in the habit of meeting with him in some of my intercourse here, and shall not fail to seek a further conversation with him, armed as I now am with the fresh matter of your acceptable communication. In case he intends an answer, I shall intimate to him the expediency of waiting for the complete returns of our census now going on. I remain dear Sir, for the present, with my constant attachment and respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0292", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Gales Jr., 26 June 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gales, Joseph Jr.\n                I have received yours of the 22d. I know not why Mr. Joy should be desirous of his political essays in a Newspaper form. As he has them in the more convenient form of a pamphlet, his disappointment cannot be an afflicting one.\n                On looking into the Mass of my papers having relation to the long & interesting period through w[h]ich my public life extended, I have thought that I ought not to leave in a useless state, such of them as have preserved a more authentic, or a more exact account of certain important transactions and events than may exist elsewhere. My enquiries in particular quarters for a few explanatory documents probably led to the conjectures which found their way to the press. I have no reason to believe that taking them together they have made any public impression that requires a special notice: and it not being my wish that the subject should be prolonged or revived, especially where it would be most likely to excite attention, I do not avail myself of the offer you so kindly make of the Intelligencer for contradicting any erroneous suggestions which may have been published. With much esteem and friendly wishes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0293", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 26 June 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have duly recd your kind favour of the 26th ult. which want of leisure has prevented me from answering earlier.\n                Next to the delightful & cheering testimony of a man\u2019s own Conscience, in favour of any course of conduct, is the approbation of gentlemen of high standing, of full capacity to judge, & free from the suspicion of another bias. It is not therefore extraordinary that I prize very highly the strong & unequivocal approbation you express of my feeble efforts to promote the prosperity of a Country in which I have been so fortunate as to realize a comfortable independence, & in whose welfare I am interested by all those ties which duty towards a large family can create.\n                To the course I have pursued & the exertions I have made, I have been impelled by high considerations, which, unfortunately, have not due weight with our statesmen & politicians. Our present policy impoverishes the Country, & blights & blasts the industry & happiness of our citizens, in the grain growing states, particularly those in the western Country, who are writhing under the deepest distress & embarrassments in all their various forms, notwithstanding that they almost universally own the soil they cultivate, which is blest with the most exuberant fertility, & notwithstanding the mildness of the climate, & the variety of other advantages they possess. Discontent, be assured, is spreading rapidly among them. They openly weigh the advantages they enjoy, & the disadvantages they suffer, from the union, & many of them incline to believe that the balance is greatly against them. An embarrassed & discontented people are the appropriate materials for demagogues to work upon. The public mind in such a state of things becomes highly combustible\u2014& it only requires a slight spark to excite an explosion. The maxim \u201cobsta principiis\u201d is as sound in government as in medicine. There is an immense disproportion between the means adequate to prevent moral & political evils, & those necessary to cure them.\n                It is of deep importance to apply a radical remedy to their distresses, before they produce the effects which distress & embarrassment have so frequently produced in every part of the world. Our own brief history is not without its admonitions on this subject. A little more talent & good fortune might have rendered Shays a C\u00e6sar, a Cromwell, or a Bonaparte. And the conflagration of Baltimore, Philadelphia, & New York, which the imbecility of the British ministry, & the death of Ross prevented, might have disolved the Legislation of the eastern section of the Union or a Hartford or Boston Convention.\n                There never was a nation without its Shayses. They lie dormant in times of peace & prosperity. But the hotbed of faction & public distress brings\nthem into activity, & it is the paramount duty of governmts to adopt every measure necessary to guard against that state of things of which they so adroitly avail themselves.\n                But the misery of human affairs, is, that experience is almost wholly thrown aw\u27e8ay\u27e9 on us. We proceed blindly in the same career of error & folly as our predecessors, & pay the proper forfeit for such outrageous absurdity. Charles I lost his head for his despotic system. In the twenty eight years that succeeded the restoration, his two sons pursued the same career that led him to the block\u2014& the one endangered & the other lost his crown, through an utter disregard of the lessons taught by their father\u2019s fate. Respectfully your obt. hble. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0295", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Spencer Roane, 29 June 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Roane, Spencer\n                I have received and return my thanks for your obliging communication of the 20th. instant. The papers of \u201cAlgernoon Sydney\u201d [sic] have given their full lustre to the arguments against the suability of States by individuals; and against the projectile capacity of the power of Congress within the \u201cten miles square.\u201d The publication is well worthy of a pamphlet form, but must attract public attention in any form.\n                The Gordian Knot of the Constitution seems to lie in the problem of collisions between the federal & State powers, especially as eventually exercised by their respective Tribunals. If the knot cannot be untied by the text of the Constitution, it ought not certainly, to be cut by any political Alexander.\n                I have always thought that a construction of the Instrument ought to be favored, as far as the text would warrant which would obviate the dilemma of a Judicial rencounter, or a mutual paralysis; and that, on the abstract question whether the federal, or the State decisions ought to prevail, the sounder policy would yield to the claims of the former.\n                Our Governmental System is established by a compact, not between the Government of the U. States, and the State Governments; but between the States as sovereign communities, stipulating each with the others, a surrender of certain portions of their respective authorities to be exercised by a common Government, and a reservation, for their own exercize, of all their other authorities. The possibility of disagreements concerning the line of division between these portions could not escape attention, and the existence of some provision for terminating regularly & authoritatively such disagreements, but be regarded as a material desideratum.\n                Were this trust to be vested in the States in their individual characters, the Constitution of the U. States might become different in every State, and would be pretty sure to do so in some; the State Governments would not stand all in the same relation to the General Government, some retaining more, others less of sovereignty; and the vital principle of equality which cements their Union, might thus gradually be deprived of its virtue. Such a trust vested in the Government representing the whole and exercised by its tribunals, would not be exposed to these consequences: whilst the Trust itself would be controulable by the States who directly or indirectly appoint the Trustees; whereas in the hands of the States no federal controul direct or indirect would exist, the functionaries holding their appointments by tenures independent of the General Government.\n                Is it not a reasonable calculation also that the room for jarring opinions between the national & State Tribunals will be narrowed by successive\ndecisions sanctioned by the public concurrence; and that the weight of the State Tribunals will be increased by improved organizations, by selections of abler judges; and consequently by more steady and enlightened proceedings? Much of the distrust of these Departments in the States, which prevailed when the National Constitution was formed has already been removed. Were they filled every where as they are in some of the States, one of which I need not name, their decisions, at once indicating & influencing the sense of their Constituents, and founded on united interpretations of constitutional points, could scarcely fail to frustrate an assumption of unconstitutional powers by the Federal Tribunals.\n                Is it too much to anticipate even that the federal & State Judges, as they become more & more of co-ordinate talents, with equal integrity, & feeling alike the impartiality enjoined by their oaths, will vary less & less also in their reasonings & opinions on all Judicial subjects; and thereby mutually contribute to the clearer and firmer establishment of the true boundaries of power, on which must depend the success and permanency of a Federal Republic, the best guardian \u27e8as\u27e9 we believe, of the liberty safety & happiness of men.\n                In these hypothetical views I may permit my wishes to sway too much my hopes. I submit the whole nevertheless to your perusal, well assured that you will approve the former, if you can not join fully in the latter. Under all circumstances I beg you to be assured of my distinguished esteem & sincere regard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0296", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Jonathan Thompson, 30 June 1821\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Custom House New York Collectors OfficeJune 30. 1821.\n                I rec\u2019d your letter of the 21st. inst. in relation to the Box of Seeds\u2014there being no opportunity to Fredericksburg, have forwarded it as per enclosed Bill of Lading to Norfolk to be forwarded from thence to the care of Messrs. Mackay & Campbell, Fredericksburg Va. No charge has been made to me for it. I am sir with respect Your Obt. Servt.\n                    Jonathan Thompson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0297", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, [ca. 30] June 1821\nFrom: Kelly, Edmond\nTo: Madison, James\n                In my postscript to my last letter I mentioned what appears to me to be the fact that the improper conduct of Mr Monroe and of men in Congress whom the fallacious and Insidious misrepresentations of the british Govt. & its agents influenced to promote the success of british Intrigue had agitated the union and I do suppose that except Ohio & a few other states whose Legislative Councils were guided by factious men such improper Cooperation of Leading Characters in the different departments of the genl Govt. with british govt Agents alarmed other Legislatures and caused that spirit of resistance to the authority of the Genl Govt which threatened a dissolution of the union\u2014such appear to me to be the bad effects of an unwarrantable interference in matters foreign to american legislation & Jurisprudence and of subservience to the requisitions of the british Govt. & no wonder it alarmed good republicans\u2014that the b Govt is anxious & alert to deceive & divide americans from a hope that discord & disunion would facilitate a reconquest which concord and union would render Impracticable is evident but that to prevent such a state of things is the duty of the next congress is equally so, to effect which excluding all matters foreign to its legislative & Constitutional duties would contribute\u2014if Mr Barber & Mr Monroe would but reflect that the suggestions of the b Govt are as deceptious as the assertions of Interrested adventurers influenced by cupidity and avarice are false as contrary to truth as to Justice much factious declamation & inflamatory harangues would cease to agitate congress from the first citizen and attempts to form alliances with the satelites of the british Govt. (as done by Genl Hull) would not distinguish Mr Monroes presidential Carreer from all others that preceded him. I would willingly remind those Gentn. that where authority & proof are wanted any Legislative Decisions of or in One Country are what is solely cognizable by the Legislature of an other Country & on suffict. proof is as unjust as it wd. be for me to go on my neighbours plantation and order things as I pleased on it & it is hoped that this principle recognised by every law national & International human & divine the next congress will not suffer Individuals to Violate, in which case to conciliate the different states to confirm the authority of the genl Govt. and the Jurisdiction of the federal court are\nindispensably necessary towards preserving the union for if the Doctrine asserted by Al[g]ernon Sidney be acquesced in the union of the states is at and end\u2014it is like John Bulls broad principle who in effect says recognise my broad principle & the strength of my Arm shall do the rest. So with the states. If Congress will once recognise their Legislatures uncontroulable irresponsible & insubordinate to the Genl Govt. I have no doubt but that the Harford Convention for Connecticut and the Legislatures of Ohio &ca. will soon form foreign Alliances, dispense with the protection of the Genl Govt. & contrive to pocket the states quota of the taxes to defray the expences of the Genl Govt and make a foreign Govt. to supply the states with Manufactures as the Genl Govt does the Indians and also follow the grand example of the Citizens of St Lou[i]s otherwise Missouriopolis who have already Commenced a foreign trade and scorn to touch at Orleans outward or homeward bound but as that happened before her admission & perhaps when in an ill humour it is hoped she will now dismiss her resentments become a worthy sister of the union & as she is legally married into it substitute for Miss. Mistress Ouriopolis which I suppose will be more suitable tho perhaps less agreeable to her Ladyship. In saying her Ladyship I do not mean any of those aristocratic Titles of Baroness Countess Marshioness or Duchess sounds as odious as discordant to the presidential family as they are to democratic virtue but I Mean that plain Title which befits the wife of any plain country squire and that is Lady Mistress Ouriopolis. Long may it remain so.\n                What appears to me would be the most effectual Check on factious men who gain an ascendancy in the different states Legislatures wd be the creating of a power in the Judiciary of each state to peruse and revise all acts of the states Legislatures after they pass them and then to certify them as constitutional to the Governors (if so) for their signatures\u2014but if not to certify them as unconstitutional which last should operate as a Veto and prevent what wd violate the Constitn. becoming a law tho I do not say that this is the proper time to attempt it.\n                After the submission of the neapolitans I submitted my Opinion as to the cause of that submission\u2014Vizt. that it is not attributable to any want of manhood if it manhood could be in the first Onset exerted by a people long habituated by passive submission to slavery but to the pontifical superstition & the secret influence precepts & preaching of the priesthood who are Interrested to stop the progress of mental Improvement rational Knowledge & Legislation which is always hostile to superstition & Imposture but for a more particular Knowlege of that superstition to such as cannot have local Knowledge of its effects on the Illiterate & unfortunately the most enervateing & Effeminateing of any that prevails in Europe I referr to the work of a man of considerable Genius and Talent Don Antonio   a spanish Bishop who escaped the Vengeance of the spanish Inquisition &\nfled to England where he published it\u2014it is called a master Key to Popery and the title is but expressive of the merit of the work in fact it Justifies it.\n                My motive for writing so fully on that event arose from the necessity there appeared to be to Justify what spain had done\u2014she had published no Justificatory declaration manifesto or address to the holy aliance which if newspapers are correct is disposed to anihilate her constitutional freedom\u2014she has published no Justificatory address to demonstrate her Inherent right or her obvious necessity for the change\u2014prudence & policy required it & I did hope that some philantrophic Individual gifted with sufficient ability wd vindicate her conduct particularly as I am apprehensive that if spain is invaded by Austrian & Rusian Armies the same cause which operated On the neapolitan peasantry will occasion a similar defection & submission of the spanish peasantry\u2014it appears the spanish clergy have under protection of Almighty God (occasionally the british King & the Duke of York whose sneers are become habitual to the spanish priesthood) already prejudiced & Irritated the Spanish peasantry against Constitutional freedom\u2014have denounced it as so heretical & impious as to excite that Infatuated bigoted people to hostility against the Constituted Authorities\u2014to Civil War\u2014& such is the paralising effects of popery that neither Naples portugal or spain ever entered into any aliance to aid each other against the combined attacks of the Combined armies of the holy Aliance\u2014it is however satisfactory to reflect that if Despotism is reestablished the Duke of York & the british princes who secretly sanctioned their political Changes & anticipated from them civil wars\u2014royal abdications\u2014Regicide\u2014partitionment & desolation will be disappointed at lest as to Spain but I am doubtfull as to France where british Intrigue & influence has made rapid progress and may have or cause fatal effects\u2014but altho I am satisfied of the necessity & the right of Spain to supercede the operation of arbitrary power & to substitute for it Constl Freedom I am not equally satisfied that the constitution is faultless. It appears from newspapers that her legislature is comprised in one house consequently more like a roman Senate or a Convention than a british or American Legislature composed of two distinct and seperate chambers\u2014every days experience shews that it is not untill after a difficult question is discussed & decided in one house that it is perfectly understood and may necessarily undergo special alterations and modifications in the other such as to render it efficient & unobjectionable\u2014besides the Individuals of most wealth will under such Circumstances always secure their Election and appointment in total exclusion of the persons of the middleing & poorer classes\u2014such a state of things is always sure to cause Civil war anarchy & ultimately some national Calamity and by no means calculated for permanence in so old & populous a Country as Spain. I consider a senate whether elective as the American\u2014whether appointed for Life or some special Term or whether\nhereditary as the british but in which no man under 30 years of Age should have a vote as representing the wisest most eminent and Experienced of the Elders of the Community deciding with sage and cautious Deliberation on all national questions & I consider the representatives of the people as selected for their superior Intelligence diligence and activity and invested with the two very Important duties of public Agents and Legislators for the public good & security regulating the rects. & Expenditure\u2014an Institution Indispensably necessary.\n                The roman Senate or nobility whom I revere for unequaled Magnanimity and Virtue was guilty of this error\u2014it monopolised legislation and by that means incurred the hatred & envy of the turbulent tribunes & of the roman population which being inflamed & prejudiced by the tribunes permitted the ruin of the republic & of roman freedom\u2014had these men shifted even the drudgery of Legislation to the tribunes & the people with a due proportion of its Emoluments Cesar would not have dared to attempt subverting roman freedom. If he did he & his few Veteran Legions would have been sacrificed. But as the people hated the nobles he met with no Such opposition as he Otherwise would have done. Dean Swift remarks that such was the apathy & so neutral were the people that the numbers of those Imbattled under Cesar & Pompey were not mised out of the agregate of the population which ought to be a memento to future law givers.\n                But it may be sayed and I su[s]pect is so but Know it not that the Spanish Constin or the greater part of it is taken from the code of Joseph Buonaparte & was hastily adop[t]ed from necessity\u2014a bad excuse for men so learned as the Spaniards\u2014the Original french democratic Code from which most of their Subsequent legislation is deduced was formed or pened whe\u27e8n\u27e9 France had to contend with the Coalesced Armies & with a host of domestic enemies\u2014no country ever had greater difficulties to encounter\u2014it became necessary to elevate the poor so as to Interrest the mass of the population to repell the Coalesced armies & Crush domestic enemies\u2014thus then that equality which superficial people affect to deride that is equality of rank and of rights & a total abolition of aristocratic privilege produced the desired or expected Effect & Caused an Enthusiasm in the french people which was never before equaled & which caused the defeat of the Successive Coalitions\u2014to create public property to benefit the lower Orders & defray the expences of larger fleets and Armies than the revenue was equal to was also not less politic than necessary. In fact such of their first efforts as were unjust were necessary towards self defence & preservation & were caused by the flight of Louis the 16th. Spain had no such difficulties to Encounter & ought to have legislated better. My Opinion of the necessity of a decent provision for the Spanish Clergy of the state of France & England shall be the subject of the next letter from Your obt H Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0299", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Elisha Callender, 4 July 1821\nFrom: Callender, Elisha\nTo: Madison, James\n                I feel most sencible how incorrect it may appear, to address a Gentleman, who I have no personal acquaintance with; but am fully persuaided, when I shall hereafter, introduce the Subject, for your perusal, grant me a ready forgiveness, for further apology.\n                I am fully convinced, the Cultivation of the Olive Tree, is practible in our climate, and do not hesitate to say, it can be brought to full perfection\u2014how desirable, would it be to see an Olive Plantation, rising to Individual, and Public utility; what Patriotic Breast, would not expand, or what Heart, that would not glow, for a signal service, rendered to his common and Parent Country\u2014your position of Lands, having large possessions, with there variety of Soil, being in a climate simular in Latitude & Longitude, of Triest, & Gallipo, where the finest Olives, are produced, incourages me to hope, and view the subject, in the fairest light. I see no obsticle in the way, of introducing them, in our Country, attented with every advantage; they are nearly, as easy raised, as the common Plumb Tree, but of much greater durability, they have been known to reach the great age of 60 to 70 Years\u2014after arriving to age of maturity, which will require five years & upwards, for producing fruite; each Tree then, will on an average, give from fourteen to Twenty Gallons, first years product, and as the health & Strength of the Trees increase, so will the quantity of Oil augment in proportion\u2014this Oil, in general fill [sic] demand, owing to the great consumation for Table use, Woolen Manufacturers, Machinry & &ca. viewing quality, for each purpose, it has seldom or ever known to be sold, less by quantity, than $1.33 pr Gallon, and of late years, $1.50 to $1.75. You will see by this statement, Sir; the value of each Tree. This is not the only p[r]operty, attached to the Olive, is its Oil, for after pressing, put the remains in hot water and suine as, will answer well for Soap, but still more preferable, for an\nexcellent manure for the Earth. In order to effect, this most desirable plan of promoting, & cultivating this Tree, will be to send a suitable Person, to either of the before mentioned Places, there let him wait, the Olive Harvest, and attend the pressing of them; that he may select the best Kernals or stones, and place them in a Cask, and at evry row of Stones, let him place a Layer of moist Earth, to keep them as much seperated as possible; and in Order to prevent all casualties, I should advise to procure, two hundred or more Scions or suckers, from the best and largest Trees. Let the roots or bottom be Beded with moist Clay, or Earth, and well secured with Matts. This mode will prevent injury, and keep them in health, untill they can be convey\u2019d to our Shores\u2014when ready for planting and you have on your Lands, or Estates, an elevated position to keep the north Winds from injurying them, it would be desirable\u2014let each kernal be inserted in the Earth, from twelve to fourteen feet distant on Every angle, in order that each Tree when arrived at maturity, should not be crouded. Plant, nine Inches deep, with a Small quantity of Horse manure in the hole; when arrived above the Earth, take care for two or three following falls of the year, they may have a warm Covering of manure around the Stem, at least Six Inches in height; after that they will have health & Strength to take care of them Selves, on a second reflection I would plant two Kernals in one hole, fear full that one may not take, and should they both Vegitate, it will be very easy to transplant the other. May Health & every blessing attend you & Family is the wish of a friend, to", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0300", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert Briggs, 5 July 1821\nFrom: Briggs, Robert\nTo: Madison, James\n                I received yours of the 12 Ultimo several days since but my time has been so occupied as to prevent me from noticing its contents sooner. It\naffords me pleasure to lern that you are at length likely to be freed from so unpleasant a visitant as the disease with which your family has been long disturbed. Agreeably to your request I enclose a statement of my account. Accompa[n]ying this are the several numbers of the Journal you were so good as to loan me which I hope you will receive safe.\n                Please present my thanks to Mr Todd for his kindness in procurings [sic] the work which I receivd with your friendly letter. With sentiments of high respect & sincere esteem I am Dear Sir Yours &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0301", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Maury, 9 July 1821\nFrom: Maury, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                I returned from Fredericksburg yesterday, where I was much pleased with the view of your Crop of Tobacco. It really looks well, & is such, that from the late advices from Liverpool it cannot fail of doing well. Under these circumstances you can draw for \u00a3250.\n                The Tobacco will be on board the Glide this week & bills of lading sent to Mr Mackay as you directed.\n                Insurance has been ordered already.\n                My Father writes to me upon the subject I wrote to you from New Orleans\u2014at present I shall take your advice & say nothing of it.\n                I shall leave this for New York in 2 days to embark by the 10 August & bid adieu to a Country from whose inhabitants I have received every attention a Stranger could expect.\n                Be assured my Dear Sir I shall ever remember with gratitude the kindness of yourself & Mrs Madison to whom I pray you to present my respects. I am Dear Sir Your most obedient servant\n                    My Trunk is in the River, if in time I will send on to Mrs M. my promised present of Natchitoches Snuff.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0302", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Quincy Adams, 16 July 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n                J. Madison presents his respects to Mr. Adams with many thanks for his \u201cAddress\u201d on the 4th. of July, which is not less rich in excellent thoughts, than eloquent in the enunciation of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0303", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, [ca. 17] July 1821\nFrom: Kelly, Edmond\nTo: Madison, James\n                A dull or stupid attack prevents me from continuing my remarks on the urgent necessity & great advantage of restoring the roman Catholic Religion to its original apostolic purity which appears to me not less needed by Spain than by Ireland\u2014the only thing that would lead to unanimity & rationality, & guarantee & secure the Internal repose & welfare of their Countries. I consider Bigotry as the sole cause of that discord & animosity that convulses Spain and divides the people of Ireland. I consider the Divisions in Ireland as prolonging the disqualifications they Complain of, but which a cordial unanimity of the people would remove & I am perswaded that such unanimity would Induce the Irish nation to Cooperate with the british in procuring that most Important of all other laws\u2014parliamentary reform\u2014that such Cooperation of the people of both Countries would abolish all nomination & concede or restore to the people the right of Election which however it might reduce the power of the oligarchs & the domineering arrogance of their Leader the Duke of York & of the King would be an Incalculable benefit to the nation as it would so reduce exorbitant taxes as to proportion the national Expences to the Expenditure really necessary & the ability of the poor to defray its quota in which case it is presumeable a sense of public distress would Induce the King & the Royal family to relinquish two thirds of the Income they now squander to relieve public distress & thus at once remove the necessity for exorbitant oppressive taxation\nwhich deprives the poorer classes not only of the Comforts but of the necessaries of life & Converts them into paupers\u2014such a Retrenchment would regenerate both Countries.\n                In saying so I wish not to be misunderstood as Canvassing for any share of that popularity which properly belongs to the old and tried friends and Leaders of the people. They have earned it by their Exertions & their sufferings. If I did I would deserve the Chastisment which Sir Francis Burdetts Letter to the friends of parliamentary Reform Inflicts but which I cannot presume was dictated by any such suspicion or sceptical apprehensions on that head. I have heretofore Considered him as one of the most Virtuous of the british patriots & if either Irritation or Injury causes an alteration in his conduct his mind will not be more at ease nor his exertions promote the public Interest so well as by preserving his former moderation. If any one has mistaken the Simpathy of men of honour & patriotism towards me caused by the persecutions of the royal family & oligarchs that is if such Simpathy has Shielded or saved me my conduct was but a helpless attempt at Cooperation to defend myself & not a Canvass for popularity. At all events it verifies the truth of Lord Mansfields assertion (if I gained any) that popularity gained without Merit is lost without a crime\u2014in truth I am Indebted to patriotic men & honourable men too not only for existence but for what I have or Ought to have\u2014it has shielded & saved me from the effects of royal & oligarchic hatred & Villiany\u2014& conscious of these obligations I feel an Interest in reducing & limitting their oppressive power but not by transferring more of it to the people than the british Constitution Originally Intended so as to preserve the Constitutional Equilibrium and untill that is effected I believe the people of both Countries will be discontented & unhappy\u2014after this & a further Explanation of my sentiments I hope no one will consider me a Demagogue that reads it\u2014that part of Sir F Burdetts Letter which Identifies me with the Ass who Knew his Masters Crib is untrue as Applied to me. I had no Master & paid the man he aludes to for what Corn I bought from him. I found him an Obliging Neighbour & friendly man untill Royal Influence & artifice & an Infamous prescription Converted him into an Othello\u2014his dread of dishonour tho groundless afterwards Influenced his conduct or rather made him subservient to british Intrigue & probably he has sayed what he Ought not to say but my Conduct here & since I came to Manhood & sense defies Scrutiny. I am so harassed & so accustomed to such Conspiracies against Character that I of late treat them with Indifference. I find the most Iliterate men in society are now aware that abuse and aspersion do not Justify nor Create in the King the Duke of York or Moll any Title to my property which I would sooner Scatter to the winds if my wishes could do so rather than any of them shd have it\u2014however I can no more Controul their attacks & Conspiracies than I can the power &\nInfluence of the Crown or Sir Francis Burdetts pen\u2014or passions but I hope I can safely say that my Conduct will be what it has been firm & Consistent & that it shall neither Veer for Despot or Dictator however patriotic. In truth I preferr the Esteem of Learned Virtuous and patriotic men to the shouts & Applauses of a Capricious Iliterate multitude.\n                I am aware that the Insidious suggestions of british Govt. Agents have rendered me suspected\u2014that is that I am in principle a Monarchist if the b King & Oligarchs had not persecuted me. I can sincerely assure such persons that I am an Enemy to Arbitrary power in any hands & equally so to a crowned Despot or a Robertspiere who abuse it but do not deny that I consider a virtuous aristocracy subsisting on its own private property & such as that of Rome was as the most magnanimous body that ever did or can Ornament human life but I deem A house of Representatives as more necessary to public freedom & security & that my Opposition to Federalists is not for their aristocratic principles but for their hostility to american Independence and secret Alegiance to a foreign Enemy. I perceive the ablest & best statesmen America has produced & that for 6 years last past appeared in Congress have resigned their seats in disgust because they could not in honour and in Justice conform to and adopt the prejudices of a factious Constituency prejudiced by british Govt agents & demagogues which I consider a probable Indication that before the end of the present Century America will shelter herself or seek Intestine security and repose under a sistem which as the roman poet says is not to be affected by the Capricious veering of popular air\u2014such are my sentiments & Opinions whether Correct Or not I do not dissemble them.\n                Americans are more in the habit of Censuring Europeans for not being in principle exclusively democratic than is correct or warranted by experience or local knowledge of the british dominions\u2014it is deciding on matters like a parisian Citizen who thinks nothing is right anywhere otherwise than it is at Paris\u2014the fact is that European Gentn are learned liberal and patriotic\u2014but Democracy there is Jacobinism which affords no safe and sufficient security for Life and property\u2014property has accumulated there more than in any other Country & was acquired by the wealthier classes (Cromwells Oligarchs & queen Annes favourites excepted) by the most meritorious & progressive Industry, Manufactures and Commercial and it cannot be consigned to the discretionary protection of a crouded population & their favourites which population Irritated and inflamed by their sufferings & privations and by Demagogical Declamation would abuse its power\u2014this is what obliges the wealthier classes to give a reluctant preferrence to that Govt which bad as it is protects them tho at an exorbitant Expence and proves the correctness of Doctor Wolcots remark on french Jacobins that they had demolished one Edifice without leaving or building up one pebble to supply its place\u2014finally the opulent classes there consider\nJacobinism or Jacobins as Conspirators against their Lives and properties\u2014this is not mere assertion or conjecture but the Information of persons of Grade who deserted that cause & untill Inovators substitute a Just & Economic Sistem of Govt. which gives compleat security to life & property and as effectually protects the wealthier classes from the avarice & rapacity of mobs & Demagogues as the present Govt. does\u2014they cannot succeed\u2014but if they can do so they will have my vote and aid & I think the votes & aid of more efficient persons to supercede the Operation & functions of spurious Royalty. If they (Inovators) do not afford such Effectual security they cannot succeed & will only disturb the public peace\u2014Injure Commerce and Industry and sacrifice an Industrious & manly populace so enthusiastically devoted to Republicanism & so easily deceived by appearances that any demagogues can drive it into hopeless Insurrection wherein Success is as probable as the Conjectures of John C Symes.\n                I am aware it is unbecoming in a person of humble grade to abuse or asperse the british Reigning family without a Just cause & necessity for it therefore consider the following explanation of a Villianous Conspiracy by them against myself which is bottomed on falsehood prostitution & Intrigue Justifies Retaliation supported by truth. I was but 15 years of age when the Princess Marys Intrigues but which I was then as blind to as to futurity seperated my Father from his wife and got me a very severe whiping. I then erroneously attributed my Fathers severity to a fixed hatred of me and not to the secret Instructions of a british strumpet\u2014& Concluded to leave him. I did so\u2014came to Dublin and got into an office where after a little time I was Entrusted with the rect. and payment of money\u2014among others\u2014A female had frequent Orders on me for Money which I paid\u2014from this we became acquainted\u2014& the british strumpet mad with disappointment had her usual dose administered by which I became Infatuated with my new acquaintance and Kept her Company tho forbid it & nothing but the d\u27e8read?\u27e9 of poverty and want & a gradual decline of the Infatuation prevented us from realising the fate of Voltaires Candid and Cunnegund\u2014but our acquaintanc\u27e8e\u27e9 shortly after ceased. I believe she is now a married woman & altho she had not a Licence to sanction a previous attachment she had more Continence than many that had\u2014about this time the princess Mary distributed \u00a360.000 pounds of my money among her Gallants & I never heard the female I mentioned allude to her in any other way than by calling her the whore of Destruction or any other person in low life at the time but I did not then Know or enquire who the Infamous strumpet was\u2014this disappointed Court prostitute became enraged by neglect & the public Contempt & from thenceforth became a factious enemy and that spurious royal family Created a Conspiracy to rob me & to Justify it aledged that my female acquaintance kept a house of Ill fame & that I was privy to her assignations\u2014this is evidently as Villianous a\nConspiracy as ever was formed against any one & the story to this day goes the rounds of the newspapers to Justify the robberies of the Crown & is also repeated by every shallow hotheaded demagogue who expects that a Guillotine & a Convention will secure his fortune\u2014to reply to Such slanders would be to give them more Importance than they deserve since it must be evident to any man of Common sense that any Company I may have blindly or Imprudently Kept when I was not 17 years of age with any person of Inferior grade can no more divest me of my rights or create a Title in the crown or Influence the operation of the laws against me any more than the cloths I wore\u2014the marbles I played or the lessons I previously sayed at school all which is Misrepresented by spurious Royalty\u2014the King I perceive is now in Ireland offering as he did as Regent Catholic Emancipation as a bribe to the chiefs of the roman Catholics Lord Fingal & the Plunkets for their Influence with the body not to Oppose his Intended Robbery of me & the seisure of my family estates. I have Just heard that my uncle is Dead which vests in me the Legal Estate which before was in him & Shall return as soon as Convenient to Assert it in which Case the King and the Duke of York the spurious Descendant of Lord Bute will find me a firm & Inflexible Opponent. I have no Objection the King should have the Estates of his deceased brother Earl Carhampton (Luttrell) but mine he shall not have\u2014it is notorious that George the 3d was the cross born bastard of Lord Bute by a german whore so that it is no wonder an hereditary baseness of Disposition should distinguish these spurious being[s] from honourable men. The late King Knew the present King not to be his son and hated him\u2014he Knew the Duke of York to be his son and Carressed him but altho there is more avarice & malignity in the scotchmans bastard progeny than in the Irishmans & their national traits of Character Visible any submission or reliance on either would prove fatal to your Obt. St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0304", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 19 July 1821\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n                Your favour of 17th Inst. to our R. Mackay was received this morning, he is at present from home, and is expected to be absent ten or fifteen days.\n                Enclosed you will please find blank Bills of Exchange as requested. Our last advice from New York Quotes Exchange at 9 pr Cent Premm. but we think it probable that not more than 8\u00bd prct. could now be obtained. Your\u2019s however shall be disposed of to the best advantage. We are very Respectfully Dear sir Your Mo Obt servts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0305", "content": "Title: To James Madison from an Unidentified Correspondent, 20 July 1821\nFrom: \nTo: Madison, James\n                Excuse me of taking the liberty to send you one of the papers inclosed within concerning the African Abolition of Slave Trade.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0306", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mackay & Campbell, 21 July 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay & Campbell\n                I have just recd. your favor of the l9th. and inclose the Blank bills filled with a draft on Maury & Latham for $250 Stirling [sic]. I lose no time in sending them; because I understand there is an advantage in having bills in the market in time for the Monthly Packet from N. York. I wish as much of the proceeds to be applied to the Bank in Fredg. as will cancel the discount and reduce my debt from $1200 to $800. and the balance to be remitted by a safe oppy. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0307", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy, 21 July 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Pomeroy, Samuel Wyllys\n                I return my thanks for the Agricultural Journal for which I observe I am indebted to your politeness.\n                Several of the Articles have well rewarded the perusal. Those on the culture of flax are particularly interesting, being calculated to gratify curiosity at the same time that they instruct the husbandman.\n                I send herewith samples of flax in the several Stages of its preparation by a machine of modern invention, adopted by the Linnen Board in Ireland, & protected by a special act of Parliament. They came to my hands whilst I was in public life at Washington, accompanied by a letter from a person who wished his name to be concealed; in which the machine is represented as very cheap & simple, and capable of being worked by hand, horse, or steam. It is said to be adapted to a similar preparation of hemp, which must add much to its value, hemp being produced from much greater quantity than flax from equal ground, having a stronger fibre, and exhausting much less the soil.\n                It is not improbable that this information may not be new to you, it being said that a person had arrived several years ago in the Northern quarter, with the knowlege of the machine & its uses; and that you may have even seen samples such as are now sent. In that case the communication I make will answer no purpose but that of confirming the respect of which I offer you assurances with my good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0308", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 23 July 1821\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n                Your favour of the 21st enclosing a Sett of Exchange on Messrs. Maury & Latham for \u00a3250 Sterling was received this morning. Our best exertions shall be used for your interest in the disposition.\n                In Order to meet your views respecting the Bank debt, you\u2019l find enclosed, a note which please have executed & returned to us by the 1st. next Month.\n                We forward a small Box to your address by this opportunity, which was recd. by us last week. Yours Very Respectfully", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0310", "content": "Title: Bond by Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, [3 August 1821]\nFrom: \nTo: \n                Know all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson, rector and James Breckenridge, James Madison, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke, Chapman Johnson and Robert B. Taylor, visitors of the University of Virginia, are held & firmly bound to the President & Directors of the Literary fund in the sum of 56,200 to the payment whereof well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves and our successors to the sd. President & Directors and their successors firmly by these presents, sealed with the common seal of the sd. Rector & Visitors and dated this 3d day of Aug. in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty one.\n                The Condition of this obligation is such that, Whereas the President and Directors of the \u27e8Literary Fund?\u27e9, under authority of the Act of the General Assembly of the 24th day of February last past, intituled \u201cAn act concerning the University of Virginia,\u201d have this day loaned to the Rector and Visitors of the sd. University, the sum of 29. thousand 100 Dollars, for the purpose of compleating the buildings, and making the necessary preparations for putting the said University into operation, on the conditions that the lawful interest on the sd. sum of 29,100 Dollars shall be annually paid, and the principal be redeemed according to the provisions of the sd. act, and that the annual appropriation made by law to the sd. University be legally pledged to the sd. President and Directors for the punctual payment of the annnual interest and redemption of the principal as aforesaid: Now therefore, if the sd. Rector & Visitors & their successors shall faithfully pay to the sd. President and Directors of the Literary fund and their successors annually on the  day of   the lawful interest on the sd. sum of 29,100. Dollars, or on so much of the sd. sums as shall be bearing interest, until the whole of the principal shall have been paid and shall also faithfully pay the sd. principal sum of 29,100 Dollars according to the provisions of the sd. act of assembly, applying for that purpose the sums of money appropriated annually by law to the use, or for the benefit of the sd. University, or so much thereof as may be requisite, which sums of money so appropriated in each year, so far as requisite for the purpose, are hereby pledged and set apart by the sd. Rector & Visitors to be applied by the President and Directors of the Literary fund to the payment of the sd. interest & principal sum of 29,100 Dollars, borrowed as aforesaid, and to no other uses or objects until the sd. payment shall have been made, then the above obligation shall be void, otherwise shall remain in full force and virtue.\n                    signed sealed and delivered in presence of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0311", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Gibson, 6 August 1821\nFrom: Gibson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                Not having the Honor of being personally acquainted with you, I must beg leave to be excused for troubling you upon a subject, that may prove highly beneficial to me. From the best information that I can collect, there is a considerable estate in England that the family of Gibsons are entitled to and probably can be obtained provided the necessary testimony can be exhibited to satisfy that this family is of that line\u2014and presuming that Mrs Madison (your mother) (if still living) has some recollection of them, I must beg leave to request of you to make the requisite enquiry, and should she have any recollection of them, to take her deposition, authenticated in such form as you may deem sufficient to obtain the same. The property alluded to was in possession of Edmund Gibson of England; and William Gibson of Scotland Brothers to Jonathan Gibson my great Grandfather who had but one Son, (named Jonathan) who was father, to my father also named Jonathan\u2014the said Edmund & William having died without issue.\n                Your compliance will singularly oblidge Dr sir Your Mo respectful & obdt Humble Servt.\n                    Fauquier County", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0312", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Pomeroy, Samuel Wyllys\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have to acknowledge the rect of your highly valued favor of 21 Ult. with the samples of flax in the several Stages of preparation by the late invented machines. They were exhibited to the Trustees of the Massct. Agril. Society at their meeting yesterday, & afforded much gratification as nothing of the kind had been seen by any member of the board\u2014a lively interest was excited, which resulted in a vote authorising a comme. to offer premiums for models of the machines; deeming it impracticable to obtain them at present, compleat, owing to the jealousy of foreign governments, and presuming that the ingenuity of our mechanics would overcome all obstacles could they but possess an accurate model.\n                As it is possible, Sir, that you may not have met with an elaborate report of a Comme. of the House of Commons on the subject of two flax machines invented in England\u2014or with an accot of one contained in \u201cLes Archives Philosophiques &c\u201d invented in France, published in our journal for Jany. 1819, I herewith transmit that number.\n                It appears by late accounts from England and by the French account, that boiling in an alkaline lye or immer[s]ing in sulphuric acid is necessary to finish the article after being dressed by the machines. I am inclined to think that if the flax was subjected to the operation of Steam for a few hours, those deleterious substances might be dispensed with, and the facility of dressing so much increased as to compensate for the extra expence\u2014with the mills now in use in this country, it probably is the best mode of preparation\u2014and our board are about to offer premiums for specimens of flax prepared by Steam the present season, & it is probable that our next Jany. Journal may contain the results.\n                I have packed with the journal some seed of the Yellow Aberdeen Turnip sent me by Mr Young the Secretary to the Nova Scotia board of Agre., who recd it last year from Scotland: he states that it is a new & Superior variety for the Table, retaining its sweetness & keeping good nearly as long as the Rutabaga. I hope it may arrive in time to produce a crop the present season, should you not have been possess\u2019d of the same kind. I remain Sir with high respect & consideration your obt &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0313", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                    In obedience to the resolution of the visitors of the university at their last session, the Proctor has been constantly employed in \u201cascertaining the state of accounts under contracts already made, and the expence of compleating the buildings begun and contemplated\u201d: and we have consequently suspended, according to instructions, \u201cthe entering into any contracts for the Library until we see that it may be done without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions, hotels and dormitories begun and to be begun.\u201d The Proctor will require yet considerable time to compleat his settlements; insomuch that it is very doubtful whether there will be any thing ready for us to act on at our stated meeting in october, should that take place. But by deferring our meeting to the approach of that of the Genl Assembly, it is believed we shall be able to report to them that nearly the whole of the buildings of accomodation are finished, and the sum they will have cost; that the few remaining will be finished by the spring, and what their probable cost will be, as ascertained by experience, and further to show the balance of the funds still at our command, & how far they will be competent to the erection of the library. On this view of the unreadiness of matter for our next stated meeting, & of the prospect that a deferred one will enable us to make a clear & satisfactory report, I venture to propose the omission of our october meeting, & the special call of an occasional one on the thursday preceding the meeting of the legislature. That day is fixed on for the convenience of the gentlemen who are members of the legislature; as it brings them so far on their way to Richmond, with time to get to the 1st day of the session. Not having an opportunity of personal consultation with my colleague of the committee of advice, I pass the letters thro\u2019 his hands. If he approves the proposition he will subjoin his approbation & forward them to their several addresses; otherwise, not. If approved, it will be proper you should subscribe the enclosed notice and return it to me to be placed among our records.\n                    I have just received an order of the Literary board for 29.100 D in part of the loan of 60.000 D lately authorised; and following the practise of the Legislature, I have thought it just and safest to have the deposit made by moieties in the Virginia & Farmer\u2019s banks. I salute you with great friendship & respect.\n                        Th: Jeffersonapproved John H. Cocke\n                    We the subscribers visitors of the University of Virginia being of opinion that it will be to the interest of that institution to have an occasional meeting of the visitors by special call on the thursday preceding the next meeting of the General assembly do therefore appoint that day for such meeting, and request the attendance of sd visitors accordingly. Witness our hands on the several days affixed to our respective Signatures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0314", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmond Kelly, [ca. 18] August 1821\nFrom: Kelly, Edmond\nTo: Madison, James\n                Much sickness has prevented me from resuming the Subject of my last letters on the state of Spain and Ireland, particularly on the necessity for abolishing the papal Inovations in Religion\u2014on the good effects of rendering that R Catholic Religion rational edifying and salutary which unfortunately in its practical Operation & effect is Irrational demoralising pernicious & hostile to mental Improvement\u2014recent events demonstrate that the Italian Clergy secretly influenced the neapolitan peasantry to submitt without a struggle\u2014and it is evident had Spain been Invaded the same Influence would prove fatal to the spanish Constitution\u2014popery is indisputably the worst Enemy to European Liberty\u2014no wonder we find the british Govt the restorer & protector of it\u2014if the Irish papists are refused Emancipation or admission into the british parliament it is because Cromwells Nobility & Annes party who possess the properties the\npapists were robbed of in Violation of the Articles of Limerick dread a party of papists in parliament and perhaps in power shareing the royal patronage might claim some restitution\u2014in fact it is the dread of restitution that Excludes them\u2014but the Illiterate herd of Lazy Idle papists of Spain Portugal & Italy being neither Competitors in Manufacturing Industry or monopoly but on the Contrary good Customers and Consumers have the good fortune to enjoy the patronage of the british Govt. All experience proves that however Learni[n]g and reading qualify Individuals of the wealthier classes professing popery for good Republicans\u2014it is such Improvement alone that causes a departure in them from spirit effect and operation of popery and that therefore such instances can only be Considered (if they can be deemed so) as partial exceptions to its general principle and operation\u2014a Knowledge of the classics does not appear to me more necessary to qualify a person for coledge than a rational sistem of Religion & Education to qualify men to be good Republicans\u2014however I am at present unequal to the subject but shall resume it as soon as my health permitts accompanied with such remarks on the state of Ireland and on the Erroneous conduct of men whose Influence on the peasantry has converted Land lords & Tenants into Enemies\u2014so as to Terrify & Urge the former into Vindictive & precautionary severity\u2014and thereby reduce the later to privation and its attendant Miseries. I am no Misantrophist\u2014no party man\u2014no Enemy to either class or I would not disclose such errors\u2014in truth the Innocent and the Ignorant are the most Injured & the Victims to these Errors\u2014errors as repugnant to humanity as to good policy and public good\u2014it is evident those who caused such Errors not being Intentionally Enemies to their Country were destitute of Judgment rationality & Experience & if the disclosure of them could only produce future Amendment & Conscientious reparation all parties would be mutually benefited by a measure that would promote the public good & welfare of all classes.\n                In one hour after I threw my last letter into the post office I recollected a blunder in it Vizt. that the text\u2014the Ox Knoweth his owner & the Ass his Masters crib &ca. was prefixed to one of Sternes Sermons I read 20 years ago\u2014reproving us for censuring faults in others while we have greater faults ourselves which we do not correct but indulge\u2014supposing it however to be what I heard a Gentn who resided in France call a double Entendre\u2014I Cannot perceive How any faults of mine could warrant sanction or Justify the british King\u2014the Duke of York and the princess Mary (who is sayed to be occasionally with Mrs. Clarke the Dukes Mistress), and their satelite John Bull in their attempts to robb me. If any faults or weaknesses of mine can Justify or sanction their Interference in my affairs or their Intrigues to abuse me out of my property I own my sense of Justice is very erroneous\u2014but if not the reproof is as to me the effect of prejudice\u2014& how any such prejudice could Influence the honourable Bart not to treat with\nabhorrence british court prostitute satelite Intrigues to rob any one obnoxious to the british court & Cromwells Oligarchs is what I am surprised at\u2014perhaps it was but the result of some momentary Irritation\u2014he ought to have reflected that what is at this day my fate might at no remote period be the fate of some of his own descendants if obnoxious to the Crown & the Oligarchs\u2014and that a power once recognised & vested in the Crown & the Oligarchs to subject Imprudent but obnoxious Individuals to a party Inquisition (which is but a conspiracy to take property by fraud) & composed of the most abandoned unprincipled dependants of party appointed soley to abuse asperse and Intimidate with intent to disqualify or operate as a disqualification is a usurpation no good patriot ought to sanction. If such a power is once Conceded to & recognised in the Crown I am not the only person that will be pelted and abused out of his property\u2014such a power acqu[i]esed in would quickly enrich the reigning family & the favourites\u2014nor would there be in respect to wresting property from the subject and vesting it in the Crown any difference between such an Inquisition & that of Spain which was dissolved\u2014such an Inquisition once recognised would enrich its nefarious principals at the expence of the patriotic part of the Community whom it would Impoverish and ruin.\n                What induced me at all to notice the honourable Baronets letter was a boast made by John Bull when I ridiculed his Vapouring about patriotism & representative Govt. Vizt. that by a referrence to Irish democratic patriots the high Esteem Confidence and patronage he enjoyed would appear\u2014& the only thing like a response I could perceive was the honourable Barts letter which was not I admitt very flattering or Complimentary & disappointed the Bulls Vanity. I am perswaded the Irish Jacobins are persons Individually or collectively the Bart is unconnected with whose principles Except as to their being antimonarchical he is a stranger to\u2014and whose sistem of Govt if disclosed would be condemned by the most Zealous advocates for reform in Westminster as affording no adequate protection to life and property\u2014and as the Barts Conduct has hitherto been not only Very respectable but dignified and patriotic it is to be wished he may not be Influenced by Injury or Irritation to lend his name or sanction to men whose principles & designs he is a total stranger to at lest untill he is satisfied they are not unjust. On this principle he declined to support Mr Cobbett & perhaps a little reflection will suggest a similar Consistency. Jacobinism is not the legitimate of[f]spring of any Just well regulated & rational sistem of Republicanism antient or modern\u2014it resembles implacable wicked & sanguinary slaves or Helots murdering the paternal proprietors of the soil & possessing themselves of the properties of the Victims Extirpated much more than it does good Govt of any denomn. Robertspiere and Christophe were Identified in their Carreer & what good or patriotic man would support either. I alude not to Louis the 16. & the French\nNobility who followed him to England Mr Thos Paines Escape & the decapitation of all the patriotic & Opulent Characters of France is a melancholy proof that Jacobinism is but a Conspiracy against life and property. I mention these Circumstances because I expect the Conspiracy Organised in France under the sanction & patronage of the Duke of York and the Oligarchs to drive the French into Insurrection for the purpose of Enslaving France and causing it to be partitioned by the holy aliance\u2014will bring the british Army to France & it is only in the absence of the british Army that the King & the Oligarch\u27e8s\u27e9 can be coerced into concessions of parliamentary reform and a reduction of the Civil List or should Circumstances render it necessary a radical Change of Govt. but not indeed by substituting Jacobinism\u2014the opulent reflecting & respectable part of the british people could not consent to the last form of Govt with safety & security\u2014that such a change is not possible is what I believe but that if proposed such proposition would be rejected I have no doubt of could an opportunity to make it Occurr\u2014these I think are the reflections that should engage the thoughts of the political leader of the London & Westminster Citizens but to patronise this or that faction to abuse the Members of the house of Commons because they did not what they could not do effect a reform which the King & the house of Lords can withhold or not is both illiberal Impolitic & unjust\u2014the Members of the House of Coms appear to me to have acted magnanimously\u2014to have sacrificed personal obligations to the public interest however unavailingly the motives were so meritorious that I Cannot avoid Considering the Baronets letter Impolitic illiberal and unjust. I am respectfully yr obt H Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0315", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Gales Jr., 20 August 1821\nFrom: Gales, Joseph Jr.\nTo: Madison, James\n                The enclosed is cut out from the New York Commercial Advertiser received this day, and is enclosed to you only because it is supposed it may be interesting to you to see it. If the whole work be of the same texture, it must be of little value, & less authority. With the highest respect Your faithful Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0316", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas John Gantt, 23 August 1821\nFrom: Gantt, Thomas John\nTo: Madison, James\n                By a resolve of the 76 Association, made in consequence of their high regard for your republican principles, and gratitude for the services you have rendered the nation I send you a copy of Mr. Elliotts oration, delivered before that Society on the last 4th. of July. I also send you a copy of Mr. Ramsays delivered the year previous. I am aware that you should have recd. the latter long since, and can only say (in excuse for its not being sent) that I had not at that time the honor of being on the committee. I am with sentiments of great respect your Huml. Servt.\n                    Thomas John Gantt\n                    Chairman comee. arrangets.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0317", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Gales Jr., 26 August 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Gales, Joseph Jr.\n                I thank you for your friendly letter of the 20th. enclosing an extract from notes by Judge Yates, of debates in the Convention of 1787, as published in a N.Y. paper.\n   *Commercial Advertizer Aug: 18. 1821\n The letter did not come to hand till yesterday.\n                If the extract be a fair sample, the work about to be published will not have the value claimed for it. Who can believe that so palpable a mistatement was made on the floor of the Convention, as that the several States were political Societies, varying from the lowest Corporation to the highest Sovereign; or that the States had vested all the essential rights of sovereignty in the Old Congress? This intrinsic evidence alone ought to satisfy every candid reader of the extreme incorrectness of the passage in question. As to the remark that the States ought to be under the controul of the Genl. Govt. at least as much as they formerly were under the King & B. Parliament, it amounts as it stands when taken in its presumable meaning, to nothing more than what actually makes a part of the Constitution; the powers of Congs. being much greater, especially on the great points of taxation & trade than the B. Legislature were ever permitted to exercise.\n                Whatever may have been the personal worth of the 2 delegates from whom the materials in this case were derived, it cannot be unknown that they represented the strong prejudices in N.Y. agst. the object of the Convention which was among other things to take from that State the important power over its commerce to which it was peculiarly attached, and that they manifested, untill they withdrew from the Convention, the strongest feelings of dissatisfaction agst. the contemplated change in the federal system and as may be supposed, agst. those most active in promoting it. Besides misapprehensions of the ear therefore, the attention of the notetaker wd. naturally be warped, as far at least as an upright mind could be warped, to an unfavorable understanding of what was said in opposition to the prejudices felt.\n                I have thought it not improper due to the kind motives of your communication to say thus much; but, I do it in the well founded confidence, that your delicacy will be a safeguard agst. my being introduced into the Newspapers. Were there no other objection to it, there would be an insuperable one in the alternative of following up the task, or acquiescing in like errors as they may come before the public. With esteem & friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0318", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Drayton, 3 September 1821\nFrom: Drayton, John\nTo: Madison, James\n                    South Carolina Charleston September 3d: 1821.\n                I have the honor to present you, Memoirs of the American Revolution, lately written and published by me here: hoping they may bring to your notice, some events, which have not been publickly known of a Revolution, in which you bore so honorable a part.\n                Hoping that you may live many years, to enjoy the honors you have received, and the good wishes of your fellow Citizens, I am Sir With gratefull respect and consideration Yr: most ob Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0319", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Ritchie, 8 September 1821\nFrom: Ritchie, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                I know not whether I can take the liberty of writing you on the subject of this letter; but I have had so many proofs of your goodness towards me, that I am tempted to address you. Whatever be your reply, I pledge myself not to abuse your confidence. If you wish me not to speak of it, I pledge myself not to do so.\n                I have long understood\u2014and within the last 12 months from a mutual friend\u2014that you have a design to give to the world a Sketch of the Proceeding of the Federal Convention. I know not whether you have abandoned this design, or whether and when you mean to execute it. But the appearance of the Albany Volume has brought it to my Recollection, and suggests the idea, that perhaps it may hasten the publication of your Book.\n                Should this be the case, should you have made no other arrangements for the printing of the Volume, will you excuse me for asking whether it is not possible for me to obtain the printing of it? I will spare no pains to bring it out in a manner worthy of its great importance. I have communicated the contents of this letter to no one. I ought to add on my own account, that my own convenience would prefer the commencement of the Book not before\nthe next spring. With the (\u2014\u2014\u2014) & sentiment of respect, I am Sir, Your friend & obt. servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0320", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Albert Picket and Others, 10 September 1821\nFrom: Picket, Albert\nTo: Madison, James\n                We address you on a subject of vital importance; we mean the subject of Female education, which has been, hitherto, much neglected, & yet, seems not to have received that attention which it deserves. It has not been conducted on a scale, in our opinion, commensurate to its importance. If it be worthy of national concern, to educate young men well, in all that pertains to their morals & intellect, it is no less necessary to educate females in an equally solid, if not splendid degree.\n                Under the impression, that the interests of Female Education should, and can, be placed on a more permanent basis, we intend to apply at the next session of the Legislature of Maryland, for means to erect a Female College, to be conducted on an extensive scale. The importance of such an Institution, properly managed, is seen and felt; & would, perhaps, be a means of bringing into existence, more of a similar nature, in the various states.\n                Having been engaged nearly 25 years in the instruction of Females, & having formed our opinion of the advantages of such an establishment, we solicit your attention to the following\u2014\n                Your opinion of such an Institution\n                \u2014\u2014 \u2014\u2014\u2014 of the course of Instruction to be adopted\n                An Answer as soon as convenient, would be very thankfully received. With the highest sentiments of regard, We remain Yrs\n                    Albert Picket, Senr.John W. Picket,Albert Picket, Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0321", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Ritchie, 15 September 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Ritchie, Thomas\n                I have recd. yours of the 8th. instant on the subject of the proceedings of the convention of 1787.\n                It is true as the public has been led to understand, that I possess materials for a pretty ample view of what passed in that Assembly. It is true also that it has not been my intention that they should for ever remain under the veil of secrecy. Of the time when it might be not improper for them to see the light, I had formed no particular determination. In general it had appeared to me that it might be best to let the work be a posthumous one, or at least that its publication should be delayed till the Constitution should be well settled by practice, & till a knowlege of the controversial part of the proceedings of its framers could be turned to no improper account. Delicacy also seemed to require some respect to the rule by which the Convention \u201cprohibited a promulgation without leave of what was spoken in it\u201d; so long as the policy of that rule could be regarded as in any degree unexpired. As a guide in expounding and applying the provisions of the Constitution, the debates and incidental decisions of the Convention can have no authoritative character. However desirable it be that they should be preserved as a gratification to the laudable curiosity felt by every people to trace the origin and progress of their political Institutions, & as a source perhaps of some lights on the Science of Govt. the legitimate meaning of the Instrument must be derived from the text itself; or if a key is to be sought elsewhere, it must be not in the opinions or intentions of the Body which planned & proposed the Constitution, but in the sense attached to it by the people in their respective State Conventions where it recd. all the authority which it possesses.\n                Such being the course of my reflections I have suffered a concurrence & continuance of particular inconveniences for the time past, to prevent me from giving to my notes the fair & full preparation due to the subject of them. Of late, being aware of the growing hazards of postponements, I have taken the incipient steps for executing the task; and the expediency of not risking an ultimate failure is suggested by the Albany publication from the notes of a N. York member of the Convention. I have not seen\nmore of the volume than has been extracted into the newspapers, but it may be inferred from these samples, that it is not only a very mutilated but a very erroneous edition of the matter to which it relates. There must be an entire omission also of the proceedings of the latter period of the Session from which Mr. Yates & Mr. Lansing withdrew in the temper manifested by their report to their Constituents: the period during which the variant & variable opinions, converged & centered in the modifications seen in the final act of the Body.\n                It is my purpose now to devote a portion of my time to an exact digest of the voluminous materials in my hands. How long a time it will require, under the interruptions & avocations which are probable I can not easily conjecture. Not a little will be necessary for the mere labour of making fair transcripts. By the time I get the whole into a due form for preservation I shall be better able to decide on the question of publication. As to the particular place or press, shd. this be the result, I have not as must be presumed, turned a thought to either: nor can I say more now than that your letter will be kept in recollection, & that should any other arrangement prevail over its object, it will not proceed from any want of confidence esteem or friendly dispositions; of all which I tender you sincere assurances.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0324", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 20 September 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                I recd. yesterday yours of the 16th. inclosing the paper from Mr. Ticknor, on the tax imposed on Books imported. He has taken a very comprehensive and judicious view of the subject. The remark you add to it is a proper one also; that books being a permanent property ought not to be taxed whilst other permanent property is exempt, both in the acquisition and possession.\n                I have always considered the tax in question as an impolitic and disreputable measure; as of little account in point of revenue, and as a sacrifice of intellectual improvement to mechanical profits. These two considerations however produced the tax and will be the obstacles to its removal. Of the precise amount it yields to the revenue I have no knowlege. It cannot I presume be such as to weigh, even in the present difficulties of the Treasury, against the arguments for its discontinuance. If the fiscal consideration is to prevail, a better course would be to substitute an equivalent advance on some other articles imported. As to the encouragement of the Book printers their interest might be saved in the mode suggested by Mr. T. by a continuance of the tax on Books republished within a specified time. And perhaps the encouragement is recommended by the interests of literature as well as by the advantage of conciliating an active & valuable profession; reprinted books being likely to obtain a greater number of purchasers & readers, especially when founded on previous subscriptions, than would seek for or purchase imported originals. As I approve therefore of the general object of the Northern Literati, I should prefer at the same time a modification of it in favor of Republishers. I see no adequate reason for distinguishing between English & other books whether in modern or ancient languages. If it were possible to define such as would fall under the head of luxurious or demoralizing amusements, there might be a specious plea for their exception from the repeal; but besides the impracticability of the discrimination, it would involve a principle of censorship which puts at once a veto on it.\n                The proposed concert among the Learned Institutions in presenting the grievance to Congress would seem to afford the best hope of success in drawing their favorable attention to it. A captious or fastidious adversary may perhaps, insinuate that the proper petitioners for redress are those who feel the grievance, not those who are exempt from it; that the latter\nassume the office of Counsellors, under the name of petitioners; and that from Corporate bodies, above all a combination of them, the precedent ought to be regarded with a jealous eye. The motives & modesty which would doubtless be stamped on the face of the interposition in this case, will be the best answer to such objections: or if there should be any serious apprehension of danger from them; the auxiliary expedient you suggest of addressing the respective representatives instead of Congress, might be made a substitute instead of an auxiliary. I should suppose that our University would not withold their concurrence in either or both modes. In that of addressing to the particular representatives in Congress, there could be no room for hesitation. Mr. Ticknors wishes for information as to the other Institutions in Virga. & to the South & West proper to be invited into the plan, you can satisfy as well without as with my attempt to enumerate them. The members of Congress most proper to be engaged in the cause could be best selected on the spot, where I presume some well chosen agent or agents, none better than Mr. T. himself, will be provided in the quarter giving birth to the experiment.\n                These are hasty thoughts, but I send them in compliance with your request of an immediate answer. Take them for what they are worth only. Affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0326", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Drayton, 23 September 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Drayton, John\n                I have duly received the copy of your Memoirs which you were so good as to send me. Be pleased to accept my thanks for it. I have looked sufficiently into the work to be sensible of its value not only to those who take a more immediate interest in local details; but as a contribution also to the fund of materials for a general history of the American Revolution. Every incident connected with this great & pregnant event is already an object of patriotic curiosity; and will be rendered by the lapse of time more & more so. It is much to be desired that the example you have given may be followed in all the States by individuals who unite with industry & opportunities the requisite judgment & impartiality. Besides the more general obligation to engage in the task, a special one will be found in the occasions for doing justice to individual merits which might otherwise escape the historical tribute due to them. Be pleased to accept Sir assurances of my esteem and best respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0327", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Albert Picket and Others, 23 September 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Picket, Albert\n                I have recd. your letter of the 10th. instant, asking my opinion as to th\u27e8e establishment of a female college,\u27e9 and a proper course of instruction in it.\n                The importance of both these questions, an\u27e8d the\u27e9 novelty of the first, would require more consideration than is allowed by other demands on my time, if I were better qualified for the task, or than is permitted indeed by the tenor of your request which has for its object an early answer.\n                The capacity of the female mind for studies of the highest order can not be doubted; having been sufficiently illu\u27e8s\u27e9trated by its works of genius, of erudition and of Science. Th\u27e8at\u27e9 it merits an improved System of education, comprizing a due reference to the condition & duties of female life, as distinguished from those of the other sex, must be as readily admitted. How far a collection of female Students into a public Seminary would be the best of plans for educating them is a point on which different opinions may be expected to arise. Yours as the result of much observation on the youthful minds of females, and of long engagement in tutoring them, is entitled to great \u27e8respect; and as experiment\u27e9 alone can fully decide \u27e8the interesting problem, it is a\u27e9 justifiable wish that it \u27e8may be\u27e9 made; and it could not as would appear be made under \u27e8better\u27e9 auspices than such as yours. With fr\u27e8iendl\u27e9y respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0328", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Littell & Henry, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Littell & Henry\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Philadelphia 24 September 1821.\n                The enclosed prospectus of an edition of Blackstone\u2019s Commentaries, is respectfully submitted to your examination by the publishers.\n                As it is of much importance to attract to it as early as possible the attention of the public, and as nothing would so certainly secure this as an expression of the favourable opinion of those who are most competent to judge of its utility, we have been induced to trouble you with this letter,\nand to take the further liberty of requesting from you an answer containing your opinion of the plan which is proposed.\n                We are aware, Sir, that the time of men who are distinguished in public life, is often unwarrantably encroached upon by the eagerness of publishers to procure recommendations that will guide the public opinion, but we beg leave to assure you that we should not have ventured thus to intrude ourselves upon you for the purpose of promoting our own interest, had we not believed that it is, in this instance, connected with the public good. With the highest respect, We are Sir, Your Most Obedt. servts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0329", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James M. Bell, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Bell, James M.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I regret much that my personal acquaintance with you is so limited; However, from the long and intimate one that has prevailed between our families you will no doubt pardon me for breaking in upon your time by requesting you to use your influence (consistent with your feelings) to obtain a berth for my son William Bell at West Point. He is between eighteen & nineteen years old and I trust from his general moral deportment and his susceptibility of improvement would not prove an ill timed patronage. A grateful acknowledgment will be rememberd by your attention. I am Sir Yr Most Obt. H Servt.\n                    PS. My place of residence is near Culpeper Ct House J. M. Bell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0330", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\n                In June last Mr Wilson presented your letter of the 5th of April, and I had much pleasure in attending to one so worthy.\n                My son William has been with us about three weeks & feels greatly obliged by your kindnesses to him, as do all of us & pray you and the ladies to accept our grateful acknowlegements.\n                My three sons, who have visited the land of their father, are so attached to it that I predict they are to return to it for good at a future & not distant period.\n                The farmers in this country have long been complaining of inability to pay their rents from the low price of wheat, and the prospect of an increased abundance & still lower prices this crop continued, until about four weeks ago; ever since which there has been so much rain that it once was expected the ports would be opened to foreign wheat in November; but that opinion has now ceased: however it is probable the advices hence during the prevalence of that opinion may have occasioned an advance where you are, with a view to this market: and I shall be glad to hear of your having availed of the circumstance by selling at home instead of shipping, which last I cannot recommend.\n                I have been looking at the samples of the Tobaccoe you have been so good as to consign M. & L. and beg leave to refer to their report on it: I wish it was better.\n                My son has communicated to me the conversation with you respecting the office I have so long had the honor of holding under our government & I pray you to accept my particular thanks for your friendship on the occasion. I have no intention of resigning so long as the president may please to continue me & while I am blessed with that good health for which I have so much reason to be thankful to the giver of good things. We all unite in best respects and wishes to you, the ladies & Mr Todd. I am your old & obliged friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0331", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Rush, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\n                The last number of the Edinburgh Review having just come out, I have great pleasure, whilst making up my despatches for the October packet, in sending it to you. It may probably be the means of putting you in possession of it rather sooner than you would otherwise see it, and I know the interest you will take in casting your eye over the article on Godwin\u2019s work. These great northern criticks, it will be perceived, treat it with as little ceremony, as he treated Malthus, and certainly whatever leaning I may have had towards some parts of Godwins theories, is rebuked sharply enough in this Review. I have had a partiality for Godwins pen so long, that its very errors perhaps (and whose has had more with all its genius?) make more impression upon me than they should. I think that the Reviewers, with all their ability, handle his book somewhat too succinctly in their known devotion to the doctrines of Malthus. There are some other articles in this number of the Review, that may perhaps attract your attention, especially that on capital punishments, and the one on degrading the standard of money.\n                Mrs Rush has lately added another son to our flock. This has enabled me to gratify a wish which both she and I have long cherished, of giving to one of our boys the name of Madison. On this occasion I cannot help concluding with the remark, that however I may have faltered between some parts of the theory of Godwin and Malthus, the practice in my own family looks so wholly to the support of the latter, that, in the course of a few years more, (matters going on as they have gone,) I must needs become his ardent disciple!\n                Asking our kind compliments to Mrs Madison, I remain, dear sir, with my constant attachment and respect most faithfully yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0332", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Mr Brockenbrough has been closely engaged, since our last meeting in settling the cost of the buildings finished at the University, that we might obtain a more correct view of the state of our funds, and see whether a competency will remain for the Library. He has settled for 6. pavilions, 1. hotel, and 35. dormitories and will proceed with the rest; so that I hope, by our next meeting, the whole of the 4. rows will be nearly settled. From what is done he has formed an estimate of the cost of what is yet to be done; and guided in it by actual experience, it is probably nearly correct. The result is that our actual receipts heretofore, with what is still to be received of the loan of this year, after paying for the lands and all incidental and current expenses, will exactly compleat the 4. rows of buildings for the accommodation of the Professors and students, amounting in the whole to 195.000. Dollars, and leave us without either debt or contract.\n                    In the conjectural estimate laid before the visitors at their last meeting it was supposed that the 3. annuities of 1822. 23. & 24. would suffice for the Library and current charges, without the aid of the unpaid subscriptions, which were reserved therefore as a contingent fund. By this more actual estimate it appears that the unpaid subscriptions, valued at 18.000 D. will be necessary to compleat that building. So that the conjectural estimate fell short by 18.000. D. of the real cost of the 4. rows; which in a total of 195.000. D. & is perhaps not over-considerable. I call it the real cost because that of the unfinished buildings is reckoned by the real cost of those finished. The season being now too far advanced to begin the Library, and the afflicting sickness in Genl. Cocke\u2019s family having deprived me of the benefit of consultation with him, I think it a duty to leave that undertaking entirely open and undecided, for the opinion of the visitors at their meeting in November, when it is believed the actual settlements will have reached every thing, except 1. pavilion and 3. hotels, which alone will be unfinished until the spring. The considerations which urge the building the hall, at least, of the Library, seemed to impress the board strongly at their last meeting; and it is put in our power to undertake it with perfect safety, by the indefinite suspension by the Legislature of the commencement of our instalments. This leaves us free to take another year\u2019s annuity,\nto wit, that of 25. before we begin instalments, should the funds fall short which are here counted on for that building. The undertakers are disposed to accept and collect themselves the outstanding subscriptions in part of payment. You will distinguish in this statement, by their enormous cost, the pavilions No. 3 & 7. and 16. dormitories contracted for in 1817 & 18 at the inflated prices prevailing then while we acted as a central college only. In 1819. & the following years, prices were reduced from 25. to 50. per cent. The enlarged cost of the latter dormitories has been occasioned by the unevenness of the ground, which required cellars under many of them.\n                    I shall hope to have the pleasure of receiving you at Monticello a day, at least, before that of our meeting, as we can prepare our business here so much more at leisure than at the University. I salute you with constant and affectionate Friendship & respect\n                            A view of the whole expences & of the Funds of the University\n                            74. not finished, but contracted for\n                            Lands, wages, and contingencies (suppose for round numbers)\n                            \u2002Subscriptions received to Sep. 1821 about\n                            \u2002balance to be carried forward\n                            Expences still to be incurred.\n                            \u2002Walls of backyards, gardens etc about 100,000. Bricks\n                            Funds. Balance brought forward\n                            \u2002Subscriptions. 19,133.33 of which are Sperate\n                            A more summary view of the cost of the 4. rows of buildings & Library", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0334", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 4 October 1821\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Fredericksburg 4. October 1821.\n                There is $400. of your $800. note due on tomorrow, which we will have to pay, having no note of yours to renew it. We enclose a note dated 12th. inst for $400. which please sign & return so that we may replace the money to be advanced tomorrow.\n                There is some furniture here marked R. Cutts respecting which we have recd. no directions. Can you give us any? Yours Very Respectfully,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0336", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Lafayette, [ca. 7 October 1821]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n                I did not receive, my dr. frd. your favor of July 1. till a few weeks ago. It came thro\u2019 the post office from N. York. Of Dr. Barba I have not heard a word. I shall keep in mind the title your recommendation gives to any marks of my attention, for which opportunities may be afforded.\n                I have read with great pleasure your opinion occasioned by the Budget. Sentiments so noble, in language so piercing, can not be without effect. The deafness to them within doors, will not prevent their being heard & felt without, and the present atmosphere of Europe, is favorable to an echo of them everywhere. The toleration of such bold & severe truths, is a proof that altho\u2019 the time may not be arrived for their compleat triumph, it is approaching, and will be accelerated by such appeals to honest hearts and reflecting minds. Go on my friend in your consistent & magnanimous career; and may you live to witness and enjoy the success of a cause the most truly glorious that can animate the breast of man, that of elevating & meliorating the condition of his race. Representative & responsible Governments are so congenial with the rights and the feelings of all nations, that their progress cannot be arrested. Sooner or later they must expel despotism from the civilized world. Their forms will improve as experiments shall be multiplied. The experiment here cannot fail to add new lights on the Science of Constitutions.\n                We have seen with regret, and not without some disappointment, Emperor Alexander throwing himself into the breach in defence of Arbitrary power agst. national reforms. His language at Laybach, his conduct towards Naples, and his unparallelled armaments furnishing to some the motives, to others the pretexts to follow the oppressive example, forfeit his pretensions to be regarded as a patron of the liberal ideas of the age, as a guardian of the independence of nations, and as a friend to the relief which peace ought to give the people from military burdens. How account too for his having no scruples to interfere in the domestic struggles of Naples in favor of a vitiated monarchy, and his pleading them agst. an interference in behalf of the Christian Greeks, struggling agst. the compound & horrible despotism at Constantinople? His apostasy if he was ever sincere, is a conspicuous proof of the necessity of Constitutional barriers agst. the corrupting influence of unbridled power.\n                I have lately been looking over Dupradt\u2019s Europe in 1819. He has taken many instructive views of its nations with their mutual relations & prospects. His prophetic conjectures seem however to ascribe too much permanency to the gigantic growth of Russia on the land, and to the ascendancy of G. Britain on the ocean. Without a civilization of the miscellaneous\nhordes, spread over so many latitudes & Longitudes, at present nominal rather than real subjects, the Russian power can not be measured by the extent of her territory; and in the event of a civilization & consequent multiplication of these barbarians, her empire like that of all overgrown ones must fall to pieces. Those of Alexander, of Rome, of Charlemagne, of Chs. V. all experienced this fate, after the personal talents or temporary causes which held the parts together had ceased. Napoleon would have furnished another example if his fortune had equalled his ambition. His successors would have found a physical & moral impossibility of wielding either a sceptre or sword of more than a given length. The vast power of G. Britain rests on a basis, too artificial to be permanent. She owes it not to the extent of her natural resources, but to the prosperity of her manufactures her commerce & her navigations. As other nations infuse salutary principles into their forms of Govt. and extend the policy they are adopting of doing for themselves what G.B. has been permitted to do for them, her power like that of the Dutch who once enjoyed an artificial ascendancy on the same element, will be reduced to the limits prescribed by nature. These are undoubtedly consistent with the rank of a great and important member of the Society of Nations. Nor will Russia fail to continue a great power, tho\u2019 without the overwhelming accumulation of means assigned to her destiny.\n                Will you indulge my partiality as an American in remarking, that in looking forward to the comparative resources for naval ascendency, the trident will ultimately belong not to the Eastern but to the Western Hemisphere. Naval power depends on ships & seamen; and these on the materials for constructing the former, and the bulky & coveted products for loading them. On which side will there be the greatest & most Durable abundance for both purposes? And can it be supposed that there will be less disposition on this than there has been on the other side of the atlantic to take at least a fair advantage of the fortunate lot. I hope and pray that the transatlantic example may not be followed beyond that limit.\n                The Negro slavery is as you justly complain a sad blot on our free Country tho\u2019 a very ungracious subject of reproaches from the quarter wch. has been most lavish of them. No satisfactory plan has yet been devised for taking out the stain. If an adequate asylum cd. be found in africa that wd. be the appropriate destination for the unhappy race among us. Some are sanguine that the efforts of an existing Colonization Society will accomplish such a provision; but a very partial success seems the most that can be expected. Some other region must therefore be found for them as they become free and willing to emigrate. The repugnance of the Whites to their continuance among them is founded on prejudices themselves founded on physical distinctions, which are not likely soon if ever to be eradicated.\nEven in States, Massachussetts for example, which displayed most sympathy with the people of colour on the Missouri question, prohibitions are taking place agst. their becoming residents. They are every where regarded as a nuisance, and must really be such as long as they are under the degradation which the public sentiment inflicts on them. They are at the same time rapidly increasing from manumissions and from offsprings, and of course lessening the general disproportion between the slaves & the Whites. This tendency is favorable to the cause of a universal emancipation.\n                The State of our Country is in other respects highly flattering. There have been pecuniary difficulties in the Govt. & still more among the people; but they are curing themselves. Little eddies also occasionally arise, which for a moment ruffle the political surface, but they gradually sink into the general calm. Every thing as yet favors the principle of self Govt. on which our destinies are staked.\n                I am glad to find you retain so feelingly all your American recollections, even the itinerant scenes in which we were associated; and that you cherish the idea of giving your friends here an oppy. of once more embracing you. God forbid that your visit shd. result from one of the causes you glance at. Happen it how it may, you will find that they have forgotten nothing of what always endeared you to their best feelings, and that this is more true of no one than of your cordial & stedfast friend.\n                    Mrs. M. and our son Todd are gratified by your kind expressions & those of your family; and join in returning every assurance of regard and good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0337", "content": "Title: James Barbour to Dolley Madison, 13 October 1821\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Madison, Dolley\n                James Barbour presents his respects to Mrs. Madison with a view to express his regret at the indisposition of Mr Madison and to enquire how he\ndoes. JB would have been to have visited Mr Madison but from an apprehension that company is but ill adapted to a sick man. Should Dr. Watkins be at Mr M\u2019s if proper he would confer a favor by immediately visiting Mrs. Barbour who has been indisposed for a few days. And which will not yield to the remedies she has applied.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0338", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Mackay & Campbell, [ca. 15 October 1821]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Mackay & Campbell\n                I returned the note covered by yours of the 4th duly signed. I forwarded some days ago one to meet the object of it, which I hope reached you on Friday morning. Should it have miscarried that now sent will replace the advance which you will have been good enough to make.\n                The Articles of furniture marked R. Cutts were intended for me & early measures will be taken to have them brought up. With friendly respects", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0340", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Maury & Latham, 19 October 1821\nFrom: Maury & Latham\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Since we had this pleasure we have disposed of your remaining Tobacco at prices which we hope will be satisfactory & now beg to hand you Account Sales of the same leaving to your Cr. \u00a3278. 13. 5.\n                    The business done in Tobacco this month has been extensive & at \u00bc a \u00bd advance upon prices of August\u2014supposing however that these advices would bring forward heavy supplies we have availed ourselves of the demand.\n                    We would recommend your planting the larger description of Tobacco in future as such is so much preferred here that our manufacturers will give for equal quality of a larger description fully 1 d \u214c \u2114s more.\n                    Our Ports will not open to Flour from the United States in Feby even\u2014possibly they may in May, for the Crop is certainly materially injured. However the low price at which inferior Wheat must be sold will keep down the average.\n                    We quote Tobacco @ 3 a 7 d & 7\u00bd\u2013Flour 30/. We have the honor to be Sir With high respect Your most obedient servants\n                        Maury & Latham\u214c William Maury\n                    Account sales of 14 hhds tobacco recd. \u214c Glide Wm Adams from Virginia on account of James Madison Esq. 1821\n          fire insurce. 6/ postage of remces., & abated 2/10    \u2014.   8.  10\n          commission including brokerage\n           Errors excepted", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0341", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Wheaton, 20 October 1821\nFrom: Wheaton, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\n                Last autumn I had the honor to enclose to your address, my pamphlet, \u201can appeal to Congress from the decision of the accounting officers of the War Department for compensation while detained by their orders in the Settlement of my public accounts, and for Extra Service,[\u201d] Which so far as respected myself could have been Settled much earlier, but was prolonged unnecessarily, by the accounting officers, from year to year, and operated greatly to my disadvantage and injury. Acting as I did through the war, under a positive order of the Secretary (never revoked) charging me \u201cnot to withhold myself from any good work\u201d which though Couched in terms the most positive, is at the Same time the most delicate, and calculated to inspire a Soldier with confidence, and to expect of him the filling up of every deficiency in the department committed to his charge, not interfering directly with the commanding General, or the order meant nothing, the order was obeyed as Such, the Services\u2019s were faithfully performed, the nation injoys the benefit, but no compensation therefor, has been awarded me, altho it has ever been the rule, and Still is the practice of office[r]s and of the government to allow compensation for Extra Service, and for Such time as one officer (having the power) detains another in Service. As those Services Sir, refefered [sic] to in my appeal were performed during your Presidency, and while you were commander in Chief (therefore your own order through your Secretary at War) and \u201cmuch of them came under your notice.\u201d I need not draw any inference as to what would have been the issue, or the result of the campains had I wavered for a moment with the artillery ammunition and the Supplies, or State by what means the affairs in the NW eventuated, or on the protection of Norfolk, the labor of the ordnance Department, and that of Marching the quotas of troops by your requisitions, on the State of virginia, with the cares of the Hospital, and the relief to your fellow Citizens at Richmond. May I then be permitted to ask of you to give to these objects your reflection, and to make an expression to the Honle. Mr. Barber of the Senate, and to his brother of the House of Representatives (both of whom I understand reside near you) your Sense of the amt. of Compensation that ought to be allowed to me. My appeal was refered to Committee\u2019s in each House, and altho reported upon unfavorably, was not finally acted on, in Consequence of more pressing business being before Congress and therefore among the unfinished business. I wish Such a compensation as Justice & practice will approve\u2014and which would rescue me from the vile mire of dependance, and a virtuous family from that poverty which overwhelms them, in consequence of my having neglected them to Serve my Country. I have\nthe honor to be with the most profound respect your most Obedient humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0342", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Wheaton, [ca. 30] October 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Wheaton, Joseph\n                I have recd. yours of the 20th. instant. You will be sensible that I cd. not know sufficiently the value of the particular extra services rendered by you during the late war, to decide on the amount of compensation equitably due for them. I can therefore only mention to the gentlemen you have named, my general impression of the zeal & activity with which you promoted the public service as far as was in your power; and this I shall do, if not disappd. of an opportunity, with pleasure and with a sincere wish that you may succeed in establishing satisfactorily every just claim you may have on the public.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0343", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 30 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                I heard in Bedford that you were attaked with the prevailing fever, and with great joy on my return that you were recovered from it. In the strange state of the health of our country every fever gives alarm.\n                I got home from Bedford on the 27th. and am obliged to return there within 3. or 4. days, having an appointment at the Natural bridge on the 11th. prox. As our proposed petition to Congress will of course be in collation with those from other ceminaries, I availed myself of my leisure at Poplar Forest to sketch it, and I now inclose it to you to be made what it should be which I pray you to do with severity.\n                Knowing my time would be crouded thro\u2019 the month of November, I took the same opportunity to sketch our November report on the basis of mr. Brockenbrough\u2019s settlement as far as he has gone, which I had\ncommunicated to you, with some subsequent corrections. His further advance in the settlements, will by the time of our meeting enable us to put into the class of settled accounts 7. pavilions, instead of 6. 3 hotels instead of 1. 65. dormitories instead of 30. leaving in the estimated class 3. Pavilions, 3. Hotels, and 44. dormitories, & these estimated from experience. He has corrected too the article of the cost of lands, hire of laborers Etc. The cost of the Library must be thrown on the 3. ensuing years of the annuity which had always been included in our estimates: and I am decidedly of opinion we should undertake it on that ground. If we stop short of the compleat establishment, it will never be compleated. On the other hand the stronger we make the mass, the more certainly will it force itself into action. The world will never bear to see the doors of such an establishment locked up. And if the legislature shall become disposed to remit the debt, they will swallow a pill of 165.M.D. with the same effort as one of 120.M.D. Be so good as to return me these papers with your amendments by the middle of November. With my respectful souvenirs to mrs. Madison accept assurances of my constant affections and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0344", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mackay & Campbell, 1 November 1821\nFrom: Mackay & Campbell\nTo: Madison, James\n                Yr esteemed favour 30 Ulto. is recd. Alick has taken the furniture.\n                Our accounts from England the Same as yours. These accounts have been the cause of more speculation than probably ever took place in the articles of wheat, flour, Corn & Whiskey. Flour got up to $8 in the different towns north of us, & even here it was $8 on the day before yesterday\u2014it is now $7\u2153 here & will Very likely be $7 tomorrow, & until another arrival from England, which will no doubt, either reduce or enhance prices Very considerably. Here, wheat has been 150 cts\u2014is now 142 to 145 cts.\n                We are anxious to give employment at our Orange Mill & receive wheat there at a deduction of 15 cts from the Fredg price with liberty to fix when the owner chooses, prior to 1 Jan & also to have the amount in flour at 4/6\n\u214c Barrel. We also buy wheat Delivered a[t] Dades Mill at a Deduction of 1/\u2013 \u214c Bushel from the Fredg Price. Your friends", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0346", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin Drake, 6 November 1821\nFrom: Drake, Benjamin\nTo: Madison, James\n                Having recently embarked in the collection of materials for a Biographical Sketch of the celebrated Tecumseh, I am induced to take the liberty of addressing you upon the Subject.\n                I am solicitous to ascertain the nature of Tecumseh\u2019s alliance with the Brittish army and the tenor of his Commission as a Brigadier General in the service of England during the late war; and I have supposed that during your Presidency, official information touching these subjects might have come to your Knowledge.\n                Any information Sir which you may be enabled to communicate concerning the points alluded to, or connected in any manner with the \u201cKing of the Woods\u201d as he was emphatically styled by Genl. Proctor, will be highly acceptable and tend materially to the advancement of a feeble effort of mine, to rescue from oblivion the history of one of our distinguished aboriginal chiefs.\n                Excuse Sir, the freedom which I have taken in addressing you and accept the assurance of my high consideration and esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0347", "content": "Title: To James Madison from William Plumer, 6 November 1821\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Madison, James\n                Permit me to request you would accept the enclosed copy of an address delivered by my son to the Rockingham Agricultural Society. The interest you take in Agriculture induces me to think it will not be unacceptable to you. I am with much respect & esteem, Dear Sir, Your friend & servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0349", "content": "Title: From James Madison to William Plumer, 17 November 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Plumer, William\n                I have received the Agricultural Address of your son which you politely inclosed to me. It has handled a very beaten subject in a manner instructive to many and persuasive to all; and is well entitled to the thanks which I tender, with assurances of my great esteem and cordial respects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0350", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Frederick C. Schaeffer, 19 November 1821\nFrom: Schaeffer, Frederick C.\nTo: Madison, James\n                On a former occasion I took the liberty of submitting to your inspection, a little publication, which I had prepared for the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism in NewYork. I was actuated by a desire, which I believe is common to all authors, however trifling their performances, the desire of making known their works to the Great and Good.\n                I am emboldened to trouble you again, by the kind manner in which you received the \u201cReport to the Managers\u201d &c.\u2014and by the common law of our land, to send a copy of all new publications to the Honorable and distinguished Gentlemen, who, after having presided over a great Republic, enjoy a peculiar degree of happiness, which is confined to them alone, and which must be enhanced by the continual evidences of public veneration and gratitude.\n                Though your repose may often be disturbed by such of my fellow-citizens, who, like myself, are instrumental in ushering a pamphlet into the world, still, the activity which it intimates cannot be displeasing; and whatever marks the tendency of the times, or may be likely, though even in a small degree, to become subservient to the advantage of any portion of the community and country whose interests you have eminently promoted, is unquestionably acceptable.\n                These arguments may apologize for the boldness with which I approach you at the present time, in offering you an exemplar of my \u201cAddress,\npronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Matthew\u2019s Church, NewYork, Oct. 22. 1821; with the Ceremonial on the occasion.\u201d\n                I have always thought, that the view which is generally taken of \u201cthe merit of Luther\u2019s deeds,\u201d is too limited. In the inclosed Address, you will find, I trust, that while I endeavor to give him full credit for what he has performed, I do not subject myself to the accusation of selfish or sectarian principles. With the highest regard, and with the best wishes for your welfare, I am Your friend and servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0351", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Richard Rush, 20 November 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Rush, Richard\n                I have been for some time a debtor for your favor of June 21. which was accompanied by the \u201cApochryphal New Testament.\u201d Accept my thanks for both.\n                I have not yet seen any notice in this Country of Godwin\u2019s last work; nor has it been reviewed by any of the English critics which have fallen under my eye. I think with you however that it can scarcely fail to attract public attention. It merits a solid answer; and Malthus himself challenged as he is, will be expected to give one. Our Census is now compleated, tho\u2019 I have not seen the precise result. The number it adds to our population, that is, according to Mr. Godwin, the number of emigrants from Europe, of Constitutions more than ordinarily robust, will put this ingenious Author to new difficulties in finding transports & prolific pairs to account for the phenomenon. The increase of the blacks also, where neither emigration nor importation can be pretended, is another hard nut for him to crack.\n                I observe in the quarterly list of new publications (Decr. 1820) \u201cClassical excursions from Rome to Arpino, by Charles Keilsall\u201d for whom I troubled you with a letter returned with a non est inventus. The absence which produced this volume accounts for his not being then discoverable. As I wish to make him the acknowledgments contained in the letter, and presume he will have got back to England, I take the liberty of replacing\nit in your hands, in the hope that it may now reach him. I must ask the favor of you also to procure for me a Copy of his recent publication.\n                We have seen not without some little disappointment the latter developments of character in the Emperor Alexander. He is no longer the patron of the liberal ideas of the age, of the independence of nations, and of their relief from the burdens of warlike Establishments. What is the object of those gigantic armaments which furnish motives or pretexts for imitation throughout Europe? Whether for conquest, or for interference agst. the people in their struggles for political reforms, they equally belye the professions which gave a lustre to his name. What too must be thought of his having no scruples at stepping into the domestic quarrels of Naples agst. the people contending for their rights, and his scrupling to intermeddle in the domestic affairs of Turkey agst. the most atrocious of despotisms wreaking its worst cruelties on a people having peculiar claims to the sympathy of the Christian as well as the civilized world.\n                Russia seems at present the great Bug-Bear of the European politicians on the land, as the British Leviathan is on the water. They are certainly both formidable powers at this time, and must always hold a high rank among the nations of Europe. I cannot but think however that the future growth of Russia, and the stability of British ascendancy, are not a little overrated. Without a civilization of the Hordes nominally extending the Russian dominion over so many latitudes & longitudes, they will add little to her real force, if they do not detract from it: and in the event of their civilization and consequent increase, the overgrown empire, as in so many preceding instances, must fall into separate & independent States. With respect to G. Britain her overbearing power is derived from the vast extent of her manufactures and of her commerce, which furnish her naval resources. But as other nations infuse free principles into their Governments, and extend the policy they are adopting of doing for themselves, what G.B. has been allowed to do for them, she will, like the Dutch who once enjoyed a like ascendancy on the same element, be reduced within her natural sphere.\n                If my partiality, as an American, does not misguide my judgment, the Trident will ultimately belong not to the Eastern, but the western Hemisphere. It is in the latter, not the former, that the greater and more lasting fund of materials is found for constructing ships, and for bulky cargoes; and consequently for the employment of mariners. With dispositions therefore on this side the Atlantic to take advantage of the gifts of nature, corresponding with those on the other to make the most of factitious resources, the inference drawn seems an obvious one. I pray & hope at the same time that the Trident may not be the symbol of lawless power in the New, as it has been in the Old world.\n                The year past has been distinguished by much sickness throughout a great portion of the U.S: tho\u2019 the mortality has not been very considerable, except in particular spots. Virginia has had a large share of the calamity; and this part of the State more than an equal one. In my own family the fever has been very severe. At present we are happily freed from it. It was of the typhoid character, and seemed to select for its visitations the more elevated & healthy, rather than the situations most subject to annual complaints. Its type has been most malignant also in the cold season.\n                The year has been unfavorable also to the productions of our soil. In the States North of Maryland, the Wheat Crops are said to be below the average; and in Maryland & Virginia the failure has been beyond example, occasioned by a very wet spring, and continued rains during the harvest. The Crops of Maize, on the other hand, tho\u2019 not universally are generally good; and in this particular quarter, uncommonly abundant. The crops of Tobacco are somewhat deficient I believe every where, tho\u2019 better in the result than they were in the promise. Complaints are made I observe, from the Cotton Country of scanty crops there also. But I can not speak with certainty on that point. There is probably both truth and exaggeration in the reports. Tho\u2019 you are not on the list of either farmers or planters, the interest you feel as a good citizen in whatever concerns so great a portion of them, will render such agricultural notices not unobtrusive.\n                Mrs. Madison charges me, as she does on all such occasions, with her affectionate salutations for Mrs. Rush, to which I add mine with equal sincerity; with assurances to yourself of my high esteem and my stedfast attachment.\n                    Will you let me trouble you with a letter which I have occasion to write to Mr. Joy?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0352", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Joy, 21 November 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Joy, George\n                I have not forgotten your favor of Feby. last, tho\u2019 I am so tardy in acknowledging it. The truth is, I find as generally happens, that age is daily increasing my disinclination to use the pen, as it possibly may, tho\u2019 I am less sensible of it, an inclination for the other mode of communicating our thoughts. I might find an apology also, in a very afflicting fever of the typhoid character which has been constantly in my family for a year past, and from which I did not escape myself. I should nevertheless have not failed to answer that part of your letter which called for my aid in procuring (for I did not possess) a Newspaper Copy of your \u201cConciliator,[\u201d] if I could have procured one. I give you the answer of Mr. Gales to my application on the subject in his own words. \u201cI much regret that it is wholly out of my power to oblige Mr Joy. Admiral Cockburn, when he paid his respects to us, took care to leave us no spare copies of the National Intelligencer, having burnt them with the few books I had at that time collected.\u201d In writing to Mr. Gales I took occasion to hand over to him the newspapers you were so good as to send me. Whether he republished any thing from them, I can not say. If he did not, it was probably owing to the crowd of matte\u27e8r\u27e9 which his paper experiences, and to the decreasing interest taken by his readers in what occurs abroad, as the importance increases in their eyes of what occurs at home. Heretofore every incident in the great nations of Europe, especially in G.B. awakened a lively curiosity in the public here: and this tendency still exists in a considerable degree. It is however becoming less & less; as on the other hand, what passes here is understood to be more & more an object of attention abroad. This is a natural consequence of the change going on in the relative growth of this Country. If it should continue to prosper till it reaches a population, which self love predicts, of 60 or 70 millions, the scene will be reversed; and the eyes of England will be as much turned toward the U.S. as the eyes of the latter have been towards her and their eyes as little towards her, as hers have been towards them. This is a light in which the people of G.B. are too proud to view the future; and the people of this country too\u2014vain\u2014if that be the epithet, not to regard it.\n                I did not send Mr. Gales the newspapers without looking over the speech of your nephew in one of them. I will not say that your criticisms might not have improved it; but it is a specimen of talents which promise to do well without your or any other aid. I can say nothing of the work of Mr. Tudor, not having had an oppy. of looking into it. From the general commendations bestowed on it, and the literary reputation of the Author, I can not doubt that it merits all you say of it.\n                We had a very wet harvest, throughout a great portion of our Wheat Country, as appears to have been the case in G.B. There is a surplus here however which would gladly supply the deficiency there; and the supply would be as welcome there I presume as here if the question were to be decided by the manufacturers, instead agriculturists. Whilst the prohibitory laws continue, the effect must be an increase of ploughs on that side, and of looms on this. With a tender of my respects and my best wishes I remain your friend & servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0353", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Dolley Madison, [30 November 1821]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, Dolley\n                    Monticello Friday Morning [30 November 1821]\n                I snatch a moment and a very bad pen to tell you that we ended our journey in good time that is before it was dark. The roads, with a little exception, were better than was expected. We found every body well, much regretting that you could not join in the visit. It was well that I did not decline it, for there would not have been a Quorum without me, Gen\u2019l Taylor & Mr. Breckinridge, not being heard from & Mr. Cabell sick in Williamsburg. Genl. Cocke arrived just before me, himself imperfectly recd. from his late illness. To-day we shall make a Quorum with the aid of Mr. Johnson who is in the neighbourhood on his way to Richmond & will be sent for to meet us at the University. It seems that yesterday was the day requiring me to be there, instead of at Monticello; so that if others had attended I should have been a day after the fair. I hope the business will be over today & that tomorrow evening I may be again with you or the morning after at farthest, unless I shd. be obliged to stop at Col: Lindsay, or the weather shd. embargo us. Yrs most affectly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0354", "content": "Title: Minutes of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia, 30 November 1821\nFrom: \nTo: \n                November 30. Present Thomas Jefferson, Chapman Johnson, James Madison & John Hartwell Cocke.\n                The board being informed that of the 60,000.D. permitted to be borrowed from the Literary fund by the act of the last General assembly, the sum of 29.100.D. only has as yet been obtained, and that there is uncertainty as to the time when the balance may be obtained they deem it expedient that the Annuity of 15,000.D. recievable on the 1st. of January next be applied to the accomplishment of the buildings, & other current purposes, in the first place, and that, should further sums be wanted before the reciept of the balance of the sd. loan, the Committee of Superintendance be authorised to borrow from the banks to the amount of that balance, to be replaced by the sd. balance when recieved.\n                Resolved that the Superintending committee be authorised to have an engraving made of the ground-plat of the buildings of the University including the Library, and so many copies struck off for sale as they shall think proper, and also to engage a good painter to draw a Perspective view of the upper level of buildings, to be engraved, yielding to him, for his trouble, the patent right, and paying his reasonable expences coming, staying and returning, should it be required.\n                A proposition having been recieved to join with other seminaries in a petition to Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books, Resolved that this board will concur in such a petition, and a form being prepared and approved, and a form also of a letter to our Senators and representatives in Congress requesting them to present & advocate the sd. petition, the Rector is desired to authenticate & forward the same.\n                A form of a Report, as annually required to be made to the President and Directors of the Literary fund, on the funds and condition of the University, was then proposed, amended & agreed to in the following words.\n                To the President & Directors of the Literary fund.\n                In obedience to the act of the General assembly of Virginia, requiring that the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia should make report annually to the President and Directors of the Literary fund (to be laid before the legislature at their next succeeding session) embracing a full account of the disbursements, the funds on hand, and a general statement of the condition of the sd. University, the sd Rector & Visitors make the following Report.\n                At their meeting in April last the attention of the Visitors was first drawn to the consideration of the act of the late General assembly which authorised the Literary board to lend, for the use of the University a further sum of 60,000.D. from such monies as should thereafter come to their hands, and taking such view as could then be obtained of the expences already incurred for the lands, buildings, and accessory purposes for the accomodation of the Professors and Students of the University, so far as already compleated, or in a state of advancement, and the further expences still to be incurred necessarily to compleat those accomodations, they concluded it to be for the benefit of the institution to obtain the said loan. Application was accordingly made to the Literary board, a sum of 29,100.D. was obtained, and the further sum of 30,900.D. is expected so soon as the reciepts of that board shall enable them to furnish it.\n                In the mean time the board deemed it incumbent to obtain as early as possible a correct statement of the actual cost of what was already done, and a probable one of that still to be done, estimated according to the experience now obtained. They therefore instructed their Proctor to apply himself assiduously to the completion of the buildings generally, to a settlement of all accounts of the actual cost of those finished, and an estimate, according to that, of what would be the cost of those still to be finished. The completion of the buildings of accomodation, which are in 4. rows of about 600. feet in length each, as may be seen by the plan accompanying this Report, has been pressed with as much effect as could be expected; insomuch that there are now compleat, and in readiness for occupation, 6. Pavilions for the accomodation of the Professors, 82. dormitories for that of the Students, and 2. Hotels for their dieting; and the others will all be compleated in the ensuing summer. The accounts for the construction of those already finished have been actually settled; and the probable cost of the unfinished has been estimated according to the rates which the others have been found to cost.\n                The following is a summary view of the actual expenditures of the institution from the beginning, of those yet to be incurred to it\u2019s completion, & of the funds recieved & still recievable, as nearly as can at present be stated.\n                        6. Pavilions finished have cost\n                        17. capitels for them expected from Italy are to cost by contract\n                        2. Hotels finished have cost\n                        82. Dormitories finished have cost\n                        The following are nearly finished, & are estimated at the rates the others have cost, or at prices actually contracted for.\n                        Back yards and gardens\n                        making the whole cost of the 4. rows of buildings of accomodation\n                        The purchase of 245\u00bd acres of land & the buildings on them, past compensations to the Bursar and Proctor, hire & maintenance of laborers, & all other accessory and contingent expences\n                        making a total for the lands, buildings Etc. compleat\n                        to which add for interest on the loans, calculated to Dec. 31. 1821.\n                        The funds applied and applicable to these expenditures are\n                        The sale of Glebe lands\n                        A state certificate No. 32. bearing interest\n                        Subscriptions recieved to Nov. 27. 21.\n                        Balance of subscriptions (due 19,668.91 of which suppose 3000. lost)\n                        from this would result a small Surplus of\n                        According to the Proctor\u2019s Accounts for the present year (which, with the Bursar\u2019s are herewith inclosed, and) which contain minuter specifications of the expenditures\n                        To finish and pay for the whole of the buildings of accommodation not yet finished and paid for will require a further sum to be placed at his command of\n                        The resources for this are\n                        the balance of the loan of 21. still to be recieved\n                        the balance still due of subscription monies, sperate\n                        Cash in the banks undrawn as per Bursar\u2019s account\n                        do. in the Bursar\u2019s hands, as per his account\n                        from which would result a deficit to be supplied from the annuity of\n                So far then as can at present be seen (and we are now so near the end of this work that there is room for little error) the funds recieved and recievable, will, within a small fraction, pay for the lands purchased, for the whole system of buildings of accomodation, and all accessory expences.\n                The building for the library, comprehending Halls indispensably necessary for other public purposes, and estimated by the Proctor, according to past experience, to cost 46,847.D. will remain to be erected from the same fund of the Annuity. The anticipations of this by loans, for expediting the other buildings, will have weakened it by nearly one half it\u2019s amount by the sums of interest to which it is subject; and will consequently retard the commencement of it\u2019s applications to the discharge of the sums borrowed by annual instalments; if such should continue to be the will of the Legislature.\n                The buildings of accommodation will be finished, as before observed, in the ensuing summer, and will constitute the whole establishment, except that of the library. With the close of these works, the accounts of their costs will also be closed. These will be first examined by a committee of the Visitors that nothing may enter into them not sanctioned by the board. They will then be finally submitted to the Accountant of the Literary board, for the assurance of the public that the monies have been correctly and faithfully applied.\n                In the course of these works, as is unavoidable perhaps generally in those of considerable magnitude, there have occurred instances of monies paid, not in direct furtherance of the legitimate object. The first was the case of a contract by the Visitors of the Central College, for a Professor, while acting for that as a private establishment, and under an expectation of it\u2019s immediate commencement. But that institution being afterwards merged in this of the University, and the enlargement of the plan occasioning that of the time of it\u2019s commencement also, it became important that that contract should be rescinded. This was done on a just and reasonable compromise and indemnification of 1500. Dollars. Another instance was the importation of a foreign Artist, for carving the capitels of the more difficult orders of the buildings. The few persons in this country, capable of that work, were able to obtain elsewhere such high prices for their skill and labor that we believed it would be economy to procure an Artist from some country where skill is more abundant, & labor cheaper. We did so. But on trial\nthe stone we had counted on in the neighborhood of the University was found totally insusceptible of delicate work; and some from a very distant, but the nearest other quarry known, besides a heavy expence attending it\u2019s transportation, was extremely tedious to work, and believed not proof against the influences of the weather. In the mean time we had enquired and learned that the same capitels could be furnished in Italy, and delivered in our own ports for a half, or third, of the price, in marble, which they would have cost us here in doubtful stone. We arrested the work here therefore, and compromised with our Artist at the expence of his past wages, his board and passage hither, amounting to 1390 D. 56 C. These are the only instances of false expence which have occurred within our knolege.\n                The two Pavilions and their adjacent Dormitories, begun & considerably advanced by the authorities of the Central College, were contracted for by them, when all things were at their most inflated paper-prices, and therefore have been of extraordinary cost. But all the buildings since done on the more enlarged scale of the University have been at prices of from 25. to 50. per cent reduction; and it is confidently believed that, with that exception, no considerable system of building, within the US. has been done on cheaper terms, nor more correctly, faithfully, or solidly executed, according to the nature of the materials used.\n                That the style or scale of the buildings should have met the approbation of every individual judgment was impossible from the various structure of various minds. Whether it has satisfied the general judgment, is not known to us. No previous expression of that was manifested but in the injunctions of the law to provide for the accommodation of ten Professors, and a competent number of students; and by the subsequent enactments, implying an approbation of the plan reported by the original Commissioners, on the requisition of the law constituting them; which plan was exactly that now carried into execution. We had therefore no supplementary guide but our own judgments, which we have exercised conscientiously, in adopting a scale and style of building believed to be proportioned to the respectability, the means & the wants of our country, and such as will be approved in any future condition it may attain. We owed to it to do, not what was to perish with ourselves, but what would remain, be respected and preserved thro\u2019 other ages. And we fondly hope that the instruction which may flow from this institution, kindly cherished, by advancing the minds of our youth with the growing science of the times, and elevating the views of our citizens generally to the practice of the social duties, and the functions of self-government, may ensure to our country the reputation, the safety and prosperity, and all the other blessings which experience proves to result from the cultivation and improvement of the general mind. And, without going into the monitory history of the antient world, in all it\u2019s quarters, and at all it\u2019s periods, that of the soil on which we live, and of it\u2019s occupants,\nindigenous & immigrant, teaches the awful lesson, that no nation is permitted to live in ignorance with impunity.\n                And the board adjourned without day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0355", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 30 November 1821\nFrom: Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia\nTo: Madison, James\n                        The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia to the Senators and Representatives of the sd. state in Congress.\n                    We learn that it is in contemplation with other seminaries of science in the US. to petition Congress at their ensuing session for a repeal of the duty on books imported from abroad. This tax, so injurious to the progress of literature, concerning nearly the interests of those for whose benefit our state has established the institution committed to our charge, we think it our duty to cooperate with our sister institutions in obtaining the relief so desirable for all. We have therefore prepared the petition now inclosed, in which the grounds of our application are so particularly detailed, that they need not be here repeated. Persuading ourselves that you will consider this measure for the benefit of our youth claiming equally with the University itself the patronage of the state, we have to sollicit your advocation of it in both houses of Congress. As similar applications are proposed from other quarters of the Union, your own judgment and discretion will decide on the degree of concert, in the time and mode of proceeding which will be most advisable. Committing the subject therefore to your enlightened sense of it\u2019s importance to our common country we salute you with assurances of our esteem and high consideration.\n                    To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.\n                    The Petition of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia On behalf of those for whom they are in the office of preparing the means of instruction, as well as of others seeking it elsewhere,\n                    Respectfully representeth:\n                    That the Commonwealth of Virginia has thought proper lately to establish an University for instruction generally in all the useful branches of science, of which your petitioners are appointed Rector and Visitors, and as such are charged with attention to the interests of those who shall be committed to their care:\n                    That they observe in the Tariff of duties imposed by the laws of Congress on importations into the US. an article peculiarly inauspicious to the objects of their own, and of all other literary institutions throughout the US.\n                    That at an early period of the present government, when our country was burthened with a heavy debt contracted in the war of Independance, and it\u2019s resources for revenue were untried and uncertain, the national legislature thought it as yet inexpedient to indulge in scruples as to the subjects of taxation, and among others imposed a duty on books imported from abroad, which has been continued, and now is of 15. percent on their prime cost, raised by ordinary Custom house charges to 18. percent, and by the importers profits to perhaps 25. percent, & more:\n                    That, after many years experience, it is certainly found that the reprinting of books in the US. is confined chiefly to those in our native language, and of popular characters, and to cheap editions of a few of the Classics, for the use of schools; while the valuable editions of the Classical authors, even learned works in the English language, and books in all foreign living languages (vehicles of the important discoveries and improvements in science and the arts, which are daily advancing the interests and happiness of other nations) are unprinted here & unobtainable from abroad but under the burthen of a heavy duty.\n                    That of many important books in different branches of science, it is believed that there is not a single copy in the US. of others but a few, and these too distant and difficult of access for students and writers generally:\n                    That the difficulty resulting from this of procuring books of the first order in the sciences, and in foreign languages, antient and modern, is an unfair impediment to the American student, who, for want of these aids, already possessed or easily procurable in all countries, except our own, enters on his course with very unequal means, with wants unknown to his foreign competitors, and often with that imperfect result which subjects us to reproaches not unfelt by minds alive to the honor, and mortified sensibilities of their country:\n                    That to obstruct the acquisition of books from abroad, as an encoragement of the progress of literature at home, is burying the fountain to increase the flow of it\u2019s waters.\n                    That books, and especially those of the rare and valuable character thus burthened, are not articles of consumption, but of permanent preservation\nand value, lasting often as many centuries as the houses we live in, of which examples are to be found in every library of note:\n                    That books therefore are Capital, often the only Capital of professional men on their outset in life, and of students destined for professions, as most of our scholars are, and who are barely able too for the most part, to meet the expences of tuition, and less so to pay an extra tax on the books necessary for their instruction: that they are consequently less instructed than they would be, and that our citizens at large do not derive from their employment all the benefits which higher qualifications would procure them:\n                    That this is the only form of Capital on which a tax of from 18. to 25. per cent is first levied on the gross, and the proprietor then subject to all other taxes in detail as those holding capital in other forms, on which no such extra tax has been previously levied:\n                    That it is true that no duty is required on books imported for seminaries of learning: but these, locked up in libraries, can be of no avail to the practical man, when he wishes a recurrence to them for the uses of life:\n                    That more than 30 years experience of the resources of our country prove them equal to all it\u2019s debts and wants, and permit it\u2019s legislature now to favor such objects as the public interests recommend to favor:\n                    That the value of science to a republican people, the security it gives to liberty by enlightening the minds of it\u2019s citizens, the protection it affords against foreign power, the virtues it inculcates, the just emulation of the distinction it confers on nations foremost in it, in short it\u2019s identification with power, morals, order and happiness, (which merits to it premiums of encoragement rather than repressive taxes) are topics which your petitioners do not permit themselves to urge on the wisdom of Congress, before whose minds these considerations are always present & bearing with their just weight:\n                    And they conclude therefore with praying that Congress will be pleased to bestow on this important subject the attention it merits, and give the proper relief to the candidates of science among ourselves devoting themselves to the laudable object of qualifying themselves to become the Instructors and benefactors of their fellow-citizens:\n                    and your petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray Etc.\n                        Th: Jefferson Rector of the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0356", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Mathew Carey, 1 December 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Madison, James\n                I am writing some essays on the situation & policy of this Country, previous to the revolution\u2014and am desirous of obtaining information on the following points.\n                Was the balance of trade between Great Britain & the southern Colonies, particularly Va. against the latter?\n                Was there a heavy balance due from the Colonies to Great Britain?\n                Can you form any idea of the amount? Your obt. hble. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0357", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Frederick C. Schaeffer, 3 December 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Schaeffer, Frederick C.\n                I have recd. with your letter of Novr. 19: the copy of your address at the ceremonial of laying the Corner Stone of St. Mathews Church in N. York.\n                It is a pleasing & persuasive example of pious zeal, united with pure benevolence; and of cordial attachment to a particular creed, untinctured with Sectarian illiberality. It illustrates the excellence of a system which, by a due distinction to which the genius & courage of Luther led the way, between what is due to C\u00e6sar & what is due to God, best promotes the discharge of both obligations. The experience of the U.S. is a happy disproof of the error so long rooted in the unenlightened minds of well meaning Christians, as well as in the corrupt hearts of persecuting Usurpers, that without a legal incorporation of religious & civil polity, neither could be supported. A mutual independence is found most friendly to practical Religion, to social harmony, & to political prosperity. In return for your kind sentiments I tender assurances of my esteem & my best wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0358", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Benjamin Drake, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Drake, Benjamin\n                I recd. a few days ago your letter of Novr. 6. on the subject of materials for a \u201cBiographical sketch of the Celebrated Tecumseh.\u201d\n                I cannot better answer it, than by referring you to the Dept. of War, the files of which contain the official correspondence and communications from the military Commanders & Indian Agents most likely to furnish interesting particulars relating to that Chief as well as to his brother the prophet. It is probable that some of the Officers, particularly Genl. Harrison, may be consulted with advantage, on points not included in their official letters & transactions.\n                I wish you may be successful in collecting adequate materials for your proposed work: I wish it the more, as your attention will of course be drawn to general views of the Indian Character in tracing the particular features of that of the distinguished individual in question.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0359", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John G. Jackson, 9 December 1821\nFrom: Jackson, John G.\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Clarksburg December 9th. 1821\n                Ever since your retirement from the chief executive magistracy of the Union, I have indulged a constant desire to commence a correspondence with you. At first for a season I thought it prudent to defer the expression of this desire, because I imagined it would be a work of much labor to you to give in your retreat a final arrangement to the voluminous papers, connected with your great, & arduous official functions. And since the time has elapsed, which a due allowance for that employment would seem to indicate as sufficient, I have felt further restraint in the fear that I might be exacting a favor from your kindness, to which, as nothing I could communicate would furnish the least equivalent, you must necessarily feel\nsome reluctance. I now only venture to address you because I believe that the period has arrived when a publication of the debates &c of the federal Convention, which you are known to possess in manuscript, is demanded by a regard to justice & expediency. May I therefore respectfully solicit you to give them to the public? It is not a mere inordinate curiosity that excites me to desire it\u2014nor yet the belief that your reputation as a politician requires any vindication. The meagre journal of the Convention, & the notes of Chief Justice Yates which have been printed; have excited a laudable curiosity, & interest, common to all your friends, to know the real facts. If however I err in the opinion I entertain, & any thing may exist of which I am ignorant, rendering their publicity clearly improper, I would not be understood as desiring that the considerations they suggest should be disregarded. If indeed you did propose to infuse more vigor, & strength into the national Government than it possesses, I will frankly own that an attentive observation of its progress for more than twenty years, has convinced me, (contrary to my first impressions) that the Union has more to fear from inadequacy of power in the head, & anarchy in the members, than from every other danger combined. I appeal to the history of the late War, for proofs of the correctness of this opinion. They are too recent, & striking to require enumeration. The paralysis of the operations of the government\u2014the enormous expenditure of public treasure\u2014& the extent of individual, & national misfortune produced by the infamous practices of a faction in some of the States; have taught a lesson never to be forgotten.\n                It is some time since I heard of you & Mrs. Madison. I hope you both enjoy good health. In my family we have been visited in the past six months with great & distressing sickness. Our most lovely child Madisonia six years old, & an infant son nine months old fell victims to it. We have surviving a Daughter Sophia eight years old, & a Son James four years old. Mary is now at home, she is well, & is quite large. Mrs. Jackson & her unite in sending their affectionate regards to Mrs. Madison. Please present me to her respectfully, & believe me to be with great Regard your mo. obt. Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0361", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Benjamin H. Rand, 16 December 1821\nFrom: Rand, Benjamin H.\nTo: Madison, James\n                I have just Published an elegant Edition of the Farewell Address of the late President Washington. If you will condescend to give a Copy of it a place in your Library, you will confer a particular favour on Your Obedient & Very Humble Servant\n                    The Work alluded to I have forwarded to the care of Mr Wm Browne of Georgetown D.C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0363", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Munroe, 20 December 1821\nFrom: Munroe, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n                    Washington 20th. December 1821\n                My Son, Thomas, now in the 24th year of his age, who was educated at Yale College, and afterwards studied law, having always evinced, and still continuing to have so decided a preference of the military, to all other professions, that his mother and myself have yielded to his wishes; and he will shortly proceed to St. Petersburg to offer his services to the Emperor of Russia; with the explicit understanding that his object is to obtain a Military Education, at his own expense, that he may be useful to his own Country, to which he is to be at liberty to return at pleasure, unrestrained by any allegiance or other obligations, except an Oath of fidelity whi[l]st he may be employed in the Russian service. This Mr Politica, who has entered warmly into my Sons views, says is all that will be expected by his Government.\n                The testimonials and kind interest in favor of my Son by the Executive, Mr Adams & Mr Pinkney, former ministers to Russia, and some other distinguished American Characters, now at the Seat of Government, together with all the Foreign ministers and Charge des Affaires, are very flattering, do him much honor, and will, it is believed, put him on a favorable and advantageous footing in a foreign Country; but we are told by Mr. Politica and others what indeed, both my Son & myself, are very confident of, that nothing would be so useful to him as something that you, Sir, might be pleased to say of a young American on such an occasion, addressed either to the Emperor himself (which Mr. Politica says would be received with great deference from you, Sir, or from Mr Jefferson) or if preferred by you, to Count Nesselrode, Mr. Middleton, our minister at St. Petersburg, or to him, Mr Politica.\n                If I have been too presuming in thus addressing you, Sir, I trust that the interesting nature of the subject to a parents feelings, and the high value I should place on any thing that you might be pleased to say on it will plead my excuse. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & veneration Sir Yr mo Obt Servt\n                    P.S. I take the liberty of enclosing a Copy of Mr Adams\u2019s Letter. All the others are nearly like it in substance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0364", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Middleton, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Middleton, Henry\n                Mr. Ths. Munroe son of Ths. Mu[n]roe Esqr. of the City of Washington, having compleated his academic Studies, has fixed his thoughts so earnestly on the profession of arms, that he is about to offer his services in the Military estabt. of Russia, as a school favorable to his proficiency. It is understood that he is to serve at his own expence; that as his services are to be entirely voluntary, so will be the time of his retiring from them; and that the nature of his engagement is in no respect to impair his character of Citizen of the U.S. to which he hopes to return with capacities to be a more useful one.\n                So much evidence is before me from the most respectable sources, of the promising qualities and laudable views of this young gentleman, that he necessarily carrys with him my wishes that he may be successful in his pursuit; and I cannot better manifest them than by the liberty I take of recommending him to whatever patronage, you may find most proper and most likely to introduce his object with advantage. I avail myself Sir, of this occasion to tender you assurances of my high consideration & particular respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0365", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Munroe, [ca. 24 December 1821]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Munroe, Thomas\n                I have just recd. your letter of the 20th. and inclose a few lines, on the subject of it to our E. Exy. & M. Plenipo: at St. Petersburg. I am not sure that I could properly take the liberty of addressing them to the Emperor himself.\n                I sincerely wish Sir that your son may find in the course he has chosen, all the success, which he enjoys in prospect: and that he may return with all the acquirements suited to gain him distinction in his own Country and gratify the feelings & expectations of his parents. Be pleased Sir to accept my esteem and my good wishes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0366", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John A. Wharton, 27 December 1821\nFrom: Wharton, John A.\nTo: Madison, James\n                Some five or six months since, I addressed a letter to you, from Nashville Tennessee: requesting any information which you might possess relative to the University established near Charlottesville. From the circumstance of your not having acknowledged the receipt of it, I am persauded [sic] you did not receive it: I therefore take the liberty of addressing a second letter, the object of which is precisely the same as that of the first, to wit:\n                    When the institution will be opened for the reception of students?\n                    What qualifications are necessary to insure an entrance into either class?\n                    What will be the expenses of board and tuition per annum?\n                You will pardon the last enquiry, as econimy in my financial calculations, is indispensably necessary: and as I entertain fears that I will be compelled, with an eminent degree of reluctance, to abandon the pursuit of a favorite object. Any other information which you can communicate, will be thankfully received. I tender you the assurance of my profound respect and very high esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/04-02-02-0367", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John G. Jackson, 28 December 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jackson, John G.\n                Your favor of the 9th. came to hand a few days ago only; and the usages of the season, with some additional incidents, have not allowed me time for more promptly acknowledging its friendly contents.\n                You were right in supposing that some arrangement of the mass of papers accumulated thro\u2019 a long course of public life would require a tedious attention after my final return to a private Station. I regret to say that concurring circumstances have essentially interfered with the execution of the task. Becoming every day more & more aware of the danger of an ultimate failure from delay, I have at length set about it in earnest; and shall continue the application as far as health and indispensable avocations will permit.\n                With respect to that portion of the mass which contains the voluminous proceedings of the Convention, it has always been my intention that they should some day or other see the light. I have always felt at the same time the delicacy attending such a use of them; especially at an early season. In general I have leaned to the expediency of letting the publication be a posthumous one. The result of my latest reflections on the subject, I can not more conveniently explain than by the inclosed extract from a letter confidentially written since the appearance of the proceedings of the Convention as taken from the notes of Ch: Justice Yates.\n                Of this work I have not yet seen a copy. From the scraps thrown into the newspapers, I cannot doubt that his prejudices guided his pen; and that he has committed egregious errors at least, in relation to others as well as to myself.\n                That most of us carried into the Convention profound impressions, produced by the experienced inadequacy of the old Confederation, & by the monitory examples of all similar ones antient and modern, as to the necessity of binding the States together by a strong Constitution, is certain. The necessity of such a Constitution was enforced by the gross and disreputable irregularities which had been prominent in the internal administrations of most of the States. Nor was the recent and alarming insurrection headed by Shays in Massachusetts, without a very sensible influence on the public mind. Such indeed was the aspect of things, that in the eyes of the best friends of liberty, a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired. And, what is not to be overlooked, the disposition to give to a new System all the vigour consistent with republican principles, was not a little stimulated by a backwardness in some quarters towards a Convention for the purpose, which was ascribed to a secret dislike to popular Government, and a hope that delay\nwould bring it more into disgrace, and pave the way for a form of Government more congenial with Monarchical or aristocratical predilections.\n                This view of the crisis made it natural for many in the Convention to lean to a higher toned system than was perhaps in strictness warranted by a proper distinction between causes temporary as some of them doubtless were, and causes permanently inherent in popular frames of Government. It is true, also, as has been sometimes suggested, that in the course of discussions, where so much depended on compromise, the patrons of different opinions, often set out on negociating grounds more remote from each other, than the real opinions of either were, from the point at which they finally met.\n                For myself, having from the first moment of maturing a political opinion, down to the present one, never ceased to be a votary of the principle of self-Government, I was among those most anxious to rescue it from the danger which seemed to threaten it; and with that view was willing to give to a Government, resting on that foundation, as much energy as would ensure the requisite stability and efficacy. It is possible that in some instances that consideration may have been allowed a weight greater than subsequent reflection within the Convention, or the actual operation of the Government would sanction. It may be remarked also that it sometimes happened, that opinions as to a particular modification or a particular power of the Government, had a conditional reference to others, which, combined therewith, would vary the character of the whole.\n                But whatever might have been the opinions entertained in forming the Constitution, it was the duty of all to support it in its true meaning as understood by the Nation at the time of its ratification. No one felt this obligation more that I have done; and there are few perhaps whose ultimate and deliberate opinions of the merits of the Constitution, accord in a greater degree with that obligation.\n                The departures from the true & fair construction of the Instrument have always given me pain; and always experienced my opposition when called for. The attempts, in the outset of the Govt. to defeat those safe if not necessary, and those politic if not obligatory amendments introduced in conformity to the known desires of the Body of the people, & to the pledges of many, particularly myself, when vindicating and recommending the Constitution, was an occurrence not a little ominous. And it was soon followed by indications of political tenets, and by rules, or rather the abandonment of all rules, of expounding it, which were capable of transforming it into something very different from its legitimate character as the offspring of the national Will. I wish I could say that constructive innovations had altogether ceased.\n                Whether the Constitution, as it has divided the powers of Govt. between the States in their separate and in their united capacities, tends to\nan oppressive aggrandizement of the General Govt. or to an anarchical Independence of the State Govts., is a problem which time alone can absolutely determine. It is much to be wished that the division as it exists, or as it may be made with the regular sanction of the people, may effectually guard against both extremes: For it can not be doubted that an accumulation of all power in the General Govt. would as naturally lead to a dangerous accumulation in the Executive hands, as that the resumption of all power by the several States, would end in the calamities incident to contiguous & rival Sovereigns: to say nothing of its effect in lessening the security for sound principles of administration within each of them.\n                There have been epochs when the Genl. Govt. was evidently drawing a disproportion of power into its vortex. There have been others when States threatened to do the same. At the present moment, it wd. seem that both are aiming at encroachments, each on the other. One thing however is certain, that in the present condition and temper of the Community, the Genl. Govt. can not long succeed in encroachments contravening the will of a majority of the States, and of the people. Its responsibility to these, would, as was proved on a conspicuous occasion, quickly arrest its career. If, at this time, the powers of the Genl. Govt. be carried to unconstitutional lengths, it will be the result of a majority of the States & people, actuated by some impetuous feeling, or some real, or supposed interest, overruling the minority, and not of successful attempts by the General Govt. to overpower both.\n                In estimating the greater tendency in the political system of the Union to a subversion or a separation of the States composing it, there are some considerations to be taken into the account, which have been little adverted to by the most oracular Authors on the Science of Govt. and which are but imperfectly developed as yet by our own experience. Such are the size of the States; the number of them; the territorial extent of the whole; and the degree of external danger. Each of these I am persuaded will be found to contribute its impulse to the practical direction which our great political Machine is to take.\n                We learn for the first time the second loss sustained by your parental affections. You will not doubt the sincerity with which we partake the grief produced by both. I wish we could offer better consolations, than the condoling expression of it. These must be derived from other sources. Afflictions of every kind are the onerous conditions charged on the tenure of life; and it is a silencing if not a satisfactory vindication of the ways of Heaven to Man, that there are but few who do not prefer an acquiescence in them, to a surrender of the tenure itself.\n                We have had for a great part of the last & present years, much sickness in our own family; and among the black members of it not a little mortality. Mrs. Madison & Payne were so fortunate as to escape altogether. I was\none of the last attacked, and that not dangerously. The disease was a typhoid fever. At present we are all well and unite in every good wish to Mrs. Jackson & yourself, and to Mary and the rest of your family. Very sincerely yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-02-02-0031", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n              Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Joseph Gilmore 27.D. being the balance due Gilmore this day.\n              Inclosed to P. Gibson my note to the Virga. bank for eleven hundred and\u2003\u2003D. for renewal.\n              The Muscat of Rivesalte ante Feb. 23. 20. is out, to wit 62. galls. in 11. months.\n              Drew on B. Peyton for 100.D. in favor Wolfe and Raphael to pay them groceries 77.79 and cash 22.21 which I now recieve.\n              Inclosed to Capt. Peyton my notes for renewal, to wit 3000 & 2250 to bk. US. & 2500. to Farmer\u2019s bank.\n              Hhd. exp. 1.D.\u200314. Edmd. Meeks for 9. turkies 4.50.\n              The Farmer\u2019s bank in Richmd. discounted on the 1st. inst. a note of 4000.D. for me, made payable to Th:J. Randolph endorsed by Bernard Peyton.\n              Wrote to Capt. Peyton to remit 125.D. to Leroy & Bayard for last year\u2019s interest on my bond, and 40.D. to Wm. J. Coffee for Roman cement he is to send me, and advising him of the following draughts on him, to wit.\n                \u2003D\u2003c\u2005Drew on him in favr. Martin Dawson\u200394.42Rogers & Gilmore ante 154. 155 \u2003John Watson for Meeks \u200345.41 ante 154.   \u2003Twyman Wayt for A. Goodman \u2002219.72 negro girl.    \u2003James Brown for Fieldg. Lewis \u2002133.25 ante Dec. 11. 19.   \u2003David Higginbotham \u2002159.95 ante Mar. 24. 20.   \u2003Craven Peyton \u2002700. Feb. 7. 17. Oct. 19. 20   \u2003Wm. Barrett for B. Miller \u2002750. ante Mar. 7. 20. Nov. 15.    2102.75   \n              Having sold my limestone quarry (4. acres) to Abraham Hawley for 400.D. of which 100. payable immediately & 300.D. Jan. 1. 1822., Charles Vest being security, I give him credit for Meeks\u2019s order ante Aug. 19. to wit 59.86, his own acct. 2.70. and I now recieve the balance in cash 37.44 D. making up the 100.D. \n              Pd. E. Bacon for 15\u00bd turkies for last & this winter 7.75.\n              Gave James Leitch order on Capt. Peyton for 1348.47 D. the amt. of my acct. from Aug. 1. 19. to Aug. 1. 20. Note the 533.D. ante Oct. 21. 20 do not enter into this account, being credited on my bond.\n              Entered Ben and Lewis with Mr. Hatch and gave him an order on B. Peyton for 50.D. being half a year\u2019s tuition fees.\n              Hhd. exp. 2.50\u2003gave John Hemings ord. to Leitch for clothes 12.D.\n              Drew on B. Peyton favor John Graves 250.D. See Nov. 6. \n              Inclosed to P. Gibson my note for renewal in Bank of Virginia for one thousand and (blank) suppose 1040. See Jan. 27. & Nov. 15. \n              Hhd. exp. .75\u2003Mr. Thos. Sully for leather cups 1.D.\n              Inclosed to Lancelot Minor 5.D. to discharge a balance of 2.66 due him from A. S. Marks & the surplus to be a deposit for future taxes which seem to be under 1.D. a year.\n              Pd. David Isaacs for cheese 1.45.\n              Gave ord. on Wolfe & Raphael in favr. Chapman Johnson for 100.D. one half for himself, the other half for John Hooe Peyton as my counsel against the Rivanna co. \n              Pd. John chicken debt .37\u00bd.\n              Inclosed to B. Peyton my notes for renewal in the US. and Farmer\u2019s, to wit, US. 3000 & 2250 and the Farmer\u2019s bank 2500 & 4000.\n              Gave Wolfe & Raphael order on B. Peyton for 100.D. to replace that sum furnished by them as above.\n              C. Vest stage portage of rod of Clarke\u2019s odometer .25.\n              Recd. from Dr. Everett 646.51 in anticipation of the payment he has to make July 1. See ante July 13. 20.\n              Inclosed to B. Peyton 581.51 out of which I desired him to remit 444.D. to Saml. Williams No. 13 Finsbury square London, the correspondt. of Thos. Appleton to be held subject to the order of Mr. Appleton who is to pay it to M. & Mde. Pini as interest for the last year.\n              Gave Barnaby order for 26. barrels = 79831 for barrels delivered down to Apr. 14. inclusive.\n              Desired B. Peyton to remit to J. Vaughan 300.D.\n              Requested J. Vaughan to place it in Paris, to wit, 100.D. to the order of De Bures freres libraires there, & 200.D. to the order of Joshua Dodge at Marseilles for wines &c. \n              Gave Wolfe & Raphael ord. on B. Peyton for 51.24. for groceries to this date.\n              Inclosed to H. Niles 5.D. for a year\u2019s Register.\n              Left Monticello.\n              Warren Ellen for travellg. 2.\u2003vales 1.25\u2003ferriage 2.18\u00bd.\n              Morris\u2019s feeding beeves 1.25.\n              Mrs. Flood\u2019s feeding horses 1.D.\n              H. Flood\u2019s lodgg. feeding beeves 3.75.\n              Hunter\u2019s breakfast. feeding beeves 3.62\u00bd.\n              Burwell gratuity 10.D.\n              Ellen travellg. 2.\u2003Debts & vales at Pop. For. 5.75.\n              Recd. from Jo. Chilton balce. for mutton 2.75.\n              Hunter\u2019s feeding .75\u2003Patterson\u2019s lodgg. &c. 4.75.\n              Pd. a smith .50\u2003Mrs. Flood\u2019s brkft. &c. 2. Warren ferrge. 1.18.\n              Enniscorthy vales 1.50\u2003cash on hand 23.38\u00bd.\n              Gave Ellen W. Randolph ord. for 100.D. on B. Peyton.\n              Inclosed to Capt. B. Peyton my note for 1125 D. to be indorsed by him to renew that in the bk. of Virginia for the same sum, hitherto indorsed by P. Gibson & renewable the 22d. inst.\n              Recd. of Doctr. Everett 350.D. anticipation. See Apr. 13.\n              Inclosed to B. Peyton the same 350.D. of which I desire him to remit 300. to John Vaughan with a letter requesting J. V. to remit them to Debure and Dodge as ante Apr. 19., this remittance being to enable B. P. to do what is there requested of him.\n              Pd. Edmund Meeks on acct. 10.D.\n              Inclosd. to Ro. R. Glinn & co. order on B. Peyton for 100 D. note as security for Mrs. Laporte ante Nov. 2.\n              Inclosed to Fred. A. Mayo ord. on B. Peyton for 127\u00bd D. book binding.\n              Inclosed to Joel Yancey an order on B. Peyton for 136.48 D. in favor of Jonathan Bishop, wages due him, and another for 135.D. in favor of himself to pay for horses.\n              Borrowed from Jas. Leitch 40.D.\n              Settled with Tarleton Saunders for James Lyle my old debt to Kippen & co. See\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003and gave new bonds, viz.\n              \u2003took in all the former bonds.\n              Inclosed to Browze Trist 10.D. to buy Vanilla.\n              Inclosed to Matthew Carey 10.D. on acct.\n              Pd. Mr. Huntington for silk .37\u00bd.\n              Inclosed to Wm. H. Anderson of Balt. 3.D. sbscrptn. to his Travels. \n              Barnaby has delivd. 1203. barrels this year. I gave him an order for 26. some time ago, & now for 13 = 39 his allowance.\n              Nace has delivered 1380. bar., and I now give him an order for 45. of them, his part.\n              Inclosed to B. Peyton for renewal in banks my notes to\n                \u2003US. bank\u2005    3000.\u2005 and 2250 \u2003}\u2003indorsed by Th:J.R.   Farmer\u2019s 4000 and 2500  Virginiato be endorsed by B. Peyton.  \n              Charity 1.D.\u2003recd. from B. Trist 3.50 of the 10.D. ante June 17.\n              Subscribed with the Messrs. McKennies for Central gazette and paid 3.D.\n              Repd. Jas. Leitch the 40.D. ante June 16.\n              Pd. Dr. Watkins\u2019s acct. to Jan. 20. 12.D.\n              Pd. Ase Brooks 10.D. on acct. covering N. pavilion.\n              Hhd. xp. 1.50\u2014Nace sewers 1.D.\u2003stge. portage .25.\n              Hhd. xp. 2.\u200330. Pd. Ase Brooks in full, tin covering 16.D.\n              Pd. Raphael last quarter & balce. of preceding 126.83.\n              Pd. Thos. W. Maury half year\u2019s tuition fee 20.D. Jas. M. Randolph.\n              Pd. Leschot for a watch &c. in full 71.\n              Gave in charity (Moorman) 10.D.\n              Sent for lime .50 to Hawley Abraham.\n              Pd. Ase Brooks in full 16.D.\n              Holly for lime .50\u2003charity 2.D.\u2003Hhd. xp. 2.D.\n              Inclosed Notes for renewal as ante July 6.\n              Pd. G. Divers for 6. Bar. flour 27.D.\n              Inclosed to John E. Hall 5.D. for Amer. Law Journal of 1821.\n              Hhd. exp. 3.D.\u2003sent Abr. Holly for lime 2.D.\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n              Pd. E. Bacon for Isaiah Stout for 807. \u2114 fodder 4.D.\n              Hhd. exp. 1.D.\u200311. Recd. back from Holly .50 ante Aug. 8.\n              Pd. A. S. Brockenbro\u2019 for tin & window cord 7.45.\n              Sent Abram. Hawley for lime 2.25.\u2003Hhd. exp. 1.D.\n              Pd. Saml. Campbell stone work at the mill 35.D.\n              Sent Hague for a pr. of shoes 3.D.\n              Borrowed of James Lietch 35.D.\n              Agreed with Edmd. Meeks to continue another year, same terms.\n              Recd. on acct. Dr. Charles Everett A. Garretts\u2019s order on V. W. Southall for 500.D. Inclosed it to Wm. Barret for Miller.\n              Warren. Brown\u2019s horses & arrears 5.75\u2003ferrymen .25\u2003M. R. for vales .50.\n              Mrs. Gibson\u2019s lodgg. 2.\u2003Mr. Patteron\u2019s vales .25.\n              Mrs. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.\u2003Hunter\u2019s lodgg. 6.50.\n              My debt to Lewis Bolling is 300.D. with int. from June 1. 20.\n              Pop. For. debts & vales 7.25\u2003Hunter\u2019s 1.50.\u2003H. Flood\u2019s lodging 3.75.\n              Mrs. Flood\u2019s brkft. 2.25\u2003M. R. for vales .50\u2003Warren ferrge. & acct. 3.25.\n              Enniscorthy vales 1.50.\n              Hhd. xp. .50\u2003whip .25\u2003borrowed of James Leitch 15.D.\n              Gave my note of 1100.D. payable to Th:J. Randolph in Farmer\u2019s bank of Lynchbg., which is for his use, my name being only lent.\n              Recd. of Wortinbaker sheriff 38.D. on acct. of rent from Joseph Gilmore\u2019s property, to wit 1. y.\u2019s rent \u00a310, costs 4.67.\n              Pd.  for bringing up pots for sea kale 2.D. Hhd. xp. 1.D.\n              Charity 2.D.\u2014Ned sewers 1.D.\n              Drew order on Thos. E. Randolph in favor of Craven Peyton for 608.86 being in full for my debt to Craven Peyton ante Feb. 7. with int. to this day.\n                My taxes & tickets this year in Albemarle amt. to137.44 \u2003Wirtenbaker sheriff adds an ord. of Edmd. Meeks\u2003 \u20038.    145.44   \n              Recd. of Randolph & Colclaser 35.D.\n              Hhd. exp. .25.\u200328. Abram. Holly for lime 1.D.\n              Pd. Isaacs & Lee for tallow & beef 11.95\u2003Huntington book 2.\n              Chisolm\u2019s Lewis gratuity for cistern 1.D.\n              Inclosed to John Laval 15.D. to pay 13.97 for books.\n              Drew on B. Peyton for 50.D. favr. Jas. Leitch. See Aug. 16. Sep. 11.\n              Drew on do. for 70.D. in favor of Wolfe & Raphael.\n              Recd. of Isaac Raphael 50.D.\n              Pd. T. W. Maury 40.D. for Ben & Lewis. Entd. them Sep. 17.\n                Drew on B. Peyton for 145.44 favr. of\u2005 Sheriff. taxes 137.44    Meeks\u2019s order\u2003 \u20038.     145.44   \n              Recd. from Wm. Wertenbaker 68.20 in full of Gilmore\u2019s rent.\n              Gave ord. on Wolfe & Raphael for 20.D. favr. A. Garrett for my subscription to Mr. Hatch for the current year.\n              Gave my note to Pasquil Fretwell for 45.D. for a mule, payable at next court, viz. Nov. 5. Note this was pd. by Th:J.R. with money recd. from Dr. Everett.\n              Ned sewers 1.D.\u2003V. W. Southall a fee v. Gilmore\u2019s estate 5.D.\u2003Hhd. xp. 1.D.\n              Ellen for vales 2.D.\n              Warren. Cobbs ferrge. & lodging 4.55.\n              Mrs. Flood\u2019s breakfast 2.50\u2003Hunter\u2019s lodging &c. 5.87\u00bd.\n              My taxes in Bedford this year are 139.54.\n              Burwell gratuity 10.D.\n              Drew on Colo. B. Peyton in favr. Sheriff of Bedford for 139.54 my taxes here now due.\n              Gave J. Hemings gratuity 20.D.\n              Debts and vales at P. F. 8.25\u2003Campbell C. H. oats .50.\n              Hunter\u2019s lodgg. brkft. &c. 6.95\u2003Mrs. Flood\u2019s oats .50.\n              Mrs. Gibson\u2019s 4.D.\u2003Warren ferrge. 1.31\u2003Brown\u2019s brkft. 2.50.\n              Hhd. xp. 2.D.\u2003Nov. 1. Sent G. Divers for wheat .75.\n              N. Trist for ink glasses 1.D.\n              Accepted Edmd. Meeks\u2019 order in favor Hanah Proctor 22.D. payable Jan. 1. ensuing.\n                \u2002DDrew on B. Peyton in favr. Wolfe & Raphael for\u2003175. \u2003to their acct. groceries of last quarter \u200287.51   \u2003and cash now recieved \u200287.49   \n              Drew on do. in favor of Eleanor W. Randolph 100.D.\n              Pd. Mrs. Carden for cooking for workmen 8.D.\n              Warren. Brown\u2019s lodgg. 4.05.\u20034. Ferrge. 1.05\u2003Mrs. Flood\u2019s oats .62\u00bd.\n              Dav. Douglass\u2019s lodging 2.\u2003Greenlee\u2019s feed & ferriage .50.\n              Wm. Paxton surveyg. Nat. bridge 5.D.\u2003chain carriers 2.D.\n              Patrick Henry. at Nat. br. entertt. services & laborers 10 D.\n              Greenlee\u2019s ferriage .25.\n              Dav. Douglas\u2019s lodging 2.D.\u2014Cash on hand 44.D.\n              Of the sum of 120.51 due from me to Wm. & Rob. Mitchel on account of flour Oct. 5. 19. Wm. Mitchell directed me to pay 50.D. his instalmt. due to the University. The balance is assigned to James Steptoe, to whom I now give an order on B. Peyton for 79.61 to wit 70.50. principl. and 9.10. int. to the 30th. inst.\n              Drew on B. Peyton in favor of James Boling for 326.25 to wit 300. wages for 1819. & 26.25 int. from May 31. 20. to Nov. 16. 21 which order is to be pd. with int. from this day till pd.\n              Drew on Reuben Pendleton in favr. Archibd. Robertson for 611.17 my last year\u2019s store acct. to be pd. Jan. 1. out of the amount of my wheat of this year sold by Joel Yancey to Pendleton for 5/ and the rise to Jan. 1.\n              Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Robt. Millar for 171.67 to wit 166.67 his wages for 20. & 5.D. int. from May 30. to Nov. 30.\n              Debts and vales at Pop. For. 5.25.\n              Campbell C. H. oats .50\u2003Patterson\u2019s lodgg. 3.62.\n              Bought of John Flood a mare (Stella) 6. y. old last spring of Janus and Seelah blood. a star, a snip, and 2 hindfeet white. blood bay. 4\u201310 high. for 80.D. payable Apr. 30.\n              Wood\u2019s boatmen bringing books .25.\n              Hhd. exp. 1.D.\u20146. Pd. Mr. Huntington for porter 4.D.\n              Drew on B. Peyton in favr. Wolfe & Raphael for 75.D. recd. the cash.\n              Pd. Coleman Estis for turkies & ducks 9.D.\n              Inclosed to Revd. Mr. Hatch 20.D. as an Aid in building his house. \n              Ned sewers 1.D.\u200314. Rachael midwife for Edy 2.D.\n              Repd. J. Hemings exp. back 1.D.\u2014charity 2.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/03-13-02-0366", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on Roman Cement, [ca. 21 November 1818]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          the Roman cement is a native production of the Isle of Thanet. it is an earth impregnated with iron ore, the vitriolic acid & Manganese. and it is said may be found wherever there is an iron ore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1741", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Dodge, 1 January 1821\nFrom: Dodge, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir,\nMarseilles\nI had the honor of writing to you per Brig Union of Marblehead informing you of my having shipped per that vessel sundry articles on your account & consigned them, agreeable to your orders, to the Collector of the first Port in the United States not South of the Chesapeak at which said vessel would arrive at.The Ledanon Wine having since arrived, I have shipped same on the Cadmus Capt Ives bound for Boston consigned to the Collector of that Port to be forwarded to you, I have sent him the Invoice amounting to two hundred eighty nine francs & thirty centimes, he will forward the same to you with this letter which I recommend to his care\u2014I hope you will be pleased with the articles per Union & Cadmus to the procuring & conditioning of which I have paid every attention in my Power. I respectfully request you to accept my best & warmest wishes on the renewal of the year and that the Almighty may long preserve those days which you have rendered so highly useful to your grateful Country is the sincere wish of your most respectful & most grateful servant.Josha Dodge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1742", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 1 January 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n8 Januy 1821\nSales 57 Blls: super, 10 fine, & 3 X midlings Flour by B. Peytonfor a/c Mr Thos Jefferson1821 Rich\u2019d5 Januy To Lewis Ludlum for Cash in store57 Blls: super fine Flour at $3.37\u00bd$172.1210dofinedo\u30033.12\u00bd\u300331.253doXmidlingsdo\u30032.25\u30036.75$210.12chargesCash paid on a/c  freight$6.00Canal  Toll $6.67. Drayage $1.388.05storage $5.12\u2014Inspection $1.286.40Commission at 2\u00bd pr ct on $210.12$5.25$25.70Nett proceeds at Cr Mr T. Jefferson$184.42I recd a few days since by Mr Johnsons Boat 64 Blls: your Flour, which was then dull sale at $3 \u00bc\u2014owing however to the prospect of a freeze, the article became more in request, & I was unable to effect a sale at $3.37 \u00bd, as per a/c sales above, which was the very best I could do with it, & which hope will be satisfactory to you.  Nett proceeds as above, say $184.42, at your credit.I am favor\u2019d this morning with yours covering a letter to Mr T. Saunders, which shall be delivered as soon as possible\u2014Your draft favor A. Robinson Esqr of Lynchburg for thirty $30 Dollars has been presented & paid.With sincere affection YoursB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1745", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Stephen Duponceau, 3 January 1821\nFrom: Duponceau, Peter Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I have received the Letter you have done me the honor to write to me, dated the 28th ulto which shall be treated as it is meant, as Strictly private & confidential. I am well acquainted with Mr Sanderson. Some Years ago a Mr Carr\u00e9, a planter from St Domingo, & a voyager here from that Island, being an excellent Latin Scholar, & possessing other literary qualifications, established an Academy in the vicinity of this City, & took Mr Sanderson as his Usher. Sanderson had had an University Education, & having given satisfaction to Mr Carr\u00e9, he married his only daughter & became his partner, in which station he still continues. From his Father in law he imbibed an enthusiastic fondness for ancient literature, and following Horaces\u2019s Precept Vox examplaria Graeca &c, he acquired the style & manner which has obtained your approbation. He is still a young Man, & begins to have a growing family, which his profession of a Schoolmaster is not sufficient to Support. In this situation, he accepted the offer of a Bookseller to write the lives of the signers to the declaration of Independance, which Subject was not his choice. Thus you see he writes for money as well as fame, tho\u2019 the love of the latter strongly predominates. He Spent more time in writing his first Volume than pleased the Bookseller, & would have Spent more, could he have followed his own inclination. As to Character & disposition, he is ingenuous, diffident and modest; he is a young Man of perfect integrity & may be trusted. He places great confidence in my advice, & has none of that Self Sufficiency So disgusting in young Authors.This is my candid opinion of Mr Sanderson. I should have added that he lives much retired, tho\u2019 of late, Some of our principal characters, & among others Chief Justice Tilghman, have taken notice of him & endeavoured to draw him from his retirement, by inviting him to mixed parties. He knows very little of the world, tho\u2019 his manners are neither rustic nor awkward.When I said that Mr Sanderson places great confidence in my advice, I said it with this view, that if you wish any thing to be indirectly communicated to him, I believe it will have its effect. But, perhaps, you need not have recourse to this mode, for it is my firm opinion, that Mr Sanderson is incapable of betraying any confidence that you may honor him with.I have the honor to be With the greatest veneration & respect Sir Your most obedient humble ServantPeter S. DuPonceau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1746", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tarlton Saunders, 3 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Saunders, Tarlton\nSir\nMonticello\nAs soon after my return home as other business would permit, I took up the papers which you put into my hands with a view to compare them with those I possessed here.I found that they were in a different form, and not being myself familiar with accounts I could  not readily accomodate them to my comprehension, altho\u2019 undoubtedly quite regular in their form. they appeared to me to re-open the old accounts, & go far beyond the date of the settlement between mr Lyle and myself. this was on the  4th of Mar. 1790. when we settled the balance due from me to Kippen & co. and Henderson & co. at 1402 \u00a311 s 2 d sterling, for which I gave 6. bonds payable successively with English interest, from Apr. 19. 1783. besides these there was a bond of mine to R. Harvie. and co. assigned to Kippen or Henderson & co. (partners of Harvie) on which, after proper credits 132 \u00a3 12 s sterl. was agreed to be due.about 2. years after, to wit in 1792. mr. Lyle sent me an account of my mother\u2019s amounting to  \u00a394. 17. 1 \u00bd which I agreed to take on myself, and gave a bond for it accordingly July 30. 1792. payable after the others, with interest from Sep. 1. 1771. (deducting the 8. years pastI proceeded on the discharge of these bonds, and in May. 1808. I recieved from mr Lyle a statement of the application of the payments down to that of 1000. D. July 1.1806. which overpaid the 5th bond by \u00a3217\u20137\u20138. which balance he carried to the credit of the 6th bond, leaving due on thatPrincipal\u00a3402.11s.2d.Interest240.183do from July. 1. 1806. until paidWith respect to the bond to Harvie & co. mr. Lyle in 1811. became very anxious to have it paid in preference to the others; because he observed that some other accounts could not be closed until that payment was made. subsequent to his statement of  July 1. 1806 to wit 1808. Nov. 23. I had made a payment of 500. D. without saying on account of which bond, and  July 6. 1811. I paid 1000. D particularly on account of this bond. applying both of these payments to Harvie\u2019s bond, the last overpaid it 18 \u00a3 6 s 6 s which sum may be carried to the interest of the 6th bond.My mother\u2019s debt being the last to be paid, the payments have not reached it as yet.It appears then that my bonds No 1. to 5. inclusive, and the one to Harvie are discharged, and should be returned to me; and that on the two others, to wit, No 6. and mrs. Jefferson\u2019s debt I shall still owe as follows.No. 6. Principal\u00a3402\u201311\u20132Interest due and unpaid to July 1. 06. \u00a3248\u201318\u201331811. July 6. overpaidon Harvie\u2019s bond18\u20136\u20136230\u201314\u20139Interest on \u00a3402\u201311\u20132 from July 1.06 until paid\u2014Returning me therefore the six other bonds, and retaining these two, the state of the debt stands as clear as any thing can make it.It remains therefore to speak of payment. I am sure you are sensible that during the present convulsionary crisis (wheat @ 2/6 here) no farmer can make his plantation expences, nor consequently have a dollar of disposable surplus. how long this state of things may continue we cannot foresee; and therefore a promise now to make payment at a fixed epoch could convey no certainty, and might only produce on both sides the pain of disappointment. in the mean time I hold property in readiness for sale. but until produce rises there can be no purchasers. I think you mentioned to me in conversation that the youngest of mr Lyle\u2019s legatees or distributees, would not be of age until 7. years hence: and it occurred to me at the time that possibly a full payment within that term might answer for the youngest legatee or distributee. not that I would ask that term absolutely; but only to give time for the restoration of prices to their future level, whatever that is to be. when that shall take place, I shall not delay one moment making a sale and payment of this debt: whereas to sell now would certainly double the debt. in the mean time I speak from a consciousness that the money would not be at interest in safer hands than mine, or bottomed on a clearer or more abundant mass of property. on this subject I shall be happy to hear from you, to relieve me from inquietude.John Bolling\u2019s bond for 52\u201319s\u20138d with interest from 1793. Dec. 1 was assigned to mr Lyle I think about 1792, to whom his estate owed a considerable debt of his own. by a letter of Mar. 23. 1811 mr Lyle informed me he should be obliged to bring suit; and my memory decieves me exceedingly if he did not get a judgment and if there was not a sale of negroes under execution, to satisfy it. in which belief I am strengthened by mr Lyle\u2019s silence from that Time, and his never having returned the bond to me that I might take measures myself for it\u2019s recovery. the estate I know was solvent. but as that subject is under your investigation, the application of this credit will await it\u2019s result. in the mean time I tender you the assurance of esteem and respect.\u00a3sd1783. Apr. 19.Harvie\u2019s bond Principal132.12.0.1808. Nov. 23.Int. to this date 25y. 7m 4d169.3.6.By order on Gibson at301.15.6.this date112.10.0.1811. July 6.Int. on \u00a3132.12 to189.5.6this date 2y. 7m. 13d17.8.206.13.6.By order on Gibson 1000.D.225.0.0.Overpaid of this bond and to becredited to No. b.18.6.6.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1748", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 4 January 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Haveing received your kind letter, and with pleasure inform your honour, that I am still carrieng on the Bookbinding, and shall be happy to execute any work, which you wish to have done,\u2014I shall soone take the liberty of sending you a letter, and a speciment of BindingYour most humble ServantFrederick A MayoNB. The box of books, you will pleas to have directed to the Care of Mess S. & M. Allens office,\u2014or the Compiler office\u2014as on either of those places work or Orders for my Binding are received\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1752", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Barnard, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnard, Robert\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Dec. 28. was recieved the last night. the buildings for the accomodation of the Professors and students of our University will not be ready until next autumn. but when we shall be able to call for Professors and open the institution will depend on the aid our legislature may give. until this be ascertained, we can say nothing on the subject of Professors. but the opening, whenever it may be fixed will be announced in the papers so as to notify all who may be disposed to apply.Accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1753", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elijah Griffiths, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Griffiths, Elijah\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Dec. 11. has been recieved, and certainly no one would more gladly be useful to you than myself. but from the time of my retiring from office, so multitudinous were the applications to me to sollicit appointments from government that I should have had to submit to a total prostration of all self respect, or to  decline interfering generally. I have done so rigorusly, but in a very few & very special cases. I shall willingly make application in your case, if there shall be ground for it, but as I much doubt the passage of a bankrupt law after our own experience as well as that of England, I am unwilling to make an useless breach of my rule. the interval between it\u2019s passage thro\u2019 the 1st and 2d house will be quite sufficient to warn me of the possibility of it\u2019s passing the 2d as the papers come to me in 3. days. for this I will be on the watch, and take care that my letter shall be recieved before the final passage. in the mean time accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1754", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from de Vendel, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Vendel, de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nNewburgh\nJany 5th. 1821.\nHaving understood that a college is about to be established in Virginia under your Patronage and that it will embrace a Professorship of the French language, I beg leave to enquire of you (if the above is correct) whether a Selection of a Professor of the French language has been made; I am anxious to offer myself as a candidate for the office, and trust that Satisfactory testimonials of my character and abilities can be produced.I am a native of France; I have been in this country five years, and when I left home, was honored with recommendatory letters, among others from the Marquis La fayette to Mr. Monroe, now President of the United States, and to Mr Crawford, secretary of the treasury.May I ask of you the favor of informing me whether there is a vacancy in the office and in the college above alluded to.\u2014With sentiments of the highest respect and esteem,  I have the honor to be, Your most obedt Servtde Vendel(Newburgh, Orange County, N. Y. states)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1755", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Wiatt, 5 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wiatt, Edward\nSir\nMonticello\nIt is not in my power to give any satisfactory answers to the enquiries of your letter of Dec. 4. the buildings for the accomodation of the Professors and 200. students will be compleated by the ensuing autumn, but when we shall be able to call the Professors and open the institution will depend on the aid the legislature will give. boarding at Charlottesville is about 125.  D. (without bed washing wood or candles) the tuition fees may perhaps raise that to 150or 175. D but their amount is not yet fixed. accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1756", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography, 6 Jan.-29 July 1821, 6 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          at the age of 77. I begin to make some memoranda and state some recollections of dates & facts concerning myself, for my own more ready reference & for the informn of my family.The tradition in my father\u2019s family was that their ancestor came to this country from Wales, and from near the mountain of Snowden, the highest in Gr. Br. I noted once a case from Wales in the law reports where a person of our name was either pl. or def. and one of the same name was Secretary to the Virginia company. these are the only instances in which I have met with the name in that country. I have found it in our early records, but the first particular information I have of any ancestor was my grandfather who lived at the place in Chesterfield called Ozborne\u2019s and ownd the lands afterwards the glebe of the parish,  he had 3. sons, Thomas who died young, Field who settled on the waters of Roanoke and left numerous discendants & Peter my father, who settled on the lands I still own called Shadwell adjoining my present residence. he was born Feb. 29. 1708 and intermarried in 1739. with Jane Randolph of the age of 19 daur of Isham Randolph one of the seven sons of that name & family settled at Dungenness in Goochld they trace their pedigree far back in England & Scotland, to which let every one ascribe the faith & merit he chooseMy father\u2019s education had been quite neglected, but being of a strong mind, sound judgment and eager after information, he read much and improved himself insomuch that he was chosen with Joshua Fry professor of Mathm. in W.&M. college to continue the boundary line between Virginia & N. Carolina which had been begun by Colo Byrd, and was afterwards employed with the same mr Fry to make the 1st Map of Virginia which had ever been made, that of Capt Smith being merely a conjectural sketch. they possessed excellent materials for so much of the country as is below the blue ridge; little being then known beyond that ridge. he was the 3d or 4th settler of the part of the country in which I live, which was about 1737.  he died Aug. 17. 1757. leaving my mother a widow who lived till 1776.  with 5 daurs & 2. sons, myself the elder. to my younger brother he left his estate on James river called Snowden after the supposed birth-place of the family. to myself the  lands on which I was born & live. he placed me at the English school at 5. years of age and at the Latin at 9. where I continued until his death. my teacher mr Douglas a clergyman from Scotland was but a superficial Latinist, less instructed in Greek, but with the rudiments of these languages he taught me French, and on the death of my father I went to the revd mr  Maury a correct classical scholar, with whom I continued two years, and then went to Wm & Mary college to wit in the spring of 1760 where I continued 2. years. it was my great good fortune, and what probably fixed the destinies of my life that Dr Wm Small of Scotland was then professor of Mathematics, a man profound in most of the useful branches of science, with a happy talent of communicn correct & gentlemanly manners, & an enlarged & liberal mind.  he, most happily for me, became soon attached to me & made me his daily companion when not engaged in the school; and from his conversation I got my first views of the expansion of science & of the system of things in which we are placed. fortunately the Philosophical chair became vacant soon after my arrival at College, and he was appointed to fill it per interim: and he was the first who ever gave in that college regular lectures in Ethics, Rehtoric & Belles lettres. he returned to Europe in 1762. having previously filled up the measure of his goodness to me, by procuring for me, from his most intimate friend G. Wythe, a reception as a student of law, under his direction, and introduced me to the acquaintance and familiar table of Governor Fauquier, the ablest man who had ever filled that office. with him, and at his table, Dr Small & mr Wythe, his amici omnium horarum, & myself, formed a parti quarr\u00e9, & to the habitual conversations on these occasions I owed much instruction. mr Wythe continued to be my faithful and beloved Mentor in youth, and my most affectionate friend through life. in 1767. he led me into the practice of the law at the bar of the General court, at which I continued until the revolution shut up the courts of justice. [for a sketch of the life & character of mr Wythe see my letter of Aug. 31. 20. to mr John Saunderson]In 1769. I became a member of the legislature by the choice of the county in which I live, & continued in that until it was closed by the revolution. I made one effort in that body for the permission of the emancipation of slaves, which was rejected: and indeed, during the regal government, nothing liberal could expect success. our minds were circumscribed within narrow limits by an habitual belief that it was our duty to be subordinate to the mother country in all matters of government, to direct all our labors in subservience to her interests, and even to observe a bigotted intolerance for all religions but hers. the difficulties with our representatives were of habit and despair, not of reflection & conviction. experience soon proved that they could bring their minds to rights on the first summons of their attention. but the king\u2019s council, which acted as another house of legislature, held their places at will & were in most humble obedience to that will: the Governor too, who had a negative on our laws held by the same tenure, & with still greater devotedness to it: and last of all the Royal negative closed the last door to every hope of amelioration.On the 1st of January 1772. I was married to Martha Skelton widow of Bathurst Skelton, & daughter of John Wayles, then 23. years old. mr Wayles was a lawyer of much practice, to which he was introduced more by his great industry,  punctuality & practical readiness, than to eminence in the science of his profession. he was a most agreeable companion, full of pleasantry & good humor, and welcomed in every society. he acquired a handsome fortune, died in May. 1773. leaving three daughters, and the portion which came on that event to mrs Jefferson, after the debts should be paid, which were very considerable, was about equal to my own patrimony, and consequently doubled the ease of our circumstances.When the famous Resolutions of 1765. against the Stamp-act were proposed, I was yet a student of law in Wmsbg. I attended the debate however at the door of the lobby of the H. of Burgesses, & heard the splendid display of mr Henry\u2019s talents as a popular orator. they were great indeed; such as I have never heard from any other man. he appeared to me to speak as Homer wrote. mr Johnson, a member & lawyer from the Northern neck, seconded the resolns. & by him the learning & logic of the case were chiefly maintained. my recollections of these transactions may be seen pa. 60. of Wirt\u2019s life of P.H. to whom I furnished them.In May 1769. a meeting of the General assembly was called by the Govr Ld Botetourt I had then become a member; and to that meeting became known the joint resolutions & address of the Lords & Commons of 1768.9. on the proceedings in Massachusets. Counter-resolutions, & an address to the king, by the H. of Burgesses were agreed to with little opposition, & a spirit manifestly displayed of considering the cause of Masachusets as a common one. the Governor dissolved us: but we met the next day in the Apollo of the Raleigh tavern, formed ourselves into a voluntary Convention, drew up articles of association against the use of any merchandise imported from Gr. Britain, signed & recommended them to the people, repaired to our several counties, & were reelected without any other exception than of the very few who had declined assent to our proceedings.Nothing of particular excitement occurring for a considerable time our countrymen seemed to fall into a state of insensibility to our situation. the duty on tea not yet repealed & the Declaratory act of a right in the British parl. to bind us by their laws in all cases whatsoever, still suspended over us. but a court of enquiry held in R. Island in 1762. with a power to send persons to England to be tried for offences committed here was considered at our session of the spring of 1773. as demanding attention. not thinking our old & leading members up to the point of forwardness & zeal which the times required, mr Henry, R. H. Lee, Francis L. Lee, mr Carr & my self agreed to meet in the evening in a private room of the Raleigh to consult on the state of things. there may have been a member or two more whom I do not recollect. we were all sensible that the most urgent of all measures was that of coming to an understanding with all the other colonies to consider the British \nclaims as a common cause to all, & to produce an unity of action: and for this purpose that a commee of correspdce in each colony would be the best instrument for intercommunication, and that their first measure would probably be to  propose a meeting of deputies from every colony at some central place, who should be charged with the direction of the measures which should be taken by all. we therefore drew up the resolutions which may be seen in Wirt pa. 87. the consulting members proposed to me to move them, but I urged that it should be done by mr Carr, my friend & brother in law, then a new member to whom I wished an opportunity should be given of making known to the house his great worth & talents. it was so agreed; he moved them, they were agreed to nem. con. and a commee of correspondence appointed of whom Peyton Randolph the Speaker was chairman. the Govr  (then Ld Dunmore) dissolved us, but the Commee met the next day, prepared a circular letter to the Speakers of the other colonies, inclosing to each a copy of the resolns and left it in charge with their chairman to forward them by expresses. The origination of these commees of correspdce between the colonies has been since claimed for Massachusets, and Marshal 11.151. has given into this error, altho\u2019 the very Note X. of his Appendix to which he refers, shews that their establmt was confined to their own towns. this matter will be seen clearly stated in a letter of Samuel Adams Wells to me of Apr. 2. 1819. and my answer of May 12. I was corrected by the letter of mr Wells in the information I had given mr Wirt, as stated in his Note pa. 87. that the messengers of Massach. & Virga crossed each other in the way bearing similar propositions; for mr Wells shews that Mass. did not adopt the measure but on the reciept of our proposn delivered at their next session. their message therefore which passed ours,  must have related to something else, for I well remember P. Randolph\u2019s informing me of the crossing of our messengers.The next event which excited our sympathies for Massachusets was the Boston port bill, by which that port was to be shut up on the 1st of June 1774. this arrived while we were in session in the spring of that year. the lead in the house on these subjects being no longer left to the old members, mr Henry, R. H. Lee, Fr. L. Lee, 3. or 4. other members, whom I do not recollect, and myself, agreeing that we must boldly take an unequivocal stand in the line with Massachusets,  determined to meet and consult on the proper measures in the Council chamber for the benefit of the library in that room. we were under conviction of the necessity of arrousing our people from the lethargy into which they had fallen as to passing events; and thought that the appointment of a day of general fasting & prayer would be most likely to call up & alarm their attention. no example of such a solemnity had existed since the days of our distresses in the war of 55. since which a new generation had grown up. with the help therefore of Rushworth, whom we rummaged over for the revolutionary precedents & forms of the Puritans of that day, preserved by him,  we cooked up a resolution, somewhat modernising their phrases, for appointing the 1st day of June, on which the Port bill was to commence, for a day of fasting, humiliation & prayer, to implore heaven to avert from us the evils of civil war, to inspire us with firmness in support of our rights, and to turn the hearts of the king & parliament to moderation & justice. to give greater emphasis to our proposition, we agreed to wait the next morning on mr Nicholas, whose grave & religious character was more in unison with the tone of our resolution and to sollicit him to move it. we accordingly went to him in the morning  he moved it the same day the 1st of June was proposed and it passed without opposition. the Governor dissolved us as usual. we retired to the Apollo as before, agreed to an association, and instructed the Commee of correspdce to propose to the corresponding commees of the other colonies to appoint deputies to meet in Congress at such place, annually, as should be convenient to direct, from time to time, the measures required by the general interest: and we declared that an attack on any one colony should be considered as an attack on the whole. this was in May,  we further recommended to the several counties to elect deputies to meet at Wmsbg the 1st of Aug. ensuing, to consider the state of the colony, & particularly to appoint delegates to a general Congress, should that measure be acceded to by the commees of correspdce generally. it was acceded to, Philada was appointed for the place, and the 5th of Sep. for the time of meeting. we returned home, and in our several counties invited the clergy to meet assemblies of the people on the 1st of June, to perform the ceremonies of the day, & to address to them discourses suited to the occasion. the people met generally, with anxiety & alarm in their countenances, and the effect of the day thro\u2019 the whole colony was like a shock of electricity, arrousing every man & placing him erect & solidly on his center. they chose universally delegates for the Convention. being elected one for my own county I prepared a draught of instructions to be given to the delegates whom we should send to the Congress, and which I meant to propose at our meeting. in this I took the ground which, from the beginning I had thought the only one orthodox or tenable, which was that the relation between Gr. Br. and these colonies was exactly the same as that of England & Scotland after the accession of James & until the Union. and the same as her present relations with Hanover, having the same Executive chief but no other necessary political connection: and that our emigration from England to this country gave her no more rights over us, than the emigrations of the Danes and Saxons gave to the present authorities of the mother country over England. in this doctrine however I had never been able to get any one to agree with me but mr Wythe. he concurred in it from the first dawn of the question What was the political relation between us & England? our other patriots Randolph, the Lees, Nicholas, Pendleton stopped at the half-way house of John Dickinson who admitted that England had a right to regulate our commerce, and to lay duties on it for the purposes of regulation, but not of raising revenue. but for this ground there was no foundation in compact, in any acknoleged principles of colonisation, nor in reason: expatriation being a natural right, and acted on as such, by all nations, in all ages. I set out for Wmsbg some days before that appointed for our meeting, but was taken ill of a dysentery on the road, & unable to proceed. I sent on therefore to Wmsbg two copies of my draught, the one under cover to Peyton Randolph, who I knew would be in the chair of the convention, the other to Patrick Henry. whether mr Henry disapproved the ground taken, or was too lazy to read it (for he was the laziest man in reading I ever knew) I never learnt, but he communicated it to nobody. Peyton Randolph informed the Convention he had recieved such a paper from a member prevented by sickness from offering it in his place, and he laid it on the table for perusal. it was read generally by the members, approved by many, but thought too bold for the present state of things; but they printed it in pamphlet form under the title of \u2018A Summary view of the rights of British America.\u2019 it found it\u2019s way to England, was taken up by the opposition, interpolated a little by mr Burke so as to make it answer opposition purposes, and in that form ran rapidly thro\u2019 several editions. this information I had from Parson Hurt, who happened at the time to be in London , whither he had gone to recieve clerical orders. and I was informed afterwards by Peyton Randolph that it had procured me the honor of having my name inscribed in a long  list of proscriptions enrolled in a bill of attainder commenced in one of the houses of parliament, but suppressed in embryo by the hasty step of events which warned them to be a little cautious. Montague, agent of the H. of Burgesses in England made extracts from the bill, copied the names, and sent them to Peyton Randolph. the names I think were about 20. which he repeated to me, but I recollect those only of Hancock, the two Adamses, Peyton Randolph himself, Patrick Henry & myself. [see Girardin\u2019s Hist. Virga Append. No 12. note] the Convention met on the 1st of Aug renewed their association, appointed delegates to the Congress, gave them instructions very temperately & properly expressed both as to style & matter: and they repaired to Philadelphia at the time appointed. the splendid proceedings of that Congress at their 1st session belong to general history, are known to every one, and need not therefore to be noted here. they terminated their session on the 26th of Octob. to meet again on the 10th  May ensuing. the Convention at their ensuing session of Mar. 75. approved of the proceedings of Congress, thanked their delegates and reappointed the same persons to  represent the colony at the meeting to be held in May: and foreseeing the probability that Peyton Randolph their President and Speaker also of the H. of B. might be called off, they added me, in that event to the delegation.Mr Randolph was according to expectation obliged to leave the chair of Congress to attend the Gen. assembly summoned by Ld Dunmore to meet on the 1st day of June 1775. Ld North\u2019s conciliatory propositions, as they were called, had been recieved by the Governor and furnished the subject for which this assembly was convened. mr Randolph accordingly attended, and the tenor of these propositions being generally known, as having been addressed to all the governors, he was anxious that the answer of our assembly, likely to be the first, should harmonise with what he knew to be the sentiments and wishes of the body he had recently left. he feared that mr Nicholas would undertake the answer, whose mind was not yet up to the mark of the times, & therefore pressed me to prepare an answer. I did so, and with his aid carried it through the house with long and doubtful scruples from mr Nicholas and James Mercer, and a dash of cold water on it here & there, enfeebling it somewhat, but finally with unanimity or a vote approaching it. this being passed, I repaired immediately to Philadelphia, and conveyed to Congress the first notice they had of it. it was entirely approved there. I took my seat with them on the 21st of June. on the 24th a commee which had been appointed to prepare a declaration of the causes of taking up arms, brought in their report (drawn I believe by J. Rutledge) which not being liked they recommitted it on the 26th and added mr Dickinson and myself to the committee. on the rising of the house, the commee having not yet met, I happened to find myself near Govr W. Livingston, and proposed to him to draw the paper. he excused himself and proposed that I should draw it. on my pressing him with urgency, \u2018we are as yet but new acquaintances, Sir, said he, why are you so earnest for my doing it\u2019? \u2018because, said I, I have been informed that you drew the Address to the people of Gr. Britain, a production certainly of the finest pen in America.\u2019 \u2018on that, says he, perhaps Sir you may not have been correctly informed.\u2019 I had recieved that information in Virginia from Colo Harrison on his return from that Congress. Lee, Livingston & Jay had been the commee for that draught. the first, prepared by Lee, had been disapproved & recommitted. the second was drawn by Jay, but being presented by Govr Livingston, had led Colo Harrison into the error. the next morning, walking in the hall of Congress, many members being assembled but the house not yet formed, I observed mr Jay, speaking to R. H. Lee, and leading him by the button of his coat, to me. \u2018I understand, Sir, said he to me, that this gentleman informed you that Govr Livingston drew the Address to the people of Gr. Britain.\u2019 I assured him at once that I had not recieved that information from mr Lee & that not a word had ever passed on the subject between mr Lee & myself; and after some explanations the  subject was dropt. these gentlemen had had some sparrings in debate before, and continued ever very hostile to each other.I prepared a draught of the Declarn  committed to us. it was too strong for mr Dickinson. he still retained the hope of reconciliation with the mother country, and was unwilling it should be lessened by offensive statements. he was so honest a man, & so able a one that he was greatly indulged even by those who could not feel his scruples. we therefore requested him to take the paper and put it into a form he could approve. he did so, preparing an entire new statement, and preserving of the former one only the last 4. paragraphs & half of the preceding one. we approved & reported it to Congress who accepted it. Congress gave a signal proof of their indulgence to mr Dickinson, and of their great desire not to go too fast for any respectable part of our body, in permitting him to draw their second petition to the king according to his own ideas,  and passing it with scarcely any amendment. the disgust against it\u2019s humility was general; and mr Dickinson\u2019s delight at it\u2019s passage was the only circumstance which reconciled them to it. the vote being past, altho\u2019 further observn on it was out of order, he could not refrain from rising and expressing his satisfaction and concluding by saying \u2018there is but one word, mr President, in the paper which I disapprove, & that is the word Congress.\u2019 on which Ben Harrison rose and said \u2018there is but one word in the paper, mr President, of which I approve, and that is the word Congress\u2019On the 22d of July Dr Franklin, mr Adams, R. H. Lee & myself were appointed a commee to consider and report on Ld North\u2019s conciliatory resolution.  the answer of the Virginia assembly on that subject having been approved I was requested by the Commee to prepare this report, which will account for the similarity of feature in the two instruments.On the 15th of May 1776. the Convention of Virginia instructed their delegates in Congress to propose to that body to declare the colonies independent of Gr. Britain, and appointed a commee to propose a declaration of rights and plan of government.These articles reported July 12. 76 were debated from day to day, & time to time for two years, was ratified July 9. 78 by 10. states, by N. Jersey on the 26th of Nov. of the same year, and by Delaware on the 23d of Feb. following Maryland alone held off 2. years more, acceding to them Mar. 1. 81.  and thus closing their obligation.Our delegation had been renewed for the ensuing year commencing Aug. 11. but the new government was now organised, a meeting of the legislature was to be held in Oct. and I had been elected a member by my county. I knew that our legislation under the regal government had many very vicious points which urgently required reformation, and I thought I could be of more use in forwarding that work. I therefore retired from my seat in Congress on the 2d of Sep. resigned it, and took my place in the legislature of my state, on the 7th of October.On the 11th I moved for leave to bring in a bill for the establmt of courts of justice, the organisation of which was of importance; I drew the bill it was approved by the commee, reported and passed after going thro\u2019 it\u2019s due course.On the 12th I obtained leave to bring a bill declaring   tenants in tail to  hold their lands in feesimple. in the earlier times of the colony when lands were to be obtained for little or nothing, some provident individuals procured large grants, and, desirous of founding great families for themselves, settled them on their descendants in fee-tail the transmission of this property from generation to generation in the same name raised up a distinct set of families who, being privileged by law in the perpetuation of their wealth were thus formed into a Patrician order, distinguished by the splendor and luxury of their establishments. from this order too the king habitually selected his Counsellors of State, the hope of which distinction devoted the whole corps to the interests & will of the crown. to annul this privilege, and instead of an Aristocracy of wealth, of more harm and danger, than benefit, to society, to make an opening for the aristocrasy of virtue and talent, which nature has wisely provided for the direction of the interests of society, & scattered with equal hand thro\u2019 all it\u2019s conditions, was deemed essential to a well ordered republic. to effect it no violence was necessary, no deprivation of natural right, but rather an enlargement of it by a repeal of the law. for this would authorise the present holder to divide the property among his children equally, as his affections were divided; and would place them, by natural generation on the level of their fellow citizens. but this repeal was strongly opposed by mr Pendleton, who was zealously attached to antient establishments; and who, taken all in all, was the ablest man in debate I have ever met with. he had not indeed the poetical fancy of mr Henry, his sublime imagination, his lofty and overwhelming diction; but he was cool, smooth and persuasive; his language flowing, chaste, & embellished, his conceptions quick, acute and full of resource; never vanquished; for if he lost the main battle, he returned upon you, and regained so much of it as to make it a drawn one, by dexterous \nmaneuvres, skirmishes in detail, and the recovery of small advantages which, little singly, were important all together. you never knew when you were clear of him, but were harrassed by his perseverance until the patience was worn down of all who had less of it than himself. add to this that he was one of the most virtuous & benevolent of men, the kindest friend, the most amiable & pleasant of companions, which ensured a favorable reception to whatever came from him. finding that the general principle of entails could not be maintained, he took his stand on an amendment which he proposed, instead of an absolute abolition, to permit the tenant in tail to convey in feesimple, if he chose it: and he was within a few votes of saving so much of the old law. but the bill past finally for entire abolition.In that one of the bills for organising our judiciary system which proposed a court of chancery, I had provided for a trial by jury of all matters of fact in that as well as in the courts of law. he defeated it by the introduction of 4. words only, \u2018if either party chuse\u2019 the consequence has been that as no suitor will say to his judge \u2018Sir, I distrust you, give me a jury\u2019 juries are rarely, I might say perhaps never seen in that court, but when called for by the Chancellor of his own accord.The first establishment in Virginia which became permanent was made in 1607. I have found no mention of Negroes in the colony until about 1650. the first brought here as slaves were by a Dutch ship; after which the English commenced the trade and continued it until the revolutionary war. that suspended, ipso facto, their further importation for the present, and the business of the war pressing constantly on the legislature, this subject was not acted on finally until the year 78. when I brought in a bill to prevent their further importation. this passed without opposition, and stopped the increase of the evil by importation, leaving to future efforts it\u2019s final eradicationThe first settlers of this colony were Englishmen, loyal subjects to their king and  church, and the grant to Sr Walter Raleigh contained an express Provisio that their laws \u2018should not be against the true Christian faith, now professed in the church of England.\u2019 as soon as the state of the colony admitted, it was divided into parishes, in each of which was established a minister of the Anglican church, endowed with a fixed salary, in tobacco, a glebe house and land with the other necessary appendages. to meet these expences all the inhabitants of the parishes were assessed, whether they were or not, members of the established church. towards Quakers who came here they were most cruelly intolerant, driving them from the colony by the severest penalties. in process of time however; other sectarisms were introduced, chiefly of the Presbyterian family; and the established clergy, secure for life in their glebes and salaries, adding to these generally the emoluments of a classical school, found employment enough, in their farms and school rooms for the rest of the week, and devoted Sunday only to the edification of their flock, by service, and a sermon at their parish church. their other pastoral functions were little attended to. against this inactivity the zeal and industry of sectarian preachers had an open and undisputed field; and by the time of the revolution, a majority of the inhabitants had become dissenters from the established church, but still obliged to pay contributions to support the Pastors of the minority. this unrighteous compulsion to maintain teachers of what they deemed religious errors was grievously felt during the regal government, and without a hope of relief. but the first republican legislature which met in 76. was crouded with petitions to abolish this spiritual tyranny. these brought on the severest contests in which I have ever been engaged. our great opponents were mr Pendleton & Robert Carter Nicholas, honest men, but zealous churchmen. the petitions were referred to the Commee of the whole house on the state of the country; and after desperate contests in that Committee, almost daily from the 11th of Octob. to the 5th of December, we prevailed so far only as to repeal the laws which rendered criminal the maintenance of any religious opinions, the forbearance of repairing to church, or the exercise of any mode of worship: and further, to exempt dissenters from contributions to the support of the established church; and to suspend, only until the next session levies on the members of that church for the salaries of their own incumbents.  for altho\u2019 the majority of our citizens were dissenters, as has been observed, a majority of the legislature were churchmen, among these however were some reasonable and liberal men, who enabled us, on some points, to obtain feeble majorities. but our opponents carried in the general resolutions of the Commee of Nov. 19. a declaration that religious assemblies ought to be regulated, and that provision ought to be made for continuing the succession of the clergy, and superintending their conduct. and in the bill now passed was inserted an express reservation of the question Whether a general assessment should not be established by law, on every one, to the support of the pastor of his choice; or whether all should be left to voluntary contributions: and on this question, debated at every session from 76. to 79. (some of our dissenting allies, having now secured their particular object, going over to the advocates of a general assesment) we could only obtain a suspension from session to session until 79. when the question against a general assesment was finally carried, and the establishment of the Anglican church entirely put down. in justice to the two honest but zealous opponents, who have been named I must add that altho\u2019, from their natural temperaments, they were more disposed generally to acquiesce in things as they are, than to risk innovations, yet when-ever the public will had once decided, none were more faithful or exact in their obedience to it.The seat of our government had been originally fixed in the peninsula of Jamestown, the first settlement of the colonists; and had been afterward removed a few miles inland to Williamsburg. but this was at a time when our settlements had not extended beyond the tide waters. now they had crossed the Alleganey; and the center of population was very far removed from what it had been. yet Williamsburg was still the depository of our archives, the habitual residence of the Governor & many other of the public functionaries, the established place for the sessions of the legislature, and the magazine of our military stores: and it\u2019s situation was so exposed that it might be taken at any time in war, and, at this time particularly, an enemy might in the night run up either of the rivers between which it lies, land a force above, and take possession of the place, without the possibility of saving either persons or things. I had proposed it\u2019s removal so early as Octob. 76. but it did not prevail until the session of May. 79.Early in the session of May. 79. I prepared, and obtained leave to bring in a bill declaring who should be deemed citizens, asserting the natural right of expatriation, and prescribing the mode of exercising it. this, when I withdrew from the house on the 1st of June following, I left in the hands of George Mason and it was passed on the 26th of that month.In giving this account of the laws of which I was myself the mover & draughtsman, I by no means mean to claim to myself the merit of obtaining their passage. I had many occasional and strenuous coadjutors in debate, and one most stedfast, able, and zealous; who was himself a host. this was George Mason, a man of the first order of wisdom among those who acted on the theatre of the revolution. of expansive mind, profound judgment, cogent in argument, learned in the lore of our former constitution, and earnest for the republican change on democratic principles. his elocution was neither flowing nor smooth, but his language was strong, his manner most impressive, and strengthened by a dash of biting cynicism when provocation made it seasonable.Mr Wythe, while Speaker in the two sessions of 1777. between his return from Congress and his appointment to the Chancery, was an able and constant associate in whatever was before a committee of the whole. his pure integrity, judgment, and reasoning powers gave him great weight. of him see more in some notes inclosed in my letter of Aug. 31. 1821 to mr John Saunderson.Mr Madison came into the House in 1776. a new member and young; which circumstances, concurring with his extreme modesty, prevented his venturing himself in debate before his removal to the Council of State in Nov. 77 from thence he went to Congress, then consisting of few members. trained in these successive schools, he acquired a habit of self-possession which placed at ready command the rich resources of his luminous and discriminating mind, & of his extensive information, and rendered him the first of every assembly afterwards of which he became a member. never wandering from his subject into vain declamation, but pursuing it closely in language pure, classical, and copious, soothing always the feelings of his adversaries by civilities and softness of expression, he rose to the eminent station which he held in the great National convention of 1787. and in that of Virginia which followed, he sustained the new constitution in all it\u2019s parts, bearing off the palm against the logic of George Mason and the fervid declamation of mr Henry. with these consummate powers were united a pure and spotless \nvirtue which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. of the powers and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in the highest office of the nation, I need say nothing. they have spoken, and will for ever speak for themselves.So far we were proceeding in the details of reformation only; selecting points of legislation prominent in character & principle, urgent, and indicative of the strength of the general pulse of reformation. when I left Congress in 76. it was in the persuasion that our whole code must be reviewed, adapted to our republican form of government, and, now that we had no negatives of Councils, Governors & Kings to restrain us from doing right, that it should be corrected, in all it\u2019s parts, with a single eye to reason, & the good of those for whose government it was framed. early therefore in the session of 76. to which I returned, I moved and presented a bill for the revision of the laws; which was past on the 24th of October, and on the 5th of November mr Pendleton, mr Wythe, George Mason,  Thomas L. Lee and myself were appointed a Committee to execute the work.we agreed to meet at Fredericksburg to settle the plan of operation and to distribute the work. we met there accordingly on the 13th of January 1777. the first question was whether we should propose to abolish the whole existing system of laws, and prepare a new and complete Institute, or preserve the general system , and only modify it to the present state of things. mr Pendleton, contrary to his usual disposition in favor of antient things, was for the former proposition, in which he was joined by mr Lee. to this it was objected that to abrogate our whole system would be a bold measure, and probably far beyond the views of the legislature; that they had been in the practice of revising from time to time the laws of the colony, omitting the expired, the repealed and the obsolete, amending only those retained, and probably meant we should now do the same, only including the British statutes as well as our own: that to compose a new Institute like those of Justinian or Bracton, or that of Blackstone, which was the model proposed by mr Pendleton, would be an arduous undertaking, of vast research, of great consideration & judgment; and when reduced to a text, every word of that text, from the imperfection of human language, and it\u2019s incompetence to express distinctly every shade of idea, would become a subject of question & chicanery until settled by repeated adjudications; that this would involve us for ages in litigation, and render property uncertain until, like the statues of old, every word had been tried, and settled by numerous decisions, and by new volumes of reports & commentaries; and that no one of us probably would undertake such a work, which, to be systematical, must be the work of one hand. this last was the opinion of mr Wythe, mr Mason & myself. when we proceeded to the distribution of the work, mr Mason excused himself as, being no lawyer, he felt himself unqualified for the work, and he resigned soon after. mr Lee excused himself on the same ground, and died indeed in a short time. the other two gentlemen therefore and myself divided the work among us, the Common law and statutes to the 4. James I. (when our separate legislature was established) was assigned to me; the British statutes from that period to the present day to mr Wythe, and the Virginia laws to mr Pendleton. as the laws of Descents, & the Criminal law fell of course within my portion,  I wished the Commee to settle the leading principles of these, as a guide for me in framing them. and with respect to the first, I proposed to abolish the  law of primogeniture, and to make real estate descendible in parcenery to the next of kin, as personal property is by the statute of distribution. mr Pendleton wished to preserve the right of primogeniture, but seeing at once that that could not prevail, he proposed we should adopt the Hebrew principle, and give a double portion to the elder son. I observed that if the elder son could eat twice as much, or do double work, it  might be a natural evidence of his right to a double portion; but being on a par in his powers & wants, with his brothers and sisters, he should be on a par also in the partition of the patrimony, and such was the decision of the other members.On the subject of the Criminal law, all were agreed that the punishment of death should be abolished, except for treason and murder, and that, for other felonies should be substituted hard labor in the public works, and in some cases, the Lex talionis. how this last revolting principle came to obtain our approbation, I do not remember. there remained indeed in our laws a vestige of it in a single case of a slave. it was the English law in the time of the Anglo-Saxons, copied probably from the Hebrew law of \u2018an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,\u2019 and it was the law of several antient people. but the modern mind had left it far in the rear of it\u2019s advances. these points however being settled, we repaired to our respective homes for the preparation of the work.In the execution of my part I thought it material not to vary the diction  of the antient statutes by modernising it, nor to give rise to new questions by new expressions. the text of these statutes had been so fully explained and  defined by numerous adjudications, as scarcely ever now to produce a question in our courts. I thought it would be useful also, in all new draughts, to reform the style of the later British statutes, and of our own acts of assembly, which from their verbosity, their endless tautologies, their involutions of case within case, and parenthesis within parenthesis, and their multiplied efforts at certainty by saids and aforesaids, by ors and by ands, to make them more plain, do really render them more perplexed and  incomprehensible, not only to common readers, but to the lawyers themselves. we were employed in this work from that time to Feb. 1779. when we met in Williamsburg, that is to say, mr Pendleton, mr Wythe & myself, and meeting day by day, we examined critically our several parts, sentence by sentence, scrutinizing and amending until we had agreed on the whole. we then returned home, had fair copies made of our several parts, which  were reported to the General assembly June 18. 1779. by mr Wythe and myself, mr Pendleton\u2019s residence being distant, and he having authorised us by letter to declare his approbation. we had in this work brought so much of the Common law as it was thought necessary to alter, all the British statutes from Magna charta to the present day, and all the laws of Virginia, from the establishment of our legislature, in the 4th Jac. 1. to the present time, which we thought should be retained, within the compass of 126. bills, making a printed folio of 90. pages only. some bills were taken out occasionally, from time to time, and past; but the main body of the work was not entered on by the legislature, until, after the general peace, in 1785. when by the unwearied exertions of mr Madison, in opposition to the endless quibbles, chicaneries, perversions, vexations and delays of lawyers and demi-lawyers, most of the bills were past by the legislature, with little alteration.The bill for establishing religious freedom, the principles of which had, to a certain degree, been enacted before, I had drawn in all the latitude of reason & right. it still met with opposition; but, with some mutilations in the preamble, it was finally past; and a singular proposition proved that it\u2019s protection of opinion was meant to be universal. where the preamble declares that coercion is a departure from the plan of the holy author of our religion, an amendment was proposed, by inserting the words \u2018Jesus Christ\u2019 so that it should read \u2018a departure from the plan of Jesus Christ, the holy author of our religion\u2019 the insertion was rejected by a great majority, in proof that they meant to comprehend, within the mantle of it\u2019s protection, the Jew and the Gentile, the Christian and Mahometan, the Hindoo and infidel of every denomination.Beccaria and other writers on crimes and punishments had satisfied the reasonable world of the unrightfulness and inefficacy of the punishment of crimes by death; and hard labor on roads, canals and other public works had been suggested as a proper substitute. the Revisors had adopted these opinions; but the general idea of our country had not yet advanced to that point. the bill therefore for proportioning crimes and punishments was lost in the House of Delegates by a majority of a single vote. I learnt afterwards that the substitute of hard labor in public was tried (I believe it was in Pensylvania) without success. exhibited as a public spectacle with shaved heads and mean clothing, working on the high roads produced in the criminals such a prostration of character, such an abandonment of self-respect, as, instead of reforming, plunged them into the most desperate & hardened depravity of morals and character.\u2014to pursue the subject of this law.\u2014I was written to in 1785. (being then in Paris) by Directors appointed to superintend the building of a Capitol in Richmond, to advise them as to a plan, and to add to it one of a prison. thinking it a favorable opportunity of introducing into the state an example of architecture in the classic style of antiquity, and the Maison Quarre\u00e9 of Nismes, an antient \nRoman temple, being considered as the most perfect model existing of what may be called Cubic architecture, I applied to M. Clerissault, who had published drawings of the Antiquities of Nismes, to have me a model of the building made in Stucco, only changing the order from Corinthian to Ionic, on account of the difficulty of the Corinthian capitals. I yielded with reluctance to the taste of Clerissault in his preference of the modern capital of Scamorai to the more noble capital of Antiquity. this was executed by the artist whom Choiseul-Gouffier had carried with him to Constantinople, and employed while Ambassador there, in making those beautiful models of the remains of Graecian architecture which are to be seen at Paris. to adapt the exterior to our use, I drew a plan for the interior, with the apartments necessary for legislative executive & judiciary purposes, and accomodated in their size and distribution to the form and dimensions of the building. these were forwarded to the Directors in 1786. and were carried into execution, with some variations not for the better, the most important of which however admit of future correction. with respect to the plan of a Prison, requested at the same time, I had heard of a benevolent society in England which had been indulged by the government in an experiment of the effect of labor in solitary confinement on some of their criminals, which experiment had succeeded beyond expectation. the same idea had been suggested in France, and an Architect of Lyons had proposed a plan of a well contrived edifice on the principle of solitary confinement. I procured a copy, and as it was too large for our purposes, I drew one on a scale, less extensive, but susceptible of additions as they should be wanting. this I sent to the Directors instead of a plan of a common prison, in the hope that it would suggest the idea of labor in solitary confinement instead of that on the public works, which we had adopted in our Revised Code. it\u2019s principle accordingly, but not it\u2019s exact form, was adopted by Latrobe in carrying the plan into execution, by the erection of what is now called the Penitentiary, built under his direction. in the mean  while the public opinion was ripening by time, by reflection, and by the example of Pensylva, where labor on the highways had been tried without approbation from 1786. to 89. & had been followed by their  Penitentiary system on the principle of confinement and labor, which was proceeding auspiciously. in 1796. our legislature resumed the subject and passed the law for amending the Penal laws of the commonwealth. they adopted solitary, instead of public labor, established a gradation in the duration of the confinement, approximated the style of the law more to the modern usage, and instead of the settled distinctions of murder & manslaughter, preserved in my bill, they introduced the new terms of Murder in the 1st & 2d degree. whether these have produced more or fewer questions of definition I am not sufficiently informed of our judiciary transactions to say. I will here however insert the text of my bill, with the notes I made in the course of my researches into the subject.The acts of assembly concening the College of Wm & Mary, were properly within mr Pendleton\u2019s portion of our work. but these related chiefly to it\u2019s revenue, while it\u2019s constitution, organization and scope of science were derived from it\u2019s charter. we thought that on this subject a systematical plan of general education should be proposed, and I was requested to undertake it. I accordingly prepared three bills for the Revisal, proposing three distinct grades of education, reaching all classes. 1. Elementary schools for all children generally, rich and poor. 2. Colleges for a middle degree of instruction, calculated for the common purposes of life, and such as would be desirable for all who were in easy circumstances. and 3. an ultimate grade for teaching the sciences generally, & in their highest degree. the first bill proposed to lay off every county into Hundreds or Wards, of a proper size and population for a school, in which reading, writing and common arithmetic should be taught; and that the whole state should be divided into 24. districts, in each of which should be a school for classical learning, grammar, geography, and the higher branches of numerical arithmetic. the second bill proposed to amend the constitution of Wm & Mary college, to enlarge it\u2019s sphere of science, and to make it in fact an University. the third was for the establishment of a library. these bills were not acted  on until the same year \u201996. and then only so much of the first as provided for elementary schools the College of Wm & Mary was an establishment purely of the Church of England, the Visitors were required to be all of that church; the Professors to subscribe it\u2019s 39. articles, it\u2019s Students to learn it\u2019s Catechism, and one of it\u2019s fundamental objects was declared to be to  raise up Ministers for that Church.  the religious jealousies therefore of all the dissenters took alarm lest this might give an ascendancy to the Anglican sect and refused acting on that bill. it\u2019s local eccentricity too and unhealthy autumnal climate lessened the general inclination towards it. and in the Elementary bill they inserted a provision which compleatly defeated it. for they left it to the court of each county to determine for itself when this act should be carried into execution, within their county. one provision of the bill was that the expences of these schools should be borne by the inhabitants of the county, every one in proportion to his general tax-rate. this would throw on wealth the education of the poor; and the justices, being generally of the more wealthy class, were unwilling to incur that burthen, and I believe it was not suffered to  commence in a single county. I shall recur again to this subject towards the close of my story, if I should have life and resolution enough to reach that term; for I am already tired of talking about myself.The bill on the subject of slaves was a mere digest of the existing laws respecting them, without any intimation of a plan for a future & general emancipation. it was thought better that this should be kept back, and attempted only by way of amendment whenever the bill should be brought on. the principles of the amendment however were agreed on, that is to say, the freedom of all born after a certain day, and deportation at a proper age. but it was found that teh public mind would not yet bear the proposition, nor will it bear it even at this day. yet the day is not distant when it must bear and adopt it, or worse will follow. nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free. nor is it less certain that the two races, equally free, cannot live in the same government. nature, habit, opinion has drawn indelible lines of distinction between them. it is still in our power to direct the process of emancipation and deportation peaceably and in such slow degree as that the evil will wear off insensibly, and their place be peri passu filled up by free white laborers. if on the contrary it is left to force itself on, human nature must shudder at the prospect held up. we should in vain look for an example in the Spanish deportation or deletion of the Moors. this precedent would fall far short of our case.I considered 4. of these bills, past or reported, as forming a system by which every fibre would be eradicated of antient or future aristocracy; and a foundation laid for a government truly republican. the repeal of the laws of entail would prevent the accumulation and perpetuation of wealth in select families, and preserve the soil of the country from being daily more & more absorbed in Mortmain. the abolition of primogeniture, and equal partition of inheritances removed the feudal and unnatural distinctions which made one member of every family rich and all the rest poor, substituting equal partition, the best of all Agrarian laws. the restoration of the rights of conscience relieved the people from taxation for the support of a religion not theirs; for the establishment was truly of the religion of the rich, the dissenting sects being entirely composed of the less wealthy people; and these, by the bill for a general education, would be qualified to understand their rights, to maintain them, and to exercise with intelligence their parts in self-government: and all this would be effected without the violation of a single natural right of any one individual citizen. to these too might be added, as a further security, the introduction of the trial by jury, into the Chancery courts, which have already ingulphed and continue to ingulph so great a proportion of the jurisdiction over our property.On the 1st of June 1779. I was appointed Governor of the Commonwealth and retired from the legislature. being elected also one of the Visitors of Wm & Mary college, a self-electing body. I effected, during my residence in Williamsburg that year, a change in the organisation of that institution by abolishing the Grammar school, and the two professorships of Divinity & Oriental languages, and substituting a professorship of Law & Police, one of Anatomy  Medecine and \nChemistry, and one \nof Modern languages; and the Charter confining us to six professorships, we added the Law of nature & nations, & the Fine arts to the duties of the Moral professor, and the Natural history to those of the Professor of Mathematics and Natural philosophy.Being now, as it were, identified with the Commonwealth itself, to write my own history during the two years of my administration, would be to write the public history of that portion of the revolution within this state. this has been done by others, and particularly by mr Girardin, who wrote his Continuation of Burke\u2019s history of Virginia while at Milton in this neighborhood, had free access to all my papers while composing it, and has given as faithful an account as I could my self. for this portion therefore of my own life, I refer altogether to his history. from a belief that under the pressure of the invasion under which we were then laboring the public would have more confidence in a Military chief, and that the Military commander, being invested with the Civil power also, both might be wielded with more energy promptitude and effect for the defence of the state, I resigned the administration at the end of my 2d year, and General Nelson was appointed to succeed me.Soon after my leaving Congress in Sep. \u201976, to wit on the last day of that month, I had been appointed, with Dr Franklin, to go to France as a Commissioner to negociate treaties of alliance and commerce with that government. Silas Deane, then in France, acting as Agent for procuring military stores, was joined with us in commission. but such was the state of my family that I could not leave it, nor could I  expose it to the dangers of the sea, and of capture by the British ships, then covering the ocean. I saw too that the laboring oar was really at home, where much was to be done of the most permanent interest in new modelling our governments, and much to defend our fanes and fire-sides from the desolations of an invading enemy pressing on our country in every point. I declined therefore and Dr Lee was appointed in my place. on the 15th of June 1781. I had been appointed with mr Adams  Dr Franklin, mr Jay, and mr Laurens a minister plenipotentiary for negociating peace, then expected to be effected thro\u2019 the mediation of the Empress of Russia. the same reasons obliged me still to decline; and the negociation was in fact never entered on. but, in the autumn of the next year 1782 Congress recieving assurances that a general peace would be concluded in the winter and spring, they renewed my appointment on the 13th of Nov. of that year. I had two months before that lost the cherished companion of my life, in whose affections, unabated on both sides, I had lived the last ten years in unchequered happiness. with the public interests, the state of my mind concurred in recommending the change of scene proposed; and I accepted the appointment, and left Monticello on the 19th of Dec. 1782. for Philadelphia, where I arrived on the 27th the minister of France, Luzerne, offered me a passage in the Romulus frigate, which I accepted. but she was then lying a few miles below Baltimore blocked up in the ice. I remained therefore a month in Philadelphia looking over the papers in the office of State in order to possess myself of the general state of our foreign relations, and then went to Baltimore to await the liberation of the frigate from the ice. after waiting there nearly a month, we recieved information that a Provisional treaty of peace had been signed by our Commissioners on the 3d of Sep. 1782. to become absolute on the conclusion of peace between France and Great Britain. considering my proceeding to Europe as now of no utility to the public, I returned immediately to Philadelphia to take the orders of Congress, and was excused by them from further proceeding. I therefore returned home, where I arrived on the 15th of May 1783.On the 6th of the following month I was appointed by the legislature a delegate to Congress, the appointment to take place on the 1st of Nov. ensuing, when that of the existing delegation would expire. I accordingly left home on the 16th of Oct. arrived at Trenton, where Congress was sitting. on the 3d of Nov. and took my seat on the 4th, on which day Congress adjourned to meet at Annapolis on the 26th.Congress had now become a very small body, and the members very remiss in their attendance on it\u2019s duties. insomuch that a majority of the states, necessary by the Confederation to constitute a house even for minor business did not assemble until the 13th of December.They as early as Jan. 7. 1782. had turned their attention to the monies current in the several states, and had directed the Financier, Robert Morris, to report to them a table of rates at which the foreign coins should be recieved at the treasury. that officer, or rather his assistant, Gouverneur Morris, answered them on the 15th in an able and elaborate statement of the denominations of money current in the several states, and of the comparative value of the foreign coins chiefly in circulation with us. he went into the consideration of the necessity of establishing a standard of value with us, and of the adoption of a money-Unit. he proposed for that Unit such a fraction of pure silver as would be a common measure of the penny of every state, without leaving a fraction. this common divisor he found to be 1/1440 of a dollar, or 1/1600of the crown sterling. the value of a dollar was therefore to be expressed by 1440. units, and of a crown by 1600. each Unit containing a quarter of a grain of fine silver. Congress turning again their attention to this subject the following year, the financier, by a letter of Apr. 30. 1783. further explained and urged the Unit he had proposed: but nothing more was done on it until the ensuing year, when it was again taken up, and referred to a commee of which I was a member. the general views of the financier were sound, and the principle was ingenious on which he proposed to found his Unit. but it was too minute for ordinary use, too laborious for computation either by the head or in figures.the price ofa loaf of bread 1/20 of a dollar would be 72. Unitsa pound of butter \u2155 of a dollar 288 Unitsa horse or bullock of 80.D. value would require a notation of 6. figures, to wit 115,200,and the public debt, suppose of 80. millions, would require 12. figures, to wit 115,200,000,000. Units. such a system of money-arithmetic would be entirely unmanageable for the common purposes of society. I proposed therefore, instead of this, to adopt the Dollar as our Unit of account and payment, and that it\u2019s divisions and subdivisions should be in the decimal ratio. I wrote  some Notes on the subject, which I submitted to the consideration of the financier. I recieved his answer and adherence to his general system, only agreeing to take for his Unit 100. of those he first proposed, so that a Dollar should be 14.40/100 and a crown 16. units. I replied to this and printed my notes and reply on a flying sheet which I put into the hands of the members of Congress for consideration, and the Committee agreed to report on my principle. this was  adopted the ensuing year and is the system which now prevails. I insert here the Notes and Reply, as shewing the different views on which the adoption of our money system hung. the division into dismes, cents & mills is now so well understood, that it would be easy of introduction into the kindred branches of weights & measures. I use, when I travel, an \nOdometer of Clarke\u2019s invention which divides the mile into cents, and I find every one comprehend a distance readily when stated to them in miles & cents; so they would in feet and cents, pounds & cents EtcNotes on the establishment of a Money Unit, and of a Coinage for the US. In fixing the Unit of money, these circumstances Etc. the remisness of Congress, and their permanent session began to be a subject of uneasiness and even some of the legislatures had recommended to them intermissions, and periodical sessions. as the Confederation had made no provision for a visible head of the government during vacations of Congress, and such a one was necessary to superintend the executive business, to recieve and communicate with foreign Ministers & nations, and to assemble Congress on sudden and extraordinary emergencies, I proposed early in April the appointment of a commee to be called the Committee of the States, to consist of a member from each state, who should remain in session during the recess of Congress: that the functions of Congress should be divided into Executive and Legislative, the latter to be reserved, and the former, by a general resolution to be delegated to that Committee. this proposition was afterwards agreed to, a Committee appointed, who entered on duty on the subsequent adjournment of Congress, quarelled very soon, split into two parties, abandond their post, and left the government without any visible head until the next meeting of Congress. we have since seen the same thing take place in  the Directory of France; and I believe it will for ever take place in any Executive consisting of a plurality. our plan best I believe, combines wisdom and practicability, by providing a plurality of Counsellors, but a single Arbiter for ultimate decision. I was in France when we heard of this schism, and separation of our Committee, and speaking with Dr Franklin on this singular disposition of men to quarrel and divide into parties, he gave his sentiments as usual by way of Apologue. he mentioned the Eddystone lighthouse in the British channel as being built on a rock in the mid-channel, totally inaccessible in winter, from the boisterous character of that sea, in that season. that therefore, for the two keepers employed to keep up the lights, all provisions for the winter were necessarily carried to them in autumn, as they could never be visited again until the return of the milder season. that on the first practicable day in the spring a boat put off to them with fresh supplies. the boatmen met at the door one of the Keepers and accosted him with a \u2018How goes it friend?\u2014very well.\u2014how is your companion?\u2014I do not know\u2014Don\u2019t know? is not he here?\u2014I can\u2019t tell. have not you seen him to-day?\u2014No\u2014when did you see him?\u2014not since last fall.\u2014you have killed him?\u2014not I. indeed\u2014they were about to lay hold of him, as having certainly murdered his companion: but he desired them to go upstairs & examine for themselves. they went up, and there found the other keeper. they had quarelled it seems soon after being left there, had divided into two parties, assigned the cares below to one, and those above to  the other, and had never spoken to or seen one another since.But to return to our Congress at Annapolis, the definitive treaty of peace which had been signed at Paris on the 3d of Sep. 1783. and recieved here, could not be ratified without a House of 9. states. on the 23d of Dec. therefore we addressed letters to the several governors, stating the reciept of the definitive treaty, that 7. states only were in attendance, while 9. were necessary to it\u2019s ratification, and urging them to press on their delegates the necessity of their immediate attendance. and on the 26th to save time I moved that the Agent of Marine (Robert Morris) should be instructed to have ready a vessel at this place, at N. York, & at some Eastern port, to carry over the ratification of the treaty when agreed to. it met the general sense of the house, but was opposed by Dr Lee on the ground of expence which it would authorise the agent to incur for us; and he said it would be better to ratify at once & send on the ratification. some members had before suggested that 7. states were competent to the ratification. my motion was therefore postponed and another brought forward by mr Reade of S.C. for an immediate ratification. this was debated the 26th and 27th. Reade, Lee, Williamson & Jeremiah Chace urged that ratification was a mere matter of form, that the treaty was conclusive from the moment it was signed by the ministers; that although the Confederation requires the assent of 9. states to enter into a treaty, yet that it\u2019s conclusion could not be called the entrance into it; that supposing 9. states requisite, it would be in the power of 5. states to keep us always at war, that 9. states had virtually authorised the ratificn having ratified the provisional treaty, and instructed their ministers to agree to a definitive one in the same terms, and the present one was in fact substantially and almost verbatim the same, that there now remain but 67. days for the ratification, for it\u2019s passage across the Atlantic, and it\u2019s exchange; that there was no hope of our soon having 9. states present; in fact that this was the ultimate point of time to which we could venture to wait; that if the ratification was not in Paris by the time stipulated, the treaty would become void; that if ratified by 7 states, it would go under our seal without it\u2019s being known to Gr. Britain that only 7. had concurred; that it was a question of which they had no right to take cognisance, and we were only answerable for it to our constituents; that it was like the ratification which Gr. Britain had recieved from the Dutch by the negociations of Sr Wm Temple.On the contrary it was argued by Monroe, Gerry, Howel, Ellery & myself that by the modern usage of Europe the ratification was considered as the act which gave validity to a treaty, until which it was not obligatory. Vattel L. 2. \u00a7.156. L. 4. \u00a7.77. 1. Mably Droit d\u2019Europe. 86. that the commission to the ministers reserved the ratification to Congress; that the treaty itself stipulated that it should be ratified; that it became a 2d question who were competent to the ratification? that the Confederation expressly required 9 states to enter into any treaty; that, by this, that instrument must have intended that the assent of 9. states should be necessary as well to the completion as to the commencement of the treaty, it\u2019s object having been to guard the rights of the Union in all those important cases where 9. states are called for; that, by the contrary construction, 7 states, containing less than one third of our whole citizens, might rivet on us a treaty, commenced indeed under commission and instructions from 9. states, but formed by the minister in express contradiction to such instructions, and in direct sacrifice of the interests of so great a majority, that the definitive treaty was admitted not to be a verbal copy of the provisional one, and whether the departures from it were of substance, or not, was a question on which 9. states alone were competent to decide, that the circumstances of the ratification of the provisional articles by 9. states the instructions to our ministers to form a definitive one by them, and their actual agreement in substance, do not render us competent to ratify in the present instance; it these circumstances are in themselves a ratification. nothing further is requisite than to give attested copies of them, in exchange for the British ratification; if they are not, we remain where we were, without a ratification by 9. states, and incompetent ourselves to ratify; that it was but 4. days since the seven states now present unanimously concurred in a resolution to be forwarded to the governors of the absent states, in which they stated as a  cause for urging on their delegates, that 9. states were necessary to ratify the treaty: that in the case of the Dutch ratification, Gr. Britain had courted it, and therefore was glad to accept it as it was; that they knew our constitution, and would object to a ratification by 7. that if that circumstance was kept back, it would be known hereafter, & would give them ground to deny the validity of the ratification into which they should have been surprised and cheated, and it would be a dishonorable prostitution of our seal; that there is a hope of 9. states; that if the treaty would become null if not ratified in time, it would not be saved by an imperfect ratification; but that in fact it would not be null, and would be placed on better ground, going in unexceptionable form, tho\u2019 a few days too late, and rested on the small importance of this circumstance, and the physical impossibilities which had prevented a punctual compliance in point of time; that this would be approved by all nations, & by Great Britain herself, if not determined to renew the war, and if so determined, she would never want excuses, were this out of the way. mr Reade gave notice he should call for the yeas & nays; whereon those in opposition prepared a resolution expressing pointedly the reasons of their dissent to his motion. it appearing however that his proposition could not be carried, it was thought \nbetter to make no \nentry at all. Massachusets alone would have been for it; Rhode island, Pensylvenia and Virginia against it, Delaware, Maryland & N. Carolina would have been divided.Our body was little numerous, but very contentious. day after day was wasted on the most unimportant questions. my colleague Mercer was one of those afflicted with the morbid rage of debate. of an ardent mind, prompt imagination, and copious flow of words, he heard with impatience any logic which was not his own. sitting near me on some occasion of a trifling but wordy debate, he asked how I could sit in silence hearing so much false reasoning which a word should refute? I observed to him that to refute indeed was easy, but to silence impossible. that in measures brought forward by myself, I took the laboring oar, as was incumbent on me; but that in general I was willing to listen. if every sound argument or objection was used by some one or other of the numerous debaters, it was enough: if not, I thought it sufficient to suggest the omission, without going into a repetition of what had been already said by others. that this was a waste and abuse of the time and patience of the house which could not be justified. And I believe that if the members of deliberative bodies were to observe this course generally, they would do in a day what takes them a week. and it is really more questionable, than may at first be thought, whether Bonaparte\u2019s dumb legislature which said nothing and did much, may not be preferable to one which talks much and does nothing. I served with General Washington in the legislature of Virginia before the revolution, and, during it, with Dr Franklin in Congress. I never heard either of them speak ten minutes at a time, nor to any but the main point which was to decide the question. they laid their shoulders to the great points, knowing that the little ones would follow of themselves. if the present Congress errs in too much talking, how can it be otherwise in a body to which the people send 150. lawyers, whose trade it is to question every thing, yield nothing, & talk by the hour? that 150. lawyers should do business together ought not to be expected.\u2014but to return again to our subject.Those who thought 7. states competent to the ratification being very  restless under the loss of their motion, I proposed, on the 3d of January to meet them on middle ground, and therefore moved a resolution which  premised that there were but 7. states present who were unanimous for the ratification, but  that they differed in opinion on the question of competency, that those however in the negative were unwilling that any powers which it might be supposed they possessed should remain unexercised for the restoration of peace, provided it could be done saving their good faith, and without importing any opinion of Congress that 7. states were competent, and resolving that the treaty be ratified so far as they had power; that it should be transmitted to our ministers with instructions to keep it uncommunicated; to endeavor to obtain 3. months longer for exchange of ratifications; that they should be informed that so soon as 9. states shall be present a ratification by 9. shall be sent them; if this should get to them before the ultimate point of time for exchange, they were to use it, and not the other; if not, they were to offer the act of the 7. states in exchange, informing them the treaty had come to hand while Congress was not in session, that but 7. states were as yet assembled, and these had unanimously concurred in the ratification. this was debated on the 3d & 4th and on the 5th a vessel being to sail for England from this port (Annapolis) the House directed the President to write to our ministers accordingly.Jan. 14. Delegates from Connecticut having attended yesterday, and another from S. Carolina coming in this day, the treaty was ratified without a dissenting voice, and three instruments of ratification were ordered to be made out, one of which was sent by Colo Harmer, another by Colo Franks and the 3d transmitted to the Agent of marine to be forwarded by any good opportunity.Congress soon took up the consideration of their foreign relations. they deemed it necessary to get their commerce placed with every nation on a footing as favorable as that of other nations; and for this purpose to propose to each a distinct treaty of commerce. this act too would amount to an acknolegement by each of our independance, and of our reception into the fraternity of nations; which altho\u2019, as possessing our station of right and in fact, we would not condescend to ask, we were not unwilling to furnish  opportunities for recieving their friendly salutations & welcome. with France the United Netherlands and Sweden we had already treaties of Commerce, but commissions were given for those countries also, should any amendments be thought necessary. the other states to which treaties were to be proposed were England, Hamburg, Saxony, Prussia, Denmark, Russia, Austria, Venice Rome, Naples, Tuscany, Sardinia, Genoa, Spain, Portugal, the Porte, Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis & Morocco.On the 7th of May Congress resolved that a Minister Plenipotentiary should be appointed in addition to mr Adams & Doctr Franklin for negociating treaties of commerce with foreign nations, and I was elected to that duty. I accordingly left Annapolis on the 11th took with me my elder daughter then at Philadelphia (the two  others being too young for the voyage) & proceeded to Boston in quest of a passage. while passing thro\u2019 the different states, I made a point of informing myself of the state of the commerce of each, went on to New Hampshire with the same view and returned to Boston. from thence I sailed on the 5th of July in the Ceres a merchant ship of mr Nathaniel Tracey, bound to Cowes. he was himself a passenger, and, after a pleasant voyage of 19. days from land to land, we arrived at Cowes on the 26th. I was detained there a few days by the indisposition of my daughter. on the 30th we embarked for Havre, arrived there on the 31st left it the 3d of August, and arrived at Paris on the 6th. I called immediately on Doctr Franklin at Passy, communicated to him our charge, and we wrote to mr Adams, then at the Hague to join us at Paris.Before I had left America, that is to say in the year 1781. I had recieved a letter from M. de Marbois, of the French legation in Philadelphia, informing me he had been instructed by his government to obtain such statistical accounts of the different states of our Union, as might be useful for their information; and addressing to me a number of queries relative to the state of Virginia. I had always made it a practice whenever an opportunity occurred of obtaining any information of our country, which might be of use to me in any station public or private, to commit it to writing. these memoranda were on loose papers, bundled up without order; and difficult of recurrence when I had occasion for a particular one. I thought this a good occasion to embody their substance, which I did in the order of mr Marbois\u2019 queries, so as to answer his wish and to arrange them for my own use. some friends to whom they were occasionally communicated wished for copies; but their volume rendering this too laborious by hand, I proposed to get a few printed for their gratification. I was asked such a price however as exceeded the importance of the object. on my arrival at Paris I found it could be done for a fourth of what I had been asked here. I therefore corrected and enlarged them, and had 200. copies printed, under the title of Notes on Virginia. I gave a very few copies to some particular persons in Europe, and sent the rest to my friends in America. an European copy, by the death of the owner, got into the hands of a bookseller, who engaged it\u2019s translation, & when ready for the press, communicated his intentions & Manuscript to me, without any other permission than that of suggesting corrections. I never had seen so wretched an attempt at translation. interverted, abridged, mutilated, and often reversing the sense of the original, I found it a blotch of errors from beginning to end. I corrected some of the most material, and in that form it was printed in French. a London bookseller, on seeing the translation, requested me to permit him to print the English original. I thought it best to do so to let the world see that it was not really so bad as the French translation had made it appear. and this is the true history of that publication.Mr Adams soon joined us at Paris, & our first employment was to prepare a general form to be proposed to such nations as were disposed to treat with us. during the negociations for peace with the British Commissioner David Hartley, our  Commissioners had proposed, on the suggestion of Doctr Franklin, to insert an article exempting from capture by the public or private armed ships of either belligerent, when at war, all merchant vessels and their cargoes, employed merely in carrying on the commerce between nations. it was refused by England, and unwisely, in my opinion, for in the case of a war with us, their superior commerce places infinitely more at hazard on the ocean than \nours; and as hawks \nabound in proportion to game, so our privateers would swarm in proportion to the wealth exposed to their prize, while theirs would be few for wants of subjects  of capture. we inserted this article in our form, with a provision against the molestation of fishermen, husbandmen, citizens unarmed and following their occupations in unfortified places, for the humane treatment of prisoners of war, the abolition of contraband of war, which exposes merchants vessels to such vexatious & ruinous detentions and abuses; and for the principle of free bottoms, free goods.In a conference with the Count de Vergennes, it was thought better to leave to legislative regulation on both sides such modifications of our commercial intercourse as would voluntarily flow from amicable dispositions. without urging, we sounded the ministers of the several European nations at the court of Versailles, on their dispositions towards mutual commerce, and the expediency of encouraging it by the protection of a treaty. old Frederic of Prussia met us cordially and without hesitation, and appointing the Baron de Thulemeyer, his minister at the Hague, to negociate with us, we communicated to him our Project, which with little alteration by the king, was soon concluded. Denmark and Tuscany entered also into negociations with us. other powers appearing indifferent we did not think it proper to press them. they seemed in fact to know little about us, but as rebels who had been successful in throwing off the yoke of the mother country. they were ignorant of our commerce, which has been always monopolised by England, and of the exchange of articles it might offer advantageously to both parties. they were inclined therefore to stand aloof until they could see better what relations might be usefully instituted with us. the negotiations therefore begun with Denmark & Tuscany we protracted designedly until our powers had expired; and abstained from making new propositions to others having no colonies; because our commerce being an exchange of raw for wrought materials, is a competent price for admission into the colonies of those possessing them: but were we to give it, without price, to others, all would claim it without price on the ordinary ground of gentis amicissimae.Mr Adams being appointed Min. Pleny of the US. to London, left us in June, and in July 1785. Dr Franklin returned to America, and I was appointed his successor at Paris. in Feb. 1786. mr Adams wrote to me pressingly to join him in London immediately, as he thought he discovered there some symptoms of better disposition towards us. Colo Smith, his Secretary of legation, was the bearer of his urgencies for my immediate attendance. I accordingly left Paris on the 1st of March, and on my arrival in London we agreed on a very summary form of treaty, proposing an exchange of citizenship for our citizens, our ships, and productions generally, except as to office. on my presentation as usual to the King and Queen, at their leve\u00e9s, it was impossible for any thing to be more ungracious than their notice of mr Adams & myself. I saw at once that the ulcerations in the narrow mind of that mulish being left nothing to be expected on the subject of my attendance; and on the first conference with the Marquis of Carrmarthen, his Minister for foreign affairs, the distance and disinclination which he betrayed in his conversation, the vagueness & evasions of his answers to us, confirmed me in the belief of their aversion to have any thing to do with us. we delivered him however our Projet, mr Adams not despairing so much as I did of it\u2019s effect. we afterwards, by one or more notes, requested his appointment of an interview and conference, which, without directly declining, he evaded by pretences of other pressing occupations for the moment. after staying there seven weeks, till within a few days of the expiration of our commission, I informed the Minister by note that my duties at Paris required my return to that place, and that I should with pleasure be the bearer of any commands to his Ambassador there. he answered that he had none, and wishing me a pleasant journey, I left London on the 26th & arrived at Paris the 30th of April.While in London we entered into negociations with the Chevalier Pinto Ambassador of Portugal at that place. the only article of difficulty between us was a stipulation that our bread stuff should be recieved in Portugal in the form of flour as well as of grain. he approved of it himself, but observed that several Nobles of great influence at their court were the owners of windmills in the neighborhood of Lisbon which depended much for their profits on manufacturing our wheat, and that this stipulation would endanger the whole treaty. he signed it however, & it\u2019s fate was what he had candidly portended.My duties at Paris were confined to a few objects; the reciept of our whaleoils, salted fish, and salted meats on favorable terms, the admission of our rice on equal terms with that of Piedmont, Egypt & the Levant, a mitigation of the monopolies of our tobacco by the Farmers-general, and a free admission of our productions into their islands; where the principal commercial objects which required attention; and on these occasions I was powerfully aided by all the influence and the energies of the Marquis de la Fayette, who proved himself equally zealous for the friendship and welfare of both nations; and in justice I must also say that I found the government entirely disposed to befriend us on all occasions, and to yield us every indulgence not absolutely injurious to themselves. the Count de Vergennes had the reputation with our diplomatic corps of being wary & slippery in his diplomatic intercourse; and so he might be with those whom he knew to be slippery and doublefaced themselves. as he saw that I had no indirect views, practised no subtleties, meddled in no intrigues, pursued no concealed object, I found him as frank, as honorable, as easy of access to reason as any man with whom I had ever done business; and I must say the same for his successor Montmorin, one of the most honest and worthy of human beings.Our commerce in the Mediterranean was placed under early alarm by the capture of two of our vessels and crews by the Barbary cruisers. I was very unwilling that we should acquiesce in the European humiliation of paying a tribute to those lawless pirates, and endeavored to form an association of the powers subject to habitual depredations from them. I accordingly prepared and proposed to their ministers at Paris, for consultation with their governments, articles of a special confederation in the following form.\u2018Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Piratical States of Barbary.1. It is proposed that the several powers at war with the Piratical States of Barbary, or any two or more of them who shall be willing, shall enter into a convention to carry on their operations against those states, in concert, beginning with the Algerines.2. this Convention shall remain open to any other power who shall at any future time wish to accede to it; the parties reserving a right to prescribe the conditions of such accession, according to the circumstances existing at the time it shall be proposed.3. the object of the convention shall be to compel the pyratical states to perpetual peace, without price, & to guarantee that peace to each other.4. the operations for obtaining this peace shall be constant cruizes on their coast with a naval force now to be agreed on. it is not proposed that this force shall be so considerable as to be inconvenient to any party. it is believed that half a dozen frigates, with as many Tenders or Xebecs, one half of which shall be in cruize, while the other half is at rest, will suffice.5. the force agreed to be necessary shall be furnished by the parties in certain quotas now to be fixed; it being expected that each will be willing to contribute in such proportion as circumstances may render reasonable.6. as miscarriages often proceed from the want of harmony among officers of different nations, the parties shall now consider & decide whether it will not be better to contribute their quotas in money to be employed in fitting out, and keeping on duty, a single fleet of the force agreed on.7. the difficulties and delays too which will attend the management of these operations, if conducted by the parties themselves separately, distant as their courts may be from one another, and incapable of meeting in consultation, suggest a question whether it will not be better for them to give full powers for that purpose to their Ambassador or other minister resident at some one court of Europe, who shall form a Committee or Council for carrying this convention into effect; wherein the vote of each member shall be computed in the proportion  to the quota of his sovereign, and the Majority so computed shall prevail in all questions within the view of this Convention. the court of Versailles is proposed, on account of it\u2019s neighborhood to the Mediterranean, and because all those powers are represented there who are likely to become parties to this convention.8. to save to that council the embarrasment of personal sollicitations for office, and to assure the parties that their contributions will be applied solely to the object for which they are destined, there shall be no establishment of officers for the said Council, such as Commis, Secretaries, or of any other kind, with either salaries or perquisites, nor any other lucrative appointments but such whose functions are to be \nexercised on board the sd vessels.9. Should war arise between any two of the parties to this convention it shall not extend to this enterprize, nor interrupt it; but as to this they shall be reputed at peace.10. When Algiers shall be reduced to peace, the other pyratical states, if they refuse to discontinue their pyracies shall become the objects of this convention, either successively, or together as shall seem best.11. Where this convention would interfere with treaties actually existing between any of the parties and of the sd states of Barbary, the treaty shall prevail, and such party shall be allowed to withdraw from the operations against that state.\u2019Spain had just concluded a treaty with Algiers at the expence of 3. millions of Dollars, and did not like to relinquish the benefit of that until the other party should fail in their observance of it. Portugal, Naples, the two Sicilies, Venice, Malta Denmark and Sweden were favorably disposed to such an association; but their representatives at Paris expressed apprehensions that France would interfere, and either openly or secretly support the Barbary powers; and they required that I should ascertain the disposition of the Count de Vergennes on the subject. I had before taken occasion to inform him of what we were proposing, and therefore did not think it proper to insinuate any doubt of the fair conduct  of his government; but stating our propositions, I mentioned the apprehensions entertained by us that England would interfere in behalf of those pyratical governments. \u2018she dares not do it\u2019 said he. I pressed it no further. the other Agents were satisfied with this indication of his sentiments, and nothing was now wanting to bring it into direct and formal consideration, but the assent  of our government, and their authority to make the formal proposition. I communicated  to them the favorable prospect of protecting our commerce from the Barbary depredations, and for such a continuance of time as, by an exclusion of them from the sea, to change their habits & characters from a predatory to an agricultural people: towards which however it was expected they would contribute a frigate, and it\u2019s expences to be in constant cruize. but they were in no condition to make any such engagement. their recommendatory powers for obtaining contributions were so openly neglected by the several states that they declined an engagement which they were conscious they could not fulfill with punctuality; and so it fell through.In 1786. while at Paris I became acquainted with John Ledyard of Connecticut, a man of genius, of some science, and of fearless courage, & enterprize. he had accompanied Capt Cook in his voyage to the Pacific, had distinguished himself on several occasions by an unrivalled intrepidity, and published an account of that voyage with details unfavorable to  Cook\u2019s deportment towards the savages, and lessening our regrets at his fate. Ledyard had come to Paris in the hope of forming a company to engage in the fur trade of the Western coast of America. he was disappointed in this, and being out of business, and of a roaming, restless character, I suggested to him the enterprize of exploring the Western part of our continent, by passing thro\u2019 St Petersburg to Kamschatka, procuring a passage thence in some of the Russian vessels to Nortka sound, whence he might make his way across the Continent to America; and I undertook to have the permission of the Empress of Russia solicited. he eagerly embraced the proposition, and M. de Simoulin, the Russian Ambassador, and more particularly  Baron Grimm the special correspondent of the Empress, solicited her permission for him to pass thro\u2019 her dominions to the Western coast of America. and here I must correct a material error which I have committed in another place to the prejudice of the Empress. in writing some Notes of the life of Capt Lewis, prefixed to his expedition to the Pacific, I stated that the Empress gave the permission asked, & afterwards retracted it. this Idea, after a lapse of 26. years, had so insinuated itself into my mind, that I committed it to paper without the least suspicion of error. yet I find, on recurring to my letters of that date that the Empress refused permission at once, considering the enterprise as entirely chimerical. but Ledyard would not relinquish it, persuading himself that by proceeding to St Petersburg he could satisfy the Empress of it\u2019s practicability and obtain her permission. he went accordingly, but she was absent on a visit to some distant part of her dominion, and he pursued his course to within 200. miles of Kamschatka, where he was overtaken by an arrest from the Empress, brought back to Poland, and there dismissed. I must therefore in justice, acquit the Empress of ever having for a moment countenances, even by the  indulgence of an innocent passage thro\u2019 her territories this interesting enterprize.The pecuniary distress of France produced this year a measure of which there had been no example for near two centuries, & the consequences of which, good and evil, are not yet calculable. for it\u2019s remote causes we must go a little back.Celebrated writers of France and England had already sketched good principles on the subject of government. yet the American revolution  seems first to have awakened the thinking part of the French nation in general from the sleep of despotism in which they were sunk. the officers too who had been to America, were mostly young men, less shackled by habit and prejudice, and more ready to assent to the suggestions of common sense, & feeling of common rights. they came back with new ideas & impressions. the press, notwithstanding it\u2019s shackles, began to disseminate them. conversation assumed new freedoms. politics became the theme of all societies, male and female, and a very extensive & zealous party was formed which acquired the appellation of the Patriotic party, who, sensible of the abusive government under which they lived; sighed for occasions of reforming it. this partly comprehended all the honesty of the kingdom sufficiently at it\u2019s leisure to think, the men of letters, the easy Bourgeois, the young nobility partly from reflection, partly from mode, for these sentiments became a matter of mode, and as such united most of the young women to the party. happily for the Nation, it happened at the same  moment that the dissipations of the Queen and court, the abuses of the pension-list, and delapidations in the administration of every branch of the finances, had exhausted the treasures and credit of the nation, insomuch that it\u2019s most necessary functions were paralysed. to reform these abuses would have overset the minister; to impose new taxes by the authority of the King was known to be impossible from the determined opposition of the parliament to their enregistry. no resource remained then but to appeal to the nation. he advised therefore the call of an assembly of the most distinguished characters of the nation, in the hope that by promises of various and valuable improvements in the organisation and regimen of the government, they would be induced to authorise new taxes, to controul the opposition of the parliament, and to raise the annual revenue to the level of expenditures. an Assembly of Notables therefore, about 150. in number named by the king, convened on the 22d of Feb. the minister (Calonne) stated to them that the annual excess of expences beyond the revenue, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, was 37. millions of livres; that 440. millns had been borrowed to reestablish the navy, that the American war had cost them 1440. Millns (256 Mills of Dollars) and that the interest of these sums, with other increased expences had added 40. Millns more to the annual deficit. (but a subseqt and more candid  estimate made it  56.  Millns) he proffered them an universal redress of grievances, laid open those grievances fully, pointed out sound remedies, and covering his canvas with objects of this magnitude, the deficit dwindled to a little accessory, scarcely attracting attention. the persons chosen were the most able & independant characters in the kingdom, and their support, if it could be obtained, would be enough for him. they improved the occasion of redressing their grievances, and agreed that the public wants should be relieved; but went into an examination of the causes of them. it was supposed that Calonnes was conscious that his account could not bear examination; and it was said and believed that he asked of the king to send 4. members to the Bastile, of whom the M. de la Fayette was one, to banish 20. others, & 2. of his ministers. the king found it shorter to banish him. his successor went on in full concert with the assembly. the result was an augmentation of the revenue a promise of economics in it\u2019s expenditure, of an annual settlement of the public accounts before a council, which the Comptroller, having \nbeen heretofore \nobliged to settle \nonly with the king in person,  of course never settled at all; an acknolegement that the king could not lay a new tax, a reformation of the criminal laws abolition of torture, suppression of Corv\u00e9es, reformation of the Gabettes, removal of the interior custom houses, free commerce of grain internal & external, and the establishment of Provincial assemblies; which all together constituted a great mass of improvement in the condition of the nation. the establishment of the Provincial assemblies was in itself a fundamental improvement. they would be of the choice of the people, one third renewed every year, in those provinces where there are no states, that is to say over about three fourths of the kingdom. they would be partly an Executive themselves, & partly an Executive council to the Intendant, to whom the Executive power, in his province had been heretofore entirely delegated. chosen by the people, they would soften the execution of hard laws, & having a right of representation to the king, they would censure bad laws, suggest good ones, expose abuses, and their representatives, when united, would command respect. to the other advantages might be added the precedent itself of calling the Assembl\u00e9e des Notables, which would perhaps grow into habit. the hope was that the improvements thus promised would be carried into effect, that they would be maintained during the present reign, & that that would be long enough for them to take some root in the constitution, so that they might come to be considered as a part of that, and be protected by time, and the attachment of the Nation.The Count de Vergennes had died a few days before the meeting of the Assembly, & the Count de Montmorin had been named minister of foreign affairs in his place. Villadovil succeeded Calonnes as Comptroller general, & Lomenie de Bryenne, Archbishop of Thoulouse, afterwards of Sens, & ultimately Cardinal Lomenie, was named Minister principal, with whom the other ministers were to transact the business of their departments, heretofore done with the king in person, and the Duke de Nivernois, and M. de Malesherbes were called to the council. on the nomination of the Minister principal the Marshals de Segur & de Castries retired from the departments of War & Marine, unwilling to act subordinately, or to share the blame of proceedings taken out of their direction. they were succeeded by the Count de Brienne, brother of the Prime minister, and the Marquis de la Luzerne, brother to him who had been Minister in the United States.A dislocated wrist, unsuccesfully set, occasioned advice from my Surgeon to try the mineral waters of Aix in Provence as a correborant. I left Paris for that place therefore on the 20th of Feb. and proceeded up the Seine, thro\u2019 Champagne & Burgundy, and down the Rhone thro\u2019 the Beaujolais by Lyons, Avignon, Nismes to Aix. where finding on trial no benefit from the waters, I concluded to visit the rice country of Piedmont, to see if any thing might be learnt there to benefit the rivalship of our Carolina rice with that, and thence to make a tour of the seaport towns of France, along it\u2019s Southern and Western coast, to inform myself if any thing could be done to favor our commerce with them. from Aix therefore I took my route by Marseilles, Toulon, Hieres, Nice, across the Col de Fende, by Coni, Turin, Vercelli, Novara, Milan, Pavia, Novi, Genoa. thence returning along the coast by Savona, Noli, Albenga, Onaglia, Monaco, Nice, Antibes, Frejus, Aix, Marseille, Avignon, Nismes, Montpellier, Frontignan, Cette, Agle, and along the canal of Languedoc by Bexieres, Norbonne, Carcassonne, Costalnaudari, thro\u2019 the souterrain of St Feriol and back by Castalnaudari, to Toulouse, thence to Montauben & down the Gerronne by Langon to Bordeaux. thence to Rochefort, la Rochelle, Nantes, L\u2019Orient, then back by Rennes to Nantes, and up the Loire by Angers, Tours, Amboise, Blois to Orleans, thence direct to Paris where I arrived on the 10th of June. soon after my return from this journey to wit, about the latter part of July, I recieved my younger daughter Maria from Virginia by the way of London, the youngest having died some time before.The treasonable perfidy of the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder & Captain General of the United Netherlands, in the war which England waged against them for entering into a treaty of commerce with the US. is known to all. as their Executive officer, charged with the conduct of the war, he contrived to baffle all the measures of the States General, to dislocate all their military plans, & played false into the hands of England and against his own country on every possible occasion, confident in her protection, and in that of the King of Prussia, brother to his Princess. the States General indignant at this patricidal conduct applied to France for aid, according to the stipulations of the treaty concluded with her in 85. it was assured to them, readily, and in cordial terms, in a letter from the Ct de Vergennes to the Marquis de Verac, Ambassador of France at the Hague, of which the following is an extract.\u2018Extrait de la depeche de Monsr le Comte de Vergennes \u00e0 Monsr le Marquis de Verac, Ambassadeur de France \u00e1 la Hage du 1er Mars. 1786.Le roi concourrere, autant qu\u2019il sera en son pouvoir, au succes de la chose, et vous inviterer desapart les patriotes de lui communiquer leurs vives, leur plans, et leurs envieux. vous les assurerer que le roi prend un inter\u00eat veritable \u00e0 leurs personnes comme \u00e0 leur cause, et qu\u2019ils peuvent compter sur sa protection. ils doivent y compter d\u2019autant plus, Monsieur, que nous ne dissimulons pas que si Monsr le Stadhoulder reprend son ancienne influence, le system Anglois ne tardera pas de prevailoir, et que notre alliance deviendroit un etre de raison. les Patriotes sentiront facilement que cette position seroit incompatible avec la dignit\u00e9, comme avec la consideration de sa Majest\u00e9. mais dans le cas, Monsieur, out les chass des Patriotes auroient \u00e0 craindre une scission, ils auroientle temps suffisant pour ramener cause de leurs amis que les Anglomanes ont agar\u00e9s, et preparer les choses de manicre que la question de nouveau mise en deliberation soit decid\u00e9 salon leurs desirs. dans cette hypothese, le roi vous autorise \u00e0 agir de concert avec eux. de suivre le direction qu\u2019ils jugeront devoir vous donner; et d\u2019employer tous les moyens pour augmenter la nombre des partisans de la bonne cause. il me reste, Monsieur, il me reste, Monsieur de vous parler de la suret\u00e9 personelle des patriotes. vous les assurer que dans tout etat de cause, le roi les prend sous sa protection immediate, et vous ferez connoitre partout ou vous lejugerer necessaire, qu sa Majest\u00e9 regarderoit comme une offense personelle tout ce qu\u2019on entre prendroit contre leur libert\u00e9. il est \u00e0 presumer que ca langage, tenu avec energie. en imposera \u00e0 l\u2019audace des Anglomanes et que Monsr le Prince de Nassau croira courir quelque risque en provoquent le ressentiment de sa Majest\u00e9.\u2019This letter was communicated  by the Patriots to me when at Amsterdam in 1788. and a copy sent by me to mr Jay in my letter to him of Mar. 16. 1778The object of the Patriots was to establish a representative and republican government. the majority of the States general were with them, but the majority of the populace of the towns was with the Prince of Orange; and that populace was plaid off with great effect by the triumvirate ofHarris the English Ambassador afterwards Ld Malmesbury, the Prince of Orange,  this was cut out by intention the information reinserted the last literation. a stupid man, but the Princess as much a man as either of her colleagues, in audaciousness, in enterprise, & in the thirst of domination. by these the mobs of the Hague were excited against the members of the States general, their persons were insulted & endangered in the streets. the sanctuary of their houses was violated, and the Prince whose function & duty it was to repress and punish these violations of order, took no steps for that purpose. the States General, for their own protection were therefore obliged to place their militia under the command of a Committee. the Prince filled the courts of London and Berlin with complaints at this usurpation of his prerogatives, and forgetting that he was but the first servant of a republic, marched his regular troops against the city of Utrecht, where the States were in session. they were repulsed by the militia. his interests now became marshalled with those of the public enemy & against his own country. the States therefore, exercising their rights of sovereignty, deprived him of all his powers.The great Frederic had died in August 86.  he had never intended to break with France in support of the Prince of Orange during the illness of which he died, he had thro\u2019 the Duke of Brunswick declared to the Marquis de la Fayette, who was then at Berlin, that he meant not to support the English interest in Holland: that he might assure the government of France his only wish was that some honorable place in the Constitution should be reserved for the Stadtholder and his children, and that he would take no part in the quarrel unless an entire abolition of the \nStadthoulderate \nshould be attempted. but his place was \nnow occupied by Frederic William, his great nephew, a man of little understanding, much caprice, & very inconsiderate: and the Princess his sister, altho\u2019 her husband was in arms against the legitimate authorities of the country, attempting to go to Amsterdam for the purpose of exciting the mobs of that place, and being refused permission to pass a military post on the way, he put the Duke of Brunswick at the head of 20,000 men, and made demonstrations of marching on Holland. the King of France hereupon declared, by his Charg\u00e9 des affaires in Holland that if the Prussian troops continued to menace Holland with an invasion, his majesty, in quality of Ally, was determined to succour that province. in answer to this Eden gave official information to Count Montmorin, that England must consider as at an end, it\u2019s convention with France relative to giving notice of it\u2019s naval armaments and that she was arming generally. war being now imminent, Eden questioned me on the effect of our treaty with France in the case of war, & what might be our dispositions? I told him frankly and without hesitation that our dispositions would be neutral, and that I thought it would be the interest of both these powers that we should be so; because it would relieve both from all anziety as to feeding their W. India islands. that England too, by suffering us to remain so, would avoid a heavy land-war on our continent, which might very much cripple her proceedings elsewhere: that our treaty indeed obliged us to recieve into our ports the armed vessels of France, with their prizes, and to refuse admission to the prizes made on her by her enemies: that there was a clause also by which we guarantied to France her American possessions, which might perhaps force us into the war, if these are attacked.\u2019 \u2018then it will be war, said he, for they will assuredly be attacked.\u2019 Lisbon, at Madrid, about the same time, made the same enquiries of Carmichael. the government of France then declared a determination to form a camp of observation at Givet, commenced arming her marine, and named the Bailli de Suffreir their Generalissimo on the Ocean.  she secretly engaged also in negociations with Russia, Austria, & Spain to form a quadruple alliance. the Duke of Brunswick having advanced to the confines of Holland, sent some of his officers to Givet to reconnoitre the state of things there, and report them to him. he said afterwards that \u2018if there had been only a few tents at that place, he should have not advanced further, for that the king would not merely for the interest of his sister, engage in a war with France\u2019. but  believing that there was not a single company there, he  boldly entered the country took their towns as fast as he presented  himself before them, and advanced on Utrecht. the States had appointed the Rhingrave of Salm their Commander in chief, a prince without talents, without courage, and without principle. he might have held out in Utrecht for a considerable time, but he surrendered the place without firing a gun, literally run away & hid himself so that for months it was not known what was become of him. Amsterdam was then attacked and capitulated. in the mean time the negociation for the quadruple alliance were proceeding favorably. but the secrecy with which they were attempted to be conducted, was penetrated by Fraser, Charg\u00e9 des affaires of England at St Petersburg, who instantly notified his court, and gave the alarm to Prussia. the king saw at once what would be his situation between the jaws of France, Austria and Russia. in great dismay he besought the court of London not to abandon him, sent Alvensleben to Paris to explain and soothe, and England thro\u2019 the D. of Dorset and Eden, renewed her conferences for accomodation. the Archbishop, who shuddered at the idea of war, and preferred a peaceful surrender of right to an armed vindication of it, recieved them with open arms, entered into cordial conferences, and a declaration, and counterdeclaration were cooked up at Versailles and sent to London for approbation. they were approved there, reached Paris at 1. aclock of the 27th and were signed that night  at Versailles. it was said and believed at Paris that M. de Montmorin, literally, \u2018pleuroit comme un enfant,\u2019 when obliged to sign this Counterdeclaration:  so distressed was he by the dishonor of sacrificing the Patriots after assurances to so so solemn of protection, and absolute encouragement to proceed. the Prince of Orange was reinstated in all his powers, now become regal, a great emigration of the Patriots took place, all were deprived of office, many exiled, and their property confiscated. they were recieved in France, and subsisted for some time on her bounty. thus fell Holland, by the treachery of her chief, from her honorable indepedance to become a province of England, and so also her Stadthoulder from the high station of the first citizen of a free republic, to be the servile Viceroy of a foreign sovereign. and this was effected by a mere scene of bullying & demonstration, not one of the parties, France England or Prussia having ever really meant to encounter actual war for the interests of the Prince of Orange. but it had all the effect of a real and decisive war.Our first essay in America to establish a federative government had fallen, on trial, very short of it\u2019s object. during the war of Indepedance, while the pressure of an external enemy hooped us together, and their enterprises kept us necessarily on the alert, the spirit of the people, excited by danger, was a supplement to the Confederation, and urged them to zealous exertions, whether claimed by that instrument, or not. but when peace and safety were restored, and every man became engaged in useful and profitable occupation, less attention was paid to the calls of Congress. the fundamental defect of the Confederation was that Congress was not authorised to act immediately on the people, & by it\u2019s own officers. their power was only requisitory, and these requisitions were addressed to the several legislatures, to be by them carried into execution, without other coercion than the moral principle of duty. this allowed in fact a negative to every legislature, on every measure proposed by Congress, a negative so frequently exercised in practice as to benumb the action of the federal government and to render it inefficient in it\u2019s general objects, & more especially in pecuniary and foreign concerns. the want too of a separation of the legislative, executive & judiciary functions worked disadvantageously in practice. yet this state of things afforded a happy augury of the future march of our confederacy, when it was seen that the good sense and good dispositions of the people, as soon as they percieved the incompetence of their first compact, instead of leaving it\u2019s correction to insurrection and civil war, agreed with one voice to elect deputies to a general convention, who should peaceably meet and agree on such a constitution as \u2018would ensure peace, justice, liberty, the common defence & general welfare.\u2019This Convention met at Philadelphia on the 25th of May \u201987. it sate with closed doors, and kept all it\u2019s proceedings secret, until it\u2019s dissolution on the 17th of September, when the results of their labors were published all together. I recieved a copy early in November, and read and contemplated it\u2019s provisions with great satisfaction. as not a member of the Convention however, nor probably a single citizen of the Union, had approved it in all it\u2019s parts, so I too found articles which I thought objectionable. the absence of express declarations ensuring freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom of the person under the uninterrupted protection of the Habeas corpus, & trial by jury in civil, as well as in criminal cases excited my jealousy; and the re-eligibility of the President for life, I quite disapproved. I expressed freely in letters to my friends, and most particularly to mr Madison & Genl Washington, my approbations and objections. how the good should be secured, and the ill brought to rights was the difficulty. to refer it back to a new Convention might endanger the loss of the whole. my first idea was that the 9. states first acting should accept it unconditionally; and thus secure what in it was good, and that the 4. last should accept on the previous condition that certain amendments should be agreed to. but a better course was devised of accepting the whole and trusting that the good sense, & honest intentions of our citizens would make the alterations which should be deemed necessary. accordingly all accepted, 6. without objection, and 7. with recommendations of specified amendments. those respecting the press, page 58 endspage 59 was confirmed by the house senate as July 26. referred to the committee of details, reported favorably by them, and changed to the present form by final vote on the last day but one only of their session. of this change three states expressed their disapprobation, N. York by recommending an amendment that the President should not be eligible a third time, and Virginia and N. Carolina that he should not be capable of serving more than 8. in any term of 16 years.page 60 continues from page 58 text religion, & juries, with several others, of great value, were accordingly made; but the Habeas corpus was left to the discretion of Congress, and the amendment against the \nreeligibility of the President was not proposed by \nthat body. my \nfears of that \nfeature were founded on the importance of the office, on the fierce contentions it might excite among ourselves, if continuable for life, and the dangers of interference either with money or arms, by foreign nations, to whom the choice of an American President might become interesting. examples of this abounded in history; in the case of the Roman emperors for instance, of the Popes while of any significance, of the German emperors, the kings of Poland, & the Days of Barbary. I had observed too in the feudal History, and in the recent instance particularly of the Stadtholder of Holland, how easily offices or tenures for life slid into inheritances. my wish therefore was that the President should be elected for 7. years & be ineligible afterwards. this term I thought sufficient to enable him, with the concurrence of the legislature, to carry thro\u2019 and establish any system of improvement he should propose for the general good. but the practice adopted I think is better allowing his continuance for 8. years with a liability to be dropped at half-way of the term, making that a period of probation. that his continuance should be restrained to 7. years was the opinion of the Convention at an early stage of it\u2019s session, when it voted that term by a majority of 8. against 2. and by a simple majority that he should be ineligible a second time this opinion Etc. and altho\u2019 this amendment has not been made in form, yet practice seems to have established it. the example of 4. Presidents voluntarily retiring at the end of their 8th year, & the progress of public opinion that the principle is salutary, have given it in practice the force of precedent & usage; insomuch that should a President consent to be a candidate for a 3d election, I trust he would be rejected in this demonstration of ambitious views.But there was another amendment of which none of us thought at the time and in the omission of which lurks the germ which is to destroy this happy combination of National powers in the General government for matters of National concern, and independent powers in the states for what concerns the states severally. in England it was a great point gained at the Revolution, that the commissions of the judges, which had hitherto been during pleasure, should thenceforth be made during good behavior. a judiciary dependant on the will of the king had proved itself the most oppressive of all tools in the hands of that magistrate. nothing then could be more salutary than a change there to the tenure of good behavior; and the question of good behavior left to the vote of a simple majority in the two houses of parliament. before the revolution we were all good English whigs, cordial in their free principles, and in their jealousies of their executive magistrate. these jealousies are very apparent in all our state constitutions; and, in the general government in this instance, we have gone even beyond the English caution, by requiring a vote of two thirds of each house to remove in one of the Houses for removing a judge; a vote so impossible where any defence is made, before men of ordinary prejudices & passions, that our judges are effectually independant of the nation. but this ought not to be. I would not indeed make them dependant on the Executive authority, as they formerly were in England; but I deem it indispensable to the continuence of this government that they should be submitted to some practical & impartial controul: and that this, to be impartial, must be compounded of a mixture of state and federal authorities. it is not enough that honest men are appointed judges. all know the influence of interest on the mind of man, and how unconsciously his judgment is warped by that influence. to this bias add that of the esprit de corps, of their peculiar maxim and creed that \u2018it is the office of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction,\u2019 and the absence of responsibility, and how can we expect impartial decision between the General government, of which they are themselves so eminent a part, and an individual state from which they have nothing to hope or fear. we have seen too that, contrary to all correct example; they are in the habit of going out of the question before them, to throw an anchor ahead and grapple further hold for future advances of power. they are then in fact the corps of sappers & miners, steadily working to undermine the independant rights of the states, & to consolidate all power in the hands of that government in which they have so important a freehold estate. but it is not by the consolidation, or concentration of powers, but by their distribution, that good government is effected. were not this great country already divided into states, that division must be made, that each might do for itself what concerns itself directly, and what it can so much better do than a distant authority. every state again is divided into counties, each to take care of what lies within it\u2019s local bounds; each county again into townships or wards, to manage minuter details; and every ward into farms, to be governed each by it\u2019s individual proprietor. were we directed from Washington when to sow, & when to reap, we should soon want bread. it is by this partition of cares, descending in gradation from general to particular that the mass of human affairs may be best managed for the good and prosperity of all. I repeat that I do not charge the judges with wilful and ill intentioned error; but honest error must be arrested where it\u2019s toleration leads to public ruin. as, for the safety of society, we commit honest Maniacs to Bedlam, so judges should be withdrawn from their bench, whose erroneous biases are leading us to dissolution. it may indeed injure them in fame or in fortune; but it saves the republic, which is the first and supreme law.Among the debilities of the government of the Confederation, no one was more distinguished or more distressing than the utter impossibility of obtaining, from the states, the monies necessary for payment of debts, or even for the ordinary expences of the government. some contributed a little, some less, & some nothing, and the last furnished at length an excuse for the first to do nothing also. mr Adams, while residing at the Hague, had a general authority to borrow what sums might be requisite for ordinary & necessary expences. interest on the public debt, and the maintenance of the diplomatic establishment in Europe, had been habitually provided in this way. he was now elected Vicepresident of the US. was soon to return to America, and had referred our bankers to me for future council on our affairs in their hands. but I had no powers, no instructions, no means, and no familiarity with the subject. it had always been exclusively under his management, except as to occasional and partial deposits in the hands of mr Grand, banker in Paris, for special and local purposes. these last had been exhausted for some time, and I had fervently pressed the Treasury board to replenish this particular deposit; as mr Grand now refused to make further advances. they answered candidly that no funds could be obtained until the new government should get into action, and have time to make it\u2019s arrangements. mr Adams had recieved his appointment to the court of London while engaged at Paris, with Dr Franklin and myself, in the negociations under our joint commissions. he had repaired thence to London, without returning to the Hague to take leave of that government. he thought it necessary however to do so now, before he should leave Europe, and accordingly went there. I learned his departure from London by a letter from mrs adams recieved on the very day on which he would arrive at the Hague. a consultation with him, & some provision for the future was indispensable, while we could yet be availed of his powers. for when they would be gone, we should be without resource. I was daily dunned by a company who had formerly made a small loan to the US. the principal of which was now become due; and our bankers in Amsterdam had notified me that the interest on our general debt would be expected in June; that if we failed to pay it, it would be deemed an act of bankruptcy and would effectually destroy the credit of the US. and all future prospect of obtaining money there; that the loan they had been authorised to open, of which a third only was filled, had now ceased to get forward, and rendered desperate that hope of resource. I saw that there was not a moment to lose, and set out for the Hague on the 2d morning after recieving the information of mr Adams\u2019s journey. I went the direct road by Louvres, Senlis, Roye, Pont St Maxence, Bois le duc, Gournay Perronne, Cambray, Bouchain, Valenciennes, Mons, Bruxelles, Malines, Antwerp, Mordick, and Rotterdam, to the Hague, where I happily found mr Adams. he concurred with me at once in opinion that something must be done, and that we ought to risk ourselves on doing it without instructions, to save the credit of the US. we foresaw that before the new government could be adopted, assembled, establish it\u2019s financial system, get the money into the treasury, and place it in Europe, considerable time would elapse; that therefore we had better provide at once for the years 88. 89. & 90. in order to place our government at it\u2019s ease, and our credit in security, during that trying interval. we set out therefore  by the way of Leyden for Amsterdam, where we arrived on the 10th I had prepared an estimate shewing thatflorinsthere would be necessary for the year88.531,937\u20131089.538,54090.473,540Total1,544,017\u201310flor.to meet this the bankers had in hand79,268\u20132\u20138& the unsold bonds would yield542,800622,068\u20132\u20138leaving a deficit of921,949\u20137\u20134we proposed then to borrow a million yield920,000which would leave a small deficiency of1,949\u20137\u20134Mr Adams accordingly executed 1000. bonds for 1000. florins each, and deposited them in the hands of our bankers, with instructions however not to issue them until Congress should ratify the measure. this done, he returned to London, and I set out for Paris; and as nothing urgent forbade it, I determined to return along the banks of the Rhine to Strasburg, and thence strike off to Paris. I accordingly left Amsterdam on the 30th of March, and proceeded by Utrecht, Nimeguen, Cleves, Duysberg, Duseldorff, Cologne, Bonne, Coblentz, Nassau, Hocheim, Frankfort & an excursion to Hanau, then to Mayence and an excursion to Rudesheim, & Johansberg; then by Oppenheim, Worms and Manheim and an excursion to Heidelberg, then by Spire, Carlsruh, Rastadt & Kelh to Strasburg, where I arrived Apr. 16. and proceeded again on the 18th by Phalsbourg, Fenestrange, Dieuze, Moyenvie, Nancy, Toul, Ligny, Barledue, St Diziers, Vitory, Chalons sur Marne, Epernay, Chateau Thierni, Meaux, to Paris where I arrived on the 23d of April; and I had the satisfaction to reflect that by this journey, our credit was secured, the new government was placed at ease for two years to come, and that as well as myself were relieved from the torment of incessant duns, whose just complaints could not be silenced by any means within our power.A Consular Convention had been agreed on in 84. between Dr Franklin and the French government containing several articles so entirely inconsistent with the laws of the several states, and the general spirit of our citizens, that Congress withheld their ratification, and sent it back to me with instructions to get those articles expunged or modified so as to render them compatible with our laws. the minister retired unwillingly from these concessions, which indeed authorised the exercise of powers very offensive in a free state. after much discussion it was reformed in a considerable degree, and the Convention was signed by the Count Montmorin and myself, on the 14th of Nov. 88 not indeed such as I would have wished; but such as could be obtained with good humor & friendship.On my return from Holland, I had found Paris in high fermentation still as I had left it. had the Archbishop, on the close of the assembly of Notables, immediately carried into operation the measures contemplated, it was believed they would all have been registered by the parliament. but he was slow, presented his edicts, one after another, & at considerable intervals of time, which gave time for the feelings excited by the proceedings of the Notables to cool off, new claims to be advanced, and a pressure to arise for a fixed constitution, not subject to changes at the will of the king. nor should we wonder at this pressure when we consider the monstrous abuses of power under which this people were ground to powder, when we pass in review the weight of their taxes, and inequality of their distribution;the oppressions of the tythes, of the tailles, the corv\u00e9es, the gabelles, the forms & \nbarriers;the shackleson Commerce by Monopolies;on Industry by gilds & corporations;on the freedomof conscience, of thought, and of speech;of the Press by the Censure; andof person by letters de Cachet.the cruelty of the criminal code generally, the atrocities of the Rack, venality of judges, and their partialities to the rich;the Monopoly of Military honors by the Noblesse;the enormous expences of the Queen, the princes & the Court;the prodigalities of pensions;& the riches, luxury, indolence & immorality of the clergy.surely under such a mess of misrule and oppression, a people might justly press for thoro\u2019 reformation, and might even dismount their rough shod riders, & leave them to walk on their own legs. the edicts relative to the Corv\u00e9es & free circulation of grain, were first presented to the parliament and registered. but those for the import territorial, & stamp tax, offered sometime after, were refused by the parliament, which proposed a call of the States General as alone competent to their authorisation. their refusal produced a Bed of justice, and their exile to Troyes. the Advocates however  refusing to attend them, a suspension in the administration of justice took place. the Parliament held out for awhile, but the ennui of their exile and absence from Paris begun at length to be felt, and some dispositions for compromise to appear. on their consent therefore to prolong some of the former taxes, they were recalled from exile, the King met them in session Nov. 19. 87. promised to call the States General in the year 92. and a majority expressed their assent to register an edict for successive and annual loans from 1788. to 92. but a protest being entered by the Duke of Orleans and this encoraging others in a disposition to retract, the King ordered peremptorily the registry of the edict, and left the assembly abruptly. the parliament immediately protested that the votes for the enregistry had not been legally taken, and that they gave no sanction to the loans proposed. this was enough to discredit and defeat them. hereupon issues another edict for the establishment of a couer pleniere, and the suspension of all the parliaments in the kingdom. this being opposed as might be expected by reclamations from all the parliaments & provinces, the King gave way and by an edict of July 5. 86 renounced his Cour pleniere, & promised the States General for the 1st of May of the ensuing year: and the Archbishop finding the times beyond his faculties, accepted the promise of a Cardinal\u2019s hat, was removed [Sep. 88] from the ministry, and mr Necker was called to the department of finance. the innocent rejoicings of the people of Paris on this change provoked the interference of an officer of the city guards, whose order for their dispersion not being obeyed, he charged them with fixed bayonets, killed two or three, and wounded many. this dispersed them for the moment; but they collected the next day in great numbers, burnt 10. or 12. guard houses, killed two or three of the guards, & lost 6. or 8. more of their own number. the city was hereupon put under martial law, and after awhile the tumult subsided. the effect of this change of ministers, and the promise of the States General at an early day, tranquilised the nation. but two great questions now occurred. 1. What proportion shall the number of deputies of the tiers etat bear to those of the Nobles and Clergy? and 2. shall they sit in the same, or in distinct apartments? Mr Necker, desirous of avoiding himself these knotty questions, proposed a second call of the same Notables, and that their advice should be asked on the subject. they met Nov. 9. 88. and, by five bureaux against one, the recommended the forms of the States General of 1614. wherein the houses were separate, and voted by orders, not by persons. but the whole nation declaring at once against this, and that the tiers etat should be, in numbers, equal to both the other orders, and the Parliament deciding for the same proportion, it was determined so to be, by a declaration of Dec. 27. 88. a Report of mr Necker to the King. of about the same date, contained other very important concessions. 1. that the King could neither lay a new tax, nor prolong an old one. 2. it expressed a readiness to agree on the periodical meeting of the States. 3. to consult on the necessary restriction on letters de Cachet. and 4. how far the Press might be made free. 5. it admits that the States are to appropriate the public money; and 6. that Ministers shall be responsible for public expenditures. and these concessions came from the very heart of the king. he had not a wish but for the good of the nation, and for that object no personal sacrifice would ever have cost him a moment\u2019s regret. but his mind was weakness itself, his constitution timid, his judment null, and without sufficient firmness even to stand by the faith of his word. his queen too, haughty and bearing no contradiction, had an absolute ascendancy over him; and around her were rallied the king\u2019s brother d\u2019Artois, the court generalles, and the aristocratic part of his ministers, particularly Breteuil, Broglio, Vauguyon, Foulon, Luzerne, men whose principles of government were those of the age of Louis XIV. against this host the good counsels of Necker, Montmorin, St Priest, altho\u2019 in unison with the wishes of the king himself, were of little avail. the resolutions of the morning formed under their advice, would be reversed in the evening by the influence of the Queen & court. but the hand of heaven weighed heavily indeed on the machinations of this junto; producing collateral incidents, not arising out of the case, yet powerfully co-exciting the nation to force a regeneration of it\u2019s government, and overwhelming with accumulated difficulties this liberticide resistance. for, while laboring under the want of money for even ordinary purposes, in a government which required a million of livres a day, and driven to the last ditch by the universal call for liberty, there came on a winter of such severe cold, as was without example in the memory of man, nor in the written records of history. the Mercury was at times 50\u00b0 below the freezing point of Farenheit and 22\u00b0 below that of Reaumur. all out-door labor was suspended, and the poor, without the wages of labor, were of course without either bread or fuel. the government found it\u2019s necessities aggravated by that of procuring immense quantities of fire-wood, and of keeping great fires at all the cross-streets, around which the people gathered in crouds to avoid perishing with cold. bread too was to be bought, and distributed daily gratis, until a relaxation of the season should enable the people to work: and the slender stock of bread-stuff had for some time threatened famine, and had raised that article to an enormous price. so great indeed was the scarcity of bread that from the highest to the lowest citizen, the bakers were permitted to deal but a scanty allowance per head, even to those who paid for it; and in cards of invitation to dine in the richest houses, the guest was notified to bring his own bread. to eke out the existence of the people, every person who had the means, was called on for a weekly subscription, which the Cur\u00e9s collected and employed in providing masses for the nourishment of the poor, and vied with each other in devising such economical compositions of food as would subsist the greatest number with the smallest means. this want of bread had been foreseen for some time past and M. de Montmorin had desired me to notify it in America, and that, in addition to the market price, a premium should be given on what should be brought from the US. notice was accordingly given and produced considerable supplies. subsequent information made the importations from America, during the months of March, April & May, into the Atlantic ports of France, amount to about 21,000 barrels of flour, besides what went to other ports, and in other months, while our supplies to their West-Indian islands relieved them also from that \ndrain. this distress for bread continued till July.Hitherto no acts of popular violence had been produced by the struggle for political reformation. little riots, on ordinary incidents, had taken place, as at other times, in different parts of the kingdom, in which some lives, perhaps a dozen or twenty had been lost. but in the month of April a more serious one occurred in Paris, unconnected indeed with the revolutionary principle, but making part of the history of the day. the Fauxbourg St Antoine is a quarter of the city inhabited entirely by the class of day-laborers and journeymen in every line. a rumor was spread among them that a great paper manufacturer, of the name of Reveillon, had proposed, on some occasion, that their wages should be lowered to 15. sous a day. inflamed at once into rage, & without enquiry into it\u2019s truth, they flew to his house in vast numbers, destroyed every thing in it, and in his magazines & workshops, without secreting however a pin\u2019s worth to themselves, and were continuing this work of devastation, when the regular troops were called in. admonitions being disregarded, they were of necessity fired on, and a regular action ensued, in which about 100. of them were killed, before rest would disperse. there had rarely passed a year without such a riot in some part or other of the kingdom; and this is distinguished only as cotemporary with the revolution, altho\u2019 not produced by it.The States General were opened on the 5th of May 89. by speeches from the king, the Garde des sceaux Lamoignon, and mr Necker. the last was thought to trip too lightly over the constitutional reformations which were expected. his notices of them in this speech were not as full as in his previous Rapport au roi. this was observed to his disadvantage, but much allowance should have been made for the situation in which he was placed between his own counsels, and those of the ministers and party of the court. overruled in his own opinions, compelled to deliver, and to gloss over those of his opponents, and even to keep their secrets, he could not come forward in his own attitude.The composition of the assembly, altho\u2019 equivalent on the whole to what had been expected, was something different in it\u2019s elements. it had been supposed that a superior education would carry into the scale of the Commons a respectable portion of the Noblesse. it did so as to those of Paris, of it\u2019s vicinity and of the other considerable cities, whose greater intercourse with enlightened society had liberalised their minds, and prepared them to advance up to the measure of the times. but the Noblesse of the country, which constituted two thirds of that body, were far in their rear. residing constantly on their patrimonial feuds, and familiarised by daily habit with seigneurial powers and practices, they had not yet learned to suspect their inconsistence with reason and right. they were willing to submit to equality of taxation, but not to descend from their rank and prerogative to be incorporated in session with the tiers etat. among the clergy, on the other hand, it had been apprehended that the higher orders of the hierarchy, by their wealth and connections, would have carried the elections generally. but it proved that in most cases the lower clergy had obtained the popular majorities. these consisted of the Cur\u00e9s, sons of the peasantry who had been employed to do all the drudgery of parochial services for 10 20. or 30 Louis a year; while their superiors were consuming their princely revenues in places of luxury & indolence.The objects for which this body was convened being of the first order of importance, I felt it very interesting to understand the views of the parties of which it was composed, and especially the ideas prevalent as to the organisation contemplated for their government. I went therefore daily from Paris to Versailles, and attended their debates, generally till the hour of adjournment. those of the Noblesse were impassioned and tempestuous. they had some able men on both sides, and actuated by equal zeal. the debates of the Commons were temperately rational and inflexibly firm. as preliminary to all other business, the awful questions came on. Shall the states sit in one, or in distinct apartments? and shall they vote by heads or houses? the opposition was soon found to consist of the Episcopal order among the clergy, and two thirds of the Noblesse; while the tiers etat were, to a man, united and determined. after various propositions of compromise had failed, the Commons undertook to cut the Gordian knot. the Abb\u00e9 Sisyes, the most logical head of the nation, (author of the pamphlet Qu\u2019est ce que le tiers etat\u2019? which had electrified that country as Paine\u2019s Common sense did us) after an impressive speach on the 10th of June, moved that a last invitation should be sent to the Nobles and Clergy, to attend in the Hall of the States, collectively or individually for the verification of powers, to which the commons would proceed immediately, either in their presence or absence. this verification being finished, a motion was made, on the 15th that they should constitute themselves a National assembly; which was decided on the 17th by a majority of four fifths. during the debates on this question, about twenty of the Cur\u00e9s had joined them, and a proposition was made in the chamber of the clergy that their whole body should join. this was rejected at first by a small majority only; but, being afterwards somewhat modified, it was decided affirmatively, by a majority of eleven.While this was under debate and unknown to the court, to wit, on the 19th a council was held in the afternoon at Marly, wherein it was proposed that the King should interpose by a declaration of his sentiments, in a seance royale. a form of declaration was proposed by Necker, which, while it censured in general the proceedings both of the Nobles and Commons, announced the king\u2019s views, such as substantially to coincide with the Commons. it was agreed to in council, the seance was fixed for the 22d, the meetings of the States were till then to be suspended, and every thing, in the mean time, kept secret. the members the next morning [20th] repairing to their house as usual, found the doors shut and guarded, a proclamation posted up for a seance royale on the 22d and a suspension of their meetings in the mean time. concluding that their dissolution was now to take place, they repaired to a building called the Jeu de paume (or Tennis court) and there bound themselves by oath to each other, never to separate of their own accord, till they had settled a constitution for the nation, on a solid basis, and if separated by force, that they would reassemble in some other place.the next day they met in the church of St Louis, and were joined by a majority of the clergy. the heads of the Aristocracy saw that all was lost without some bold exertion. the king was still at Marly. no body was permitted to approach him but their friends. he was assailed by falsehoods in all shapes. he was made to believe that the Commons were about to absolve the army from their oath of fidelity to him, and to raise their pay. the court party were now all rage and desperate. they procured a committee to be held consisting of the king and his ministers, to which Monsieur & the Count d\u2019Artois should be admitted. at this committee the latter attacked mr Necker personally, arraigned his declaration; and proposed one which some of his prompters had put into his hands. mr Necker was brow-beaten and intimidated, and the king shaken. he determined that the two plans should be deliberated on the next day and the seance royale put off a day longer. this encouraged a fiercer attack on mr Necker the next day. his draught of a declaration was entirely broken up, & that of the Count d\u2019Artois inserted into it. himself and Monmorin offered their resignation, which was refused, the Count d\u2019Artois saying to mr Necker \u2018No, sir, you must be kept as the hostage; we hold you responsible for all the ill which shall happen.\u2019 this change of plan was immediately whispered without doors. the Noblesse were in triumph; the people in consternation. I was quite alarmed at this state of things. the  soldiery had not yet indicated which side they should take, and that which they should support would be sure to prevail. I considered a succesful reformation of government in France, as ensuring a general reformation thro Europe, and the resurrection  of their life, of their people, now ground to dust by the abuses of the governing powers. I was much acquainted with the leading patriots of the assembly. being from a country which had succesfully passed thro\u2019 a similar reformation, they were disposed to my acquaintance, and had some confidence in me. I urged most strenuously an immediate compromise; to secure, what the government was now ready to yield, and trust to future occasions for what might still be wanting. it was well understood that the King would grant at this time 1. freedom of the person by Habeas corpus. 2. freedom of conscience. 3. freedom of the press. 4. trial by jury. 5. a representative legislature. 6. annual meetings. 7. the origination of laws. 8. the exclusive right of taxation and appropriation. and 9. the responsibility of ministers: and with the exercise of these powers they would obtain in future whatever might be further necessary to improve and preserve their constitution. they thought otherwise however, and events have proved their lamentable error. for after 30. years of \nwar, foreign and domestic, the loss of millions of lives, the prostration of private happiness, and foreign subjugation of their own country for a time, they have obtained no more, nor even that securely. they were unconscious of, (for who could foresee?) the melancholy sequel of their well-meant perseverance; that their physical force would be usurped by a first tyrant to trample on the independance, and even the existence, of other nations; that this would afford fatal example for the atrocious conspiracy of kings against their people; would generate their unholy and homicide alliance to make common cause among themselves, and to crush, by the power of the whole, the efforts of any part, to moderate their abuses and oppressions.When the king passed, the next day thro\u2019 the lane formed from the Chateau to the Hotel des etats, there was a dead silence. he was about an hour in the House delivering his speech & declaration. on his coming out a feeble cry of \u2018vive le roy\u2019 was raised by some children, but the people remained silent & sullen. in the close of his speech he had ordered that the members should follow him, & resume their deliberations the next day. the Noblesse followed him, and so did the clergy, except about thirty, who, with the tiers, remained in the room, and entered into deliberation. they protested against what the king had done, adhered to all their former proceedings, and resolved the inviolability of their own persons. an officer came to order them out of the room in the king\u2019s name. \u2018tell  those who sent you, said Mirabeau, that we shall not move hence but at our own will, or the point of the bayonet.\u2019 in the afternoon the people, uneasy, began to assemble in great numbers in the courts and vicinities of the palace. this produced alarm. the Queen sent for Mr Necker. he was conducted amidst the shouts and acclamations of the multitude who filled all the apartments of the palace. he was a few minutes only with the queen, and what passed between them did not transpire. the king went out to ride.  he passed thro\u2019 the croud to his carriage and into it, without being in the least noticed. as mr Necker followed him universal acclamations were raised of \u2018vive Monsr Necker, vive le sauveur de la France opprim\u00e9e.\u2019 he was conducted back to his house with the same demonstrations of affection and anxiety. about 200. deputies of the Tiers, catching the enthusiasm of the moment, went to his house, and extorted from him a promise that he would not resign. on the 25th 48. of the Nobles joined the tiers, & among them the D. of Orleans. there were then with them 164. members of the clergy, altho\u2019 the minority of that body still sat apart & called themselves the chamber of the clergy. on the 26th the Archbp  of Paris joined the tiers, as did some others of the clergy and of the Noblesse.These proceedings had thrown the people into violent ferment. it gained the souldiery, first of the French guards, extended to those of every other denomination, except the Swiss, and even to the body guards of the king. they began to quit their barracks, to assemble in squads, to declare they would defend the life of the king, but would not be the murderers of their fellow citizens. they called themselves the souldiers of the nation, and left now no doubt on which side they would be in case of a rupture. similar accounts came in from the troops in other parts of the kingdom, giving good reason to believe they would side with their fathers and brothers rather than with their officers. the operation of this medecine at Versailles was as sudden as it was powerful. the alarm there was so compleat that in the afternoon of the 27th the king wrote with his own hand letters to the Presidents of the clergy and Nobles, engaging them immediately to join the Tiers. these two bodies were debating & hesitating when Notes from the Ct d\u2019Artois decided their compliance. they went in a body and took their seats with the tiers, and thus rendered the union of the  orders in one chamber compleat.The Assembly now entered on the business of their mission, and first proceeded to arrange the order in which they would take up the heads of their constitution, as follows.first, and as Preliminary to the whole a general Declaration of the rights of man.then specifically thePrinciples of the Monarchy;rights of the Nation;rights of the King;rights of the citizens;organisation & rights of the National assembly;forms necessary for the enactment of laws;organisation & functions of the provisional & municipal assemblies;duties and limits of the Judiciary power;functions & duties of the military power.a declaration of the rights of man, as the preliminary of their work, was accordingly prepared and proposed by the Marquis de la Fayette.But the quiet of their march was soon disturbed by information that troops, and particularly the foreign troops, were advancing on Paris from various quarters. the king had been probably advised to this on the pretext of preserving peace in Paris. but his advisers were believed to have other things in contemplation. the Marshall de Broglio was appointed to their command, a high flying aristocrat, cool and capable of every thing. some of the French guards were soon arrested, under other pretexts, but really on account of their dispositions in favor of the National cause. the people of Paris forced their prison, liberated them, and sent a deputation to the Assembly to solicit a pardon. the Assembly recommended peace and order to the people of Paris, the prisoners to the king, and asked from him the removal of the troops. his answer was negative and dry, saying they might remove themselves, if they pleased, to Noyons, or Soissons. in the mean time these troops, to the number of twenty or thirty thousand, had arrived and were posted in, and between Paris and Versailles, the bridges and passes were guarded. at three aclock in the afternoon of the 11th July the Count de la Luzerne was sent to notify Mr Necker of his dismission, and to enjoin him to retire instantly without saying a word of it to any body. he went home, dined, and proposed to his wife, a visit to a friend, but went in fact to his country house at St Ouen, and at midnight set out for Brussels. this was not known till the next day, 12th when the whole ministry was changed, except Villedeuil of the Domestic department, and Barenton, Garde des sceaux. the changes were as follows.the Baron de Breteuil, president of the council of finance;de la Galaisiere, Comptroller general in the room of mr Necker;the Marshal de Broglio, minister of war, & Foulon under him in the room of Puy-Segur;the Duke de la Vauguyon, minister of foreign affairs instead of the Ct de Monmorin;de la Porte, minister of Marine in place of the Ct de la Luzerne;St Priest was also removed from the council. Luzerne and Puy-Segur had been strongly of the Aristocratic \nparty in the Council, but they were not considered as equal to the work now to be done. the king was now compleatly in the hands of men. the principal among whom had been noted thro\u2019 their lives for the Turkish despotism of their characters, and who were associated around the king as proper instruments for what was to be executed.  the news of this change began to be known at Paris about 1. or 2. aclock. in the afternoon a body of about 100. German cavalry were advanced and drawn up in the Place Louis XV. and about 200. Swiss posted at a little distance in their rear. this drew people to the spot, who thus accidentally found themselves in front of the troops, merely at first as spectators; but as their numbers increased their indignation rose. they retired a few steps, and posted themselves on and behind large piles of  stone, large and small, collected in that Place for a bridge which was to be built adjacent to it. in this position, happening to be in my carriage on a visit, I passed thro\u2019 the lane they had formed, without interruption. but the moment after I had passed, the people attacked the cavalry with stones. they charged, but the advantageous position of the people, and the showers of stones obliged the horse to retire, and quit the field altogether, leaving one of their number on the ground, & the Swiss in their rear not moving to their aid. this was the signal for universal insurrection, and this body of cavalry, to avoid being massacred, retired towards Versailles. the people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armorer\u2019s shops and private houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night thro\u2019 all parts of the city, without any decided object. the next day (13th) the assembly pressed on the king to send away the troops, to permit the Bourgeoisie of Paris to arm for the preservation of order in the city, and offered to send a deputation from their body to tranquilise them: but their propositions are refused. a committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed by those bodies to take upon them it\u2019s government. the people, now openly joined by the French guards, force the prison of St Lazare, release all the prisoners, and take a great store of corn, which they carry to the Corn-market. here they get some arms, and the French guards begin to form & train them. the city-committee determine to raise 48,000. Bourgeois, or rather to restrain their numbers to 48,000. on the 14th they send one of their members (Monsr de Corny) to the Hotel des Invalides, to ask arms for their Garde-Bourgeoise. he was followed by, or he found there a great collection of people. the Governor of the Invalids came out and represented the impossibility of his delivering arms without the orders of those from whom he recieved them. De Corny advised the people then to retire, and retired himself: but the people took possession of the arms. it was remarkable that not only the Invalids themselves made no opposition, but that a body of 5000. foreign troops, within 400. yards, never stirred. M. de Corny and five others were then sent to ask arms of M. de Launay, governor of the Bastille. they found a great collection of people already before the place, and they immediately planted a flag of truce, which was answered by a like flag hoisted on the Parapet. the deputation prevailed on the people to fall back a little, advanced themselves to make their demand of the Governor, and in that instant a discharge from the Bastille killed four persons, of those nearest to the deputies. the deputies retired. I happed to be at the house of M. de Corny when he returned to it, and recieved from him a narrative of these transactions. on the retirement of the deputies, the people rushed forward, & almost in an instant were in possession of a fortification, defended by 100. men, of infinite strength, which in other times had stood several regular sieges, and had never been taken. how they forced their entrance has never been explained. they took all the arms, discharged the prisoners, and such of the garrison as were not killed in the first moment of fury, carried the Governor and Lt Governor to the Place de Grive (the place of public execution) cut off their heads, and sent them thro\u2019 the city in triumph to the Palais royal. about the same instant a treacherous correspondence having been discovered in M. de Flesselles, prevot des marchands, they siezed him in the Hotel de ville where he was in the execution of his office, and cut off his head. these events carried imperfectly to Versailles were the subject of two successive deputations from the assembly to the king, to both of which he gave dry and hard answers for nobody had as yet been permitted to inform him truly and fully of what had passed at Paris. but at night the Duke de Lioncourt forced his way into the king\u2019s bedchamber, and obliged him to hear a full and animated detail of the disasters of the day in Paris. he went to bed fearfully impressed. the decapitation of de Launai worked powerfully thro\u2019 the night on the whole aristocratical party, insomuch that, in the morning, those of the greatest influence on the Count d\u2019Artois represented to him the absolute necessity that the king should give up everything to the Assembly. this according with the dispositions of the king, he went about 11. aclock, accompanied only by his brothers, to the Assembly, & there read to them a speech, in which he asked their interposition to re-establish order. altho\u2019 couched in terms of some caution, yet the manner in which it was delivered made it evident that it was meant as a surrender at discretion. he returned to the Chateau afoot, accompanied by the assembly. they sent off a deputation, to quiet Paris, at the head of which was the Marquis de la Fayette who had, the same morning, been named Commandant en chef of the milice Bourgeoise, and Monsr Bailly, former President of the States General, was called for as Prevost des marchands. the demolition of the Bastille was now ordered and begun. a body of the Swiss guards of the regiment of Ventimille, and the city horse gaurds joined the people. the alarm at Versailles increased. the foreign troops were ordered off instantly. every minister resigned. the king confirmed Bailly as Prevost des Marchands, wrote to mr Neckar to recall him, sent his letter open to the assembly, to be forwarded by them, and invited them to go with him to Paris the next day, to satisfy the city of his dispositions; and that night, and the next morning the Count d\u2019Artois and M. de Montesson a deputy connected with him, Madame de Polignac, Madame de Guiche, and the Count de Vaudreuil, favorites of the queen, the Abb\u00e9 de Vermont her confessor, the Prince of Cond\u00e9 and Duke of Bourbon fled. the king came to Paris, leaving the queen in consternation for his return. omitting the less important figures of the procession, the king\u2019s carriage was in the center, on each side of it the assembly, in two ranks, afoot, at their head their M. de la Fayette, as Commander in chief, on horse-back, and Bourgeois guards before and behind. about 60,000 citizens of all forms and conditions, armed with the muskets of the Bastille and Invalids, as far as they would go, the rest with pistols, swords, pikes, pruning hooks, scythes Etc. lined all the streets thro\u2019 which the procession passed, and with the crouds of people in the streets, doors & windows, saluted them every where with cries of \u2018vive la nation,\u2019 but not a single \u2018vive le roy\u2019 was heard. the king landed at the Hotel de Ville there M. Bailly presented and put into his hat the popular cockade, and addressed him. the king being unprepared, and unable to answer, Bailly went to him, gathered from him some scraps of sentences, and made out an answer, which he delivered to the audience as from the king. on their return the popular cries were \u2018vive le roy et la nation.\u2019 he was conducted by a garde bourgeoise to his palace at Versailles, & thus concluded such an Amende honorable as no sovereign ever made, and no people ever received.And here again was lost another precious occasion of sparing to France the crime and cruelties thro\u2019 which she has since past, and to Europe, & finally America the evils which flowed on them also from this mortal source. the king was now become a passive machine in the hands of the National assembly, and had he been left to himself, he would have willingly acquiesced in whatever they should devise as best for the nation. a wise constitution would have been formed, heriditary in his line, himself placed at it\u2019s head, with powers so large as to enable him to do all the good of his station, and so limited as to restrain him from it\u2019s abuse. this he would have faithfully administered, and more than this I do not believe he ever wished. but he had a Queen of absolute sway over his weak mind, and timid virtue, and of a character the reverse of his in all points. this angel, so gaudily painted in the rapsodies of the Rhetor Burke, with some smartness of fancy, but no sound sense was proud, disdainful of  restraint, indignent at all obstacle to her will, eager in the pursuit of pleasure, and firm enough to hold to her desires, or perish in their wreck. her inordinate gambling and dissipations, with those of the Count d\u2019Artois, and others of her clique, had been a sensible item in the exhaustion of the treasury, which called into action the reforming hand of the nation; and her opposition to it her inflexible perverseness, and dauntless spirit, led herself to the Guillotine,  drew the king on with her, and plunged the world into crimes & calamities which will for ever stain the pages of modern history. I have ever believed that had there been no queen, there would have been no revolution. no force would have been provoked nor \nexercised. the king would have gone hand in hand with the wisdom of his sounder Counsellors, who, guided by the increased lights of the age, wished only, with the same pace, to advance the principles of their social institution. the deed which closed the mortal course of these sovereigns, I shall neither approve nor condemn. I am not prepared to say that the first magistrate of a nation cannot commit treason against his country, or is unamenable to it\u2019s punishment: nor yet that where there is no written law, no regulated tribunal, there is not a law in our hearts, and a power in our hands, given for righteous employment in maintaining right, and redressing wrong. of those who judged the king, many thought him wilfully criminal, many that his existence would keep the nation in perpetual conflict with the horde of kings, who would war against a regeneration which might come home to themselves, and that it were better that one should die than all. I should not have voted with this portion of the legislature. I should have shut up the Queen in a Convent, putting harm out of her power, and placed the king in his station, investing him with limited powers, which I verily believe he would have honestly exercised, according to the measure of his understanding. in this way no void would have been created. courting the usurpation of a military adventurer, nor occasion given for those enormities which demoralised the nations of the world, and destroyed, and is yet to destroy millions and millions of it\u2019s inhabitants. there are three epochs in history signalised by the total extinction of National morality. the first was of the successors of Alexander, not omitting himself. the next the successors of the first Caesar, the third our own age. this was begun by the partition of Poland, followed by that of the treaty of  Pilnitz next the conflagration of Copenhagen; then the enormities of Bonaparte, partitioning the earth at his will, and devastating it with fire and sword; now the conspiracy of kings, the successors of Bonaparte, blasphemously calling themselves the Holy alliance, and treading in the footsteps of their incarcerated leader, not yet indeed usurping the government of other nations avowedly and in detail, but controuling by their armies the forms in which they will permit them to be governed; and reserving in petto the order and extent of the usurpations further ineditated.\u2014but I will return from a digression, anticipated too in time, into which I have been led by reflection on the criminal passions which refused to the world a favorable occasion of saving it from the afflictions it has since suffered.Mr Necker had reached Basle before he was overtaken by the letter of the king, inviting him back to resume the office he had so recently left. he returned immediately, and all the other ministers having resigned, a new administration was named, to witSt Priest & Montmorin were restored;the Archbishop of Bordeaux was appointed Garde des sceaux;La Tour du Pin Minister of War;La Luzerne Minister of Marine; this last was believed to have been effected by the friendship of Montmorin: for altho\u2019 differing in politics, they continued firm in friendship, & Luzerne, altho\u2019 not an able man was thought an honest one.and the prince of Bauvau was taken into the Council.Seven princes of the blood royal, six ex-ministers, and many of the high Noblesse having fled, and the present ministers, except Luzerne, being all of the popular party, all the functionaries of government moved for the present in perfect harmony.In the evening of Aug. 4. and on the motion of the Viscount de Noailles brother in law of La Fayette, the assembly abolished all titles of rank, all the abusive privileges of feudalism, the tythes and casuals of the clergy, all provincial privileges, and, in fine, the Feudal regimen generally. to the suppression of tythes the Abb\u00e9 Sieyes was vehemently opposed; but his learned and logical arguments were unheeded and his estimation lessened by a contrast of his egoism (for he was beneficed on them) with the generous abandonment of rights by the other members of the assembly. many days were employed in putting into the form of laws the numerous demolitions of antient abuses; which done, they proceeded to the preliminary work of a Declaration of rights. there being much concord of sentiment on the elements of this instrument, it was liberally framed, and passed with a very general approbation. they then appointed a Committee for the redaction of a projet of a Constitution, at the head of which was the Archbishop of Bordeaux. I recieved from him, as Chairman of the Committee a letter of July 20. requesting me to attend and assist at their deliberations. but I excused myself on the obvious considerations that my mission was to the king as Chief magistrate of the nation, that my duties were limited to the concerns of my own country, and forbade me to intermeddle with the internal transactions of that in which I had been recieved under a specific character only. their plan of a constitution was discussed in sections, and so reported from time to time, as agreed to by the Committee. the first respected the general frame of the government; and that this should be formed into three departments, Executive, Legislative and Judiciary was generally agreed. but when they proceeded to subordinate developments, many and various shades of opinion came into conflict, and schisms, strongly marked, broke the Patriots into fragments of very discordant principles.  the first question Whether there should be a king, met with no open opposition, and it was readily agreed that the government of France should be monarchical & hereditary. Shall the king have a negative on the laws? shall that negative be absolute, or suspensive only? shall there be two chambers of legislation? or one only? if two, shall one of them be hereditary? or for life? or for a fixed term? and named by the king? or elected by the people? these questions found strong differences of opinion, and produced repulsive combinations among the Patriots. the Aristocracy was cemented by a common principle of preserving the ancient regime, or whatever should be nearest to it. making this their Polar star, they moved in phalanx, gave preponderance on every question to the minorities of the Patriots, and always to those who advocated the least change. the features of the new constitution were thus assuming a fearful aspect, and great alarm was produced among the honest patriots by these dissensions in their ranks. in this uneasy state of things, I recieved one day a note from the Marquis de la Fayette, informing me he should bring a party of six or eight friends to ask a dinner of me the next day. I assured him of their welcome. when they arrived, they were La Fayette himself, Dupont, Barnave, Alexander La Meth, Blacon, Mounier, Maubourg and Dagout. these were leading patriots, of honest but differing opinions sensible of the necessity of effecting a coalition by mutual sacrifices, , knowing each other, and not afraid therefore to unbosom themselves mutually. this last was a material principle in the selection. with this view the Marquis had invited the conference, and had fixed the time & place inadvertently as to the embarrasment under which it might place me. the cloth being removed and wine set on the table, after the American manner, the Marquis introduced the objects of the conference by summarily reminding them of the state of things in the assembly, the course which the principles of the constitution was taking, and the inevitable result, unless checked by more concord among the patriots themselves. he observed that altho\u2019 he also had his opinion, he was ready to sacrifice it to that of his brethren of the same cause: but that a common opinion must now be formed, or the Aristocracy would carry everything, and that whatever they should now agree on, he, at the head of the National force, would maintain. the discussions began at the hour of four, and were continued till ten aclock in the evening; during which time I was a silent witness to a coolness and candor of argument unusual in the conflicts of political opinion; to a logical reasoning, and chaste eloquence, disfigured by no gaudy tinsel of rhetoric or declamation, and truly worthy of being placed in parallel with the finest dialogues of antiquity, as handed to us by Xenophon, by Plato, and Cicero. the result was an agreement that the king should have a suspensive veto on the laws, that the legislature should be composed of a single body only, & that to be chosen by the people. this Concordate decided the fate of the constitution. the Patriots all rallied to the principles thus settled, carried every question agreeably to them, and reduced the Aristocracy to insignificance and impotence. but duties of exculpation were now incumbent on me. I waited on Count Montmorin the next morning, and explained to him with truth and candor how it had happened that my house had been made the scene of conferences of such a character. he told me he already knew every thing which had passed, that, so far from taking umbrage at the use made of my house on that occasion, he earnestly wished I would habitually assist at such conferences, being sure I should be useful in moderating the warmer spirits, and promoting a wholesome and practicable reformation only. I told him I knew too well the duties I owed to the king, to the nation, and to my own country to take any part in councils concerning their internal government, and that I should persevere with care in the character of a neutral and passive spectator; with wishes only and very sincere ones, that those measures might prevail which would be for the greatest good of the nation. I have no doubt indeed that this conference was previously known and approved by \nthis honest minister, who was in confidence and communication with the patriots, and wished for a reasonable reform of the Constitution.Here I discontinue my relation of the French revolution. the minuteness with which I have so far given it\u2019s details is disproportioned to the general scale of my narrative. but I have thought it justified by the interest which the whole world must take in this revolution. as yet we are but in the first chapter of it\u2019s history. the appeal to the rights of man, which had been made in the US. was taken up by France, first of the European nations. from her the spirit has spread over those of the South. the tyrants of the North have allied indeed against it. but it is irresistable. their opposition will only multiply it\u2019s millions of human victims; their own satellites will catch it, and the condition of man thro\u2019 the civilized world will be finally and greatly ameliorated. this is a wonderful instance of great events from small causes. so inscrutable is the arrangement of causes & consequences in this world that a two-penny duty on tea, unjustly imposed in a sequestered part of it, changes the condition of all it\u2019s inhabitants.I have been more minute in relating the early transactions of this regeneration because I was in circumstances peculiarly favorable for a knolege of the truth. possessing the confidence and intimacy of the leading patriots, & more than all of the Marquis Fayette, their head and Atlas, who had no secrets for me, I learn with correctness the views & proceedings of that party; while my intercourse with the diplomatic missionaries of Europe at Paris, all of them with the court, and eager in prying into it\u2019s councils and proceedings, gave me a knolege of these also. my information was always and immediately committed to writing, in letters to mr Jay, and often to my friends, and a recurrence to these letters now ensures me against errors of memory.These opportunities of information ceased at this period, with my retirement from this interesting scene of action. I had been more than a year solliciting leave to go home with a view to place my daughters in the society & care of their friends, and to return for a short time to my station at Paris. but the metamorphosis thro\u2019 which our government was then passing from it\u2019s Chrysalid to it\u2019s Organic form, suspended it\u2019s action in a great degree; and it was not till the last of August that I recieved the permission I had asked.\u2014And here I cannot leave this great and good country without expressing my sense of it\u2019s preeminence of character among the nations of the earth. a more benevolent people, I have never known, nor greater warmth & devotedness in their select friendships. their kindness and accomodation to stranges is unparalleled, and the hospitality of Paris is beyond any thing I had concieved to be practicable in a large city. their eminence too in science, the communicative dispositions of their scientific men, the politeness of the general manners the ease and vivacity of their conversation, give a charm to their society to be found no where else. in a comparison of this with other countries we have the proof of primacy, which was given to Themistocles after the battle of Salamis. every general voted to himself the first reward of valor, and the second to Themistocles. so ask the traveled inhabitant of any nation, In what country on earth would you rather live?\u2014certainly in my own. where are all my friends, my relations, and the earliest & sweetest affections and recollections of my life.\u2014Which would be your second choice?\u2014France.On the 26th of Sep. I left Paris for Havre, where I was detained by contrary winds until the 8th of Oct. on that day and the 9th I crossed over to Cowes, where I had engaged the Clermont, capt Colley, to touch for me. she did so, but here again we were detained by contrary winds until the 22d when we embarked and landed at Norfolk on the 23d of November. on my way home I passed some days at Eppington in Chesterfield, the residence of my friend and connection, mr Eppes, and, while there, I recieved a letter from the President, Genl Washington, by express, covering an appointment to be Secretary of State. I recieved it with real regret. my wish had been to return to Paris, where I had left my houshold establishment, as if there myself, and to see the end of the revolution, which, I then thought would be certainly and happily closed in less than a year. I then meant to return home, to withdraw from Political life, into which I had been impressed by the circumstances of the times, to sink into the bosom of my family and friends, and devote myself to studies more congenial to my mind. in my answer of Dec. 15. I expressed these dispositions candidly to the President, and my preference of a return to Paris; but assured him that if it was believed I could be more useful in the administration of the government, I would sacrifice my own inclinations without hesitation, and repair to that destination this I left to his decision. I arrived at Monticello on the 23d of Dec. where I recieved a 2d letter from the President, expressing his continued wish that I should take my station there, but leaving me still at liberty to continue in my former office, if I could not reconcile myself to that now proposed. this silenced my reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment.In the interval of my stay at home, my eldest daughter had been happily married to the eldest son of the Tuckahoe branch of Randolphs, a young gentleman of genius, science and honorable mind, who afterwards filled a dignified station in the general government, & the most dignified in his own state. I left Monticello on the 1st of March 1790. for new York. at Philadelphia I called on the venerable and beloved Franklin. he was then on the bed of sickness from which he never rose. my recent return from a country in which he had left so many friends, and the perilous convulsions to which they had been exposed, revived all his anxieties to know what part they had taken, what had been their course, and what their fate. he went over all in succession, with a rapidity and animation almost too much for his strength. when all his enquiries were satisfied, and a pause took place, I told him I had learnt with much pleasure that, since his return to America, he had been occupied in preparing for the world the history of his own life. I cannot say much of that, said he; but I will give you a sample of what I shall leave: and  he directed his little grandson (William Bache) who was standing by the bedside, to hand him a paper from the table to which he pointed. he did so; and the Doctr putting it into my hands, desired me to take it, and read it at my leisure. it was about a quire of folio paper, written in a large and running hand very like his own. I looked into it slightly, then shut it and said I would accept his permission to read it, and would carefully return it. he said \u2018no, keep it.\u2019 not certain of his meaning, I again looked into it, folded it for my pocket, and said again, I would certainly return it. \u2018no,\u2019 said he \u2018keep it.\u2019 I put it into my pocket, and shortly after took leave of him. he died on the 17th of the ensuing month of April; and as I understood that he had bequeathed all his papers to his grandson William Temple Franklin, I immediately wrote to mr Franklin to inform him I possessed this paper, which I should consider as his property, and would deliver to his order. he came on immediately to New York, called on me for it, and I delivered it to him. as he put it into his pocket, he said carelessly he had either the original, or another copy of it, I do not recollect which. this last expression struck my attention forcibly, and for the first time suggested to me the thought that Dr Franklin had meant it as a confidential deposit in my hands, and that I had done wrong in parting from it. I have not yet seen the collection he published of Doctor Franklin\u2019s works, and therefore know not if this is among them. I have been told it is not. it contained a narrative of the negociations between Dr Franklin and the British ministry, when he was endeavoring to prevent the contest of arms which followed. the negociation was brought about by the intervention, of Ld Howe and his sister, who, I believe, was called Lady Howe, but I may misremember her title. Ld Howe seems to have been friendly to America, and exceedingly anxious to prevent a rupture. his intimacy with Dr Franklin, and his position with the ministry induced him to undertake a mediation between them, in which his sister seemed to have been associated. he ferried from the one to the other, backwards and forwards, the several propositions and answers which past, and seconded with their own intercessions the importance of mutual sacrifices to preserve the peace & connection of the two countries. I remember that Ld North\u2019s answers were dry, unyielding, in the spirit of unconditional submission, and betrayed an absolute indifference to the occurrence of a rupture; and he said to the mediators distinctly at last  that \u2018a rebellion was not to be deprecated on the part of Great Britain; that the confiscations it would produce would provide for many of their friends.\u2019 this expression was reported by the mediators to Dr Franklin, and indicated so cool and calculated a purpose in the ministry, as to render compromise hopeless, and the negociation was discontinued. if this is not among the papers published, we ask what \nis become of it? I delivered it with my own hands into those of Temple Franklin. it certainly established views so atrocious in the British government as that it\u2019s suppression would to them be worth a great price. but could the grandson of Dr Franklin be  in such degree an accomplice in the parricide of the memory of his immortal grandfather? the suspension for more than 20. years of the general publication bequeathed and confided to him, produced for a while hard suspicions against him: and if at last all are not published, a part of these suspicions may remain with some.I arrived at New York on the 21st of Mar. where Congress was in session.\n   his tennible character was to be that of a merchant, his real one that of agent for military supplies, and also to sound the dispositions of the government of France, and see how far they would favor us either secretly or openly. his appointment had been by the Commee of foreign correspondence Mar. 1776.\n   the Crimea.\n   in the impeachment of judge Pickering of New Hampshire, a habitual & Maniac drunkard, no defence was made. had there been, the party vote of more than one third of the Senate would have acquitted him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1758", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 6 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have a great desire to send to mr Botta of Paris a copy of his best of all our histories of the revolution, as translated by mr Otis. the difficulty is to get it to him without it\u2019s passing thro\u2019 the French post office, which would tax him beyond it\u2019s cost. this can be done only thro\u2019 a passenger and I think it must be a gratification to any passenger to deliver it to him in person, & I should pray him to accompany it with my particular respects to mr Botta. from hence no opportunity of a passenger ever occurs; but from your city I presume they are frequent enough to enable you  to forward it for me without difficulty & with the  as dispatch is not material. add this to your multiplied favors to me, & accept the assurance of my constant & respectful friendship.Th: JeffersonP.S. I shall forward the volumes by distinct mails, not to overload our village mail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1759", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 7 January 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Montpellier\n          In the inclosed you will see the ground on which I forward it for your perusal.In the late views taken by us, of the Act of Congress, vacating periodically the Executive offices, it was not recollected, in justice to the President, that the measure was not without precedents. I suspect however that these are confined to the Territorial Establishments, where they were introduced by the Old Congs in whom all powers of Govt were confounded; and continued by the new Congress, who have exercised a like confusion of powers within the same limits. Whether the Congressional code contains any precedent of a like sort, more particularly misleading the President I have not fully examined. If it does, it must have blindly followed the territorial examples.We have had for several months a typhus fever in the family, which does not yield in the least, to the progress of the season. Out of twenty odd cases, there have been six deaths, and there are several depending cases threatening a like issue. The fever has not yet reached any part of our white family; but in the Overseers, there have been five cases of it including himself. None of them however have been mortal.Health & every other blessing\n            James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1761", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Thornton, 9 January 1821\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCity of Washington\nJany 9th 1821.\nI have never been honoured with a line from you since your favor of the 9th of May 1817. which I answered on the 27 th relative to the College about to be established in your Vicinity. I am in hopes my Letter reached you, not so much from any advantage it could possibly offer you, as to shew my desire to fulfil to the utmost of my ability every wish with which you have honored me. I am in hopes that your long silence may arise more from your retirement from active life, than from any disinclination to preserve my name in the list of your friendship: for it has been almost the only consolation of my life that I have been honored with the friendship of the good & great.I write now to solicit from you a favor. I have always been a Friend to Revolutions, & at the time the French revolution began I was so ardent an admirer of the general plan, which had commenced, of overturning all kingly & priestly Governments, knowing them to be oppressive, that I hoped for the progress of the Arms of France; thinking that in a few years there would not be a King on Earth; but the French were not well versed in the true principles of national Governments, & failed in the establishment of their Constitution. The most absolute Tyranny succeeded, & finally the restoration of one of the Bourbons.While I was a Student at the University of Edinburgh, also in London & Paris, I was anxious to see the commencement of the Revolution of the South Americans, for I thought them under the most miserable & despotic Government. The celebrated Countess de Beauharnois solicted for me, through the medium of the Duke de Pentheivre, from the Court of Spain, Letters to Mexico. But I was refused admission into the Spanish Territories. At that time there were many Jealousies against admitting Foreigners into the Spanish Dominions, especially mineralogists, & I was engaged in the Study of Mineralogy, under the celebrated Faujas de St Fond. I have been always considered, by the South Americans, an active Friend; & they have made me several offers of high Appointment in their Service; but though I was engaged only in the trivial Office I still hold, which does not give support to my Family, I have invariably refused every temptation to enter into the patriot Service; wherein I was offered the immediate rank of Colonel of horse;  & a high Office in their Civil Service; with land enough whereon to settle a Colony. I refused every thing, but rendered them, as a friend, every Service in my power,  & all the great revolutionary Characters of South America have considered my House, as a place of friendly Consultation. Several Individuals have been sent to South America, as Agents from this Government,  & I was in hopes that I might have been honored by such a mission. It is indeed but a minor Appointment, but I am sincrely of opinion that I could render not only efficient Services to this Government, but also to any Republic in South America to which I could be sent, particularly to the Republic of Columbia. Colonel Todd, an amiable young Gentleman, was however sent there; but if he should after visiting that Country prefer any other situation, I should be happy to be permitted to succeed him. I am induced to think I could be of service there, because I was intimately acquainted with the principal chiefs of the Republic: viz, with Senr Jose R. Revenga, who is Secy of State & Finance; with the celebrated Rossio, who is now Vice President of the Republic; with the renowned Orator  & excellent Pedro Gual L.L.D. who was Govr of Carthagena &c. and by these & other Individuals I have  been urged to settle in that Country. These Considerations have induced me to be particularly desirous of a Mission there: for I do not wish to change my Allegiance after having lived so long in this highly respected Republic,  & yet I am desirous of rendering myself useful to them, not only in endeavouring to cement their friendship with this Government, but in what might be beneficial in the establishment of their republic, which I know is desirous to pursue the excellent principles that have so long distinguished this. I have applied to the President on this Subject, & he has spoken of me favourably; but I have heard that he thinks the public voice would be against my having such an Appointment. I know not why; for some of the most worthy Senators, Colonel Johnson & others, have, without my knowledge, waited on the President, & requested him to appoint me thither: many other Friends have also recommended me in the most particular manner to him. I am well known to the President, & in writing this I solicit your kind & friendly aid in recommending me as a proper person, if I should be so happy as to possess your good opinion, & you should deem me not unfit for such an Agency. One of the great Objects I have in view is to write the general & natural History of that almost unknown Country;  & I think I could save this Government in any negotiations with that, because I have been so long considered as the Friend of that government, that if any thing can be advantageously done I am in hopes I could effect it; and certainly much will be required if any public Business is to be performed of any moment with that rich powerful & extensive Republic. I shall consider it of the utmost importance to obtain from you a Letter of Recommendation to the President; who seems very friendly to me; but as this is a Governt which is regulated in some measure by public opinion, it would not be unavailing to obtain as many Evidences of the public Sentiments in my favor as possible: I know however of none that can produce such an Effect as a Recommendation from you. I should consider any thing favourable from you as a host in my behalf. If I could render as much Service to the Government as another, I think I could render still more benefit to this Country at large by giving an account of all the valuable vegetable and other Productions of that fertile region, especially as I am capable of drawing them. The celebrated Franklin offered me the most honorable Employmt without Solicitation, that was perhaps ever offered, in the same stile, from one so renowned to one so young as I then was. He offered while Governor of Pennsylvania, if I would travel in the Service of the United States,  & only keep a regular Journal of every thing which I might think worthy of Observation, & which should be delievered to the Government, he would obtain for me such a Salary as would be deemed worthy of any Gentleman; & to shew how much he was in earnest in this appointment, he promised as his individual subscription, the whole of his Salary as Governor of Pennsylvana for one year, which amounted to one thousand pounds Penna Currency. He stated too, that I was not to be controuled in any respect, as he would trust solely to my honor. He had known me formerly, when I was a student in Paris (he being the Minister) through an Introduction to him from my Guardian Doctor Lettsom of London. My delicate State of health soon after prevented me from accepting this noble this generous Offer from one of the greatest men living, but I should otherwise have chearfully accepted it, & I have never ceased to cherish in my most grateful remembrance, this highly honorable proof of his devotion to the advancement of Science,  & this proof of confidence so very flattering to one so young.The famous Doctor Ratcliff left \u00a3800 Sterlg. pr Annum for ever to be given to four young travelling Physicians  \u00a3200 Sterlg. each for which they were required to write twelve Letters annually in latin on any Subjects of Science. They were equally without restraint in residance or country.I take the liberty of enclosing for your perusal, the Copy of a very kind Letter, written in my behalf, by the Honorble Joseph Anderson 1st Comptroller of the Treasury of the United States, with whom I have been acquainted for many years. I have some others that are very friendly on the same Subject,  & I hope if the President see so many Testimonies in my favor he will think himself authorized by the public opinion to accord what I so earnestly wish. My time of life will not permit any delay; for what I wish to undertake would require all my Exertions, were I even younger in Life.I am dear Sir with the highest respect and consideration Yr &c.William ThorntonP.S. Since writing the foregoing, I have this Day, viz on the 16th Jany heard that Colonel Todd means to return. The sooner therefore I can be favoured with a few lines to the President, the more you will oblige me.W. T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1762", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William S. Cardell, 11 January 1821\nFrom: Cardell, William S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nNew York\nI had the honor to address you in in February last, in behalf of a number of Gentlemen, on the subject of an institution for promoting the literature of our country. The correspondence on the subject has been extensive and interesting, and the society is organised under very encouraging prospects. The enclosed circular which is in part an amplification of my former letter will explain the leading principles and objects.The officers elected are John Quincy Adams President\u2014Judge Livingston, Judge Story and Hon. William Lowndes, Vice Presidents.\u2014Alex. Mc Leod D.D. Rec. Sec. John Stearns M.D. (President of N.Y. State Med. Society) Treasurer.\u2014Counsellors, Chancellor Kent, Daniel Webster, Boston, Bishop Brownell Con. John M. Mabor, D.D. Joseph Hopkinson N. Jersey, P. S. Du Ponceau LL.D. Phil. John L. Taylor, North Carolina, H. Clay, Kentucky. There are 2 vacancies. Dr Smith of William and Mary Col. is proposed to fill one, and Doct Dane President of Dartmouth the other.Among other transactions of this institution, it is made my duty, Sir, respectfully to communicate to you their unanimous  election of you as an honorary member. The other honorary members are Hon. John Adams James Madison, James Munroe, C. C. Pinckney, John Jay and John Trumbull.The society of course can have no expectation of exalting the dignity of men who have  passed thro all forms and degrees of honor which a nation can confer: but it is the highest tribute of respect in our power to offer, and the cordial approbation expressed by those distinguished citizens gives to the institution the more additional usefulness to our country.There is more coincidence of opinion and more concert in action than were anticipated on a subject so new and among men so widely scattered.The only publication made by the society is the offer of a premium of 400  Dollars and a gold medal for the best American History, calculated for a days book in Academies and Schools. Several other premiums are proposed copies of which will be printed and circulated in a few days to obtain the opinions of members respecting the selection of objects.Accept Sir this renewed assurance of my high consideration and respect.W. S. CardellCorresponding See.  Am. Acad. of Lang. & B. Lettres.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1763", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Archibald Thweatt, 11 January 1821\nFrom: Thweatt, Archibald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nEppington Wilkinsonville post office\u2014my address.\u2014\nI have without consulting him, inclosed a letter from my friend Judge Roane: I pray you to comply with his request: finish off your character by saving us again.With affectionate attachment yrs &cArchibald Thweatt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1765", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peachy Ridgeway Gilmer, 14 January 1821\nFrom: Gilmer, Peachy Ridgeway\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLiberty\n14th Jany 1821\nMrs. Trist some time ago presented me a campeachy chair, which had been sent for her, to Monticello. and informed me that you had been so obliging, as to offer to send it to Poplar Forest. I have since heard nothing of it. and should be glad to get it, If at Poplar Forest you will do me the favour, to direct Mr. Yancey, to deliver it to me\u2014 If at Monticello, I will request Mr. Minor to forward it by his boat, to James River and have it sent to Lynchburg. I should not have troubled you with any notice of the matter, but presume that amongst concerns of so much more importance, it has been forgotten.Very Respectfully Yr. Obt. Servt.P. R. Gilmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1766", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 14 January 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI was informed yesterday that Mr Johnson of the Board of Visitors of the University had become disqualified by \u201cfailure to act for the space of one year\u201d Sect. 7. C. 34. Vol. 1. p. 91. General Cocke, who informed me, is of that opinion; and I believe the other Visitors, now here, are likewise disposed to give that construction, as he failed to attend both the \u201cstated meetings\u201d in the last year. My opinion is that he will not be disqualified until 28th February, the termination of the first year of the form, for which he has been by law appointed. He can attend a meeting by \u201cspecial call\u201d in time to remedy the defect\u2014likely to occur. I beg leave to recommend the 22d February, as the day, and that it should be advertised immediately. The Legislature may be up in time, or the Visitors may leave it without inconvenience at that period of the session. The Annual Report of the Literary Fund is to be brought down to Dec. 31. 1820, to give a view of the school branch of the system, the appropriation to which is applicable throughout the Calendar, not the Fiscal year. It only needs copying now. Some of the results are: Accession to Capital Stock from all sources from Oct. 1st 19. to Dec. 31. 1820. 63,000. 54  cts. amt of income for same period 58.293.86. Increase of Permanent Funds, in Paper, since last report, 68.977.49. The Cash in the Treasury on    Oct. 1st 1820 was only 36.505.70. The amt of current expenditure exclusive of investments for the same period 67.855.95.  of which to University for annuity 19.156.81. to schools 46.584.96. The difference between the Auditors ballance 91. 619.53. last year to credit of fund, and the Cash in the Treasury this year is now openly declared to be another defalcation of Mr Benton. It is supposed to have been an error in the settlement of his acct for purchase of stocks during his last year. We presented it in July, the Lieut Govr & Atty Genel were appointed to examine it; then reported on Dec. 22.d; 5 months after, and omitted a Warrant for 50.000 $. issued to him the preceding year; for which sum it is believed he was credited on the final settlement. I have still hope it may be explained, but such has been the effect of the belief to the contrary, that the Lieut. Govr had 96 votes for removal from the council, while Martin of Nelson who has not been in Richmond since July, and beged by letter to be removed, had only 103. I have yesterday got possession of the Journal, and mean to investigate the matter if possible. But no account for purchases of Stocks, with prices, has been written in it ever; and my only hope is to find the detached papers, to compare with the Warrants if need. I am of opinion that the friends of the University should only ask leave to make another loan, and to have the period of reimbrusement of both made the same with that of the James River Company viz 20 years. The sum required will still leave nearly half their annuity free and the increase of the Literary Fund will perhaps allow an augmentation of it next year to that amount.Patsy is at Tuckahoe. I was just seting out to join them at dinner today when the propriety of making the communication concerning Mr Johnson, (immediately,) occurred to me. I shall go this evening. she only waits for the roads to be passible to go home.With very sincere and affectionate attachment your obTh: M: Randolph\n   1279.38 more paid back: fines remitted by law: expences of process &c the Board expences have been only 834 $ claims and all.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1767", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Yancey, 14 January 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBedford\nJan 14th 21\nYour letter by Mr Randolph I received a few days since, and have particularly observed the contents. in transfering your authority over your plantation here to your grandson, I presume you did not include  even the present year, and that your motive was, to give me an opportunity to withdraw, which I without hesitation did immediately to Mr Randolph, and I can  assure you, that no man in Virginia will be better pleased should he suceed here as well as he has done in your estimation in Albemarle, I have done the best I could, and I know I could do no better under the direction of Mr Randolph or any other person, I have long been sensible, that my attention to your affairs, took me too much from my own, and that I have been by no means a gainer by it. I am satisfied also, notwithstanding more might have been done, and Acts of providence have happend, that you, when you come to a make a comparison, with the appearance of your plantations now\u2014and there producing order five years ago, you will acknowledge, that some emprovements have been made here also, (tho not equal to those in Albemarle) independent of the increase and condition of the stock, I promised Mr R. upon his insisting, and saying, that the business, and consequently you, would be injured, by my withdrawing immediately, as he was not provided with a manager, to continue to do what I can to your Interest & happiness till he can procure one which I hope will be with as little delay as possible. My family is still very Ill. scarcly any hopes of the recovery of my Daughter, lost 2 of my best House servants, who I had raised and five more negroes dangerously sick, I remain with the Highest respectYr mo obt ServtJoel Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1768", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from P. Stephen Chazotte, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Chazotte, P. Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n SirPhiladelphia\n               Permit me again to trouble you, and allow me, to do myself the honour of presenting You with A pamphlet, containing facts and observations, on the policy of immediately introducing the rich Culture of Coffee, Cocoa, Vines, Olives, capers, almonds, &a &a In East Florida and in the Southern States, and which, I flatter myself, you will do me the honour to accept and give to it a moment\u2019s perusal. On a subject of such national importance, and which may raise the United States to the highest degree of power, riches and commerce, the opinion of your Excellency will be received with perfect defference and respect by:Your Excellency, Most humble & obedt ServtPr Stephen Chazotte", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1769", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Delaplaine, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Delaplaine, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia\nI had the honour, some considerable since, of sending to you, for your kind acceptance, in the name of the author, a poem by my friend Mr Charles Mead.From a gentlemen of your Distinguished Character, and well known cultivated taste, I know it would be gratifying to Mr Mead to receive an opinion of this little production, which I hope it will not be very inconvenient to you to give.\u2014With every assurance of respect & consideration I am D Sir. Your obed SrJoseph Delaplaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1770", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Horace H. Hayden, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hayden, Horace H.\nMonticello\nJan. 15. 21.Th: Jefferson presents his thanks to mr Hayden for his Geological essays, which he has been so kind as to send him. he has indulged himself but little in that branch of science, deterred by the magnitude\n\t\t\t of the object, and shallowness of our means. yet the pursuit is worthy of encouragement as it may produce other utilities. he prays mr Hayden to accept his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1771", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirAshton\n15th Jany 1821By Colo Wood (the surveyor) I received a letter from Mr Randolph from Richmond dated 11th Jany\u2014inclosing the halves of sundry Bank notes amounting to $470.\u2014the other halves he says \u201care sent under cover to Jefferson through Mr Jefferson\u201d\u2014I presume you must have received that letter on Saturday\u2014it is very important to me to get that mony, it being particularly appropriated, and should have been paid away on Saturday last\u2014Jefferson is not yet return\u2019d\u2014but I apprehend the Governor\u2019s letter to his son, was merely to serve as an envelope for the safe conveyance of those notes\u2014If you will have the goodness to open that letter and send its contents to me (the halves of the notes) it will greatly accomodate me\u2014It will be satisfactory to you to see Mr Randolph\u2019s letter, and I have therefore sent it by my Son\u2014with respect and affectionate regardsThos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1772", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Raymond, 15 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Raymond, Robert\nMonticello\nJan. 15. 21.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to Mr Raymond for the copy of his Thoughts on Political economy which he has been so kind as to send. retired entirely from Political concerns, he reads little now in that\n\t\t\t line: yet he rejoices to see the public attention drawn to it. no nation has ever suffered more than ours from the want of knolege in that branch of science, as the errors of our public\n\t\t\t functionaries\n\t\t\t on that subject have solely produced the revolution in property now taking place. he prays mr Raymond to accept his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1773", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas B. Parker, 16 January 1821\nFrom: Parker, Thomas B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston\nJany 16th 1821\nYou doubtless have heard that the citizens of massachusetts deemed it necessary on the seperation of Maine, to alter and amend their state constitution. Accordingly, delegates were chosen from every town and have met in convention, and have made alterations and amendments which are to be submitted to the people for acceptance or non-acceptance. Two important questions have been decided by this convention, namely, \u201cthat the Senate shall be proportioned according to valuation\u201d and \u201cthat every taxable person shall pay a tax for the support of publick teachers of religion.\u201dUnder the impression, Sir, that you will excuse me. I make bold to ask your opinion on those two questions, as I am in doubt whether it be most consistent to base the senate on valuation or on population. It is said \u201cthat taxation and representation should go together\u201d and that \u201cthere should be a check on the popular branch\u201d would there not be a sufficient check were the senate proportioned on population and chosen by districts? If the senate are proportioned on valuation it seems to me to operate unequally; for, on that principle, the county of Suffolk with a population of 43,000 are entitled to six Senators and middlesex county, adjoining, with a population of 50,000, are entitled to only four. As to the second question, has civil goverment a right to interfere with religious matters and to compel men to aid in support of publick teachers of religion? Is it expedient, is it good policy so to do? Is it not a violation of the rights of conscience which every one pretends to hold sacred?  I am in doubt, and still more so when I find a man like the venerable Mr Adams, supporting principles which, apparently, are aristocratical and, consequently, opposed to genuine republicanism. I wish to act deliberately and consistantly and therefore do not wish to give my humble support to measures that coincide not with the fundamental principles of republicanism and equal rights. It is my sincere desire that all should equally enjoy their rights and priviliges and be protected and defended by government in that enjoyment.I hope sir I do not intrude too much upon you sensible as I am of your goodness to oblige. Your opinions if I shall be so happy as to receive them will be considered a favor of much value. Hoping you still continue to enjoy good healthWith great Respect I subscribe myself Your obt & obliged Humb. ServtThomas B. Parker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1774", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 17 January 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nCaptain Perry wishes to raise about $2000.00 to meet his engagements with a Mr Lewis a gentleman of Kentucky who is now in the neighbourhood waiting on him\u2014the Bursar being without funds he has no chance of obtaining that sum unless you will be so obliging as to give the Bursar a draft on the President & directors of the Literary fund for the amt wanted, I have no wish to draw the value of the annual appropriation as yet, as most of the claims of large amt against the instit paid off except about $1000 due for the last years Negro hire\u2014I am Sir respectfully your Obt SevtA. S. BrockenbroughP. S.When you can conveniently ride up here should be glad to consult with you on puting up some of foundations on the western street with stone.\u2014& that as soon as the weather will permitA. S. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1775", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 18 January 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI am sorry to inform you that it seems to be the general impression here that we shall be able to effect nothing for the University during the present session. It is with the most heartfelt grief that I acknowledge this to be my own impression. The Reports relative to the Literary Fund are not yet before us, and this delay operates against us. The Governor has done all in his power, but the delay seems to be unavoidable. This serves as an excuse for the inactivity of our friends. I must confess that   it seems to me that there is not the desirable zeal, activity, or concert on the occasion. I foresaw this result two weeks ago, but was told I was over anxious, & unnecessarily alarmed. yesterday Mr Morris came to me in the Lobby and with much concern told me all seemed to be going against us in the House of Delegates, & urged the necessity of a meeting among the leading friends of the University. This measure I earnestly pressed a fortnight ago. A time was fixed, but bad weather intervened, & the want of a Report being stated as an impediment, I suffered the measure to lie. We shall get the Report next week: but now gentlemen are alarmed, and tomorrow evening some half dozen of our leading friends are to meet at  my Lodgings. In the mean time the state of the fund is understood to be very unfavorable. The annual Revenue falls short of the appropriation: the school fund cannot be touched: & the small surplus of uninvested revenue, & capital, will be a bone of contention. Mr Johnson told me to-day, he saw no prospect of success, from the state of the fund. But I do not despair, and all that I can do, shall be done. I am turning my attention to a future & better assembly. I shall endeavor to get back Taylor of Chesterfield, (to whom I spoke yesterday), Broadnax of Brunswic,  Genl Taylor &c. &c. We have many local, or secret, powerful influences to oppose. of which I will say more to you in future. Whilst we do every thing in our power to stem the torrent, it would be well if you & Mr Madison would aid in getting some efficient friends into the next assembly. In haste,I remain, Dr Sir faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1777", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Clarke, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clarke, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOn my return from Bedford lately I had the misfortune to lose the rod and ratchet wheel which communicates motion from the wheel of the carriage to the Odometer; and I had not been thoughtful enough to note the number of teeth in that wheel, their form, or the size of the wheel. I am obliged therefore to request you to draw for me on paper, or on a card the exact diagram of that wheel which, as well as the rod on which it is put, I expect my smith could make. or perhaps you can save me half the doubt by stitching between 2 cards the little wheel itself, which in that way will come safely under a letter cover by the mail. my trial of the machine in going to Bedford, and in returning until the loss, was very satisfactory. accept my friendly & respectful salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1778", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDear Francis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour letter of the 1st came safely to hand. I am sorry you have lost mr Elliot; however the kindness of Dr Cooper will be able to keep you in the tract of what is worthy of your time.You ask my opinion of Ld Bolingbroke and Thomas Paine. they were alike in making bitter enemies of the priests & Pharisees of their day. both were honest men; both advocates for human liberty. Paine wrote for a country which permitted him to push his reasoning to whatever length it would go: Ld Bolingbroke in one restrained by a constitution, and by public opinion. he was called indeed a tory: but his writings prove him a stronger advocate for liberty than any of his countrymen, the whigs of the present day. irritated by his exile, he committed one act unworthy of him, in connecting himself momentarily with a prince rejected by his country. but he redeemed that single act by his establishment of the principles which proved it to be wrong. these two persons differed remarkably in the style of their writing, each leaving a model of what is most perfect in both extremes of the simple and the sublime. no writer has exceeded Paine in ease and familiarity of style; in perspicuity of expression, happiness of elucidation, and in simple and unassuming language. in this he may be compared with Dr Franklin: and indeed his Common sense was, for a while, believed to have been written by Dr Franklin, and published under the borrowed name of Paine, who had come over with him from England. Ld Bolingbroke\u2019s, on the other hand, is a style of the highest order: the lofty, rythmical, full-flowing eloquence of Cicero. periods of just measure, their members proportioned, their close full and round. his conceptions too  are bold and strong, his diction copious, polished and commanding as his subject. his writings are certainly the finest samples in the English language of the eloquence proper for the senate. his political tracts are safe reading for the most timid religinist, his philosophical, for those who are not afraid to trust their reason  with discussions of right and wrong.You have asked my opinion of these persons, and, to you, I have given it freely. but, remember, that I am old, that I wish not to make new enemies, nor to give offence to those who would consider a difference of opinion as sufficient ground for unfriendly dispositions. God bless you, & make you what I wish you to be.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1779", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nYour favor of the 7th has been recieved & I sincerely congratulate you on the resolution of all your complaints with a regular & fixed gout. a severe fit now then with clear intervals of health is certainly preferable to a perpetual half sickness. it will relieve you too from medecine, as well known there is none for the gout but patience and flannel.I really think your allowance to Francis is abundant. of the expence of clothing I am not a judge; but experience has reduced to an axiom with teachers that with students their progress in learning is in the inverse proportion of their pocket-money. yet I think Francis will be more likely to lay out his surplus in books than in objects of dissipation. I am sorry they have lost Elliot; but the favor in which he seems to be with Dr Cooper, will fill all his time with what is useful. whether we shall open at the end of this year or 7. years hence will depend on the determination of the legislature to give us what is wanting. or throw it away on an impracticable plan of primary schools.  We have a severe winter. 33. I. of snow have already fallen, and the thermometer was this morning at 12 \u00bd.ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1780", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 19 January 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\nMr Lawrance & Mr Jones, two young gentlemen of New York, lately presented to me by Mr Sandford a Senator from that State, & otherwise highly recommended, intending to visit you and Mr Madison, I have taken the liberty to give them this introduction. It is thier object to visit Europe in the Spring & I am satisfied that it will afford them much pleasure, to convey any letters there for you, or to be in any respect useful to you. I hear with great interest, through many channels, that you continue to enjoy very good health. with my best wishes & affectionate regards, I am dear SirYour friend & servantJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1784", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ruggles Cotting, 20 January 1821\nFrom: Cotting, John Ruggles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBoston\nYour liberal mind and the high estimation in which your are held by the literary & philosophical World, and your great experience in scientific pursuits will I presume render an apology unecessary for troubling you with this Address. Inclosed I send you a prospectus of a new work the only one of the kind ever proposed for publication in America. A work which has long been wanted by the scientific public, and is almost indispensable to the readers of modern travels and history. I have endeavoured to render it as perfect as the progressive state of chemistry and natural history will permit; in this I have been assisted by the excellent professor of chemistry in Harvard University. The work has already received considerable patronage by all classes of citizens in this section of the country. A specimen of the type, form and paper accompanies the prospectus. My object in writing to you, is to avail myself of your superior advice in regard to the manner of treating the subjects, and also of any information you may please to afford me with regard to the mineral productions of our own country especially in your section of it, concerning which, I knew of no man so well calculated to gratify me. Any hints or observations you may see fit to furnish me will be gratefully received and shall be duly noticed in the work.Wishing you every blessing and comfort to which a mind devoted to science and the good of his fellow citizens is entitled,I am With sentiments of much esteem and respect Your most devoted and very humble SirvantJ. R Cotting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1785", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John M. Perry, 21 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Perry, John M.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nWhen I gave the order for the last of the loan-money I understood it would discharge every thing we owe, & actually demandable, and mr Brockenbrough did not say that what you request was of that character. still I would not have hesitated to authorise an advance if their were any monies left of the former funds. but the annuity of this year is meant by the Visitors for a particular application which I do not think my self at liberty to interfere with, unless I could see some determination of the legislature to supply other funds. I really regret the obstacle to your request, and that I am not free to remove it Accept  assurances of my esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1787", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur last mail brought us your favor of the 14th the case of mr Johnson is thus. his last attendance was on the 4th of Oct. 1819. at the meeting of Apr. 1820. he was prevented by the precedin day being one of very close snow. at our meeting of Oct. 1820. he was confined in Amherst by a dangerous illness. this was known to the board and became a matter of consultation; and the words of the law being that \u2018on failure of a visitor to act for the space of one year, the Governor  with the advice of council shall appoint a successor\u2019 they were of opinion (unanimously I believe) that the case had arisen as to mr Johnson, altho\u2019 entirely without voluntary default, and they instructed me to apply for a reappointment, all of us considering that his loss to the board would be very serious. as there was time yet before the next meeting, I let the matter lie, until he called on me the other day when I mentioned it to him. he had not before been apprised of the terms of the law; and it is now my duty to ask his reappointment. I am aware that the loose use of the word successor in the law might be understood to exclude the person failing. I know it was not the intention in drawing it (because I drew it myself) nor can I suppose the legislature had such intention. the word was used as the proper one in the other two cases of death & removal and importing nothing more in the other  case than a new commission. and as this case must frequently happen, I think we had better at once adopt a liberal construction best suited to practice. but if yourself & the board should think yourselves obliged to adhere to the letter of the law, I could propose that a commission be given to any body, who will first accept it and resign the next day, when a 2d commission may be given to mr Johnson as his successor. this will only give the trouble of two commissions instead of one to produce the same effect: altho\u2019 I think myself that the other is quite within the rules of construction, which allow much weight to convenience and a rational presumption of the intention of the legislature.With respect to the loan you suggest, three of our colleagues being on the spot and so much better judges of the circumstances which govern the case, that I shall acquiesce with perfect satisfaction in whatever they may do. accept the assurance of my great affection & respect.Th: JeffersonP. S. Jan. 22. I kept my letter open in hopes that I might announce to you Martha\u2019s arrival the last night when we thought we might expect her. but she is not arrived, nor have we any information later than your letter of the 14thJefferson got back from Bedford the night before last. he was gone there when the letter to him under cover to me was recieved. on application to mr T. E. Randolph I broke the seal and gave to him the sealed paper within, which was addressed to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1788", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert H. Rose, 21 January 1821\nFrom: Rose, Robert H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nSilver Lake, Pa\nI do myself the honour of sending you the enclosed Address, hastily composed and delivered at the Organisation of an Agricultural Society, in a new County. You have furnished the author with a theme for his eulogium; and have exhibited to Statesmen an example worthy of their imitation, and greatly to the honour of Agriculture.I am, Sir with great respect your obedt & humble servtRobt H Rose", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1789", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 22 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nMonticello\nJan. 22. 21.I was quite rejoiced, dear Sir, to see that you had health & spirits enough to take part in the late convention of your state for revising it\u2019s constitution, and to bear your share in it\u2019s debates and labors. the amendments of which we have as yet heard prove the advance of liberalism in the intervening period; and encourage a hope that the human mind will some day get back to the freedom it enjoyed 2000 years ago. this country, which has given to the world the example of physical liberty, owes to it that of moral emancipation also, for, as yet, it is but nominal with us. the inquisition of public opinion overwhelms in practice the freedom asserted by the laws in theory.Our anxieties in this quarter are all concentrated in the question What does the Holy alliance, in and out of Congress, mean to do with us on the Missouri question? and this, by the bye, is but the name of the case. it is only the John Doe or Richard Roe of the excitement. the real question, as seen in the states. afflicted with this unfortunate population, is, Are our slaves to be presented with freedom and a dagger? for if Congress has a power to regulate the conditions of the inhabitants of the states, within the states, it will be but another exercise of that power to declare that all shall be free. are we then to see again Athenian and Lacedemonian confederacies? to wage another Peloponnesian war to settle the ascendancy between them? or is this the tocsin of merely a servile war? that remains to be seen: but not I hope by you or me. surely they will parley a while, and give us time to get out of the way. what a Bedlamite is man?\u2014But let us turn from our own uneasinesses to the miseries of our Southern friends. Bolivar & Morillo it seems, have come to a parley with dispositions at length to stop the useless effusions of human blood in that quarter. I feared from the beginning that these people were not yet sufficiently enlightened for self-government; and that after wading through blood & slaughter, they would end in military tyrannies, more or less numerous. yet as they wished to try the experiment. I wished them success in it. they have now tried it, and will possibly find that their safest road will be an accomodation with the mother country, which shall hold them together by the single link of the same chief magistrate leaving to him power enough to keep them in peace with one another, and to themselves the essential powers of self government and self improvement, until they shall be sufficiently trained by education and habits of freedom to walk safely by themselves. representative government, native functionaries, a qualified negative on their laws, with a previous security by compact for freedom of commerce freedom of the press, habeas corpus, and trial by jury, would make a good beginning. this last would be the school in which their people might begin to learn  the exercise of civic duties as well as rights for freedom of religion they are not yet prepared. the  scales of bigotry are not sufficiently fallen from their eyes to accept it for themselves individually, much less to trust others with it. but that will come in time, as well as a general ripeness to break entirely from the parent stem.\u2014you see, my dear Sir, how easily we prescribe for others a cure for their difficulties, while we cannot cure our own. we must leave both, I believe, to heaven, and wrap ourselves up in the mantle of resignation, and of that friendship of which I tender to you the most sincere assurances.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1790", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Law, 23 January 1821\nFrom: Law, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.Washington\nJany 23 1821\u2014Mr Crommshaw & Mr Van Lenseer two very intelligent & respectable travellers will present to you some hasty remarks published in the Washington Gazette & formed into a pamphlet by Mr Dupont one of the most amiable judicious & useful adopted citizens\u2014Your polite attention to the Bearers which they would be sure of even without an introduction will obligeYrs with unabated Esteem regard & respectThomas Law\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1791", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 25 January 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nSince the date of my letter of 18th inst the meeting therein alluded to has taken place. I find Mr Johnson  averse to any expression of opinion on the subject of the Ancient Charters. Our meeting broke up without any valuable result. The want of a Report on the state of the Literary fund  retards our movements. There is a current constantly setting against us on Richmond Hill. . It scatters discord in our ranks, & undermines the zeal of our friends. Preston\u2019s last deficiency falls on the Literary fund, and augments our difficulties. The counties that neglected to draw, insist pertinaciously on their \u201cequal rights.\u201d That claim I suspect will nearly exhaust the surplus on hand. Even some of our friends, Johnson, Breckenridge &c. think we should not touch the principal of the fund & the balance still due from the Genl Govt forms a part of the principal. The annual Revenue falls short of the annual appropriation. There is no prospect that we shall be able to get into the poor school fund. In this situation, hemmed in by difficulties & obstacles on all sides, one only prospect opens itself to my view. I presume that it is in every case proper to finish the buildings. To get the necessary funds for this object must be our polar star. For this purpose, we must get our credit for the existing loan of $60,000, put on one of the two bases which I proposed last spring: and obtain a power to make another loan of  $50,000, on similar terms. This would give us the buildings & a clear income of about $7000. Future assemblies must be looked to for the balance. I spoke of this plan to Genl Breckenridge and Mr Johnson, yesterday: & spoke of it as a dernier resort. They seemed to approve it. We shall first, however, ask for further funds in some shape or other. Governor Randolph told me some time since, we should have to content ourselves with this. He has gone into the country & I presume will see you before his return.I will now  touch upon a subject that has engaged my thoughts for a long time past, and been often mentioned to  some of my intimate friends. It is that of my withdrawing altogether from public life  at the end of my present term of service.  Genl Cocke will be with you shortly and will explain to you the grounds on which I think, with some of my friends, that this measure becomes proper. I pauze to give my friends an opportunity to cast about for a safe depository for the great interests of our district. A Mr Claiborne of Nelson has notified me of his intention to offer. At first I thought it might be improper to retire under the imputations that might be made: & so expressed myself to my friend Governor Randolph. But on further reflection & on consultation with my brother & Genl Cocke, I do not think that circumstance should have the least weight with me. All other reasons apart. I do not suppose that a canvass could be dispensed with, and such is the  weakness of my breast, that to ride from Court House to Court House, making speeches to large crowds, exposed to the rigors of the season, might carry me to the grave, or bring on me further & more distressing symptoms of pulmonary affection.  Do not suppose, I beseech you, that my feelings & opinions have undergone any change. On the contrary, in retiring, I will do all in my power to bring in such persons as may be calculated to effectuate in future your great views of literary improvement. In the course which I contemplate, I have no view or wish to go to Congress, or into any other public station. I have been here 13 winters. My object  now is domestic, rural, & literary leisure. I thank my friends in Albermarle, & the district, but above all yourself, for the confidence so long bestowed on me. The little share which I have had in promoting the establishment of the University  & in seconding your views on that subject, will always constitute one of the most agreeable reflections of my life. May you succeed to the utmost of your wishes will ever be my constant & fervent prayer. But that great & valuable institution, I hope, is now on a safe & permanent footing; and altho  its endowment is for the present too small, yet it must & will ultimately triumph over all its enemies.I presume it is unnecessary to announce my final determination till the close of the session.I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully your friendJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1792", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, 25 January 1821\nFrom: Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir,\nLexington Ky\n25th Jany 1821\nI have delayed answering your last favor until I could send you my Ichthyology of the Ohio, and the Western Minerva. The former I have now the pleasure to forward you, and shall be glad to know your opinion on it. But I cannot send you the Western Minerva, although the first number is printed, because this Journal is not to be published at present. It has been condamned before its appearance (upon some proof-sheets) by  a new kind of Western Literary, Inquisition and Censorship, and forbidden to be published, to which we have been compelled to assent for peace-sake. C\u2019est une cabale nouvelle de l\u2019ignorance contre les lumieres. The principal motives stated in the verbal decree of this new Inquisition, were, that the Journal was too learned, that it dared to inculcate political and moral. Wisdom, to surmise that the Sun does not stand still and has an orbit and that the Earth therefore performs a spiral course through Space, to teach Agricultural truths, to employ mystification against ignorance and folly &c &c. You will perhaps hardly believe that this could happen in the U. St. but it is a fact, and although we had 2 or 300 Suscribers, we must suppress the work, and are even forbidden or rather prevented to publish the fact in the newspapers\u2014If I can recover some proof-sheets, I will send them to you: they will be a literary Curiosity, and you will judge whether the decree was just, timely or even excusable.This is but one of the many difficulties which I experience in the prosecution of my labors; but after a momentary despondency, my courage and zeal overcome them.\u2014I am however tired of being sequestered in a spot where my labors are but partially appreciated, and I long for a wider field, where I may have an opportunity of enlarging the Sphere of Knowledge without restraint.I have read your Report to the Legislature of Virginia. I am sorry to perceive that you do not wish to organize immediately your University. You must be aware that the Professors which are to be called to it, must come from far, some perhaps from Europe (if I am rightly informed) and one or two years, will be required for them to prepare themselves, settle their interests and come.\u2014It might perhaps be advisable to name immediately your Professors, which might only take possession in due time; if some should refuse the appointment, you would then have time to name others. I say so because it is my wish that a prompt decision might take place and in your lifetime. If I was elected in any branch, it would be greatly beneficial to me, even if I was only to take possession in five years: and meantime I am prevented by this hope from applying any where else.I have heard it mentioned in conversation that you meant perhaps to send to Europe for all your Professors. I hope that this is not the case, at least for all: and in what relates to me, I do not know a single Individual either in the U. St. or in Europe, who is at the same time equally acquainted with Geology, Mineralogy Meteorology Zoology and Botany as I am\u2014I am in correspondance with the most distinguished Naturalists & Botanists of both continents, and when it will be needful, extracts from their Letters will show how they value my labors and discoveries.\u2014It will be sufficient to name in Europe Dr Leach the best Zoologist of England, Prof. Hooker of Glasgow, the best Scotch BotanistW. Swanson\u2014the author of Zoological IllustrationsDr. Sealy\u2014of Cork in IrelandChevalier Cuvier\u2014of ParisProf. Decandolle of Geneva, the first European botanistProf. Delille of MontpellierMr. Benj. A. Vincent Editor of Annals of Phys. ScienceProf. Gravenhorst of BreslauMr Blainville\u2014Paris Editor of Journal D\u2019hist Naturelle and in the United States, Stephen Elliot of Charleston, Dr. Forrey of Newyork Dr. Mitchill, Govr. Clinton, &c.If the Election of your Professors is still delayed, and you may recomend me meantime for some other literary situation, I hope you will remember me. The liberal offer of my Library Museum and Herbarium, ought to show how zealous I am for Science, even against my interest. Whenever I shall have a liberal Salary, I shall not spend it as many of our American Professors have done till now, in giving parties and carousing; but in performing Scientific Travels (in the vacation), publishing important works, purchasing rare books &cI hope you will excuse whatever may be too personal, and bold in this Letter. I write under some sharp feelings; and wish you could know me thoroughly. Your discernment will perform the task. Believe meRespected Sir, Sincerely YoursProf. C. S. RafinesqueP.S. Who are the other Truestees of your University", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1793", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 26 January 1821\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDeare Sir,\nJanuary 26th 1821.\nI have examined the statemt on the Paper. Just recieved and believe it. contains every article in accts betwen you & myself excepting the three beeves. they was valued to 40 dollars 13 Dollars & a third each Mr Th J Randolph saw them. the two first killed in the fall was two of them. one being a good cow. is kept for milch. If it soots and you think it. not improper you may extend the settlement of accts on to the comeing September. as I shall not call on you for a dollar untill I leave virginiaI am yours &cE: Baconwe will be some days imployd yet sawing the burl. stuff we have a smart Name already sawed. will the carpenter still mall it as it is now necessary for it to be malled by some body. as the coopers require it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1794", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jared Mansfield, 26 January 1821\nFrom: Mansfield, Jared\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nWest Point\nJany 26th 1821\nThe Superintendent, Officers, Professors, Instructors, & Cadets of the U. States\u2019 Mil. Academy, impressed, with a high sense of the great services, you have rendered the Nation, & that this Institution, with which they are connected, originated under Your patronage, & presidency, are anxious for some special, & appropriate memorial of your person, which may descend to posterity. They have already in the Academic Library the portraits of the Great Washington the Founder of Our Republic, & of Col. Williams the first Chief of the Mil. Academy, & they wish to add yours to the number, as being alike one of the Founders, & Patrons of both.  Presuming on Your goodness, they have already engaged one of the best Portrait Painters of our Country (Mr Sully of Philadelphia) to wait on You for that purpose, whenever it may suit your convenience.May I request, Sir that you would gratify us by sitting to him for Your picture, & that you would signify to me as acting in behalf of my Colleagues, the time when Mr Sully may be permitted to attend you for that Purpose.I am with the most profound respect, Your Obedt & devotd humbe servtJared MansfieldProfr at Mil. Acady", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1795", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William S. Cardell, 27 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cardell, William S.\nSir\nMonticello\nI have to make my acknolegements for the honor done me by the American academy of language & belles lettres, in appointing me an honorary member of their society, and I pray you to be the organ of rendering them my thanks. at my age and distance I can be but a very unprofitable associate but I sincerely wish them all the success which the object of the institution merits. the improvement & enlargement of the scope of our language is of first importance. science must be stationary unless language advances pari passu. there are so many differences between us & England of soil, climate, culture productions, laws, religion & government, that we must be left far behind the march of circumstances were we to hold ourselves rigorously to their standard. if, like the French academicians it were proposed to fix our language, it would be fortunate that the step was not taken in the days of our Saxon ancestors whose vocabulary would illy express the science of this day. judicious neology can alone give strength & copiousness to language and enable it to be the vehicle of new ideas.I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1796", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 27 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 9th was recieved in due time. I do not know the exact date or amount of my note in the bank of Virginia. except that the latter is between 11. & 1200. D. I therefore inclose you a blank, hoping it is in time for renewal. I find my self so much declining by age and ill health in the attention and energy necessary for business that I am turning every thing over to my grandson whose industry and correctness renders him worthy of all confidence. he is now in Richmd and I desired him to explain to you the unfortunate accident just happened to the Shadwell mills of the main shaft snapping in two which will disable them from delivering flour for a month to come.  Capt Peyton being the agent of my grandson in Richmond has been the occasion of my concerns being partly addressed to him: but really if produce is to continue at what it is, we must abandon raising as it does not repay the expence of culture alone, and I see no resource but to clothe & feed ourselves, and to buy nothing, as we can make nothing to pay for it. I hope your health is becoming better and beg you to be assured of my great friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1797", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peachy Ridgeway Gilmer, 27 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmer, Peachy Ridgeway\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe chair which is the subject of your letter of the 14th was sent to Poplar Forest the last summer, and has only awaited the order of mrs Trist or of yourself. I write to mr Yancey this day to deliver it to any person under your order. we heard from Farmington three days ago. mrs Trist was well, but mr Divers much otherwise. indeed nothing can be more changeable than the condition of his health from one day to another. accept the assurance of my great friendship and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1798", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 27 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved by my grandson yours of the 14th and cannot say that I have recieved any thing which has given me more pain nothing on earth was farther from my intention than that it should be considered as intended to give you an opportunity to withdraw. it was sincerely meant, as it was expressed, to be a withdrawal of myself. from a superintendance to which age had rendered me incompetent and transferring it to a younger member of my family, who would have the same interest which I had myself in  taking care of every thing for the family. I wished to install him at once into a substitution which the ordinary course of nature must shortly do of itself. and I beg you to be assured that I have been ever so impressed with the assurance of your zeal, care & direction of my affairs that I should have considered your withdrawal at any time as a misfortune, and especially this time and that it should be brought about by what was so differently intended. I value your friendship too much to withhold this explanation and I hope you will suffer this misconception to pass off as if it had never happened, and to leave no shadow of impression on either of our minds.There is an arm-chair at Poplar forest, in the parlour, which was carried up in the summer, and belongs to mrs Trist. it is cross legged covered with red Marocco, and may be distinguished from the one of the same kind sent up last by the waggon, as being of a brighter fresher colour, and having a green ferret across the back, covering a seam in the leather. be so good as to have it delivered to mr Peachy Gilmer when called for and to be assured of my sincere friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1799", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Bacon, 28 January 1821\nFrom: Bacon, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir.Jany 28th 21\n\t\t\t Inclosed is the two papers of accts to merely ask the favour if you will look over them and see if you dont discover a small mistake You will find at the bottom of the acct of November 12th 1817. Your acknowlegedment of 1102..09 Ddue on the 22nd of September past. and that on the 31st of December ensueing thare was 145D..18c Interest makeing of Principal and Interest 1247..D27c.On the last acct. the amount of 1102..09 is set down to become due at the 31st of Decr at the time named for the 145..D18c Interest to be due this as I understand it. takes from me the Interest on the 1102 $ from 22nd of Sepr untill the 31st of Decer ensueing. Perhaps I may not understand it. right. but as stated above is the way I do understand it. and. I no you will do it. right. I tharefore send both accts to you to examin and will call in the forenoon tomorrowI am Yours &cE. Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1800", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ethan A. Brown, 28 January 1821\nFrom: Brown, Ethan A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nColumbus Ohio,\nJanuary 28th 1821.In the accompanying report the legislature of Ohio have attempted to maintain the principles, on which they have proceeded, in their controversy with the Bank of the United States. With a feeling of anxiety, whether those principles, and the conduct of our legislature, under their influence, will be censured, or approved, by Mr Jefferson, this appeal is transmitted, with the utmost respects for his perusal, by his obedient servants,Ethan A. Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1801", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 28 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy neighbor, friend and physician, Doctr Watkins, being called to Philadelphia, is desirous to pay his respects to you en passant, and asks me, by a line to you, to lessen his scruples on doing so. you will find my justification in his character when known to you. his understanding is excellent, well informed, of pleasant conversation and of great worth. as a Physician I should trust myself in his hands with more confidence than any one I have ever known in this state, and am indebted to his experience and cautious practice for the restoration of my health. recieve him therefore with your wonted kindness and accept the assurance of my affectionate respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1804", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Delaplaine, 29 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delaplaine, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 15th is recieved, as was in due time that of Oct. 11. with the poem of mr Meade, and\u2014I did not know that I had omitte to return my thanks for it. this I hope will be kindly imputed to my increasing inability to write letters. when I gave you a written opinion on the biographical work you were engaged in, you will recollect I mentioned that it was the singular case in which I had consented to do so, and that it was for a very special reason. a desire of tranquility & aversion to place myself before the public in any form dictate this law to me, and I hope that mr Meade\u2019s indulgence to the inertness of 77. will plead in my favor, and that with yourself he will accept with my thanks the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1806", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 29 January 1821\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD SirPhil.\n\t\t\t I have your favor of 6 Jany & have recieved Otis\u2019s translation of Botta Vol. 1. 2\u2014The 3d has been published this day & I shall no doubt soon recieve it from you\u2014I shall seize the first opportunity of send it to Botta\u2014I informed Mr Otis who is much pleased with the Circumstance & has adressed aletter to the author which will accompany the Books I shall also write at same time\u2014It is more difficult now to find persons going to France, owing to the species of non Intercourse (at it were) between her & the United States.I remain yours sincerelyJn. Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1807", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYou will recollect that at the meeting of the Visitors of the University on the 4th of Oct. last, mr Johnson being disabled by sickness to attend and having been prevented at the April meeting by bad weather  we were apprehensive his commission might be vacated by a failure to act for the space of one year, and I was requested to apply to the Governor for a renewal of the commission. I accordingly communicated the request to the Governor by letter. he observed to me that mr Johnson could not have failed to act for the space of a year, because he had not been one year in office under the present commission which commenced only on the 29th of Feb. last; and he suggested that a meeting, or any other act as a visitor before the 28th of Feb. ensuing, might yet save the lapse. I know of but one act which the law authorises to the visitors individually & out of meeting to wit the  concurrence in the call of a special meeting. this is undoubtedly a visitorial act: and I propose therefore that the visitors shall individually sign such a call, annexing the date of their respective signatures, which will prove it done within the year. I accordingly sign such a paper myself and forward it to mr Madison for his signature with a request to forward it on to you to obtain your\u2019s, mr Johnson\u2019s, Genl Breckenridge\u2019s & Genl Taylor\u2019s on your returning it to me I will obtain Genl Cocke\u2019s. I have fixed on the 1st of April because we meet of course at Monticello on or before that day for the preparation of business. it will not be necessary to repair actually to the university, the signature of the call being the essential act, and the actual meeting at the university not necessary to it\u2019s validity. a reappointment by the Govr & council might have saved us this ceremony but for the use of the unlucky word \u2018successor\u2019 in the law: and altho I suggested to the Governor that that might be got over by a first appointment and resignation of a John Doe, he thought some might raise scruples on it as an evasion, and that we had better prevent it by an act of our own: and I think myself that, as this accident will frequently happen, we had better keep the remedy within our own power by setting this precedent at once. affectionate salutations to yourself and our colleagues.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1808", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe inclosed letter to mr Cabell so fully explains it\u2019s object, and the grounds on which your signature to the paper is proposed if approved, that I will spare my stiffening & aching wrist the pain of adding more than the assurance of my constant & affectte friendship.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1810", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas B. Parker, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Parker, Thomas B.\nSir\nMonticello\nI am indebted to you for your favor of the 16th and for information of the two amendments to your constitution therein noticed, and on which you ask my opinion. in a former letter to you I expressed my entire retirement from every thing political, and my unwillingness to commit myself to controversy or offence, even by expressing opinions: and on the same grounds I must request to be excused in the present case, and especially on subjects respecting other states, so much more capable than I am of judging for themselves. the making your Senate the representative of wealth instead of men, is a feature which doubtless will be scrupulously questioned by the people, to whom it is to be referred, and who are themselves men, but not wealthy men. the question of a general assesment for the support of the ministers of religion was a very early one in this state. the supporters of the antient establishment of the Anglican church here finding that establishment untenable retreated to a general assesment as a strong hold, on which many rallied to them. but the principle of perfect freedom in religion at length prevailed and we have not since found in experience that the zeal of either pastors or flocks has been damped by this reference to their own consciences; and the proposition of a general assesment, on which, before it was tried, we were almost equally divided, would not now I think get one vote in ten. I pray you to accept my respectful salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1811", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John W. Taylor, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Taylor, John W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Honored Sir\n              Washington\n          There has been established in Union College, Schenectady, N.Y. an \u0391 of the \u03a6.\u0392.\u039a. Society\u2014Chancellor Kent is now its President & I am one of its members\u2014At the annual meeting last July it was greatly desired to have more knowledge of the history of the society than was possessed by any of the attending members\u2014The honor of having introduced it into the United States from England was attributed to yourself\u2014An ardent desire was expressed to ascertain the leading facts connected with its foundation, & progress then, & its establishment in this country\u2014Several members urged upon me the duty of addressing you upon the subject\u2014I have delayed compliance until now unwilling to trespass on your goodness by making what I feared might be considered an unreasonable request\u2014If your engagements should prevent  an answer to this letter, you will I doubt not, do justice to the motives by which it is dictated\u2014Impressed from early youth with sincere veneration for your character & eminent services in the course of liberty & science\u2014Admiring that beneficent Philosophy which has been the governing principle of your life and wishing you a prolonged enjoyment of signal prosperity & usefulnessI am Dear Sir Very truly your friend & Servant\u2014John W. TaylorMy residence is at Ballston Springs N.Y. to which I shall return after the adjournment of Congress\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1812", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nWe the subscribers, visitors of the University of Virginia being of opinion that it will be to the interest of that institution to have an occasional meeting of the visitors, by special call, on the 1st day of April next, do therefore appoint that day for such meeting, and request the attendance of the said Visitors accordingly; personal notice being to be given to them respectively one week at least before the said day. witness our hands on the several days affixed to our respective signatures.Th: Jefferson rector.Jan. 30. 1821.James MadisonFeby. 3. 1821C. Johnson10th Feby. 1821\u2014Joseph C. Cabell10 Feb. 1821.James Breckenridge10 Feb. 1821Robert B. TaylorFeby 13th 1821", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1813", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to de Vendel, 30 January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vendel, de\nJan. 30. 21Th: J. begs leave to inform m. de Vendel in answer to his ltr of the 5th that the University of this state is as yet little more then in embryo, and that the time of it\u2019s opening is distant and uncertain & he prays him to recieve his respectful salutns.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1815", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Notes for autobiography, Jan. 1821, January 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1758 Jan. 17I went to mr Maury1760 Jan.ended.went to College.1762quitted college & began study of Law.1781Staunton. members. John Taylor, Travis, Genl Stevens, Andrew Moore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1817", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Mantz, 1 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mantz, John\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson recieved yesterday Mr Mantz\u2019s present of very handsomely dressed leather, for which he begs leave to return him his thanks, and to express the pleasure he recieves from new discoveries and advances in the useful arts. those who by  new processes cheapen the comforts of life and place them within the reach of a greater portion of mankind may be said truly to deserve well of\n\t\t\t their country. with his acknolegements he prays mr Mantz to accept his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1818", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 3 February 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo\nFebruary 3d 1821\nI have just read a sketch of the life of Swedenborg, and a larger work in two huge volumes of Memoirs of John Westley by Southery, and your kind letter of January 22d came to hand in the nick of time to furnish me with a very rational exclamation, \u201cWhat a bedlamite is man\u201d! They are histories of Galvanism and Mesmerism thrown into hotch potch they say that these men were honest and sincere, so were the Worshipers of the White Bull in Egypt, and now in Calcutta, so were the Worshipers of Bacchus and Venus, so were the worshipers of St Dominick and St Bernard. Swedenborg and Westley had certainly vast memories and immaginations, and great talents for Lunaticks. Slavery in this Country I have seen hanging over it like a black cloud for half a Century, if I were as drunk with enthusiasm as Swedenborg or Westley I might probably say I had seen Armies of Negroes marching and countermarching in the air shining in Armour. I have been so terrified with this Phenomenon that I constantly said in former times to the Southern Gentleman, I cannot comprehend this object I must leave it to you, I will vote for forceing no measure against your judgements, what we are to see God knows and I leave it to him, and his agents in posterity. I have none of the genius of Franklin to invent a rod to draw from the cloud its Thunder and lightning. I have long been decided in opinion that a free government and the Roman Catholick religion can never exist together in any nation or Country, and consequently that all projects for reconciling them in old Spain or new are Eutopian, Platonick and Chimerical, I have seen such a prostration and prostitution of Human Nature, to the Priest hood in old Spain as settled my judgment long ago, and I understand that in new Spain it is still worse if that is possible.My appearance in the late convention was too ludicrous to be talked of. I was a member in the Convention of 1779 and there I was loquacious enough I have harrangued and scribbled more than my share but from that time to the convention in 1820 I never opened my lips in a publick debate after a total desuetude for 40 years I boggled and blundered more than a young fellow just rising to speak at the bar, what I said I know not, I believe the Printers have made better speeches than I made for myself. Feeling my weakness I attempted little and that seldom. What would I give for nerves as good as yours but as Westley said of himself at my age, \u201cold time has shaken me by the hand, and parallized it.What pictures of Monarchy even limited Monarchy, have the trials of the Duke of York and the Queen of England held up to the astonishment contempt and scorn of mankind, I should think it would do more than the French  American revolutions, to bring it into discredit, indeed all human affairs, without your philosophical and Christian mantle of resignation would be deeply malancholy even that friendship which I feel for you ardent and sincere as it is would be over clouded by constant fears of its termination.John Adams\n   Wesley*", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1819", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Taylor, 3 February 1821\nFrom: Taylor, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPort Royal\nFebruary 3. 1821\nI hope you will excuse the liberty I am about to take, when I assure you that I have no other means of effecting my object.Is the family of the late Colo Wilson C. Nicholas in destitute circumstances? Did he leave sons whose educations are unfinished? Would a contribution, if such is the case, of one hundred and twenty five dollars dollars annually for four years be beneficial to them? Would you receive and apply that sum to this object, without disclosing to any one from whom it comes? I have strong reasons for wishing that such a thing should be known only to yourself. Is there any person in Charlottesville, connected with some respectable man in Fredericksburg, through whom the money may be safely forwarded to you? I am with great respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obt StJohn Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1822", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 8 February 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI have received your letter of 31st ult. and return you many thanks for the kind & friendly expressions it contains. It is not in my nature to resist such an appeal. I this day handed into the office of the Enquirer a notification that I should again be a candidate. We will pass on to matters of more importance. I have shewn your letter to Genl Breckenridge & Mr Johnson, who seemed (& particularly the former) to be as much affected by it, as myself. We are all in confusion here about the accounts of the Literary Fund. The statements of our public officers differ, and there seems to be no surplus on hand, altho the auditor says there should be $101,000. The opposite party secretly exult at this state of things, altho they pretend to be much disappointed. Our plan of a second loan may yet succeed, if the House should not get disgusted by the confusion of the public accounts, & reject every thing. Your letter has kindled great zeal in Genl Breckenridge. Yesterday Genl Blackburn in discussing Selden\u2019s Resolutions, spoke of the University as \u201ca great institution highly deserving our patronage.\u201d We have great difficulties to contend with. Your name & Hand writing have great effect here. Let me entreat you with the freedom of a friend, immediately to write to Genl Breckenridge a letter on  the subject of the University, such as may be shewn generally, shewing no preferences, & making no imputations. He wishes it, & will make powerful use of it. You may rely on our discretion. I write you with his privity & at his instance. Ever & faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1823", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 9 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI expect that my grandson informed you  of the misfortune which had stopped for a while the Shadwell mills. it will still be ten days or a fortnight before they will be able to recommence grinding, and consequently before we can be again getting down our flour. in the mean time I was obliged to draw on you yesterday in favor of Wolfe and Raphael for 100D. which shall be replaced the moment our mills are in motion. I must pray you to render me your account, say to Dec. 31. and thence regularly every quarter, this being my habitual course. otherwise, not knowing all the items here I lose sight of it. I have a smith\u2019s shop which has leisure beyond my own work, and I am thinking of setting them to make nails at their spare time. will you be so good as to inform me of the prices of nail rod in Richmond and also of the prices of wrought nails there of the different sizes sold by the barrel. supposing the time for renewing my notes to be at hand I inclose you blanks & salute you affectionateTh: JeffersonP.S. will you send me a sheet or two of blanks of the bk of the US. & of the Farmers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1824", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lewis Williams, 10 February 1821\nFrom: Williams, Lewis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Washington\n          When quite a youth I was taught to venerate and admire the principles upon which you so wisely and happily administered the government of this country\u2014Since I attained to maturer age, and particularly since called on to participate in the affairs of legislation I have been more and more confirmed in the opinions entertained in my earlier years\u2014Our expenditures, it seems to me, are greater than the genius or policy of the government can justify and lead inevitably to a system of internal taxation\u2014when this state of things shall have been produced, (in time of profound peace) one of the brightest traits in the character of our government will be greatly abscurred\u2014With these views I have resisted as much as I could the tendency of the measures which have been adopted for some years past, and have advocated a return to the republican principles of the good old School\u2014But it appears to be unfashionable to advert with any kind of respect to the principles of that period to which I have alluded\u2014Debts, taxes, armies and navies to a great extent, are not now as they once were, objects formidable to men professing to be republicans\u2014In advocating a reduction of the army I attempted to derive authority from the course pursued under your administration\u2014You will therefore Sir I hope pardon the liberty I take of enclosing to you the remarks I made on that occasion\u2014with great respect and veneration I am Sir Yr obt & very Hbe ServtLewis Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1825", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 12 February 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n12 February 1821\nI am favor\u2019d this morning with yours of the 9th current.Agreeable to your request have stated your a/c to date, which you will find under cover, together with a copy of one stated in July last to Mr Gibson, by your direction, which was not paid, & which you afterwards desired I would deduct out of the sale of Dr Everetts bill on Liverpool, which you will observe is fully creditd\u2014I hope every item in those accounts will be recognised by you, & found correct, if not, I shal be always happy to make them so.For the future, will comply with your wishes in furnishing your a/c quarterly, & if I should, in the hurry of business, omit it at any time, I shall be pleased to be reminded of it\u2014Your Notes were safety recd, but one week too late for the Farmers Bank, your note there, fell due last week, & I put in one for you, intending to remind you if it by this day\u2019s mail. I enclose as you direct several printed blank notes for the U. States & Farmers Banks, which will save you much writing.The draft you speak of having drawn on me, shall be honor\u2019d with the greatest cheerfulness, as well as any others you may find it necessary to draw from time to time, without regard to the state of your account, feeling it one of my greatest pleasures to be servicable to you.I have made enquiry as to the price Wrought Nails in this market & find 8d 10d 12d 20d & 24d all sell at 12\u00bd\u00a2, & if an assortment of each is taken, 10\u00a2 pr \u2114 is the price\u2014 There are no Nail Rods in this market just now save a few very superior I have myself from the manufactory of the Messrs: Patterson\u2019s of Balto:, which are $7 pr Bundle of 56\u2114\u2014if those would suit, of assorted sizes, I could forward them to you\u2014I recd some time ago bill Lading your cask mine from N. Carolina, as well as a bill the cost of the same, say $30.15 without charges.\u2014It has not yet arrived, so soon as it does, will remit the shippers the cost of the same as above, pay the charges here, & forward it on to you, by Gilmore or Johnson\u2019s Boats\u2014The engravings of \u201cAmerican scenery\u201d mentioned to you in a former letter, are still here waiting your order\u2014With great respect Dr Sir Your Mo: Obd: ServtBernard PeytonFlour $3\u00bc\u2014dull\u2014Wheat 62\u00bd\u00a2Tobacco $4 @ 7\u00bd & $8 declining\u2014N.B. Since writing the above your draft favor Wolf & Raphael for $100 has been presented & paid, but your a/c being closed did not think it necessary to add this sum to it\u2014it will appear in the next.B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1828", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 12 February 1821\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nSalem\nYou will recollect that Gibbon, in his history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, treats of the Christian Religion; and thus he assigns five secondary causes of its prevalence, & final victory over the established religions of the earth. Among these, one was \u201cthe miraculous powers ascribed to the primitive church.\u201d It seems plain that Gibbon considered the miracles ascribed to Christ & his Apostles, alike destitute of reality as those which are found in the legends of the Church of Rome. In relation to the latter, Bishop Watson, in his letters to the Historian, puts \u201cto his heart\u201d this question\u2014\u201cWhether her absurd pretensions to that very kind of miraculous powers, you have here displayed as operating to the increase of Christianity, have not converted half her numbers to Protestantism, and the other half to Infidels?\u201d\u2014But absurdities, in relation to Christianity, are not confined within the pale of the Church of Rome. There are some doctrines taught in Protestant Churches, in Europe & America, so repugnant to the ideas I entertain of the perfect wisdom, justice and benevolence of the Deity, as to authorize the opinion, that they could not be the subjects of a Divine Revalation. I have not found them in the books said to contain such a revelation; and I long ago renounced them. They constituted parts of parental and school instruction, from my earliest remembrance: but I never taught them to my children. I believed them implicitly, till I was of an age to think and inquire for myself; and one other doctrine to a later period\u2014that of the Trinity; for I had not heard it called in question in any pulpit; and books on the subject had not fallen  in my way. Few, indeed, who can read and understand theological controversies, allow themselves time to investigate the merits of the questions involved in them. Official and professional duties occupy the attention of most; and of numbers of the remaining few of educated men, science & the general pursuits of literature engross the leisure hours. Some of these, to whom doctrines are presented for religious truths which shock their reason,\u2014taking them, without further inquiry, to be the Christian system,\u2014they reject this as an imposture. This was exemplified in a case which has recently come to my knowledge; and of so interesting a nature as to induce me to request a statement of it in writing, from the young gentleman who reported it: and I take the liberty of presenting it to you, in the writer\u2019s own words, from his letter to me, dated at Cambridge the 7th instant.\u201cI was last April in New-Orleans; and took passage on board the P.A. captain H. for New-York: among the passengers were Dr Drake and Mr Townsend, both of New-York; and the latter gentleman a member of the new \u201cCongregational   Society   in that city. This society had been formed during my absence from this part of the United States; and I was happy to find some one who could give me an account of its beginning and its prospects. Mr T. gave me such an account of both as I was glad to hear; and spoke also of the success of Mr Sparks,    in Baltimore; and of other appearances which promised well for the general promotion of Liberal Christianity. He likewise mentioned Mr Channing\u2019s sermon preached at the ordination of Mr Sparks, and the first six numbers of the New Series of the \u201cChristian Disciple;\u201d   all of which had been published during my absence, and all of which he had on board.\u2014I asked if Dr Drake belonged to this new society; and learned that he did not; and also, that he was an Infidel. Mr T. brought the above mentioned pamphlets on deck; and while I was looking over a number of the \u201cDisciple,\u201d I observed Dr Drake to take up the sermon\u2014a circumstance with which I was very much gratified. I had conversed with him a great deal, in the few days we had been acquainted, and was very much pleased with his fairness and candour, the compass of his mind, and the clearness of his views; especially in those subjects which belong to what we call moral reasoning; and I had determined to call his attention to this subject; believing that liberal christianity needs only to be understood, to gain it the approbation of fair and liberal minds.\u201d\u201cI was attentive to every appearance which should show the success of what seemed to me so important an experiment; but I soon observed that the Doctor appeared interested in the sermon: nor did he notice any thing else till he had read it all. After reading it, he came immediately to me, and said (nearly in these words)\u2014\u201cThis is the first rational exposition of Christianity that I have ever seen. I have taken my views of the Christian Religion from its pretended friends\u2014from those who profess to teach it. I was quite satisfied that the religion which they taught could not be from God: it carried absurdity on its very front. And ever since I was old enough to understand preaching, I have felt that Christianity (for I thought the preachers of Christianity knew best what it was) was an indefensible system. I am pleased with the religion as here represented; and if this is the Christianity of the New Testament, I see no reason for rejecting it.\u201d\u201cAfter this I had occasional conversations with him, on religious subjects; and was always pleased with his good sense, and his desire more fully to understand these subjects. He always spoke in the highest terms of Mr Channing\u2019s sermon; and particularly the candour and fairness with which every thing is there stated.\u201d\u201cOn the first sabbath after our arrival in New-York, he attended the religious exercises of the New Society, and declared his intention of becoming a member. But he was soon confined to his chamber by a sickness from which he never recovered.\u2014But religion does not alone mourn the loss of this eminently promising young man. Literature weeps over his early tomb; and Poesy has hung her harp on the willow!\u201dI take the liberty, sir, to send you Mr Channing\u2019s sermon. Whatever you may think of his views of christianity, I am sure that the firm and energetic avowal of his opinions, his candour, his ingenuity, and the elegance of his composition, will fully compensate you for the time you shall spend in its perusal.You cannot be uninformed of a prevalent opinion among your fellow citizens, that you are one of the learned unbelievers in Revelation. Your Notes on Virginia contain expressions which, if they did not originate, have served to strengthen that opinion. You know the influence of a distinguished name over the minds of its warm, and especially of its youthful admirers; and should you become, if you are not now, a Believer, you will deeply regret the effects of that influence.\u2014You can entertain no doubt that eighteen hundred years ago, there appeared in India an extraordinary person called Jesus Christ, the founder of a sect which, after him, were called Christians: for Tacitus, Suetonius, and the Younger Pliny speak of him and of this sect. You also strongly appreciate the moral precepts purporting to have been delivered,  orally or in writing, by Jesus, and by some of his followers who professed to be ear and eye witnesses of his words, and of the wonderful works ascribed to him. You have called the religion described in the records of those witnesses, \u201cour benign religion:\u201d and could you banish from your mind the recollection of the strange tenets which been grafted upon that religion, and examine its history and unsophisticated doctrines with the same unbiassed disposition in which you read the histories and other writings of celebrated Romans; you might not think them unworthy to be believed by the most enlightened minds. Certainly, no one can think himself justly exposed to the charge of credulity, for entertaining that religious faith of which Boyle, and Locke, and Newton were sincere professors.A letter from me, unless on business and the common occurrences of life, you would not expect: for to literature I have no pretensions; and in politics we  did not agree: but I can disapprove of the principles and oppose the measures of men in public stations, with an entire exemption from unkind feelings towards them as individuals. By some I have been injured: but I am not conscious of entertaining a particle of resentment or ill-will towards any human being. In all his imitable perfections, Christians believe it to be their duty to imitate God, \u201cwho (as St Paul saith) will have all men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the truth.\u201d In this spirit, and in the simple style of antiquity, I bid youFarewell.Timothy Pickering.P.S. Mr Channing\u2019s Sermon is in a packet accompanying this letter.\n   Of Unitarians.\n    The minister of the Unitarian Church in that City.\n    A periodical publication ably conducted by some Unitarian Gentlemen in Cambridge and Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1829", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Craven Peyton, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Craven\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am at this moment engaged in making arrangements which may supply the deficit of crops and prices; but it will be two or three weeks before their result will be known\u2014 The moment it is, you shall be informed what can be done either from myself, or by Jefferson to whom I am turning over all any concerns\u2014I informed my sister Marks that I would send for her any day she would name, and I still await her notice.Accept my friendly salutationsTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1830", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Trecothick Austin, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Austin, James Trecothick\n            Monticello\n          I thank you, Sir, for the paper inclosed in yours of Jan. 20. I think with you that there is no good in lessening the responsibility of judges. their independance on a king is a good thing ; but independence on the nation is a bad one. here we have copied England where we ought not. but we have omitted to copy what ought to have been copied, removability on the simple concurrence of the two other coordinate branches. instead of that we have substituted impeachment, a mere scare-crow, & which experience proves impractitiable. but from these things I withdraw tendering you my respectful salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1831", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Dougherty, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Dougherty, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nWashington City\nI have just time at this present moment to  Inform you, that I expect before I can finish this to be obliged to close the eyes of our esteemed friend\u2014W. A. Burwell\u2014several nights siting with him renders me incapable of writing moreYour Humble ServtJos. DoughertyPlease inform Mr T. M. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1832", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jared Mansfield, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mansfield, Jared\n            Monticello\n          I am favored, Sir, with your letter of Jan. 26. and am duly sensible of the honor proposed of giving to my portrait a place among the benefactors of our nation, and of the establishment of West-point in particular. I have ever considered that establishment as of major importance to our country, and in whatever I could do for it, I viewed myself as performing a duty only. this is certainly more than requited by the kind sentiments expressed in your letter. the real debt of the institution is to it\u2019s able and zealous professors. mr Sully, I fear however, will consider the trouble of his journey, and the employment of his fine pencil, as illy bestowed on an Ottamy of 78. Voltaire when requested by a female friend to sit for his bust by the sculptor Pigalle, answered \u2018J\u2019ai soixante seize ans; et M. Pigalle doit, dit-on, venir modeler mon visage. mais, Madame, il faudrait que j\u2019eusse un visage. on n\u2019en devinerait \u00e0 peine la place. mes yeux sont enfonc\u00e9s de trois pouces; mes joues sont des vieux parchemin mal coll\u00e9s sur des os qui ne tiennent \u00e0 rien. le peu de dents que j\u2019avais est parti.\u2019 I will conclude however, with him, that what remains is at your service, & that of the pencil of mr Sully. I shall be at home till the middle of April; when I shall go for some time to an occasional and distant residence. within this term mr Sully will be pleased to consult his own convenience, in which the state of the roads will of course have great weight every day of it will be equel with me.I pray you, Sir, to convey to the brethren of your institution and to accept for yourself also, the assurance of my high consideration and regard.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1833", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert H. Rose, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rose, Robert H.\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Rose for his agricultural address which he has read with pleasure, and is particularly sensible of the friendly sentiments expressed in his letter of Jan. 21, which\n\t\t\t he reciprocates cordially, with the addition of his respectful salutations\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1834", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John W. Taylor, 13 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John W.\nSir\nMonticello\nThe honor of your letter of Jan. 30. is just now recieved, and I wish it were in my power to answer it\u2019s enquiries. but I am an entire stranger to the \u03a6BK. society, it\u2019s history and it\u2019s objects. it\u2019s existence is known to me by hear-say only. the contrary supposition has probably been founded on an F.H.C. society which existed at Wm & Mary college, when I was there, of which I was a member. that was confined to the Alumni of that institution\n                  I do not know, Sir, whether I can yet congratulate you on the prospect of a restoration of the right of self-government to the transatlantic nations, and on the consoling reflection that this is our work. it had for some time a flattering appearance. but the Northern bears seem bristling up to maintain the empire of force. we may still however hope that the hosts on which they rely, may catch the disease they are employed to cure, and carry liberty to the North instead of suppressing it in the South. to my prayers for the attainment of that blessing there, and it\u2019s preservation here, I add the tender to yourself of my high consideration and esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1836", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 14 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n              Monticello\n          I recieved three days ago your favor of the 3d with it\u2019s benevolent proposition respecting our deceased & unfortunate friend W. C. Nicholas. he left no son under a course of education. of his three sons, the eldest, Colo Robert, is engaged in an enterprise in Louisiana with his brother in law John Smith. the second is hesitating between that and the study of the law. they are both of them remarkably steady, correct young men of sound judgment and understanding. the 3d son is in the navy. he left 3. married daughters and 3. unmarried. the former are well married; two of them to husbands who are willing but not able perhaps to do much for the family; the other to one who is able, but perhaps not very willing to do much. the widow & 3. unmarried daughters are living on the estate & it\u2019s proceeds. but the negroes will all be sold in the winter. there will then remain to the widow her dower in the lands only. if she sells it will probably yield not more than 5000.D. if she rents, the income will be very scanty, and her health such as to threaten that the 3. unmarried daughters may soon be deprived even of that resource. I recieved some time ago from mr Ritchie, in your name & his, a copy of your late work on the constitution of the US. I returned him my thanks & begged they might be communicated to yourself thro\u2019 the same channel. but I am glad to avail myself of this opportunity of doing it directly and with the more pleasure after having read the book, and acquired a knolege of it\u2019s value. I have no hesitation in saying that it carries us back to the genuine principles of the constitution more demonstratively than any work published since the date of that instrument. it pulverises the sophistries of the Judges on bank taxation, and of the 5. lawyers on lotteries. this last act of venality (for it cannot be of judgment) makes me ashamed that I was ever a lawyer. I have suggested to a friend in the legislature that that body should send a copy of your book to every one of our Representatives & Senators in Congress as a standing instruction and with a declaration that it contains the catholic faith which whosoever doth not keep whole & undefiled without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.Our University labors hard to come into existence. I am surprised it finds enemies in the Colleges & Academies & private classical schools throughout the state as if inimical to them. but it becomes in truth their foundation, not their rival. it leaves to them the field of classical preparation, not proposing to turn itself into a grammar school. it leaves to them that middle degree of instruction in geography, surveying, grammer Etc which will be called for by the great body of those who cannot afford or who do not wish an University education. we shall recieve only those subjects who desire the highest degree of instruction for which they now go to Harvard, to Princeton, N. York & Philadelphia. these seminaries are no longer proper for Southern or Western students. the signs of the times admonish us to call them home. if knolege is power we should look to it\u2019s advancement at home, where no resource of power will be unwanting. this may not be in my day; but probably will in yours. God send to our country a happy deliverance, and to your self health and as long a life as yourself shall wish.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1837", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Theodorus Bailey, 14 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bailey, Theodorus\n Monticello Feb. 14. 21.I am very thankful to you, dear Sir, for the trouble you have been so good as to take with my letter addressed George Jones on recurring to his original, to which mine was an answer, I think it very possible I may have read amiss the cypher subscribed to it. it may perhaps be George Long, or some other signature better known in New York. if you cannot decypher truly the signature, then throw this, that, and the retained letter into the fire as not worth further investigation I often recieve letters with signatures totally undecypherable, which of course I am obliged to put by without answering. but I thought I had guessed rightly at this. it has atleast given me the pleasure of renewing to you the assurance of my constent friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1838", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Dougherty, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Dougherty, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington City\nMr Burwells case is hopeless\u2014no change since I wrote you last.Your Humble ServtJos Dougherty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1840", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Baldwin, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Baldwin, Henry\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Baldwin for the able report on the Tariff he has been so kind as to send him. questions on Political economy are certainly among the most complicated of any within\n\t\t\t the scope of the human mind. that the public should have differed therefore so much on that which is the subject of this report, is not to be wondered at. it will end, it is to be hoped in a\n\t\t\t compromise of opinion reconcilable to all. he tenders to mr Baldwin his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1841", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI address this day to Genl Breckenridge a letter as you desired; to be shewn if it is thought expedient within the circle of discretion. I doubt much myself whether it\u2019s exhibition to members independant in their purposes, & jealous of that independance may not do more harm than good. on this I put myself into the hands of my friends. I am sure you will see the propriety of letting no copy be taken, or possibility occur, of it\u2019s getting beyond the limits of our own state; and even within these limits some of it\u2019s expressions should not go forth. ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1842", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Isaac A. Coles, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Coles, Isaac A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir,\nClarksville, Pike County, missouri\nFeby 15th 1821.\nI send you enclosed a specimen of wild Hemp which I find in great abundance on many parts of my Land. We have collected a sufficient quantity of it for all our purposes, and find that it makes a much stronger rope than the Hemp of Virginia\u2014the stem is generally of the size of ones finger, and from 5 to 10 feet in height\u2014it is a perennial Plant, delights in low, moist, rich land, and yields fully as well (I think) as the common hemp\u2014The seeds are small, resembling very much the seed of the Yellow Jessamine but larger and  more full, and are contained in pods on the top of the Plant. as these burst open in the early part of winter, I have not been able to procure any of the seed to send you\u2014The Specimen enclosed was triped from a Stalk which I yesterday cut in the woods, and prepared as you see it, by merely rubbing it between my fingers, & then combing it straight with my pocket comb. It has stood out exposed in the woods the whole winter\u2014As there is now nothing remaining of this Plant, but the naked stem and the roots (which are exceedingly numerous) it will be difficult to class it, but it does not appear to me to resemble atall either Hemp or flax.\u2014Whatever it may be, it must, I think, prove a Plant of great value\u2014the strength, delicacy, softness & whiteness of the fibre, will no doubt be greatly improved by being cut on the proper time, & heated in a proper manner & being perennial, when once sowed it will last for ages, and, may be cut with as little trouble as a timothy meadow\u2014I do not despair still of being able to prepare a few of the seed, and if I succeed, they shall be forwarded to you. an Inch or two of the top of the Plant, with 2 pods are also inclosed.Notwithstanding the badness of the times I still think that I shall realize great profits from the speculation in which I am engaged in this Country. The extraordinary fertility of the  sail is so tempting that it fills up with great rapidity\u2014there are some sections of Land near me on which 10 families are settled, & many on which there are five & six\u2014a neighbor yesterday counted up 132 families within ten miles of my Land\u20146 years ago there was not a white man in the County of Pike which now contains about 1000 voters.In May I shall return to Virginia when I anticipate the pleasure of a Visit to Monticello\u2014I beg to be presented very kindly to Mrs Randolph and the family\u2014and am Dr Sir with sincere & devoted attachment yr frnd & servtI. A. Coles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1843", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Alexander Otis, 15 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Otis, George Alexander\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have just now recieved your favor of Jan. 30. and confirm, by my belief, mr Jay\u2019s criticism on the passages quoted from Botta. I can answer for it\u2019s truth from this state Southwardly, and Northwardly, I believe, to New York,  for which state mr Jay is himself a competent witness. what, Eastward of that, might be the dispositions towards England before the commencement of hostilities I know not. before that I never had heard a whisper of disposition to separate from Great Britain. and, after that, it\u2019s possibility was contemplated with affliction by all. writing is so slow and painful to me that I cannot go into details, but must refer you to Girardin\u2019s, history of Virginia pa. 134. and Appendix No 12. where you will find some evidence of what the sentiment was at the moment, and given at the moment I salute you with great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1846", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 17 February 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\nI regret to have to reform you of the death of mr W. Burwell which took place on yesterday, after a long & distressing illness. all possible care was taken of him. He was a most virtuous man & estimable member of the H. of Reps.The treaty with Spain has been ratified by her govt, unconditionally, & the grants annulled in the instrament of ratification. It is before the Senate, on the question, whether it shall to accepted, the time stipulated for the ratification, having expird. It is presumd that little if any opposition will be made to it.There is also some hope that Missouri will be admitted into the Union, on a patriotic effort from the Senators & other members from Pennsyla. Hope is also entertaind that our commercial difference with France will be adjusted.very respectfully & sincerely your friendJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1848", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Postlethwayt Page, 18 February 1821\nFrom: Page, Edward Postlethwayt\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Marietta, Ohio.\n          If our post-master is not a perjured man, you will have received two letters from me, & this, in the hope that he does his duty, is my third. I shall find him out if he is true or false to me\u2014He may think to do Jehovah a service by obstructing me in this as in other ways with his tongue of contempt. But had he more sense, more education, and less pride and bigotry\u2014better for him.\u2014He, being a mason may conclude as Herod did, that spiritual murder of the spiritual Baptist should the rather be religiously adhered to for his oath\u2019s sake\u2014but Blue-beard awaits the righteous judgment of Pluto\u2014Blind Homer sung the lost Helen\u2014Blind milton the lost paradise, & blind Sampson now sings lost magic\u2014The trinity of Jehovah may not only be exemplified in the Sun,his light,his heat123 But in Being,Power,Motion123.\u2014Sir, Light is continually developing light to my mind\u2014& something whispers  me that Franklin discovered more than his magic square of squares & circle of circles but that in the same heaven-born spirit that  prophecy forbade the reading of the Scriptures, has masonry, which is perverted & most carnal Geometry & Astronomy, as opposed to spiritual Astronomy & communicative love,\u2014purchased up his sublimest discoveries, & so, in the old hellish spirit of averice fraudulently pilfered the Light which is the property of the commonwealth.\u2014Sir, 18 months ago I when I was a blind aristocrat, I detested your name as Satan in human form. So much for king-craft.\u2014Now\u2014the scales are off, and in my estimation there lives not in the world a more sublime philosopher than your self,\u2014connected with your station Sir\u2014I revere, I venerate the name of Jefferson, & I weep to think that time has smitten you, and that before Universal masonry & sympathetic union prevails, & opposites subside into eternal calm and the tin and the copper becomes brass\u2014& water mixes and is a level, and the fire harmonizes into fire\u2014& the whole world is Leavened into light, & in some sublime manner concavity reciprocates convexity\u2014& the images of the dead are restored by energy  of the living by the stranger as of a chain cable, each man a link.\u2014I say, that ere the Tree of Nebuchadnezzar by plucked from the ground of avarice, by Urim and Thummim lights and perfections\u2014that tree whose \u2014 roots are pride, whose trunk is ambition, whose branches are worldly lusts, whose fruit are gold, silver, copper & even Licurgus\u2019s iron coin, whose leaves are bank-paper\u2014yea, before you can see realized those sacred rights reorganized in that magna charta, the constitution\u2014the same births\u2014the same death & end therefore the same rights\u2014Ah, before the tree of life with 12 fruits, 7 of which are the 7 eyes of Jehovah, namely,Being,Power,Motion,Knowledge,Wisdom,Light,Love1234567& 5 are the wintry months of man or his right hand five fingers or wise virgins of agency obeying the 7 sockets or cavities of his head, namely Perception,Reception,Retention,Cogitation,Perfection12345 you will have gone to hell, for hell is only the grave or darkness, and is a relative word, as the opposite of light; to that bourne whence no traveller returns. Sir, I believe in universal salvation\u2014Sir the Holy Scriptures from beginning to end are one entire allegory, and may I be eternally tormented in calvinistic hell-fire hotter than that which dear heaven born Calvin tortured poor Servetus 2 hours in, if the knowledge of God & the spirit of Jehovah did not indite them Masonry is the only true platform God is a mason but as his light shines equally upon every object as he is diffusive\u2014as he says more blessed to give than to receive\u2014so do we indeed find that there is no true joy but in communicating\u2014hence my love for you\u2014for the world is beyond my love for any copy-right\u2014 & I impart, before I even digest my matter\u2014eager for the welfare of the whole\u2014aware that fragments are not parts\u2014that Captain Cook was  a broken God when his flesh was separated\u2014Jehovah has but one eternal channel\u2014& that is Order.\u2014You never answer me perhaps for your oath\u2019s sake\u2014Who made you a slave?\u2014Why any exclusive rights?I hope to see you before long  shall proclaim the opened books after the order of Melchizedek[GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT]Jarchin or Jerchin is hebrew for the moon\u201411 days difference between a lunar & solar year\u2014& the glorious 12 between a lunar & Sidereal year\u2014The 6000 years perhaps are come & the day of judgment begun last year with the Inquisitionand 19 is the golden numberPeale\u2019s Allegorical court of death will prove a court of life to us Blessed be Jefferson for encouraging itMakes ly all equal in this form\u2014& you find 2 systems beyond the Solar & wonderful mysteries of the Mosiac pavement &c & the 12\u2014& the trinity Surround  the outer circle by a Leviathan of TruthI could tell you of a thousand other facts hid even from your masonic research, because in your lodge the word is lost. Aaron\u2019s breast-plate is melted at the mint of avarice\u2014The letter this covers\u2014I had no need to send\u2014I forward it for your information\u2014See how rapidly we halcyons move\u2014How different\u2014how incorrect my definition of Urim & Thummim there\u2014You oath masons have long enough crucified the light & Geometry to Kings Priests & yourselves\u2014Expand you must\u2014You are Sampson, Jerico, Noah, Sodom, Absalom, Nathan, David, Goliah, the prodigal son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1849", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 19 February 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n19. Februy 1821\nI am this morning in rect a letter from your Grandson Thos J. Randolph, written at your request, desiring to know whether I would endorse your note for $4,000 proposed to be discounted at one of the Banks in this city, & first endorsed by him: I have by this mail replied to him, as I now do to you, that it will afford me on this, as it has on all formier, & will on all future occasions, the greatest pleasure to be servicable to you, & regret that you should have felt any hesitation in making the application yourself. my affectionate attachment for both of you, as well as the most perfect confidence in each, renders it impossible I could have the least hesitation in making myself responsible for any amount you would ask, or in any way contributing to your ease & comfort in your declining years.Should you effect the loan, I will with great cheerfulness undertake to attend to the renewal of the note from time to time as it falls due, in addition to those already under my management.I beg you will never fail to command my name, funds, or services whenever they can be useful to you\u2014With sincere affection Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1850", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elizabeth Trist, 19 February 1821\nFrom: Trist, Elizabeth\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Friend\nFarmington\n19th Feby \u201420\nMiss Polly Marks has procured from her Aunt, some of the Mountain Raspberry which she heard you express a wish to have they were brought this Morning and shall be covered till it is convenient for you to send for them\u2014and I enclose a few beautiful flowering beans which John Marks brought from the Mississippi some time since\u2014as the Spring advances I feel some hope of seeing at Farmington, I dont think Mr Diverses health has been quite as bad it was last winter tho he has undergone copious bleedings and blistering\u2014with love to Patsy and the young Ladies who I beg you will remind of their being in My debt, May God preserve you many years in health and happiness and believe me ever your sincere obliged FriendE. Trist", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1851", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nCharlottesville\nFeby. 20th 1821\nI calld on you last Spring for the payment of your Bond to Thomas F. Lewis for which I had advanced Cash, It probably has Slipt your Memory, that \u201cI Said would deposit the Bond with Mr. James Leitch to whoom you would please make payment: (as you were not prepared to discharge it at the time I calld on you) having no particular use for the Money untill now, I have applied to Mr. Leitch for it to day & find it has not been paid: You will very much oblige me by either depositing the Money or a draft: on Richmond by the next Albemarle Court\u2014Yr. Obt ServtJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1852", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Louis Fernagus De Gelone, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Gelone, J. Louis Fernagus De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir.\nNew York\nFebruary 20th 1821.\nfrom your last honour, I was induced to believe that you were sick and that your age had obliged you to  renounce to public affairs and to study. I verily hope that it is no longer the case. Not from any idea of interest personal to myself, but from a sense of devoutedness to you, Sir, I beg you to let me know how you enjoy your health.My normal school succeeds well. You will feel happy to hear of it.Should you like to have one copy of Mentelle\u2019s and Malte-Bruns\u2019 (The Geographe Danois) geography, published in 1816 in Paris, 16. vol. octavo, folio atlas, I would send it to you.\u2014I have a fine copy of Pausanias, description de la Gr\u00e8ce, Greek & french, by Clavier. 2. 8voVery respectfully Sir, Your most humble obedient ServantFernagus De Gelone 30. Pine street\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1853", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI return you the enclosed paper calling a meeting of the Visitors of the University, having procured the signatures of Mr Johnson & Genl Taylor, and annexed my own, as requested in your favor of 30 ult. I have also shewn the paper to Governor Randolph, & the course pursued is satisfactory to him & the Executive.A Bill in favor of the University has been reported by the Committee of Schools & Colleges. It proposes to authorize a loan by the President & Directors of $60,000, to be paid out of the balance due from the Genl Government, or any other part of the uninvested principal of the fund. It puts the principal on the footing on which my first proposition to the President & Directors of last spring would have placed the loan then proposed, with a small variation. The Bill was drawn by Mr Johnson on consultation with Genl Breckenridge & myself. Its fate will be decided in a few days. It will be powerfully opposed: but I hope it will get thro\u2019, & if it does, I trust the money will finish the buildings, & if it should not, that the people of Albemarle will make up the deficiency. Garland has at last thrown off the mask, and avowed his hostility to the bill. Like many others, he calls himself a friend to the institution. Our worst enemies are pretended friends.I have written a very urgent letter to Genl Taylor, begging him to come into the Assembly. He declines the proposition. So does Broadnax of Greensville. I  enclose you their letters. I have written again to the latter, enclosing for his perusal, your letter to me on the subject of  my continuance, and proposing to him to come for one session. I shewed your letter to Mr Taylor of Chesterfield. He had before declined, but when he saw your letter he promised me to think of it. I shall endeavor to get Chancellor Taylor to use his influence with him. Mr Wm Archer of Powhatan has promised me to offer, and we shall get rid of Miller of that county, who declines. Mr Mallory of Orange has become a very active friend. I have written to Mr Currie of Lancaster  inviting him to join us. This is the only effectual way to break down the opposition. Wm & Mary, Hampden Sidney, & Washington Colleges, are in my opinion deadly hostile. Mr Venable will oppose our bill: but thinks himself a warm friend. I am almost worn out with anxiety, and wish the matter settled. We have got our James River Bill thro\u2019 the House of Delegates. It is of vast importance, and the whole country will soon be alive from Richmond to the mouth of the Kenhawa.faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1854", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 20 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday only your favor of the 12th I find all in it right\u2014I am in want of some earthen pots for covering plants of Sea kale in the garden. I am told they are made at a Pottery, in or near Richmond, and that mr Wickham particularly has them of the proper size and form which were made there. will you be so good as to get me half a hundred & send them by the first boat, or if they have not them ready made at the Pottery to get them made as soon as possible and forwarded as the season presses. I must also request you to get from some of the seeds dealors 4. oz. green curled Savoy seed and forward it by mail in a letter. yours affectionatelyTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1855", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 21 February 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable Sir\nRichmond\nthe 21 Febr 1821\nThe two boxes of Books have been receved in good Order\u2014I find after some little examination that in the Analectic Magazine the number (November 1819) is wanting, and that a number of the Port Folio, (April 1815) was in place of it, which no doubt your honour had overlookt, as we did not receive any more of the P. Folio accept this number\u2014All the different Directions respecting the Books, Shall be most particular observed, and they all will be ready for delevary in the course of three weeks the furtherYour humble ServantFrederick Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1856", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Trist, 21 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Elizabeth\n            Monticello\n          I am very thankful my dear Madam for Miss Polly Marks\u2019s kind attention to my wishes for the Mountain raspberry, and I pray you to give her that assurance.I now send for them, and I hope mr Divers will endeavor also to raise them. mrs Randolph is to try the flowering bean we were so unlucky as to fail the last year in saving the seed of the green curled Savory. if mr Divers has any to spare I shall be much obliged to him for a little. Ellen promises to write to you towards the discharge of the epistolary balance, and as soon as the roads and weather admit me to visit the University, I shall go on & ask family fare with mr Divers. a letter from Washington of last Thursday informs me that the situation of our dear friend mr Burwell was totally hopeless. heaven never took to it\u2019s bosom a better man. ever and affectionately your\u2019sTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1857", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elizabeth Trist, 21 February 1821\nFrom: Trist, Elizabeth\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Farmington\n21st Feby\n          I participate in your sorrow for the critical Situation of our worthy Friend but while there is life there is hope, tho mine is not very sanguine that we shall ever see him again, His friendly and kind attention not only to my self but my Grand Sons has made an indelable impression on my mind and the Idea of losing such a friend is a severe pang to my heart\u2014I shall always remember him with gratitude and affection The best wishes of the family for your health and preservation and believe me ever yourSincere and devoted FriendE. Trist", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1858", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 22 February 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir,\nRichmond\nThe University Bill passed to a second reading in the House of Delegates by a majority of one vote only. It is now on its third reading & will be read to-morrow. Our friends, I think, are encreasing. Genl Blackburn will support it. Mr Garland came over & voted for it. If we lose the Bill in the lower House we shall hang on upon the Poor School bill. I hope we shall work it thro\u2019 in one way or the other. The enemies, seeing its decisive character, have done their best to destroy it. Heaven grant, that I may be able to send you good news in my next. Your letters to myself & Genl Breckenridge have arrived, & are thankfully received. Mr Claiborne has withdrawn: and, as I suppose no one else will come forward, I need not come up till the elections. yours faithfullyJos: C: Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1859", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 22 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI some time ago put into your hands a pamphlet proving indirectly that the Coll. of Wm & Mary was intended to be a seminary for the church of England. it had been so long since I had read their printed statutes that I had forgotten them. looking lately into them, I find they declare that the 3. fundamental objects of the institution are 1. learning & morals. 2. to prepare ministers for the church of England. 3. to instruct Indians. and they require that the Visitors be all of the church of England, that the Professors sign it\u2019s 39. articles, and that the scholars be all taught the catechism of that church first in English, then in Latin. wishing to get my copy bound, I have inclosed it to a bookbinder, but open, and under cover to you, that you may turn to pages 121. 125. 131. 247. for the above. when I was a Visitor in 1779. I got the 2. professorship of Divinity & Grammar school put down, & others of Law & police, of Medecine Anatomy & Chemistry and of Modern languages substituted; but we did not then change the above statutes, nor do I know they have been since changed; on the contrary the pamphlet I put into your hand proves, that if they have relaxed in this fundamental object, they mean to return to it. when you have read the passages will you be so good as to re-inclose the book, stick a  wafer, and have it handed to Mayo?ever & affectionately yoursTh: JeffersonP.S. Feb. 23. I have this moment recieved your favor of the 20th and finding that things are not in a state to require inclosing the College statutes, I withdraw them, and return the 2. letters you sent me", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1861", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Caesar Augustus Rodney, 24 February 1821\nFrom: Rodney, Caesar Augustus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Honored, Revered & Dear Sir,\n            Wilmington\n          I have lately recovered from a severe attack of fever, which confined me to my bed for ten days; & I propose to visit Philada, tomorrow, where I shall see my old friend S. Gerard, & procure from him some of the genuine Maldonado Pamphis seed, for yourself. I prefer his, because he has taken more pains in the cultivation of this fine vegetable, & has kept it far separated from any other of the same speices. He has preserved an ample supply for you, particularly. I presume I may transmit a sufficient quality within your Trunk, by mail, & with your permission, will enclose you some for our mutual friend Genl Cocke, to whom I must beg the favor of you to transmit to the proper Post. Office, with the necessary directions, the enclosed letters. I would not give you this trouble, but I do not recollect the office to which to direct it; and tho\u2019 I took a Memorm of it, by accident, I have mis laid it.We have lost our amiable and most estimable friend Mr Burwell, and I sincerely sympathise, with you, on the melancholy event, which I am sure you must feel very sensibly. I had expected to meet him, next winter, in Congress, to which the people have spontaneously elected me tho\u2019 much against my own wishes. I shall go there, with more reluctance, than when at your earnest solicitation, I consented to serve, to support you & your administration. My numerous & still increasing family now require all my time & exertions.With every sentiment of respects affection & gratitude Yours Most Sincerely & TrulyC. A. RodneyP.S. If you have not the Green Asparagus I can send you some of the seed. I think my bed produces the finest I ever saw.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1862", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 24 February 1821\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD Sir\nPhilad.\nBy the French Consul I sent down to Washington the 3. Vol Botta\u2019s Translations\u2014he assures me that the conveyance will be a good one & that as he knows Mr Botta intimately he will do it with pleasureI remain sincrly Your friendJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1863", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 25 February 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nI have the pleasing satisfaction to inform you that the University Bill passed yesterday, not exactly in the shape its friends preferred, yet in one not very exceptionable. The first intelligence of its passage in the lower House was conveyed to us in the Senate Chamber by a tumultuous noise below, like that which is usual on the adjournment of the House. This was the tumult of rejoicing friends coming to bring us the glad tidings. Genl Blackburn took the floor most zealously in favor of the measure: & is now fairly enlisted. I wish you could see him on his way thro\u2019 Charlottesville, accompany him to the University, & invite him to return to the Assembly. I am satisfied he is now very much disposed to support your literary views, but from the course of his past life, & the pride of his character, he will be shy, and the first advances must come from yourself. Doddridge also came over and heartily supported the Bill. Our great friend in that House is Genl Breckenridge. He is in truth a powerful friend, & you must insist on his remaining in the Assembly. We are also much indebted to Mr Johnson of the Senate. In the House of Delegates Mr Gordon, has shewn himself an able, valuable, & efficient friend. Mr Watson of Louisa, Mr Crump of Cumberland, Mr Loyall of Norfolk, Mr Bowyer of  Rockbridge, Mr Chamberlayne of Henrico, were zealous & valuable friends. Mr Morris of Hanover, & Mr Stevenson of the City of Richmond, deserve the most honorable mention. Stevenson will leave us, but I hope Morris will remain. I wish you could see Morris. He is a man of considerable talents, and distinguishes himself by his zeal in support of the University. I hope Mr Gordon will return. The cordiality & generosity of his nature make him the favorite of a large circle of friends. Mr Hunter of Essex, would have united with us, but he was called home by the illness of one of his family. He talks of not returning: but I will endeavor to prevail on him by letter. I have failed in regard to Currie, whose letter I enclose you. It is the anxious wish of our best friends, and of no one more than of myself, that the money now granted may be sufficient to finish the buildings. We must not come here again on that subject. These successive applications for money to finish the buildings, give grounds of reproach to our enemies, & draw our friends into difficulties with their constituents. The people of Albemarle would consult their own interests by making up any little deficiency. I hope the buildings may be ready by the next winter. Then I hope we shall be able to disencumber the funds. Rest assured, however, that the opposition will not cease. The enemies of the institution will send up their friends to oppose us. In the southern parts of the State, in the quarter of Brunswick, Greensville &c I am informed, it is now the fashion to electioneer by crying down the University. We must cultivate the west, & unite with it, as much of the east as possible.\u2014My competitor having withdrawn, I propose to  accompany Mrs Cabell to  Wmsburg, & to come up to the elections. Should any new opponent arise, I hope my friends will give me the earliest notice.faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1864", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Spencer Roane, 25 February 1821\nFrom: Roane, Spencer\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond,\nMr Thweatt has sent me your favour to him, of 19th ultimo. As that letter was produced by mine of him, I owe you an apology for having caused you the trouble.\u2014Be assured that no man respects your repose more than I do, or would be more unwilling to disturb it. Your claims to that repose, arising from the most eminent services, and from the weight of years, are so strong, and so touchingly pourtrayed, that I am compelled to say\u2014\u201calmost thou persuadest me to be a christian.\u201d Although, therefore, in losing our Leader, we run the risk of losing our all, not a whisper of my breath shall be raised against it. Your later days ought to be as serene and as happy, as your life has been illustrious, and useful to your fellow men.The very flattering mention you are pleased to make of me, in your letter, I shall prize, as the highest honour of my life. I have neither power nor leisure to render any political services, to my fellow-citizens: yet I see the Dangers which surround us, and shall be always ready to lift my voice against them.\u2014On account of the last paragraph in your letter, I have taken the liberty to send it, to Colo Taylor. I have done this, under the approbation of Governor Randolph. Colo Taylor will be highly gratified, by your just and strong testimony in favour of his inestimable work. To that work may, already, in a measure, be ascribed, the revival which has taken place, on the subject of state rights.\u2014I congratulate you on the resolutions of our assembly produced by the citation of the Commonwealth, into the federal Court: and I also congratulate you, most sincerely, on the support which the university has again received.With sentiments of the highest Consideration respect, and esteem, I am, Dear Sir, your obt ServantSpencer Roane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1865", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Brent, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Brent, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Washington,\n26 february 1821.\n          Daniel Brent presents his respectful Compliments to Mr Jefferson, and has the Pleasure to transmit to him the enclosed Letter, just received at the Dept of State from Mr Rush. He takes advantage of the occasion to acknowledge the receipt of a note which Mr J. did him the honor to write to him some time ago, enclosing Letters for Messrs Gallatin and Rush, to be forwarded; which DB  did accordingly forward, according to Mr Jefferson\u2019s wish.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1866", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\nI received this morning your esteemed favor 20th curt & observe contents.I reced under cover herewith agreeable to your request 1 oz Green curled Savoy Cabbage Seed which I hope will reach you safely and prove good.\u2014I have seen Mr Wickham relative to the Earthen Pots you speak of, he tells me they were made to the North, by his special direction, & that he has never known any of them made at the Potteries here,\u2014I have his promise however that he will loan me the most perfect he has, which I will myself carry to the Pottery & endeavour to have fifty moulded immediately like it, & of the success of my application you shall be apprised.I this day recd from your Grand son a note for $4,000 signed by yourself & endorsed by him, to which I will add my name, and offer it for discount at the Farmers Bank on Thursday next, & hope it will be done; you may expect to hear from me touching it by the next Mail to Charlottesville, in the mean time, will converse with the several directors of the Bank on the subject.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyB. PeytonN.B. The University bill has passed both Houses of the Genl Assembly & is a law of the Land\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1867", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Selden Garnett, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garnett, Robert Selden\n            Monticello.\n          I thank you, dear Sir, for the Report of the Agricultural Committee on the subject of the Tariff, inclosed in your favor of the 14th I have read it with pleasure. between that and the Report of the Committee of Manufactures, the justice and the expediency of the system of protecting duties, is ably discussed. of all the questions which fall within the scope of the human mind, none are more perplexing than those which arise in the branch of Political economy. the facts are so numerous, so various, so entangled & difficult of access, and the combinations of these facts so complicated, that differences of opinion are to be expected. if there be heads in this world capable of seeing all these facts, all their bearings on one another, of making all the combinations into which they enter, and drawing sound conclusions from the whole, no doubt that a wisdom of that grade may form a system of regulations for directing to the greatest advantage the public industry and interest: the difficulty of doing this however has produced the modern & general conviction that it is safest \u2018to let things alone.\u2019 and (the nation which has pursued the regulating system with the most apparent success is now proposing it\u2019s gradual abandonment. but I leave these puzzling decisions to those who are to live under them, confident that they will do what is best for themselves,) & tender you  with great sincerity the assurance of my esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1868", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dabney Carr Terrell, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Terrell, Dabney Carr\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nWhile you were in this neighborhood, you mentioned to me your intention of studying the law, and asked my opinion as to the sufficient course of reading. I gave it to you, ore tenus, and with so little considerations that I do not remember what it was. but I have since recollected that I once wrote a letter to Dr Cooper, on good consideration of the subject. he was then law-lecturer, I believe at Carlisle. my stiffening wrist makes writing now a slow & painful operation: but Ellen undertakes to copy the letter, which I shall inclose herein.I notice in that letter 4. distinct epochs at which the English laws have been reviewed, and their whole body, as existing at each epoch, well digested into a Code. these Digests were by Bracton, Coke, Matthew Bacon, and Blackstone. Bracton having written about the commencement of the extant statutes, may be considered as having given a digest of the laws then in being, written and unwritten, and forming therefore the textual Code of what is called the Common law, just at the period too when it begins to be altered by statutes to which we can appeal. but so much of his matter is become obsolete by change of circumstances, or altered by statute, that the Student may omit him for the present, and1. Begin with Coke\u2019s 4. institutes. these give a compleat body of the law as it stood in the reign of the 1st James, an epoch the more interesting to us, as we separated at that point from English legislation, and acknolege no subsequent statuary alterations.2. Then passing over (for occasional reading as hereafter proposed) all the Reports and treatises to the time of Matthew Bacon, read his Abridgment, compiled about 100. years after Coke\u2019s, in which they are all embodied. this gives numerous applications of the old principles to new cases, and gives the general state of the English law at that period.Here too the Student should take up the Chancery branch of the law, by reading the 1st and 2d Abridgments of the cases in Equity. the 2d is by the same Matthew Bacon, the 1st having been published some time before. the Alphabetical order, adopted by Bacon, is certainly not as satisfactory as the systematic. but the arrangement is under very general and leading heads; and these indeed, with very little  difficulty, might be systematically, instead of Alphabetically arranged and read.3. Passing now, in like manner, over all intervening Reports, and tracts, the Student may take up Blackstone\u2019s Commentaries, published about 25. years later than Bacon\u2019s abridgement, and giving the substance of these new Reports and tracts. this Review is not so full as that of Bacon by any means, but better digested. Here too Woodson should be read, as supplementary to Blackstone, under heads too shortly treated by him. Fonblanque\u2019s edition of Francis\u2019s Maxims of Equity, into which the later cases are incorporated, is also supplementary  in the Chancery branch, in which Blackstone is very short.This course comprehends about 23. 8vo volumes, and reading 4. or 5. hours a day, would employ about 2. years. After these the best of the Reporters since Blackstone should be read for the new cases which have occurred since his time, which they are I know not as all of them are since my time.By way of change and relief, for another hour or two in the day should be read the law-tracts of merit which are many, and among them all those of Baron Gilbert are of the first order. in these hours too may be read Bracton (now translated) and Justinian\u2019s Institute. the method of these two last works is very much the same, and their language often quite so. Justinian is very illustrative of the doctrines of Equity, and is often appealed to, & Cooper\u2019s edition is the best on account of the analogies & contrasts he has given of the Roman and English law. after Bracton, Reeve\u2019s history of the English law may be read to advantage. during this same hour or two of lighter law reading, select and leading cases of the Reporters may be successively read, which the several digests will have printed out and referred to. one of these particularly may be named as proper to be turned to while reading Coke Littleton on Warranty. it explains that subject easily which Coke makes difficult and too artificial. this is a case in Vaughan\u2019s reports, of Gardner & Sheldon, as well as I remember, for I quote by memory, and after an interval of near 60. years since I read it.I have here sketched the reading in Common law & Chancery which I suppose necessary for a reputable practitioner in those courts. but there are other branches of law in, which altho\u2019 it is not expected he should be an adept, yet, when it occurs to speak of them, it should be understandingly to a decent degree. these are the Admiralty law, Ecclesiastical law, and the Law of Nations. I would name as elementary books in these branches Brown\u2019s Compend of the Civil and Admiralty law, 2. 8vo the Jura Ecclesiastica. 2. 8vo and Les institutions du droit de la Nature et des Gens de Reyneval. 1. 8voBesides these 6. hours of law-reading, light and heavy, and those necessary for the repasts of the day, for exercise and sleep, which suppose to be 10. or 12. there will still be 6. or 8. hours for reading history, Politics, Ethics, Physics, Oratory, Poetry, Criticism Etc. as necessary as Law to form an accomplished lawyer.The letter to Dr Cooper, with this as a supplement, will give you those ideas on a sufficient course of law reading, which I ought to have done with more consideration at the moment of your first request. accept them now as a testimony of my esteem and of sincere wishes for your success: and the family, un\u00e2 voce desires me to convey theirs with my own affectionate salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1869", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 26 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour letter of the 21st is recieved. the number of the Portfolio, inserted with those of the analectic magazine has been put in by mistake and may be thrown away. within a week another volume of the Weekly register will be closed. it will still wait awhile for it\u2019s index. should I not be able to send it to you before you send away the volumes you are binding, be so good as to remember how they are bound, that you may be able to tend uniformly the one to be sent. I put into the box a carton open at top & one end, being such as all my papers are arranged in, instead of tying them in bundles. be so good as to make 2. dozen such, which I forgot to mention in the list I sent you. they must be packed in a box by themselves to prevent their being crushed. Accept my salutations.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jeffersondeliver the boxes when ready to Capt Bernard Peyton who will forward them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1871", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Indenture to Abraham Holly Hawley, 28 Feb. 1821, 28 February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          This Indenture made on the 28th day of February in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty one between Thomas Jefferson of Monticello in Albemarle on the one part and Abraham Holly on the other part witnesseth that the said Thomas in consideration of one hundred dollars to him in hand paid and of the further sum of three hundred dollars secured to be paid hath given granted bargained and sold to the said Abraham\u2014and his heirs a certain parcel of land lying on the road called the three notched road and on that part of it which is crossed by plumbtree branch otherwise called Scales Creek in the said County of Albemarle which parcel of land was conveyed to the sd Thomas in fee simple by Robert Sharp by deed bearing date the 5th of October 1773 under the following description, to wit, Beginning where the southern edge of sd road crosses the northern edge of the said watercourse and running down the said edge of the road to a white oak saplin marked on three sides thence to a red oak corner to Huckstep thence to a maple a little above a spring thence across the water course before mentioned where it runs nearest to the sd to the northern edge thereof thence down the sd edge of the sd water course to the begining including the spring before mentioned and also a considerable quantity of limestone and being all the lands at that date held by the said Robert Sharpe on the northern side of the said road and supposed to contain about four acres with its appurtenances to have and to hold the said parcel of Land so described in the sd deed to the sd Abraham Holly & his heirs Reserving nevertheless to the said Thomas & his heirs owners of the house at monticello and as an appurtenance to the said house forever a right to take from the premises for his and their own use and purpose of every kind (but not to dispose of to others) as much limestone as they shall think proper for their own uses as aforesaid and at all times when they shall think proper which right shall be held and remain in them and their heirs fully and forever unliable to severance by metes and bounds and the said Thomas & his heirs the said parcel of Land with its appurtenances except as to the rights reserved as aforesaid to the said Abraham Holly & his heirs will forever warrant and defend In witness whereof the said Thomas hath hereto subscribed his name and affixed his seal on the day and year first above writtenSigned Sealed & delivered in presence ofTh JeffersonJohn WatsonThos J RandolphEdmund BaconIn Albemarle County Court Office the 23rd day of March 1821This Indenture was presented to me in said office and acknowledged by Thomas Jefferson part thereto and there upon admitted to record.TesteIra Garrett DC", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1873", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Slave Bread List, Feb. 1821, February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          Betty BrownNanceMary.\n\t\t\t NedBurwellPeter Hem.Critta.Sally Hem.Davy JunrBeverly\nFannyHarriet\nEllenMadison\nJennyEston.\nMelindaThrimston.IndridgeWormlyDollyUrsula.GillJoe\nIsraelAnne\nPhill BedfdDolly\nJoeCornelius\nEdyThomas\nManaLouisa\nPatsyCaroline\nBetsyCritta.\nPeter51. pecks for the peopleIsabella.3.pecks for the HouseJohn Hem.54.pecks or 13\u00bd bushels.John gardener.LewisMary. Moses\u2019sDavyCeliaTuckerZachariaPatsyFosset.Fontaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1874", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Accounts List, Feb. 1821, February 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1821. Feb.D.\u2713Waigt about200\u2713Higgenbotham150.901820. Mar.\u2713Dawson forGilmer. 75.Meeks. 18.3593.35\u2713Watson. forMeeks44.85\u2713Rogers John. for Gilmer75\u2713Leschot68.\u2713Brown  a for Fielding Lewis133.25\u2713Graves250\u2713Johnson & Peyton100\u2713Leroy & Bayard125\u00b7University300.\u2713Mayo Fred. A.          abt100.\u2713Bowling o\u00b7Robertson Archib.611.17\u2713Lietch. James1348.47\u00b7Brand Joseph339.601811. Nov. 4\u00b7Bacon Edmund634.711821. Jan. 1\\Peyton Craven pd 700\u20131220.311820. Oct. 26\u2713Pini444.\\Miller B. pd 7503836.961820. Nov. 22.Yancey Joel.1750.Ham Elijah419.641819. Jan. 23.Chisolm Hugh.Carden YouenNielson John843.501820. May 31.Leroy & Bayard2083.201820. Jan. 1.Pini7400.1820. Oct. 1.Lietch James5529.1820. Oct. 28Henderson & Co. or Lyle.\u00a3sd402\u00b711\u20132st.f.1806.July 1.+230\u00b711\u20139int.94\u00b717\u20131\u00bd1779.Sep. 1.Higgenbotham2848.671815. Aug. 1.Welsh. for mr Boyles684\u20136\u20133.Jul. 1 1810.Hanbury for do .Bacon John370.1813. Aug. 1.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1875", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 1 March 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n1st March 1821\nI have the pleasure to inform you that your note endorsed by Jefferson Randolph and myself for $4,000 was this day discounted at the Farmers Bank, & the nett proceeds thereof, say $3,957.33, is carried to your credit on my Books subject to your order.I am pleased indeed that you have met with this accomodation, & still more happy that I should have had it in my power to contribute to it.Nothing was said (the President told me) on subject of its continuance, I hope tho\u2019 it will be received from time to time until it is perfectly convenient for you to retire it, either at once, or by agreeable instalments\u2014Your Cask Wine from North Carolina has arrived, not tho\u2019 without considerable loss, if not more serious injury\u2014the captain reports that he was driven to sea in a Gale, & remained so long, that his Water gave out, & he was compelled to use the Wine instead\u2014I hope what is left has not been watered:\u2014it shall be forwarded to you by Johnson or Gilmore the first time they are down, and I have paid the bill of cost & charges say $31 88/100 which is at your debit in a/c\u2014If the capt: had bro\u2019t it here who first recd it I should have demanded payt for the 15 Galls: out your Bll:, but he put into Norfolk to repair, & sent the Wine by another Vessel\u2014With great respect Dr Sir, Yours very TruelyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1878", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Wood, 3 March 1821\nFrom: Wood, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Fellow Citizen, Thomas Jefferson\n          Though we are strangers, never have, and likely never shall, see each other in mutability, yet, considering how far we are advanced in the Journey of Life, I am past 60, & thyself a head of me, I think it safest, no longer to delay, to use my endeavours to pay a debt, I have conceived due to thee,\u2014I am no party man.\u2014One side will flatterThe other Spatter\u2014I am thy friend, an Appellation only due to him, who out of pure & good will, can remind another of his faults\u2014I have often quoted those excellent expressions of thine,\u2014\u201cWe cannot form to ourselves an Idea of an Object more ridiculous, than an American Patriot signing declarations of independence with one hand, & with the other brandishing his whip over his affrighted Slaves\u201d\u2014But I have been rebutted with \u201cMr Jefferson holds Slaves\u201d\u2014Is it so, Does that hand that penn\u2019d that memorable Instrument, The Declaration of Independance, sway the Sceptre of authority over Slaves,\u2014Perhaps thou wilt say, the laws of this section of the Union, forbids Manumission,\u2014Do they\u2014What then is the consequence,\u2014Why the \u201cHonest Man\u201d which Pope says,\u2014\u201cis the noblest Work of God\u201d will find, as Cowper says, \u201cI would not have a slave to till my Ground,To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,And tremble when I wake, for all the wealthThat sinnews bot & sold have ever earn\u2019d.No, dear as freedom is, & in my heartsJust estimation priz\u2019d above all priceI had much rather be myself the slave,And wear the bonds, than fasten them on himThe truly honest man, would proclaim to the world, not only in words but in conduct, since it has been my unhappy lot, to be placed in a State, whose wicked Laws, are in direct opposition, to the precepts of my Saviour, To do as I would be done by, I will come as near it as I can, I will hold no authority over any fellow Men, no further, than shall be for their good,\u2014they shall be well fed,\u2014well clothed,\u2014             & urged to work no more than is reasonable,\u2014I will educate them as my own children,\u2014I will consider them, as they really are, my equals, & teach them, & all men, that I have no more right to them, than they have to me,\u201cThat mercy which I to others showThat mercy show to me\u201dAnd I will further so order it, that all their earnings shall be secured to themselves, & that, as soon as the inconsistent Laws of the State shall allow, which doubtless must eventually take place, & they are qualified, they shall go forth as free as Air,\u2014Oh that the last glimmering in the socket of thy Taper, which of course, must soon take place, might in this particular, be so bright, as to convince mankind that no human being, was a Slave to thee, but that thro the unreasonable effect of unjust Laws, thou wert comp to be a slave to themI am, & always have been, a Friend to my Country, I am an American, by birth & by choice,\u2014I glory in it, but am\u2014obliged to hang my head, when I reflect on this dreadful stain, & \u201cfoulest blot\u201d Slavery\u2014I allways lov\u2019d & respected that celebrated & eminent man Washington, but I mourn\u2019d & expect to mourn while in time, as a Father over a Son, or one brother over another, for an error that beclouds many virtues,\u2014Some think he fully perform\u2019d his part, In giving his Slaves free at his death,\u2014I think different,\u2014What a General heading an Army, provided by that August body, who dare tell Kings & Tyrants, the truth, \u201call men are born free & equal\u201d & \u201cwe will not be hewers of wood & drawers of water &c\u201d\u2014He hold Slaves, How inconsistent,\u2014The moment he grasp\u2019d his sword, in the cause of Liberty, he should have cut the Gordian Knot of Slavery, & severed the Hydra Head of that Monster, justly hateful to God & manWherever there is a Slave, there must (however we may dislike the term) be a Tyrant, one cant subsist without the other,\u2014& must it be so, after so much blood spilt, & treasure expended (professionally in the cause of Liberty) & even, after so many blessings showered down on an undeserving People, such a lapse of time, such spread of Light, must the clanking of Chains, & the smacking of Whips be heard in our Land, on an unoffending People, & for why,\u2014why they are Black, blush indeed, Oh my Countrymen,\u2014Ah & indeed reflect, \u201cthat God is just, & that his Justice cannot always sleep\u201d\u2014Is not the Signs of the times portentous\u2014See the degrading & to be dreaded Missouri question shaking as it were to the centre our constitution & union,\u2014Slave Holders do you not fear,\u2014You do indeed, else why that patroling in your streets,\u2014Why does your muskets & swords hang around your beds,\u2014Why does the fond Mother cling to her lov\u2019d husband, with her darling infant in her arms, at every unusual noise in the night,\u2014The cause is obvious, who can reflect on the Scenes of St Domingo, & of often occurrences among you, of now one, & then another, murdered by his Slaves, Houses fired &c\u201cOppression\u201d it is said \u201cwill make a wise man mad\u201d if so, is it not as likely to make a poor Negro mad, treated as he is, and when once drove to a state of madness, what may not be feared from such, so educated & abused, especially, when they have so often heard us say \u201cPoor freedom is better than rich slavery\u201d\u2014\u201cLiberty or Death\u201dI am a friend to all Men, without respect to color name or nation, I most assuredly am the white Mans friend, & can but hope, they may \u201cundo the heavy burdens, & let the oppressed go free\u201d do as they would be done by, without which they cannot be Christians, Else I greatly fear the awful consequences,\u2014When Justice & Equity walk hand in hand, Mercy & Truth meet together, Righteous & Peace kiss each other, Then & not till then, will every man rest under his own Vine, and Fig Tree, & none shall make them afraidI now close by an affectionate Farewell Thy Friend\n            Samuel Wood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1879", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 4 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have to acknolege your two kind favors of Feb. 12. & 26. and they make it a duty to go into some explanations. age and ill health, and still more the loss of plantation skill and management by an absence of 50. years from such attentions, had for some time rendered me unequal to the proper management of my possessions insomuch that those in Bedford had been entirely unproductive and those here not so productive as they should have been, and as Jefferson\u2019s management has lately made them. I had therefore for some time been falling behind-hand, a little & a little every year. but still the amount of these arrearages would have given me no difficulty had things continued as they were. but the sudden reduction of the circulating medium, the failure of market from the peace of Europe, and prostration of the price of produce & property fell on me by surprise, and trebled at once in effect the burthen of these debts. indeed the fall of flour alone from 6. & 8. to 2. D. a barrell would have of itself that effect independant of the other causes; and the prospect of change for the better is so indifferent that I give up the reliance on crops for relief, and decide without hesitation to sell property as soon as a fair price can be got. to obtain time for this it was necessary to quiet a number of outstanding demands which those having them could illy afford to wait for. this occasioned my wish to obtain a temporary aid from the bank until property should come to a fair price, and purchasers be enabled to come into the market in addition to this I have committed the whole of my estate here and in Bedford to Jefferson to direct as he thinks best, without any interference on my part; and I am satisfied he will double its produce at once, which even at present prices, will double present income the rules of the Farmer\u2019s bank requiring a town endorser, I was led to look to your friendship for that kind office; and knowing your situation, as being young in business, with a growing family I meant to relieve you from all uneasiness or inconvenience by pledging to you property which should place absolute security in your own hands. I recieved information of the discount being admitted last night only, and tomorrow being our court day, I must relieve myself by immediate draughts on you, of which this letter is hastened to advise you; and in the course of the week I will transmit you such a conveyance of property as shall make you entirely secure. the draughts I shall make on you tomorrow will be in favor of the following personsDMartin Dawson. for94.42John Watson45.41Twyman Wayt219.72James Brown133.25David Higgenbotham159.95Craven Peyton700.William Barrett for B. Miller 750. D. in all 2102.75others will soon follow to nearly the whole amount; for I am impatient to relieve myself from these uneasy demands. I must further request you to make an immediate remittance for me to messrs Leroy & Bayard of N. York, to whom I write this day to notify them that you will do it; and 40. Dollars to mr William J. Coffee of the same place, but recommended to the care of Dr David Hosack; I inclose a letter to Dr Hosack within which you will be so good as to inclose your letter & bill to mr CoffeeTwo of my grandson are to go to school on the 12th instant, & have not the necessary books, nor can they be got here\u2014will you be so good as to send me by mail 2. copies of Ruddiman\u2019s Rudiments and 2. copies of the Orbis pictus? I am told they are to be had at Warner\u2019s bookstore.I salute you as ever with affection & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1880", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Barret, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barret, William\nSir\nMonticello\nAccording to promise in mine of Feb. 12. I am now enabled to state specifically the instalments by which I shall be able to discharge my debt to mr Miller. that is to say, I can pay immediately 750. D. and the same sum every 6. months until the whole is discharged, which I hope will be acceptable to you. I am sure you are sensible that the farmer getting less than 2. D. a barrel clear for his flour may ask indulgence without blame, from the known circumstances of the times. I accordingly inclose you an order on Capt Bernard Peyton for the 1st payment of 750. D. which I hope will be satisfactory, and I tender you the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1881", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William John Coffee, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coffee, William John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy cistern answers perfectly well but not affording water enough for us, I propose to prepare another. I this day therefore desire Capt Bernard Peyton commission mercht of Richmond and my correspondent there to remit you 40. D. which I trespass on your friendship in requesting you to invest in Roman cement, and forward to Capt Peyton for me. the Proctor of our University will have occasion soon to apply for some. will you be so good as to inform me to whom he must address himself.You were kind enough when here to give me some remarkably fine penpoints of a yellow hue. if my remittance leaves any thing will you be so kind as to send me a few dozen. if quilted into the size of a letter they will come best my mail. not certain of your being in New York this as well as the letter of remittance go under cover to Dr Hosack.I salute you with constant esteem & respect\u2014Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1882", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Graves, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Graves, John\nSir\nMonticello\nIt being as convenient to me to pay my note to you, now as it will be at the end of it\u2019s term, I am ready to do it by an order on Richmond. I would have sent the order in this letter, but do not know your post office, or how far it might be safe. if you will advise me by letter  how I may send the order to you, or to whom I might deliver it for you, it shall be done on the receipt of your letter.Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1883", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Hosack, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hosack, David\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAt the request of mr Coffee I formerly took the liberty of putting a letter to him under the protection of your cover, having occasion to make him again a remittance of 40. D. for a like object with the former, and not knowing certainly that he is at N. York, I take the same liberty again. the remittance being to be made by my correspondent in Richmond I pass this letter thro\u2019 his hands that he may inclose in it the one he addresses to mr Coffee. I embrace with pleasure every occasion of assuring you of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1884", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Hosack, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hosack, David\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIn a letter to you of this day\u2019s date, send via Richmond, I took the liberty of desiring my correspondt there to inclose one to mr Coffee containing a remittance to him, that now inclosed is to inform him of it\u2019s application. not knowing certainly that he is in N. York, I am obliged to trespass on your kindness by putting them under your cover, which I pray you to pardon on the score necessity, and to be assured of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1885", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas P. Jones, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jones, Thomas P.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWarrenton (N C)\nMarch 5th 1821\nAlthough the writer of this address is not personally known to you, he pursuades himself that the warm interest which you are known to take in the affairs of the University of Virginia, will plead his excuse for troubling you on the present occasion.When my friend Judge Cooper passed through this place on his way to Columbia, he mentioned the University as likely to afford at some future period, a situation suiting my habits and pursuits, and worthy my acceptance, observing at the same time, that he supposed the institution would not be organized in less than four or five years. The late act of the Legislature of Virginia, rendering it probable that this event will take place at a much earlier date, has induced me to determine  to become a candidate for the professorship of Chymistry and Mechanical Philosophy: to these branches of science many years of my life have been devoted, and I have taught them as a public lecturer and professor, with approbation and success.When I am made acquainted with the proper time and channel of communication; such testimonials as may be deemed necessary, shall be forwarded. Judge Cooper, Robt Patterson Esqr director of the Mint, Dr Patterson, Dr Hare, John Vaughan Esqr, and many other gentlemen of high standing in Society, it is believed will give a very favourable opinion both as regards talent and integrity of character.A line addressed to Dr Thos P Jones, in this place will be esteemed a favour.I am Sir With the highest consideration Your Obedient ServantThos P Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1888", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Craven Peyton, 5 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Craven\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am now enabled to give you an order on Capt Peyton for 700. D. and to assure you of the balance of my debt in July. which will be 547D.16 with interest from Mar. 10. as you will see by the subjoined statement. I pray you to be assured that it has never been in my power to do more than I have done, and than what I still engage to do: and I have no doubt that your own experience proves to you that a farmer getting only 2. D. a barrel for his flour may be in default without being blameable.Accept the assurance of my great friendship & respect.Th: JeffersonD1817.Feb. 7.loan1500Int. to Oct. 26. 1820. 3 y. 261 D334.361834.36D1818.Dec.1283. \u2114 pork @ 8D.50109.051820.Apr. 15.a sow sold by E. Bacon5.Oct. 26.order on B. Peyton500.614.051220.311821.Mar. 10.Int. from Oct. 26. to this date 4M\u201312D26.851247.16Order on B. Peyton now inclosed700.Balance remaining due547.16", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1889", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: List of Taxable Property, 6 Mar. 1821, 6 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nA list of the taxable property of the subscriber in Albemarle on the 1st day of Feb. 1821. for which he is liable.4492 \u2153 acres of land. note that within the last year the subscriber has sold to Dr Chas Everett the tract of 400. a. called Pouncey\u2019s and to Abraham Holly the Limestone tract of 4. as which are therefore to be transferred to them in the Commrs books.56. slaves above 12. years of age.13. horses and mules1. four wheeled carriage.Th: JeffersonMar. 6. 21.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1890", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Notes on Capitals for University of Virginia Buildings, After 6 Mar. 1821, 6 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nIID.NoI. East. Ionic.4. Capitals. dim diam.26\u00bdcost240.freight22.72III. West. do6.26\u215b330.38.40\u0192NoII. West. Corinthian4.25.2/10732.33.=13250.80IV. East. do2. capitals & 2 half do say 3.20 8/10330.25.=1\u215e3017.1632151.92151.921783.92No1. E 4. boxes  38 I. sq. 17 high. 14.2 cub. f\u00d74=56.8 cub. f=1.42 ton@16=22.72D3. W 6. boxes. 40. I. sq. 17. high 16 cub. f. each\u00d76=96. cub. f=24/10=38.4D2. W. 4. boxes 44. I. sq. 34\u00bd high. 38. cub. f each.\u00d74=152 cub. f=3\u2158=60.804 E. 3. boxes 38 I. sq. 30. I. high 25. cub f each\u00d73=75 cub. f=1\u215e=30.D.9\u00bd ton in allNo IV. E.No II. W.LibraryI.I.Capital.top37.243.3455.8bottom20.825.232.4height28.32.6742.let us suppose the top & bottom which are plain, to cost .30 the sq. foot as at Philadathen we shall find the carved surface to cost nearly 21D.50c the sq. f. DNo IV. E.37.2 I. sq+20.8 I. sq.=9.6 sq. f@.30= 2.8828 I. height\u00d729. I. mean circumf. 5.6@21.50=120.40123.28 instead of 110.D.sq. fDcNo II. W.43.34 I. sq.+25.2 I. sq.=17.4@.30=5.2232.67 height\u00d734.27 mean circumf.7.77@21.59=167.172.22 instead of 180.DLibrary.columns calculated on the same principlestonDsq. fDcfreight 80. f=1=32.55.8 I. sq.+32.4 I. sq.=29.@.30=8.7042. height\u00d744. mean circumf.12.83@21.50=275.60cost each.284.3032.316.30\u00d710=3,163}=3,483frt 2. tons32.\u00d710=320half Capitals142\u00d78=1136}=1,264frt16\u00d78128158", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1891", "content": "Title: Ann Bacon: Memorandum of Turkeys Raised, 7 Mar. 1821, 7 March 1821\nFrom: Bacon, Ann\nTo: \nMemorandom of Turkeys raised and sent to the house 1820. 15 Turkeys was sent to the house one half is Mr Jeffersons1821. twelve is deliverd and two yet Remains to be sent up when ever requir\u2019d two was cripled in catching them and died of this years raisingI am yours &c.March 7th 1821\u2014Ann Bacon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1892", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Leitch, 8 March 1821\nFrom: Leitch, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville\nMar. 8th 1821James LeitchThankfully Acknowledges the Receipt of Mr Jefferson\u2019s Draft on Capt Peyton for Thirteen Hundred & Forty Eight Dollars 47/100 in payment of his last year\u2019s amount & solicits when at any time he may require an advance in cash to Draw on him as formerly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1893", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Maury, 8 March 1821\nFrom: Maury, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              New Orleans\n          I have reproached myself much for not having ere this, thanked you for the letter of introduction you were so good as to give me to Kentucky thru my Cousin Tom Maury.With Dr Brown I was highly pleased, as every one must be with a polite Gentleman, & tho not of mine I found him an acquaintance of my Father as far back as 1795. he took me to the University & other public Institutions in Lexington, & tho it is, as we should say in England, in the Wild Woods. I think I never saw more public spirit evinced for the encouragement of Science & literature;\u2014with the Society I was also delighted, & with the Hospitality of the State generally. tho their manners were not quite as polished as in the Atlantic States\u2014In Frankfort I only remained a couple of days when I handed your other letter to Mr Jas Brown who was also very attentive to me\u2014There I attended the first legislative Body I had seen in this Country. it was at an unfortunate moment tho, for it being Christmas Day, they had most of them taken their bowl of Egg Knogg\u2014of course therefore I shall not insert that in my journal as an aspersion of the State Assemblies\u2014At Louisville I found the prospects for pursuing my journey on Horse back so very bad as to Roads and Weather that I took passage on board a Steam Boat: the depth, the navigation and the majestic grandeur of the Mississippi surprized me: of its great Trade I had no idea, that is, as to the variety of articles brought to this market.I cannot say that with the Society of New Orleans I have been much pleased however the reason is I do not speak French tho I understand it as well almost as English.The American population is however beginning to predominate, and with that they are commencing the grand work of its improvement. In the fall they commence paving the City, which must greatly contribute to its health, other improvements following. I think the day is not far distant when it will vie with all the former opulence and splendor of Alexandria.There are now 80 Steam Boats navigating the Western Waters. they  have been like most other branches of Trade, overdone, & many would now wish, not to sell, but give out their shares\u2014to give you some idea, a bale of Cotton weighg 400 lbs. is brought from Natchez 320 miles for half a dollar!Amongst the Planters the only money is made, they, getting 12 to 18 cents for their Cotton which in Europe will nett 11 to 17!\u2014they nevertheless complain, since upon enquiry, they say they would cultivate it for even 8 cents in preference to anything else. I think therefore the United States will not on that point feel jealous of the East Indies.The Owners of Western Produce fare badly Flour $2.50 Corn 30 cents. hard & F Tobacco 2\u00bd to 4\u00bd.I expect to leave this the beginning of next month and by the beginning of May to have the pleasure of renewing to you the esteem with whichI have the honor to be Your obedient servant\n            William Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1894", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Cabell Rives, 8 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rives, William Cabell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe approach of the semiannual meeting of the Visitors of the University renders it interesting to learn the probable fate of our application to Congress on the subject of the duties  and the more so, as we gave our bonds personally for the amount, on the presumption that before they should become due Congress would have had time to decide the question. I am well aware how uncontrolable the delays of that body are, and therefore only ask the communication of anything which may have been done since the report of the Committee of claims indicative of what we may hope of the result. I pray you to be assured of my continued and great esteem and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1895", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Brent, 9 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brent, Daniel\nMonticello\nMar. 9. 21.Th Jefferson acknoleges the reciept of mr Brent\u2019s note of Feb. 26. and returns thanks for the repeated favors & attentions to his foreign correspondence. more and more disinclined to the labors of\n\t\t\t the writing table, his intrusions on mr Brent\u2019s kind offices will become less frequent, tho probably not altogether discontinued. he prays him to accept the assurance of his constant friendship\n\t\t\t respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1896", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Cock, 9 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cock, Andrew\nMonticello\nMar. 9. 21.Th: Jefferson acknoleges the reciept of mr Cock\u2019s favor of Feb. 14. and, past attention himself to the pursuits to which it relates he makes the best disposition of it in his power by delivering it to\n\t\t\t the Secretary of the Agricultural society of this quarter presided by mr Madison, who will doubtless avail themselves of the communication he has been so kind as to make. he prays him to accept his respectful salutations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1898", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Leake, 9 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leake, Samuel\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of Feb. 26. and am sorry it is not in my power to give you the least information on the subject of it\u2019s enquiry. you have justly imagined that a lapse of half a century, filled up with business of various kinds would probably have erased the recollection of the circumstances you mention. they have so compleatly done it as not to have left a single trace of them in my memory. with my regrets at not being able to give you any information of them, I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1900", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 9 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Roane, Spencer\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am indebted for your favor. of Feb. 25. & especially for your friendly indulgence to my excuses for retiring from the polemical world. I should not shrink from the post of duty, had not the decays of nature withdrawn me from the list of combatants. great decline in the energies of the body impart naturally a corresponding wane of the mind, and a honing after tranquility as the last and sweetest asylum of age. it is a law of nature that the generations of men should give way, one to another, and I hope that the one now on the stage will preserve for  their sons the political blessings delivered into their hands by their fathers. time indeed changes manners and notions, and so far we must expect institutions to bend to them. but time produces also corruption of principles, and against this it is the duty of good citizens to be ever on the watch, and if the gangrene is to prevail at last, let the day be kept off as long as possible. we see already germs of this, as might be expected. but we are not the less bound to press against them. the multiplication of public offices, increase of expence beyond income, growth and entailment of a public debt, are indications solliciting the employment of the pruning, knife; and I doubt not it will be employed; good principles being as yet prevalent enough for that.The great object of my fear is the federal judiciary. that body, like Gravity, ever acting, with noiseless foot, & unalarming advance, gaining ground step by step, and holding what it gains, is ingulphing insidiously the special governments into the jaws of that which feeds them. the recent recall to first principles however, by Colo Taylor, by yourself and now by Alexander Smyth will, I hope, be heard, & obeyed, & that a temporary check will be effected. yet be not weary of well doing. let the eye of vigilance never be closed.Last and most portentous of all is the Missouri question. it is smeared over for the present: but it\u2019s geographical demarcation is indelible. what it is to become, I see not; and leave to those who will live to see it. the University will give employment to my remaining years, and quite enough for my senile faculties. it is the last act of usefulness I can render, and could I see it open I would not ask an hour more of life. to you I hope many will still be given; and, certain they will all be employed for the good of our beloved country, I salute you with sentiments of especial friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1902", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hartwell Cocke, 12 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cocke, John Hartwell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur last mail brought me a letter from mr Rodney and the inclosed seeds of pumpkin and asparagus for you, and as the season for sowing the latter is at hand, I have thought it better to forward them by mail than to await the 1st day of April when we expect the pleasure of seeing you here. we have been obliged to call a special meeting on that day, that by performing this, the only visitatorial act we are authorised to do out of session, mr Johnson may avoid the lapse of his commission. but it is well even for the business of the next day, which will be the periodical meeting that we should be together on Sunday to digest what we are to do I hope therefore to see you here either the overnight or Sunday forenoon, when our colleagues will also attend under the special call signed by all except yourself to whom no opportunity of presenting it has occurred. if you have any sea-kale seed to spare I will thank you for some to replenish my bed. they had better come by mail for dispatch. I salute you with great friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1904", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 12 March 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nOur mail from the west due last wednesday did not arive until Thursday night, after the mail for that direction was closed, consequently could not acknowledge by it the rect your favor 4th inst with the one enclosed for Dr Hosack\u2014I lost no time in procuring a check for $40 made payable to W. J. Coffee, & enclosing it in a letter to him, under cover the one to Dr Hosack, as you directed.Your request in your letter that I will make an immediate remittance to Messrs: Leroy & Bayard of New York, but do not state the amount\u2014consequently have been unable to comply, but I wrote them stating the fact, & to say, that the remittance would be made so soon as I heard from you again.The Books you wished I have procured, & send them under cover herewith, which I wish safe to hand.Several of the drafts you advise of having drawn, have been presented & paid, & also one to Leitch for $1348 47/100 without advice\u2014when the balance appear they shall be honord.The explanation you give of your affairs was quite unnecessary for me, & I beg you will not think that my wish for security for my endorsations for you proceeded from the slightest doubt of your ability to pay four times the amount of your debts, or from an idea that you would permit an endorser to suffer the slightest loss or inconvenience\u2014I assure you nothing was farther from me, but I tho\u2019t it best to guard against any possible circumstance  which you could not control, particularly as I have lately had some serious lessons on this score, as you know:\u2014my confidence in you is unlimited, & my desire to serve you is not exceeded by any one, as I shall be happy in every occasion of With sincere regard Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1905", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 12 March 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear and respected Sir!Oldenbarneveld\n12 March 1821I should need an apology for intruding on your precious moments of leisure, as I have nothing interesting to communicate, had you not bestowed before at different times so many favours upon me. now I consider it needless and consider it becoming after a long silence, to pay you once more the due tribute of my respect and gratitude as to whom I am indebted the distinguished attentions, which I received in this country from several of the wise and good. the remembrance of which was vividly renewed by my visit last year at Boston and Quincy from whence I addressed you with a few lines.I wished, you could have witnessed the pleasure. which a part of your last Letter, with which I was honoured, did give to our venerable friend. would to god\u2014he was here! He devoted daily a considerable time in reading. walking and even assisting in cultivating and adorning his garden. His mental powers remain undiminished. his trembling hand prevents writing\u2014every day was feast\u2014and he even condescended\u2014to accompany me at Boston\u2014at the Invitation of mutual friends\u2014all rancorous  feelings\u2014so much indulged with bitterness against him\u2014are soothed or rooted out\u2014even former malice repents and makes atonement by voluntary confession\u2014this I witnessed\u2014and do you not, my Dear Sir! enjoy similar gratifications. I trust\u2014you do\u2014and how far more desirable is such a situation finally\u2014above that in  which a weak man is idolised by a host of creeping\u2014selfish\u2014sycophants\u2014and scorned and cursed, when he is divested of the power to glut their insatiable avarice. I at least have the pleasure\u2014that I witnessed the justice done to you in our State\u2014You mentioned\u2014that you would leave little behind you\u2014but even that little must be valuable. It can not be\u2014or there must be among your papers\u2014to encrease yet the value of your notes\u2014and\u2014although you was too long and too deep engaged in the general state concerns. the man\u2014who could collect and pen\u2014the valuable materials, with which I was entrusted, must have arranged others\u2014of a similar price\u2014and why should these be burried in oblivion? my service\u2014in this respect\u2014you may command, and every restriction shall be religiously kept.I hope\u2014your university exceeds in its infancy your most glowing expectations\u2014and doubt not or posterity shall gratefully remember the Father of the Institution\u2014Perhaps\u2014you might through your friends inform yourselves if in the Records of your State from 1650\u201360\u2014perhaps earlier\u2014transactions are mentioned between the Virginians and the Government of N. Netherland\u2014I do not question of such ones\u2014principally\u00b7\u2014relative to trade and mutual intercourse\u2014so too with regard to the settlement on the Delaware or South river\u2014must be mentioned. except these transactions were private arrangements between the governours\u2014Did you\u2014when in Europe\u2014see the map of the United States published in London and Amsterdam. by mitchel\u2014undertaken with approbation of the Lord\u2019s Commissioners of the plantations and trade?  I ask the question, because\u2014in that map the famous salt-mountain\u2014there called Salt-rock\u2014is designated on the same spot, where the Indians informed Gen. Shiller that it existed\u2014viz on 39 degr. between the Akansas and Padouesland\u2014That Being\u2014whom we revere\u2014pour the choice of his blessings upon you\u2014health and contentment till the hour of parting! while you will permit me, to solicit, while I yet remain\u2014in the enjoyment of this happiness, among the living, that you will be pleased to continue to honour me with your remembrance\u2014while I am\u2014with high respect and considerationDear and respected Sir! Your most obed. and obliged ServantFr Adr. vander Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1907", "content": "Title: Joel Yancey: Letter of Credit, 12 Mar. 1821, 12 March 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: \nThe Bearer Nace, the property of Mr Thomas Jefferson, is on his way to Monticello, with Beeves and Muttons for his Master, he will want some provision on the road for his Cattle should he be furnished by any person, and given   (Nace) a bill of it, they will certainly be paid, (if not sooner) by Mr Jefferson when he makes his Visit to Poplar Forest in next month.Joel Yancey12th March 1821Nace Recd from me fodr & Corn to amt three shillingsHenry FloodBuckingham 14th monthNatt fed his horse beeves and muttons here to the amount of one dollar & Twenty five centsJohn MorrisBuckingham 15th march 1821", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1908", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Barret, 13 March 1821\nFrom: Barret, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond\n13th March 1821\nI am favored with yours of the 5th inst handing me an order on Capt Bernard Peyton for $750 which has been paid and will be placed to your credit on the bond\u2014I am very sensible of the difficulty experienced thro\u2019 out the County in raising money at this time, and feel much obliged by the arrangement you have made to place me in possession of the balance due on your bond\u2014Nothing I assure you Sir but the urgeancy of the case would have induced me to trouble you at this time with this matterI am with sentiments of great respect Your Obt Hble ServtWilliam Barret", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1909", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas P. Jones, 13 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, Thomas P.\n\t\t\t\t\tYour favor of the 5th is recieved. the act of our legislature to which it alludes has by no means the effect of hastening the openg of our University. it authorises it only  to run further in debt for the completion of the buildings by another loan, which as well as a former one is to be repd still out of the annuity formerly given to the Univty and if it is ultimately so to be repd, it removes the openg to a very distant day indeed. but we are constantly in the hope that when the finances of the state will afford it the legislature will clear us of the debt,  this however is so uncertain  that it wd be quite premature at present for the Visitors to come to any resoln on the subject of Professors. accept the assurce of my grt resp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1910", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Rhea, 13 March 1821\nFrom: Rhea, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington\n13th March 1821\nPlease, accept the within Copy of a Circular Letter\u2014I have the honor to be your obt servtJohn Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1911", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Rush, 14 March 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nLondon\nI have heretofore acknowledged, by a line, your much-esteemed favor of the 20th of October, since which that of the 27th of December has got to hand. The latter enclosed a letter for Mr Roscoe and one for Mrs Cosway, both of which I was happy to be the means of forwarding. The residence of Mrs Cosway was found out without difficulty.The list of books, I have had great pleasure in procuring, and the ample time allowed has afforded me increased opportunities of fulfiling your wishes in a manner as I would hope satisfactory. Lackingtons is the house with which I deal myself, having found it, upon the whole, to combine honesty and cheapness with the advantage of a large collection, in a degree greater than any other known to me, and always prompt and obliging. But on this occasion I looked farther. I had five copies of the list made out, putting them into the hands of as many booksellers of each of whom I had had special recommendations. One of them had been the collector for Mr Adams, secretary of state, whilst he was here, and another was named to me by Mr William Vaughan. Of the five lists four were returned to me with a positive declaration that several of the books specified were not to be had in all London, and although each return was defective in wanting at least four of the works, and those the most curious, yet the estimated cost of the remainder exceeded in all the cases the limits of the sum which you had indicated. One of the estimates went as high as sixty pounds. I must mention that the name of a book being in a London catalogue, does not always prove that the book itself is forthcoming. This kind of lure is probably among the expedients of the trade, as custom may grow out of it, though the particular book sought cannot be supplied. The return from Mr Vaughan\u2019s man, embraced all the books except one, but no precise estimate of the cost. The majority of them being rare, he said that the prices might be capricious, and without an actual order for the purchase he would not undertake to fix them. This determined me not to deal with him.My sixth copy of the list was sent to Lackingtons firm. They first replied, that they had not all the books, but would strive to procure them. In a fortnight they informed me that they could get them all, and sent me an estimate of the prices, which, without a single one of the works being omitted, fell within the limit. The only deviation was, that they could procure no edition of Whately on gardening with plates. The person recommended by Mr Vaughan, was Payne, of Pall mall, who stands well here and has a very large stock. His prices, as far as he would afford them beforehand, were higher than Lackingtons.I have troubled you with a detail thus particular, only as it may serve to assist in determining the choice of a bookseller, when you may come to import for the University. Having found Lackington in this instance, as I generally do, the best, I have bought of him. The books are already packed up and sent to our consul, Col: Aspinwall, who will have the same pleasure in seeing that they are safely shipped that I have had in purchasing them. A bill and receipt will accompany them when  shipped. There is no vessel up at present for Richmond or Norfolk, but Colonel Aspinwall thinks it probable that there will be some next month, or at all events in May, and he will be sure to avail himself of the first opportunity. A balance of about five or six pounds, will remain in my hands, which I shall be happy to appropriate in any manner that you will gratify me by pointing out. Suffer me to add, that should the University begin to import during my stay here, and think that my aid could be in any way serviceable, it would yield me pleasure to be called upon.The reflections in your favor of October, bearing upon a momentous event in our publick affairs, were of great interest and value to me. They constitute indeed \u201cmoral facts,\u201d (the most precious parts of history,) and I prize them accordingly. Though at a distance from home whilst the discussions respecting Missouri have been in agitation, I have not regarded them with the less attention or anxiety. The fathers of our Republick, as I had ever supposed, arranged, wisely and safely, all the fearful questions that belong to those discussions. Deeply then is it to be lamented that we, of this generation, have chosen to open them anew. A long and bloody struggle is probably upon the eve of commencing in Europe between the friends of free government, and those of long established abuse. Should we, at such an epoch, foolishly throw away the boon of our union, and with it the blessings of our prosperity and peace, we shall do more by our example, ten thousand times, to uphold the cause of tyranny in the old world, than can be effected by all the victories which the hirelings of Austria may be able to gain in Italy. But I must conclude for the present with the indulgence of better hopes, and above all that the evening of your useful days may never be pained by witnessing such a calamity to your country and to mankind.The wishes and prayers of a majority of the people of this country, are, I believe, on the side of Naples in the tremendous conflict that has been forced upon her. I cannot say that I think the same of the Ministry, though, for the present, they stand neutral.Permit me to renew to you, dear Sir, the assurances of my highest respect and attachment.Richard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1913", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 14 March 1821\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nPhilad.\nI have learnt with pleasure that the Establishment of West Point is to possess a full length portrait of yourself executed by Mr. Sully.I have always esteemed this Institution as a most important one to the permanent Strength of this Country\u2014The objections to and the expence of, a large army will always reduce the regular armed force of this Country, so as to make it a Comparatively small School for military education & so divided that the means of instruction will be very confined\u2014Under these Circumstances the advantages of a Military School to lay a foundation on which a Scientific knowledge of the profession may be built when the occasion calls for the service, are in calculable\u2014and I hope the present measure may operate as a Continuance for Years to Come, of that protection which you have so wisely afforded it and will enable it to resist all the attacks of false \u0153conomy\u2014Its destruction would be a great national evil\u2014I am gratified that it has fallen to Mr Sullys lot to be the artist employed & beg leave to recommend him to that attention which\u2014Talent & modest merits have ever experienced, from you\u2014I remain Yours sincerelyJno Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1914", "content": "Title: From Hughes & Co. Lackington to Richard Rush, 16 March 1821\nFrom: Lackington, Hughes & Co.\nTo: Rush, Richard\nLondon\nMarch 16. 1821\u2014\u00a332.12.0Received of R. Rush Esqr Thirty Two Pounds 12 / for Books as per Account for which this is a Duplicate receipt\u2014Lackington Hughes & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1915", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 16 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\nSir\nMonticello\nI send by this mail the last volume of the Register, and inclose in this letter the title page and index of the preceding volume which had been mislaid. I shall hope soon to hear that the whole are delivered to Capt Peyton and to recieve your account. I salute you with respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1916", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 16 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved last night yours of the 12th and could scarcely believe it possible I should have made such a blunder as the omission to name the sum to be remitted to Messrs Leroy & Bayard. but turning to my letter I found it really so. I am quite ashamed of it. the sum is 125. D. the inclosed letter from mr Maury came to my hands 9. months ago, and having not heard from mr Pickett I have taken for granted the bust mentioned in it never came to hand, will you be so good as to have it shewn to him by way of enquiry merely.  the instrument of security I mean to send you is only waiting for a 3d witness, which will be the first person who shall call on me. this is a measure which my own con-science forces me to, in order that it may not affect your son credit when it shall be known that you hold security in your own hands. the draught for 1348D.47 in favor of Leitch is correct, and I drew on you on the 13th for 50. D. in favor of mr Hatch. be assured of my constant and affectionate friendship.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1917", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 19 March 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI have yours of the 16th: now before me with its enclosure.\u2014Mr Pollard, to whom I have shewn Mr Maury\u2019s letters, assures me the Bust was safely recd, & either sent to or by Mr Thos E. Randolph of your county, who can probably give you some certain information about it.I have this day procured a draft from the Branch Bank of the United\u2013States here, on the Branch in New York for $125, which I have enclosed Messers Leroy Bayard & Co to your credit.\u2014Your draft faci\u2019g Hatch for fifty $50 Dollars, together with all the others, of which I am apprised. but two small ones, have been presented & paid\u2014Thinking it likely you wished to preserve Mr Mauray\u2019s letter, I return it under cover herewith\u2014Your Pots for sea cale have been making at the Pottery near this place for a fortneight past, but really our mechanicks are so very indifferent that it is impossible to make any calculations upon them, I am in hopes however they will be ready by this day week, if so, or whenever they are, no time shall be lost in forwarding them by a Boat\u2014 They are made by Mr Wickham\u2019s pattern which he finds to answer well\u2014With great respect Yours trulyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1918", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 19 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\n              Monticello\n          Nace arrived here Friday evening with his beeves safe, but not as lucky as to his muttons. one got from him at Chilton\u2019s, another gave out at Warren and the other 4. about 10. miles from here. by sending him back immediately with a cart, these were recovered and brought home, and the other two will not probably be lost. Jefferson will be with you about ten days hence and will advise with you as to the best disposition of the flour, and the payment of the debts which you mention as pressing on you. I shall also be with you about the 15th or 20th of April, not however to meddle with any thing but to vary the scene a little and chequer the monotony of useless life. I am happy to hear that your family is restored to health, and think it very fortunate that mine has escaped  fever both there and here. some families in this part of the country have lost many by it\u2014I salute you with affectionate friendship and respect.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1919", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hartwell Cocke, 20 March 1821\nFrom: Cocke, John Hartwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nBremo\nMarch 20th 1821\nI thank you for forwarding the Seeds from Mr Rodney.\u2014I recd them safely a few days ago. and hasten to send you herein the few Sea Kale seed I have left.\u2014I am sorry you did not make known your wish to get this seed until I had reduced my stock so low.\u2014I shall make a point of attending the special meeting of the Visitors at the time proposedYours with high respect & EsteemJohn H. Cocke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1920", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Greenway, 20 March 1821\nFrom: Greenway, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Dinwiddie\n          I herewith transmit you the Manuscript & Hortus Siccus of my Father; which, I am sorry to say, several unavoidable accidents have prevented my doing at an earlier date. the manuscript was sent early in the winter of  \u201919, but after being taken as far as Richmd & remaining there for several months, was unexpectedly, owing to some misunderstanding, returned to me.After you shall have come to a determination, (as I leave it entirely discretionary with you) I should like to hear what disposition you intend making of it.\u2014Accept, Sir, the acknowledgment of my sincere regret for the delay which has taken place & consider me with sentiments of the greatest esteem & respect\u2014Your Obt Servt\n          Robt Greenway", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1922", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 22 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThis will be delivered you by mr Wilson a gentleman of this state, well informed, of fine understanding, and of great worth. he goes to Europe in order to see what it is, but more especially to study it\u2019s agriculture for you know we are all agricultural here. he asked me for an introduction to some of my friends. I told him that I believed there was not a person living in France who had been personally known to me while there but yourself; and that with you  his being an American was a sufficient passport. still as it will be satisfory to you to know that those to whom you shew kindnesses merit them, I give him a letter with that assurance.My health is better, but not good.  so weak as not to walk further than my garden: but I ride with little fatigue. may yours be as long as you wish for life. and continue you the index of the orthodox party of your government for us who have no means of knowing the details. affectionately Adieu.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1925", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 24 March 1821\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n D Sir\n1821 March. 24 Philad.\nGreat pains has been taken in our City of late Years, to induce some of our Young men of good Education & promising Talents, to go to Europe after havg finished their studies here; to qualify themselves in the higher Branches, to bring home an accession of knowledge, & to impart it to their Country in the Station of Professors\u2014Situations too often filled, from the interest of personal friends, rather than on accot of the personal merit of the Individuals\u2014when particularly they have never have been out of the Country, they Seldom know the extent to which knowledge has been pushed in Europe, & Seldom profess or even inspire their pupils with, that enthusiastic love of Science for its own sake, which more than any thing else. elicits Talents & genius\u2014When such return to this Country I feel warmly interested in seeing them placed to the advantage of themselves & the Country\u2014& am sometimes probably carried away by the zeal I experience on this subject, to take liberties which I am scarcely authorized to do\u2014To you my Dear Sir I know that  on this subject you require no apology, & that in your retiremt as formerly in public life you wished for every information to guide your conduct from whatever quarter it might come\u2014Amongst the Young men lately return\u2019d who come within the description I have given is Mr Lardner Vanuxem\u2014whose talents Mr DuPonceau had an early opportunity of knowing & at whose urgent solicitation his father sent a few years ago to Paris where he has (under the recommendation of Mr. Correa) sedulously & intelligently followed his Chemical & mineralogical studies with signal success & with the approbation of the Professors there\u2014Upon his return here I recommended him warmly to attach himself to M Cooper for a Season as an assistant,  knowing that Mr C would take him as one of his family\u2014The advice was followed, & it has afforded to Mr Cooper a complete opportunity to ascertain the extent of his knowledge & his talent at communicating to students what himself possessed\u2014& I learn from him that he merited the favorable opinion formed of him by his friends & well wishers\u2014I take the liberty under these Circumstances of joining my feeble voice to that of Mr Cooper  favor of Mr Lardner Vanuxem as a Candidate for the professorship of Chemistry & Mineralogy in Your College which I understand goes into operation next fall\u2014I will add that his manners are modest & amiable, & think his general views are liberal, & truly american & I think of a turn to be acceptable & to assimulate with the tone of Character which pervades the enlightened men of your state. I am not acquainted with or would presume to write to, others of the trustees, but I will take the liberty thro\u2019 you to request that if you think proper you would communicate the purport of this letter to Mr Madison & Mr Monroe, with the mention of that feeling of respect & attachment arising from an acquaintance of many years standing\u2014I rejoice to see at hand the happy moment of realising the truely useful project which has So many years occupied you\u2014so that Generations to come may have daily occasion to recollect the Services you have rendered from an &cJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1926", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Taylor, 25 March 1821\nFrom: Taylor, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPort Royal\nNothing can be better, nor more conformable to my wishes, than the mode you mention of learning the wants of Colo Nicholas\u2019s family, and the application of the small sum destined towards their alleviation; and I thankfully agree to it\u2014You will therefore be so good as to add to the obligation, by informing me, in which of the banks at Fredericksburg the money shall be lodged, or whether it shall be lodged in the hands of an individual, subject to your order, or to the order of any person whom you may nominate to receive it. This will be a much speedier mode of remitting it, than to wait for an opportunity which seldom occurs.Accept Sir, the highest respect of, Your mo: obt SertJohn Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1929", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Craven Peyton, 26 March 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Craven\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonteagle\nMarch 26th 1821\nI was about Answaring Your favour of the 5 Inst. by your boy, Covaring a Draft on Capt. Peyton of Richmd for Seven hundred dollars, but was informed he had started as soon as he sent in the letter, in my last. I inform\u2019d you there was a ballance due of 1350. $ or about that Sum, my allusion was to the Money transactions, exclusive of that, on other Attempts the  is a ballance due now, of a few dollars, I was not fully informed respecting the Poark recd & some Corn delivared, to Your Grandson, with me it does not make the least difference, he being Just as good as the Money, I wrote to Mr. Bacon respecting the poark, he replied by note saying I shoud have it at $8 Neet or 7. gross the then currant-price, for Country pork, the difference, is very trifling, on the month of march 1817. I delivared to your Waggons\u20144044lb foddar, at 6/\u2014 makeing $40 Dollars the accompt. rendared to Mr. Bacon by the Waggoner with the last load, stateing at the same time I did not want the money & wished it to lay in your hands untill I died. There has been dealing between our selves to a large amount and I beleave in no instance a mistake made to the amount of one pense yet by passing through several hands mistakes are liable to be made, however with respect to the foddar and Corn you can do as you please, which will be satisfactory, to me, I was surprised to see Mr Bankhead Monday at Court let me beg you to be asshuared, that every endeavour On my part will be and with him for the benefit of all parties. And which I no will be pleasing to all in no One instance has he ever uttared to me, an unfriendly expression towards eithar member of yours or any Family connected to You, yet he well Knows I woud not permit it from any person On earth. Mrs Marks is yet unwellWith great Respect & EsteemC. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1930", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 27 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nNot knowing the exact date of my note in the bank of Virginia I inclose a blank supposing the time of renewal must be at hand\u2014supposing too the curtail to be of 80. D. the sum must be somewhere between 1000. and 1100. D. I have therefore left the odd numbers blank. on the 4th of Feb. mr Colclaser informs me he sent you a quarter\u2019s rent of 50. Barrels of flour. another quarter is due within 3. or 4. days which I shall direct him to forward to you. the accident to the mill which I mentioned in my last having suspended here grinding more than a month has occasioned such a scramble among the customers to get their flour delivered, as to render it somewhat unpunctual in it\u2019s deliveries. I salute you with constant friendship and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1931", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 27 March 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nthe 27. March 1821\nAgreeable to Order, the three boxes, where detained last week the 22st; Shall forward as directed my Account in a few Days and hope sincerely they may arrive to your honours satisfaction, without much delayYour most humble ServantFrederick Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1932", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe bearer mr Sully, a celebrated Portrait painter of Philadelphia calls to see the University, and as he is a judge, and will be questioned about it on his return I will request you to shew it to him advantageously.I am endeavoring to make as exact an estimate as possible of our past and future expences, beginning with April last when our previous funds had been used, we were in debt 10,000.D. & had not yet entered on the 60,000. for this I wish to know what a Tuscan base and cap costs you?What the Doric bases & caps & clscost?  and what the Ionic & Corinthian bases cost? as nearly as you can estimate them.I should be glad to know what your exact estimate of the Library is as nearly as you can come, I mean the exact sum, not a round one; because we had better add a round allowance for errors on the whole, than for each article by itself. if you can note these things readily while mr Sully walks about to amuse himself I would be glad to recieve them by him. if not, I will send for it tomorrow. I shall be with you the first quite warm day. friendly salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1933", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Claudius Crozet, 28 March 1821\nFrom: Crozet, Claudius\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Si Je m\u2019adressois \u00e0 tout autre que Monsieur Jefferson, Je regarderois probablement comme indispensables ces recommandations, au moyen desquelles on s\u2019empare de l\u2019opinion et d\u00e9termine souvent le Jugement des personnes \u00e0 qui elles sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es: aupr\u00e8s de lui de pareils titres seroient de peu de poids.  Je n\u2019\u00e9prouve donc point, quoiqu\u2019inconnu, cette timidit\u00e9 que le manque de lettres d\u2019introduction donne ordinairement; mais p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 du profond respect qu\u2019inspire un nom aussi illustre; Je sens toute l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la libert\u00e9 que je prends et ne fonde l\u2019esperance d\u2019en \u00eatre Excus\u00e9 que sur cette extr\u00eame bienveillance dont votre nom, Monsieur, est presque le synonime.Ancien El\u00e8ve de l\u2019\u00e9cole Polytechnique, J\u2019ai servi dix ans en France dans le corps de l\u2019artillerie jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque o\u00f9 les malheurs de ma patrie me d\u00e9terminerent \u00e0 me retirer du service et \u00e0 venir habiter la terre hospitaliere des \u00e9tats-unis.  J\u2019y ai \u00e9t\u00e9 non seulement accueilli, mais j\u2019y ai obtenu et occup\u00e9 pendant 5 ans l\u2019emploi de professeur du Genie (Engineering) ici \u2013 Sensible \u00e0 Cette marque de Confiance,  J\u2019ai, depuis, employ\u00e9 tout mon Z\u00e8le \u00e0 y r\u00e9pondre et Je crois avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 assez heureux pour rendre quelques Services \u00e0 L\u2019acad\u00e9mie, \u00e0 la prosperit\u00e9 de laquelle j\u2019\u00e9tois attach\u00e9 tant par reconnoissance pour le gouvernement des \u00e9tats-Unis que par les progr\u00e8s rapides que je lui voyois faire tous les jours.Cependant la derni\u00e8re S\u00e9ance du Congr\u00e8s en nous mena\u00e7ant de changements destructeurs des int\u00e9r\u00eats de l\u2019institution, a rendu Notre Situation ici tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9caire et m\u2019a fait sentir la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de me pr\u00e9cautionner contre un \u00e9v\u00e9nement devenu possible, Je dirai presque probable qui nuiroit, s\u2019il venoit \u00e0 me surprendre, aux int\u00e9r\u00eats de ma famille.  A ces raisons se joint encore l\u2019effet de la situation de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie sur ma sant\u00e9 qui en a beaucoup souffert.Dans ces circonstances, le plan du Coll\u00e8ge Central et le nom de ses directeurs qui promet une si belle institution \u00e0 toute la nation m\u2019on fait na\u00eetre le desir ou plut\u00f4t l\u2019ambition d\u2019y appartenir: Voil\u00e0, Monsieur, les raisons qui m\u2019ont enhardi \u00e0 distraire en ma faveur quelques uns de vos pr\u00e9cieux momentsLe go\u00fbt et l\u2019habitude du professor\u00e2t me font desirer de poursuivre la m\u00eame Carri\u00e8re.  Je puis me charger des branches suivantes d\u2019instruction; les Mathematiques, la Philosophie, l\u2019art militaire dans toutes ses parties et l\u2019architecture civile et Militaire.Ces deux derni\u00e8res branches sont celles que je professe ici.Oserois-je en Cons\u00e9quence, Monsieur, vous prier, si mes Services pouvoient \u00eatre agr\u00e9ables, de me faire savoir les Conditions requises pour l\u2019admission d\u2019un professeur et pour l\u2019execution de ses devoirs; et en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral les diff\u00e9rentes attributions de sa   Je m\u2019empresserai (toujours dans la m\u00eame supposition) de fournir les informations que votre sagesse vous fera desirer et positives et Satisfaisantes: C\u2019est surtout \u00e0 vous, Monsieur, que je desire qu\u2019elle puisse paro\u00eetre telles, autant pour att\u00e9nuer ma presomption \u00e0 vos yeux, que dans l\u2019esp\u00e9rance flatteuse de recevoir une approbation aussi distingu\u00e9e que la v\u00f4tre.  \u00eatre honor\u00e9 de votre bonne opinion, Monsieur, est un avantage que je ressentirois d\u2019autant plus que c\u2019est avec le respect le plus profond que je la Sollicite et que j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant ServiteurCl. Crozetprofessor of Engineering U. S. M. Ac.J\u2019ose me flatter que vous voudrez bien me pardonner d\u2019avoir emprunt\u00e9 ma langue natale pour vous \u00e9crire.  l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019atteindre \u00e0 aucune perfection dans l\u2019anglois m\u2019a donn\u00e9 la timidit\u00e9 naturelle \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un qui convaincu de son immense inferiorit\u00e9 desire cependant se pr\u00e9senter avec le moins de d\u00e9savantage possible: J\u2019ai d\u00fb pour cela eviter une langue qui m\u2019est familiere, mais que je ne gouvernerai probablement jamais. Editors\u2019 Translation\n            If I was addressing anybody other than Mister Jefferson, I probably would consider the recommendations with which one seizes opinion and often determines the Judgment of the persons to whom they are presented, to be indispensable: to Mister Jefferson, such titles will carry little weight.  Therefore, although I am not known by you, I do not feel the timidity normally caused by the lack of a letter of introduction; but, being filled with the profound respect that such an illustrious name inspires, I am aware of the extend of the liberty I am taking, and I only base the hope of being Forgiven for it on the extreme kindness of which your name, Sir, is almost a synonym.I am a former student of the Polytechnic School, and have served for ten years in France in the artillery corps until the time when the misfortunes of my fatherland made me decide to retire from the service and to come and live in the hospitable land of the United-States.  Not only was I welcome there, but I obtained and occupied for 5 years the position of professor of Engineering \u2013 Sensitive to this mark of Trust.  Since then, I have used all my zeal to deserve it, and I believe I have been happy enough to be of some Service to the Academy, the prosperity of which mattered to me because I felt gratitude for the government of the United-States, and because I have observed the rapid progress it made every day.However, the last Session of Congress, by threatening us with changes destructive to the interests of the institution, made Our Situation here very precarious, and made me feel the Need to take precautions against an event that had become possible, I would say almost probable; and which, If it took me by Surprise, would harm the interests of my family.  To these reasons is added the effect the Situation at the Academy is having On my Health, which has much suffered because of it.Under these circumstances, the plan of the Central College and the name of Its directors, which promise to give such a beautiful institution to the nation, gave rise in me to the desire or rather to the ambition of belonging to it: Here, Sir, are the reasons that made me bold enough to distract in my favor a few of your precious moments.Having a taste and a habit for the teaching profession made me want to pursue the same Career.  I can take care of the Following branches of instruction: Mathematics, Philosophy, military arts in all Their parts and Civil and Military architecture.These two last branches Are the ones I am teaching here.Consequently, would I dare, Sir, to ask you, Whether my Services could be agreeable, to let me Know what Conditions are required to be hired as a professor and what is needed in the execution of His duties; and in general, what are the various attributions of his .  I will be eager (still in the same supposition) to provide you with any information your Wisdom will make you desire, and this information will be positive and Satisfactory: It is mostly to You, Sir, that I wish it to appear so, as much to mitigate my presumption in your eyes, as in the flattering hope of receiving an approval as distinguished as Yours.  to be honored with your good opinion, Sir, is an advantage that I would deeply feel and it is with the most profound respect that I Solicit it and that I have the honor to be,Your very humble and very obedient ServantCl. CrozetI dare flatter myself that you will be kind enough to forgive me for having used my native language to write to you.  the impossibility of reaching perfection in English has given me the timidity natural to one who, convinced of His immense inferiority, wishes however to present Himself to the least possible disadvantage: in order to do this, I had to avoid a language familiar to me, but that I probably will never master.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1934", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Mayo, 28 March 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond\nMarch 28th 1821I take the liberty of inclosing you a copy of the Rhyming Primer, & Spelling Book, with the view of procuring your concurrence with several other gentlemen in recommending them to the Commissioners of the Primary Schools of Virginia, should they meet your approbation.I am daily expecting a Stereotype edition from New York, in which great improvements have been made, by extending the tables of Spelling and correcting the few literal errors that have occured in this edition. I inclose you the original signitures of judge Marshall, Govr Randolph, and others, and would be greatly flattered if the list could be closed with your approbation.yrs very respectfullyR. Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1935", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 29 March 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nUniversity\nMarch 29h 1821\nIn reply to your note of yesterday enquiring the cost of a Tuscan base & cap,\u2014the Doric base & capitol, & the Ionic  & Corinthian bases, and also an exact estimate of the cost of the Library as near as I can come\u2014I send you the within calculations which are accurate as I can make them\u2014$.ctsCost of Tuscan base,for Quarrying1.60\"Waggonage.42\"cuting6.44$8.46\u201c Tuscan Cap,Quarrying0.84Waggonage0.32Cuting5.176.33The cost of the Doric, bases & caps of Pav: 4 West nearly the sameDoric of Pavilion No. 1 W. Base forQuarrying12.80Waggonage1.67Workmanship31.5045.97Cap \u201c  Quarrying11 .20Waggonage1.67Working26.5039.37Ionic BaseQuarrying$10.75Waggonage1.67Working29.0641.48Corinthian Base  Quarrying10.50Waggonage1.67Work27.5039.67we have had a considerable number of door sills, worked & a quantity of steps\u2014at 25c the superficial foot\u2014Estimate of the cost of the Library1.050.670 bricks @ 11.$ pr M.11.567.3710 Bases, 8. half do.\u201424 Window sills\u20142 door do.\u20141056 feet of steps runing measure\u2014Pedestal Cuping and base and flaging for portico2.884.30Covering dome & Portico with Tin1.840.00Carpenters Work & Materials 20 circular Windowframes\u20142 door\u20144 front Window do\u20142 floors Joints & the entire external finish of Portico, Entablature, dome room, attic &c &c9.031.19Total for the Walls & external finish25.322.86Carpenters & Joiners work internally 2 Stories7.176.30dodo & materials for terras on each side2.500.00Iron railing1.500.00Painting & Glazing1.800.\u2014Plastering2.000.00Iron mongery about1.000$41.299.16the foregoing estimate is agreeable to my best judgment I may have unintentionally omited some of the charges\u2014in what I have put down I have endeavored to come as near as I could to the cost. I submit the whole to your better judgement & am sir most respectfully your obt sertA. S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1938", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Marc Antoine Jullien, 30 March 1821\nFrom: Jullien, Marc Antoine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            J\u2019ai re\u00e7u avec une vive satisfaction l\u2019obligeante r\u00e9ponse que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire de Monticello, en date du 26 d\u00e9cembre dernier.  je l\u2019ai communiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 mes honorables coll\u00e8gues, qui en ont pris lecture avec beaucoup d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, et qui se joignent \u00e0 moi pour vous en remercier.  Votre suffrage est un encouragement et une r\u00e9compense pour nos difficiles travaux, que nous continuons avec pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance, au milieu de beaucoup d\u2019obstacles.  j\u2019ai aussi fait part de votre lettre \u00e0 mon respectable compatriote et ami M. de la fayette, qui soutient dignement, dans notre chambre des d\u00e9put\u00e9s, sa r\u00e9putation d\u2019intr\u00e9pide d\u00e9fenseur des libert\u00e9s publiques.  je profite, pour vous \u00e9crire, de l\u2019occasion de M. Gallatin fils qui retourne aux Etats-unis et qui veut bien se charger de ma lettre.  j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous adresser quelques exemplaires du troisi\u00e8me prospectus de notre Revue Encyclop\u00e9dique pour la 3\u00e8me ann\u00e9e de sa publication, et d\u2019un coup d\u2019\u0153il g\u00e9n\u00e9ral sur les deux premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es et sur les huit premiers volumes de ce Recueil, qui commence \u00e0 \u00e9tendre ses relations et \u00e0 se consolider par le succ\u00e8s qu\u2019il obtient sur les diff\u00e9rents points du monde civilis\u00e9.  nous d\u00e9sirons beaucoup \u00e9tablir des relations r\u00e9guli\u00e8res et suivies avec les Etats-unis d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, afin d\u2019avoir l\u2019occasion d\u2019entretenir souvent nos lecteurs de tout ce qui caract\u00e9rise le monde et les progr\u00e8s de la civilisation et tous les travaux scientifiques, industriels, philosophiques, philologiques, historiques, arch\u00e9ologiques, politiques, litt\u00e9raires & ca dans ces int\u00e9ressantes contr\u00e9es.  Mrs Gallatin, Barnet, Warden ont eu la complaisance d\u2019\u00e9crire pour nous procurer un ou plusieurs bons correspondans parmi vos compatriotes.  mais leurs d\u00e9marches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 jusqu\u2019ici infructueuses.  je n\u2019ai pas m\u00eame re\u00e7u la continuation d\u2019un journal de sciences que M. le Docteur Sillieman avait bien voulu nous adresser, et en \u00e9change duquel je lui ai toujours fait envoyer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les livraisons qui ont paru chaque mois de notre Revue Encyclop\u00e9dique.  j\u2019ignore si elles lui sont parvenues.  je vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir communiquer les exemplaires ci-joints de coup d\u2019\u0153il sur la Revue \u00e0 ceux des membres de vos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s philosophiques et savantes que vous croirez dispos\u00e9s \u00e0 correspondre avec nous et \u00e0 s\u2019int\u00e9resser \u00e0 la propagation de notre Recueil.  l\u2019\u00e9tat critique et pr\u00e9caire de la plupart des pays de l\u2019Europe et l\u2019enfantement laborieux des nations qui tendent \u00e0 obtenir enfin des gouvernemens Constitutionnels et des garanties sociales et politiques emp\u00eachent qu\u2019on donne une grande attention \u00e0 un recueil plut\u00f4t scientifique et litt\u00e9raire que politique; et les grands int\u00e9r\u00eats du moment, les dangers imminens qui menacent sur beaucoup de points diff\u00e9rens les libert\u00e9s publiques, la guerre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e entre les pr\u00e9tentions du pouvoir absolu et de l\u2019oligarchie et les r\u00e9clamations \u00e9nergiques des hommes libres et ind\u00e9pendans, absorbent aujourd\u2019hui toutes les pens\u00e9es.  Nous avons la conviction de servir utilement la cause g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, sans entrer dans la carri\u00e8re des discussions et des querelles politiques, et nous avons besoin d\u2019\u00eatre second\u00e9s par les hommes g\u00e9n\u00e9reux et \u00e9clair\u00e9s de tous les pays.  Nous pla\u00e7ons avec confiance notre Revue Encyclop\u00e9dique sous vos auspices, aux Etats-unis, o\u00f9 elle peut \u00eatre annonc\u00e9e et recommand\u00e9e dans les principaux Recueils p\u00e9riodiques.j\u2019attens des renseignements qu\u2019on doit me procurer et m\u2019adresser de Varsovie, pour terminer et publier, sinon une vie de Kosciuszko, du moins une seconde \u00e9dition beaucoup plus compl\u00e8te de ma notice historique sur ce v\u00e9n\u00e9rable patriote.  j\u2019y profiterai avec empressement des communications que vous avez bien voulu me faire \u00e0 ce sujet.Agr\u00e9ez, je vous prie, Monsieur, l\u2019hommage de ma Consid\u00e9ration la plus distingu\u00e9e.Jullien Editors\u2019 Translation\n            I received with great pleasure the obliging reply you did me the honor of writing to me from Monticello, dated December 26th.  I have communicated it to my honorable colleagues, who read it with much interest, and who join me in thanking you for it.  Your approval is an encouragement and a reward for our difficult work, which we will continue to do with perseverance, amid many obstacles.  I have also communicated your letter to my respectable fellow citizen and friend Mr. de la fayette, who is upholding with dignity, in our house of deputies, his reputation as an intrepid defender of public liberties.  In writing to you, I am taking advantage of the opportunity given to me by Mr. Gallatin Junior, who is returning to the United States and who is willing to take care of my letter.  I have the honor of sending you a few copies of the third prospectus of our Encyclopedic Review for the 3rd year of its publication, and of a few copies of a general glance on the first two years and on the first eight volumes of this Compilation, which is beginning to increase its circulation and to become established through the success it is receiving on various parts of the civilized world.  we very much wish to establish regular and sustained communications with the United States of America, so that we have a chance of informing often our readers regarding everything that characterizes the world, the progress of civilization and all scientific, industrial, philosophical, philological, historical, archeological, political, literary &ca works in these interesting regions.  Mr. Gallatin, Mr. Barnet, Mr. Warden, have been kind enough to write in order to obtain for us one or several collaborators among your fellow citizens.  but their efforts have been fruitless so far.  I have not even received the subsequent issues of a scientific Journal that Doctor Sillieman had been good enough to send us, and in exchange for which I have always sent him regularly the monthly deliveries of our Encyclopedic Review which came out every month.  I ignore whether these copies have reached him.  Please, Sir, be kind enough to communicate the enclosed copies of a glance on the Review to the members of the Philosophical and Learned Societies, whom you believe would be disposed to correspond with us and to be interested in the propagation of our Review.  the critical and precarious state of most European countries, and the arduous birth of nations who tend to finally obtain Constitutional Governments and Social and political guaranties prevent that a great attention is being given to this compilation rather more Scientific and literary than political; and the principal interests of the time, the imminent dangers that threaten many different aspects of public liberties, the war declared between the pretensions of absolute power and the oligarchy, and the dynamic demands of free and independent men, today absorb all minds.  We are convinced that we are Serving usefully the general cause of humanity, without entering into the business of political discussions and quarrels, and we need the support of generous and enlightened men in all countries.  We put our Encyclopedic Review with confidence under your auspices in the United-States, where it can be announced and recommended in the main periodicals Compilations.I am waiting for information that is supposed to be obtained for me, and sent to me from Warsaw, to finish and to publish, if not Kosciusko\u2019s life, at least a second edition, much more complete, of my historical note on this venerable patriot.  I will eagerly take advantage of the information you were kind enough to give me.Please accept, sir, the homage of my most distinguished ConsiderationJullien", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1939", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 30 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nIt was not till yesterday that I could get a 3d witness to the inclosed deed. the intenseness of the weather has prevented me from going from home. you will observe it is not recorded. this ceremony is unpleasant, the deed is good without it between the parties & those claiming under them, and against creditors where there are other assets. the subsequent purchaser without notice can alone invalidate it, and I trust I am incapable of the fraud of a second sale.Will you be so good as to send me a good Yankee cheese I prefer them to English, it may be lodged at mr Leitch\u2019s. I must draw on you within a day or two for about 100.D. our mill being now got to work I shall be able to get my flour off.Your\u2019s affectionatelyTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1940", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hartwell Cocke, 31 March 1821\nFrom: Cocke, John Hartwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nBremo\nBy exposure to the late severe weather I have taken cold which has settled in my face, & from which I am suffering so much pain as to make it impracticable for me to undertake a journey to Albemarle today\u2014I have sent up in case the more distant members of the board have failed to attend, to know whether it may be necessary still for me to make the effort to get up\u2014it is probable, I may be able to undertake it in a Carriage on Monday, as the swelling & inflammation seems now to have attained its height\u2014I have heard nothing from Genl Taylor and therefore presume he will not attend\u2014Present me to the Gentlemen of the board & accept for yourself the Assurance of high regard & respectJohn H. CockeP.S. I send you some Carp which at your suggestion I put into a Pond. two years ago\u2014altho they seem to thrive well I have not discover\u2019d that they breed\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1941", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Claudius Crozet, 31 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crozet, Claudius\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour favor from Westpoint has been duly recieved. we are as yet far from the time at which we may think of procuring Professors for our University. the buildings indeed will all be finished in the course of 2. or 3. years, but our funds will be left burthened with a heavy debt, which will absorb them many years, if left to discharge it. whether the legislature at some future day may take it off their hands and enable it to commence it\u2019s operations is quite uncertain. with my regrets therefore that I can say nothing more satisfactory accept the assurance of my respect.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1942", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peter Stephen Duponceau, 31 March 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Duponceau, Peter Stephen\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 23d is recieved. the acquaintance I had the pleasure of forming with mr Vanuxem while he favored me with a visit gave me a very high sense of his merit and qualifications. in addition to this your recommendations and those of Dr Cooper place him on very high ground but I fear we are as yet far from the time at which we may turn our attention to the choice of Professors. our buildings for the accomodation of Professors and students will indeed be compleated by the end of the next year. but the annuity of 15,000 D. a year given us by the legislature is burthened with a debt of 120,000.D. borrowed with their approbation to compleat the buildings. till that is paid by us or by the legislature we cannot open the institution, and as yet no disposition is shewn on their part towards paying this debt. the opening the University therefore is as yet altogether uncertain. with my regrets that I can say nothing more satisfactory Accept the assurance of my friendly respects.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1945", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 1 April 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nEdgewood.\nI am much concerned not to be able to attend the meeting of the Visitors or the Albemarle election, in consequence of an indisposition contracted in travelling thro the late severe weather. I hope my friends will make known the cause of my absence from the election, and make my apology to the people. I shall endeavor to call on you on my way down the country. I profit of the opportunity by Mr Southall to convey you this note. My respectful compliments & friendly salutations attend all the gentlemen of the Board.I am dear Sir, faithfully your friendJos: C: Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1946", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Hall, 1 April 1821\nFrom: Hall, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia\n1st pril 1821\nI understand that the appointment of Professors in the Central University of Virginia is about to take place, and I take the liberty of offering myself as a candidate for the chair of Chemistry in that institution.Aware of the importance of this station, I have not neglected to collect such testimonials in relation to my qualifications as I hope will be satisfactory. I have to request that you will submit them to the consideration of those gentlemen by whom the selection is to be made.Very respectfully Your obet SevtThos M. Hall M.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1948", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hartwell Cocke, 1 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cocke, John Hartwell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nApr. 1. 21. Sunday morn.\nI dined from home yesterday & did not return till night which has occasioned the detention of your servant till this morning. I am sorry you cannot join us, as we have an important question to decide, but still more regret the cause of your absence. mr Madison is now here, and I count with much confidence on mr Cabell and mr Johnson which will make us a quorum. I think too that Genl Brackenridge will come from his knolege of the importance of the meeting. with you I doubt as to Genl Taylor because he would have come by the stage of yesterday evening. with the degree of probability which we possess of a quorum, there certainly is not such a necessity for your attendance with that view as to urge it , at the risk of your health in it\u2019s present disordered state, and the possibility that it might increase the disorder.I return you many thanks for the carp and for the kale seed you were so kind as to send and salute you with affectionate esteem & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1949", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Hue Girardin, 1 April 1821\nFrom: Girardin, Louis Hue\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Dear and Respected Sir,\n            Baltimore,\n          I have postponed returning my thanks to You for your friendly recommendation in my favour to the Trustees of the Balte College, until I saw what aspect the Institution would assume under my management.\u2014Surely, it was prostrate in every point of view, when I arrived here. The genius of mischief was hovering in triumph above its ruins, owing to a previous want of energy, system, harmony, and liberality in the Parties concerned. Much prejudice existed even against the revival of the Institution which, I am told, a Judge, one of our Trustees, had denounced from the bench as a public nuisance, meaning the reckless, licentious acts of insubordination committed by its students, and, in some degree, too, influenced by party-spirit, I am assured.\u2014I confess that so deplorable a state of things greatly discouraged me at first. The Trustees, however, manifested towards me great politeness and respect\u2014So soon as the uncommon severity of the winter would permit, they repaired the building\u2014Where I have now spacious and neat appartments, commanding, on all sides, a most delightful prospect, and, which is still better, situated in the most salubrious part of the City. The College was re-opened Janry 15th, and we have nearly 40 students (not including about as many, who attend, at the College Dr. Watkins Lects on modern Literature.) We expect 6 or 8 more to morrow, as it is the commencement of a quarter. In short, seeing all previous disadvantages, I think we are doing very well. Further, professorships of a higher character are in progress, while our modest academical basis is daily enlarged. I trust that, within one year or two, the Balte College will have just claims to a respectable station among the eminent institutions of the Country. I can, as far as I am concerned, solemnly assert that all the machinations heretofore employed to put to flight activity, zeal, modest knowledge, and unassuming usefulness, shall meet with sufficient energy and steadiness, to frustrate and deride their effect.We contemplate a library. Were I not afraid of giving You too much trouble, I would request the notice of the Editiones optim\u00e6 now in your possession, which You were so good as to mention, when I was last at Monticello.\u2014Chance offers here now and then an opportunity of procuring italian books &c- for almost nothing. I lately bought for 25cts a very good editn of the Decameronedi Boccaccio, which, after being bound, is truly valuable. Mr Guegan is going to Richmond. He is uncommonly dear.\u2014There are many private Libraries in the City, extremely well chosen, if not considerable. Their owners, so far as my acquaintance yet extends, are liberal and disposed to accomodate me. This circumstance, and the abundant means of female education which I have found here for my daughters, renders my situation far more eligible than it was in Augusta, and I hope to make here a permanent residence.I believe that all the papers relative to the University of Virginia, I mean those of a public nature, have been collected together into a small Octavo. If this my impression is correct, allow me to request one copy. I am often questioned on those subjects, and really find myself at a loss on several points.The subject of the Court of Death by Peale, is drawn from the Poem of death of Bishop Porteus. I have not yet discovered in any roman historian &c- a mention of the daughters of Brutus. Erit ut po\u00ebsis pictura, may be conversely said. Painters, as well as poets, may indulge in fanciful creations, for the sake of effect.  Not having yet met with an edition of Cicero accompanied with an index vocabulorum et nominum, my wading through the orations in search of those daughters of Brutus has proved fruitless.\u2014I have, indeed, seen in one No of the Portfolio an engraving from the painting by David, which has furnished those two heads, but the concomitant notice says nothing of the Young Ladies.\u2014Nay, I have, through Dr. Watkins, proposed the question \u201cwho were the Daughters of Brutus, represented in David\u2019s famous picture? to the Delphian club, and the Oracle has not yet been able to give a response.\u2014Mrs Randolph and Miss Helen Randolph have, probably, ere this time, been more successful in ascertaining the point under doubt.Hoping, Dear and respected Sir, that You continue in the full enjoyment of that good health which You possessed, when I had the pleasure to see you last, I salute you with sentiments of deepest esteem and warmest attachment and gratitude.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1950", "content": "Title: Meeting Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 1 Apr. 1821, 1 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1820. Apr. 1. A special meeting of the Visitors of the University having been called in the month of February to be held on this day Apr. 1. signed by Th: Jefferson, James Madison, Chapman Johnson, Joseph C. Cabell, James Breckenridge & Robert Taylor, and duly notified to John H. Cocke to whom no opportunity had occurred of presenting it for his signature, the sd Th: Jefferson and James Madison attended accordingly, but not constituting a Quorom, no proceedings took place.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1951", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barnes, 2 April 1821\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nGeorge Town Coo\u2014\n2d April 1821.\nMy valued friend Mr Parr, an English Gentn of Science & fortune, passionately fond of this favd country, has induced him to incounter many inconvenings to satisfy his anxious wishes\u2014a transit view\u2014(of Country-Laws. Men & Manners) has already made a tour thro several of the Western States. principly-on foot\u2014thro Choice\u2014passed the late summer thro\u2019 the Eastern\u2014to Montreal\u2014Quebec &c\u2014and returned a few days since\u2014to Head Quarters\u2014Geo Town & Washington\u2014Having expressed his ardent desire (if not too late) of paying his respects\u2014to you & Mr Madison\u2014previous to his embarking for Liverpool\u2014I could not withhold the liberty I have taken\u2014in thus introducing him to your friendly Notice\u2014his pleasing Manners and Acquirements\u2014I trust will warrant the Attempt. and withal\u2014not without the long wished for flattering Hope! of receiving on the Return of my friend\u2014the gratifying pleasure, of a few lines\u2014Assuring me of yr Accustomed Health\u2014and families injoyments\u2014Except my Erring, in part. I have every reason to be,\u2014and am most assuredly, truly thankfull for the Many\u2014very many, unmerited Blessings\u2014bestowed upon so Unworthy an Object.\u2014as Your Obedient Humbe servtJohn Barnes,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1952", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Clarke, 2 April 1821\nFrom: Clarke, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVenerable Friend\u2014\nBellnemus\nApril 2d 1821\nThrough some neglect in the post offices your letters of the 19 Jany and 22d Feby both came to hand the first of last weak only\u2014or I should sooner have had the pleasure of supplying the part lost from your OdometerI now send herewith, a case containing the rod with the wheels (from the same moulds) already fixed, and have directed it to the care of the postmaster in MiltonIf the rod should prove not to be precisely of the right length, your Smith with a little of your instructions can very easily adjust it\u2014please Sir, accept the highest respect & esteem of Your Obedt and huml ServtJames Clarke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1953", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 2 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n2d April 1821\nI have your esteemed favor 30th ulto: covering Deed of Trust, which is perfectly satisfactory to me; as to the recording, it is of no sort of consequence, and what I never wished or intended\u2014In fact it was of no consequence to have such a deed at all, but it can do no harm, & gives me authority to demand a similar security when it is of real consequence.I have, agreeable to your request, procured, & this day forward by a steady Waggoner, a Yankee Chord, the best I could find, to be left with Jas Leitch Charlottesville, which I wish safe to hand, & that you may be pleased with it.I paid last week a draft of yours without advice for $250, favor Jno Craven, which I presume was correct, all the rest you have informed me of are presented & paid, as shall also be the one for $100, of which you advise in the letter now before me.I have the promise of you Pots from the Pottery on Wednesday of this Week, should I not be disappointed in this, they shall go by the first Milton Boat.I beg you will not believe that I shall devote less of my time to my commercial persuits by the acceptance of the office of Adjt General.\u2014The duties of that officer are really little or nothing, & will not serve to fill up the idle hours left heavily on my hands from my private persuits during these times of low prices, when so little can be done in the Commission way:\u2014The inconsiderable duties to be performed in the office in question are all transacted in my own counting House, where the office is now kept, & makes it now less inconvenient than it would be;\u2014for these services I receive $500 pr annum, which is of some consequence in times like the present, to a young beginner.\u2014 You may rest assured I will pay the most assiduous attention to whatever you may have to do with me in the Commercial way, & will promptly abandon any other persuit I may find likely to conflict with my duty\u2019s to that\u2014With sincere regard Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1955", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Esqrier brothers & Co., 2 April 1821\nFrom: Esqrier brothers & Co.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            nous avons l\u2019honneur de vous donner avis que nous avons embarqu\u00e9 sur Le navire Americain Pad Capn Wethlet une petite Caisse de graines, qui vous est adress\u00e9e par Messieurs les administrateurs Directeurs du jardin du Roi a Paris.T. S. V. P.nous avons mis cette caisse ainsi que d\u2019autres pour plusieurs personnes des Etats Unis, a L\u2019adresse de Monsieur Hosack Directeur du jardin de Botanique de l\u2019Etat de New-yorkCorrespondants  de Messieurs les administrateurs du Museum & du jardin du Roi, nous prenons la libert\u00e9 de vous offrir nos Services, pour vos relations avec cette administration, ou pour toute autre chose qui pourrait vous interesser en France.nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, avec la plus parfaite Consideration, Monsieur, Vos tres humbles & obeissants ServiteursEsqrier freres & Cie Editors\u2019 Translation\n            we have the honor of informing you that we have put on The American ship Cad Capn. Wethlet, a small Box of seeds, which is sent to you by the Managing Directors of the King\u2019s Garden in Paris.T.S.V.P. [turn if you please]we have sent this letter as well as some other ones for several people in the United States, to the address of Mister Hosack, Director of the Botanical Garden of the State of New yorkCorresponding in this day for the Administrators of the King\u2019s Museum and Garden, we are taking the liberty of offering you our Services, for your relationship with this administration, or for anything else that could be of interest to you in France.we have the honor to be, Sir, with the most perfect Consideration, Your very humble & obedient ServantsEsqrier brothers & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1956", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 2 April 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonorable Sir\nSpringhill near Richmond\nthe 2 April 1821\nI hereby forward my Accounts, and whatever your honour should find wrong or not reasonable pleas to make the deduction, and I shall be perfectly satisfied\u2014The last Vol of the Weekly Register is also forward by mail, and charged within\u2014I wish verry much indeed that the Work forwarded may correspond with the directions given for executing the same, as we have not spared to be particular from the commencement, but notwithstanding there may be some not to your honours wish, Should that be the case I shall be glad to do such over without any charge\u2014Having as your honour had been informed, fealt meself bound in consequence of various misfortune in buisness to give up my Book & Stationer Store, and in fact all my property (accepting my Bindry Establishment, and a few acers ground) for the benefit of my Creditors in general, which circumstance naturaly preast me down in life verry much indeed; the kind Notice your honour had taken of my situation has still strengthent me in my resolution not any more to regret the considerable loosses, which the times, and supposed frinds like a Stream has swept away but to look forward, and to use better management combined with industry, by which I hope still I shall make a good liveing for me and my family\u2014The quarto Vol, in one of your largest boxes forward Slyberds Statistical Annals, I took the liberty to send, beeing I hope a suitable Work, for your honours libry, it is bound in American calf, and beeing done in a Virginia Bindry You will pleas not to reject it. I attent to that department now closly meself, without the former interuptions, to which profession I was brought up in Germany, and workt it the the same in different parts of Europe, and also in England, untill my impressment into the Navy, in which service I was compelled to act the part of a Sailer for nearly four years I then came by chance, about twelve years ago, fortunatly to the U. States, but in the most miserable Situation I suppose a person could come without means of any kind, and then not in health, besides having a verry serious wound to content with, which I received not fare from Leango, on the Coast of Africa haveing been also up Congo River in prusuit of Spanish and French Vessells\u2014Some time after my arrival I workt for a considerable time in different City of America, I therefore have no reason to be discontented, as it respects may haveing been unfortuned like many others have been in buisness, particular when I reflect on the Situation which I was in, when I first placed my feet on American Soil; I then feel not only thankfull for the present but also for the past, particular more so, when I over look the various miserable & dangeres Scenes I have been placed in through Life, either by my own folly or by the direction of providence\u2014I hope your Honour will parten me for haveing mentioned some circumstances concerning meself, the high Respect I feel towards yourself, produced a wish; that your honour should know, where from, and in what manner I came to this happy Land.\u2014I now have in a measure made a new start in buisness, and it is my ambition to execute work, at least not in a common Style\u2014I have therefore taken the liberty of presenting your honour with a Speciment of my new commencement as , but being not clear of various inperfections, I hope you will parten what ever your Judgement will find not suitable, as it respects the taste & Workmanship of the Vol forwarded, be pleased to accept this token of Respect, which I indeavourd to show through the Medium of my profession; and should this Speciment meat your honours approbation, is all I ask, and wish for, as such greatly would be in favour of my receiving more encourgement in the line of my profession\u2014My Bindry I have since nearly two years ago, about one mile below Richmond, which I buildet for that particular porpus of considerable extent, have a few acers ground around it, and live here with my family and shop  hands free of  and content, notwithstanding all the Shipwreck & loosses of my former buisness, still I am perfectly satisfied, as I feel like returned to a harbour after a Severe Sturm, attenting to my home concern and profession, and now shall depend on the most saved ancker of following and working at my Mechinical branch\u2014Have no complain as I receive incouragement in the Bindry, so that I can make out by using industry and aconomy as exertions shall not be wanting in Order to do work to satisfaction, and with more expedition as formerly\u2014I am fearfull that I may have made meself disagreeable by my long, and no doubt improperly written letter, Should that been the case, I hope sinerly your honour will forgive me, as my intentions are not bad, beside haveing never received any instruction in the english Language\u2014May the Blessings of your labour of Old continue through the U. States, to be that firm foundation, and may your honour long injoy the same in peace health and comfort, This wishes\u2014your most humble ServantFrederick A Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1957", "content": "Title: Meeting Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 2 Apr. 1821, 2 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          At a meeting of Visitors of the University of Virginia at the said University on Monday the 2d of April 1821. present Th: Jefferson Rector, James Breckenridge, Chapman Johnson & James Madison.A letter having been recieved by the Rector from Thomas Appleton of Leghorn stating the prices at which the Ionic & Corinthian capitels wanting for the Pavilions of the University may be furnished there in marble, and these prices appearing to be much lower than they would cost if made here in stone, Resolved that it be an instruction to the Committee of superintendance to procure the sd Capitels in marble from Italy.Resolved as the opinion of this board, that it is expedient to procure the loan of 60,000.D. or so much thereof as may be necessary, as authorised by the late act of the General Assembly concerning the University of Virginia, and that the Committee of superintendance be instructed to negociate the same with the President & Directors of the literary fund of perference, or if not to be obtained from them, then with others according to the authorities of the sd act.Resolved that it be expedient to proceed with the building of the Library on the plan submitted to the board: provided the funds of the University be adequate to the completion of the buildings already begun, and to the building the Western range of hotels & dormitories, & be also adequate to the completion of the Library so far as to render the building secure & fit for use: & that it be an instruction to the Commee of superintendance to ascertain as accurately as may be the state of accounts under the contracts already made, the expences of compleating the buildings begun & contemplated, and not to enter into any contracts for the Library until they are fully satisfied that, without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions, hotels & dormitories, begun and to be begun, they have funds sufficient to put the library in the condition above described.And the board adjourns without day.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1958", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 3 April 1821\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch respected Sir,\nCustom House Boston\nBy the ship Cadmas, I received three cases of wine, for you, which was shipped by J. Dodge Esqr U. S. Consul at Marseilles. Enclosed is a letter from him & the invoice.Not knowing your agent, I have sent the wine, in the Huntress, as per the bill of lading, to James Gibbons Esqr, the Collector at Richmond, with a request, that he would take charge of it, & await your instructions.The changes at this front were,Duties &c.8.80Freight825Dollars =17.05I hope I have acted in conformity to your wishes, in thus forwarding the cases, and shall ever be most happy to attend to any commands, you may be pleased to confer upon me.With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, your most obt. st. H A S  Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1960", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Mayo, 5 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Robert\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Mar. 28. has been recieved with the Primer and Spelling book for which I thank you. I have had so little to do with the instruction of children that I am a very incompetent judges of the best processes with them. however the applications to me to give my opinion of books and to recommend them have been so numerous as to oblige me to decline doing it in any case. with my regrets therefore that I cannot do it in this case accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1961", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Sully, 5 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sully, Thomas\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson forwards to mr Sully three letters which came under cover to him yesterday evening and salutes him with friendly respectNote from Ex-President Jefferson to Mr Sully the Artist, sent me by the latter in 1830.\u2014Robert Gilmorsigner of the Declaration of Independance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1964", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Sully, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Sully, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Baltimore\nApril 6th 1821.\n          I have not yet succeeded in finding either of the works I mentioned to you; but in Philadelphia perhaps I may be more fortunate. I shall not be there until next July, but in the meantime will cause enquiry to be made.The Architectural work is \u201cRecueil et parall\u00e9le Edificies de tout genre, anciens et moderns\u2014Par J. N. L. Durand, \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole Polytechinque.\u201dI trust by this time, the leather Cups have reached you.I have taken the liberty of inclosing to your care for Miss Ellen Randolph, a work on Landscape painting, the which I hope may supply the place of a teacher to her & her sister. I beg your permission to send from time to time such hints as will assist them to acquire a knowledge of the art; for which I think they have an admirable disposition.With deep feelings of respect and regard Yr Obliged & Obt StThos Sully.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1965", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to DeWitt Clinton, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, DeWitt\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to Governor Clinton for the Canal Report he has been so kind as to send him and congratulates him on the prospect of a succesful accomplishment of this most splendid\n\t\t\t undertaking\u2014it will be an example & lesson to mankind how much better it is to spend their spare money on canals, roads & other such works ameliorating the condition of man, than in wars\n\t\t\t which bow him to the earth with misery, devastation &  death. he salutes him with friendship and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1966", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Harrison Smith, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr Bernard Barton, son and only surviving child of Dr B. S .Barton, so well known to you, I believe, personally, as well as by his literary researches, is on the eve of embarking for Europe, through the greater part of wch. he means to travel. Being ambitious of having letters from you to some of your distinguished friends, and especially to M. La Fayette, I am emboldened, from my friendship to the father and a knowledge of your kindness, to ask the favor of a letter of introduction to that illustrious man, whose rare virtues have placed him among the first of mortals. Could the favor be extended, by letters to Count Lacepede, the Abbe Greserie (old correspondents of Dr. Barton) or any others, I am sure Mr Barton will feel grateful. I have myself but recently become acquainted with him; but the letters of my friends in Philada give every assurance of his merit, and his manners are those of a gentleman accustomed to good society. As he thinks of embarking in about a fortnight, he wod wish to receive any letters you may give him at an early day, and which, if sent to me, I will take care to transmit to him.Although it is long since we have heard  direct from you, we have very often thought of you, and sketched, in our imaginations, the picture of that felicity, which, I trust, you continue to enjoy with the least alloy that is incident to human life. I have rejoiced to learn that your health is restored, without wch. the proudest intellectual gifts are so insufficient to insure happiness.It is now twelve years since, ceasing to be an actor, you have been a spectator of the active scenes of life; and have been thence the  better able  to test the accuracy of those great principles which divide our species, and of the best means for their accomplishment. In attempting myself to make this estimate, I have often said to myself what is the award of Mr Jefferson\u2019s judgment on this or that particular point.  Not that I have any diffidence in those respects in my own opinions, which, on the whole, are those of my youth; but because I know  no one whose experience better qualifies him to sit in judgment on those great points. The cause of liberty and happiness is beyond all question generally advancing: but is it progressing in this country, and will not its frail purity and prevalence depend greatly, if not altogether, on us? Is the state of public opinion sound, or is there not a dangerous security founded on specious allitions that cannot endure; in other words, can a free country maintain its distinctive character without strong lines of party, springing, not from hostilities of ins and outs, but from the difference that eternally must subsist between virtue and vice, between luxury and simplicity, between patronage and patriotism, between a government that is the servant, and one that is the master of the people? These are momentious topics  I fear, upon them, although our government  people are the best in the world, we have fallen into some errors. But these are endless topics, and I will not further intrude upon your time.Mrs Smith unites with me in tendering her most cordial and respectful remembrances.I am with great respect Yo. obt. st.\n          Sam. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1967", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Huntington, 6 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Huntington, William\n          Th: Jefferson asks the favor of mr Huntington to dine with him on Sunday the 8th", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1968", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Lyle, 7 April 1821\nFrom: Lyle, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dear Sir\nRichmond\n7th april 1821.\nOn my return to Richmond I found your esteem\u2019d favor of the 3rd January, which would have been answered long ago, but for the delay which occured in Mv. in Mr Lyles getting possession of the Books and papers of his Grandfathers Estate from an agent of the former Executor, on an examination of them I found your Bonds as enumerated in your Letter, and I now hand you a statement of them, which please examine, and I trust you will find it correct (it is so intended to be) I have included a small Bond of Mrs Jeffersons assigned by one alligree, Mr Lyle left a memo, that this Bond had never been presented to you, and that it might be charged to you, which is submitted for your approbation.  I have communicated to mr Lyle your wish as to the time of payment, he is perfectly friendly disposed, and willing to extend to you indulgence but not to so long a period, pray would it not be agreeable to you to make the payments in instalments, say from 1 to 5 years or 2. 3. 4 & 5 years, to which I am pretty sure Mr Lyle will acquiese, if you will write me in what way you wish to make the instalments, I will use my influence with Mr Lyle in your behalf. My apology for handing you the incorrect statement in Decemr last is, that I copied it from one handed to Mr Lyle by the agent of the former Executor, who then had possession of the Books & papers; You will please do me the favor to give the statement now rendered a close examination, and if any error please communicate the same, which shall be corrected, I am persuaded you will find it correctly stated, and the result found to be as annexed, and I remain with much regard and respect Dear Sir Your Mo Ob SevtTarlton Saunders Agentfor J. Lyles admr1806Sterlingnov. 23To amo due on Bond 5 & 6. at this date principal\u00a3411.17.8To Interest on ditto till paidTo Balance of Interest due on ditto at this date179.13.61792July 30To Bond for Mrs Jefferson bearing Ints from 1 Sept 177194.7.1\u00bdTo Ints on ditto till 19th April 177517.2.3To Ints on ditto from 19th April 1783 till paidTo Mrs Jeffersons Bond assigned by Alligree due to 1. Jany 1768 for \u00a35.11.3 off Exchange of \u00a317.9 is4.3.6To Interest on ditto till 6 Jany 1775.1.8.0To Ints on \u00a34.3.6 from 6 Jany 1783 till paid1811July 6To Balance due on your Bond assigned by Harvie94.12.11To Interest on ditto from July 6 1811 till paiddue in Sterling\u00a3Errors Excepted Richmond 7th April 1821 Tarlton Saunders Agent for James Lyles admrP S You will observe that the interest for 8 years during the War is not charged", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1970", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Francis\nMonticello\nYours of Mar. 27. has been duly recieved. the effect of what our legislature did for us at their last session is not exactly what you suppose. they authorised us to borrow another 60,000.D. pledging however our own funds for repayment. this loan enables us to finish all our buildings of accomodation this year, and to begin the Library, which will take 3. years to be compleated. without waiting for that, it is believed that when the buildings of accomodation are finished, the legislature will cancel the debt of 120,000.D. and leave our funds free to open the institution. we shall then require a year to get our Professors into place. whether the legislature will relinquish the debt the next session, or at some future one is not certain. in the mean time you cannot do better than to stay where you are until the end of 1822 confining your studies to Mathematics, Natl Philosophy, Natl History & Rhetorics. all other branches you can pursue by yourself, should we not open here by that date.I note what you say of the late disturbances in your College. these dissensions are a great affliction on the American schools, and a principal impediment to education in this country. the source of discontent arising from dieting the students, we shall avoid here, by having nothing to do with it, and by leaving every one to board where he pleases. nor do I see why this remedy might not have been resorted to in your late case, rather than that of making it a ground of difference with the Professors. there may have been reasons however of which I am uninformed.The family here is all well, always remember you with affection, and recieve your letters with gratification. to theirs I add the assurance of my affectionate love.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1971", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Mar. 24. was recieved on the 31st the acquaintance I had the pleasure of forming with mr Vanuxem while he favored me with a visit gave me a high sense of his merit and qualifications. in addition to this your recommendation, that of mr Duponceau & of Dr Cooper place him on high ground. but I fear we are yet far from the time at which we may think of special professors. our buildings for their accomodation and that of the Students will indeed be compleated in no great time. but our annuity of 15,000.D. will then stand burthened with a debt of 120,000.D. borrowed with the approbation of the legislature. we have a hope they will relieve us from the debt; but that is too uncertain to act on with confidence.I have had from mr Appleton an acknolegement of the reciept of the last year\u2019s remittance, but not a word from mr Dodge altho\u2019 more than 8 months have elapsed. there were circumstances too in his case of less firm confidence than in that of his predecessor Cathalan. if you have any information of the actual payment of the bill in his favor, you will relieve me by a communication of it. ever & affectionately your\u2019sTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1972", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Harris Crawford, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crawford, William Harris\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAs Rector of the University of Virginia, it becomes my duty to sollicit a kind office from you to that institution. our legislature some time ago constituted the debt then due to them from the US. into a Literary fund for the purposes of education, and on that fund established their system of primary schools & an University. at their last session they authorised the Literary board to advance to the University 60,000D. of the money still to be recieved from the US. I am told that the liquidation of those accounts has advanced so far as to establish acknoleged rights which will admit the safe payment of that amount to our Literary board. the object of this letter therefore is to sollicit as speedy a payment of that much as circumstances mit. the fact is that we are at the bottom of our building funds and unless we can soon recieve a supply from this resource we shall be obliged to dismiss our workmen immediately, who could not be collected again this season. the disappointment in compleating our buildings this year would have a most inauspicious effect on the fortune of the institution. as our sollicitation therefore is only to expedite what in itself is just, permit one to interest your zeal for the advancement of American science so far as to facilitate the forms necessary to bring us this relief. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and considerationTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1973", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur University asks a kind attention from you. you doubtless know that our legislature constituted the debt due to them from the US. into a literary fund, for the purposes of education, & that on this fund the University is established, and dependant. at their late session they authorised the Literary board to advance to the University 60,000.D. of the monies still to be recieved from the US.  I am told that the liquidation of that account has proceeded so far as to shew that that amount may be safely paid as admitted to be due. our request is for as speedy a payment of that sum to our Literary board as circumstances and forms admit. we are now at the end of our building funds, and unless we can recieve this money very speedily, we must discharge all our workmen, who having come from different parts of the Union, could not be re-assembled this season. that sum exactly enables us to compleat the whole of the buildings, it is therefore to expedite only what is in itself just that we ask your friendly attention to this important interest of our institution to whom a delay would be as ruinous as a denial. Accept the assurance of my constant affection and consideration.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1974", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Louis Hue Girardin, 8 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Girardin, Louis Hue\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 1st is recieved and I am happy to learn that you are settled so much to your satisfaction, and I hope that your institution will feel the good effects of your superintendance. I know of no collection of papers relative to our University in 8vo as you describe. some years ago there was a small pamphlet of some early projects on that subject. a few of these only were published for the use of the members, and are hardly to be got now.Of daughters left by Lucius Junius Brutus I think history makes no mention. you know, it is made a question in Plutarch whether he had any issue other than the two sons whom he executed. and consequently whether the claim was not spurious by the latter Bruti of a descent from him. the father of him who killed Caesar had two daughters, one of these, Junia, married Cassius and is mentioned Tac. Ann. III.76. & Cicero de Oratore II.55. the figures therefore introduced by David into his painting of L. J. Brutus are fictions probably of the painter to strengthen the effects of his piece.I will place on the next page the catalogue of the optima editions within my knolege, and here add my friendly & respectfl salutns.Th: JeffersonHerodotus. Gr. Lat. Schweighauseri. 6.v. 8vo Argentorati et Parisiis 1816.Thucydides Wasse et Dukeri. 6.v. 8vo Biponti 1788.Xenophontis op. omn. Gr. Lat. Wells. 4.v. 8vo Lipsiae. 1763.Diodorus Siculus Wesselingii Etc Gr. Lat. not. var. Biponti 1793. 11. vol. 8voDionysius Halicarnasseus. not. var. Gr. Lat. Reiske 6.v. 8vo Lipsiae 1774.Livy. Lat. Fr. La Malle. 15.v. 8vo Paris 1810.Plutarchi vitae. Gr. Koraij. 6.v. 8vo Paris 1809.Tacitus Oberlini. not. var. 4.v. 8voTacitus Lat. Fr. La Malle 6.v. 8vo Paris 1818.Dion Cassius. Gr. Lat. Strutz. 8vo Lipsiae.Homeri Ilias. Gr. Lat. scholiis Heyne. 8.v. 8vo Lipsiae 1802.Virgil Heynii 4.v. 8vo Lipsiae. 1803.Aeschylus Gr. Lat. Bothe. Lips.  1805. 8voSophocles Gr. Lat. cum scholiis Johnson. 2.v. 8vo Etoniae 1788.Euripides. Barnes. Gr. Lat. schol. 3.v. 4to Lipsiae 1778.Aristophanes, Gr. Lat. Brunckii. Argentorati. 1783. 6.v. 8voJuvenal Ruperti. 2.v. 8vo Lips. 1801.Luciani opera. Gr. Lat. Hempsterhusii et Rheitzii. 10.v. 8vo Biponti. 1789.Dictionnaire Gr. Fr. par Planche 8vo a most excellent one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1975", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ayers, 9 April 1821\nFrom: Ayers, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nRichmond\n9th April 1821\nWe have placed under charge of Mr Bernard Peyton of this city a Barrel of Corn to be forwarded to you at the request of Mr Jechonias Thayer of Boston, State of Massachusetts, from which place we lately received it.Mr Thayer states to us that the Corn is considered valuable, as being very prolific and may do well in this climate, but requires a longer season to mature it than that of Massachusetts.We have with pleasure complied with the request of Mr Thayer, under the certainty that the corn goes to proper hands to assure its general cultivation in this state, if on trial, it be found worthy of paticular attention.Respectfully Your most Obdt SvtsJno Ayers & Co Thos May", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1977", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 9 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRich\u2019d\n9 April 1821\nI have been duely favor\u2019d with your two letters of the 3d & 6th: of this Inst.\u2014the first covering blank notes for the renewal of yours at the two Banks, which were in full time\u2014On Friday last I recd your stone Ware & forwarded the Hh\u2019d containing it immediately by Brice Harlon\u2019s Boat for Milton, & hope it will reach you safely:\u2014the maker represents the Ware as excellent, & informs me he put in several over the 50 ordered, as well as two handsome Water Pitchers, which he offers to you as a complement, charging nothing for them.I forwarded on Wednesday last by Gilmore\u2019s Boat a Box to your address received a few days before from Petersburg: and also send this day by a careful Waggoner, six Gross the best Velvet Cocks I could find in the place, to be left with James Leitch Esqe Charlottesville\u2014all of which I wish safe to hand.Mr Johnson has just arrived with twenty one Barrels your Flour from shadwell Mills, which shall be sold as soon as possible after the snow & rain has ceased to fall, of which you shall be duely advised with a/c sales: present price of super fine Flour $3.50.Very respectfullyBernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1978", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tarlton Saunders, 9 April 1821\nFrom: Saunders, Tarlton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dear Sir\nRichmond\n9th April 1821\nI omitted to inform you in my Letter of the 7th, that the Bond of Colo John Bolling decs\u2019d for \u00a352.19.8  bearing Interest from the 6th march 1790 which you left with Mr Lyle for Collection is still unpaid, the Bond was not assigned to Mr Lyle, all the payments made by Mr Edwd Bolling as Executor of his father have been applied to the Credit of Colo Bollings 6 Bonds to Kippen & Co on which there is still a Balance due of \u00a3489.,,10.,,6 with interest from tho 9th Septem 1807, Mr Lyle never instituted suit upon either the Bond to you or those to Kippen & Co, I shall call on Mr Edward Bolling on my way up the Country and know the prospect of payment, and shall not omit reminding him of the Bond due to you, I very much fear from what I heard Mr Lyle say in his lifetime, that the Estate has been Exceedingly injudiciously managed, how far the Securitees may be responsible I have yet to learn, any information you may have of their situation will be thankfully received, the Securities for Edward the Executor, are Robert Bolling & Archd Bolling.\u2014Flour readily brings $3\u00bd pbbl Tobacco $5 to $10 as in quality, Bills on London 6\u00bd to 7 pCent premium, with much regard and respect I remains Dear SirYour Mo Ob SertTarlton Saunders", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1980", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Brand, 10 April 1821\nFrom: Brand, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nLondon\nApril 10th 1821.\nI have the honor to offer to you a copy of a treatise on the Rights of Colonies, which I beg You will condescend to accept as a mark of the highest respect and esteem, which I entertain for the Honorable Colleague of the ever memorable Washington.\u2014Believe me Sir that in offering the said copy, I am only actuated by a sense of admiration for a Country, which from a colony  elevated itself to the rank of a free and independent Nation, and which was the native Country, of a man, whose memory shall be always dear to me, who has the honor to be a colonist, /: for I feel it a honor since Washington was such :/ and who, when returned to his dear Country, the Cape of Good Hope, shall never cease to look up to Washington, as a guide in my future life, and consecrate in my own heart the Memory of that great civil Reformist.\u2014Allow me Sir, to wish You all happiness and prosperity, and independence to the American Nation; and to subscribe myself, with the highest consideration and regard;Sir, Your Most Obedt humble and devoted Servant.C. J. Brand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1983", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Garrett, 11 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garrett, Alexander\nSunday morning\nAlex Garrett sends Mr Jefferson. the Govenors letter recieved last night, a copy of my account & report will be ready by tomorrow. Mr Brockenbrough will have his ready by tuesday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1985", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur mail of yesterday evening brought me your favor of the 3d and I this day write to Majr Gibbons to have the cases of wine delivered to Capt Bernard Peyton my correspondent there, and I write to Capt Peyton to remit you immediately the 17 D. 05   as noted for duties & expence which you have been so kind as to advance for me. for this act of kindness as well as for your other attentions to this business accept my grateful thanks and the assurances of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1986", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Gibbon, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibbon, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have just recieved a letter from mr Dearborn collector of Boston informing me he had forwarded to your office 3. boxes of wine from Marseilles, noting the amount of duties & freight at 17. D 05. c this sum I have requested Capt Peyton to remit to him immediately and to pay any additional expences incurr and the object of the present letter is to ask the favor of you to have the boxes delivered to him, and to accept the assurances of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1987", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Hall, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hall, Thomas\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 1st and shall place that with those which it covered for the future attention of the Visitors of the University. but we are far, very far as yet from the appointment of professors. our buildings may be finished within two or three years, but our funds will then be left burthened with a debt which they will not discharge in many years. the Legislature may perhaps relieve them, but this is more to be desired than counted on. Accept the assurance of my great respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1988", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n            Monticello\n          I know the kindness, my dear friend, with which you recieve all Americans, and I think it therefore a kindness to you to  mark those to you who are worthy of your notice. the bearer of this letter mr Pennant Barton is the son of Dr Benjamin S. Barton decd an intimate acquaintance of mine and who, in a visit to Europe some years ago had letters to you. with the son I am not personally acquainted, but I am assured of his merit by those who know him and in whom I have confidence. his visit to you will be a necessary credential on his return as no American is supposed to have been in France who has not paid you the homage of a visit. ever & affectionatelyyoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1989", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Harrison Smith, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 5th and now inclose for mr Barton a letter of introduction to M. de la Fayette, the only personal acquaintance I have, now living in France.On politics I can say little to  you, having withdrawn all attention to them from the day of my retirement. my confidence in both my successors has been so entire, that assured that all was going on for the best under their care I have not enquired what was going on. I am sorry to see our expences greater than our income. debt & revolution are inseparable as cause and effect. it is the point of peculiar sensibility in our people, and one which they will not long endure. parties will be arrayed on this principle of reformation, and there can be no doubt which will be the strongest.  it would do some good if it could obliterate the geographical division which threatened and still threatens our separation. this last is the most fatal of all divisions as no minority will submit to be governed by a majority acting merely on a geographical principle. it has ever been my creed that the continuance of our union depends entirely on Pensylva & Virginia. if they hold together nothing North or South will fly off. I firmly believe all the governments of Europe will become representative. the very troops sent to quell the spirit of reformn in Naples will catch the fever & carry it back to their own country. we owe to all mankind the sacrifice of those morbid passions which would break our confederacy, the only anchor to which the hopes of the world are moored. our thoughts and conversations are often turned to mrs Smith & yourself, and alway affectionately. in these sentiments the family now joins me, and in tendering to you our affectionate souvenirs.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1990", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Wilson, 12 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nBy a letter of Jan. 1. from mr Joshua Dodge our Consul at Marseilles he informs me that sometime before that date he had shipped for me some wines and other articles on board the brig Union of Marblehead. he does not say that she was bound to Marblehead or to what port. but as she has been long out and I have heard nothing of her I have hoped you would do me the kindness to inform me whether any thing and what may be known of her in that place. a line of information on that subject will be very thankfully recieved and I pray you to accept the assurance of my esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1993", "content": "Title: Newspaper clipping, before 14 Apr. 1821, 14 April 1821\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: \n          The following statement is made in the New York Columbian of Saturday evening last. The part which relates to Mr. Jefferson is particularly interesting; it has not, we must presume, or ought not to have been hazarded, without a certainty of its correctness.\u201cEvery great politician in the Unites States, speaks in terms of unequivocal approbation of the conduct of Governor Clinton in coming out boldly as the champion of state rights, and in warning his fellow citizens of the dangerous and alarming conduct of officers of the general government in interfering with our State elections.\u201cThe venerable Thomas Jefferson, a name very dear to the republicans of the north, has very recently expressed his cordial and warm approbation of the conduct of Mr. Clinton in the whole of this affair, and has also expressed his conviction that the case was fully made out by the documents. Mr. Randolph, the late Governor of Virginia, has also expressed his decided approbation of the conduct of Mr. Clinton, and says it is an example which ought to be followed by every Governor in the Union.\u201cOther gentlemen of the old republican school of \u201998 and 1800, and of the highest respectability, have also warmly and decidedly approved of the Governor of our State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1994", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Harris Crawford, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Crawford, William Harris\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear sir\nWashington\nYour letter of the 8th inst. was received by due course of mail. As the appropriation for satisfying the states for advances made by them during the late war, is subject to the controul of the war department, Immediately placed your letter in the hands of Mr Calhoun, with a request that he would enable me to furnish the information you requested.From the View presented in the inclosed note, from him, which was recd this morning, it appears that the amount to which the state of Virginia, will be entitled to receive cannot at this time be ascertained.As it is probable that the delay which has occurred in presenting the accounts and vouchers of the state, has been the result of the information communicated to him by Mr Hagner, I have addressed to him a note this morning, stating the prospects of immediately presenting the accounts and vouchers with which he has been charged. Perhaps he will be prompted to greater exertion, if The interest, which you take in the matter should be made known to him.It will afford me great pleasure to be useful upon this occasion, to the cause of education, in which you so properly, & meritoriously devote your time and attention.Accept my dear Sir my best wishes for the continuance of your health, and for the Success of the undertaking in which you are engaged, & believe me to beYour most obt sertWm H Crawford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1995", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Devereux De Lacy, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Lacy, John Devereux De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          emboldened by the notice you have heretofore taken of some efforts of mine to promote the national interest, and flattering myself that my name, and character are not altogether unknown to you I am emboldened (tho I confess I dread at the same time that you may deem me impertinent) to solicit your patronage (Sir)  in obtaining the appointment of Attorney General for East Florida, An appointment that at the instance and by the advise of some freinds I have this day  to become a candidate for, and do most freely confess that having been honored when a Boy of the notice of your illustrious freind General Washington, it would be one of the most consolotary circumstances of my life, that I should in some degree owe this appointment to your kind interposition the man whom all others now living I consider as the great father of our republic and the touchstone as well of its beauties as its defects.You will Sir I dare say remember my being a long time imprisoned during your administration by the Spanish Colonial authorities without cause, and dismissed without  by which many citizens whose business I managed greatly suffered, as I did myself in health from the rigor of my imprisonment since that period I again deeply injured my constitution and of course impaired my health in the examination of the southern waters for an inland navigation at the beginning of the late war, for Messrs Livingston & Fulton for which I have never been paid tho the importance of the services have been by them and the world admitted\u2014owing to the great exposure, and many privations I underwent at that time in prosecuting that examination, my health is so seriously impaired as to make a residence in a more southern climate desireable and necessary to me. which is my principal reason for soliciting the appointment, as my professional practise here is now good and increasingIn support of my humble pretensions I must in Justice to myself say that from my extensive family connections among the Spaniards, and its being known to them that my family are Catholics, and from my knowledge of the Spanish laws manners and customs, and an acquaintance with some of the principal inhabitants, I may probably be as acceptable to that people, and as generally  useful to the public in discharging the duties incident to the office as any of my numerous and respectable competitors many of whom I doubt possess more genius and talents than I can lay claim to, but I pledge myself to make up in zeal and industry what I may want in brilliance of genius\u2014 Having the Honor of being personally known to the President  I have  this day submitted myself a candidate for his favor if you Sir would be so good as to patronise me by supporting the application on such limitted degree as you shall feel warranted in doing under the circumstances of the case. You will indeed confer an obligation of the most lasting kind on him who is with the greatest respect and deference, and with  best wishes for your health and welfare Sir, Your Most Obedt Humble servant\n            John Devx DeLacy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1998", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Oct. 10 did not come to hand until Mar. 6. I communicated to the Visitors of the University your statement of the prices at which you could have our Ionic and Corinthian capitels of Marble of Carrara delivered at Leghorn, and they determined on the expediency of getting them from you. I am now therefore to request you to furnish us with 10. Ionic capitels, 6. Corinthian do and 2. Corinthian half capitals according to the specification inclosed with this letter: and I this day desire my correspondent in Richmond captn Bernard Peyton to procure a bill of Exchange on London for 1200.D. payable on your account to your correspondent Samuel Williams of London, as desired in your letter. of this you are requested to pay 200.D. to the wife of Giacomo Raggi on reciept of this, and 25.D. a month afterwards until otherwise advised. the balance to be applied towards the cost of the capitels. on the reciept of this letter I will pray your acknolegement of it and your statement of the exact sum additional to makeup the full cost of the capitels; and on reciept of that statement I will have the balance immediately remitted to you thro\u2019 the same channels. this, by duplicates thro\u2019 London and directly, may be effected within the 5. months within which you engage to have them delivered from the date of the reciept of this, so that they may be fully paid for on delivery, and we hope you will not fail to deliver them within that term, that they may be here in time to be put up this fall. let them be executed very exactly according to the directions accompanying this. they are stated in English measures, not doubting that you possess them.I wrote to you formerly on the subject of Michael Raggi who left us. I recieved a letter from him on his arrival at Gibraltar Dec. 4. claiming 200.D. for having made drawings of a Corinthian and an Ionic capitel. this is very idle. he was for some months without stone to work on, and employed a part of that idle time in preparing his drawings to be in readiness on recieving the stone. for that time, his stipulated wages, which we paid him, were certainly full compensation. and the whole work we got from him was one Corinthian capitel, and one Ionic, both unfinished, and which we shall never use. he wishes to be employed at Carrara on our capitals; but this must be as you please. if it should suit you, I shall be glad of it, because he is a good man and a good workman, but very hypocondriac.We shall have occasion the next year for 10. Corinthian capitels for columns of 32 4/10 I. diminished diam. and 8. do half capitels of the same diameter for pilasters of 30. minutes projection from the wall, to be copied from those of the Rotunda or Pantheon of Rome, as represented in Palladio. be so good as to inform me what will be their exact cost, and to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-1999", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Williams, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Williams, Samuel\nSir\nMonticello\nThe Visitors of the University of Virginia engage mr Thomas Appleton, our Consul at Leghorn to furnish some marble capitels for the buildings they are erecting, and he has desired that the monies to be remitted to him on that account may be placed in your hands subject to his order. I have accordingly requested my correspondent in Richmond, Capt Bernard Peyton, to procure a bill of exchange on London for 1644. Dollars payable to you, and subject to the order of mr Appleton, with the bill he will forward this letter, and I have to ask the favor of you to transmit to mr Appleton the letter inclosed & addressed to him which explains to him the objects of this remittance. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2000", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy other letter of this date acknoleges yours of Oct. 10. and that of Nov. 2 & 24. is this moment recieved. this letter being on subjects particular between ourselves, I write it separately from that respecting the University and it\u2019s Visitors, which of course must be submitted to their inspection and be placed on their files.I am glad that a remittance thro\u2019 London is more convenient to you than thro\u2019 Paris. it is much more so to me, because a choice of bills on the former place can always be had, which is difficult on Paris. I now desire my correspondent in Richmond, capt Bernard Peyton commission merchant there, to remit to you for M. and Made Pini 444.D. either in the same bill with the 1200.D. of the University or a separate one, as he finds convenient. particular circumstances enable me to do this this year, a little earlier than common.I expect from your last letter, that all Italy is at this time under the lawless ravages of an armed souldiery; nor will it\u2019s convulsions cease until every government there is revolutionised. it will be a comfort to me should the retention of a part of Made Pini\u2019s capital in a safe deposit in this peaceful region, ensure it\u2019s salvation in the end for her. the chances of transmission indeed subject it to the inconvenience that it\u2019s interest cannot be remitted exactly to a day: yet it is certain with small variations of time, and more profitable in the end, on our lawful interest is higher I presume than with you.I shall add little as to Michael Raggi. from his discontented and querulous temper, I imagine he is full of complaints. I assure you they are entirely without foundation. he was treated here with liberality and indulgence, and every dollar we paid him was so much sunk, as we do not profit of a single thing he did.I believe that the next year I shall have to apply to you for some marble faces for chimnies for myself, entirely plain like slabs, and shall be glad if you will inform me what they will cost by the square foot. I shall not be nice as to the quality of the marble. I salute you ever with friendship & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2001", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Yours of the 11 Inst: is now before me.I have by this days mail, , agreeable to your request, remitted Genl H. A. S. Dearborn Collector of Boston, a Bank Check for seventeen dollars five cents $1705/100: I will receive & forward the Wine on its delivery here, by the first trusty Boatman\u2014as well as defray the additional charges from Boston.Your draft favor Wolf & Raphael for one hundred dollars has been presented & paid.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard PeytonP.S. I hand on next page a/c sales your 21 Blls: Flour mentioned in my last.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2002", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Smith, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Smith, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                    On the 24th of Octr I had the honor to address you, acknowledging receipt of the amount of your Draft on Bernard Peyton Esqr &c.I think I already took the liberty of informing you that I had resumed the Agency of the \u201cBoston Glass Compy\u201d and Should be gratified to receive your future orders\u2014Presuming that the \u201cCentral College\u201d will now progress rapidly to completion, and that it is your desire it should be composed of the best materials, I beg permission to state, as a well ascertained fact, that for Strength and brilliancy the \u201cBoston Crown Glass\u201d far excells any other in the World, and, altho\u2019 it may cost rather more at first, it eventually proves by far the most economical. I trust, therefor, Sir, you may see the propriety of recommending the use of this Glass in preference to any other, and that I may in due time be favor\u2019d with orders from the contractors, for Such as may be wanted, under an assurance of my being able to deliver it to them, at the landing in Richmond, on as good terms as if they were to send the Money to purchase it at the Manufactory in Boston\u2014and then Pay freight and charges besides;I ask permission also, to hand for your perusal two printed papers relative to the \u201cRoman Cement\u201d made in London, and lately introduced into the U, States; an article getting much in repute at the North, and may be found important about the College, as well as in your Individual Improvments\u2014for Sales of this article I have lately received an Agency, and shall be pleased to furnish yourself, or the Contractors for the College, on as low terms as it can be imported,I pray you, Sir, to excuse this libertyI am Respectfully Sir Your obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 16 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Sales 21 Barrels Fine Flour by B. Peyton for a/c Mr Th: Jefferson1821 Richd16 Apl To Lewis Ludlum for cash in store 21 Blls: fine Flour at $3.25$68.25ChargesCanal Toll $2.20, Drayage $0.44$2.64Storage $1.68\u2013 Inspection 42\u00a22.10Comssn at 2\u00bd pr Ct on $68.25 is1.71\u20336.45Nett prcds at Cr T. J.$61.80E.E.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2005", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Ayers, 17 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ayers, John\nMonticello\nI have recieved the corn announced in your letter of the 9th considering it as a confidence on the part of mr Thayer for the benefit of the public, I shall feel it a duty to distribute it\u2019s proceeds to all who shall be disposed to profit by it and requesting permission to return my thanks to mr Thayer thro\u2019 the same channel by which I recieved his favor, and to yourselves for your care of it, I tender you the assurance of my esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Sully, 17 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sully, Thomas\nDear Sir\n              Monticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 5th & also the half dozen cups which you have been so kind as to have forwarded to me, for which accept my thanks. Ellen will express to you herself her obligations for what was addressed to her. I am this day writing to Paris for some books and gladly place among them the Recueil of M. Durand, which I presume was published there. for the Pompeiana I shall depend on our own bookstores. accept my sincere wishes for your happiness and success in all your undertakings and the assurance of my friendly esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2007", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Greenway, 17 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greenway, Robert\nSir  Monticello Apr. 17. 21.I did not recieve until two days ago your favor of Mar. 20. with it came safely the MS. volume and the two rolls accompanying it. these rolls I have not opened last the specimens of plants inclosed in them should suffer. the MS. volume I have looked over with sufficient attention to satisfy myself of it\u2019s merit and that it\u2019s matter should not be lost to the world. I propose to take care of them until our University opens, and then to deposit them in it\u2019s library. the probability is that the University will find the MS. volume well worth publication for the use of their Botanical school, which may be done with care and understanding by their Professor of Botany. I shall be happy if this disposition shall meet your approbation, and if not, that you will be so kind as to say what other you would prefer. Accept my acknolegements for this mark of your confidence, and for the Donation to the University, if you chuse to have it so appropriated, with the assurance of my great respect & esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2008", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mathew Carey, 18 April 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr Daniel Drew, who will probably deliver you this, has applied to me for a letter of introduction, as a candidate for a situation, which, I understand, is at your disposal.He has taught in my family for some months, & has conducted himself with the most perfect propriety. His deportment & manners are  wholly unexceptionable. In a word, my impressions of him are highly favourable.You will, I hope, excuse this liberty, & believe Very respectfully,Your obt hbl ServtMathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2009", "content": "Title: DeBures Freres: Memorandum detailing account, 19 Apr. 1821-after 13 June 1822, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          1821.Apr.19.desired B. Peyton to remit to J. Vaughan 300.D. to witDfor Debures100.Dodge200May25.I remitted B.P. 350.D. with a request to remit 300. D to J. V. as aboveMay28.B.P. informs me he had remd the 30031.J.V. informs me he has recd the 300. and has applied to Girard for billSep.24.Dodge writes yt he recd 200. Sep. 21Aug.24.Debures writes he hd not recd\u20331822.June13.I wrote to Deb. for books =141.70to wit.  =\u2033former debt\n\t\t\t 38.40books Aug. 24. 21.344.90383.30100. D @ 5.25525.balce due me141.70they have neither acknold reciept nor  answered my lre of June 13. 22.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2010", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Stephen Duponceau, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Duponceau, Peter Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n            Philadelphia\n19th April 1821\n          Your polite & ready answer to the letter I had the honor of writing to you on the subject of Mr Vanuxem calls for the expression of my gratitude. The young Gentleman will regret exceedingly that it will not be in his power to commence his useful labours in your immediate view & under your immediate protection. It would have been such an advantage as he surely will not meet with else where. Your condescension in answering his application so much in detail will be highly flattering to him; the expression of your good will towards him is an honor of which he will be proud thro\u2019 life.Permit me, Sir, as a mark of my high respect to present you with a Copy of an Address which I have delivered at the opening of a Law Institution which I am endeavouring to establish in this City, in which I am greatly encouraged by the Zeal of the Students. I have resided in this Country near 44 Years & have been treated with Kindness as the Child of the family. It will be a sense of pride of happiness to me, if in return I can employ my very limited abilities to the advantage of a Country to which I owe so much. I am supported in the undertaking by my brethern of the profession, & have the satisfaction to find that the necessity of such an establishment is generally admitted. If, however, it should not succeed in my hands, like many other useful things, which have been completed by others than those who began them, it may be taken up by abler Men, & the object ultimately obtained.I have the honor to be With the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble servantPeter S. Du Ponceau", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2013", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI was happy to recieve your letter of the 2d by mr Parr and by such attentions as I could render to him to prove my respect for your recommendation as well as  for his merit. he staid a day and night with us & then pursued his journey.I am told that the busts of mr Madison and mr Monroe as made by mr Cardelli an Italian sculptor, are to be had in Washington at reasonable prices. will you be so good as to inform me if it be true that they can be had there of the size of the life and at what prices?I was happy to hear of your good health. mine is much improved & is improving. I salute you affectionatelyTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2015", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joshua Dodge, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dodge, Joshua\nDear Sir\nMonticello.\nYour favor of Jan. 1. came to hand on the 10th inst. with information from the Collector of Boston of the arrival at that port of the Cadmus capt Jones, with the Ledanon wine,, & it\u2019s invoice. of the letter you mention of preceding date, and the articles by the brig Union of Marblehead, I have as yet heard nothing; and as she has been out long enough to excite apprehensions, I wrote immediately to Marblehead to enquire if any thing was known of her there. I shall not recieve my answer under a fortnight. the want of the invoice of the articles sent by her leaves me without any guide other than I had the last year for proportioning my remittance to my demands. I therefore now desire my friend mr Vaughan of Philadelphia; to have the same sum of 200.D. placed in Paris subject to your order, & ask you for the same articles as the last year, except that instead of the 30. galls of Vin sec de Rivesalte of M. Durand, I now ask the same quantity of Vin muscat de Rivesalte of M. Chevalier, exactly of the quality of that sent me in 1719. by mr Oliver, according to the particulars which will be specified at the foot of this letter.In making out your invoice of these wines, attention is necessary to call none of them Claret, because, by that name, our custom houses understand the red wines of Bordeaux, which are charged with a much heavier duty. I am in hopes you will be able to ship these articles in time to arrive before the end of November. indeed wines destined for America are most advantageously shipped always about the 1st week of September. because they then avoid the heats of a summer passage & storages and the storms of the winter. you are sensible how dangerous is the approach of our coast in winter; and should the Union be lost, an early supply will be the more necessary for me should my present or former remittance fall short of the articles demanded, you may either curtail there, or let the balance lie till my remittance of the next year, which shall cover all deficiencies.\u2014after my letter of July 13. 20. having heard nothing from you till the 10th inst (9. months) I had become quite uneasy, which induces me to request you to drop a line always on reciept of my remittances that I may be under no suspence of their safe passage. I salute you with sentiments of great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson1. gross (say 12. doz. bottles) of Bergasse\u2019s Claret.150. bottles of Ledanon150. bottles of vin clairette de Lemoux from mr Chevalier.30. gallons of Vin Muscat de Rivesalte de M. Chevalier.24. bottles virgin oil of Aix50.\u2114 Maccaroni. [those of Naples preferred if to be had]6. bottles of anchovies.P. S. to the duplicate: Before sending this duplicate I learn that the brig Union is arrived at Marblehead with my wines.original thro\u2019 J. Vaughan.dupl. thro\u2019 office of State & mr Gallatin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2016", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello.\nI shall set out to Poplar Forest within a day or two, to be back within about 3. weeks I do not know how much of my flour has been sent to you, but when all is down it will be about 370. or 80. barrels. I remitted you lately 581.51 with a request to make a particular application of 444.D. of it, & to hold the balance 137.51 to my credit, and Jefferson will recieve for me within a few days & remit to you 353.49. whenever of these or any other monies of mine you shall have as much as 300.D. in hand I must request you to remit that sum for me to John Vaughan of Philada sending at the same time the inclosed letter which explains the object to the remittance.In your letter of Feb. 12. you said you had nail rods  7.D.  bundle of 56.\u2114. I think this must have been a mistake for 7.D. the long hundred. because when I kept a Nailery, my rods cost  at Philada regularly 123.D. the ton; sometime ago I think I saw them quoted at about 137. but in the latest price current I have which is of N. Y. 1818. they are from 105. to 120.D. the ton. I suppose it an error for this further reason that while the rod is 14. cents a pound, nails are said to be 10. cents will you be so good as to set me to rights on this subject, and to say whether I could depend on always getting a supply at Richmond. affectionate salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2018", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 19 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe revolving year brings with it my annual tax on your goodness, I write this day to capt Bernard Peyton, my correspondent in Richmond to remit to you 300 Dollars,  which I pray you to place in Paris, 100.D. to the order of Messrs DeBures  freres libraires there, and 200.D. to the order of mr Joshua Dodge our Consul at Marseilles, sending the inclosed letters at the same time to them. mr Girard\u2019s bills are so certain, that if he can repeat his or for this sum I shall rest secure of my books & my wines. ever and affectionately yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2019", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIt is near 2. months since I made a remittance for some Roman cement to mr Coffee, supposing him to be in N.Y. but recieving no answer I presume he has left it on a very long journey he intended to take . we cannot therefore look to that place. I recieved last night the inclosed letter from mr Andrew Smith on the subject of this cement. as his is imported from England, we have as good a chance of getting it genuine from him as from any one. I would therefore recommend you application to him.I think too it is not right for us to use English window glass when as good, if not better is made in our own country; and I question whether your glazier does not take such a profit on the  English glass he uses as to make it as clear as that of Boston. as it is frequent for the employer to find the glass, I leave to yourself, either to go on as we have done, or to procure glass of our own manufactory from mr Smith. I set out for Bedford tomorrow or next day and salute you with friendly respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2020", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hay, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hay, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 14th inclosing a paragraph cut from a newspaper, imputing to me expressions of opinion in the difference existing between the high authorities of the state of New York. be assured, Sir, that I have never uttered such expressions, nor even  presumed to form an opinion on the case. I have the highest regard for all the parties: I have considered theirs as a family difference, and duly respected the honesty of their conflicting opinions. but I have read nothing on the subject,  neither the report of the joint committee which you mention, nor the documents on either side. indeed I withdraw so entirely from what is passing generally, that I read but a single newspaper, & that of my own state, and whenever in that anything on this  particular subject, or polemical of any other kind, meets my eye, I pass it over, unread, as not within my concern.I thank you for the occasion given of correcting an unkind attempt to compromit me in a case into which I never presumed to intrude an opinion, & I salute you with great friendship & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2021", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Hosack, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hosack, David\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am truly ashamed of being so troublesome to you as the intermediate of my correspondence with mr Coffee, and can only plead in excuse his desire that I should do so. on the 5th of March, not knowing whether he was in New York I took the liberty of putting under the protection of your cover a letter to him asking a supply of 4. casks of Roman cement, and at the same time desired my correspondent in Richmond to remit him 40.D, under the same cover. recieving no answer from him, I conclude he is not in N. York, and being informed I can get the same cement in Richmond which is much more convenient to me, should the cement not have been already forwarded from New York I should prefer a return of my remittance & to employ it in Richmond. if you can be so good as to have this effected it will close this business, and add to my obligations to you and I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Victoire Laporte, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laporte, Victoire\nDear Madam\nMonticello\nYour letter of the 15th finds me in the moment of departure on a journey of considerable absence from home. I am sorry it is not in my power to give you any information as to mr Laporte. The last time I saw him he told me he should go to Washington for a patent for a particular invention. I think at probable he has heard there of some suitable situation, in pursuit of which he has gone on. that he may find a comfortable one for yourself and family is my sincere wish which I tender you with the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2023", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Smith, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, Andrew\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 10th and being on my departure on a journey I inclosed it to the Proctor of the University, who superintends our works (mr A. S. Brockenbrough) recommending to him to apply to you for both cement and glass. I wish I had sooner known that you could furnish the cement. I wrote 2. months ago to N.Y. inclosing a remittance for 4. casks for myself. having recieved no answer, I  write this day for a return of my remittance if the cement has not been sent off, and in that case shall make my application to you. Accept the assurance of my esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2024", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 20 April 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI wrote you two letters yesterday, the one direct, the other thro\u2019 Capt Peyton. after sending them to the post office the messenger brought me in return yours of the 12th I never recieved from you either the 6. vols of the Dictionnaire of Nat. history, nor the two missing of the Dictionnaire medicale to this information I add my friendly and respectful salutations.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2025", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Gibbon, 21 April 1821\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\nApl 21. 1821 Saturday\nHaving only this morning returned from the City of Washington, I found yr letter of the 12th Inst coving a bill of loading for three boxes of wine, which have came safe to hand & will be forwarded by Capt Peyton on monday\u2014my suffering only publick Letters to be open\u2019d by my Clerks in my absence will be a sufficient excuse for my not attending to yr commands promptly.I beg you to be assur\u2019d, that I shall at all times take pleasure in executing your commands. at the same time of the perfect respect & esteem of Dr Sir Yor Sne Ob.J Gibbon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2026", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 23 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\n23d April 1821\nI have procured R. & T. Guatheney\u2019s bill on London for \u00a3369.18; (of which the enclosed is a triplicate) & remitted to New York, to be forwarded by different Vessels, letters to Mr Williams enclosing the duplicate, & first of these bills, together with your letter to Mr U., there being no vessel to sail from this place either to London or Liverpool: This bill will place in the hands of Mr Williams the nett sum of $1644, to credit of Mr Appleton, & for which I had to pay seven pr Ct premium, which  was the lowest I could procure a good & undoubtd bill at:\u2014of course its cost here was $1759.08.\u2014your proportion of which comes to $475.08. & to which is to be added 1 pr Ct Comssn (say $4.75) & makes the whole of your proportion of the bill & charges. amount to $479.83.\u2014The advance charged to the College, as well as the Cossn, over & above the $1200 recd, amounts to $96.84, a statement of which I have this day sent A. Garrett the Bursar, all of which hope will be satisfactoryI recd last evening yours of the 19th Int: enclosing one to Jno Vaughan of Philadelphia.Since the a/c sales of 21 Blls: your flour rendered some days ago, have recd only 80 Blls: more, which is unsold, but which shall be disposed of as soon as a favorable opportunity offers.Of the amt of $581.51 remitted by you, $479.83 is laid out in purchase the bill on London as above stated, which leaves $101.68 only, instead of $137.57 as calculated on by you\u2014& from Mr Randolph have not yet recd a remittance.\u2014Whenever I have the amount of $300 in hand of yours, will, as you direct, immediately forward, with your letter to Mr Vaughan, a check for that sum on Philadelphia, & if it is a matter of much consequence to you, would remit the amount at once, in advance.The Nail Rods I have are very superior, & invoiced to me at $7 by the single Bundle of 56\u2114, but by the Ton, I can supply you regularly, & with any quantity at $130,  to which will be added all charges from the factory at Balto: & for smaller quantities, other than by the single Bundle, at $3.50 pe Bundle of 56\u2114, with the addition of charges from Balto: these rods are so far superior to the English, that they will not sell in this market at all, & a supply made here could not be calculated on regularly.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard PeytonFlour $3\u00bd @ 3\u215dI have this day paid, without advice, your draft favor Wolf & Raphael for $51.24B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 24 April 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dr Sir\nRichmd\nApril 24th 1821\nBy Mr Kirbys Boat you will receive 3 Boxes Wine sent from the Custom House which have been delivered in good order if so delivered to you please pay fght: as customary.Your Mo Obt3 BoxesB. PeytonBy C. Bias", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2029", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from R.R. Glinn, 26 April 1821\nFrom: Glinn, R.R.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nRichmond\nWe sold to Mr Laporte some time past, Groceries &c amounting to $150 and recd from him as security your obligation to see the amount of One Hundred Dollars paid in 90 days which time has elapsedGovr Randolph also became security for the additional sum of Fifty Dollars on the same Paper. We have this day called on him and he says he will pay it in a few daysGovr Randolph advised us that it was only necessary for us to inform you of the circumstance and you would do the needful\u2014Will you have the goodness to remit the amount to us by an early mail, or to some of your Friends here, and take up the PaperWe are with the greatest respect your ob. ServtsRo R Glinn & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2030", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 28 April 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nJudge Coalter\u2019s\u2014Henrico\n28th April. 1821.\nIt was not untill the 25th inst that I found my health sufficiently restored to enable me to set out for the lower country. By travelling slowly & lying down some hours in the day I was enabled to get down from my Brother\u2019s in three days, but not without being compelled to go to bed with a high fever at Powhatan Court House, which continued half a day & one night. I arrived here much indisposed yesterday, but am better today, and hope that my journey to the northern neck, whither I am now going will entirely restore my strength. The cold which I took in travelling up the country, greatly affected my muscular & nervous systems, and frequently shewed a determination to my breast & bowels. After frequent bleadings, & several doses of medicine, I made very free use of warm teas: & the loss of strength, together with the opening of the pores, & heated chambers, threw me into so delicate a state, that I could not move out of the House without taking fresh cold, that would bring back in an aggravated form all my complaints. The extraordinary prevalence of winds and the sudden & frequent changes in March & April prolonged my confinement. Knowing how little would overset me, I determined to rely on the liberality of the people, and confine myself to the  House. Mrs Cabell had come up to this place, and was very uneasy about me. I was not in a situation to visit you with the tranquility and strength that were requisite for the objects of my call. The heats of summer were advancing apace, & a full month is necessary to make my journey to Corrottoman, where the state of my affairs demands my immediate presence. I therefore determined to postpone my visit to the University till my return in June, when I hope to be entirely well, and will come down at leisure, to converse with you fully on the affairs of the University. Since I last wrote you by Mr Southall, I have learnt from Genl Cocke that he also was prevented by ill health from attending the last meeting. I am entirely ignorant of what passed at the meeting, and feel very anxious for information. I regret to find that Genl Breckenridge will not be in the next Assembly; as also to discover in Genl Blackburn\u2019s speech on the University, some remarks, which I did not know it contained, till I saw it in the Enquirer, not having been present at its delivery. I regret that Mr Maury was not returned from Buckingham. Both the Delegates from that county will probably be in the opposition. Amherst & Nelson will go with D S Garland. My friend Col: Shelton was shut out by his own son in law Harris.  The elections, as far as I have heard from them, are as favorable as I could expect. It is reported that the University has lost ground considerably of late among the mass of the people. Some efforts ought to be made in the course of the season to regain & strengthen the public confidence. We have every thing to hope from the importance & singleness of the object, & the progress of information. But I fear the results will be too slow. I did not like the manner in which the business was conducted last winter. The whole of the Literary Fund being now disposed of, we are driven upon a difficult & thorny path. We must look for a sinking fund to pay the interest & principal of the debt\u2014or  strive to get it remitted. Rest assured, my dear Sir, that a call must be made upon all the friends of literature & Science to unite their influence on this great occasion\u2014a call such as made by myself & others on the question of location. But the minds of leading men over the state should be drawn early to this subject. Much may be done by yourself & Mr Madison. I have not time to go more fully into the subject at this time: but will  come to see you as soon as I return In the interim I remain Dr Sir, very sincerely yourJoseph C. Cabell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2031", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Hosack, 28 April 1821\nFrom: Hosack, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew york\napril 28th 1821\nI duly received your letters for Mr Coffee and have been in daily expectation of seeing him when I intended writing to you\u2014I now find he is in So Carolina\u2014I return you the letters you addressed to him as they were received by me\u2014I hope you will find all correct\u2014they were lodged by me in the Post office from whence I took them this morning\u2014I shall be obliged by a line informing me if they are returned to you as they were sent\u2014I accompany this  letter by a copy of my Second Edition of a volume on nosology\u2014under the heads of Croup i e Trechitis\u2014and of aneurism you will find that americans have contributed to the store of medical knowledge particularly in Surgery\u2014I know you take an active interest in this as well other departments of knowledge and therefore beg to place this volume on your table\u2014in the arrangement  which I have adopted you will perceive I have kept Steadily in view those associations of disease that are best calculated to elucidate their nature and to direct their treatment\u2014at ye same time that the pupil will I believe find it profitable in leading him to  a knowldge of those essential symptoms which distinguish diseases having an affinity to each otherpardon the haste with which I address you\u2014I am Dr Sir very respectfully yoursDavid HosackP.S I beg to say that I will be happy to attend to any commands you may have  in New york\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2032", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barnes, 30 April 1821\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\u2014\nGeorge Town Co\n30th April 1821.\nMany thanks, for your very Acceptable favr of the 19th my friend Mr Parr, left us, 10 day since for Liverpool via Philada much pleased with his reception\u2014at Montpelier Monticello & Harpers ferry.\u2014Strict inquiry have been made After Mr Cardelli, and his Busts, but cannot trace either. presume a speculation of distinguish\u2019d Names, to induce purchasers\u2014plaster Busts\u2014& Various Horses &c &c were Vended thro Washington & Geo Town last summer probaly of his Manufacture\u2014but none worthy of parcular Notice\u2014Shd\u2014any, Worthy of Notice Offer I shall not fail of advising you\u2014Most Respectfully\u2014to you Sir, and the good family\u2014I am ever\u2014Your Obedt humble ServtJohn Barnes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2034", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Solomon Southwick, 30 April 1821\nFrom: Southwick, Solomon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nAlbany,\nApril 30th \u201921.\nRetired as you are from the bustle of the great world, in which you have acted so conspicuous & so useful a part, it may perhaps attend you a moments\u2019 gratification to contemplate the subject of the Address, which I herewith take the liberty of forwarding. Personally I have no other claim to give notice then that of having in early life, with great zeal & , exerted myself effectually in this State to place you at the head of the Republic; nor can I perhaps justly say, that this gives me any claim to your present consideration, since to public prosperity, & not your personal aggrandizement, was the object of my solicitude & exertions.I trust, however, that the subject of my Address cannot fail to attract the attention of so sincere a Philanthropist as I believe you, Sir, to be\u2014& that if any hints suggest themselves to your mind which may enable us to improve upon our Present Institution, you will have no hesitation in communicating them to me for the benefit of the rising generation.That you may long live to behold & enjoy the fruits of your arduous labours in past times, in the Liberty & Prosperity of your Country, is the ardent wish & prayer of Your Sincere Friend & very obedt ServtS Southwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Barbour, 30 April 1821\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBarboursville\nApril 30th 21\nSome years past I recollect to have drunk some ale at Monticello which I understood was of your own brewing. The manner of doing which you had obtained by a recipe from some intelligent Briton\u2014Being desirous to introduce that kind of drink and having a facility in preparing the materials of which it is made you will oblige me much by furnishing me with a copy of the recipe as soon as your convenience will permit.I present you my respectsJames Barbour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2037", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Cocke, 1 May 1821\nFrom: Cocke, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr sir,\nPowhatan\nSome years ago you had a mortgage on an estate in Goochland known by the name of B. Dom, it was sold for your Benefit and purchased by Wm Bentley for the representatives of Wm Ronald late of this County\u2014the object of this Communication, is to be informed if you have receiv\u2019d from Bentley the Money due you from the sale, If so be so good as to give me the most speedy information, as your acknowledgement is necessary\u2014to the perfection of my rights;\u2014notwithstanding the open and avowed intention of Colo Bentley that he was making the purchase for the legatees of Wm Ronald, he used it for his own purpose, and gave Mr Wickham a Mortgage on the plantation in question, Suit was instituted, and the orphans of said Ronald recoverd the land By a Chancery Decision And that Mr James Pleasants should Convey to them if Satisfactory evidence is produced to him, of the money being paid, for which the land was sold. Your immediate attention to this will add a personal favour, to the Many I feel and gratefully acknowledge in common with the rest of yr CountrymenJohn F. CockePS. Direct to Goochland Ct. House", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2039", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josiah Meigs, 3 May 1821\nFrom: Meigs, Josiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nGeneral Land-Office,\nWashington City, May 3, 1821\nYou will receive, with this, a tin case inclosing a Geometric Exemplification of Temperature, Winds, and Weather, in this City for 1820. The graphic part is by Robert King, Draughtsman in this Office.Anderson\u2014Humboldt &c. have given us specimens of Geometric pictures. To you, no Explanation is necessary. I pray you to accept my gift as a proof, however trifling, of the sincerity of my esteem, and the truth of my respect.Josiah Meigs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2041", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 3 May 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSales 80 Barrels Super fine flour by B. PeytonFor a/c Mr Thos Jefferson1821 Richd2d MayTo Cap: Reynolds for Cash in store}$300.0080 Blls: Super fine flour at $3.75Chargescash paid freight at 2/6 is$33.34canal Toll $8.34, Drayage $1.639.97storage $6.40\u2014Inspection $1.608.00commission at 2\u00bd pr Ct7.5058.81Nett proceeds at Ct T. J.241.19E.E. B. P.Dear SirRichd\n3d May 1821Above I hand you a/c sales 50 Blls: Flour at $3.75 Cash, which is all I have on hand of yours, & disposed of on the best terms it was in my power to make, which I hope will be satisfactory to you.With great respect Your mo: obd: Sevt:Bernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 5 May 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nthe 5 May 1821\nAbout a month ago, I forwarded a letter to your honour, incloseing the same time my Acount, but never hearing of it I am fearfull of its not being Rec: particular more so, as I see the mail that rout has been robbt\u2014I should therefore be thankfull to be informedYour most Obedient ServantFrederick A Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2044", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Walker Maury, 7 May 1821\nFrom: Maury, Thomas Walker\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.7th May 1821.Enclosed you will receive a paper enclosed to me by Mr James Maury of Liverpool, containing some seed of the Melon of Valencia, and addressed to you. My wish & intention was to have presented them in person, but something has always seemed to prevent. He says they are remarkable for combining the properties of the musk & water melon, and are a very delicious fruit.respectfully yr Ms: obtTh: Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2045", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to R.R. Glinn, 10 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Glinn, R.R.\nMessrs Glinn & co.\nMonticello\nThe acknolegement of your favor of Apr. 26. has been delayed by an absence of some time from home, to which I am but just returned. my note to mrs Laporte was given on the assurance she meant to set up a grocery store in Charlottesville and this was to assist her beginning. having removed from the neighborhood I had not supposed she had made use of my note, and recieving no information about it, I had not known the date of the credit, or I should have prepared to meet it in time. this however will occasion little delay, I only await the return of the boats of our river, now all down, to send by them a deposit of flour to my correspondent in Richmond, Capt Bernard Peyton, and I will send you at the same time an order for the money. with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2046", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 10 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am just returned from Bedford and have several little things of detail to write about, but time permits me at this moment to mention one only which presses. hearing that mr Coffee was in Charleston I wrote to Dr Hosack to pray him to return me my letter & yours to Dr. Coffee. he did so, and I now inclose yours with the 40.D. check it covered and which was not used. this enables me to request you to remit that sum, or more exactly 40D.91C to mr Joseph Wilson collector of Marblehead who has recd for me a shipment of wines Etc from Marseilles the duties & charges of which amount to that sum to wit 40.91. I have written to desire him on reciept of that to ship the articles to Richmond to your address, & that you will pay expences of transportation Etc from Marblehead. when they are recieved I must pray you to forward them to me by Johnson of preference or if he should not be down, then by any other faithful boatman. I inclose you a bill of lading and am ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2047", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 10 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tI am just returned from my other home in Bedford where I pass much of my time. on consulting with my grandson he informs me that the elder daughter of mrs Nicholas, living with her, from her extraordinary good sense & discretion has the whole affairs of the family under her care, and that it is only on consultation with her that the best application  of your favor can be decided on, and that she may be confided on to make the application without the family\u2019s knowing of it. this consultation can only be on his first visit to Warren, which will be ere long. but his idea is that the money will not be wanting until the fall. as to the mode of remittance the best I think will be by a check of the bank of Fredsbg on any bank in Richmond. this would be inscrutable. the check may be payable to me, I will lodge it in the proper bank & give him an order on the bank.From the bottom of my soul I congratulate you on the revolution of Italy. it secures Spain & Portugal, and will extend representative government to the whole continent of Europe except Russia. the head of Francis will I hope be sent on a pole to the fool of France as a warning of what awaits him. ever and affectionately yours\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2048", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Wilson, 10 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Apr. 23. is just now recieved, and I am first to apologise for the liberty taken of having the articles which are the subject of it consigned to you. I recieve every year my supplies of wine from Marseilles, and of books from Paris by the way of Havre, and American vessels being rare in those ports, I am obliged to request their being sent by such vessel as may be in port, and consigned to the Collector of whatever port of the US, she is bound to, and these gentlemen have hitherto indulged me so far as to recieve them, pay the freight, and notify me, as you have now been so kind as to do, and I have ever immediately remitted the duties and charges. I have accordingly this day desired my correspondent in Richmond Captn Bernard Peyton to remit you the sum of 40D. 91C on reciept of which I will ask the further favor of you to ship them by any safe hand bound from your port to Richmond. besides other articles of commerce, I presume that of coal must furnish frequent opportunities. if consigned to Captain Peyton he will pay freight & all other charges & forward the articles to me. be pleased to accept my thanks for your kind attentions and the assurance of my great respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2049", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Barbour, 11 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barbour, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOn my return from Bedford I find here your favor of Apr. 30. I have no reciept for brewing, & I much doubt if the operations of malting & brewing could be succesfully performed from a reciept. if it could, Combrune\u2019s book on the subject would teach the best processes: and perhaps might guide to ultimate success with the sacrifice of 2. or 3. trials a capt Miller now of Norfolk, but who passes much of his time with Charles Bankhead in Spotsylvania, was during the late war, confined by the Executive to our neighborhood, perhaps indeed by yourself I took him to my house. he had been a brewer in London and undertook to teach both processes to a servt of mine, which during his stay here & on one or two visits afterwards in the brewing season, he did with entire success. I happened to have a servant of great intelligence and diligence both of which are necessary. we brew 100. galls of ale in the fall & 300. galls in the spring, taking 8. galls only from the bushel of wheat the public breweries take 15. which makes their liquor meagre and often vapid. we are now finishing our spring brewing. if you have a capable servt and he were to attend our fall brewing, so as to get an idea of the manual operation, Combrune\u2019s book with a little of your own attention in the beginning might qualify him.With my congratulations on the revolution of Italy & it\u2019s consequence of representative government to the whole of the continent of Europe I salute you with friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John F. Cocke, 11 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cocke, John F.\nSir\nMonticello\nOn my return home after an absence of some time, I found here your favor of the 1st as it related to transactions of antient date, I took time to look into my papers to repossess my mind of the present state of the case. I have done so and copied for your information such of them as will place it before you in a clear and satisfactory view; and I am ready now, as I always have been, on payment of what remains due with int. to sign any proper instrument of release which you will be pleased to propose, and to authorise mr Pleasants to make a conveyance clear of all future demands on my part. if the wish which I expressed to mr Bentley that this matter could be settled without delay was justifiable from the consideration of my advanced years at that time, it is strengthened now by many additional years; and I think it cannot but be better for the purchaser while mr Pleasants is living. if any accident were to happen to him, a recurrence to the court of Chancery would be again necessary.  a payment to Capt Bernard Peyton, my present correspondent in Richmond will be the same as if made to myself. Accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2052", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 11 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\nSir\nMonticello\nI am just returned home after an absence of some time and find here your letter of the 5th your former favors had also come to hand and the books safely arrived, and their execution entirely approved. the remittance of the amount of your account only awaits my being able to get\n\t\t\t to Richmond a parcel of flour which will be ready in about 10. days and will be immediately forwarded to Capt Bernard Peyton, and I will at the same time inclose to you and order on him for the money. with this assurance accept that of my great esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2054", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 11 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nJefferson will not be able to go to Bedford for some time. he set off this day to Richmond to see his own tobo looked at and sold. he advises that that of Pop. For. be sent off immediately to Richmond. I had on the road a conversation with a gentleman of knolege on the subject, and he assured me that the Lynchbg purchaser, besides deducting the carriage withholds a dollar in the hundred for his own profit. indeed we know that every hand thro\u2019 which a commodity passes must retain his profit. I would therefore recommend the sending off our tobo immediately, addressed to Capt Peyton.You mentioned that the bank of Lynchburg would accomodate me with some money should I need it. I think it possible I may have occasion for 7. or 800. D. some time hence. but in the mean time I will request you to inform what is their rule as to endorsement. if a town endorser be required, it would be a disagreeable circumstance to me. I salute you with affection & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Quincy Adams, 12 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Adams for the copy he has been so kind as to send him of his very able and profound Report on Weights and measures. from the general view, the only one he has yet\n\t\t\t had time to take of it, it seems really to present every thing which is useful on the subject. he shall read it seriously, with the interest he takes in the subject and with an earnest desire to\n\t\t\t wish\n\t\t\t success to any metrical system which may be hoped to obtain a general adoption. he salutes mr Adams with high consideration and esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2056", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Gilmore, 12 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmore, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nMr Colclaser delivered me the note you left with him. I should not have occasion for constant employment of a person in your line at present however I should be glad to employ  you in putting up a wooden wall at the West end of my large mill instead of the stone one which must be taken down, and in building my sawmill on this side of the river, where also I propose to erect a geered gristmill; but whether immediately or not must depend on my prospects of payment. I should be willing to employ you by the month at the rate you propose, and to pay monthly as we go along, but could not make advances. as the want of my sawmill is so urging that I cannot put off engaging somebody immediately, I shall be glad if you will write me by mail whether you will undertake & execute it without delay. Accept the assurance of my esteemTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2057", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josiah Meigs, 12 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Meigs, Josiah\nMonticello\nMay 12. 21.I return you thanks, dear Sir, for your very ingenious meteorological diagram for the year just elapsed. the idea is luminous, and the representation to the eye much more palpable and satisfactory than the common tables of detail, and the execution is truly splendid. it submits to the cognisance of sight, what is generally estimated by the sense of feeling only. but I am still more thankful for the kind sentiments expressed in the letter accompanying it, and can assure you with truth they are sincerely reciprocated by sentiments of the highest esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2058", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Solomon Southwick, 12 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Southwick, Solomon\nSir\nMonticello\nI have read with great pleasure your eloquent and moral address to the members of the Apprentices library, and believe it calculated to have excellent effect on that valuable description of young men. a guide as well as exhortation to the best employment of their hours of leisure, it indicates to them the sources of instruction in the duties of men &  citizens and in the philosophy of the particular art to which they apply. the fine examples furnished by our own, as well as other countries, and particularly the British, of what may be attained by giving vacant time to instruction, rather than dissipation should encorage the endeavors of all to raise themselves to the consideration & respectability to which their usefulness entitles them. with my thanks for the pamphlet accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2059", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Wharton, 13 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wharton, William\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour favor of Apr. 25. came to hand last night: but it is not in my power to answer it\u2019s enquiries. the legislature in it\u2019s last session permitted the University to borrow 60. M. Dol. as it had a like sum before, pledging it\u2019s annuity of 15. M. D. for repayment. the necessary buildings will be finished this winter, but if it is left to the University to pay the debt, it cannot be opened for many years. if the legislature should at any time remit the debt and liberate our funds, we may open the institution within a year from the date of the remission. Accept the assurance of my respect.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2061", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gilbert John Hunt, 14 May 1821\nFrom: Hunt, Gilbert John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir,\nNew York,\nAdulation is so much above a noble mind, that, in addressing you, I must restrain my feelings and observations regarding one whose virtues are proverbial.I have now the honor of inclosing you the prospectus of another new work, similar to the last I sent you, which forms the 1st Vol. the Late War, the 2d completing the History of our country in that style.It is intended to be finished in the same manner as the other, which you was pleased to patronize. By putting your name to one or both of the proposals and inclosing them to me, you will confer a particular obligation, as your signature to each is worth more than 200 subscribers to the work.\u2014The late War sold very well; the whole of 3 large editions being disposed of.\u2014When this work is done I shall send you on a copy, handsomely bound, to match the other; (& more if you say so.)\u2014Yours very RespectfullyG. J. Hunt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2064", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Bolling Robertson, 15 May 1821\nFrom: Robertson, Thomas Bolling\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew Orleans\nI beg leave to introduce to you Mr Henry Bry\u2014He is an old inhabitant of Louisiana\u2014you will find him an intelligent and agreeable manBe pleased to accept the assurances of my highest respectTh B Robertson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mathew Carey, 16 May 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir,Philada\n\t\t\t By this day\u2019s Mail, I forward you a set of papers on the subject of the pernicious tendency of our present policy on the best interests of the agriculturists generally. Hoping it may meet with your approbation, I remain, respectfullyYour obt hble servtMathew Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2066", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Emmanuel Grouchy, 16 May 1821\nFrom: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident\n              Philadelphie Le 16 mai 1821.\n            J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous Supplier d\u2019accepter un ouvrage que j\u2019apporte de Londres tout r\u00e9cemment.  Il n\u2019est pas du m\u00eame genre, que Les deux Pamphlets que j\u2019eus le plaisir de vous faire parvenir L\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re presque \u00e0 cette Epoque.  mais Je crois qu\u2019il vous interressera encore plus.Il me fait bien peine Mr Le Pr\u00e9sident de vous l\u2019envoyer dans l\u2019\u00e9tat, o\u00f9 il se trouve.  Ma Situation en est cause.Voudriez vous bien me faire L\u2019honneur de me faire Savoir Si vous voudriez me Permettre d\u2019aller vous presenter L\u2019hommage de mon Profond Respect, ce bonheur Serait pour moi extr\u00eame, depuis Longtems Je L\u2019Envie, et avant tout je sais que je dois en Solliciter La Permission.Daignez, Monsieur Le Pr\u00e9sident, & Respectable Vieillard, ne pas me refuser cette Consolation & agr\u00e9er L\u2019assurance de tout mon Profond Respect.V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteurGruchet officier fran\u00e7ais membre de La L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneurMon adresse est \u00e0 Mr Gruchet South 2. street No 24 \u00e0 Philadelphie. Editors\u2019 Translation\n              Mister President\n              Philadelphia,\n            I have The honor of Begging you to accept a book which I have just brought from London.  It is not the same kind of book as The two Pamphlets I had the pleasure of sending You Last year, almost at the same time as now.  but I believe that it will interest You even more.I am much grieved, Mr. President, to send it to you in the state it is in.  My situation is the reason why.Would you be kind enough to do me The honor of letting me Know if You Would Allow me to go and present to you The hommage of my Profound Respect, this would Make me extremely happy, I have been Wanting to do it for a long time, and most of all, I know that I must Sollicit Your Permission.Please deign, Mister President & Respectable Elderly Man, not to refuse this Consolation & to accept The assurance of my Profound Respect.Your very humble & very obedient ServantGruchet French officer, Member of the L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneurMy address is to Mr. Gruchet South 2. Street No 24 in Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2067", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 17 May 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nYour two esteemed favor\u2019s of the 10th & 11th: current reached me by last mail, together with the enclosures in that of the 10th:. I have credited you with the $40 check returned, & charged you with $40.91 remitted several days ago in check to Joseph Wilson collector of the port of Marblehead, agreeable to your request. When the wines you speak of are recd, I will be careful to send them on by a hand on whom I can rely.  I am this morning advised of the shipment 15\u00bd Galls. of the purest scuppernong wine by Col Burton of N. Carolina for you, at $1 pr Gallon, which he desires I will charge to your a/c, for the benefit of Clark Cox & Co of Plymouth,\u2014shall I do so?  This wine is sent by a trusty Captain, & in consequence of the last being robd & injured: it is also without brandy: when it is recd will forward it on as heretofore.I will with great cheerfulness pay your dft: of $100 favor Miss Randolph when presented.The news of the cessation of hostilities in Europe has caused a decline in Flour from $4\u00bc to 3 \u00be\u2014Tobacco $4\u00bd @ 7 general sales, occasionally a fine Hh\u2019d $9 @ 12\u2014With great respect Sir your Mo Obd:Bernd Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2068", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 18 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAccording to the request of your letter of Apr. 30. I have this day inclosed to Capt Peyton my note to him for 1120 D. payable in the bank of Virginia to replace that for the same\u2014sum which you have hitherto been so kind as to endorse for me, the last account I have recieved from you was of Sep. 12. balance against me 262.72 which I hope has been paid up by the flour since consigned to you. I shall be glad however to recieve my account with you down to the present day. I learn with great concern that at the  of your last letter you were seriously indisposed, and am in hope this may find you restored. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2069", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James P. Patterson, 18 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Patterson, James P.\nSir\nMonticello\nThe morning that I left your house, my servants left within your bar, where the other baggage had been deposited, a Latin book, Cornelius Nepos, which I trust you found there, and request you to keep until I call for it.When I told you the distances of the road, as indicated by my odometer, it escaped me that it needed a small correction from the circumstance that my wheel is not so large by about an Inch as that for which the Odometer is calculated. I subjoin the correct distances of your road as far as I have travelled them, the result of several admeasurement, and salute you with respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2070", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 18 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI wrote about a week ago to Mr Yancey to hurry down my tobo from Bedford. it was lying at Lynchburg so I presume will be with you in the course of a week. I expect too that the mill here is now ready to begin to deliver my flour. our river being swoln by the rains I have been unable to go there to inform myself of a certainty.I have a note in the Virginia bank for 1125. D. renewable on the 22d inst. hitherto indorsed by mr Gibson. he informs me that his situation renders it necessary that I should find another name to it. but I have no one in Richmond with whom I have any money transactions but yourself, and am therefore obliged to ask that favor of you. I accordingly inclose you a note with which I pray you to take up the one in that bank. the last account I have recd from mr Gibson was in Sep. last, balance against me 262.72 since which I have sent him 98. Barrels of flour which I presume has overpaid that balance I salute with friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2071", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 19 May 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            My dear Friend\n            Montezillo\n          Must we, before we take our departure from this grand and beautiful world, Surrender all our pleasing hopes of the progres of Society? Of improvement of the intellectual and moral condition of the World? Of the reformation of mankind?The Picmon Revolution Scarcely assumed a form; and the Niapolitain bubble is burst. And what Should hinder the Spanish and Portugese Constitutions from rushing to the same ruin? The Cortes is in one Assembly, vested with the legislative power.\u2014 The King and his Priests Armies Navies and all other Officers are vested with the Executive Authority of Government. Are not here two Authorities up, neither Supream? Are they not necessarily Rivals constantly contending like Low Physick and Divinity for Superiority? Are they not two Armies drawn up in battle Array just ready for civil war?Can a free Government possibly exist with a Roman Catholic Religion?The Art of Lawgiving is not So easy as that of Architecture or Painting. New York and Rhode Island are Struggling for conventions to reform their Constitutions and I am told there is danger of making them worse. Massachusetts has had her Convention: but our Sovereign Lords The People think themselves wiser than their Representatives, and in several Articles I agree with their Lordships. Yet there never was a cooler, a more patient candid, or a wiser deliberative Body than that Convention.I may refine too much: I may be an Enthusiast. But I think a free Government is necessarily a complicated Piece of Machinery, the nice and exact Adjustment of whose Springs, Wheels and Weights are not yet well comprehended by the Artists of the Age and Still less by The People.I began this letter principally to enquire after your health and to repeat Assurances of the Affectionof your Friend\n            John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2073", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 19 May 1821\nFrom: Fernandes, John F. Oliveira\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The favours and kindness, with which I have been treated by you, Since the Year 1803, are too deeply impressed in my mind, to permit me, to leave this Country, without addressing you few Lines.Persecuted by a dispotical Minister I did Seek for Shelter, in these Ud States, where I have lived, for eighteen years: the King however, had the goodness by his Decree of the 15th April 1820, to render justice to my Services; Ordering that, all my property, as well as its arrears, Should be rendered to me. This, compells me to go to Madeira, to proceed afterwards to Court; whence, it is my intention, to return to these Ud Stats.Should it please you to employ my Service, I beg of you to be assured of my Sincere wishes any acknowledgement of duty, towards you.When my respectable Country-man Joseph Correa de Serra was with me, Last, he mentioned, your great Stablishment; the everlasting monument of your Service patriotism, the University of Virginia; this, I had resolved to visit, some time, this Summer; was it not, for my present voyage, to Madeira, Brasil or Lisbon: as I cannot fulfill my intention, Sanguine as I am for the progresses of Science in this State, I hope you will excuse me, (or at Least, you will take it, as a mark of zeal), if I take the Liberty to recomend to you, for one of the Teachers of Anathomy, Physiology, Pathology, Nosology, Surgery, & obstetric Arts, Doctor Thomas Francis Andrews, Graduated in Edinburgh.This rare genius, is native of Norfolk; Studied all the Medical branches with me for Several years; went to Europe, where he requested & attended assiduously (& always with aplause) the most eminent Professors in all divine & natural phylosophy, at Paris, Edinburgh, London, Berlin & Vienna of Austria\u2014for five years: he has just returned\u2014and is my perfect conviction, that he will be a very valuable acquisition to the University, is the only cause of the Liberty I take, by recomending him to your Attention and protection.I presume I will Leave this, to the 10th of the next Month, ans shall be happy to receive your Commands, asSir! Your most Obedt. Servant.\n          John F. Oliveira Fernandes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2074", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 21 May 1821\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch respected Sir,\nCustom House Boston\nI have procured four pictures from Mr. Stewart, at last, & shipd it on board the Brig Richmond, S. Webb master, for Richmond, to the care of Capt. B. Peyton;The amount of the bill for the wine I have received from Capt. Peyton. I have the honor to be, Sir, your most Obt. St.H. A. S. Dearborn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2076", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Rush, 22 May 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nLondon\nI wrote on the 14th of March, mentioning the circumstances under which I had purchased the books, and now it gives me pleasure to say, that they have been shipped on board the ship Henry Clay, Thomas Potts master, which sailed from this port a few days ago, for Richmond. By the accidental ommission of our consul to inform me of the sailing of the ship, until after she had gone, this letter does not go by her, as I had intended. I took the liberty of deviating so far from the directions contained in your favor of the 20th of October, as to have the books put up in a packing case, lined with tin, instead of a trunk. This the Lackington\u2019s recommended, as their usual mode of sending books across the water, when the order was not too large, and the only certain mode of guarding them against injury. The whole cost of the books, including packing, has been \u00a332.12 sterling, for which Lackington\u2019s bill and receipt are enclosed. A further expense of fourteen shillings for shipping, duties, and dock charges, has been incurred, which covers every thing. A balance of  \u00a36.14 remains in my hands, which, I beg to repeat, I shall be most happy to appropriate in whatever manner you may be pleased to point out.Allow me, dear Sir, to tender to you the assurances of my great and sincere attachment and respect.Richard Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2080", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Appleton, 25 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Appleton, Thomas\nMonticello.\nMay 25. 21.This is merely to convey to you a triplicate of Gwathmey\u2019s bill on James Hogarty of Liverpool for 369 \u00a3 10. s sterling, the 1st & 2d of which were sent to mr Williams, of which 444. D. are to be paid on my account to M. & Mde Pini and 1200. D. to be credited by you to the University of Virginia for the purposes explained to you in my letter of Apr. 16. I salute you with affectionate respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2081", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 25 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gallatin, Albert\nMonticello\nMay 25. 21.Th: Jefferson requests mr Gallatin to give a safe passage to the inclosed letters, and salutes him with constant friendship", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2082", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 25 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI inclose you 350. D. of which I pray you to remit 300.D. to John Vaughan of Philadelphia sending with it  at the same time the letter I inclosed to you for him in mine of April 19. with the remainder be pleased to send me 3. boxes of tin, to be bought from Daniel W. & C. Warwick, exactly of the quality of what they furnish to mr Brockenbrough for covering the houses at the University. he pays them 12. D. a box. This may come by water or by waggons. I wrote you on the 23. it has been raining ever since, and our river out of fording. as soon as I know that 2. boat loads of flour have actually started I shall draw on you in favor of Glinn & Mayo. Affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2083", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 28 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fernandes, John F. Oliveira\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 19th is this moment recieved, and I hasten by it\u2019s acknolegement, to anticipate your departure. I learn with great pleasure that justice is at length done you in your native country by the restoration of your property. you will arrive there is an interesting time, and will no doubt benefit it by the observations you have been able to make on the organisation, the principles and the march of our new government, in which however there is still room for amendment. in Italy the success of the alliance of tyrants, blasphemously calling themselves the holy alliance, is discoraging but not desperate. the mind of the civilised world, roused from its torpor, is now got into action, and can never be retrograde a first effort may fail, but a 2d a 3d or some other will succeed, and all mankind will at length obtain representative government. I rejoice at the peninsular situation of Spain & Portugal, with the barrier of the Pyrannees & France secure them from the irruption of the Northern Vandals. I hope the Cort\u1ebds of your. own country will do their work well. a representative branch, freedom of the press and education of the low as well as of the high, are the three essential machines, which will assure & improve their present work.Mr Correa\u2019s approbation of the plan & principles of our University flatters me more than that of all it\u2019s other eulogists; because no other could be put in a line with him in science and comprehensive scope of mind. it\u2019s buildings will be finished in the present year; but the institution will remain encumbered with a heavy debt, which, unless relieved by the legislature, will keep it shut for many years. in this state of uncertainty it\u2019s Visitors dare not make engagements with professors. the many good things you say of Doctr Andrews would weigh much with them, were they arrived at this stage of their duties. it would have given me great pleasure. could you have visited the University before your departure. it\u2019s plan, entirely original, would, I am persuaded be seen with approbation by good judges of Europe. your return to this country from Europe, which I am happy to learn is intended, will enable you to visit it at another day, and in a more advanced state. in the mean time you carry with you my best wishes for a safe voyage, for a happy reunion with the friends you had left, a successful recovery of your fortune; and the delightful spasms of a patriot heart in finding your native country awakened to light, restored to the rights of man, and entering on the career of prosperity & tory with the regenerated nations of the world. with these my prayers accept the assurance of my friendly esteem & high respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2084", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 28 May 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichd\nI am favor\u2019d with yours of the 23rd: & 25th inst: this morning, the latter covering $300, which is at your credit, and I have this day forwarded to Mr John Vaughan of Philadelphia a check from Farmers Bank for $300, as you directed, which is accompanied by your letter to him recd some time ago.Before recg yours, had charged you, & given Messr: Clark Cox & Co credit for the \u00bd Bll: scuppernon Wine ($15.50) shipd by order of Col Burton of N. Carolina, of which I immediately apprised them. The Cask has arrived in good order, & shall be forwarded by Johnson\u2019s Boat the first time he is down. I will also procure from Messr: D. M & C Warwick, & forward by the first Boat, 3 Boxes Tin, such as were sent by those Gentlemen to the University, at $13 each.None of your Flour is yet to hand, when it arrives, will dispose of it to the best advantage & render you a/c sales by succeeding mail, any drafts you may draw in consequence, will be promptly honor\u2019d. I am still without any information of the shipt your Tobacco from Lynchburg.Yours very TruelyBernard PeytonFlour $3.62\u00bdTobacco 4\u00bd @ 9\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Roberts Poinsett, 29 May 1821\nFrom: Poinsett, Joel Roberts,Cogdell, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSouth CarolinaAcademyofArts.Charleston 29th May 1821.Be it known that The Honorable Thomas Jefferson, Was this day\u2014unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the Academy of Arts\u2014And entitled to all the Rights and privileges thereof.Given under the Signature of the President, and countersigned by the Secretary.J. R. Poinsett\n             President.John S. Cogdell Secretary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2086", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Beach Lawrence, 30 May 1821\nFrom: Lawrence, William Beach\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nNew York\nIntending to embark for Europe on 12th of next month, I take the liberty to offer my services to execute any commission, while abroad, with which you may honour me. I fear that the knowledge which you have of me is too slight to authorise my requesting introductions to your acquaintances in England and on the continents, but should you feel disposed so far to favour me, as to make me the bearer of any communications to them, I shall ever feel grateful. Since I had the happiness to spend a short time, last winter, at Monticello, my plan of travelling has been changed, as, instead of going with the gentleman who was then with me, I shall be accompanied by Mrs. Lawrence. Please to present my best respects to Govr & Mrs. Randolph & the young ladies. With sentiments of the highest consideration, I remain, your obedient Servant,Wm. Beach Lawrence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2087", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Lewis Cass, 31 May 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cass, Lewis\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMr Alexander Garrett of Charlottesville, my neighbor and particular friend, informs me that he has a sister, mrs Davenport, living in Detroit, and lately become a widow by the death of her husband mr Samuel T. Davenport. apprehensive she may need assistance, but not knowing to what amount, nor thro\u2019 what channel he can administer it, he has requested me to avail him of any acquaintance I might have to convey relief to mrs Davenport. I do not however recollect any personal acquaintance of mine living there, nor have I that honor with yourself. but there is, I trust, between us an acquaintance of character which may perhaps be made instrumental in doing a kind thing. on this ground I take the liberty of requesting you to assure, on the faith of the letter, any merchant or other person, who may have occasion to place money in either of the seaport towns of Richmond, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia or New York, that mrs Davenport\u2019s bill on mr Garrett, for any sum within her necessities, payable in either of the places above named\u2014. on so many days notice as may suffice for the remittance by mail from this place to that of payment, will be punctually honored: and if my name would add to confidence in the bill, it may be drawn on me equally as on mr Garrett, and I pledge myself for it\u2019s punctual payment. while the bill is going to the person in whose favor it is drawn it would be well to address a letter of advice and notice to mr Garrett or myself at this place, countersigned by mrs Davenport or yourself to guard against imposition by the interception of this letter in it\u2019s passage to you. confident that the object will excuse me with you, I salute you with assurances of high consideration and esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2088", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Garrett, 31 May 1821\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharlottesville\nBy a letter recieved last night from Detroit, Michigan Territory, I learn that Samuel T. Davenport an attorney of that place, died on the 26th April last leaveing my sister his widow with three small children in dependant circumstancies, without any relation nearer than Kentucky to administer to their comfort and wishing to relieve her from difficulties, untill provision can be made to remove her & her little family, and haveing no acquaintance in or near Detroit to whom I could write with any confidence on the subject. I feel at a loss what course to take. presumeing it likely in your extensive acquaintance that you may have some in Detroit to whom under such circumstancies you might not feel unwilling to write in my behalf. I take the liberty of troubling you with the subject, Governor Cass I learn resides in the City, who I suppose have money transactions with the U.S. Government at Washington, and though that channel reimbursements might be made him for any advancies he might make my sister, untill her removeal this, he or any other might not feel willing to do without some assureance of reimbursment & this I could not give not being known to any one there, thus situated may I asks the favour of a letter of introduction from you to the Governor or any acquaintance you may have there, giving them confidence in my punctuality in reimbursing any necessary advancies they may make to my sister untill arrangements can be made for her removal,I trust sir you will pardon the liberty I take in makeing this request as I am left without any other to which I can resort with confident hope to contribute to the comfort of a distressed sisterVery sincerely & Respectfully Your Mo. ObtAlex Garrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2090", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 31 May 1821\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n D Sir\nPhilad:\nYour favor of 19 April only reached me this day at, same time with a remittance of 300$ from Mr Bernard Peyton\u2014I have sent to Mr Girard to request the Dfts & when procured & forwarded\u2014you shall be advised thereofI remain sincerely yoursJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Yancey, 31 May 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr sir\nP Forest\n31th May 21\nYour Tobo was put on board a Boat and left Lynchburg on last Friday 7 Hhds, and directed to Capt Peyton, I should have informd you immediately, but you know, the mails to charlottesville leaves Lynchburg on friday morning, and the Tobo was not a float, till after the mail had started, this will be put in the P. office to day, and will I hope get to hand by the 2 or 3rd June, the boat could carry only 7 Hhds there is 1 inferior Hhd left and 500.\u2114 also very indifferent, with which and a parcel of my own, I shall make out a Hhd. and send it to Lynchburg within a few days. this is all of the most indifferent kind of Tob and  had I think better be sold in Lynchbirg.Should you intend to get any fish for the Negroes this summer I think it would be best for them, could they get them during Harvest, as I beleive their stock of meat has been consumed long since, and fresh meat does not agree with Labourers in very warm weather so well as salt provisions, I have received 100 dollars in part for the wheat, there is 43 dollars and\u2014 cents due which I expect to get in a few days, which will nearly pay all my old debts that have been pressing, but there are other due to morrow, which will be equally pressing, I mean my  for Bishop, and the Horses which I informd mr. Randolph of, and he was good enough to promise to provide the means to enable me to meet them, as these people live in the western Country & a disappointment would be a serious injury to them, we have planted some Tobo and shall plant the next season more than 7ar  our crop, our plants have grown rapidly for few days past I am satisfied now, that we shall have the greatest plenty in good time, we are all well, except some old complaints, Billy is still out, he and his comraids, takes a shoat or a lamb every day or two from us.Yrs with the Highest RespectJoel Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2092", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mr. Van Lennep, 1 June 1821\nFrom: Van Lennep, Mr.,Crommelin, Mr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville,\nJune 1st 1821.Mr van Lennep & Mr Crommelin beg to present their respects to Thos Jefferson Esqr & to express their regrets at having been obliged to forego the honor of waiting on him to day, the thunderstorm having caught them on their way to Monticello & compelled them to return to Charlottesville.\u2014It has been the more a matter at great disappointment to them, as in consequence of previous arrangements they are leaving to morrow for Richmond.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2093", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 June 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Saturday evening\u2014\n          A. S. Brockenbrough presents his respects to Mr Jefferson & begs leave to introduce to his acquaintance Mr Whiston of Fredericksburg he has been up viewing the University and has a particular wish of seeing your establishment, as it will probably be the only opportunity he will ever have of seeing it, it being his intention to leave Virginia for the North in a short time", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2095", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 4 June 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nJune the 4\u20141821.\nYour honour would greatly oblige me, Should it be convenient to direct my Acount to be payt, as my present Situation is such that I am much in want indeed\u2014I am not certain if I have charged your honour with Munford\u2019s Indent $6., which I (purchased for that porpus,) if I have not, & your honour has received the same; I shall  thankfull to receive it with the rest\u2014Pleas to parten my request necessity was the cause of my taken this libertyYour most humble ServantFrederick A Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2096", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Taliaferro, 4 June 1821\nFrom: Taliaferro, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nHagley, near Fredericksburg,\n4th of June 1821\u2013\nYou will receive this from Mr Ridgeley a young gentleman of my acquaintance of great respectability & merit from Lexington in the state of Kentucky, who proposes to pass thro\u2019 your neighborhood in his way home, & has expressed an earnest desire to avail himself of the only opportunity which he may have to see you. He calculates on his way to receive a letter of introduction to you from his relative Mr Short, whom you have long known. This is intended to obviate any embarrassment which the failure to receive the letter of Mr Short might produce. With the sincere wish that you may enjoy good health, & that your useful life may be long spared to us, I am dear Sir most respectfully & trulyYour friend & ServtJohn Taliaferro", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2098", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Memo re. payment to Ro. R. Glinn & Co., 5 June 1821, 5 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nGlinn Ro. R. & co.\ninclosed an order on B. Peyton for 100. D. on acct of my note in favor of mrs  Laporte of which they inform me they are the holders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2099", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Memo re. payment to Frederick A. Mayo, 5 June 1821, 5 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMayo. Fred. A.\nInclosed him ord. on Capt B. Peyton for 127. D 12\u00bd C amt of his acct for book binding & thanks for Seybert\u2019s Statistical Annals.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2100", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 5 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday a letter from mr Yancey informing me that on the 25th of May he sent off 7. hhds of tobo for me, and I learnt at the Shadwell mills that they had sent off 89. barrels of flour. both articles I trust are with you by this time. I therefore put under your cover two letters for Glinn & co. and Fr. Mayo, covering orders on you the former for 100. D. the latter for 127.12\u00bd D which be so good as to deliver and pay as soon as you have the funds in hand. I observe you advertize fish for sale. I will pray you to send 6. Barr of Herrings by a Lynchbg boat addressed to mr A. Robertson, and 4. barrels to this place of herrings, and 1. of shad. Johnson does not run his boat constantly since the price has been raised, and Gilmore has left us. there is a mr Kirby who I am told is faithful and may be trusted with my things. a reason for my former preference of Gilmore & Johnson  was that both were my tenants, and it secured my rents. Be so good as to send me Wettenhall\u2019s Greek Grammer made English by Farrand, a copy of the Orbis pictus, and 2 copies of Ainsworth\u2019s Dictionary abridged; and if they are to be had divide into 2. volumes each they will be preferred. affectionately yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2101", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, 6 June 1821\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nIn the State of NYork\nAltho you are advanced in life\u2014yet your Vision is clear\u2014& judgement sound\u2014therefore justice must be felt\u2014& patriotism yet uppermost in your Consideration,\u2014an old personal friend\u2014has made up his mind\u2014to say a few words\u2014on the Subject of our next president\u2014Altho\u2019 strange as it may appear\u2014the present one has just entered on the last term\u2014but such is The State of man\u2014such his activity in the pursuits of \u2014that already Combinations & preliminary operations are  on foot to give this man & that man\u2014an impetus\u2014a push forward in the publick view\u2014so that in some degree\u2014to have forestalled publick opinion & taking thereby undue advantages.\u2014it is for this Reason\u2014as it cannot be avoided\u2014I obtrude myself on your attention, without a name\u2014If what is said, is not sound, a name would be of no service\u2014to the observations\u2014Altho the time was, when it would have not sounded unpleasantly in your ears\u2014Mrs Crawford, Calhoun, Adams. Clinton & Clay\u2014are prominent men\u2014& doubtless\u2014the most so\u2014& so when the nation looked to select the next Prest\u2014your influence\u2014among the Gent\u2014who have been Prests\u2014alone seems to have been preserved \u2014 to a great extent over the whole nation\u2014the residue\u2014Messs Adams. Madison & Munro\u2014seem to have little\u2014Mr Munro\u2014undoubtedly as he is President\u2014has a degree of it\u2014So far as present patronage extends\u2014 I will begin by remarking\u2014that some Symptoms\u2014have been indicated\u2014that Mr Munro\u2014Mr Calhoun & their personal friends\u2014with those of Madisons are Cautiously working in favor of Jno Q Adams\u2014as the next Chief\u2014while others\u2014are pushing Crawford\u2014and those mainly are the present Rulers of Virginia\u2014Is this Right\u2014does it Comport\u2014with justice\u2014with safety to this nation\u2014& with the Example\u2014& lasting Solidity & equalized Justice\u2014Which you would desire to have in some degree  Realized from your influence\u2014and as Conducive & Confirmative to the high Character which you may desire\u2014that your fame should go down to posterity\u2014taking it for granted that the next Prest will be the friend of Jefferson & one who would sustain the Reputation & preserve the order & safety of the Republick\u2014would that be promoted by the Election of Mr Adams\u2014I say not\u2014Virginia had her 4 out 5 Presidents of course its not expected she will still have further pretentions at present\u2014Massachusetts\u2014had a Prest of Congress in Hancock\u2014She has been honored in Jno Adams during his whole life time\u2014& finally by being Prest\u2014besides others of her Citizens Knox\u2014Gerry\u2014Eustis\u2014Dearborn & many others\u2014& young Jno Adams his life time who at one period did all, man could do, to oppose Jefferson & his Supporters\u2014is this Right, for a man who never labored for Republicanism which only put Jefferson in power\u2014should now after having Reaped\u2014Money & honor\u2014since his boyish mission to Prussia\u2014be pushed into the Presl Chair by Jefferson or his friends\u2014I say\u2014Massachusetts has for the present\u2014had attention enough paid to her\u2014I do say\u2014that Mr Adams has had honor & countenance\u2014more than Others\u2014who merrited more than he, those Considerations how would it appear to posterity\u2014that Virginia should to an irrational & unjust\u2014extent\u2014Retain by Clanship the power to herself of this nation\u2014then to join her, influence to a state already full of favors\u2014 having had the like honor and advantage\u2014 \u2014I say it would go far to take away the Charm of our Republican success in Genl\u2014& in a measure tarnish the Remembrance of the illustrious Virtues of a Jefferson whose Consequence\u2014will be effected\u2014by the Results of his memorable Career\u2014It Reminds me so much of the Clanships\u2014the triumvie of Greece & Rome\u2014that it almost sickens me with the high notions of Republican fairness\u2014& reminds me  of the old proverb that the Horse that caries the oates\u2014Seldom eat them\u2014would you then support Mr  Crawford\u2014no I say\u2014he is a native of Virginia\u2014is from the south\u2014has derived all his influence from her disposition & no merrit\u2014or Exertion of his own\u2014Possess no extray Gifts from nature\u2014art\u2014& his appointment\u2014would fire such an unextinguishable hatred in this nation\u2014to have at this period\u2014a Slave holding president\u2014as to come nigh\u2014Severing this Empire\u2014& wd be forever attributed to Virginia or Jeffersonian egotistical Republicanism produced by negro unfair Representation & the sole effect of patronage\u2014& ill gotten power\u2014Mr Clay\u2014tho very respectable\u2014has nearly all the same objections agst him at present\u2014& besides has not pretentions equal to it\u2014Mr Calhoun also is too recently on the stage\u2014and is from a Slave state\u2014& there is time\u2014enough for him\u2014We come next to him\u2014on Mr Clinton\u2014This State has never had the honor\u2014of a president\u2014her Vice presidents have been merely pacifying machines\u2014Geo Clinton services during our Revolution\u2014entitled him to very high honor\u2014you outstripped him\u2014tho his influence then, powerful gave you the Presidency\u2014aided by his nephew\u2014& supported it\u2014till you Retired in Glory\u2014you gave yr influence to Madison\u2014tho it has Contd\u2014you forgave Munro\u2014& cannot you forgive DWitt Clinton\u2014for merely being a Candidate when your friend Madison\u2014was a Candidate the second time\u2014who always supported you & is warmly your admirer at this moment\u2014I think you can\u2014you observed that George Clinton estranged himself from you\u2014if he did\u2014that is a reason why you should  from DWitt Clinton\u2014indeed\u2014I honestly think\u2014it would be the brightest link to  the Chain of your Constellation\u2014for you to make an effort\u2014& do an act\u2014to the nephew\u2014to be away\u2014something of a neglect  of a great man\u2014whose name & fame as a Revolutionary worthy was Certainly greater than any then before the publick Excepting Yourself.\u2014& which has always injured the present\u2014Gov. Clinton eversince\u2014it has created in Co:operation\u2014with the policy of Madison & Munro a prejudice unwarranted\u2014to a great extent\u2014agst a man who was powerful in getting you elected & fighting your battles till you triumphantly Conquered\u2014he who now Reckons you a benefactor\u2014you could reconcile to the great Republican  & shed a never fading lustre on your fame for honor & disinterestedness\u2014The Consequences to the nation\u2014in Consolidating the safety of the Constitution\u2014would probably be incalculable\u2014to have a man as it were anew\u2014from a new Section\u2014from a State famous for Revolutionary Struggles\u2014& for great Men\u2014prosperous\u2014enterprizing\u2014& neglected\u2014all that is done\u2014is to raise a little man like Tompkins\u2014or Smith Thompson\u2014and other little men\u2014in order to destroy the influence of a very powerful & most\u2014Capable man\u2014a man pure in morals  Wife & Children\u2014Domestic\u2014industrious\u2014filled with knowledge\u2014a man that really loves to do good things\u2014think on those things\u2014& see whether\u2014it is not Compatible with your Glory & honor\u2014prudently & act\u2014& to have done with Mr Clinton\u2014those things which you could do\u2014with Mr Munro  when it suited your views\u2014is it needful for yr fame\u2014for Madison or Munro that a political Dwarf\u2014a Cold hearted excentric man like Jno Q Adams should be elevated above such a man as DW Clinton\u2014to shut out of the perils of the nation New York\u2014or Mr Clinton\u2014or is there a league between Virginia & Massachusetts?\u2014The talents & experience of Clinton wd Reconcile the south with the North & East\u2014but\u2014the Support of Adams or Crawford\u2014would shake the foundations of the edifice\u2014but liberality & honour & a remembrance of former days have some place in yr bosom\u2014an old friend hopes & believes\u2014from the high character of the Venerable Jefferson\u2014that he will once more\u2014in his own way\u2014do one more great act\u2014& prevent the perpetuation of a narrow misguided policy\u2014contrary to the best feelings of all your old best friends\u2014A Republican of 98 since the foregoing\u2014I have learnt\u2014that some person has written to Mr Jefferson to asscertain, whether the observations attributed to Mr J\u2014were true\u2014that he expressed a high approbation of the Conduct\u2014or admn of Gov Clinton\u2014his policy\u2014infavor, of Canals\u2014agriculture\u2014& the world generally\u2014It is possible the representations\u2014from party feeling & here might have been enlarged\u2014as they generally are\u2014when made by distinguished men\u2014but If they were expressed highly approbatory\u2014I presume they to wd have been true\u2014but Report says\u2014 the letter of Mr Jefferson denies having expressed himself favorably\u2014I am sorry to hear of it\u2014for reasons already indicated\u2014I am still of the belief\u2014that it would be one of the most honorable and Glorious acts of Mr Jefferson\u2014that before he quitd this life\u2014to take such a Course\u2014as he knows better how to do it, than most men I ever  knew\u2014in reconciling\u2014& harmonizing Mr Clinton\u2014publickly\u2014with the nation through his name\u2014thereby producing effects\u2014to strengthen the Union\u2014more than any other act that could be devised\u2014indicating a liberality & a magnanimity\u2014whose influence would shed a never fading Renown on  the author of the Declaration of our Independance\u2014as to the little bickerings of a few hot heads\u2014any movement of that nature might produce\u2014Compared to the love and Veneration it would excite  in an universl portion of the nation it would be as mere dust in the balance\u2014you publickly have withdrawn from Politicks\u2014that is no reason why a noble & generous act\u2014(made necessary by the Course pursued\u2014of which you have partaken)\u2014Should not be performed by a great Phylosopher & Phylanthropist\u2014to a man of the most distinguished talents and publick usefulness\u2014a  man who has the disposition\u2014the ability\u2014& the boldness\u2014to guard the fame of Jefferson more than any other man in this union\u2014a letter on the improvements of the nation\u2014its progress &c Wherein a decided favorable mention could be made for the great publick benefit Rendered by Mr Clinton\u2014would be decent. true\u2014& not out of the way\u2014would answer all the purposes desired with the learning of Clinton\u2014 his capacity\u2014 hispromotion of Canals & internal improvements\u2014of Colledges & publick schools\u2014of the agricultural board\u2014& his system of admn\u2014 every way enlarged\u2014& bottomed on a Nations renown\u2014it cannot well be concieved, that a Jefferson can disapprove\u2014It cannot\u2014be believed\u2014that if Mr Jefferson\u2014should ever have been displeased\u2014because Clinton was a Candidate for the Presidency\u2014 years ago\u2014& which might have been inexpedient\u2014tho\u2019 honorable\u2014& fair\u2014equally so\u2014as that he should\u2014or Munro\u2014or any other man\u2014but which has long passed away\u2014I say its presumed\u2014that this Cannot have place in the mind of a great man\u2014at this day\u2014If he thinks Mr Clinton ought to have fought the enemy recently\u2014it can be said\u2014that every effort was used for him to get a Commission but it was meanly prevented\u2014his example in addressing the people to deeds of patriotism in raising money\u2014even personally laboring in the defence of this State\u2014in shaking its forts &c\u2014 proves he did more efficient Service than any man here\u2014I will not speak of that small man Tompkins\u2014he is a child\u2014the mere floating machine of party\u2014is guilty of frequent inebriety\u2014has Converted the publick Money to his own use\u2014& is the tool of Munro. & Crawford & Adams to keep down\u2014Clinton\u2014you know all these things\u2014the writer of this\u2014is moved by himself\u2014as a duty\u2014without the knowledge of any\u2014human being\u2014to lay these things before a man Who he has beloved\u2014in times past more than words Can express\u2014&  who has no other motive but Justice & the fame of Jefferson & the Safety & honor of the nation\u2014a man of 1798", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2102", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas G. Watkins, 7 June 1821\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nGlenmore\nInclosed agreeably to your desire I send you my acct. Some combining circumstances have induced me to decline the practice of Physic. If my humble efforts, however, have been so fortunate as to reach your approbation, insomuch as to induce a belief that I might on any future occasion be of service to you, it will add to my happiness, to be permitted to make you an exception to my general rule.I am with the sincerest affectn and respect yr Obdt ServtT. G Watkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2103", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mr. & Brown, Mr. Marx, 8 June 1821\nFrom: Marx, Mr. & Brown, Mr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Friday morning\n          Mr Marx unites with Mr Brown in presenting their Respects to Mr Jefferson, their attendance at Court being required this morning, and their anxiety to return so soon as dismissed, will prevent their accepting Mr Jefferson\u2019s Invitation of which they will be happy to avail themselves at some future Period.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2106", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gilbert John Hunt, 10 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hunt, Gilbert John\n            Monticello\n          Th: Jefferson with his respects to mr Hunt returns him his prospectus with his subscription to it. it\u2019s arrival here during his absence on a journey must apologise for this late acknolegement of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2107", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 10 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\n            Monticello\n          I know, my dear friend, that the title of American alone is a passport to your attentions and good offices. to inform you therefore who of them merit those kindnesses must be an act of charity to you as of justice to them. on the bearer mr Lawrence they will be worthily placed. he is a citizen of distinction of the state of New York, correct and enlightened, and well qualified to put you into possession of the state of things in our confederacy. our political winters are boisterous, but our summers calm. I suppose he will find it much the case with you. I shall be your debtor, as well as himself for any kind attentions you may shew him; and I bear this testimony to his merit with the greater pleasure as it furnishes me new occasion of renewing to you the expressions of my constant and affectionate friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2109", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 11 June 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Your two esteemed favor\u2019s of the 5th: & 8th: Inst: reached me this morning.I have delivered your letters to Mayo and Blum, & have paid the drafts contained in each.Your Tobacco from Lynchburg, say 7 Hhds, reached me some days ago, but such is the pressure of business at the Warehouses here, that it was not until saturday last that it come to my turn (for its like boys in a Mill) to be served, when they were inspected & sold, & a/c sales would now be rendered, but this is a holiday and the Inspectors not at the Ware Houses to make out the notes: by next mail you may expect to receive it. I regret to say that the order, culling, & management generally, of the Tobacco was most infamory, entirely too high, insomuch, that every Hhd: had already acquired a bad funcky smell.\u20144 of the Hhds: were refused, and 2 passed\u2014the highest price $7.30, for two Hhds; which, with care & good management would have been $10 Tobacco, as would also our other.\u2014the lowest price, for the    Hhd: $2.80, which was really scarcely worth having\u2014I have procured the Books you wrote for & will forward them by the first opportunity. I could not find Ainsworth\u2019s Dictionary in two volumes. The Herrings you wish forwarded to Lynchburg & Monticello, will purchase (I have sold out) I send by the first Boats; Shad are not to be had in the City.I have sold all the Nail rods I had, & have looked thro\u2019 Town without finding such as you order, if you wish it, & they will be in time, will order them from the manufactory at Balto: where there are always a plenty on hand:\u2014there is so little demand for them here that they are scarcely worth keeping, but if you are likely to want a  constant supply, would order them round regularly for you.Some days ago recd from Genl H. A. S. Dearborn of Boston a painting of you, which I forwarded immediately by Johnson\u2019s Boat & hope it is safe to hand.When your drafts from Bedford appear they shall be honor\u2019d.With great respect Sir, Your Mo. Obd:Bernd Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2110", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Harner, 11 June 1821\nFrom: Harner, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr thomas Jefferson I have Sent A Pare of Bucks Horns to you as a poore mans prasend I hope it will not afend you to Send you as trifeling a prasend as this is I have heard of your haveing all kinds of Bucks horns and I alowed thiese would be the Grateist curosety of all you had ther has Been a grate many People at me for thiese horns but I would not let them have them I wantit you to Se them Sir from A poore frend of yours &CJohn HarnerN B. if Any purson wants to know whare this Buck was killet I kild him in the pasters about 6 or 8 miles this Side of the cowpaster River nier the rode lieving to the wormspring from Stantown Sir I would be Glad if you would Send me a few lines back whether you have Ever Seene any like them ther has ben a good many old Hunters to Se thiese and the never had Saw any like them. Angusty County South River Harners mill 3 miles Blow WaynsboroughJohn Harner", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Williams, 12 June 1821\nFrom: Williams, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nLondon\nI have received your letter of the 16th of April enclosing one for Mr Appleton of Leghorn, forwarded this day, & from Mr Bernard Peyton of Richmond a Bill for three hundred sixty nine Pounds 18/, subject to the order of Mr Appleton.I have the honor to be Sir, Your Obed. ServtS. Williams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2112", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William DuVal, 13 June 1821\nFrom: DuVal, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBuckingham\nJune 13th 1821\nI return you a Thousand thanks for obtaining for my Son John P DuVal by your friendly Letter to Mr Madison an appointment in 1812 of Lieutenant in the Army. He continued in the Army during the last War with G Britain, & was soon promoted to a Captaincy. After Peace was made. He married an amiable Lady and has Three ChildrenHe lives in the County of Fauquier After He finished his Studies at the College of William & Mary, He obtained Licence to practise the Law & has pursued it. He is fond of reading is acquainted with Classical Learning and several Branches of the Mathematics, particularly Surveying, after the most correct and approved Methods.He is desirous with a growing Family to reside in the Western Country, and requests it, as a great favour for you to write to the President as soon as convenient; that whenever a vacancy happens to be appointed a terratorial Judge, a Surveyor or Register of the Land Office, in any of the new Terratories\u2014He has a natural Genius for drawing Landscapes\u2014I saw a drawing of his representing the Natural Bridge, which was said to have been a good Representation. I mention this, because if He should be appointed Surveyor, He could  make neat and correct drawings of Rivers the range of Mountains &c, or if in either of the Florida\u2019s he could draw the Sea Coast with all its Shoals to the Mouth of Saint Mary\u2019s River if required & with accuracy.I think his capacity is above Mediocrity, that from his virtuous and moral habits, and his Attachment to Republican Principles, If through your kind interposition He should obtain either of the appointments from Mr Monroe, he would discharge either of the Offices with Credit and Fidility.I do assure you Sir, I would not desire a Son of mine to fill any Office, unless the public good was in Unison with his private Interest.I know that to you a consciousness of doing is a Luxury, You have enjoyed already beyond most persons, and that you may long enjoy it, and to bless your Country and Friends, is the sincere wish of him who with every possible Sentiment of Esteem and RespectDear Sir, Your most obedient humble ServantWilliam DuVal", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2113", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 14 June 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI hand herewith a/c sales your 7 Hhds: Tobacco & the balance your Flour on hand, say 98 Blls:, all of which hope will be satisfactory.I send by Woods Thom 4 Blls: Herrings 1 Bll: best family shad, & the 6 Blls: Herrings for Lynchburg are also on the way.These are Fresh Herrings & shad just arrived & inspected this morning. The Books mentioned in my last will be forwarded to-day either to Shadwell Mills or Jas Leitch at Charlottesville.With great respect Dr Sir, Your Mo: Obd:Bernard Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2114", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Thompson, 14 June 1821\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCustom house New York Collectors Office\nThere is in the Public Store of this Port a small Box directed to you, said to contain garden seeds from the Royal garden near Paris, rec\u2019d per the Ship Cadmus from Havre\u2014 Please direct how it shall be forwarded to you\u2014I am with the greatest respect your most Obt ServtJonathan ThompsonCollector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2115", "content": "Title: Bernard Peyton: Statement of account with TJ, 14 June 1821, 14 June 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: \n          Sales Seven Hhds: Leaf Tobacco by B. Peyton for a/c Mr Th: Jefferson1821 Richd9  JuneTo sundry persons for Cash (viz)No 1 = 1760 = 150 = 1610}3080 \u2114s nettat $7.30$224.84\u20332 = 1620 = 150 = 1470\u20333 = 1545 = 145 = 1400 \u2114s nett\u2033\u20336.3088.20{\u20334 = 1535 = 140 = 1390}2720 \u2114s nettat $5.55150.96Refused\u2013\u20335 = 1470 = 140 = 1330\u20336 = 1580 = 140 = 1440 \u2114s nettat \u20334.7067.68Chrgs\u2013{\u20337 = 1400 = 142 = 1258 \u2114s nett\u2033\u20332.8035.22$366.90ChargesCash paid for Notes at 3f each$3.50Canal Toll at 2/6 & Drayage at 22\u00a24.46Commission at 2\u00bd pr Ct14.1722.13Nett proceeds at Cr T. J.$544.77Sales fifty Barrels super & 48 fine flour by B Peyton for a/c Mr Th: Jefferson1821 Richd13 JuneTo John Ayers & Co for Cash in store50Blls:super fine flourat $3.75.$187.5048\u2033 finedo\u20333.50.168.0098$355.50ChargesCash paid freight at 2/6 pr bll:$40.84Canal Toll 38 Blls: $3.963.96Drayage 60 Blls: from break in Canal at 4f}7.42for 6 Blls: & Drayage 38 Blls: from Basin at 9dStorage 98 Blls: at 8\u00a2 $7.84\u2014Inspection $1.969.80Commission at 2\u00bdpr Ct8.89$70.91Nett proceeds\u2014$284.59", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2117", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Cogdell, 17 June 1821\nFrom: Cogdell, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir.\nSo Carolina Charleston\n17th June 1821.\nI have the honour of being one among a small number of our Community\u2014who have endeavoured to form an Academy of Arts\u2014in the City of Charleston, our Building after the Grecian Temple is nearly finished, a Portico\u201412 feet wide by 30: & Columns\u2014a front Room for statuary 30 by 20: & the main room lighted by a Dome  45 by 30:It has been made my very delightful duty to inform you by conveying the enclosed Certificate that you have been elected unanimously an Honorary Member of our Young Society.with Sentiments of my Great consideration and Respect. Dear Sir. I remain very Humbly Your obt SertJohn S. CogdellSecy & TreasurerSo Ca Academy of Arts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2118", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Harner, 17 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harner, John\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved yesterday your letter of the 11th with the remarkable Buck\u2019s horns you have been so good as to send me. they are indeed extraordinary, such as I have never seen, and such as I presume have not been seen before, because not a regular production of the species, but a sport of nature. they are a real curiosity, well worthy a place among those I have, and with them will hereafter have a place in our university when ready to recieve them. I am much obliged by your kind attention in sending them to me and I pray you to recieve the assurance of my thankfulness and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2121", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hore Browse Trist, 17 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trist, Hore Browse\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have a small commission or two for Philadelphia and I know no one to whose kindness I am more willing to be indebted for them than to yours. the Vanilla bean, a production of S. America, much used in seasoning ice-creams, was general to be had in Philadelphia when I lived there. the beans were packed in small flat tin-boxes, of a size and shape, which if covered first with course linen, and then in paper might well be addressed as a letter thro\u2019 the mail. the cost I do not exactly remember, but I think it was about a guinee. I inclose a 10.D. bill and ask the favor of you to endeavor to find & send me a box thro\u2019 the mail.I am anxious to get Planche\u2019s Greek & French dictionary, for my grandson James, and suppose it may be found at one of the foreign Bookstores of Philadelphia. I deal occasionally at mr Dufief Fernagus\u2019s and Belair\u2019s. should either of them have it, they will readily send it to me with a note of the price which I shall immediately remit them as heretofore.Your friend Eppes is well, & doing well at Columbia particularly favored by Dr Cooper. he attends chiefly to Mathematics. all the buildings of our University, except the library will be compleated this year, to wit 10. pavilions, 6. Hotels, and 100. dormitories\u2014but the time of opening will depend on the legislature. our family here is well and always speak of you with affection. mrs Trist is also well at mr Divers\u2019s. accept the assurance of my friendship and best wishes.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2122", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Victoire Laporte, 18 June 1821\nFrom: Laporte, Victoire\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Louisa county Prices tavern\njune the 18 1821\n          once more I take the liberty of importuneing you with my letters but I trust in your goodness to be excused, this is sir to inform you that my husband is not yeat retured but I suppose you are not ignorent of his sucksess in is inventions as it has bin mentioned in the nored papers  which I suppose you take; when he started he promisd to send ous money a thing which he has done but the letter be ing miscarrey  I expect for we never receve it; and we cannot apli for more for the want of kowing ware to direct my letters as he is not stationary in any place; I stand in need of 10 or 12 dollars for our prasent wants for as we are strangers we can jut ninithing without money this sir I take the liberty to ask of you bcaus I am in grate hopes of repaing all that you have bin good enough to advance for ous by so doing sir you will oblige your very humble and respectfull sirventVictoire Laporte", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2123", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Yancey, 18 June 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLynchburg\n18th June 1821\nYour 2 letters of 8 and 9th Inst. I received a few days past with two Dfts in favour of Bishop and myself on Capt Peyton, for which I thank you, as they will answer all the Debts that are now pressing on me I have enquired of Mr Mitter the price of board and tuition, which is thirty dollars tuition fee, and one hundred dollars board for two sessions one half paid in advanceRespectfully YrsJoel Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2124", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Theodorick Bland, 18 June 1821\nFrom: Bland, Theodorick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBaltimore\n18th June 1821\nI understand that you are one of this most active promoters of that valuable institution, expected ere long to be established in your neighborhood, the Virginia University. I have a son, who is now fifteen years of age, and is pretty well advanced in the Greek, Latin, and French languages; and is very ambitious of becoming a good scholar; in which I have resolved to gratify him as far as I can scrape together the means\u2014I think he will be prepared to enter the University next summer. Will you be kind enough to inform me, to what degree of the elementary branches of learning it will be expected a boy should have advanced before he enters  this institution; when it will be opened; what will be taught in it from the commencement; whether it will be necessary now to engage a place; and if you can say; what will be the price of tuition, board &c, or the sum total of expense.Your goodness will excuse my troubling youAccept Sir my very sincere regardTheodorick Bland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2125", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mathew Carey, 19 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have been longer inattentive to my little account with you than I ought perhaps to have been expecting the arrival of Baxter\u2019s history & the publication of the American edn of Sinclair\u2019s code, formerly desired. I correct the omission by now inclosing you 10. Dollars on account. looking over your letters & mine they mention only the Nautical Almanacs 5.D. & Conversations in Chemistry (price not named) furnished since my last remittance.  whatever balance this may make either way, may remain in account between us, I salute you with great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2128", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Leitch, 21 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leitch, James\n          16. yds Cotton Casimer of a fustian colout & stout. lining & trimmings for 2. suits. they are for servants.Th: J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Emmanuel Grouchy, 22 June 1821\nFrom: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Monsieur Le Pr\u00e9sident\n            J\u2019ai re\u00e7u le 28 du mois dernier la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait L\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire en date du 23.  une forte indisposition m\u2019emp\u00eacha dabord d\u2019y r\u00e9pondre, et m\u2019\u00e9tant mis en chemin le 16 du courant pour aller jouir de la permission que vous avez bien voulu m\u2019accorder j\u2019avais jug\u00e9 de ne pas vous importuner par une Lettre.  mais mon mal m\u2019ayant Repris et me retenant depuis 5 jours, je dois malgr\u00e9 moi diff\u00e9rer mon voyage et me voir priv\u00e9 du bonheur de vous presenter mes Hommages aussit\u00f4t que Je l\u2019avais d\u00e9sir\u00e9.Je partirai cependant pour Charlotte Ville des que je Serai mieux et J\u2019attendrai La V\u00f4tre Retour, ne voulant vous donner aucun embarras et Vous Suppliant en grace de ne faire aucun appret pour me recevoir.Je suis Loin, Monsieur Le Pr\u00e9sident d\u2019\u00eatre Le Marechal de Grouchy,  Le certificat ci joint vous prouvera la Difference de grade et de Nom existante entre moi & mr Le marechal, qui par une n\u00e9gligence qui n\u2019\u00e0 pas de nom \u00e0 perdu en 1815 la france, L\u2019arm\u00e9e et L\u2019Empereur.  Cette pi\u00e8ce vous prouvera dis-je que je n\u2019\u00e9tais que Simple Officier Subalterne dans larm\u00e9e, daignez la lire et avoir la bont\u00e9 de la retenir pr\u00e8s de vous Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous voir.Je vous prie Mr Le President d\u2019accepter les feuilles ci jointes, qui Seront je pense les premi\u00e8res que vous aurez vu en ce genre; deux d\u2019entre elles Retracent assez \nfid\u00e8lement les traits de deux Grands Hommes vos contemporains & vos amis; Je desire\nquelles vous Soient agr\u00e9ables.Ainsi donc Mr Le Pr\u00e9sident, J\u2019irai Comme J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous le mander attendre V\u00f4tre retour \u00e0 Charlotte Ville,  Je Serai honor\u00e9 d\u2019y apprendre votre d\u00e9part, et de Savoir que ma lettre vous Sera parvenue \u00e0 tems.  Je vous Souhaite un heureux voyage et un retour Semblable.Si vous daignez me faire L\u2019honneur de m\u2019accuser R\u00e9ception de cette Lettre, daignez me L\u2019addresser Poste Restante \u00e0 la cit\u00e9 de Washington.  mon adresse est: a Mr Gruchet Lieutt Colonel poste Restante \u00e0 Washington.Je vous Supplie Mr Le President de vouloir bien agr\u00e9er L\u2019expression Sinc\u00e8re de mon profond respect.J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Votre tr\u00e8s Humble & tr\u00e8s Obeissant Serviteur.Gruchet Editors\u2019 Translation\n              Mister President\n            I received on the 28th of last month the letter You had done me the honor of writing to me dated the 23rd.  a strong indisposition at first kept me from replying, and, having set out on the 16th of this month to go and enjoy the permission you had been kind enough to grant me, I had decided not to bother You with a Letter.  but my sickness having started again, and having been keeping from leaving for 5 days, I have to differ my Trip, despite myself, and to see myself deprived of the happiness of presenting my respects to You as early as I had wished to do it.However, I will leave for Charlotte Ville as soon as I Will be better, and I will await Your return there, not wanting to bother You in any way, and begging You please not to go through any trouble to receive me.I am far, Mister President, from being Marshal Grouchy.  The enclosed certificate will prove to You the difference in rank and in Name existing between me & the Marshall, who in 1815, through an unspeakable negligence, lost France, The army and The emperor.  This document will prove to You, as I was saying, that I was just a Simple Minor Officer in the army, please deign read it and be kind enough to keep it with You Until I have the happiness of Seeing You.Please, Mister President, accept the enclosed documents, which will be, I think, the first ones You will see of their kind; two of them draw rather faithfully the features of two Great men, Your contemporaries & Your friends; I wish them to be Pleasing to You.So, Mister President, I will, As I have the honor of informing you, await Your return in Charlotte Ville.  I will be honored to find out about Your departure, and to Know that my letter Will have reached You in time.  I Wish You to have a happy Trip and a similarly happy return Trip.If you deign grant me The honor of letting me know you have received this Letter, deign send It to me at Poste restante in the city of Washington.  my address is: to Mr. Gruchet Lieut. Colonel poste restante in Washington.I beg you, Mister President, to Accept The Sincere expression of my profound respect.I have the honor to be Your very humble & very obedient Servant.Gruchet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2131", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Cooper, 23 June 1821\nFrom: Cooper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nColumbia S. Carolina\u2014\nI send you the account of our collegiate Studies, which the Trustees have directed to be published. It does not meet my full concurrence, but under all circumstances, it is very well. I much doubt if there is a better appointed Institution in the United States than this. Our Mathematical professor, with great modesty, and great industry in teaching, ranks with Bowditch, Audraine & Nulty; far above the common professors of the same Studies. Our other departments are respectably filled. The Professor of Logic and Ethics, is a man of considerable learning, upon the European Scale, having spent 16 years on his education in England, & at Edinburgh, with very good effect. You will see too, that the terms of tuition including a very tolerable Library, of which I will send you a Catalogue, is extremely low. I shall endeavour to get it raised to 50$ per annum, & there stop.It is manifest, that unless your legislature shall have wisdom and liberality enough, to enable your Virginia youth to be as well instructed at as light an expence, you can never enter into competition either with the northern Colleges or with this. In no country whatever, have the mass of mankind, sense or liberality enough to provide for the expences of a good education: it must be a system maintained every where, in Europe as well as here, by public liberality.Your Grandson Eppes is studious & exemplary. The place I believe to be very healthy, & it certainly is very pleasant. The discipline here, is as good as I can make it as yet; but I hope still to improve it. At present, it is better than at any of the northern colleges. Since I have been President, no professor has omitted a single recitation, myself excepted, when I injured my eyes & was confined to my bed. I lecture at 8 & at 11 in Chemistry & Mineralogy and at 2 in Criticism & Belles Lettres. Each student attends 3 recitations daily. I long to hear of yr Institution doing as well. I remain with all kind wishes Dr Sir Thomas Cooper", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2133", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichd\nI am without a Blank for the renewal of your note of $2,250, due at the United States Bank tomorrow; & will be compelled to put in my own in its sted, to avoid a protest.In order to obviate this difficulty in future, would you be willing to trust me with a power of Atty to sign for you in the several Banks here, according to the enclosed form, & which is almost universally practised by those who live at a distance, & have business of this sort to transact, in order to avoid the inconvenience of an omission, & the risk of transmitting & preserving blanks.  I only mention this for your sake, & hope you will not adopt it if you have the slightest scruples, as at any rate, (either in holding blanks or signing by atty,) the responsibility & risk I am exposed to, is about equal, & one I feel very sensibly. I already have a power of Atty from Jefferson, for the U. States & Farmers Banks, which are duely filed there\u2014With great respect Sir Your Mo: Obd:Bernard PeytonP.S. The enclosed power must be acknowledged before a magistrate, & two witnesses to your signature besideN.B. Your Wine from Marblehead is this moment to hand, & shall be forwarded by the first trusty Boat\u2014B. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2134", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Westwood Wallace, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Wallace, James Westwood\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Fauquier\n          Mr Rodes affords me an opportunity of sending to you a few articles which I hope will arrive safe and be acceptable: their labels will give all necessary information.Since I saw you three years ago, great changes have been effected in my more immediate feelings: death has devoured all of my friends: circulating blood warms not a breast which affords a pleasant and safe anchorage for my friendship: bereft of the heavenly pleasure of friendships formed in youth before the soul becomes deformed by conflicting emotions,  and being overloaded by political and religious persecutions, I am anxious to seek a new abode. tis my wish to obtain a little appointment from Mr Monroe, but, being naked of friends, and unwilling to receive recommendation from character of no great weight, I shall approach him awkwardly since I am a stranger to adulation and the fashionable low, but winning arts of the times.  my respects to Mrs Randolph & familygod bless you Mr JeffersonJames W. Wallace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2135", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Anderson, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Anderson, William\nSir\n\t\t\t Monticello\n\t\t\t A long absence from home has been the principal cause of my delay in answering your letter. I now inclose your prospectus with my name to it and 3. dollars, the price of the copy subscribed for; and with my wishes for the success of your work I tender you the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2136", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hiram Haines, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Haines, Hiram\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n             Much Respected Sir,\n            Slate Mills, Culpeper County, Virginia.\nJune 25th 1821\n          As a prelude to my business I must commence my letter by offering an apology for the Liberty I have taken in addressing you, conscious that (from your nobleness and Generosity of heart which you have always displayed, thro\u2019 a long and arduous life in the service of your Country and fellow Citizens,) I shall be forgiven. To obtain a correct knowledge of our own Country in General and our native State in particular, I have always considered as the imperative duty of every American Youth, who wishes to shine as an ornament to Society, or who is emulous of being serviceable to his Country. Ambitious to excell in these particulars, I have long sought, but as yet have sought in vain to obtain a Book Entitled \u201cJefferson\u2019s Notes on Virginia\u201d which emanating from so noble and so learned a Gentleman as yourself, I have been naturally led to conclude, Contains a Valuable store of Usefull and Interesting Knowledge, worthy to be sought after and acquired by all. Anxious to attain this, I have Addressed you for the purpose of enquiring if you have now any of the above named books, and if not, where can I obtain One?\u2014If you have any, and sell them, what ever may be the price, I am willing to pay it,\u2014but If you do not sell them & should think me worthy of so valuable a present, the Gift will be received with pleasure and ever remembered with gratitude and respect.As your life has been devoted to the service of your Country and the Improvement of your fellow Citizens, may your whilst living receive their undivided homage, and when the time shall come (which is drawing nigh) when it shall be said, \u201cThat Jefferson one of the fathers of this Country is Gone.\u201d! may you still live in their hearts as a pattern of all that is Good, Wise and Great. For a youth of Eighteen perhaps I have been too familiar, if so I ask forgiveness.\u2014But my dear Sir, the Pillars of Strength and Beauty which have long Supported and adorned the Temple of American Liberty, have now grown infirm thro\u2019 Service, and ere long must Sink to Silent Repose!\u2014may those who fill these places equeal those who have gone before them\u2014Excell them they never can!\u2014May the Supreme Grand Architect of the Universe make your latter days peaceful and happy, and when you shall be summoned to the narrow dwelling place of Man, may you meet death with fortitude and Resignation, may the Cassia Sprig-bud & blossom on Your tomb! And may You finally be raised to a Glorious Immortality! So prays him who has  trod the darksome and mystic path\u2019s, who has passed thro\u2019 Scenes of Difficulty and danger, but who thro\u2019 the protection of Divine Providence has outlived them all!\u2014I am with Great Esteem one, who, whilst you are living will respect and Admire you, and when you are dead will Reverence Your Memory.Hiram HainesP.S. If you conclude to send me the Book, or directions where I may obtain it\u2014Direct, to Hiram Haines Slate Mills Culpeper Cty Va., and it will reach me in Safety.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2137", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hayley Jones, 25 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jones, John Hayley\nSir\nMonticello\nIn answer to the enquiries of your letter of May 24. I can give you facts only. the buildings for the accomodation of the Professors & students of the University will all be finished the ensuing winter. but we have borrowed, under the authority of the legislature, 120.M.D. from the literary fund, for the payment of which our annuity of 15.M.D. a year is pledged. if the debt is to be paid out of that, it will require many years, and the institution cannot be opened till it is redeemed. if on the other hand the legislature should be of opinion that the monies advanced by that fund have been properly applied to their legitimate object, that it has not therefore constituted a debt, but merely an appropriation, we can open the University one year after they shall make that declaration; that time being necessary to bring our professors into place. accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2139", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Theodorick Bland, 26 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bland, Theodorick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 18th was recieved yesterday. the state of our University is such that we cannot say when it will be opened. the buildings for the professors and students will all be finished the ensuing winter. but their erection will have left us very largely indebted, and if to be paid out of the annuity settled on it, it will be many years before it will be free. it is believed however that the legislature will remit the debt. if they do, the institution will be opened one year after the remission, as that time will be necessary to collect our professors from both sides of the Atlantic, as we shall recieve none but of the first order of science in their several lines. every branch of science, at present thought useful will be taught;  for which purpose 10. professors will be allowed. every person who can read, write and cypher will be free to learn what he chuses & what he can, without tramelling him with any prescribed course. but we  shall not teach elementary classics\u2014in that line we shall give only the last critical finishing to those who have been of the highest class of the ordinary academies. board in the neighboring village of Charlottesville is at present about 125. D. tuition fees will be about 40. or 50. D. should the next session of our legislature remit our debt, the institution will open immediately after the Christmas of the next year 1822. which I am in hopes would be in time for your son, whom we should be very happy to recieve, and I shall with pleasure render him any service I can. I salute you with great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2140", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 27 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Frances\nMonticello\nYour letter of May 7. was recieved in due time, and in it you ask my opinion as to the utility of pursuing metaphysical studies. no well educated person should be entirely ignorant of the operations of the human mind, to which the name of metaphysics has been given. there are three books on this subject, Locke\u2019s essay on the human understanding, Tracey\u2019s element of Idiology, & Stewart\u2019s Philosophy of the human mind, any one of which will communicate as much on the subject as is worth attention. I consider Tracy as the most correct Metaphysician living; and I inclose you a small tract of his worth reading because it is short, profound, and treats an interesting question, to wit that on the certainty of human knolege. he prostrates the visions of Malebranche & Barclay and other Sceptics, by resting the question on the single basis of \u2018we feel\u2019. with him who denies this basis, there can be no ground of reasoning at all. to pursue the science further is following a Will of the wisp, and a very useless waste of time much better given to sciences more palpable, and more useful in the businesses of life.Tracy\u2019s Review or Commentaries on Montesquieu is the best elementary book on government which has ever been published. being afraid to publish it in France, he sent his manuscript to me in 1809. and I got it translated and published in Philadelphia in 1811. it will be the text-book of the Political lectures of the University.\u2014the buildings of the University (except the library) will all be finished the ensuing winter. towards this object the Legislature permitted an advance of 120.M.D. from the literary fund, but under the name of a loan, taking in pledge our annuity of 15,000D. if it is to be really redeemed by this, many years will be necessary to clear that fund.  it is hoped they will consider it as an appropriation and discharge the annuity within one year after that discharge we may open the institution, as it will require that time to bring our professors into place. mr Watts when here, asked me for a copy of the Report containing the plan of that institution. I did not know then that I had a spare copy. I have since found one, which I inclose for his acceptance with the tender of my great respect.Our family is all well; remember you always, with affection and join me in hoping you will be able to visit us during your next vacation, as they do in assuring you of our  constant attachment.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2141", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Extract of a letter endorsing John Taylor of Caroline, ca. 27 June 1821, 27 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n          Extract of a letter from Th: Jefferson to \u2014I have read Colo Taylor\u2019s book of  \u2018Constructions construed\u2019 with great satisfaction, and, I will say, with edification; for I acknolege it has corrected some errors of opinion  into which I had slidden, without sufficient examination. it is the most logical retraction of our governments to the original and true principles of the constitution creating them which has appeared since the adoption of that instrument. I may not perhaps concur in all it\u2019s opinions, great & small; for no two men ever thought alike on so many points. but on all it\u2019s important questions, it contains the true political faith, to which every catholic republican should stedfastly hold. it should be put into the hands of all our functionaries, authoritatively, as a standing instruction, & true exposition of our constitution, as understood at the time we agreed to it. it is a fatal heresy to suppose that either our state-governments are superior to the federal, or the federal to the states. the people, to whom all authority belongs, have divided the powers of government into two distinct departments, the leading characters of which are foreign & domestic, & they have appointed for each a distinct set of functionaries. these they have made co-ordinate, checking & balancing each other, like the three cardinal departments, in the individual states: each equally supreme as to the powers delegated to itself, and neither authorised ultimately to decide what belongs to itself, or to it\u2019s Coparcenor in government. as independant in fact as different nations. a spirit of forbearance and compromise therefore, & not of encroachment & usurpation, is the healing balm of such a constitution: and  each party should prudently shrink from all approach to the line of demarcation, instead of rashly overleapping it, or throwing grapples ahead to haul to hereafter. but finally the peculiar happiness of our blessed system is that in differences of opinion between these different sets of servants, the appeal is to neither, but to their employers peaceably assembled by their representatives in Convention. this is more rational than the jus fortioris, or the Cannon\u2019s mouth, the ultima et sola ratio regum.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2142", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe letter of Colo Taylor to Judge Roane recieved from you thro\u2019 Martha, I now return in a letter to the judge, which I leave open for your perusal, after which be so good as to stick a wafer in it and deliver it to him.We have had a tremendous hail. it extended from about half down, this mountain to Mechunk, tore corn to peices, beat off the heads of wheat & destroyed the rye. I suffered by it much, Jefferson and yourself in a single field each, Rogers & Gilmer torn to pieces. Jefferson begins his harvest this day. it is a midling one. my journey to Bedford will be delayed two or three weeks by the necessity of taking down the whole gable end of my mill and rebuilding it with wood. James will accompany me to New London. in the mean time he has begun his Greek grammar with me & French with the girls. I am delaying to call for the 30,000.D. for the University, in the hope that our Proctor may get compleatly thro\u2019 his account of all the monies previously expended, that we may see exactly where we stand before we begin the library; but should the Literary board think themselves bound to require our calling for it more speedily I will do it on knowing their pleasure.The family is all well, except Martha who is just recovering from a cold and head-ach with some fever. Anne is with us, with her children except John, and Wm Bankhead is here also. ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2143", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 27 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Roane, Spencer\n              Monticello\n          I have recieved through the hands of the Governor Colo Taylor\u2019s letter to you. it is with extreme reluctance that I permit myself to usurp the office of an adviser of the public what books they should read and what not. I yield however on this occasion to your wish and that of Colo Taylor, and do (what, with a single exception only) I never did before, on the many similar applications made to me. on reviewing my letters to Colo Taylor and to mr Thweatt, neither appeared exactly proper. each contained matter which might give offence to the judges, without adding strength to the opinion. I have therefore, out of the two cooked up what may be called \u2018an extract of a letter from Th:J to \u2014\u2019 but without saying it is published with my consent. that would for ever deprive me of the ground of declining the office of a Reviewer of books in future cases. I sincerely wish the attention of the public may be drawn to the  doctrines of the book; and if this self-styled Extract may contribute to it, I shall be gratified. I salute you with constant friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2145", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 28 June 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I send herewith, agreeable to your request, Adams\u2019s Roaman Antiquities & Valpy\u2019s Greek Grammar, both of which I wish safe to hand\u2014Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hyder, 29 June 1821\nFrom: Hyder, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPost Office, Union Town Md\nJune 29th 1821.\nWill you please to inform me whether you recd my letter under date of 14th July 1820.Accept my best wishes for your happy welfare, and permit me to subscribe myself most respectfully your very Obt Humbl Servt.Jno Hyder", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2147", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mathew Carey, 30 June 1821\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJune 30th 1821\n          An apology is due for the delay of an answer to your favour of the 19th inst. (post marked 23d) covering ten Dollars, which was recd on the 26th\u2014The new American Edition of Sinclair\u2019s code is not yet, we believe, published. At all events, we have not recd any information of its appearance. As soon as it appears, it shall be forwarded. Banter\u2019s history cannot be procured.The price of the Conversations on Chemistry  is 250/100 $ We remain, very respectfully, Your obt hble servtsM. Carey & sons.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gilbert Merritt, 30 June 1821\nFrom: Merritt, Gilbert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nNew York\n30th June 1821\nI have taken the liberty (By this days mail) to transmit to You the fourth  number of a True American paper, which we have very recently establish in this City, and which shall be dedicated to the support of our Republican institutions, and the union of the American States\u2014Fully persuaded (that, it will meat Your approbation\u2014Be assured Sir, that Your name is held by myself, as well as all other Americans in Greatfull rememberance, Most RespectfullyYour Friend and Humble ServtGilbert Merritt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2150", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Spencer Roane, 30 June 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Roane, Spencer\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nTo the letter of Colo Taylor to yourself, recieved thro\u2019 the Governor, I returned an answer  on the 27th addressed to you, & put under cover to him.I have now to thank you for the papers of Algernon Sydney which I had before read with great approbation successively as they came out. I had hoped mr Ritchie would publish them in pamphlet form, in which case I would have taken half a dozen, or a dozen myself, and inclosed them to some of my old friends in the different states, in the hope of exciting others to attend to this case, whose stepping forward in opposition, would be more auspicious than for Virginia to do it. I should expect that New York, Ohio, & perhaps Maryland might agree to bring it forward, & the two former being Anti-Missourians might recommend it to that party. the 2d No of Fletcher concentrates the points of alarm very strongly. ever affectionately and respectfully yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2151", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1 July 1821\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLagrange\nJuly 1st 1821.Your last letter, my dear Excellent friend, is dated the 26th I Had been long deprived of your so much Valued Correspondence. The motives of Health, and sickness in the wrist unluckily dislocated and Very ill mended, form an Apology but too forcible, but very painful. I would have put you to inconvenience, but when you can well Bear writing, think of your oldest and best friend, to whom Some lines from you are a great comfort.The work of infamy which you alluded to, as it then threatened italy, Has been Consummated by three of the powers of the Saints alliance. the english and french governments Have Kept their distance but did sympathise with the principles, and opposed no restraint to the acts of the leyback Gang. The Neapolitans Spoke well and behaved ill on the field. they gave not to Upper italy the time to pile in arms, and those Who broke out, the pilmentele, Were Half betray\u2019d, Half beaten into a State of Submission. Yet it is to be Hoped the Scandal of Austrian dominion over italy Cannot last long.Spain and portugal are Constitutionally Governed. Great intrigues however are Carried on in those Countries, particularly Spain, under the patronage of all the European Counter Revolutionary party, and in late france pursues the direction now pursued by all the powers of Government, I am afraid interior disturbances in Spain will become very serious.Great efforts Have been lately made by the Greeks for their emancipation from the Roman Yoke. They have been productive of bloody disorders on both Sides; But the most horrid Cruelties are daily perpetrated By the turks. the triumvirate of leyback Have, in common, asserted the legitimacy of Sultan Mamouth; altho it is probable Alexander will be obliged by Russian politics, and Religious propriety, to give his own Ambition a turn more favorable, at least, to the protection of the Christians Against infidels. the best We Can Hope is the erection of some Grecian republics where liberty and information May obtain a degree of security.The north of Germany is, more or less, in a liberal ferment. But it is now Agreed on all sides that on the freedom of france depends the Emancipation of Europe. Never were the friends of liberty, in the Several Countries, So Sincerely United By a Continental link of Sympathy. Here Counter revolution is the order of the day. It Sits on the throne, more oppenly So, next to the throne, it is Unanimous at Court, and in a great majority in the Constitutional powers, particularly in the House of deputies, because more of those who are afraid of its excesses are forced by White Jacobines to go along with them. a net of Government Agents, place men, millionaries, informers, is extended over the people. party intrigues, Bonapartists, Orleanists, Orangists &c. appear on the Surface, But under that Compounded Crust, the produce of many Years Very ill Employ\u2019d, there is a Sound population, and particularly admirable youthfull generations. the old military now returned to their families Have Reassumed civil habits; the new army are better disposed than might Have been Expected. it is true the Benefits of the Revolution, by Bettering the Condition of the People, Have made them more quiet and less Sensible of their danger. There are However in almost all the departments a set of patriots, namely among the Young men, Who are jealous of their Rights, determined to be free, and quite clear of party Combinations or preferences. our debates in the House Have no other use but to be the only means of publication that Have been left to my friends and myself. But they are eagerly Received out of doors. What I Said four Weeks Ago, and Has been Since printed, may give you Some idea of our present situation.My family are all well. the eldest grand daughter, Celestine Mauburg Has married one of My colleagues, and is on the point of increasing the number of my Children. two sisters of hers, three girls and one boy belonging to my daughter Virginia, three girls more and two boys by George are now on the Colony of la grange where I came for a few days on a Visit to them, on farming business, and to rid myself of a Slight touch of the gout. The Tracy family are gone to their country Seat in the department de l\u2019allier.Are You Sure, my dear friend, that extending the principle of Slavery to the new Raised states is a method to facilitate the means of getting rid of it? I would Have thought that by Spreading the prejudices, Habits, and Calculations of planters over a larger Surface you rather encrease the difficulties of final liberation. Was it not for that deplorable circumstance of Negroe Slavery in the Southern States, not a word Could be objected, When We produce American doctrines and Constitutions as an Example to old Europe. My accounts from the Common Wealth of Hayti are very promising.Present My affectionate respects to Mrs. Randolph; Remember Your old friend When you address the relations about you; George, His Wife, and Sisters desire to be most respectfully mentioned.This letter Goes by Doctor Barba, Son to a celebrated Book Seller and printer in paris, Who goes to the U.S. with a view to fix Himself on that Happy land and to Exercise his profession as a phisician. He Has been particularly recommended to me by Colleagues on the cote gauche, and by meritorious litterati permit me to introduce Him to your benevolent attention.Most thankfully does M. Poirey aknowledge your kindness to him, I join in the grateful feelings. adieu, my very dear friend, think of me when you Cannot Conveniently write. Never was Brotherly affection more tender, and durable to the last breath than that of your friendLafayetteHere is a pretty little publication just Come out that will amuse You. it is probable they will Seize it as they have done the pamphlet the prosecution of which has given rise to the gay Complaint.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2152", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Emmanuel Grouchy, 2 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 22. is recieved, and in it the leaves so curiously exhibiting diagrams, and in a way I had never before seen, for which be pleased to recieve my thanks.Particular circumstances have postponed my journey Southwardly, nor can I fix with certainty the day of my departure. but it will not be within less than a fortnight from this time as my absence will be of two months, perhaps it might be more convenient to you to visit us before I go, rather than to await in Charlottesville. in this I pray you to consult your own convenience only and to accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: JeffersonP.S. The certificate of Marshal Grouchy shall be held in safety.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2154", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 5 July 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichd\nI am still without any blanks from you, or notes, to renew yours at the different Banks in this city, I to day was put to my trumps completely as to the $4,000 at the Farmers Bank, the directors not being willing to take any other note but yours for its renewal, as it would relieve the security you have given me as an endorser on it; I was therefore obliged to give bond to the Bank as indemnity for my name, if a protest should be susponded, & the note suffered to lie over, which is done, until I can hear from you, which I trust will be by tomorrow\u2019s mail. The Directors have also directed, (since the recent decesion in the Court of appeals) that the deed for my benefit should be admitted to record immediately, with the addition you will find in the deed on a slip of paper, all of which are enclosed herewith, to request that you will make the addition, & take the trouble to reacknowledge the same, & deposit it for record in your court, with directions to the clerk, as soon as it is recorded, to send the original to me, to be filed in the Bank, which they also require\u2014I regret this circumstance very much, as it may not be agreeable to you, but under existing circumstances it cannot be avoided, & I hope it will not be a matter of much moment or feeling with you: for myself, should not have deemed it at all necessary, but Banks must be humor\u2019d in all their whims.Since my last, have paid a dft of yours, favor Johnathan Bishop for $136.48 without advise, & hope it is correct.With great respect Sir Your Mo: Obd:B. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2155", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: Note re. finances, 6 July 1821 to 10 Mar. 1824, 6 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n1821.July 6.my notes in banks wereUS.3000. & 2250}Indorsd by Th: J. RFarmer\u2019s4000 & 2500June 27. 22500Virga1125Indorsd by B. Peyton1822.June 14.sent notes of renewalAug. 16.doOct. 20.doDec. 25.do1823.Mar. 21.[a month too lateApr. 24.June 26.July.1300 this is now 1600July.400 of this curtailed. remnd 3600Aug. 25.inclosed notes for renewalNov. 25inclosed do [a month too late1824.Mar. 10.do", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2158", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Appleton, 7 July 1821\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Your duplicate letters of 16. April, both reach\u2019d my hands on the 1st of the present month, by Gibr & London; & by a singular combination, on the same day. I have also rec\u2019d one from Mr Saml Williams of London, inclosing a bill on Leghorn for the proceeds of an exchange, remitted to him, by Mr Bernard Peyton. this bill discounted here, has produced net, one thousand Six hundred & eighty three Spanish Dollars.\u2014the present letter will inform you, en abrig\u00e8 all that may be requisite; but not so detail\u2019d, as I wish\u2019d, for I must avail myself of a vessel which departs to-day for Boston, only having obtain\u2019d this morning, the information from the contractor, to reply to your letter.\u2014In the course of the week, I shall pay Mde Pini 444 Doll. & by the first succeeding opportunity, I shall forward you, her receipts.\u2014On writing to a friend at Carrara, to inform Madme Raggi, of the money destin\u2019d for her use, I was greatly surpris\u2019d to learn, that she died about three months since; the painful task of communicating this distressing information to her husband, must devolve, of course, on yourself; for it seems, the relatives, had determin\u2019d to conceal it, from him; thus the sum destin\u2019d for her use, must remain in my hands, for your future disposal.\u2014agreeably to my letter of 10h of October last. DollSp: Doll.4 cor: cap: of 25 2/10 english in: dim: diam. of Column1807202 idem20 8/10idid1102202 Mezzoididid701404 Ionic id. 26\u00bdid602406. idid 26\u00bdid553301650The expences of cases are invariably to the}say about50charge of the purchaserSpanish dollars1700To comply with the last sentence of your instructions,as there must be additional marble, & some considerable extra workto adapt them, agreeably to your request, to the brick columns& which were not anticipated by me, I find the lowest pricerequir\u2019d by the contractor, will be on the 18 columns say200Sp: Dollars1900You will observe, Sir, in my letter of 10h Octr it is express\u2019d, that the capitals are to be deliver\u2019d here in 5 months after the reception of your order, & this is the shortest possible period; thus they will be in Leghorn in December\u2014it may then require, all that month to find a proper conveyance to the U.S. so I should judge, they may be at Monticello in all march.\u2014Be assur\u2019d, Sir, that every attention will be paid that your explanatory instructions may be fulfill\u2019d, though your last Sentence, adds much to the labour & expence\u2014I have translated them faithfully into italian, & they will be under the eyes of the contractor.\u2014I have only, this morning rec\u2019d the estimate of the cost of 10 cor: cap. & 8 mezzo. cap. of 32 4/10 in: dim: diameter. they are indeed of a great size, & will require nine months to compleat\u2014the increase of marble & labour is inconcievable to one to one not vers\u2019d in similar objects; thus they cannot be deliver\u2019d here, at less than five hundred & thirty dollars each, for the whole capitals, & Two hundred & eighty dollars each for the mezzo capitals.\u2014It may not be, perhaps, necessary to inform you, Sir, that the value of a block of marble, increases in the ratio of diamonds.\u2014Thus then10 capitals cost530 Doll. each53008 mezzo. id.2802240754018 cases probablysay60Spanish7600 DollarsRecapitulationfor the capitals already order\u2019d say1900for those you may requiresay76009.500Deduct say receiv\u2019d1000Sp: Dollars8500Should you then remit this sum, say 8500 Dollars to Saml Williams of London, whom I judge as Safe, as any man in Engd should there be found after, a fraction of bale due me, on the close of this commission, I can, to save you the trouble of a 2nd remittance request you to pay it to a friend of mine in the U:S. & this will terminate the business. As in your inquiry of marble chimney pieces, you may have occasion, for your own use, is describ\u2019d only to be \u201cplain facings\u201d\u2014. without the dimension; I can only generally say, that plain ones, of common marble, may cost from 15 to 30 Dols each, consisting of 4 members. the mantle, the frontispiece, & the two side-columns\u2014in a word, Sir, when you Shall inform me the dimensions, quality, & the price you will go to, I can only add, that the best possible, shall be sent, for the price you may limit.\u201420 of similar work can be compleated in 3 months, or even less.\u2014If there should be requir\u2019d any ornamentary bars, or imblematical statues for the Summits, or nitches of your edifices, they can be furnish\u2019d at moderate prices, as the quality of the marble, & the distance from which they are seen, require only an ordinary quality. & a second order of workmen. Marble Squares for paving of vestibuls or Arcades. of say 12 inches square, will cost hereDolls the hundred Squares.\u2014The Captain has now call\u2019d for his papers, & compels me to close, with the renew\u2019d expressions of my great respect & esteem\n          Th: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2159", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 9 July 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nRichd\nFrom my not recg a letter from you by yesterday\u2019s Mail, enclosing notes for the renewal of yours at the several Banks, am led to fear you are either indisposed, or from home; I have determined however to send this by a private hand, to ensure its reaching you, & pray you to dispatch a parcel notes forthwith, by a special messenger, if the mail is not coming immediately, as I am every moment exposed to protest, & ruin, as well as yourself & Jefferson:\u2014The $4,000 being to take up, & also the $2250 due on Wednesday, which I put in, in my own name, a fortnight ago, as I wrote you the same day, or previous, having no note of yours by me for its renewal.\u2014This is a serious business, & I pray your early attention to it.\u2014should you determine to execute the power of Atty sent, I have to say, that the Va Bk: will not discount notes signed by Atty, so that for your note there, blanks, as heretofore, must be sent\u2014at the Farmers & U.S. Banks\u2014power of Atty will accrue\u2014in great hasteYours TrulyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2160", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas F. Andrews, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Andrews, Thomas F.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 23. has been duly recieved, and I am sorry it is not in my power to say a word on the appointment of Professors to our University. I explained in my letter to Dr Fernandes the circumstances on which the opening of the institute would depend. these make it uncertain whether it may be soon or many years hence. during this uncertainty the Visitors form no decisions as to Professors. the applications are numerous, and more so in the Medical than any other line. they of course lie over, awaiting the measures of the legislature. I pray you to accept the assurances of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2161", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Cogdell, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cogdell, John\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of June 17. covering a notification that the South Carolina academy of Arts has done me the honor of appointing me an Honorary member of their society. too old and too distant to aid in promoting their objects, I can only express the gratification furnished by every institution formed for advancing the progress of our country in the arts or sciences, and more especially that of their considering me as worthy of being associated with their views. permit me to request you to be the organ of my thankfulness to the society for this mark of their attention, and to  accept  yourself assurances of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2162", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hiram Haines, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Haines, Hiram\nSir\nMonticello\nI duly recieved your favor of June 25. and have to express my thankfulness for the kind sentiments towards myself and my regrets that it is not in my power to offer you a copy of the Notes on Virginia. I have but a single copy, and this I am obliged to reserve for necessary recurrence. but I fear it would not fulfill the partial expectations which you may entertain respecting it. books giving the present state of a country, varying like our shadows from hour to hour, lose their likeness as the sun advances. the book is sometimes to be met with in the bookstores, but rather accidentally, as it is some time since an edition of it has been printed. I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2163", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hyder, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hyder, John\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved in due time the letter of July 14. 20. mentioned in yours of the 29th of June now at hand. not being in circumstances enabling me to comply with the numerous applications of the same kind which I recieve from all parts of the United States, and explanations being painful, I have been under the necessity uniformly of hoping that silence would be considered as an answer. I must request you therefore to accept my regrets for what I cannot do, and assurances of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2164", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Marc Antoine Jullien, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jullien, Marc Antoine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Le Bureau de direction o\u00f9 doivent \u00eatre envoy\u00e9s les ouvrages et les articles destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la Revue, est \u00e9tabli, Rue d\u2019Enfer-Saint-Michel, no 18.Le Fondateur Directeur de la Revue Encyclop\u00e9dique,A Monsieur jefferson, ancien pr\u00e9sident desEtats-unis, \u00e0 Monticello.j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9crire, au mois de mars dernier, pour vous remercier de la r\u00e9ponse obligeante que vous m\u2019aviez adress\u00e9e et que j\u2019ai communiqu\u00e9e \u00e0 mes honorables coll\u00e9gues, et \u00e0 votre digne ami et notre respectable compatriote M. de la fayette.Aujourdhui, je profite de l\u2019occasion que m\u2019offre Madame fr\u00e9tageot, connue et estim\u00e9e de M. Maclure, qui prend un vif int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 elle, et qui m\u2019a procur\u00e9 l\u2019avantage d\u2019entrer avec elle en relation.  Cette dame vous remettra elle m\u00eame ou vous fera parvenir s\u00fbrement ma lettre, \u00e0 laquelle je joins 1o un extrait de notre Revue (Esquisse d\u2019un Cours d\u2019histoire, rapport\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019influence des femmes)  2o  le prospectus de la Revue.  3o  un nouveau coup d\u2019\u0153il sur ses huit premiers volumes, dans le cas o\u00f9 vous n\u2019auriez pas re\u00e7u le 1er exemplaire que je vous en ai adress\u00e9.  4o  quelques tables des mati\u00e8res des derniers volumes, qui vous feront conna\u00eetre, par l\u2019indication du contenu de ces volumes, de quelle mani\u00e8re nous ex\u00e9cutons notre plan; 5o  un extrait de l\u2019abeille, journal litt\u00e9raire fran\u00e7ais, qui rend compte de notre Revue.je vous prie, Monsieur, de contribuer \u00e0 faire conna\u00eetre la Revue Encyclop\u00e9dique dans votre pays, \u00e0 la faire annoncer dans vos principaux ouvrages p\u00e9riodiques, \u00e0 la d\u00e9signer aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s savantes et philosophiques les plus estim\u00e9es, \u00e0 nous procurer de bons Correspondans parmi quelques-uns de vos compatriotes, afin que nous puissions tenir la france et l\u2019Europe au courant des travaux les plus importans faits aux Etats-Unis d\u2019Am\u00e9rique dans les sciences, dans les arts industriels, dans la litt\u00e9rature et dans les beaux-arts.J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous renouveller, Monsieur, l\u2019hommage de ma respectueuse Consid\u00e9ration.Jullienp. s.  Les communications destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la Revue pourront \u00eatre envoy\u00e9es, soit directement en france, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de votre Consul au havre, M. Beasley, ou de votre Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e0 paris, M. Barnet, ou de votre ambassadeur M. Gallatin, soit \u00e0 londres, chez Mrs Freuttell et Wurtz, libraires, Soho Square, avec recommandation de les transmettre de suite au bureau central de la Revue \u00e0 paris. Editors\u2019 Translation\n            The Managing Office to which must be sent books and articles intended for the Review is established Enfer-Saint-Michel Street, no 18.The Founding Director of the Encyclopedic Review,To Mister Jefferson, former president ofthe United-States, at Monticello.I had the honor to write to you, last March, to thank you for the obliging reply you had sent me, and which I communicated to my honorable colleagues, and to your worthy friend and our respectable fellow citizen Mr. de la fayette.Today, I take advantage of the opportunity given to me by Madame fr\u00e9tageot, known and esteemed by Mr. Maclure, who takes a great interest in her, and who afforded me the opportunity to enter into relation with her.  This lady will hand in to you herself, or surely will have handed in to you my letter, with which I enclose 1o an excerpt of our Review (Outline of a History Course, with respect to the influence of women) 2o the prospectus of the Review.  3o a new glance at its first eight volumes, in case you had not received the 1st copy I had sent you.  4o a few table of contents of the last volumes, that will make known to you, through the indication of the content of these volumes, how we are executing our project; 5o an excerpt of the abeille, French literary Journal, which reports on our Review.I ask you please, Sir, to help in making known the Encyclopedic Review in your country, to have it advertised in your main periodical publications, to designate it to the most valued Scholarly and Philosophical Societies, to provide us with good Collaborators among some of your fellow citizens, so that we are able to keep France and Europe up to date on the most important works conducted in the United-States of America in the Sciences, industrial arts, literature and fine-arts.I have the honor to renew to you, Sir, the homage of my Respects.JullienP. S.  Communications intended for the Review can be sent, either directly to France, through your Consul in le havre, Mr. Beasley, or through your general Consul in paris, Mr. Barnet, or through your ambassador Mr. Gallatin, either in london, care of Mr. treuttell and Mr. Wuoby, book-sellers, Soho Square, recommending that they are forwarded immediately to the central office of the Review in paris.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2165", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gilbert Merritt, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Merritt, Gilbert\nMonticello\nJuly 10. 21.I thank you, Sir, for the No of the Republican Sentinel which you have been so kind as to send me. I duly honor every effort to cherish the republican principles of our government and to counteract every machination to sever the Union of our states. that union is second in my wishes to no principle but that of living under a republican government. as to these things however I repose myself willingly on those who are charged with their care, and withdrawing from all attention or intermedling with what is going on, I read but a single newspaper, that is of my own state, and cheifly for the advertisements. accept the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2166", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYours of the 2d came to hand last night, and I learn with great concern the final Judgment in the case of Preston. the rules of the law are framed for the promotion of justice, and I am always sorry when in any particular case they produce the contrary. but you ask my opinion on the correctness of the decision; but, dear Sir, I am not competent to judge of it. nearly 40. years since I left the bar closely employed during that time in lines which, rarely recalled my attention to legal subjects, not possessing a law book, and my memory gone. it would be great presumption in me to decide on a case wherein two sets of judges have been of contrary opinions. nor could such an act of presumption avail you anything; because it could not undo what is done. the business now is to look forward and see if there be any remedy. I should suppose it possible that the jury next to act on it might refuse a verdict against their consciences, or might find a special one stating the  truth of the fact that the malversation in question did not take place within the period of your responsibility and leaving the judgment on the court. this second finding of the truth to be in your favor would have great weight with those who alone can ultimately relieve you, that is, the legislature to whom a petition stating strongly the Truth of the case could not be ineffectual, there are strong circumstances to be pressed on their consideration. 1. the negligence of their own committees reporting time after time that there was no default so far is  chiefly chargeable with the undisturbed course of these long malversations, and the last report by them declaring that all was well, when you undertook for Preston  decoyed you into the error on the ground of which you are now charged. 2. a jury have sworn that the malversations were not within the period for which you undertook to answer. 3. a court of 10. judges have decided against another court of 6. judges that you are not liable 4. Nor are these 6. judges those who are supposed of superior knolege and therefore made a court of ultimate revisal, but 5 of them are the minority of the very court which by 10. of it\u2019s members acquitted you, and only a single one out of the 5. composing the revising court has concurred in the reversal of the judgment. I cannot believe that the legislature will permit a judgment which is a mere inference of law against truth to ruin innocent individuals. God bless you & send you a safe deliverance.Th: JeffersonP. S. be assured you will find no diminution of confidence in your friends in this quarter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2167", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Westwood Wallace, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wallace, James Westwood\nDear Doctor\nMonticello\nYour favor of June 25. is just now recieved, and with it the articles of curiosity which you are so kind as to add to my little collection. these with all your former kindnesses are thankfully placed on their shelves. I learn with great sympathy that you have causes of unhappiness under the losses of friends of your affection. these are the unavoidable conditions of human life, and render it often doubtful whether existence has been given to us in kindness or in wrath. when I look back over the ranks of those with whom I have lived and loved, it is like looking over a field of battle. all fallen. nor do I feel it as a blessing to be reserved for this afflicting spectacle. I can feelingly therefore suffer with friends who are suffering in the same way. you express a wish to obtain some appointment from the President, but do not intimate in what line. altho\u2019 I uniformly decline these solicitations, which are often pressed on me, yet I shall with willingness and pleasure render you any service that is in any indication pointing to the object of your wishes, and assure you of my affectionate attachment and respect.Th: Jeff", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2168", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Wilson, 10 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, Joseph\nSir\nMonticello\nI have safely recieved the articles from Marseilles addressed to you, which you have been so kind as to forward to me, I pray you to accept my thanks for your attention to this and hope you recieved the duties and disbursements from Colo Peyton my correspondent in Richmond. mr Dodge of Marseilles informed me he had sent you an Invoice of these things. not having recieved one myself, if that forwarded to you is no longer necessary for your office, you would do me a favor  in letting me have it, as necessary in adjusting my accounts with mr Dodge. Accept  my apologies for this trouble with the assurance of my respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2171", "content": "Title: From University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Philip Norborne Nicholas, 11 July 1821\nFrom: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: Nicholas, Philip Norborne\nThis indenture made on the 11th day of  July one thousand eight hundred and twenty one, between Thomas Jefferson of Albemarle on the one part and Philip Norborne Nicholas and William Nekervis both of the city of Richmond on the other part witnesseth that whereas Thomas J. Randolph of the same county of Albemarle and Bernard Peyton of the sd city of Richmond have made themselves responsible to the Farmer\u2019s bank of Virginia for  one sum of 2500. D. and one other sum of four thousand Dollars paid by the sd bank on the notes of the sd Thomas, endorsed by the sd Thomas J. and Bernard and may hereafter continue their responsibility by endorsing renewed notes for the sd sums or  parts thereof; or may make themselves responsible by endorsing other & future notes of the sd Thomas to the sd bank and the sd Thomas being desirous to indemnify the sd Thomas J. and Bernard against all loss & inconvenience by the payment of the sd sums or any part of  them, hath executed this trust deed. Now this indenture witnesseth that the sd Thomas, in consideration of the premisses, and of the sum of one Dollar to him in hand paid by the sd Philip Norborne and William, hath granted bargained and sold unto the sd Philip Norborne and William their heirs and assigns for ever, and to the survivor of them, the heirs and assigns of such survivor, certain parcels of land in the sd county of Albemarle adjacent to the town of Milton and the Rivanna river, one parcel whereof Begins at the Northwestern corner of the sd town, which is a corner also on the backline of the Dower lands of Elizabeth Henderson, thence along the sd backlines Southwestwardly & Westwardly to the sd river, and up the same to an antient chesnut on it\u2019s Southern bank former corner to Bennet Henderson decd and the sd Thomas, thence along the antient dividing lines between the sd Bennett & Thomas to the line of  thence along the lines of the sd Eli, of John Watson, & Martin  boundary of the sd town, and thence Westwardly & Northwardly  of the sd town to it\u2019s Northwest corner aforesd at the Beginning  by estimation seven hundred and eighty one acres: also all the lots of land between the sd town and river, seven in number, now held by the sd Thomas, to wit, the lots distinguished by the numbers 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. which last No 10. corners also at the North West corner of the town at the beginning of the former parcel, and which seven lots contain fourteen acres, comprehending the Warehouses of the Milton inspection and making with the other parcel 795. acres. To have and to hold the sd several parcels of 795. acres of land with their improvements and appurtenances to the sd Philip Norborne and William, their heirs and assigns, & to the survivor of them, the heirs & assigns of such survivor for ever. In trust nevertheless, and for the sole use and purpose that if the sd Thomas his heirs, exrs or admrs shall fail to pay to the sd Farmer\u2019s bank of Virginia, whenever required by the sd bank, the sd sums of 2500 and four thousand Dollars or any part thereof due or to become due on the Notes aforesd, or on any future note or notes which may be given by the sd Thomas to the sd bank either in renewal or continuation of the sd original notes or for any other purpose  endorsed by the sd Thomas J. and Bernard, or either of them that then it shall be lawful for the sd Philip Norborne & William or either of them, or the survivor of them, or the heirs, exrs or admrs of either, or of such survivor (having first advertised the time & place of sale for two months in some newspaper published in Richmond) to sell the aforesd parcels of land for ready money to the highest bidder; and out of the proceeds thereof to pay the aforesd debts, interest and all charges of sale, and the overplus, if any, return to the sd Thomas, or his legal representative. And the sd Thomas, his heirs exrs & admrs, to the sd Philip Norborne and William their heirs, exrs, or admrs, & to the survivor and his heirs, exrs and admrs, the sd several parcels of land, with their appurtenances will for ever warrant and defend. In Witness whereof the sd Thomas hath hereto set his hand & seal on the day & year before written. Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of   William Bankhead Nicholas P. Trist   James M. RandolphTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2172", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Thompson, 11 July 1821\nFrom: Thompson, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCustom House New York Collectors Office\nI rec\u2019d your letter of the 25th ult. in answer to mine of the 14th relative to a box of seeds\u2014agreeably to your request, I offered the Box to Dr Hosack, who declined receiving it, as he had rec\u2019d a Box by the same vessel.\u2014I have therefore, by your direction, forwarded the same to the care of Capt Bernard Peyton, Richmond Va as per the enclosed Bill of Lading. no charge has been made to me for the Box\u2014Should any thing arrive at this Port to your address I will attend to the transmission of it, as requested, with pleasure.\u2014Permit me to congratulate you on the recent glorious revolution of Politicks in this State, as manifested by the people at the recent elections, we indulge the hope that much public good will be the result.\u2014with the greatest respect & esteem am. Your Obt ServtJonathan ThompsonCollector.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis G. Whiston, 12 July 1821\nFrom: Whiston, Francis G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Fredericksburg\n          I am unable to decide whether it is a trait of catholic superstition, or something more laudable, that has produced in my mind a strong admiration of those great and important events, which appear like promontories in the history of the world, and a second veneration for those who have been conspicuous instruments in their accomplishment; but whatever may be the source of this principle the operation of it is so powerful as to be extended to the minutest circumstance or vestage that bears the most distant connexion to the object of its regard.Under the influence of such a propensity you will not think it strange that I have collected a number of mementoes, of ancient, and modern greatness; nor will you be so much surprised at the liberty I have taken in addressing you, since it is to solicit an addition to my little cabinet of curiosities.I had no doubt but what you had in your possession a great number of letters written by Washington, Franklin, Adams, LaFayette, and Others of your illustrious friends with whom you were associated during the memorable revolution which procured  for us (your political sons,) the liberty and happiness with which we are now blessed.If you should not consider it a waste of these precious reliques to intrust a few of them to the care of a private individual, you would by forwarding them to me confer a favour that would always be had in grateful remembrance.I should have made this request a few weeks since when I had the pleasure of a short interview with you, had I not been prevented by the fear that I was about to ask too much, and should experience the mortification of a denial.With my ardent wishes that your declining days may be soothed by the benevolent hand of an almighty friend, and that your \u201cend may be peace\u201d I have the honour to subscribe myself Most respectfully Your Obt. hbl Servt\n          Francis C. Whiston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Yancey, 12 July 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir,\nBuckingham\nJuly 12th 1821\u2014\nThe Court of this County have ordered the building of a New Court house, and appointed myself & others to draft a plan of the house and let the building of it; I am fully impressed with the importance of a good plan, & very sensible of my incompetency to draft one; and believing that you have devoted much of your valuable time & reflection to Subjects of Architecture, I have taken the liberty to trespass upon your time & talents (a Common Stock) which we all seem to have a right to draw upon, growing out of a long & useful life devoted both to publick & private good; to draft for us a plan of our Court house, as much in detail as will Comport with your. Convenience which will be thankfully recieved and I have no doubt will be adopted by all the Commissioners, and myself & many other of your friends be afforded the opportunity of Saying we have built upon a plan presented by Mr Jefferson\u2014It will be propper that I possess you of some of our Veiws upon this Subject\u2014the size of the house we talk of from 48 to 52 feet Sqr the Walls of brick, two brick thick to the Water table & 1 \u00bd above, Covered with slate, altitude of the walls 20 feet\u2014a second floor in front of the Justice\u2019s bench extending so far as will afford room on that floor for three Jury rooms, from the termination of Which to have a gallery on each side wall extending on to about the lawyers bar\u2014some think the Jury rooms ought to be under\u2014the Justices bench, (to which I see an objection) the facility of Communication through the Windows with persons from without\u2014some think the wall entire ought to be two brick thick, and that the foundation ought to be of Rock, some want the lower floor of plank others of 9 inch tile\u2014I believe A Majority Are in favor of a Piazzar of 10 or 12 feet supported by Columns arched between\u2014our population is about 20,000 souls & the immediate neighborhood around the Court house unusually populous & in the habit of Attending Court which Makes it Necessary to have a Spacious Court house\u2014please to direct to Me Warminster P. Office, and of as early date as may suit your Convenience\u2014with sentiments of high regard yr mo obtCharles Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2176", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Louis Fernagus De Gelone, 13 July 1821\nFrom: Gelone, J. Louis Fernagus De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir.\nN. York\nI wish you a good health, and I expect that you have been well Since I had the honour to receive your last letter. Please to excuse me for my bad writing: I cut my thumb through, in gardening.A Book of which You will find the\u2014title inside, arrived lately from England, I mean five or six days ago. I looked at it. there is but one copy in boards, fine paper, Celestial planisphere, tables of Logarithms. The volume is of from 500 to 600 pages. price $7.\u2014deduction to a book-seller, 20 per centum.As I always desire to please and to Serve you, even without any profit, You May have the book by writing directly to Mr Blunt Water Street, who will forward it to you at once. however, he would charge you the full price. If you, Sir, desire to have the book, I will have\u2014the honour to Send it to you, the deduction Taken off included. the price on the back is 18 Shillings Sterling.Please to Send me your orders for any thing.Most Devoutedly Sir. Your Most humble & obedient ServantFernagus De Gelone", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2177", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Gibbon, 13 July 1821\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nCustom House Richmond\nI yesterday recd a letter of the 17. May covering a bill of loading to me, for a box of Books on board the Sh. Henry Clay from London, which ship, the arrival has not yet reported.The letter is from our Consul at London & requests I would write you, for your directionsThis I find would have been unecessary. as Capt Peyton has been with me on the subject had  the Consull transmitted an invoice at the same time, which it is not unlikely may have been enclos\u2019d to youShould this be the fact Sir, be pleas\u2019d  &  send it to me by mail, as it  will forbid the necessity of opening the package.Capt Peyton will forward it when it arrives\u2014Im Sir Mo respy Yr Ob. SertJ. Gibbon CollIf the invoice should not be with you, it is quite probable we may find it in the top of the case\u2013this you know sir is an essentiall to the accounting the duty\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2179", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Maria Hadfield Cosway, 15 July 1821\nFrom: Cosway, Maria Hadfield\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear & Most esteem\u2019d friend\nLondon\nThe Appearance of this letter will inform you I have been left a widow. Poor Mr Cosway was suddenly taken by an Apopletic fit\u2014and being the third proved his last. at the time we had hopes he would enjoy a few years\u2014for he never had been so well & so happy\u2014the change of Air was recond necessary for his health; I took a very charming house & fitted it up handsome & comfortable, with those pictures & things he liked most\u2014all my thoughts & actions were for him\u2014He had neglected his affairs very much and when I was obliged to take them in my hands was astonished, I took every means to ammelliorate them & had succeeded, at least for his comforts. And my consolation was his constantly repeating how well & how happy he was. We had an auction of all his effects & house, in Stratford place, which lasted two months, my fatigue has been excessive\u2014The sale did not produce as much as we expected, but enough to make him Comfortable & free from embarassement, as he might have been of I had not acted accordingly\u2014every body thought he was very rich, & I was astonished when put to the real knowledge of his situation.\u2014He made his will two years ago & left me sole executrice & mistress of every thing. After having settled every thing here & provided for three Cusins of Mr: C. I shall retire from this bustling & insignificant world, to my favorite College at Lodi, as I always intended, where I can employ myself so happily in doing good.\u2014I wish Monticello was not so farr! I would pay you a visit if it was ever so much out of my way, but it is impossible.\u2014I long to hear from you\u2014The remembrance of a person I so highly esteem & venerate, affords me the happiest Consolation & your Patriarcal situation delights me\u2014such as I expected from you.\u2014notwithstanding your indiference for a World you made one of the most distinguished members & ornament, I wish you may still enjoy many years & feel the happiness of a Nation which produces such Caracters.I will write again before I leave this Country at this Moment in so boisterous an occupation as you must be inform\u2019d of\u2014and I will send you my direction, I shall pass thro\u2019 Paris and taulk of you with Madme de Corny. Believe me ever your Most Affte and ObligedMaria CoswayP.S.I hope you will forgive the liberty I take of enclosing a letter for my Brother as I think it will be the more safely delivered to him\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2180", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Gibbon, 16 July 1821\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond\nMr Notti, the genn who will present this is well introduc\u2019d with the society of this place\u2014being a forragner he is anxious of paying his respects to Mr Jefferson on his way to the Springs\u2014I do not know Sir that I ought to presume thus far\u2014If I trespass on your known urbanity I must hope to be excus\u2019d\u2014MrNotti appears to be an intellgent gentleman and his object, flattering to our country. tho not less to those who respect the character of Mr Jefferson among whom permite me to subscribe myself most truly & respyYr Obt SertJ. Gibbon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2181", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 16 July 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichd\nYours of the 15th Inst: reached me last evening covering the Deed of Trust, recorded as required by the Bank, & I have this morning carried it to the Presdt, to be laid before the Board, & filed in the Bank for their satisfaction, for myself, was as perfectly satisfied before as now, but institutions of this sort must be indulged in their whims when one is in their power. I trust you know me better than to immagine for a moment I wished this course taken, or that I believed it could possibly be of any advantage to me, more than I engaged before, I assure you such is not the case.Yours by the mail before the last, covering Blanks for the renewal of your notes at Bank, & Powers of Atty for each, was duly recd, & all has since been put to rights.\u2014I regret that you should have been put to any inconvenience about it, & I should not have written you so often on the subject had I not feared my letters were detained on the way, or lost\u2014The plan you have adopted to prevent omissions for the future, I think is very well, as it places me in an awkward predicamentI am very thankful for your views as to the mode of extricating myself, as far as possible, from the situation in which I am bro\u2019t as security for Preston, or at all events, of moderating its rigour.  It is a painful thing to have ones property jeopardised in an affair of this sort, but particularly so, when it is so illegally & unjustly done. I have letters from the first legal characters in every nation of the commonwealth, pronouncing this the most unprecedented opinion that was ever pronounced in any country; but as you properly remark, the decision is made, & I have only to make the best of it, which I shall set about doing, & in the mode you suggest, which I am sure is the best.I feel flattered by the sympathy you and my friends generally express, & hope still to merit, & receive the support & confidence of you all.\u2014In the worst possible event, I do not despair of getting on in life, with youth, Health & a moderate degree of industry & perseverance on my side\u2014In haste, with sincere regard D. SrYours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2183", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Gibbon, 17 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibbon, James\nMonticello\nJuly 17. 21.I thank you, dear Sir, for your kindness in recieving the consignment and notifying the arrival of my books. the invoice had come to my hands a few days before in a letter from mr Rush our Minister at London. this I now inclose with the request to deliver the box to Colo Peyton, who will be so kind as to pay the duty & other expences and forward them to me by waggon or boat whichever first occurs. with my thanks be pleased to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2184", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Gibson, 17 July 1821\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond\n17th July 1821Yours of the 18th May came to hand in due time, I replied to it a few days after & had a copy of your account made out, but found this morning, to my surprize that owing to the negligence of my Clerk it had not been sent Inclosed is a transcript of the account balanced by $39.67 in your favor which is now subject to your order.\u2014The Flour Market is at present brisk at $4 &  I think when we consider the Shortness of the Crop of wheat & the Injury it has sustained throughout the whole country we may fairly calculate that good flour will maintain this price, although from the large Supplies & limited demand in foreign Ports we cannot reasonably expect any considerable Rise.\u2014I feel grateful to you for the Solicitude you express on account of my health; & am happy to inform you that I think myself now in a fair way of RecoveryI am Yours with Esteem & RespectPatrick Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2185", "content": "Title: Patrick Gibson: Account with TJ, 17 July 1821, 17 July 1821\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: \nAccount Sales of 160 Bbls Flour on acct of Mr T. Jefferson1821Feby27To Lewis Webb15 Bbls @ $3\u215c S.f$50.62\u3003\u3003Lucke & Sizer62209.25March1\u3003Ch. Palmer34114.75April13\u3003Cash26.75\u3003\u3003do93\u00bd Fine28.1219\u3003James Fisher133\u00bd  \u300345.5023\u3003Edmund Anderson1552.5030\u3003A Sweeny1035.$542.49160ChargesToll on 160 Bbls flour\t$16.67 Insp. on do $3.20$19.87Cooperage 1:60 Storage$2021.60Commn @ 2\u00bd pr Ct on$542.4913.5655.03Nt prds$487.46Dr Mr Thos Jefferson in Acct Current: with Patrick Gibson Cr1820Septr12ToBalancepr act Rend.$262.72Novr14Cashpd disct on h/h $124013.23Jany15curtl on h/N 1240 $60disct do do 12.5972.59March20Curt on do $1120 $55disct on do do $1267.Octr12draye 25\u00a2 frt 50 cts Comn 50/1.25Decr20J. Wood frt on 62 Bbls @ 3/31.May 29Balance39.67By Nt Pcds 160 bbls flour$487.461821May29By Nt Prds 160 bbls Flour$487.46$487.46By balance in TJ/favor$39.67Errors ExceptedPatrick Gibsonpr George & Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2186", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrea Pini, 17 July 1821\nFrom: Pini, Andrea,Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            I sottoscritti ricconoscono di aver Ricevuto dal Sigr Tommaso Jefferson di Virginia negli Stati Uniti di America, per le mani del Sigr Tommaso Appleton Console d\u2019America in Livorno la Somma di Quattrocento quaranta quattro Pezzi duri di Spagna per un Anno di frutti sopra il Capitale che ritiene a Cambio il sudetto Sigr Jefferson. Fatta in triplicata per un solo effetto e pagamento, a noi Contanti diciamoPezzi duri 444.\u2014Elisabetta Pini, nata MazzeiAndrea Pini Editors\u2019 Translation\n            The undersigned recognize having Received from Mr Thomas Jefferson of Virginia in the United States of America, at the hands of Mr Thomas Appleton Consul of America in Leghorn, the Sum of Four Hundred forty-four Silver Pieces of Spain, for one Year of returns in addition to the Capital that the aforesaid Mr Jefferson holds in Exchange. Done in triplicate for only one effect, and we state that we have received payment in Cash of  444.\u2014 Silver PiecesElisabetta Pini n\u00e9e MazzeiAndrea Pini", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2188", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Maury, 18 July 1821\nFrom: Maury, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington City\n18th July 1821\nSince I had the pleasure of seeing you, I have received from my Father letters, upon the subject of my letter to you from New Orleans in which he approves of the course I then adopted\u2014But desires me to avoid any expression leading to an idea of his resigning \u201cfor, he adds, such an idea might possibly give birth to another. Viz that, from the Wear & Tear of years I ought to do so\u2014Now this idea I did give to you (his resignation) & for that I now trouble you with this letter\u2014He will write to you on the subject\u2014With great esteem I have the Honor to be Your most obedient servantWilliam Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2189", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, 20 July 1821\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Excuse me of taking the liberty to send you one of the papers inclosed within concerning the African Abolition of Slave Trade", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2190", "content": "Title: Thomas G. Watkins: Statement of account, 20 July-9 Aug. 1821, 20 July 1821\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: \n          Mr JeffersonTo Tho G Watkins Dr$Cts1821July20.Prescription & medicine at Mr Peytons for Mrs Marks20021.Prescription & medicine Do2\u203322.Prescription medicine & blister plaister Do3\u2033\u2033Call visit & advice for negro Carpenter Lewis2August1.Visit to Mr Peytons attendg prescn &c Mrs Marks3508DoDoDoDo3509.Prescripn & medicine Betty\u2019s child (when on a visit to Mrs R.)2\u2033$1800", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2191", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Gibbon, 21 July 1821\nFrom: Gibbon, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Colls office  Richmond\n          Having recd the invoice of the books, in examing which, and refering to the law I am inclined, from the character of them as therein describ\u2019d, to believe they are imported for the use of the university & if so, are exempted from duty \u201cspecially imported for a seminary of learning is the language of the law\u2014Should they not be for this object, as Colo Peyton is not here, the moment they come out from the ship, the package shall be safely forwarded\u2014any expence in either case he will pay on his return\u2014Im very respy\n          The invoice return\u2019d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nJuly 21st 21.\nThe Visitors of the University of Virginia proposing to avail the institution of the authorisation of the act of the late General Assembly concerning the University, to borrow a further sum of 60.M.D. and preferring to obtain it from the President & Directors of the Literary fund, have directed me to make application to them accordingly. and understanding that there is at present a sum of thirty thousand Dollars at their disposal, I tender to them a bond for that sum which I request them to lend to the university. the bond is drawn as nearly conformable with those formerly given as the difference of the two cases would admit. the law permitting a postponement of the instalments of the former debts of 40.M. and 20.M.D. without limiting the time, and leaving indefinite also the term of the present loan. the condition of the bond does the same; because, at this moment we are not able to say exactly when the annuity will have cleared itself of the expence of the buildings. our Proctor is now engaged in bringing up the settlement of disbursements & debts and we count with confidence that this will be effected in time to enable us to ascertain the epoch at which we shall be able to commence instalments, before the meeting of the next legislature. I pray you to tender to the board, & to accept yourself the assurance of my great respect & considerationTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2195", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Leonard M. Parker, 24 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Parker, Leonard M.\nSir\nMonticello\nI thank you for the oration of mr Willard, which you have been so kind as to send me, [and I recieve it with particular sensibility from the hand of a connection of the late judge Lincoln whom I loved in life, and honor after death.] I have read the oration with great satisfaction: and it is a comfort to me when I find the sound principles of the revolution cherished and avowed by the rising generation. [while those prevail which are expressed by mr Willart we have nothing to fear for our happy institutions.] I am particularly sensible of the partial sentiments which mr Loring has been so kind as to express towards myself. I cannot flatter myself however that they harmonised with all those of a mixed audience. it was my fortune or fate to be placed at the head of the column which first entered the breach in the walls of federalism, and I have perhaps no right to expect an entire oblivion of past feelings. I hope they will lessen with time, and in the mean while I am particularly thankful for the approbation of those who view my conduct more favorably. accept the assurance of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2197", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis G. Whiston, 24 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Whiston, Francis G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour favor of the 12th is just now come to hand, my written correspondence with Genl Washington, Dr Franklin, mr Adams while associated in public service, was very inconsiderable; because, acting mostly together, our communications were verbal and rarely written. independant of this, I am sure you will excuse me for candidly expressing a scruple which I should feel in a compliance with your request. I consider a letter as a trust from one friend to another, and that it is a breach of that trust to communicate it without the consent of the writer. in writing letters commonly, in the confidence and carelessness of friendship we are not on our guard, as if writing for the public, or for any other than our friend. we hazard therefore expressions and observations, with which we trust him in confidence they will go no further. I have been often made to feel painfully by the breaches of confidence as to my own letters; and what I have thought wrong towards myself, I ought not to do in the case of another. these considerations will I hope justify me for excusing myself on this occasion, the less important to you, as what I possess of that kind is less considerable. I pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pseudonym: \"Franklin\u2019s Ghost\", 25 July 1821\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cFranklin\u2019s Ghost\u201d\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNew York.\n              July. 25th 1821Mr Jefferson\u2014will be happy to learn that, great progress is making here in gettg suitable. (not Tracts. and Bibles) books, for each Ship & vessel.\u2014we are patronized by the wise and patriotic,\u2014we are gettg up an extensive Library for the Forecastle. of the Franklin (74) which Ship is getting ready for a 4 Years cruise\u2014how delighted we should be to a a single volume from \u2018Monticello\u2019\u2014it will reach here in time & would be the means of getting us here hundreds of Books\u2014Most respecty Your obt Sert\n          the \u201cGhost of Franklin\u201dP.S. Your Young Friend.\u2014the Son of your true Friend James Maury. left here for Boston this morng\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2199", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wiley & Halstead, 25 July 1821\nFrom: Wiley & Halstead\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            No. 3 Wall-Street.\n          A gentleman who has done as much as you have in the cause of humanity, need only be informed that an exertion is making to better the condition of Seamen; to effect which purpose, it is intended to furnish each Ship on going to Sea, with 10 to 25 volumes of History, Voyages, Travels, Geography, Navigation, and Moral and Religious works.They shall be distributed faithfully, and each Captain will give his receipt that they shall be kept in safety, and for the sole use of the Crews.The smallest volumes, either Old or New, received with thanks, atWiley & Halstead\u2019s", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2200", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pseudonym: \"Franklin\u2019s Ghost\", 26 July 1821\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cFranklin\u2019s Ghost\u201d\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          The writer who has known that man of Ross your real Friend James Maury is deeply interested in turning our monkeys (Seamen) into men.\u2014he prays for 1. Voln in your Name & then he will offer prayers daily that the Virga Legislature may vote a suitable donation to compleat your last but greatest glory:\u2014the University.\u2014our Young Men are waiting to enter it.\u201cFranklin\u2019s Ghost\u201d\n          Mr AdamsMr JeffersonMr Maddison andMr Monroe\u2014are written to upon this Subject\u2014we hope to get a Cabin & Foreberth Library for each ship in the Navy\n   (+for 23 Years)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2201", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 26 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of of the 17th and the account stating a balance in my favor of 39.67 and am glad to learn the rise in the price of flour. this is the more important as the quantity will be less & the quality worse. there will not be half a crop made in this part of the country. I mentioned to you in a former letter that I had committed all my plantations to the management of my grandson, finding myself quite unequal to that business. Capt Peyton had always been his correspondent and he finds it more convenient to do all his business thro\u2019 a single hand. I mention this to shew that the change has not proceeded from any change of confidence or of friendship to yourself. these are undiminished: but that I have no longer any business of that kind to do. I write by this mail to mr Andrew Smith for some Roman cement, which will amount to about the balance abovementioned, which I will therefore request you to pay to him, and I have desired him to apply for it I learn with great pleasure that your health is improving. I hope it will continue to do so, and beg you to be assured of my friendly and continued attachment and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2202", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Smith, 26 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Smith, Andrew\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMr Brockenbrough informs me you have just recieved a supply of Roman cement from London. be so good as to deliver 4. barrels of it to Colo Peyton, who will forward it to me by the Milton boats. mr Gibson has in his hands a balance of 39D.67 which I have by this day\u2019s mail requested him to pay to you on your calling for it which I pray you to do. whatever this may be more or less than the cost of the cement may stand in account between us, as I shall probably have other calls for glass & cement. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 27 July 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nWhen I arrived in Richmond one of the three Directors of the Literary Fund, Mr Pendleton the Senior Councillor, was absent. He arrived on Tuesday night, and on Wednesday morning early, another of them, Mr Daniel, went away. As soon as he returns a Board shall be convened, and the fullfillment of the intention of the Legislature with regard to the loan to the University will take place, as far as present circumstances will admit, without any doubt.The tale of an old woman about a plot of the Slaves in this place, which occupied the Council in my absence, is so contemptibly absurd that I could not take serious notice of it. An old woman and her son, a young man, were in a covered market cart, at the Market\u2013House, waiting for morning. The former made affidavit that she overheard a White man and a Negroe who were talking in secret about a conspiracy of the slaves to recover their Freedom; which the white man said, not that they ought to have, but that they had a right to. The Negro talked of the number of his company, and something was said about a signal by blowing a Horn &c. The young man, in the morning, after the Negro had been pointed out to him by his mother, who thought she knew him allthough the night had been dark, overheard a remark that such a White Man was a good General. He acknowledged that he was sound asleep all night, in the cart with his mother, whose alarm did not, in many hours, prompt her to wake him. She very plainly swore to her dreams such stuff and the little passions which sway most of the Body I have to act with render the duties I have to perform as disgusting as they are insignificant. That there should be little  business, and that trifling in itself, is perhaps not a bad sign for the state; but such an occupation cannot have more dignity in it than that of a farmer.Wheat is bought here eagerly at 80 Cents for 60 lbs; the Winchester bushel weight from 51 to 56 lbs only, this year. yet the Flour made is wholesome and not too dark coloured. As any of our Farms, with 10 hands, might yield 3000 bushels on an average, and one thousand pounds of Tobacco each hand, with good management, 300$ clear for each hand might still be made in albemarle. From the Forest and the Pastures much might be annually drawn at the same time, to defray expences of cultivation distinct from labour. My opinion is unchanged that agriculture is the best employment for young men. The Bar is a scene of perpetual rivalry, and engenders the habitual desire of obtaining advantages over others, of gaining petty triumphs, which too often render the mind malignant and disingenuous. The vanity allways engendered by publick speaking gives a satisfied Air, which looks like happiness, and may be in fact, if secured by real ignorance. But continually increasing knowledge is indispensible both for the happiness and dignity of Man. Those who believe it to consist in the ready use of forms, and in fluency of speech, as most Lawyers do, have never had a sound view on the subject. My aversion to have either of my sons brought up to the Bar increases upon better acquaintance with the Profession and Practitioners. I should prefer their being Mechanics. There is no possibility of divesting Medicine of charlatanism and living by it nevertheless. Before James comes of age I hope to be able to sell out in Henrico. I should then buy back from Jefferson the share he has in Edgehill and give it to James. But in the mean time I am full of anxiety about him. Living in the midst of idle slaves the social instinct is the whole of life. Solitude without labour might give birth to curiosity; and the disposition to pry into the secrets of Nature, to peep into the immoral temple of Human Knowledge, would soon become a fixed habit, to last through life. To have the Doors opened, one after another, and be conducted by able Guides through all the various apartments, is undoubtedly far better, and that the university would give, at once. But will the Legislature give the University? They have given the \u201cMateriel\u201d in a very niggardly manner. The \u201cPersonnel\u201d is yet to be provided. Avarice, which contemplates with pleasure a useless hoard over when belonging to the Publick, sways no small number; an eager desire to have the Funds destined to promote Learning thrown out to be scrambled for, govern all concerned in the seminaries of middle Grade; local jealousy prevails with great numbers; an interest in perpetuating ignorance to secure the benefits derived from cherishing superstition; a desire in those who have not been educated, and yet  have become conspicuous to keep learning out of their walks in life, and out of repute in their circles. against such a host of Influences what have we to oppose. Reason can scarcely over be brought up in any context untill the day is decided. sentiments of Rivalry of New England, which has so far outstriped us as to ridicule our laggard situation, seems to be the strongest motive we have on our side. No time should be lost in propagating, diffusing, strengthening it, and applauding the manifestations of it under every appearance they may assume. with most sincere attachmentTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2204", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel S. Moorman, 29 July 1821\nFrom: Moorman, Nathaniel S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir\nCharlottesville\nJuly 29th 1821\nNothing but imperious necessity could induce me to trouble you with my misfortunes, and the present unhappy situation, in which I am placed. It may not be improper, to give a brief recital, of the causes which compel me, to resort to the disagreeable alternative, four years ago I left this my native state, for Louisville Ky, and with the assistance of some acquaintances, procured an eligible situation, in a mercantile house, of some importance (Messrs Prather & Jacob) after continuing in this situation, twelve months: I concluded to enter in business on my own account, which I effected with the little money I possessed, together with the credit of my father, who had gone thither during my infancy and married a second wife. I vended my small stock of goods at a handsome proffit, and received in payment the produce of the country (Pork) with which I loaded a boat And on the eighth day of Jany 1819 I started to N. Orleans at which place I arrived on the 2nd of Feby, the immence quanty of that article taken to that place renders the article extremely low, unless there be a foreign demand, this was not the case, consequently the prices given would not justify my selling. it was thought advisable by Gentlemen in the mercantile line, at least several with whoom I transacted some business, that I could do better by shiping it to Charleston S.C., this I did and arrived there on the 4th Apl and found the article as dull as in N. Orleans, I had been at considerable expence and determined to sell, I was advised to store with J. C. Mosos Co  Jew\u2019s commission merchants & Auctioneers, these Gentlemen advised me to wait a while as there was a probability of the price becoming better, this I discovered after some time to be extremely improbable and urged them to make sale, they always told me it was impossible to effect sales to any amt but would use every exertion to dispose of it, finally the firm failed for a very considerable amount, we came to a settlement, when I discovered that the most of my Pork had been disposed of, and no possibility of getting my money, the remnant of the cargo I disposed of and determined to go home, but was taken ill and remained so a considerable length of time, so soon as I recovered I purchased a pony, and set out I had the misfortune to loose my horse at Augusta Georgia, and was attacted by the Autumnal fever prevalent in that country, which nearly terminated my existence, when I had recovered I found my funds so nearly exausted, as to be unable to purchase a horse, I then started on foot, I met with some Virginians on the way, who informed that a Gentleman of my acquaintance who is oweing me some 2 or 3 hundred dollars, was in Richmond, in my situation such a sum would be very exapable. I came on there but was unable to find him or hear of him. I there recd information that my father in my absence had moved down the river to the chicksaw bluffs Jacksons purchase where himself wife and two children died leaveing two little girls of a very tender age completely isolated from any human being who feels interested in their welfare and myself their natural protector unable to go to them. I am here on foot with out a cent of money without friends without trade or profession I cannot I will not beg neither will I resort to any dishonnorable method to extricate myself from this disagreeable dilemma. now sir under these circumstances I appeal to your generosity to advance me a sufficiency to enable me to get on to where I can get a water passage a small sum will be sufficient perhaps you have some Idea, I do not ask it as a gift no sir any sum your goodness may prompt you to advance me I pledge the word of a gentleman shall at no distant period be refunded in the name of humanity do not refuse me and add despair to my wretchedness. I will not submit this insulting multitude whose feelings are callous or where at least I should only receive the cold pitty of some if a tale of truth and misery have any claim on your generosity you can address a note to me at Davenports on the swan TavernI am an unfortunate beingNat. MoormanP.S I shall wait your commands. I am the young man who called on you the other dayN. L. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2205", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 July 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond 5 \u00bd P.M.\nThe absent member of the Literary Board arrived yesterday, and the one who had been in town since Wednesday morning last is now absent. What the result may be I cannot divine. I was at Varina yesterday, but returned last night, and shall take care to be in the wy constantly myself. But this last spring I was here 3 weeks trying & failing every day to have a Council. with very sincere attachmentI am your &c.Th M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2206", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 July 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 27th came to hand yesterday. I have ever considered the organisation of our Executive as the crudest part of our constitution, a mere mongrel kind of Directory. yet I see no hope of amending this or still worse things in it.  I thank you for friend Kersey. I find Briggs\u2019s quakerism very different from the vulgar, and that this, as to it\u2019s follies is much on a par with it\u2019s kindred sects, wiser only in sparing themselves the farce of reasoning.With respect to the boys I never till lately doubted but that I should be able to give them a competence as comfortable farmers, and no station is more honorable or happy than that. but my own debts, by long succession of miserable crops and worse prices, are become not inconsiderable, and if the calamitous engagement for Colo Nicholas should come upon me, we cannot foresee the issue; because at present prices of property & produce we do not know how much must be sacrificed to pay how little. in any event however it is important to give the boys a good education. for if we are able to give them an independant competence, science will make them happier men, and more useful and respected citizens. should we not be able to do for them what we might wish, we shall place it in their power to resort to professions, if that should be their choice. to that choice they have a natural title, and it seems a natural duty on us to qualify them for it. your reflections are very just on the habits of idleness they may contract at home, of the  vices with which they might be  infected by the society they fall into there, and of the true remedy, by opening to them the doors of science, to give them an entrance into the temple of human knolege. this will entice them, by delightful occupations of the mind and at the same time give them habits of application & industry. the school and the University therefore form a refuge from vice, as well as an asylum for morals and application. I think it fortunate that so good a school as Maury\u2019s is placed at this moment so near us. James is attending it, and the other boys, at the end of their 6 months with mr Hatch, would be better with Maury. this is accordingly what I should propose to do with them; and I will gladly, take their education on myself, giving you no other trouble than to express your wishes freely always as to the course you would wish them to pursue.Our visit to Bedford is put off to a day or two after court. Martha will be of the party and proposes it to Cornelia for her health. mrs Trist goes also. ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2207", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 July 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\nMr William F. Pendleton senior Member of the Council, and one of the Directors of the Literary Fund, will return you the Bond executed by the Visitors of the University for the loan of 39.000 $. which I could not give up, as the Board refused to pay more than 29.100 $ upon it. Mr Pendleton has suffered himself to be overruled unfortunately, on this occasion, for he is well disposed, and , not greviously, as is so often the case. The compensation to the Agent of the Executive who collected the money  had been paid out of the general Fund: the 39.000 $ was untouched, and certainly was fairly appropriated by the Law, in toto, to the University. There were 19.999  by the statement of the Accountant (who was called upon during the discussion to say,) at that moment in the Fund. To the remark that the schools were constantly drawing, I observed that the receipts were  as constantly comin in.. And most certainly the Accountant did enquire whether the Board would purchase any James River shares, immediately after the defeat of the Loan; to which the Gentleman who was so hostile to it, replied casualy by expressing a desire to get all of that stock possible, and enquiring the price of them. This fact proves hostility to the University to be at the bottom of the whole transaction. It is absurd for men who could vote such an enormous conpensation as 900 $, for what was done, in fact, by an officer sent to Washington from Richmond at publick expence, and not by Mr. Selden, to affect such scruples about the part of the Fund from which the extravagant compensation was to come, all being in fact Mingled so completely that the one could not be concealed by the other. I confess I voted for the compensation but I understood at the time that the Loan would be made with certainly, and I was disposed to run some little risk on the side of liberality, to encourage good feelings in my colleagues. I was sorry to find the Accountant of the Literary Fund had gone completely into the party opposed to the University.with very sincere attachmentTh M Randolph\n   for the Literary Board\n   more than the 39.000 $.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Smith, 31 July 1821\nFrom: Smith, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond\n31st July 1821\nIn compliance with your favor of the 26th Inst I have delivered to Col. Peyton the four Casks of Roman Cement\u2014at foot you have a bill of the Same, amount $36\u2014at your debit.I have received of Mr Gibson on your account $39\u201367\u2014at your Credit\u2014I shall be happy to receive your farther commandsMo RespectfullyAndw Smith1821 July 30thTo Andrew Smith Drs 4 Casks Roman Cement @ 9 $\u2014$36", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2209", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from A. H. Brooks, July 1821\nFrom: Brooks, A. H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          1821Thomas Jefferson Esqr In a/cJulywith A H BrooksTo Cuting and machening 4 boxes and 55 Sheets of tin @ $1 pr box$4.25To Covering 5 Square 75 feet at $5 pr Square 28.75$33.00By 1 Strase nife3By BoardingRecd Payment", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2210", "content": "Title: From University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Literary Fund Board, July 1821\nFrom: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: Literary Fund Board\n            rough draught of condn of bond ofJuly 1821.\n          the condn of this oblgn is such that Whereas the Pr. & Dir. of the Lity fund, under  authority of the act of Gen ass. of theday oflast past intitled \u2018an act concerning the Univty of Virga\u2019 have this day loaned to the rector & vis of the sd Univty the sum of 30,000 D. for the proposed completion the  buildngs and makg the necessy preparns for puttg the sd Univty into opern on  condns that the lawful int. on the sd sum of 30. M.D. shall be annually paid, & the principal be redeemed accdg to the provns of the sd act and that the annual appropriation made by law to the sd instn be legally pedged to the act Pr. & Dir. for the presumed paymt of the amt & redemption of the principal as aforesd now therefore if the sd R & Vis & their successors shall faithfully pay to the sd Pr. & Dir. of the Lit. fund and their successors annly on theday ofthe lawful int. on the sd sum of 30,000 D or on so much of the sd  as shall be bearng int. until the wole the principal . shall have been pd and shall also faithfully pay the sd money sum of 30. M.D. accdg to the provns of the sd act of an  applying for that paymt the sums of money approprd annually by law to the use or for the benefit of the sd Univy or so much thereof as may be requisite, which sum of money to appropriation each year, so far as requisite for the purpose are hereby pledged & set apart by the sd R. and V. to be applied by the Pr. & P. of the L. Fund to the paimt of the sd int & princl sum of 30 M.D. borrowed as aforsd & to no other uses or objects until the sd payms shall have been made then the above oblign  shall be void, otherwise shall remain in full power and order.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 1 August 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Dr sir,\nRichmond\n1st Augst 1821\nBy Mr Johnston you will receive 1 Box Books which has been delivered to him in good order If so delivered to you please pay fght: as customary1 BoxWith great respect Your Mo. Obd:Bernard PeytonBy Cesario Bias", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2212", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Spencer Roane, 1 August 1821\nFrom: Roane, Spencer\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nRichmond,\nMy young friend and neighbour Mr George W: Bassett, of Hanover, going to the springs, and passing through your neighbourhood, is desirous of being presented to you. I have encouraged this desire in him, and I introduce him to you with pleasure.\u2014The repose which you have so well merited, and which, perhaps, you so much need, must be subject to occasional interruptions. They are the natural consequences resulting from the illustrious part you have acted in life:\u2014and I am sure you will readily excuse the desire, in one of the rising generation. That desire, alone, is no small proof of merit: and I take the liberty to add, that Mr Bassett, though young, is every how respectable. with the greatest respect & Esteem, I am, Dear Sir, your friend & obt servant,Spencer Roane", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2213", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Louis Fernagus De Gelone, 3 August 1821\nFrom: Gelone, J. Louis Fernagus De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Sir.\nNew York 3. August 1821.\nhaving not found any encouragement for my new institution in this place and as I am promised  to receive $30,000. in Martinico, in order to establish a School on general principles, according to the rules of Lancaster, which were those of the Military School of Paris in the time of Louis the 15th, I am on the point of starting. I like America, but I have lost 24000. dollars in it. I am sorry to leave a country in which I have been living for 17. years.If I do not remain in Martinico, I shall go to join my old friend Mr Bonptand, the Collaborator of My friend Mr Humboldt, up the Plata, on the Uraguay.My idea is now to form a Normal school on the plan of the Polytechnical School, in South America, not from any Sense of interest. Just to make my fellow-Comrades useful to Society.If You are fond of plants, Sir, I will now and then Send you something fine, through Richmond.\u2014I have a beautiful little garden I am very sorry to leave it.I will also Send to you Some Shells and Minerals.I expect to remain in town five or Six days more. Doctor Mitchill or Mr Gahn, the Swedish Consul, would take  care of my letters.Most respectfully. Sir. Your humble obedient Servantfernagus de GeloneAlli\u00e9 du Major-General Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel et Wagram.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2215", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMr Pendleton found me this morning at my mill as he past it, and delivered me your favor of the 31st explaining at the same time the importance of sending a new bond by tomorrow\u2019s mail. this with the inclosed bond will go with tomorrow\u2019s mail. I am to call on him tomorrow morning to accompany him to the University, and he will return and dine with us, and I have no doubt that what he will see & hear there & here will confirm him in the candor of his dispositions. the reduction of this loan by the sum of 900.D. will not sensibly affect the convenience of the University.Mr Pendleton says you will not leave Richmond till Tuesday. this will be in time for our journey, as I think it will be the last of next week before I can leave the mill contentedly. all here are well and I salute you with affection and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2216", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Literary Fund Board, 3 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: Literary Fund Board\nKnow all men by these presents that we Thomas Jefferson, rector and James Breckenridge, James Madison, Joseph C. Cabell, John H. Cocke, Chapman Johnson and Robert B. Taylor, visitors of the University of Virginia, are held & firmly bound to the President & Directors of the Literary fund in the sum of  58,200, to the payment whereof well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves and our successors to the sd President & Directors and their successors firmly by these presents, sealed with the common seal of the sd Rector & Visitors and dated this  3d day of  Aug. in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty one.The Condition of this obligation is such that, Whereas the President and Directors of the , under authority of the act of the General assembly of the 24th day of February last past, intituled \u2018An act concerning the University of Virginia,\u2019 have this day loaned to the Rector and Visitors of the sd University the sum of  29. thousand 100 Dollars, for the purpose of compleating the buildings, and making the necessary preparations for putting the said University into operation, on the conditions that the lawful interest on the sd sum of  29,100 Dollars shall be annually paid, and the principal be redeemed according to the provisions of the sd act, and that the annual appropriation made by law to the sd University be legally pledged to the sd President and Directors for the punctual payment of the annual interest and redemption of the principal as aforesaid: Now therefore, if the sd Rector & Visitors & their successors shall faithfully pay to the sd President and Directors of the Literary fund and their successors annually on the day of the lawful interest on the sd sum of  29,100. Dollars, or on so much of the sd sums as shall be bearing interest, until the whole of the principal shall have been paid and shall also faithfully pay the sd principal sum of  29,100 Dollars according to the provisions of the sd act of assembly, applying for that purpose the sums of money appropriated annually by law to the use, or for the benefit of the sd University, or so much thereof as may be requisite, which sums of money so appropriated in each year, so far as requisite for the purpose, are hereby pledged and set apart by the sd Rector & Visitors to be applied by the President and Directors of the Literary fund to the payment of the sd interest & principal sum of  29,100 Dollars, borrowed as aforesaid, and to no other uses or objects until the sd payment shall have been made, then the above obligation shall be void, otherwise shall remain in full force and virtue.Th: Jeffersonsigned sealed and delivered in presence ofNicho P TristWilliam Bankhead1822. Jan.gave a bond for 30,900.D. verbatim as this except as to the sum.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2217", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 3 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n Dear Sir,\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 24th came to hand on the 19th Inst, but I have not been able to  See my grandson till this day. I now enclose you his receipt for the Fredericksburg check on the bk of Virginia for 500D. he says it will render very signal service at this time to the family. the quarter from which it  came will be unknown to  him till my death when his possession of my papers will of course disclose it to him. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respectTh: JeffersonOriginal once  mine, given to Mrs Andrews (Shrwin daghter)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2219", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Emmanuel Grouchy, 4 August 1821\nFrom: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident\n            J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur de vous accuser, r\u00e9ception de La lettre que vous voul\u00fbtes bien m\u2019\u00e9crire en date du 2 du mois dernier ne l\u2019ayant re\u00e7ue que le 13,  Je vous aurais manqu\u00e9 puisque vous devez \u00eatre parti le 15 et J\u2019ai fa\u00edt une marche r\u00e9trograde Sur mon pauvre azile de Philadelphi\u00e9.J\u2019ai lu dans une gazette de cette ville il y \u00e0 trois jours un article abominable, contre vous et qui m\u2019\u00e0 beaucoup pein\u00e9; Si j\u2019eusse \u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricain J\u2019aurais Sur le  r\u00e9dacteur Mr Schaeffer et je me Serais expliqu\u00e9 d\u2019une mani\u00e8re pr\u00e9cise \u00e0 ce Sujet avec lui.Je Suis malheureusement \u00e9tranger \u00e0 l\u2019am\u00e9rique, a vous m\u00eame, & pour ainsi dire Orphelin depuis que Napoleon est prisonnier.  car Je Suis proscript par les Bourbons et leurs inf\u00e2mes  Diplomates depuis 1815.  tout cela ne m\u2019emp\u00eache d\u2019\u00eatre Indign\u00e9, en voyant des mis\u00e9rables attaquer publiquement, L\u2019honneur, Sans tache et les Vertus personnifi\u00e9es; un des p\u00e8res de Sa patrie et enfin le Septuag\u00e9naire dont le nom est r\u00e9v\u00e9r\u00e9 dans les deux mondes.Je comprends assez l\u2019anglais pour, Le Sentir, et Selon mon faible jugement c\u2019est une atrocit\u00e9 Commise \u00e0 v\u00f4tre \u00e9gard, par des gens m\u00e9prisables qui n\u2019ont probablement pas bien Saisi le Sens de vos deux lettres \u00e0 Mr Callender en 1799\u2014& qui ne Regardant qu\u2019en courrant les lignes que Vous ecriv\u00eetes voudraient les tourner en ridicule dans l\u2019espoir de nuire au bon Lycurge du nouveau monde et ternir La brillante, haut,e mais bien vraie reputation.Comme chaque mortel \u00e0 Ses Ennemis plus o\u00f9 moins puissans; comme aussi nous Sommes Sujets au bien & au Mal, J\u2019ai e\u00f9 mes Ennemis & je  Suis malheureux.  mon but en allant \u00e0 monticello \u00e9tait de voir Si je ne pourrais pas y vivre paisiblement, en y \u00e9tablissant une petite \u00e9cole fran\u00e7aise pour les Enfans des deux Sexes apr\u00e8s Surtout m\u2019\u00eatre Soumis \u00e0 V\u00f4tre Examen et vous avoir mis \u00e0 m\u00eame de juger Si un faible moyens pourrait remplir mes vues.  J\u2019ai r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi qu\u2019appuy\u00e9 de V\u00f4tre protection je pourrais peut \u00eatre obtenir les moyens de vivre du fru\u00edt de mon peu de Savoir, de n\u2019\u00eatre par la \u00e0 la charge de personne et de me suffir \u00e0 moi m\u00eame.J\u2019ose donc vous prier Mr Le Pr\u00e9sident faire connaitre Si mon plan pourra\u00edt r\u00e9ussir; c\u2019est ressource.J\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre Mr Le Dir & avec le plus profond respect V\u00f4tre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Serviteur.GruchetPhiladelphieP.S.  au moment o\u00f9 j\u2019allais fermer ma lettre je trouve cette Inf\u00e2mie dont je vous entretiens; et prends la libert\u00e9 de vous L\u2019adresser.R\u00e9ponse S\u2019il vous plait.  \u00e0 Philadelphie o\u00f9 je me rends Editors\u2019 Translation\n              Mister President\n            I have the honor of letting you know that I have received the letter you were kind enough to write to me, dated the second of last month, having received it only on the 13th.  I would have missed you, since you were supposed to leave on the 15th, and I went back to my poor haven in Philadelphia.Three days ago, I read in a gazette of that city an abominable article against you, which grieved me much; If I had been an American, I would have  editor Mr. Scheffer, and I would have had an explanation with him regarding this matter.Unfortunately, I am a foreigner in America, I am even a foreigner to you, & in a manner of speaking I am an Orphan since Napoleon was taken a prisoner.  Because I am outlawed by the Bourbons and their infamous  Diplomats since 1815.  All this does not keep me from being indignant, seeing miserable people attacking publicly the Stainless honor and the Virtues personified;  one of the fathers of his country, and in him the Septuagenarian whose name is revered in the two worlds.I understand English well enough to have a feel for it, and according to my feeble judgment, it is an atrocious act Committed towards you by despicable people, who probably did not quite understand the meaning of your two letters to Mr. Callender in 1791 & who, having only skimmed the lines You Wrote, would like to turn them into ridicule in the hope of harming the good Lycurge of the New World, and of tarnishing the brilliant, high and quite true reputation.As each mortal person has his more or less powerful enemies, as also we are Subject to good & to evil, I have had my Enemies &  am unhappy.  My goal in going to Monticello was to see If I could not live there peacefully, by establishing a little French school for Children of both sexes, especially after having Submitted myself to Your examination and having given you the means to judge whether I have sufficient means to realize my objectives.  I thought that, leaning on Your protection, I could perhaps obtain the means of  the fruit of my small knowledge, i e not to be dependent on anyone and to be able to support myself.So, I dare ask you, Mr. President  if my plan could succeed, I have the honor to be, Mr. the Dir., with the most profound respect, Your very humble & Ob. Servant.GruchetPhiladelphiaP.S.  at the time when I was about to close my letter, I found this infamy I am telling you about; & take the liberty of sending It to you.If you please.  in Philadelphia where I am going.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 5 August 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nEdgewood.\n5 August. 1821.\nMy servant comes down to Mr Minor\u2019s on business relative to my farm, and I profit of the opportunity to drop you a line, and to assure you that I should have been at Monticello a month ago, but for a return of bad health. I arrived here on 2d June: was employed four or five weeks in necessary attention to my affairs, when I had an attack of the prevailing dysentery, from the effects of which I have not yet entirely recovered. I anxiously wished to come down about this times, but could not ride so far at this season, without excessive pain, and imminent danger of a bilious fever. Mrs Cabell is also in bad health. If we do not get better we shall spend the first fortnight of Septr at some of the Springs. I count confidently on being at the next meeting of the board. I shall husband my health, so as to meet our friends in the next Assembly, and do any thing in my power to promote the Interests of the University. In the meantime, permit me to recommend a complete liquidation and lucid statement of all accounts: and, should it be requisite, the employment of a skillful accountant, to state all the accounts in a regular set of books: and to have the books ready to be sent down to the Assembly. You, doubtless, observe the movements of the Presbyterians at Hampden Sydney, and the Episcopalians at Wm & Mary. I am informed that the former sect, or rather the Clergy of that sect, in their synods & presbyteries, talk much of the University. They believe, or affect to believe, as I am informed, that the Socinians are to be installed at the University for the purpose of overthrowing the prevailing religious opinions of the country. They are drawing off, & endeavoring to set up establishments of their own, subject to their own controul. Hence the great efforts now making at Hampden Sydney, and the call on all the counties on the South Side of James River to unite in support of that College. They calculate on Robinson\u2019s Estate at Washington College. And are opposed to any substantial change in the old charters.I hope your health continues good. Should you write to Mr Madison, be pleased to remember me with great respect and regard to him.I remain, Dr Sir, faithfully your friend,Joseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2221", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Everett, 6 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Everett, Charles\n          An Indenture of bargain and sale from Thomas Jefferson to Charles Everitt as produced into Court and acknowledged by Thomas Jefferson party thereto to be his hand and seal act and deed and ordered to be recorded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2223", "content": "Title: From Literary Fund Board to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 6 August 1821\nFrom: Literary Fund Board\nTo: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nAt a meeting of the President & Directors of the Literary Fund on Monday the 6th August 1821.Ordered that the Auditor of Publick Accounts issue a warrant on the Treasury in favor of Thomas Jefferson Esquire Rector of the University of Virginia for the Sum of Twenty nine thousand one hundred dollars loaned to that institution under authority of an act of the General Assembly passed the 24th day of February last entitled \u201cAn Act concerning the University of Virginia.\u201dAttestJ Brown Jr: Accountant to the Literary FundTh: M: RandolphPresident", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2224", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hugh Mercer, 7 August 1821\nFrom: Mercer, Hugh\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nFredericksbg\nAugt 7th 1821\u2014\nI beg the privilege of introducing to you, Dr John Cullen, who will have the pleasure of handing you this Letter\u2014Dr Cullen has been in our Country about six years, residing chiefly in Philadelphia; & has been here several weeks, delivering in part a course of Lectures on Chymistry, to be completed on his return from a visit to the Springs\u2014He is desirous to pay his respects to you on his return, & I have particular pleasure in making you acquainted with him\u2014I am Sir, most respectfully, Yr ob St,Hugh Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2225", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. Hammond, 7 August 1821\nFrom: Hammond, C.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nSt.Clairsville Ohio.\nAugust 7th 1821\nYou have, no doubt, noticed the manner in which a letter from you, originally published in the Richmond Enquirer, is introduced into the national Intelligencer of the 21st of July. It seems clear to me, that the interpretation, which the Editors of the Intelligencer have given to a part of that letter, is not the natural meaning of the language you have used. I cannot but hope that the proceedings of our state, in her controversy with the Bank of the United States, are not regarded by you as anticonstitutional, deserving rebuke or reprehension.The respect and reverence with which the people of ohio look to your sentiments give great weight to any opinion you may Express; and it is therefore very desirable that you should not be misunderstood upon any subject more Especially upon one so vitally important as that of the relative rights and duties of the national and state governments. The turn given to your opinions by the Editors of the Intelligencer, is calculated to make a strong impression, in ohio, unfavourable to the proceedings of the state authorities of the use that is, and that will be made of your name, the Enclosed, cut out from the Muskingum Messenger printed at Zaneville ohio, 31st July may serve as a specimen. May I ask of you a distinct Expression of your opinion, or of the sense, in which the letter quoted, ought to be understood.  I am sensible that my request is in some measure obtrusive, and I beg of you to allow me an apology in the public nature and great importance of the subject, upon which, I suppose, you are made to speak a language, not in accordance with your sentiments.With great respect and consideration I am D Sir yours &cC. Hammond.PS. Should you write address to \u201cStClairsville Belmont County ohio. way of Washinton City\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2227", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John E. Hall, 8 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hall, John E.\nSir\nMonticello\nI recieved lately the 2d & 3d Nos of the American Law journal of the present year. as I have long since ed to read in that line, I inclose you 5.D. the price of the whole volume, and would wish to decline any future volumes. if instead you should publish the case of Cohens v. Virginia with the able answers to that of Algernon Sidney, Somers, & Fletcher which appeared in the Enquirer, I should be glad of a copy. a more important case I presume you have never published I salute you with esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2228", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Laval, 8 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laval, John\nSir\nMonticello\nI do not know the state of our account but I think I have had something of you since my last remittance, & to which I ought to have adverted sooner, be so good as to favour me with a statement of it, and I shall immediately attend to it. if you have Planche\u2019s Greek & French dictionary I should be glad of it. I salute you with esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2230", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Reuben B. Hicks, 10 August 1821\nFrom: Hicks, Reuben B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDarvills\nHaving a nephew now prepared for College and wishing him to graduate at the Central College of Virginia unless he would loose too much time in waiting for the operations of that institution, I deem it expedient to request of you information respecting when you suppose it will be ready for the reception of students\u2014My particular desire to have my own children and those under my care educated in their native State is the only apology I have to offer as a stranger for troubleing you on this occasionI am Dr Sir Respectfully Yr Obt SevtR B Hicks", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2231", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 10 August 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am informed you wish a tuscan Cornice put up within the arcade at Hotel B\u2013 with a view to \u0153conomise. I directed the interior of the Hotels to be finished without cornices, and intended to bring down the ceiling of the arcade of Hotel B & finishit without a cornice, but if you prefer the cornice I will direct it to be done you will please let me know soon in what way it shall be done\u2014respectfully your Obt sevtA.S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2234", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Maverick, 11 August 1821\nFrom: Maverick, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWorthy Sir\nMontpelier Pendleton Dist: So: Carolina\nfor many years past I have been in the habit of Cultivating the Grape Vine & with various Success; owing to some cause or other they verry generally Rotted, and which has all most allways happened just at the moment as it were when they have attained their full size, they then take a drab Coloured spot on One side which spreads in a few days over the Grape & has the appearance of being scalded & in that state they readily part from the Vine, that is they are easily shook of\u2014, this phenonimon is most comon to the large Dark Purple or Black Grape, the White Chasilas & several other Kinds of Grape are in fested with the same Brown spot, drys a way flatning on One side & the Bunches fall off\u2014I have a Valuable Grape now in Bearing, which is said to have been procured from you some years past it has made its appearance in this part of the Country, or Rather I have procured it, in two ways One from Col. Hawkins from the Creek Nation & in another from a Mr Booth from Virginia,  this has ripened well and is a good Bearer, I now have Inclosed two Leaves from that Vine inorder that you may be better in abled to give me Information what Grape it is, and where Imported from, for several reasons One of which is to compair the similarity of Effect in perhaps different Latitudes & for a further Importation of Vines, the Bunches on that Vine contain generally from 20 to 40 Grapes, and after attaining from \u00bd to \u00be Inch in Diameter, they turn Light Coloured, then gradually assume the Colour of Madarah wine or Light brick Colour, the Grape is nearly round\u2014flattened a Little at the ends & rather most at the stem, the fruit is Verry Excelent, but leaves a verry slight Astringent tast in the skinI am in Latitude 34.20 the Land lays pleasantley Rolling, Perhaps One of the Best watered Country in America, about 30 miles below the Table Mountain which forms part of the Great Chain running threw this Continant our soil is Various & in my perticular neighbourhood & farm we have a mixture of sand & Black Loom from 4 to 12 Inches on a Greasy Red  Retentive Clay, on which I have tryed Various Methods to Cultivate the Vine, on Arbours Aspilliers & frames 2\u00bd foot high training them Horisontally, but I find to train them on Poles about 10 foot high, running them up in single stems & Exposing them to the Sun & Air, Answers best with me & occasionally pulling off the Leaves, on a Gradual South Exposiour, I have Laid of Horisontal Beds 5 foot wide, with 10 foot space Between from which I have taken off all the soil, I carted on Top soil, Cow manure & sand on the Beds & Incorperated them with a portion of the Clay & soil from 2\u00bd to 3 foot deep, & planted One Row of Vines about 6. to 8 foot apart on Each Bed, in this way alone I have been in abled to rase the Large Black Grape, which has all most invariably rotted in every other way, the Only appology I have to offer for this Paper to you, is the Emence Importance to this Country in the Introduction of a New and Valuable Article of Comerce, as well as a most deliscious and Agreable fruit, the Introduction of which may Perhaps Amelirate, the Awfull effects of spiritual Liquor\u2014I Grow in my Colection a small Grape in Tolerable size Bunches say \u00bc to \u00bd in weight which Ripens well, verry sweet & deliscious flavour,\u2014Wild Grapes are plenty & Consist of the Large Black Muscadine Small thin Leaf grown on Rich Bottom Lands\u2014Fox Grape Black, Red & White\u2014the summer Grape on high Land the small winter Grape on Water Course & a New Kind I have just discovered, but some what similar to the summer Grape & I supose of that Kind the Bunches & Berrys Layer Ripens well, if there is any thing in this way, which strikes your fancy, you will please to Order me to whom & where I shall send them by way of Charleston to you, to which place I will forward them by a Waggon\u2014I shall Consider it a great favour for any Information Relative to the Grape Vine as to Soil Manure Climate Exposier Prooning kinds or any thing else, I once had the pleasure of speaking to you on the Road, my Uncle Wm Turpin & myself met you in Passing threw Virginia on our way to Carolina about 13 years ago, since when he has settled himself at New Rotchell New Yorkare they not Various other plants that might be Introduced for the great Convenience & Cumfort of the Inhabitance of this wide Extended Country, even Tea & other Luxerys, to Sasiate the avorice of Comerce, or at Least to spair the Nessity of the Millions Yearly Expended in Protecting the Introduction of scarce Articls which we might have in great Profusian at home, it appears to me that there is no Excuse Except to keep up a Nursery of seaman & follow the old plan of those Nations of Europe differantly situated from us, they from Nessity have become Amphebious, but we are Land Animals & will perhaps indanger our political Existance by following them too far into the water\u2014and am with much RespectSaml Maverick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Craven Peyton, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Craven\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMonteagle\nI am Just favoured with yours of to day, by Your Servant My Sire informed me yestarday. that You woud nd down to day. & Calculating On the pleasure of Your Dining, with us, prepared Accordingly & am very sorry You was disappointed, Mrs Marks I am very Sorry to say Continues weak but in no Kind of danger. Doctr Watkins has attended her for two weeks & in his absence Doctr Bramham; the desease is flattering at times being well & returning again. (a Bowell Complaint, she is Now On the Mend. & I hope in a few days will be well She has Never been confined to her Roomwith great Respt. & EsteemC. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Louis Hue Girardin, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Girardin, Louis Hue\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear and Respected Sir,\nBaltimore,\nAugust 12th, 1821.\nI do not know precisely how matters stand at the University with respect to the Mathematical Department\u2014whether You are to have two Professors, or only one\u2014and whether You have Yet made a choice. At any rate, I am sure You will easily excuse me for introducing to Your notice Mr O. Reynolds, who is now Professor of Mathematics in this College, where the present state of things compels him to descend to teaching reading, English grammar, and other Branches quite below his level. Mr R. is certainly a very profound mathematician\u2014very prompt, comprehensive, and luminous\u2014well acquainted with the french language, and the french Mathematicians, whose works are often in his hands.\u2014When he came here, he was highly recommended by Adrain, and others; but such talents as his can be appreciated only by connaisseurs. He is a mild, inoffensive, correct, sober man, about 35 years of age, I conceive.\u2014I enclose some of his solutions in an old Irish Diary, and in detached parts of the Portico. I really pity Mr Reynolds for thus being deprived of a proper field of action, and, although I should lose by it, I would be extremely pleased to see his superior talents utilized and renumerated at the University of Virginia, or any other suitable theatre.If there be no opening for him, I request You, Dear Sir, to let the matter be confined to Your breast, because of his situation here.Our College revives with tolerable rapidity. I have Just drawn up a system of instruction, discipline &c which the Trustees have adopted, and which, together with other measures, will, I trust, have a good effect. But, good heavens! what an intellectual atmosphere! Religious toleration is the basis of our charter\u2014and, would you believe it? I have to eulogize such a basis\u2014to struggle for its maintenance! The necessity and expediency of a Sectarian Institution, at last, are contented for by many\u2014Ubi gentium sumus?\u2014I hope that the good sense, liberal principles, and patriotic sentiments of the majority of the Trustees will continue to prevail\u2014and, although my interest will greatly suffer by it, the college shall, if I live, remain attuned to the leading tenets of our political faith, and of genuine religion. With religionism, I will have nothing to do.Excuse me, Dear and respected Sir. I forget myself, when upon this subject.I flatter myself that You continue to enjoy good health, and, of course, good spirits, although that even bodily pain can scarcely affect the serenity of your mind.\u2014I hope too that your great and good work, the University, is rapidly drawing near its completion.I recollect some curious, I believe, hindu figures in your collection of natl and artt curiosities\u2014They are grotesque representations of Deities, I think. Would You be so good, as to tell me whence they came?\u2014Perhaps, they are from S. or N. America.\u2014Indeed, I have but a very confuse recollection of them\u2014but they have been mentioned by a Gentleman who is fond of antiquarian &c Knowledge, and I wish I Knew their origin.I have likewise met with something relative to the Baroness De Reidesel, once Your Neighbour, and whose letters evince so much gratitude to You. Is she dead? and, if alive, where is she?Forgive, Dear and respected Sir, so much obtrusive inquisitiveness.\u2014With ardent wishes for a continuance of health and other blessings, to Yourself, and Your amiable family, I salute You with affectionate request and friendship\u2014L. H. Girardin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2237", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\nSir\nMonticello\nThe Governor returning to Richmond in a carriage, takes charge of a box of books which I request you to bind for me. in the box I have put a volume [Bede\u2019s Ecclesiastical history] as a model for all the bindings, only that the backs may be a little richer gilt. I wish you to do them for me as speedily as you can and deliver them when done to Colo Peyton, sending me a bill of the cost which shall be promptly attended to. there is a volume separately wrapt up, because it could not be got into the box. I salute you with esteem and respect.Th: JeffersonUniversal history. 20. v. 8voGrammatica Anglo-Saxonica.Owen\u2019s Geoponics. 2. vols to be bound together in 1.Manual Gr. Eng.Apocryphal New testament.Wheatley\u2019s Gardening.Collection plantarum. Greenway. separately packed.Sep. 16. sent him by mr Randoloph20th vol of Weekly register & 19th as model.Saxon gospels.LXX Prolegomena & 1st vol. as model4. vols of LXX for mr Hatch.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2238", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Craven Peyton, 12 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Craven\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nInstead of answering your letter yesterday, I desired the bearer to tell you I should see you at Monteagle to-day, being anxious also to see my sister, before I set out to Bedford, whom you mention to be still unwell. I accordingly mounted my horse just now to visit you, but found him so lame I was obliged to turn back. with respect to the fodder I had, on mr Bacon\u2019s suggestion, searched for and found the account of it which he had given me at the time & I had forgotten. that therefore is right and there can be no difficulty between us. I have not yet learned from mr Eston Randolph when he will be able to make me payment; the moment he does I will transmit it to you. I have not yet urged him, because I know he is a most anxious man always to pay a debt, and that he will soon inform me. with respect to Bankheed if ever he becomes a sober man, there will be no difficulty of reconciliation on Anne\u2019s account. but as long as he is subject to drink, his society is dangerous & we shall reject it.I shall be glad to know the exact state of my sister\u2019s health: and pray, if she needs it, that Dr Watkins may be requested to attend to her, and to place it in my account. I shall not stay more than a week in Bedford. affectionately your\u2019sTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Griffiths, 13 August 1821\nFrom: Griffiths, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nKing\u2019s Head and gate Hill, London\nOn the 16th of last April I took the liberty to write to you respecting the remains of a Welch colony in America. I am aware that it was presumption in me to trouble one of your rank in society, but I hope and trust I have not given offence. As I have not had the good fortune to hear any news of my Letter, I must conclude either that it has not reached you, or that you have not deemed it worth while to notice it. I cannot take the liberty to press the matter, but should you have the kindness to take any notice of it, nothing that I could write would express how gratefully it would be acknowledged bySir Yours most respectfully John Griffiths", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2242", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Ewell Heath, 14 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Heath, James Ewell\n          The Auditor is requested to issue two warrants for moieties each of the within sum of 29,100.D. the one for one moiety in favor of the bank of Virginia to be deposited there to the credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, the other for the other moiety in favor of the Farmer\u2019s bank of Virginia to be deposited there to the same credit.\n            Th: Jefferson Rector.14.500\n              aug 20. 1821Recd a Warrant of fourteen thousand five hundred and fifty dollars\u2014Thomas ClarkFor Bank of Virginia14.500A Warrant of  fourteen thousand and five hundred and fifty dollars presented at the Treasury by Mr Mayo & the amount deposited in the Farmers Bank of Virginia to the Credit of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia\n            J E Heath audr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2243", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Rush, 14 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rush, Richard\n              Monticello\n          I have deferred acknoleging your favor of May 22. until the reciept of my books should enable me to add that information to the thanks I owe you for your agency in procuring them. I receive them just now in good order. I certainly did not intend you should take half the trouble you have been so kind as to give yourself in the execution of this commission; yet I feel too sensibly it\u2019s benefit not to express to you my great obligations. the finding for me a bookseller who will act for me as disinterestedly as if I were present, is of itself a great boon. for altho\u2019 I shall not have great occasion to call on him for myself, yet whenever our University gets to the stage in which a library is to be commenced, it will be important to know to whom we may with confidence address our demands from England. I was acquainted with mr Lackington\u2019s father in London and dealt much with him. he sent me regularly his catalogues to Paris, and I as regularly called on him for what it contained to my liking.You mention a balance of \u00a36.14 unexpended of my former remittance, and I accordingly inclose a note of some books which I shall be glad mr Lackington will send me, but only so far as that balance will hold out. they may be sent to any port of the US. not South of the Chesapeak to which a vessel may be coming, & consigned to the Collector of the port. Norfolk & Richmond are most convenient to me; but as vessels to these ports may be rare, I would not have the books much delayed for an occasion to those ports, as the winter will be advancing.We have little new to communicate to you from our peaceable plain sailing country. the distresses produced by the sudden diminution of our paper medium continue, and have produced great revolutions in the fortunes of individuals, greater, I think, than was produced by the Revolutionary war. the Missouri question, is, I hope, lulled by the acceptance and execution by that state of the condition required by Congress.Of Spanish America we learn few things in detail which can be relied on. but the general fact is unquestionable that they will be as independent as they chuse. perhaps some of them may think it advantageous to adopt the Executive head of the mother country, as a link of union, establishing a representative government among themselves, perhaps also a federal one, and leaving to their king only power enough to keep them at peace with one another, until more practice and preparation for self government may qualify them to dissolve that link also.Our University is fast advancing in it\u2019s buildings, & will exhibit a body of chaste architecture which Greece, in her classical days, would have viewed with approbation. it will yet be some year or two before the institution can be opened; and until then we defer engaging any professor. we had an offer from London of one for modern languages which, among the many offering, would obtain the unanimous preference of our Visitors. but until we are ready to open, we cannot say so formally. yet it might be useful for him as well as for us to know that he stands foremost in our view, and will be applied to, at maturity, to use the mercantile phrase. it is a mr George Blatterman, 33. Castle street Holborn, a German who was acquainted with our countrymen Ticknor & Preston, & highly recommended by them. your friendship to science authorises me not to hesitate a request that you will find out this gentleman and communicate to him the dispositions and views we entertain towards him, and that it would be acceptable to us to know that he still retains his former inclinations to come to us. what fixed salary we shall give is not yet decided; but it will be a reasonable one, with liberal tuition fees from the pupils, and a separate, convenient and handsome house for his accomodation.I salute you with great & affectionate friendship & respect.\n            Th: JeffersonThomas\u2019s Coke Littleton. a new & digested edn. Brooke. 33. Paternoster row.Baxter\u2019s history of England. he was one of the 20. prosecuted with Horne Tooke, & published his history about that time. if there be an 8vo edition, I should prefer it, if not, the original 4to may be sent.Rapin\u2019s history of England to the revolution in 1688 15. v. 8vo 1728. the particular copy designated in mr Lackington\u2019s catal. 19382. \u00a32.12.6Henshall\u2019s Comparison between the Saxon & Eng. languages. Lack. Catal. 17032 5/Fortescue in commendation of the Laws of England. bl. letter. Lib. No 9435. 9/", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2244", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Brockenbrough, 14 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, John\nSir\nMonticello\nIn virtue of an order from the President & Directors of the Literary board, I have this day desired the Auditor to deliver to you a warrant for fourteen thousand five hundred and fifty Dollars, which be pleased to recieve and place in the bank of Virginia to the credit of the Rector & visitors of the University of Virginia, to be drawn for occasionally by orders from the Bursar of the University approved by Genl John H. Cocke or by myself. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2245", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Emmanuel Grouchy, 14 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 4th is recieved and in it the libel of the Baltimore telegraph. the abuses of a free press cannot be separated from their wholsome uses. They carry their own remedy by the absolute contempt they excite. I have never noticed them nor otherwise answered them than by the tenor of my life. this is a mere electioneering pasquinade. the world has learned to estimate justly the claims of the Hartford convention men to be the exclusive disciples and friends of Washington, and apply to them the scriptural text \u2018not every one that crieth unto me, Lord, Lord shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he that doth the will of my father which is in heaven.\u2019I doubt much, indeed I should despair of your getting a French school in this neighborhood. our people are generally farmers who bring up their sons to their own industrious occupations and the 2. little villages near us, 6 miles apart would not furnish half a dozen scholars. I should suppose Richmond a much more promising place. there is a mr Stack there a respectable classical teacher who, I am told wishes to associate a French teacher to his school. my journey has been delayed till the day after tomorrow when I shall set out for my place 90. miles S.W. where I shall be occasionally and mostly till December. I have therefore thought it a duty to return the certificate of Marshal Grouchy which you had inclosed me. I salute you with my best wishes for your success and with the assurances of my great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Gibson, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond\n15th Augt 1821\nIf in the request I am about to make, there is the smallest impropriety, I trust in your goodness to excuse it\u2014I am extremely desirous of procuring for one of my boys a Midshipman\u2019s warrant, and should feel myself much indebted to you if you would afford me your influence in obtaining it\u2014the lad is in his fourteenth year, very active and robust, and anxious to go to sea\u2014and altho in time of peace it holds out nothing very promising, the prospect of promotion being distant\u2014yet as I find it now very difficult to maintain a family of eight children, or to procure employment for those capable of it, I know nothing better that I can do, than to obtain for him a situation in which he may have an opportunity of serving his Country with honor With much respect I am Your obt ServtPatrick Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2247", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nCircular\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\u2014Aug. 15. 21.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn obedience to the resolution of the visitors of the university at their last session, the Proctor has been constantly employed in \u2018ascertaining the state of accounts under contracts already made, and the expence of compleating the buildings begun and contemplated\u2019: and we have consequently suspended, according to instructions, \u2018the entering into any contracts for the Library until we see that it may be done without interfering with the finishing of all the pavilions, hotels & dormitories begun & to be begun.\u2019 the Proctor will require yet a considerable time to compleat his settlements; in so much that it is very doubtful whether there will be any thing ready for us to act on at our stated meeting in October, should that take place. but by deferring our meeting to the approach of that of the Genl. Assembly, it is beleived we shall be able to report to them that nearly the whole of the buildings of accomodation are finished & the sum they will have cost; that the few remaining will be finished by the spring, & what their probable cost will be, as ascertained by experience, & further to shew the balance of the funds still at our command, & how far they will be competent to the erection of the Library. On this view of the unreadiness of matter for our next stated meeting, & of the prospect that a deferred one will enable us to make a clear & satisfactory report, I venture to propose the omission of our october meeting and the special call of an occasional one on the Thursday preceding the meeting of the legislature. that day is fixed on for the convenience of the gentlemen who are members of the legislature; as it brings them so far on their way to Richmond, with time to get to the 1st day of the session. Not having an opportunity of personal consultation with my Colleague of the committee of advice, I pass the letters thro his hands. if he approves the proposition he will subjoin his approbation and forward them to their several addresses; otherwise not. if approved it will be proper you should subscribe the inclosed notice & return it to me to be placed among our records.I have just received an order of the Literary board for 29,100D. in part of the loan of 60,000D. lately authorised; and, following the practice of the legislature, I have thought it just & safest to have the deposit made by moieties in the Virginia & Farmers banks. I salute you with great friendship & respect.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: JeffersonJohn. H. Cocke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2249", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hartwell Cocke, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cocke, John Hartwell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe inclosed letters will so fully explain their object that I need not trouble you with a repetition of their contents. I will therefore request you to take the subject into consideration, and to decide freely on it, and should you not concur with me, to return the papers. should you approve, you will be so good as to subscribe your approbation to each letter, sign each copy of the call, and then forward them by mail to their respective addresses.I shall set out on Friday for Bedford, to return within a fortnight; but, after a very short stay at home, to go again to Bedford. I very sincerely congratulate you on the late change of your condition, and wish you all the happiness which I have no doubt it ensures to you. accept assurances of my affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2250", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Riegert, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Riegert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident,\n              Washington City ce 15 Ao\u00fbt 1821.\n            Oblig\u00e9 d\u2019abandonn\u00e9 ma Patrie depuis quatre ans j\u2019habite la terre hospitali\u00e8re de l\u2019heureuse Am\u00e9rique; mon intention a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 de me fixer en Virginie, et jamais il ne m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible de mettre mon projet a \u00e9x\u00e9cution.Je vous prie de m\u2019excuser Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, si je prends la libert\u00e9 de vous entretenir; vos talents et vos vertus me sont un sur garant que vous ne vous offenserez pas de ma licence, et qu\u2019a un Philanthrope comme vous, un \u00e9xil\u00e9 peut dire! Je suis sans patrie, sans moyen, et souffre encore de mes blessures!  Dans l\u2019exc\u00e8s du malheur dont je suis la victime; je n\u2019ai jamais eu le courage d\u2019ouvrir mon c\u0153ur \u00e0 mon semblable, mais connoissant vos Sentiments pour de pareilles infortunes, je ne balance pas a demander votre protection, et j\u2019ose croire que jamais vous en aurez le moindre repentirJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous pr\u00e9venir Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, que je suis porteur des papiers suivant; Mon admission \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole imp\u00e9riale Militaire, mes brevets de sous lieutenant, de lieutenant, de Capitaine aide-de-camp d\u2019un G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la garde (ce qui me donnait rang de lieut Colonel) et de plusieurs certificats.Je desire trouver un emploi, soit pour l\u2019instruction de la jeunesse, o\u00f9 autre chose.  Ayant toujours habit\u00e9 la Louisiane (chez Monsieur le Gouverneur Viller\u00e9) que le funeste climat m\u2019a forc\u00e9 de quitter, je dois vous pr\u00e9venir que je parle peu anglais.Daignez je vous prie Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, jeter vos regards sur un proscrit, \nqui dit comme Mr de Maubreil, reste de sant\u00e9, reste de fortune, repos, patrie, tout a \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdisparu pour moi sur la terre.J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus profond respect, Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant ServiteurRi\u00e9gertP.S.  Si vous daignez m\u2019honorer d\u2019une reponse, veuillez je vous prie y mettre le moins de retard possible.\u2014Post office Washington City Editors\u2019 Translation\n              Mister President,\n              Washington City\n            Forced to abandon my Fatherland four years ago, I am living in the hospitable land of happy America; my intention has always been to settle in Virginia, and I have never been able to realize my plan.Please excuse me, Mister President, for taking the liberty of conversing with you; your talents and your virtues are a guarantee that you will not be offended by the liberty I am taking, and to a Philanthrop like you, a person in exile can say: I am without fatherland, without financial means, and am still suffering from my wounds!  In this excess of misfortune of which I am the victim, I have never had the courage to open my heart to anyone, but knowing your Sentiments towards such misfortunes, I do not hesitate in asking for your protection, and I dare believe that you will never regret it.I have the honor of letting you know, Mister President, that I am carrying the following document: My admission into the Imperial Military School, my diplomas of second lieutenant, of lieutenant, of Captain aide de camp of a General of the Guard (which gave me the rank of a lieut. Colonel) and several certificates.I wish to find a position, either in educating of young people, or something else.  Having always lived in Louisiana (at the house of Mister Governor Viller\u00e9), which I was forced to leave because of the deadly climate, I must warn you that I speak little English.Please deign, Mister President, turn your attention toward a proscribed man, who says, as does Mr. de Maubreil, the remains of health, the remains of fortune, rest, \nfatherland, everything has disappeared for me on this earth.I have the honor to be, with the most profound respect, Mister President, Your very humble and very obedient ServantRi\u00e9gertP. S.  If you deign honor me with a reply, please do so without delay.\u2014Post office Washington City", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2251", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nWe the subscribers visitors of the University of Virginia being of opinion that it will be to the interest of that institution to have an occasional meeting of the visitors by special call on the thursday preceding the next meeting of the General Assembly do therefore appoint that day for such meeting, and request the attendance of the sd visitors accordingly. witness our hands on the several days affixed to our respective signatures.Th: Jefferson Aug. 15. 1821.John H. Cocke Aug: 21James Breckinridge 4 Sepr 21", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2253", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 15 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMy visit to Bedford has been delayed by a serious accident to my mill. the workman on whom I relied, went on a journey, then returned and died, so that I have had to attend to it day by day myself. it will be finished and agoing tomorrow, and we shall set out for the Forest the next morning (Friday) the waggon starts this morning with a Harpsichord and some necessaries & baggage and will arrive at Poplar Forest Saturday. we shall breakfast there from Hunbor\u2019s Sunday morning. in the mean time he will give notice to Hanah & Maria to have the house Etc. in order for us. the harpsichord may be laid down in the center room till we arrive.I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2254", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 16 August 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond\n16th August 1821\n          Recd of Phillip Evins Blackman belonging to Govoner Randolph one Box of Books & package to be Bound which he Said belonged to Thos JeffersonF. A MayoBy H Cheeld", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2256", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Wallace, 16 August 1821\nFrom: Wallace, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond\nAugt 16th 1821\n          Having on hand several Hhds of sound and fine flavour\u2019d claret wine, which I sell to famelies at two and one half dollars \u214c Doz. or at Seventy five cents \u214c Galln by the Hhd the bottles, are to be found by the purchaser, or charged at nine Dollars \u214c groce, as claret wine in general sells from six to twelve dollors \u214c Doz. some doubts might be entertained as to the soundness of quality, of what I offer at such a reduced priceHowever should you not have a plentifull suply on hand, try some of what I offer, which On trial will prove equal to that sold at the high pricesI remain Sir yours most RespectfullyWm Wallace", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2258", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Dearborn, 17 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dearborn, Henry\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 8th came to hand yesterday evening. I hope you will never suppose your letters to be among those which are troublesome to me. they are always welcome, and it is among my great comforts to hear from my antient colleagues, & to know that they are well. the affectionate recollection of mrs Dearborne, cherished by our family, will ever render her health and happiness interesting to them. you are so far  astern of mr Adams & myself that you must not yet talk of old age. I am happy to hear of his good health. I think he will outlive live us all, I mean the Declaration-men, altho\u2019 our senior since the death of Colo Floyd. it is a race in which I have no ambition to win. man, like the fruit he eats, has his period of ripeness. like that too, if he continues longer hanging to the stem, it is but as an useless and unsightly appendage. I rejoice with you that the state of Missouri is atlength a member of our union. whether the question it excited is dead, or only sleepeth, I do not know. I see only that it has given resurrection to the Hartford convention men. they have had the address, by playing on the honest feelings of our former friends, to seduce them from their kindred spirits, and to borrow their weight into the Federal scale. desperate of regaining power under political distinctions, they have adroitly wriggled into it\u2019s seat under the auspices of morality, and are again in the ascendancy from which their sins had hurled them. it is indeed of little consequence who govern us, if they sincerely & zealously cherish the principles of Union & republicanism.I still believe that the Western extension of our confederacy will ensure it\u2019s duration, by overruling local factions, which might shake a smaller association. but whatever may be the merit or demerit of that acquisition, I divide it with my colleagues to whose councils I was indebted for a course of administration which, not withstanding this late coalition of clay & brass will, I hope, continue to recieve the approbation of our country.The portrait by Stewart was recieved in due time & good order, and claims, for this difficult acquisition, the thanks of the family, who join me in affectionate souvenirs of mrs Dearborne and yourself. my particular salutations to both flow, as ever, from the heart, continual & warm.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2260", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. Hammond, 18 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, C.\nSir\nMonticello\nYour favor of the 7th is just now recieved. the letter to which it refers was written by me with the sole view of recommending to the study of my fellow citizens a book which I considered as containing more genuine doctrines on the subject of our government and carrying us back more truly to it\u2019s fundamental principles than any one which had been written since the adoption of our constitution. as confined to this object, I thought, and still think it\u2019s language as plain and intelligible as I can make it. but when we see inspired writings made to speak whatever opposite controversialists wish them to say, we cannot ourselves expect to find language incapable of similar distortion. my expressions were general; their perversion is in their misapplication to a particular case. to test them truly, they should turn to the book with whose opinions they profess to coincide. if the book establishes that a state has no right to tax the monied property within it\u2019s limits, or that it can be called, as a party, to the bar of the Federal judiciary, then they may infer that these are my opinions. if no such doctrines are there, my letter does not authorise their imputation to me.It has long however been my opinion, and I have never shrunk from  it\u2019s expression, (altho\u2019 I do not chuse to put it into a newspaper, nor, like a Priam in armour, offer myself it\u2019s champion) that the germ of  dissolution of our federal government is in the constitution of the federal judiciary; an irresponsible body, (for impeachment is scarcely a scare-crow) working  like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little to-day & a little tomorrow, and advancing it\u2019s noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped from the states, & the government of all be consolidated into one. to this I am opposed; because whenever all government, domestic and foreign, in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the center of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another, and will become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated. it will be, as in Europe where every man must be either pike or  gudgeon hammer or  anvil. our functionaries and theirs are wares from the same work-shop; made of the same materials, & by the same hand. if the states look with apathy on this silent descent of their government into the gulph which is to swallow all, we have only to weep over the human character formed uncontrolable but by a rod of iron; and the blasphemers of man, as incapable of self government, become his true historians. But let me beseech you, Sir, not to let this letter get into a newspaper. tranquility, at my age, is the supreme good of life. I think it a duty, and it is my earnest wish, to take no further part in public affairs; to leave them to the existing generation to whose turn they have fallen, and to resign the remains of a decaying body and mind to their protection. the abuse of confidence by publishing my letters has cost me more than all other pains, and make me afraid to put pen to paper in a letter of sentiment. if I have done it frankly in answer to your letter, it is in full trust that I shall not be thrown by you into the Arena of a newspaper. I salute you with great respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2261", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 18 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, John\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYours of the 3d came to hand duly.  soon after that  you would recieve mine of the same date, relieving all doubt. the letter of mine which you mention as having seen in the newspapers was placed there by my consent. I am pelted for it in that vehicle and in private letters complaining of the use made of it by the Natl Intelligencer and the federal papers, I inclose you a copy of my answer to one of these, and place it in your hands as my profession of faith. I wish you every earthly & future happiness\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2262", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, 18 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Joel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOn the very day the waggon left us, my daughtor, who was to accompany me to Bedford was taken sick. she is better and thinks that by tomorrow or next day she will be strong enough for the road. I do not think so; but still count from day to day on departing either with her or without her as her convalescence may admit. ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2263", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Gibson, 19 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gibson, Patrick\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDear Sir\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tYour favor of the 15th came to hand last evening, and I avail myself with pleasure of the opportunity of being useful to you afforded by the request it contains on behalf of your son. with the Secretary of the Navy I have not a personal acquaintance, and therefore can expect no other effect from my intercession, than an increased confidence, on his part, in the grounds on which your son may claim his just attentions. with sincere wishes for your gratification I pray you to accept assurances of my continued  friendship and respect.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2264", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Reuben B. Hicks, 19 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hicks, Reuben B.\nSir\nMonticello\nIn answer to your letter of the 10th I am to state that the buildings necessary for opening the University will all be compleat by April next. for their completion the legislature authorised the Literary fund to lend 120,000 D. on the pledge of the annuity of 15,000.D. granted to the University. it would require many years of this annuity to reimburse the debt, until which the institution cannot be opened. but should the legislature consider the money advanced as a grant, & not a loan, it would be opened within one year from that declaration. Accept the assurance of my respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2266", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Smith Thompson, 19 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thompson, Smith\nSir\nMonticello\nA friend of mine, mr Gibson of Richmond is desirous of obtaining a Midshipman\u2019s warrant for his son, a youth of about 14. years of age of a robust constitution, and a predilection for that line of life which may give hopes of a zealous pursuit of it. with the son I am not personally acquainted, but have no doubt that satisfactory vouchers may be exhibited of his character and qualification. with mr Gibson himself I have had an intimate intercourse of 30. years and bear witness with pleasure to his excellent character. he is indeed one of the most esteemed persons of Richmond, and will carry with him all the good will and friendly wishes of that place for the success of his application. to my friendship for him it would be a great personal gratification. if my testimony to his merit should contribute any thing towards obtaining for him that share of your favor which you think you may with justice bestow. I pray you to accept assurances of my high esteem & consideration.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2267", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Wallace, 19 August 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wallace, William\nSir\nMonticello\nI thank you for your attention in offering me a supply of claret, & if I were in want I should be induced by it\u2019s cheapness to try it\u2019s quality. but importing my wines myself, I am sufficiently in stock at present, and expect in autumn a year\u2019s supply written for some time ago. I salute you with respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Ewell Heath, 20 August 1821\nFrom: Heath, James Ewell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nAuditors Office\n20 August 1821\nI have received your favor of the 15 inst, covering an order of the President & Directors of the Literary Fund in favor of the University of Virginia for $29.100\u2014one moiety of which has been this day drawn on my warrant, by the President of the Bank of Virginia, and the other deposited in the Farmers Bank to the Credit of the Rector and Visitors in compliance with your wishes.\u2014I am sir with very sincere respect your obedt servantJ. E: Heath Audr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2270", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 20 August 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMontezillo\nAugust 20 1821\nThere are on the Journals of Congress Some early resolutions for establishing a Nursery for the education of young men in military Science discipline and tactics: but paper money was so scarce that they never could afford to carry them into execution. When the idea was revived I do not remember; but it has been cherished under Jefferson Madison and Monroe and is now brought to a considerable degree of perfection. The late Visits of the Cadets to Several States Seem to have made the institution popular.Would not a Similar establishment for the education of Naval Officers be equally Usefull. The public Opinion of the nation Seems now to be favourable to a Navy as the cheapest and Safest Arm for our national defence. Is not this a favourable moment for proposing a naval Accademy?Floyd is gone! You and Jay and Carrol are all who remain. We Shall all be asterised very soon. Sic transit Gloriola (Is there such a Latin Word?) mundi.John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Brockenbrough, 20 August 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nBank of Virginia\nI have received from the auditor a warrant for fourteen thousand five hundred & fifty dollars, $14,550 & placed that sum, as directed in your letter of the 17th inst, to the credit of the Rector & visitors of the University, in this bank. Allow me to add, that it will, on all occasions, afford me pleasure to give every facility in my power to the operations of the University, & I beg you to accept assurances of my high respect & consideration\u2014John Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2274", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Pseudonym: \"Publick Good\", 21 August 1821\nFrom: Pseudonym: \u201cPublick Good\u201d\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\u2014\nBaltimore\nAugust 21st 1821\nProbably you are not aprised of the unparalleled conduct of certain men in this City introducing in a new way, men of honorable standing to overthrow the Godly fabrick of philanthopy\u2014: That God created all men at least politically equal, is a principle for which they labor day and night. Aristocracy never was more alive and allert than it is at this time, in this part of the country; the enclosed is some evidence of this assertion\u2014and all this cannot be compared with the verbal abuse of truth: extortions and falcifications are continually made use of, and too often seduces the unwary. Good God is there no remedy? There are yet a few surviving friends of the Holy revolution of seventy six, who were they to deem it, as many good and wise men do, useful for the instruction of the rising and future generation, to bequeath them a Joint farewell address, as did the immortal Washington\u2014the enemies of mankind would not delude so many goodmeaning men as these. Blessings, ever intended by our Heavenly Father, might flow from such an undertaking.Continue to live happy, thou good all man.Publick Good", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2278", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas J. Gantt, 24 August 1821\nFrom: Gantt, Thomas J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n\t\t\t Charleston\n24th August 1821 By a resolve of the 76 Association made in consequence of their high regard for the purity of those principles expressed in the Declaration of Independence, and their gratitude for the many Services you have rendered the nation independant of that master piece of composition I send you a copy of Mr Elliotts & Mr Ramsays orations\u2014I am Sir with Sentiments of the most profound respect your obt Hule Servt.Thomas J. GanttChairman of the committee of Arrangements\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2279", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from DeBures Freres, 24 August 1821\nFrom: Freres, DeBures\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Nous n\u2019avons re\u00e7u que le 24 juillet dernier le duplicata de la lettre que vous nous avez fait l\u2019honneur de nous ecrire le 19 avril.  la premiere lettre ne nous est pas parvenue.Nous nous sommes occupp\u00e9s Monsieur aussit\u00f4t de votre commission, et nous avons l\u2019honneur de vous annoncer que nous avons adress\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui a M. Beaslie, consul americain au havre: une caisse bien emball\u00e9e qui contient les livres dont nous vous donnons ici le detail.  nous nous sommes d\u00e9pech\u00e9s pour cette expedition, afin qu\u2019elle puisse partir encore dans la bonne saison; nous esperons qu\u2019elle vous parviendra en aussi bon etat que les precedentes.Nous n\u2019avons pas encore pu vous mettre, cette ann\u00e9e, le Dion Cassius de Sturz,  ce livre ne paroit point.  nous avons re\u00e7u encore tout recemment un envoi de Leipsick, ou nous l\u2019avions demand\u00e9, et notre correspondant nous dit qu\u2019il ne sait point quand il sera publi\u00e9.  vous pouvez compter, Monsieur, que nous mettrons le plus grand soin a vous l\u2019avoir, des qu\u2019il paroitra.le Recueil des Edifices, par Durand, que vous demandez, se compose de 90 planches, forme d\u2019atlas qui se vendent 180 francs.  vous verrez si vous desirez cet ouvrage l\u2019ann\u00e9e prochaine.nous n\u2019avons pas pu trouver les ouvrages suivants:theocritus  1699, nous n\u2019en trouvons ici qu\u2019un exemplaire auquel il manque les \nnotes.  nous le trouverons dans le courant de l\u2019hyver, et nous le garderons pour le \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1er envoi.Dumeril trait\u00e9 elem. d\u2019histoire Naturelle, est entierement epuis\u00e9,   on n\u2019en peut plus trouver.lasEroticasdeBoecio\n\t\t\t\t}ces livres manquent ici, pour le moment on n\u2019en a point fait d\u2019editions en France.  il faut avoir les editions de madrid, dont on ne trouve que rarement, et qui sont assez cheres.ociosdeRebolledoparnalloEspa\u00f1ol.\n\t\t\t\tVoltaire,  essai sur l\u2019esprit des Nations,  on n\u2019en a trouv\u00e9 que dans les editions de Voltaire, et tom\u00e9,  nous n\u2019avons pas voulu vous l\u2019envoyer ainsi.  les autres ouvrages de Voltaire sont imprim\u00e9s sans faire suite a aucune edition.nous vous avons mis le theatre d\u2019agriculture d\u2019Olivier de Serres, de l\u2019edition in 4o qui est la meilleure.  celle in 8o n\u2019est pas du tout estim\u00e9e.nous avons eu toutes les editions des auteurs avec les notes de Min-Ellius.  il y a un seul Volume qui est de la reimpression de Venise.  nous ne l\u2019avons pas trouv\u00e9 autrement.Nous n\u2019avons pas encore eu aucune nouvelle de M. Vaughan, lorsque sa lettre de change nous parviendra, nous vous en crediterons, et si votre lettre par duplicata n\u2019est pas encore partie, nous vous en donnerons avis.Nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00e9tre, Monsieur, Vous tr\u00e9s humbles et tr\u00e8s obeissants Serviteurs.de Bure fr\u00e8reslibraires du Roi, et de la Bibliotheque du Roi Editors\u2019 Translation\n            We did not receive until this last July 24th the duplicate of the letter you did us the honor of writing to us on April 19th.  the first letter did not reach us.We immediately took care of your errand, Sir, and we have the honor of announcing to you that today we have sent to Mr. Beaslie, American Consul in le havre: a Box well wrapped, which contains the books of which we give you the details in this letter.  we hurried to send off this package, in order to ship it while the season is still good; we hope it will reach you in as good a state as the previous ones.We still were unable to send you this year the Dion Cassius by Sturz,  this book is not being published.  we received very recently a shipment from Leipsick, from where we had requested it, and our correspondent tells us that he does not know when it will be published.  You can count on us, Sir, to take the greatest care in getting it for you, as soon as it will published.The Recueil des Edifices, by Durand, that you are requesting, is Composed of 90 Plates, a kind of Atlas that is sold for 180 francs.  you will see if you wish to acquire this book next year.we were unable to find the following books:theocritus.  1699.  we have found only here one copy of it, to which the notes are missing. we will find it during the winter, and we save it for the first shipment.dumeril, elementary treatise on natural history, is entirely sold out.  it can no longer be\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tfound.laseroticasbyBoecio\n\t\t\t }these books are lacking \nhere, for the moment no edition of them has been made in France.  one must get the madrid editions, which can rarely be found, and which are rather expensive.\nociosbyRebolledoSpanishParnassus\n\t\t\t Voltaire,  essay on the spirit of nations,  we could only find this book in the Voltaire editions, and tom\u00e9.  we did not want to send it to you as such.  Voltaire\u2019s other books are printed without following up to any edition.  we sent you the theater of agriculture by Olivier de Serres, in the edition in 4o, which is the best one.  the one in 8o is not at all valued.we were able to obtain all the editions of the authors with the notes of Min-Ellius.  there is only one Volume, which is a Venice reprint.  we were not able to find it otherwise.We have not yet received any news from Mr. Vaughan; when his bill of exchange will reach us, we will credit your account for it, and if your letter by duplicate has not yet been sent, we will let you know.We have the honor to be, Sir, Your very humble and very obedient Servants.de Bure brothersbooksellers of the King, and of the King\u2019s Library", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2280", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from DeBures Freres, 24 August 1821\nFrom: Freres, DeBures\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            facture des Livres Remis en une Caisse cord\u00e9e et emball\u00e9e en toile grasseet maigre, marqu\u00e9e Libri # 6. M. T. J.  plomb\u00e9e a la Douane,et accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019un acquit a Caution, expedi\u00e9e le 24 Aout 1821.\u0192cp. Calaber, gr. et lat. cum not var. cur. corn. de Pass. Lugd. Bat. 1734, \nin 8o rel.\n\t\t\t 26.\u2033ammianus marcellinus, edente Ernesti.  Lipsia, 1773.  in.\u2013 8o dem. rel.9.\u2033hauy,  trait\u00e9 elementaire de physique.  paris,  1821.  2 vol. in\u20138o v. m.\n19.80Biot, trait\u00e9 d\u2019astronomie physique.  Paris,  1810,  3 vol. in\u2013 8o v. rae\t32.20Obras poeticas de huerta.  en Madrid,  1778,  2 vol. in\u2013 8o v. j.18.80la Araucana, por D. Alonso de Ercilla en Madrid,  1776.  \n2 vol. in.\u201312. v. rae\n20.50la Poetica de Aristoteles,   por D. alonso florez.  en Madrid,  1778.  \nin\u20138o rel.8.\u2033Demosthene, trad. par Auger.  Angers,  1804.  6 vol.  in\u2013 8o  v. poph.44.40Isocrate, trad. par le meme.  Paris, 1781.  3 vol. in\u2013 8o  v. j.22.20Discours de Lycurgue,  trad. par le meme.  Paris,  1783.  in\u2013 8o bas.6.50Voltaire,  Siecle de Louis XIV et de Louis XV.  Paris,  1818.  \n3 vol.  in\u20138o v. m.23.70\u2014\u2014\u2014histoire de Charles XII.  Paris,  1816.  in\u20138o v. m.7.90\u2014\u2014\u2014histoire de Pierre le grand.  Paris,  1809.  in\u20138o v. m.7.90Ovidii metamorphoses,  cum annot.  Min\u2013Elii Roterod. 1688, in.\u201312. v. porph.4.50\u2014\u2014\u2014ejusdem epistola.  cum not. ejusdem.  Roterod.  \n3.\u2033Virgilius,  cum notis ejusdem.  amst. 1730,  in\u201312. v. porph4.50horatius,  cum notis ejusdem.  Lugd.  Bat.  1744,  in\u201312 v. porph.6.50Terentius,  cum notis ejusdem.  venetiis, 1769.  in\u201312.  v. porph.4.50le theatre d\u2019Agriculture,  par Olivier de Serres.  Paris,  1804.  \n45.\u2033Moralistes fran\u00e7ais.  par Amaury Duval.  in\u20138\u00ba  \nTomes 3. 7 et 8, faisant le Tome 3 de Montaigne, \net les Tomes 1 et 2 de Charron15.\u2033frais de Caisse, de Douane, d\u2019Emballage, &c15.\u2033344.\u019290.cformer debit38.40383.30remittance of May-Sep. 21. 100.D.@5.25 It525.balance overpaid141.70\n\t\t\t C. DuryceEsaburyI testify this Invoice has been presented me on Entry.Jonathan ThompsonCollector Editors\u2019 Translation\n            invoice of Books Put in a Box tie with rope and wrapped in cloth and in oil cloth, marked Libri # 6. M. T. J.  lead-covered in Customs,and accompanied with a receipt & Guaranty, shipped on 24 August 1821\u0192cq. Calaber gr. et lat. cum not var. cur. corn. de Pass. Lugd. Bat. 1734, \nbound in 8o\n\t\t\t 26.\u2033ammianus marcellinus, edente Ernesti.  Lipsia, 1773.  half bound in. 8o9.\u2033hauy.  elementary treatise on physics.  paris.  1821.  2 vol. in 8o v. m.\n19.80Biot, treatise of astronomy physique.  Paris.  1810.  3 vol. in 8\u00ba v. rae32.20Obras poeticas de huerta.  en Madrid.  1778.  2 vol. in 8o v. j.18.80la Araucana, por D. Alonso de Ercilla en Madrid.  1776.  \n2 vol. in. 12. v. rae\n20.50la Poetica de Aristoteles.   por D. alonso florez.  en Madrid.  1778.  \nbound in 8o8.\u2033Demosthene, transl. by Auger.  Angers.  1804.  6 vol.  in 8o  v. poph.44.40Isocrate, translated by the same.  Paris, 1781.  3 vol. in 8o  v. j.22.20Licurgus\u2019 speech.  transl. by the same.  Paris.  1783.  in 8o bas.6.50Voltaire.  Century of Louis XIV et of Louis XV.  Paris.  1818.  \n3 vol.  in 8o v. m.\n23.70\u2014\u2014\u2014histoire de Charles XII.  Paris.  1816.  in 8o v. m.7.90\u2014\u2014\u2014history of Peter the great.  Paris.  1809.  in 8o v. m.7.90Ovidii metamorphoses.  cum annot.  Min-Elii Rotera..  \n1688. in. 12. v. porph.4.50\u2014\u2014\u2014ejusdem epistolo.  cum not. ejusdem.  Rotera.  \n3.\u2033Virgilius.  cum notis ejusdem.  annot. 1730.  in 12. v. porph4.50horatius.  cum notis ejusdem.  Lugd.  Bar.  1744.  in 12 v. porph.6.50Terentius.  cum notis ejusdem.  venetiis, 1769.  in 12.  v. porph.4.50The theater of agriculture.  by Olivier de Serres.  Paris.  1804.  \n45.\u2033French Moralists.  by Amaury Duval.  in 8o  \nTomes 3. 7 et 8, making Tome 3 of Montaigne, \net Tomes 1 et 2 de Charron15.\u2033frais de Caisse, de Douanes, d\u2019Emballage, &ca15.\u2033344.\u019290.cformer debit38.40383.30remittance of May-Sep. 21. 100.D.@5.25 It525.balance overpaid141.70\n\t\t\t C. DuryceEsaburyI testify this Invoice has been presented me on Entry.Jonathan ThompsonCollector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John E. Hall, 25 August 1821\nFrom: Hall, John E.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia.\nOn my return from an excursion to the eastward I received your letter of the 8th inst. inclosing 5Drs. the price of the Jour. of Juris. Vols. I have to thank you for the reference to the case of Cohen with the strictures in the Richmond papers. The case comes within the bounds of Mr Wheaton\u2019s valuable work. The latter escaped my attention, as they were published during my absence. I shall, however, endeavour to find a file in the City.It is contemplated to give a translation of Hubner on Neutral Rights in the fourth Number of the Journal, which will probably terminate the work, as the publisher (Carey) does not receive enough to defray the expense of paper.I am, Sir very respectfully Yr obt ServantJ. E. Hall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2284", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Leander Cathcart, 27 August 1821\nFrom: Cathcart, James Leander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Venerable and respected Sir\n            Washington\n27th Augt 1821\n          After a lapse of more than fourteen years, permit me most respectfully to enquire, how do you enjoy your health? and to hope that it may be long preserved in as perfect a state as I have ever wish\u2019d it to be in.Vicissitude my good Sir marks all human events! and how many of them have I experienced since I first had the honor of your personal acquaintance in 1796: Then just return\u2019d from a cruel state of captivity of eleven years continuance, in which I arrived at the highest station a christian could attain, which enabled me to be of essential service to my country in laying the basis of our first Treaty with Algiers, at the risk of my life, and on very favorable terms, considering that at that period we had more than one hundred of our fellow citizens in chains, & not one vessel of war a float to protect our commerce, and that Portugal at the same time offer\u2019d through the mediation of Spain assisted by Great Britain, a larger sum than was promised by the United States for peace, which by my influence and Agency was rejected, although that power had a squadron station\u2019d at Gibraltar sufficient to confine the whole navy of Algiers in their ports; and it is well known to Captn Richard OBrien who is the only survivor of all those who were in anyway connected with our first negotiation with that Regency. that I was offer\u2019d by those powers a gratuity and employment which would have render\u2019d me independent for life, if I would use my influence with the Dey & Ministy so as to effect a peace for Portugal on the same terms that I procured peace for the United States, which before our Treaty was sign\u2019d, I rejected with disdain; it is likewise establish\u2019d by document on file in the Dept of State, in addition to the preceding, that I procured a Truce with Tunis for eight months; by my own personal influence, without instructions, & without puting the United States to any expense whatever, that my life was for many months in jeopardy, in consequence of my exertions to repress the Deys impatience under the unavoidable delays which took place in fulfilling the stipulations of the Treaty after it was enter\u2019d into, & that to prevent a rupture, which besides the capture of our vessels, & the enslaving of our fellow citizens, would have envolved in its consequence the loss of all the presents which had already been made to that Regency, to a very considerable amount, I purchased a Polacca at Algiers man\u2019d her with Moors & navigated her at my own expense, with despatches to Alicant, Lisbon, & Philadelphia, and a letter from the Dey to General Washington then President of the United States, which insured a further respite of nine months & enabled the United States to comply with their agreements, & saved the peace of the nation; and let it be remember\u2019d, that services render\u2019d in 1794..6..6 were of importance in proportion to our total want of the means to repel insult & indignity offer\u2019d to us by the states of Barbary, and ought not to be forgotten in 1821 when we have a fleet of sufficient force to annihilate the whole naval force of the Ottoman empire\u2014My conduct while one of the Commissioners to effect an alteration in our treaty with Tunis, and the arrangement which I made with the Bashaw of Tripoli without instructions in 1799, was highly approved, and was of much importance, for in lieu of a vessel of war of fourteen guns, & a cargo of maratime and military stores, worth at least 60.000 dollars, besides the risk of taking them out during the disturbance with France, which had been promised as the price of peace, and which I was authorized by my instructions to assure the Bashaw should be sent out as soon as possible; notwithstanding his great impatience, two years having elaps\u2019d since our Treaty was concluded with him, I prevaild upon him to receive 16.000 dollars in cash & bills, and received his receipt under the Seal of the Regency in full of all demands from the United States for ever; & altho\u2019 this perfidious Chief in little more than two years afterwards, declared war against us, I temporized with him a sufficient length of time to alarm our commerce, and a thing unprecedented in the annals of Barbary, not one of our vessels  were captured by his Cruisers, although the Mediterranean was crowded with them, but on the contrary, his Admiral, and Vice Admiral were blockaded by our Squadron in the bay of Gibraltar; & had Commodore Dale arrived only four days sooner, he would have captured the whole of the Tripolitan Squadron\u2014The appointments which I receiv\u2019d afterwards for Tunis, & Algiers, only subjected me to trouble, vexation, & expense; the price of my acceptance at Tunis was a promise that I would use my influence to induce the government to present the Bashaw of Tunis with the Adams, or another Frigate of equal force, this I peremptorily refused to do, & destroy\u2019d his expectation of ever receiving a Frigate from us; had I temporized in order to promote my own interest, a promise to recommend the measure, at some future period would have been construed by the Bashaw to have been a promise of the Frigate, & would have subjected me to the merited censure of my own government, to which I prefer\u2019d the enmity of the Bashaw, great personal inconvenience & expense, & the ruin of all my prospects; besides it was known that before I had left the United States, that I had recommended to our government to prohibit their Consuls in the Barbary States from every description of commerce, & that I had acted upon that principle when the Bashaw of Tripoli offer\u2019d, indeed he requested me, to take the choice of fourteen Sweedish prizes, or all of them, which were then in his Port, on credit, and on very advantageous terms which I politely declined, and that during the whole time I was Consul in Barbary, that I kept myself independent of the Jews & their colleagues, by having no commercial dealings with them whatever; this produced a coalition between the Jew brokers in the three Barbary States, and those concern\u2019d with them in trade; who were dependent on them for loans, who represented me as a person inimical to the interests of those States, which was certainly true, so far as they operated against our own, & prevented me from being received, because they knew that I would neither trade with them, nor employ them to transact the business of the United States, which I was competent to transact myself, without paying them heavy brokerage for their imaginary influence, which would only subject me to their impositions, a proof of this was evidenced by the release of the Brig Catharine of Newyork which was brought into Tripoli with a cargo worth 50..000 dollars which I procured, without puting the United States to any expense whatever; a reference to the accounts of our Consuls at Algiers who were always dependent on the Jews, will prove, that hardly any vessel that was sent in by the Cruisers of that Regency, was ever released without a considerable expense, indeed my accounts speaks a very plain language, their whole amount from 1797 to 1805 including my compensation; & every other expense, does not amount to the value of the vessel of war, & maratime & military stores, which I was authorized to promise to that Regency by my instructions, or rather to confirm the promise already made when Peace was concluded; to which may be added the imbecility of our commanding officer; for which he was dismiss\u2019d the service immediately after his return to the United States; These Sir are the true causes of my returning home in 1805 in much worse circumstances than when I went out, while others who neither possess\u2019d the knowledge of the manners, customs, or language of the Country, or had the same opportunity that I had, return\u2019d home in independent circumstances, & although I do not assert, that they were enrich\u2019d by the spoils of their country, I do not hesitate to say without fear of contradiction, that the priviledges which they enjoy\u2019d, could not be obtain\u2019d by any Consul, without sacrificing the interests, & in some instances the honor of the nation They represented\u2014My next tour of duty was to Madeira for more than eight years, during which period it was found necessary to resort to restrictive measures, & war, which destroy\u2019d all my prospects of a commercial nature, & I suffer\u2019d severely; except the duties of the Consulate, & the procuring flags of truce for four Cartels, in which I restored a great number of my fellow citizens to their country, I had it not in my power to be of any great service, & I return\u2019d to the United States to make some commercial arrangements, some months after the peace in 1815\u2013 On my arrival I found that our late President the worthy & respected Mr Madison before his departure from the seat of government during the recess, had order\u2019d a commission to be made out for me as Consul at Cadiz, as this was unsolicited on my part, & evidently given to me as a reward for former services, it was too flattering a mark of approbation for me to refuse accepting, although the state of commerce was such, as not to authorize very flattering expectations; I therefore left a certainty of small importance indeed, for an uncertainty, which might, or might not meliorate my situation; I went to Cadiz in the winter season without my family, & took possession of the Consulate, return\u2019d in the same & in the spring took my family to Spain, where we remain\u2019d until the summer of 1817 when I was obliged to return home, to prevent myself from being involved in debt, as the trade between the United States and Cadiz was so inconsiderable, & had so many competitors, that it did not furnish means sufficient to pay house rent, much less to maintain a large family, & to pay the impositions of the officers of the Spanish govt levied annually under the title of presents, without the payment of which, it was impossible to transact business in any of the public offices, & we would be subjected daily to the most vexatious acts of injustice! Thus what was intended as a reward for my former services only precipitated my ruin, & by circumstances which was not under the control of any human being; Four years have since elaps\u2019d during which, except for some months in which I was employ\u2019d on an agency in Louisiana, & the territory now State of Alabama, exposed a great part of the time to the inclemency of the weather in an open boat on the Gulf of Mexico, the lakes, Mississippi, Tombegbe, & Alabama rivers,  I have been soliciting employment from government without success; the money which I received from Congress in 1820 arrears of old accounts, is all expended in paying the debts contracted for the maintenance & education of my family before I received it, and I am now in the fifty fifth year of my age after so many years faithful service in difficult, responsible, expensive, & unproductive situations, in which my conduct has met the approbation of every successive administration of our government since it commenced, reduced to indigence, afflicted with the rheumatism, which renders great bodily exertion impossible, & with a family of ten children to maintain and to educate, the eldest of six of whom is only fourteen years & the youngest fourteen months old, whose chief dependence is on the precarious hire of a carriage & horses for support.Until 1818 I had not the most distant idea that it was necessary for a person who had been so long in public service as I have been, to solicit recommendations from any one but my friends inform\u2019d me that it is customary, & procured for me those of which the inclosed are copies, and are from influential characters, the appointment then solicited has not been made, others which I have applied for, have been given to more fortunate candidates, & I find myself neglected & my services and recommendations forgotten; while the very circumstance of my having been employ\u2019d abroad for so many years, renders me less capable to provide for my family, than those who have been stationary, & have taken advantage of circumstances, & made connections, either political, or commercial, which have insured them permanent employ.Under these distressing & mortifying circumstances, knowing the goodness of your heart, I have ventured, most respectfully to solicit your kind aid, and patronage, a letter of recommendation from you my good Sir would have more weight than all I have, or may be able to procure, and would induce the President to take my situation into consideration, & grant my request, but should any unsurmountable impediment prevent the success of my application in so direct a manner, may I flatter myself that you will have the goodness to express your opinion (either to me, or in any other way most eligible to you) of my former services, and how far you think they merit, & give me a claim for future employment in common with my fellow citizens\u2014I am very sensible both of the nature & magnitude of the request, & fear that I may be accused of presuming too much on your Philanthropy in making it, but when I look around me, & see my little children in danger of being in want of food, & what is worse, education, for I would sooner attend them to their graves, than see them grow up in ignorance, a secret monitor emboldens me to make the request, & tells me that you are a father yourself, & that when you (on reflection) perceive that a few lines from you will raise the drooping spirits, & form the fortunes of a large family & their descendants, that strong must be the reasons indeed which will induce you to with hold themI have conversed with many of the Senators who have express\u2019d some surprize that amongst the many appointments which have been made in the last four years that I have not been able to procure a situation, they would recommend me themselves, but say, as it is their duty to confirm, or to reject, it would have the appearance of interfering with the executive authority, & several of them have assured me, that any appointment which the President would confer on me, \u2026 would be confirm\u2019d by the SenateMy necessities are of such a nature, that I would accept of any appointment either at home, or abroad, which would furnish me with the means to educate my children, to this (to me) all important point, all my energies are directed, to sacrifice my own ease & comfort for their benefit is a duty to which I would submit most cheerfully, but as I never intend to remove my family from the United States again, having already expended a small fortune in passages & the loss on sales of furniture, I would certainly prefer a situation of less importance at home to any abroad which would be offer\u2019d to me; yet I would gladly have accepted the appointment to Buenos Ayres which was confer\u2019d on a person who had not a large family born in public service in Barbary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, & the United States to support as I have, whose services have not been so important as mine, & with whose talents & knowledge of the Spanish language, I have the ambition to think, that mine (poor as they may be supposed to be) might have been held in competition\u2014Should I be so fortunate as to succeed in this my appeal to your philanthropy; gratitude & the prayers of a large family is the only tribute we have to offer, which with the consciousness of having done a generous act, I am persuaded is to a noble mind the most acceptable, & inspires feelings the most enviable; should disappointment & misfortune still be our portion, I respectfully request you, not to lessen the personal esteem I have experienced on so many occasions, nor the good opinion which you formerly express\u2019d of my conduct & abilities to the Senate in 1802 for I am not conscious to have merited it, but to attribute my presumption to the great anxiety which I feel for the welfare of an almost helpless family who are generally esteem\u2019d amiable, & whatever may be their fate, you may be assured, that as they ever have implored, they will still continue to implore the Omnipotent ruler of the Universe to prolong your valuable life, & to bless you with temporal & eternal happiness\u2014With the highest respect & veneration, and with the most cordial esteem, permit me the honor to subscribe myself Good & respected Sir Your often obliged & most devoted Obedient ServtJames Leander Cathcart\n   The Franklin, the only vessel captured during the war was taken many months after the arrival of our Squadron\nCopyWe the undersigned having a satisfactory knowledge of James Leander Cathcart Esqr either personally, or by character from Gentlemen in whom we place confidence, & from his public character, do recommend him to the President of the United States, & to the heads of Department, & especially to the Secretary of the Navy, as a fit candidate for the office of Purser or Paymaster of the naval dep\u00f4t under contemplation of being soon established\u2014We are induced to this measure from Mr Cathcarts long, & as we have reason to believe, his faithful services & the privations experienced by him during eleven years captivity in Algiers, & upwards of twenty one years in public service since, mostly in unprofitable situations, in which we understand that he has given satisfaction to the several administrations under whom he has had the honor to act: to which we may add, that he has arrived at an age, which as we conceive after his long services abroad, entitles him to a settlement at home especially as he has a family of nine children to provide for\u2014Further from the present state of Commerce and from what may be conjectured of its future state at Cadiz, we are inform\u2019d that it does not afford sufficient to defray the expense of Clerk hire, much less for the support of a numerous family, where from his office he must inevitably be exposed to a greater expense than if in a private station\u2014As Mr Cathcarts talents must be well known to government, it is only necessary to add, that as he has received a nautical education, & being well acquainted with maratime affairs in general, we are led from this consideration, as well as the foregoing, to recommend him as a candidate for the appointment he solicits, or any other which his long services may seem in the opinion of the President to merit\u2014Sign\u2019d byWm Jones late Secretary of the Navy}PhiladelphiaA. Murray; CommodoreGeo Latimer late Collector, now Prest of an Insurance CompyRd Dale late CommodoreThos LeiperMerchantHugh CalhoundoChandr PricedoSaml CarswelldoWillm LynchdoSaml HayesdoL ClapierdoI CareydoRobt Waln Prest of an Insurance CompanyJoseph J Lewis MerchantMatthew Lawler late Mayor of the CityJohn Leamy Prest of an Insurance CompanyIsaac Worrell MerchantJohn Connelly doI Bloomfield General, late Governor, and now one of the Representatives from the State of New Jersey\u2014\n\t\t\t {BaltimoreRobt Gilmore MerchantR Smith late Secretary of the Navy & of State\u2014Wm Patterson MerchantI A Buchannan  doChas & Peter Wirgman doJohn Hollins Prest of an Insurance CompanyRobt Oliver MerchantSaml Smith Genl Member of Congress from MarylandGentlemen of the Navy on a separate copy of the aboveI Chauncey}To the preceding was added the verbal, & very strong recommendations of the three Navy Commissioners, Commodores Rodgers, Decatur, and Porter, & had the concurrence of the Secretary of the Navy, but as the grand naval dep\u00f4t on the waters of the Chesapeake has not been established, the appointt has not been made\u2014\n\t\t\t Laurce EvansS AngusEd TrenchardT. BenshawA J DallasB J HoffmanJames A HamiltonRd SmithThese recommendations, with all the others hereafter mention\u2019d are deposited in the Navy department\n   Ten\nSirUS Ship Washington New York\n20th July 1818\u2014Understanding that James Leander Cathcart Esqr late Consul at Cadiz &c is an applicant for the appointment of Navy Store keeper or Purser of the contemplated Navy depot, I have great pleasure in recommending this gentleman to your notice\u2014Mr Cathcart has been personally known to me about fifteen years, during that period he has filled several important public situations, and I believe always discharged his duty to the satisfaction of the government I know him to be a most zealous public officer, and I have no doubt of his fitness for the situation he asks for, which I sincerely hope he may obtain\u2014I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your most Obedt Huble Servt(signed) I. Chauncey\u2014To The Honble B W Crowninshield Secretary of the Navy WashingtonSir Navy Commissioners Office\nJune 9th 1819\u2014Your letter of the 28th Ulto accompanied by a Journal of the proceedings of the Agents sent under the instructions of the Board of the 13th of Novr 1818 has been received\u2014On a cursory perusal of the Journal, the Board discover much information respecting the object of your mission which it would be desirable for them to possess; and they return it to you in order that such extracts from it may accompany your report & plots of the grounds reserved, as you may consider relevant to the subject: and on the business being closed, they will willingly bear testimony to the manner in which the duty has been perform\u2019d, which from present appearances, they have no doubt will be satisfactoryRespectfully &ce(signed) Jno Rodgers Prest of the Ny BoardJas Lear Cathcart EsqreCharts & Journals of the survey were deposited in the office of the Secretary of the Navy\u2014duplicates in the Charts & plots, & a summary of the Journal were presented to the Navy Board, which produced the following acknowledgement\u2014Gentlemen Navy Coms Office\n6th Augt 1819\u2014The Commissioners of the Navy have received your communication with a summary recapitulation of, &, reference to a Journal deliver\u2019d at the office of the honorable the Secretary of the Navy\u2014The Commissioners of the Navy have derived much valuable information from the perusal of your summary\u2014It is entirely satisfactory to  them upon all the points of which it treats\u2014I am very respectfully gentlemen Your most Obedt Servt(signed) Jno Rodgers, Pressident of the Ny BoardJames Leander Cathcart & James Hutton EsqrsSince the duties of the aforesaid Agency were concluded, I have not been employ\u2019d in public service, those duties were perform\u2019d to the satisfaction, & met the approbation of the Department to which I was accountable, and as a further proof of the opinion which the present administration entertains of my former services, permit me to add, an extract from the Secretary of States Report to Congress of the 14th of Decr 1819VizMr Cathcart having been included among the prisoners ransom\u2019d by the United States, at the conclusion of the first treaty with Algiers, it is not perceived, upon what just principle his claim can be supported to be paid by them for his ransom; it ought however in justice to Mr Cathcart, to be added, that if long, faithful, & important services, acknowledged by every successive administration of the government of the United States; if the most active years of life devoted to the public service, &  if circumstances reduced by the scantiness of compensation, annexed to all the subordinate consulates on the Barbary coast can entitle his claims to the liberal indulgence of the legislature, they cannot be too strongly recommended to their favorable consideration\u2014All which is respectfully submitted(signed) John Quincy Adams Dept of State\nDecr 14th 1819Yet! notwithstanding my services have been approved, & I have been told that the administration is well disposed towards me, I am neglected, & left with my wandering tribe of Africans, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Americans, to pine away, in anxious expectation and want, without any provision being made for me, while frequently I have the additional mortification of seeing others preferred to me; this unfortunate circumstance brings to my recollection an anecdote of James the 2nd of England, who in conversation with a Mr Floyd who had render\u2019d some service to his country, and was gentleman in waiting for the day, observed, \u201cThat he never knew a modest man get forward in a Court,\u201d To which Mr Floyd laconically replied, \u201cWhose fault is that Sire\u201d? The Monarch stood corrected, and Mr Floyd was provided for!!!\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2285", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Gibson, 27 August 1821\nFrom: Gibson, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nRichmond\n27th Augt 1821.\nI have received your favor of the 19th Inst and pray you to accept my thankful acknowledgements for your assurances of friendship, and for the very flattering sentiments expressed in your letter to Mr Thompson, which I shall forward to him so soon as I shall have procured the necessary vouchers relative to my son\u2019s qualifications\u2014With sentiments of respect and esteem I am Your ob ServtPatrick Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2286", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from D. Sheffey, 30 August 1821\nFrom: Sheffey, D.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nStanton\nAugust 30 1821\nDr Horwitz whom I beg leave to introduce to you intends to Visit your part of the country. His object is to obtain a situation in the University should it be thought expedient, (when that institution goes into operation) to establish a professorship of the oriental LanguagesDr Horwitz has been engaged here for some time as a teacher of the Hebrew Language. He has given great satisfaction to every one of his pupils, Several of whom are men of considerable learning. So far as I am capable to Judge, I consider his course of Instruction very excellent. It tends to render the Subject Simple; and produces results which I would Scarcely have believed.I am very respectfully Y &D Sheffey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2287", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 31 August 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nEdgewood\nBy the last mail I received the Circular of Genl Cocke & yourself proposing to the Visitors to omit the regular autumnal meeting, and in lieu thereof to hold a special meeting on the wednesday preceding the meeting of the Assembly. The reasons stated in the circular in support of this proposition are entirely satisfactory to my mind. I shall accordingly decline carrying Mrs Cabell with me to Corrottoman, as I wished & intended, in order that I may return on horse back, travel quickly, & be certain to attend. I shall shift my overseer here on 1st Novr depart immediately, leave my wife with her parents in Williamsburg, hasten on horse back across the lower ferries, spend a fortnight on my estate below, and return by Tappahannock & the upper ferries. Nothing but death or illness shall prevent my  coming. The time is extremely inconvenient to me, & marr some favorite & long projected arrangements for the autumn. But what of that? If I can but retain the little stock of health it has been my good fortune to reacquire, I will come  to Monticello with a heart warm with zeal in the holy cause. I have devoted myself to some favourite improvements on my farm this summer; have kept out of the sun; & walked from 4 to 5 miles each day; & tho\u2019 I have had a severe  attack of illness in the summer, I am pretty well again, & feel nothing of the affection of my side except in cloudy weather. Had I kept up my practice of walking in the winter mornings, I should probably have avoided the severe illness I suffered in the spring. It gives me great pleasure to hear that your good health continues uninterrupted. I am going to next Albemarle Court, & shall commit this to the post office at Charlottesville. I remain, Dr Sir faithfully yoursJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2289", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas G. Watkins, 2 September 1821\nFrom: Watkins, Thomas G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nGlenmore\nThe Revd Robt Tisdale who bears this letter has been introduced to me by letter from Docr James Minor & Major Watson of Louisa\u2014who both concur in recommending him as a man of worth and unblemished character\u2014he applied to me last year, for relief, under an inveterate disease of the stomach &c\u2014for which after remedies used I advised him to travel through a limestone Country\u2014The Gentlemen who introduced Mr Tisdale to me, state that his disease & other misfortunes have reduced his circumstances, but not the confidence & respect of his acquaintance\u2014His misfortunes, however, and consequent slenderer means, must increase his dependence on the kindness of strangers, for the facility of pursuing his journey of health \u2014This circumstances has induced him to solicit an introduction to you for the purpose of requesting, a statement of your opinion of the characters who recommend him, from the Baptist church\u2014Knowing myself how much your time and attention is Taxed by one application or another for various objects. I cou\u2019d not give Mr Tisdale much encouragement on this subject\u2014but from his character from every quarter to me\u2014and the evidences he bears, with him from characters, perhaps, known to you\u2014if it is not incompatible with your usual course; his affliction and misfortunes considered it will I think be serving the cause of humanity to make such expression in his favour, as from his recommendations may be deemed by you propermost respectfully & sincerely yrs.T. G. Watkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2290", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Appleton, 3 September 1821\nFrom: Appleton, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLeghorn\n3d Septr 1821\u2014Your short, note, Sir, of the 25th of May reach\u2019d me on the 8th of the last month, covering the 3d of exchange; this amount of which, had already been remitted to me, by Mr Saml Williams of London, agreeably to my duplicate letters to you, under date of the 7th of July; and which, fully replied to the object of the Capitals order\u2019d, and to your question of the prices of those you contemplate: to wit, the ten capitals of 32 4/10 inches diminish\u2019d diameter.\u2014the entire Capitals cannot be deliver\u2019d here, at less than 530\u2014Dollars; and the Mezzo Capitals at 280\u2014Dollars.\u2014It is difficult to conceive the immense blocks of marble, they require, and which are no less than five feet square, & four and a half high, which will form, about 230 Cubic palms square of ten inches, for each Capital; add to which, the great labour to move them continually to the workmen\u2019s convenience\u2014those order\u2019d, are progressing to my satisfaction.\u2014I calculate to receive your reply, in the early part of December; and this would be greatly convenient, should you determine on giving the order, as the same workmen, on Compleating the former, in this case, might, without interruption, commence the latter.\u2014I now inclose you M. & Mad. Pini\u2019s receipt for the sum of 444. Dollars.\u2014. The magnanimity and firmness of the Greeks of the Morea, would have been honorable in the most heroic & enlightened ages of their ancestors: the Morea is now free, except two or three fortresses, which cannot long resist.\u2014they have a naval force of about, 150 Vessels from 15 to 30 guns; and, by the intelligence of yesterday, we have the confirmation of a second victory over the turkish squadron, near to Samos.\u2014The distracted State of Constantinople, owing to the turbulence of the Jannissaries, & to the barbarian asiatics, who have come to defend the cause of Mahometanism, would counteract the best purposes, of the best of Sovereigns\u2014but he is far otherwise, and is worthy of being a member of the holy alliance.\u2014many letters yesterday, from Odessa, mention the departure of the russian minister from Constantinople; and we are hourly in the expectation of open hostilities.\u2014The war of the greeks & turks is novel in later times, for it is one of extermination.\u2014Alexander will, I am persuaded, consult only, the object nearest his heart; Austria will second his views, as a grateful return for the proffer\u2019d services, in her late conquest of Italy; The government of the Bourbons may menace an intervention, but they will not dare to put an army in motion, for their single safety lies in their swiss: guards and the dissemination of their own troops in their numerous fortresses they well know, that had the revolution of Piedmont, continued another month, the whole of the southern provinces of france, would have join\u2019d their cause and had not the conspiracy in their Squadron before Naples, been discover\u2019d one day too soon, the tri-colour\u2019d flag would have been again hoisted.\u2014England may too late perceive, that whether Lord Castlereagh has been the dupe or the agent, he has suffer\u2019d the two great powers of the Continent to acquire an ascendancy which may be immensely increas\u2019d by acquisitions in the Ottoman empire. there remains little doubt in my mind, that Alexander will not let slip away this most favorable occasion, to accomplish, what the policy of Russia has aim\u2019d at for half a century.\u2014believe me, Sir, with invariable, respect & esteem\u2014Your obedt ServantTh: Appleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Gilmore, 4 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmore, Joseph\n\t\t\t\t\tThomas JeffersonPlaintiffagainst} Upon an AttachmentJoseph GilmierDefendantThe Plaintiff having obtained an attachment against the Defendant for the sum of Ten pounds and the Sheriff haveing returned the attachment executed on one negro girl Cornelia of the estate of the said Defendant; the Defendant was solemnly called, but came not; Therefore it is considered by the Court that the Plaintiff recover against the said Defendant the said sum of Ten pounds & five dollars & twenty five Cents the Costs by him in this behalf expended. And it is ordered that the Sheriff make sale of said attached effects according to Law, and out of the money arising from such sale, pay and Satisfy this Judgment to the Plaintiff and restore the overplus (if any) to the Defendant, and return an account of the sale to the Court.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2293", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Brent, 5 September 1821\nFrom: Brent, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nWashington,\n5 September 1821.\nA Box was left at this office (Department of State) by Mr Sumter, our first Minister at Rio d Jeneiro, upon his last arrival in the United States, for you, \u201cto be delivered to your order\u201d, which contains, I understand, samples of ores from the Brazils. I know not whether you are apprized of this Circumstance, or not\u2014If you are not, I am happy in making you acquainted with it.  I have the honor to be, with perfect Respect and Esteem, Dear Sir, your obedt & very hu: servant,Daniel Brent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2294", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 6 September 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOakhill\nYour letter of the 13. ulto found me at the Shannondale spring, to which I had carried my family on account of the indisposition of Mrs Monroe & of our little gd child the daughter of Mr Gouverneur. The duties which I had to perform, in this distressing occurrence, which terminated the day before yesterday, in the death of the infant, superadded to those of the office I hold, prevented my giving an earlier answer to your letter. I undertake with great pleasure the trust you have committed to me, as well from my earnest desire to relieve you from every burden to which I may be in any degree equal, as to evince my profound respect for the character of General Kosiecesko, to whose memory the Senate of Cracow propose to erect a Statue, as a testimonial of this sense of his excelled merit. of the prospect of success it is impossible for me to speak, with any confidence at this time. It was natural for the Senate of Cracow, & for the Polish nation, to look to the UStates for support in such an undertaking, from the known devotion of our fellow citizens to the cause of liberty, & his important services to that cause in our country. But the great demand which has been & is still made on them, in various ways, in support of institutions & measures, on which their highest interests depend, has been so sensibly felt, that a like attempt, in honor of the memory of General Washington, has recently failed in this state, nor has a statue, yet been erected, to his memory, by the nation. I will move in the affair with all the caution which you suggest, taking no step in it, without having previously communicated with the members of the administration, availing myself of this council & aid informally. Abortive attempts should be avoided, although slight discouragements should not be yielded to. As soon as I have had communication, with the members of the administration, I will apprize you, of their sentiments on the subject.We returned here yesterday from the spring, & it is my intention to visit Albemarle as soon as some arrangements to be made here, of a private, & others at Washington of a public nature, will permit where I still be very happy to see you in good health, should your allotment for the summer not have taken you to Bedford.with great respect and sincere regard, I am your friend & servantJames Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2295", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Whittemore, 6 September 1821\nFrom: Whittemore, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHon. Sir,\u2014We are in this town (Milford) a body of coarse farmers, but true Republicans. The Oration I send you I delivered at the earnest request of my townsmen. Had I had more than 24 hours to prepare it, I could have bestowed more labour for elegance of composition. But such as it is, agreeably to the warm solicitations of those who heard it I have presented to the world, and this copy, Hon. Sir, to you. If you derive any satisfaction from the reading of it, I shall be amply rewardedYours, with respect,Thomas W. Whittemore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2296", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Theodorus Bailey, 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bailey, Theodorus\nMonticello\nSep. 9. 21.I thank you, dear Sir, for your attention to my letter to mr Rush. it heightens the pleasure to recieve a kindness from those we most esteem. I must thank you too for mr Borden\u2019s translation of the Tristia of Ovid. altho\u2019 past the age of poetic enthusiasm, I am yet happy to see the muses cultivated in my own country, and it\u2019s native sons emulating the beauties of Roman song. believe me to be ever and affectionately yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2297", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas J. Gantt, 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gantt, Thomas J.\nTh: J. returns his thanks to mr Gantt and the 76 associan for the copies they have been so good as to send him of the orations of mr Elliott and mr Ramsay, & especially for the kindness of their expressions towds himself. if the times in which his lot happd to be cast have put some opptys in his way of bearing testimony to good principles he is abundantly rewarded by the zeal with which they are cherished by those to whom they are now commd inculcated with the animn & eloquence of mr E. & mr R. they cannot fail to make deep & just impression on the minds of their hearers, he prays mr Gantt & the 76. assocn to accept the assurance of his high respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2299", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Hamilton, Jr., 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, James, Jr.\nSep. 9. 21.Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Hamilton for the copy of his oration on the 4th of July which he has been so kind as to send him, & especially for the kind sentiments towards himself  expressed in the note accompanying it, he is happy to see in the oration of mr Hamilton a warm adhesion to the genuine principles of the revolution, and trusts they will be handed down in all their purity from father to son thro\u2019 ages to come, he salutes mr H. with great respect & esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2300", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick Winslow Hatch, 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hatch, Frederick Winslow\nMonticello\nSepr. 9. 21.I thank you, dear Sir, for, the volume of the LXX sent me. the Prolegomena is the only part wanting in my copy.  the Psalterion shall therefore be returned. but as I shall send the former to Richmond to be bound, I will take the liberty of sending the latter part also, and will return it to you bound this being but the 2d vol. of the Prolegomena, I have still to seek for the 1st  the last time I had the pleasure of seeing you you mentioned that your future plan, as to your school, would be to take half a dozen boys, and board them. as it is more convenient for us to board ours at home, & their half year will be out on Thursday next, we will then withdraw them with our thanks for your past cares. their joining their elder brother at the same school will be a circumstance of some satisfaction to their parents.I understand that mr Horwitz is with you in Charlottesville. you will do me an acceptable favor in bringing him to dine at Monticello, with the assurance of my respect and request. any day of the week which suits your convenience will be equal to me. after that I shall be returning to Bedford for the rest of the autumn. ever and respectfully yours.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2301", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Riegert, 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Riegert\n          on my return after an absence of some weeks from home I find here your favor of Aug. 15. which must be my apology for this late acknolmt of it.  I sincerely sympathise with the sufferings it so forcibly states, & wish it were in my power to alleviate them.  but really I do not see  that I can be useful to you in any way.    leave home again within 4 or 5 days to be absent during the rest of the autumn.  I can only offer therefore my unavailing wishes that you may be able thro\u2019 other channels to find the relief which I do not see within the limits of my competence.  with my regrets for this circumstance accept the assurance of my great respect.\n   entirely retired from the world, unmedling in it\u2019s affairs & unconnected with its authorities I am still further disqualified by the circumstance that I shall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2302", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Whittemore, 9 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Whittemore, Thomas\n\t\t\t\t\tTh: J. returns his thanks to mr Whittemore for the copy of his oration on the 4th of July which he has been so kind as to send him it is always matter of great gratifn to him to see the principles of the revoln avowed & cherished by those now charged with their preservn, & hopes they will be handed down in all their purity from genern to genern he salutes mr W. with great respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2303", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from A. & J.W. Picket, 10 September 1821\nFrom: Picket, A. & J.W.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonoured Sir,\nBaltimore, M.d.\nWe address you on a Subject of vital importance; we mean the Subject of Female-Education, which in our opinion has not received that attention which its intrinsic value merits.\u2014To benefit, & place it on a more permanent basis, as far as our capabilities will allow, we intend to apply to the Legislature of Mary land, at its next Session, for Means to erect a Female College. The importance of such an Institution is universally seen & felt. It would, if properly conducted, tend greatly to the advantage of Female education, & perhaps, be a means of bringing into existence in the various states, more of a similar nature.Deeming it useless to remark on a subject, to which you must have given much attention, we close with the request, that you will honour us with your opinion of Such an establishment, as soon as convenient.With the highest regard, yr Mst Obt ServtsA. & J. W. Picket", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2306", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick Winslow Hatch, 10 September 1821\nFrom: Hatch, Frederick Winslow\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Mr. Horwitz & myself will do ourselves the pleasure to wait on you tomorrow.\u2014I send you by Lewis another Vol. of the 70\u2014 in which you will find more of the Art. wh you want, & to which you are very welcome.\u2014The boys are good boys, &  I feel attach\u2019d to them, but the arrangement you propose, will conduce not only to their satisfaction but to their greater improvement\u2014especially as I am situated at present.\u2014For your friendly sentiments & good wishes, I thank you, & I shall ever remain Affectionately Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Craven Peyton, 10 September 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Craven\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nD. Sir.\nMonteagle\nOn the othar side is a statement of Our accompts leaveng a ballance of Six Hundred & Seven Dollars 86Cts exclusive of the Corn accompt which I hope you will send correct shoud there be any mistake please make the correction. Your Draft On Thomas E. Randolph at sight will answar as I presume he will Draft On B. Peyton for the amt. who I no will, with pleasure pay eathar. Yours or his Ordar for that or any othar amount you might think propar to draw for.With great Respect & EsteemC. PeytonThomas Jefferson esq. To C. Peyton1817.Feby 7To loan$1500To 4044 Fodder at 6/ 40\u201350cts1540.50ctsInterest to Octr. 24. 1820.3.Y 261 D334.361874.86Cr1818.Dec. 10By 1283 Peck at $84\u2014$109.51820Apl 15.By a saw5Octr 26By B. Peyton500614.5Cts1260.811821.Mch 10.Int. from Octr 24 to this date4. M 12. D26\u2013851287.66By Ordar On B. Peyton this day700587.661821.Sept. 10Int from Mch 107. M20.20$607.86T. J. Randolph esq. To C. Peyton1820 Jany 7.To 28. B. Corn at 5$$140.By Sundry Credits76.3363.67", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2309", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 12 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI am just returned from my other home, and shall within a week go back to it for the rest of the autumn. I find here your favor of Aug 20 and was before in arrear for that of May 19. I cannot answer, but join in your question, of May 19. are we to surrender the pleasing hopes of seeing improvement in the moral and intellectual condition of Man? the events of Naples & Piedmont cast a gloomy cloud over that hope and Spain & Portugal are not beyond jeopardy. and what are we to think of this Northern triumvirate, arming their nations to dictate despotism to the rest of world? and the evident connivance of England, as the price of secret stipulations for continental armies, if her own should take side with her malcontent and pulverised people? and what of the poor Greeks, and their small chance of amelioration even if the hypocritical Autocrat should take them under the iron cover of his Ukazes. would this be lighter or safer than that of the Turk? These, my dear friend, are speculations for the new generation, as, before they will be resolved, you and I must join our deceased brother Floyd, yet I will not believe our labors are lost. I shall not die without a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance. we have seen indeed once within the record. of history a compleat eclipse of the human mind continuing for centuries. and this too by swarms of the same Northern barbarians, conquering and taking possession of the countries and governments of the civilized world. should this be again attempted, should the same Northern hordes, allured again by the corn wine, and oil of the South, be able again to settle their swarms in the countries of their growth, the art of printing alone and the vast dissemination of books, will maintain the mind where it is, and raise the conquering ruffians to the level of the conquered, instead of degrading those to that of their conquerors and even should the cloud of barbarism and despotism again obscure the science and liberties of Europe, this country remains to preserve and restore light and liberty to them. in short, the flames kindled on the 4th of July 1776 have spread over too much of the globe to be extinguished by the feeble engines of despotism. on the contrary they will consume these engines, and all who work them.I think with you that there should be a school of instruction for our navy as well as artillery; and I do not see why the same establishment might not suffice for both. both require the same basis of general mathematics, adding projectiles and fortifications for the artillery exclusively, and Astronomy and the theory of navigation excusively for the Naval students. Bezout conducted both schools in France, and has left us the best book extant for their joint & separate instruction. it ought not to require a separate professor.A 4th of July oration. delivered in the town of Milford in your state gives to Samuel Chase. the credit of having \u2018first started the cry of independance in the ears of his country men.\u2019 do you remember any thing of this? I do not. I have no doubt it was uttered in Massachusets even before it was by Thomas Paine. but certainly I never considered Samuel Chase. as foremost, or even forward in that hallowed cry. I know that Maryland hung heavily on our backs, & that Chase, altho\u2019 first named was not most in unison with us of that delegation, either in politics or morals et c\u2019est ainsi que l\u2019on ecrit l\u2019 histoire!  your doubt of the legitimacy of the word gloriola is resolved by Cicero, who in his letter to Lucceius expresses a wish \u2018ut nosmatipsi vivi gloriola nostra perpruamur\u2019. affectly. AdieuTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2310", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Eston Randolph, 12 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nDear Sir\nMonto\nI have some debts here which press very sorely on me; for the paymt of which my only resource is my cash balance at the mill and my return to Bedford moreover depending on their payment I am obliged to trouble you with the subject. Mr C. Peyton to whom I have abt 600. D to pay wrote me 2. days ago that you would accept my ord. in his favor which would suit him. I did not chuse however to give it without knowing that it would suit you also. I have therefore not yet answered him definitively. ever & affly your\u2019sTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Craven Peyton, 15 September 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Craven\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonteagle\nSept. 15th 1821\nI have asked Mr. Daurn in my absence to receave the money or Draft agreeable to the Understanding yesterday, I do asshear, You, nothing but my necessity induces me to call, You expressed a wish for Mrs Marks to return before You, went to Bedford, she has had every kind attention paid her possible & appears fond of my Daughters. very swetly remarking we lived retired & at times very lonesome, haveing no neighbours, for nothing ever, enduced me, to make neighbours of those I aught not. she has further repeatedly said in my presants. she wishes much to see her Brother & all the family, I have invariably replied, we never shoud be tired of her company, yet at any time she woud say my carriage was at her service, she replied by saying you & The Family, was always with company and she woud stay a week or two longer, I was one day very much alarmed whilst you was at Bedford, her being so unwell, & shoud of sent for Your Grandson had he of been at home, on the subject of her will on nameing that subject to her, she was of the opinion her will was made & you had it. This was all I wished to no. well knowing it was a subject only between you & her, my Idea is our retirement is pleasing to her, for certainly no Family nevar was more doted on, than yours is, by her, during our acquaintance & transacting business together for twenty odd years & during that time no variatin in, me, in any way whatever, has sufficiently proved to you. My being in capable of any conduct that you woud not highly approve, & shoud I be the longest liver my fealing of gratitude for, you is such, that I shoud take great delight, in promoting the Interest of Any persons connected, to you, yet I no some who are enjoying your confidence & favours. who never felt gratitude most sincerelyC. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tarlton Saunders, 15 September 1821\nFrom: Saunders, Tarlton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLynchburg\n15th Septemr 1821.\nI have seen Mr Edward Bolling on the subject of Colo John Bollings debt to Mr Lyle, and the Bond assigned by you, he is not disposed to come to any liquidation of these claims, I have therefore directed a Suit to be brought against him in the Superior Court of Chancery for a Settlement of his administration account, on his Fathers Estate, who made ample provision in his will, for the payment of all his debts. I have directed that the Bond to you shall be claimed by the Bill of the administration, as assignee, if this course meets your approbation be pleased to write me to Newburn, montgomery county Va should you not approve of the steps to be taken, from thence I will direct your claim to be omitted, I assure you Sir, I think this is the only mode by which the debt can be recovered, with much esteem and respect I remain Dear SirYour Mo ob servtTarleton SaundersPS I trouble you with this communication, as it will be some time in novemr before I can get around to Charlottesville and I wish the subpoenas served in time for the Jany Term.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2313", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Taylor, 15 September 1821\nFrom: Taylor, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir Jefferson Cty V-a near Battle Town.I have a son whom I intend to send to college this fall or next Spring, & I have no little desire that he should commence at our university\u2014I therefore deem it expedient to address you (as provost of the institution) on the subject, whether the edifice will be open for the reception of youths this autumn, & whether the institution will go into operation now, or next spring, or when? or any other information connected with the object of this letter that you may think proper to impart, will be most thankfully received and duly appreciated\u2014your advise whether I should detain my son for a while to send him on to our Seminary, or not, will have its weight in determining me, as to the measures I may pursue\u2014Will a youth possess the same or equal advantages in a Seminary newly organised,  as he would in one long established?\u2014I allude particularly to the Virginia Universityaccept venerable Sir, the homage of my profound respectsSamuel Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2314", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barnes, 16 September 1821\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\u2014\nGeo Town Coa\n18th Sepr 1821.\nYour Esteemed favr 10th gave me great pleasure\u2014it Assured me your restablished health\u2014confirmed, by your late return from Bedford, as usually\u2014for mine\u2014early in April, I experienced a serious indisposition by the timely Assistance of Doctr Worthington & son\u2014Mr Redcliff & trusty Abigail\u2014in course of 3 weeks. (tho not as family\u2014able, to walk to the Capital for Amusemt to the Bank of Columbia fatigues me, Otherwise\u2014save my imperfect hearing\u2014I have great\u2014very great reason indeed:\u2014and am, most Assuredly\u2014truly thankfull\u2014for the numberless mercies and Blessings\u2014undeservedly\u2014I have and still daily injoy\u2014reading\u2014one of my greatest comforts\u2014together with those about me\u2014for business\u2014&c &c\u2014Obliging and contented\u2014makes mince, under all my informities\u2014as much so as can be expected\u2014with reference to the unsettled\u2014claims from our departed friend\u2014wherever the Authorized Agent Applies\u2014I shall meet him, with all due respect\u2014and frankness. explain to him the Appeart State of his Accts of which\u2014doubtless they\u2019re already Apprized\u2014(not, that\u2014I hold my self\u2014accountable altogether to them) but to you\u2014and\u2014as such\u2014I shall\u2014with pleasure render to them\u2014as I would\u2014and should\u2014do\u2014unto yourselfI sent yesterday and received from Mr Brent the Box of Menerils. Mr Sumpter\u2014brought from Brazils\u2014and shall reship for Richmond to the care of Capt Peyton per 1st favorable vessel. there is one expected to leave this\u2014in abt 3 days\u2014most Respectfully, be Assured\u2014I am ever Sir\u2014your Obedt servant,John  Barnes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2315", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, 16 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cooper, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe shortness of the term left to my grandson Francis Eppes for the pursuit of Academical studies, calls for extreme parsimony in the employment of the portion of it which still remains to him. and I am rendered more anxious for the economy of this remnant by information recieved from him, of which I was not before apprised. he tells me there is a distinction in the College of Columbia between what are called regular & irregular students: that the former are held to a systematic course of studies, embracing all the branches of science taught in that college; and that they recieve a Diploma as the crown of their attainments: while the latter are at liberty to devote their time to those sciences only which will be useful in the particular line of life they expect to pursue; but recieve no Diploma. unaware of this distinction, he has hitherto been arrayed in the rank of regular students, which has economised his time less rigorously than it\u2019s scantiness required. the sciences useful for him may be divided into those which require the aid of an academical apparatus & instruction, and those which he may acquire himself by a judicious course of reading after quitting college. the former comprise Mathematics, astronomy, Natl Philosophy, and the several branches of chemistry; to which I should add Botany & Anatomy if taught at Columbia. the self-acquirable are Zoology, geography, history, politics, Law natural & municipal, ethics, ideology, belles lettres generally & Rhetoric particularly. in the exercises of this last, I know the value of the judicious criticisms of a qualified judge of style and composition. but, time being wanting, this is one of the desirable things for which he must trust to himself hereafter. the ensuing year therefore we would wish him to employ exclusively on Algebra and fluxions, the geometry of strait lines and of the Cone, astronomy, physics, & chemistry: and should these be too much for the year, as I fear they may, fluxions & the Conic sections may be omitted, as least likely to be called for in the probable pursuits of his life. this relinquishes the honorary distinction of a Diploma, a good enough thing to excite the ambition of youth to study, but, in modern estimation, no longer worth taking, by it\u2019s initials even, to one\u2019s name; and certainly not worth the sacrifice of a single useful science. he tells me that Cavello\u2019s Natural philosophy is that used at College. I advise him therefore, in his leisure hours, to carry on the same subjects in Haiij\u2019s Physique elementaire, an abler and more recent work than Cavallo\u2019s. I expect in autumn a copy of Haiij, of Biot\u2019s astronomy, & Dumeril\u2019s natural history, which I wrote for to Paris for him, knowing he could not get them in America. in the mean time I observe there is a copy of Haiij in your college library.When he enters on the study of the law (which I believe is his choice) as no human mind can apply itself with advantage to the same subject constantly, the sciences omitted at College may be carried on concomitantly with that of the law. Anatomy, zoology, geography, history, politics, belles lettres, rhetoric, and ethics, may each have their allotted hours. botany may amuse his rambles for exercise; and all may be attained within the period necessary for such a course of law-reading as will make a man respectable in that profession, and in the Senates of his country.On the subject of our University, F. Eppes will be able to inform you of the progress of our buildings. all of them will be compleated by the spring, except the one intended for a Library. but when the institution will be opened will depend on our legislature. after they shall liberate our annuity by a remission of the loan they made us on the hypothecation of that, we shall still require a year to get professors into place. Accept assurances of my constant esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2316", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 16 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\n\t\t\t\t\tthe same, and their language often quite so. Justinian is very illustrative of the doctrines of Equity, and is often appealed to, & Cooper\u2019s edition is the best on account of the analogies & contrasts he has given of the Roman and English law. after Bracton, Reeves\u2019s history of the English law may be read to advantage during this same hour or two of lighter law reading, select and leading cases of the Reporters may be successively read, which the several digests will have pointed out and referred to. one of these particularly may be named as proper to be turned to while reading Coke Littleton on Warranty. it explains that subject easily which Coke makes difficult and too artificial. this is a case in Vaughan\u2019s reports, of Gardner & Sheldon, as well as I remember, for I quote by memory, and after an interval of near 60. years since I read it.I have here sketched the reading in Common law & Chancery which I suppose necessary for a reputable practitioner in those courts. but there are other branches of law in, which, altho\u2019 it is not expected he should be an adept, yet, when it occurs to speak of them, it should be understandingly to a decent degree. these are the Admiralty law, Ecclesiastical law, and the Law of Nations. I would name as elementary books in these branches Molloy dejure maritime Brown\u2019s Compend of the Civil and Admiralty law, 2.8vos the Jura Ecclesiastica. 2.8vos and Les institutions du droit de la Nature et des Gens de Reyneval 1.8vo.Besides these 6. hours of law-reading, light and heavy, and those necessary for the repasts of the day, for exercise and sleep, which suppose to be 10. or 12. there will still be 6. or 8. hours for reading history, Politics, Ethics, Physics, Oratory, Poetry, Criticism Etc as necessary as Law to form an accomplished lawyer.The letter to Dr. Cooper, with this as a supplement, will give you those ideas on a sufficient course of law reading, which I ought to have done with more consideration at the moment of your first request. Accept them now as a testimony of my esteem, and of sincere wishes for your success: and the family, un\u00e2 voce, desires me to convey theirs, with my own affectionate salutations.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2317", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 16 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe shortness of the time now left to Francis for the pursuit of Academical studies, calls for extreme parcimony in the employment of the portion of it which still remains to him: and I am rendered more anxious for the economy of this remnant by information recieved from him, of which I was not before apprised. it seems there is a distinction in the College of Columbia between what are called regular, and irregular students: that the former are held to a systematic course of studies, embracing all the branches of science taught in that college; and that they receive a Diploma as the crown of their attainments; while the latter are at liberty to devote their time to those sciences only which will be useful in the particular line of life they expect to pursue; but recieve no Diploma. unaware of this distinction, he has hitherto been arrayed in the rank of regular students, which has economized his time less rigorously than it\u2019s scantiness required. the sciences useful for him may be divided into those which require the aid of an Academical apparatus and instruction, and those which he may acquire himself by a judicious course of reading after quitting college. the former comprise Mathematics, astronomy, Natural philosophy, and the several branches of chemistry: to which I should add Botany & Anatomy if taught at Columbia. the self-acquirable are Zoology, geography, history, politics, Law natural and municipal, ethics, ideology, belles lettres generally, & Rhetoric particularly. in the exercises of this last I know the value of the judicious criticisms of a qualified judge of style and composition. but time being wanting, this is one of the desirable things for which he must trust to himself hereafter. the ensuing year therefore I think he should employ exclusively on Algebra & Fluxions, the geometry of strait lines and of the Cone, astronomy, physics, & chemistry: and, should these be too much for the year, as I fear they may, fluxions & the Conic sections may be omitted, as least likely to be called for in the probable pursuits of his life. this relinquishes the honorary distinction of a Diploma, a good enough thing to excite the ambition of youth to study, but, in modern estimation, no longer worth tacking, by it\u2019s initials even, to one\u2019s name; and certainly not worth the sacrifice of a single useful science. he tells me that Cavallo\u2019s Natural Philosophy is that used at College. I advise him therefore, in his leisure hours, to carry on the same subjects in Haiij\u2019s Physique elementaire, an abler and more recent work than Cavallo\u2019s. I expect in autumn, a copy of Haiij, of Biot\u2019s astronomy, & Dumeril\u2019s Natural history, which I wrote for, to Paris, for him, knowing he could not get them in America. in the mean time I observe there is a copy of Haiij in the College library.When he enters on the study of the law (if that be his choice) as no human mind can apply itself with advantage to the same subject constantly, the sciences omitted at College may be carried on concomitantly with that of the Law. from 4. to 6. hours a day are enough for the Law. Anatomy, zoology, geography, history, politics, belles lettres, rhetoric and ethics, may each have their allotted hours. botany may amuse his rambles for exercise: and all may be attained within the period necessary for such a course of law-reading as will make a man respectable in that profession, and in the Senates of his country. ever and affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2318", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 16 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have no doubt you have occasionally been led to reflect on the character of the duty imposed by Congress on the importation of books. some few years ago, when the tariff was before Congress, I engaged some of our members of Congress to endeavor to get the duty repealed, and wrote on the subject to some other acquaintances in Congress, and pressingly to the Secretary of the treasury. the effort was made by some members with zeal and earnestness, but it failed. the Northern colleges are now proposing to make a combined effort for that purpose, as you will see by the inclosed extract of a letter from mr Ticknor, asking the cooperation of the Southern and Western institutions, and of our university particularly. mr Ticknor goes so ably into all the considerations justifying this step, that nothing need be added here, and especially to you: and we have only to answer his questions, Whether we think with them on the subject of the tax? what should be the extent of relaxation solicited? what mode of proceeding we think best? and whether we will cooperate in our visitatorial character? I must earnestly request your thoughts on these questions, fearful of answering them unadvisedly, and on my own opinions alone.I think that another measure, auxiliary to that of petitioning might be employed with great effect. that is for the several institutions, in their corporate capacities, to address letters to their representatives in both houses of Congress, recommending the proposition to their advocation. such a recommendation would certainly be respected, and might excite to activity those who might otherwise be indifferent and inactive. and in this way a great vote, perhaps a majority might be obtained. there is a consideration going to the injustices of the tax which might be added to those noticed by mr Ticknor. books constitute capital. a library book lasts as long as a house, for hundreds of years. it is not then an article of mere consumption, but fairly of capital, and often in the case of professional men, setting out in life, it is their only capital. now there is no other form of capital which is first taxed 18. per cent on the gross, and the proprietor then left to pay the same taxes in detail with others whose capital has paid no tax on the gross. nor is there a description of men less proper to be singled out for extra taxation. mr Ticknor, you observe asks a prompt answer; and I must ask it from you for the additional reason that within about a week I set out for Bedford to remain there till the approach of winter. be so good as to return me also the inclosed extract and to be assured of my constant & affectionate friendship.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Barbour, 17 September 1821\nFrom: Barbour, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBarboursville\nSeptr. 17th 21\nThis will be presented you by Mr Lewis who is desirous of obtaining a Situation in the university\u2014I have not the pleasure of any acquaintance with Mr Lewis\u2014but he is strongly recommended to me by a much esteemed friend for his moral qualities\u2014his capacity for the Situation, to which he aspires will be for yourself to decide\u2014I Suggested to him that I was apprehensive the university was scarcely in Sufficient forwardness\u2014he hopes otherwise and wishes to be at least in time, lest he should be anticipatedI tender you my respectsJames Barbour", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Isaacs, 19 September 1821\nFrom: Isaacs, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am sorry you get disapointed in the Beef this morning. the morning was Cool and the Customers tooke largely of the hind qurs so that there is none fit to sent you\u2014to morrow evening there will another one be Killd you my if you Please sent Friday morning and a hind qur Shall be put aside for youI sent you the Tallow in the Stand59\u00bd\u2114  Gross the stand weight 15\u2114 \u2014so there 1544\u00bd is 44\u00bd\u2114 Nett Tallow you can have the stand returned when EmptyYours Respectfully\n          David IsaacsNBI sent you a Peice of the fore qur Perhaps it may be of Service till Friday\n          D. IsaacsTallow44\u00bd \u2114  ydBeef32\u2114  4\u00bd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2321", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Lincoln Lear, 19 September 1821\nFrom: Lear, Benjamin Lincoln\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nWashington\nMr Wirt has probably informed you that he had transfered to me the papers wh: you sent him relative to the Estate of Genl Kosciuszko, and requested me to administer upon it, as you had desired him to transfer it to some other person, if he could not himself conveniently undertake it.\u2014I have now the honor to inform you; Sir, that I have received Letters of administration with the will annexed, after having given Bond with the most satisfactory security for the faithful performance of the trust. My object therefore in troubling you with this letter, Sir, is to request that you will be so good as to furnish me with the certificates of the Stock held by Genl K. both in the Public funds  & the Bank of Columbia, that I may lay them before the appraizers appointed by the Orphan\u2019s Court, to ascertain the value of the personal Estate left by Genl K.As this is a trust of considerable importance, & one in wh: you, Sir, must feel some interest, I will avail myself of this occasion, (altho\u2019 I may obtrude a longer letter upon you than I ought) to mention the manner in wh: I intend to proceed. As I am sensible that nothing so much embarrasses the faithful execution of such trusts, as the converting property into money and then suffering the funds to mingle indiscriminately with others, and become liable to be divested to other uses, until they are at length irretrievable. I have resolved, upon receiving the Certificates of Stock, and after an appraizment of it, to deposit them in the hands of one of my sureties in the Bond and there let them remain till the Court shall order a sale of some of the Stock. I shall thus place the funds far enough out of my own reach, to avoid the embarrassment above mentioned, and what is scarcely less dangerous, in these peculiar days of immoral influences, the temptation wh: no one ought to encounter unnecessarily, since we have seen how many strong men have yielded.In addition to the public notice in the newspapers of my administration, I have, already written to Genl Armstrong & he has appointed Counsel to prosecute his claim in the Orphan\u2019s Court here.\u2014I shall notify Mr Politicon, on his return to this place, to take a similar step in behalf of Major Estuo, the nephew of Genl K.\u2014& shall write by the first opportunity to Mr Zeltner, to prosecute his claim.\u2014For I am resolved to decide nothing myself in relation to the several claims but let them interplead & contest them in the Orphan\u2019s Court, taking appeals if they please, to a superior tribunal, & not to pay one Dollar to any one, without the authority & order of the Court, that I may exonerate myself & sureties  from all future responsibility not only legal but moral.\u2014If none of the claims shd be allowed by the Court, then a question may arise how far the will can be executed compatibly with the Laws of Virginia & Maryland,\u2014wh: regard with jealousy the education of that description of persons, to the Extent provided for by the Will. If the will shd be defeated on such ground, the funds would probably be subject by a Law of Maryland wh: provides, that all funds remaining in the hands of Executors or administrators & wh: cannot be appropriated legally to any other purpose, shall go into the funds for the support of schools.\u2014In any event I shall always avail myself of the Counsel of my good friend Mr Wirt, and your own, if you will permit me, Sir, to do so, not only in this particular, but in any other Emergency wh: may arise in the progress of the business.\u2014I called to day upon the worthy Mr Barnes. He offers me Every facility in his power & promises me an account of his transactions, in the business, as soon as I shall receive the Certificates of Stock. He speaks with enthusiasm of Genl Kosciuszko, and gave me as kind a reception as if I had been his relation, instead of his mere legal representative.\u2014With the highest respect & esteem, I am, Sir, Your faithful most ob: St:Benjamin L. Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2323", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Fairfax, 20 September 1821\nFrom: Fairfax, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\u2014\nNear Prospect Hill Fairfax Co\nSepr 20th 1821.\nHaving been long desirous of knowing the progress of the University of Virginia, and whether it will be ready for the reception of students this Autumn and having in vain sought for information elsewhere, I am at length induced, though with reluctance, to trouble you with this, to request the favour of a line from your Amanuensis on the subject.I have three sons who are waiting to hear whether there is any prospect of admission with suitable accommodations in the course of a few months, as otherwise they will have to turn their views to some northern Seminary.I am Sir very respectfullyTho: Fairfax", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 20 September 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Montpellier\n          I recd yesterday yours of the 16th inclosing the paper from Mr Ticknor, on the tax imposed on Books imported. He has taken a very comprehensive and judicious view of the subject. The remark you add to it is a proper one also; that books being a permanent property ought not to be taxed whilst other permanent property is exempt, both in the acquisition and possession.I have always considered the tax in question as an impolitic and disreputable measure; as of little account in point of revenue, and as a sacrifice of intellectual improvement to mechanical profits. These two considerations however produced the tax and will be the obstacles to its removal. of the precise amount it yields to the revenue I have no knowlege. It cannot I presume  be such as to weigh, even in the present difficulties of the Treasury, against the arguments for its discontinuance. If the fiscal consideration is to prevail, a better course would be to substitute an equivalent advance on some other articles imported. As to the encouragement of the Book printers their interest might be saved in the mode suggested by Mr T. by a continuance of the tax on Books republished within a specified time. And perhaps the encouragement is recommended by the interests of literature as well as by the advantage of conciliating an active & valuable profession; reprinted books being likely to obtain a greater number of purchasers & readers, especially when founded on previous subscriptions, than would seek for or purchase imported originals. As I approve therefore the general object of the Northern Literati, I should prefer at the same time a modification of it in favor of Republishers. I see no adequate reason for distinguishing between English & other books whether in modern or ancient languages. If it were possible to define such as would fall under the head of luxurious or demoralizing amusements, there might be a specious plea for their exception from the repeal; but besides the impracticability of the discrimination, it would involve a principle of censorship which puts at once a veto on it.The proposed concert among the Learned Institutions in presenting the grievance to Congress would seem to afford the best hope of success in drawing their favorable attention to it. A captious or fastidious adversary may perhaps, insinuate that the proper petitioners for redress are those who feel the grievance, not those who are exempt from it, that the latter assume the office of Counsellors, under the name of petitioners; and that from Corporate bodies, above all a combination of them, the precedent ought to be regarded with a jealous eye. The es & modesty which would doubtless be stamped on the face of the interposition in this case, will be the best answer to such objections: or if there should be any serious apprehension of danger from them; the auxiliary expedient you suggest addressing the respective representatives, instead of Congress, might be made a substitute instead of an auxiliary. I should suppose that our University would not withold their concurrence in either or both modes. In that of addressing to the particular representatives in Congress, there could be no room for hesitation. Mr Ticknors wishes for information as to the other Institutions in Virga & to the South & West proper to be invited into the plan, you can satisfy as well without as with my attempt to enumerate them. The members of Congress most proper to be engaged in the cause could be best selected on the spot, where I presume some well chosen agent or agents none better than Mr T. himself, will be provided in the quarter giving birth to the experiment.These are hasty thoughts, but I send them in compliance with your request of an immediate answer. Take them for what they are worth only.Affectionately yours\n            James Madison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2326", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Eston Randolph, 23 September 1821\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirAshton\n23d Septr 1821Soon after seeing you yesterday at the Mill, I recollected there was an error in the acceptance of your order on Randolph & Colclaser.Our object in requesting the order might be drawn at 10 days sight was, that we might have advantage of that time after Mr Peyton\u2019s return home\u2014whereas the acceptance is evidence of its being presented\u2014and is consequently due at 10 days from its date\u2014If you will have the goodness to destroy that order and will take the trouble to draw another on us, I promise you it shall be accepted so soon as it is presentedMy Son having rode out this morning prevents my sending you the $50\u2014which I promised\u2014but you shall certainly receive it tomorrow\u2014I pray you to accept assurance of my esteem and affectionate regards\u2014Thos Eston Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2327", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Adams, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontizello\nI thank you for your favour of the 12 inst. Hope springs eternal. Eight Millions of Jews hope for a Messiah more powerful & glorious than Moses, David, & Solomon. who is to make them as powerful as he pleases. Some hundreds of millions of Musslemen expect another Prophet more powerful than Mahomet who is to spread Islamism over the whole earth\u2014Hundreds of millions of Christians expect and hope for a Millenium in which Jesus is to reign for a thousand years over the whole world before it is burnt up\u2014The Hindoos expect another and a final incarnation of Vishnu who is to do great and wonderful things. I know not whatall these hopes are founded on real or pretended revelation. The modern Greeks too it seems hope for a deliverer who is to produce them.\u2014The Themistoclese\u2019s and Demostheneses. The Plato\u2019s and Aristotle\u2019s The Solon\u2019s and Sycinigus\u2019. In what prophecies they found their belief I know not..You and I hope for splendid improvements in human society and vast ameliorations  in the condition of mankind.\u2014Our faith may be supported by more rational arguments than any of the former\u2014I own that I am very sanguine in the belief of them as I hope and believe you are and your reasoning in your Letter confirmed me in them.  As Brother Floyd has gone I am now the oldest of the little  Congressional group that remain. I may therefore rationally hope to be the first to depart; and as you are the youngest and the most energetic in mind and body, you may therefore rationally hope to be the last to take your flight and to rake up the fire as father Sherman who always staid to the last and commonly two days afterwards used to say. \u201cthat it was his office to sit up and rake the ashes over the coals\u201d and much satisfaction may you have in your office.The Cholera morbus has done wonders in St Helena and in London. We shall soon hear of a Negociation for a second Wife. Whether in the body or out of the body I shall always be your friend.The anecdote of Mr Chase contained in the Oration delivered at Milford must be an idle rumour for neither th\u00ebe State of Maryland nor of their Delegates were very early in their conviction of the necessity of Independence, nor very forward in promoting it. The old Speaker Tilghman, Johnson, Chase, and Paca, were steady in promoting resistance but after some of them Maryland sent one at least of the most turbulent Tory\u2019s that ever came to Congress\u2014John Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2328", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Dodge, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Dodge, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Respected Sir\nMarseilles\n24 September 1821\nI was favoured on the 31st of July with the duplicate of your esteemed letter of the 19th of April, the original of which reached me on the 21 instt. I regret the long passage of the Union caused you any apprehension respecting the safety of the Shipment by her. My firm has duly executed the new commissions you give me & has Shipped them on board the Brigantine Packer of Newburyport Captn Campbell (which is the first Vessel that has cleared out for the U.States, since the receipt of the duplicate of your letter. of 19 April.) consigned to the collector of the Port of Boston who has orders to forward the same to you. You have annexed the Invoice amounting to F. 1136.67 which my firm has passed to your debit. I received on the 21st inst the remittance you had directed Mr Vaughan to make me & I have negociated it as noted at foot of this letter. The net produce of F1043.05. has been passed to your credit by my firm to which I shall also transfer the small balance of your funds in my hands of F 119.27. It may be necessary to observe to you that the oil generally shipped from this place to America is received from the Riviera of Genoa & does not stand in more than F13 per Basket or Case of 12 Bottles, whilst the oil I have always shipped for you is the superfine oil of Provence, which costs nearly double the price, owing to its very superior quality & flavour.\u2014I have recommended to the care of Capn Campbell a Medal of Bishop Belzunce who so much distinguished himself in this place by his patriotism & humanity during the plague of 1720. He will deliver it to the collector at Boston to be forwarded to you & I hope it will prove acceptable. I wish the packet may have a quick passage & that your provisions may reach you safe & in good condition. I need not assure you of the pleasure I shall ever feel when you afford me opportunities of being of use to you & I remain, Dear Siryour most obedt humble servtJoshA DodgeF. 1060.at60 d/sight of S. Girard on Haffite & Co. Paris16.95{15.90. Agio1.05 Brokerage1043.05\u201cnett proceeds of remittance119.27old balance now paid1162.321135.67cost of present invoice35.65present balace in my favor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2329", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Eliakim Littell, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Littell, Eliakim,Henry, R. Norris\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia\n24 September 1821\nThe enclosed prospectus of an edition of Blackstone\u2019s Commentaries, is respectfully submitted to your examination by the publishers.As it is of much importance to attract to it as early as possible the attention of the public, and as nothing would so certainly secure this as an expression of the favourable opinion of those who are most competent to judge of its utility, we have been induced to trouble you with this letter, and to take the further liberty of requesting from you an answer containing your opinion of the plan which is proposed.We are aware, Sir, that the time of men who are distinguished in public life, is often unwarrantably encroached upon by the eagerness of publishers to procure recommendations that will guide the public opinion, but we beg leave to assure you, that we should not have ventured thus to intrude ourselves upon you for the purpose of promoting our own interest, had we not believed that it is in this instance connected with the public good.With the highest respect, We are Sir, Your most obedt ServtsLittell & Henry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2330", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 24 September 1821\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Liverpool\n          My son William returned about a fortnight ago; and this is the third son who has been treated by my antient friend with such flattering marks of kindness, for which we all present you our particular thanks.This young man, as well as the two, who went before him in their visit, to the land of their father, are so attached to it that I think it highly probably they will return at some future period; &, not a distant one, to live and die in it.I see a letter from my partner to William has been communicated to you: it was written under the impulse of alarm for my health; and, however ill founded, for a kindest & best of motives; but the interest you so obligingly take in these matters has my most grateful acknowlegements; and, should any thing occur I will avail of your kindness. In the interim it may be proper to say I have no intention of resigning so long as it may please the president to continue me & so long as I feel adequate to the duties of the office.It is gratifying to have a continuation of the reports I so long have been accustomed to have of your strong health; my sons tell me of a rule you have of varying your dress by the variations of the Thermometer; but I wanted to know of them how many degrees of rise or fall you deemed necessary for thinner or lighter cloathing: they could not tell me: will you be so good as give me this information:\u2014 as we merchants say, for my government?I also have uncommon reason to be thankful for the health I enjoy at this advanced period: and especially, as I think I have not been as vigilant in attending to it as you have been: For twelve Months past I have changed my plan of cold batheing: &, in place of three times a week as heretofore, I now plunge into cold water daily, be it summer or winter, unless prevented by indisposition & altho it suits me as well as it did half a century ago, yet I will not recommend it to you to make the experiment.Mrs. maury and my Sons join me in best wishes to you & yours.Your old obliged friend\n            James Maury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2331", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to A. & J.W. Picket, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Picket, A. & J.W.\nMessrs A. & J. W.Picket\nMonticello\nI duly recieved your favor of the 10th asking an opinion from me on the subject of female education. it is one to which nothing has happened to draw my attention particularly, & therefore I am really not qualified to give an opinion worthy of your acceptance, and still less of being used for any public purpose. approaching the entrance into my 80th year, repose and tranquility are with me the summum bonum of life. yet it is not the mere labor of the writing table, however irksome that is become to me, which would prevent my hazarding such an opinion as I might make up with some reflection, but that I can write nothing however indifferent, which, if it gets before the public, is not siezed upon by political enmity, as ground of obloquy. and altho I fear no reproach, I see no usefulness in rekindling malice, and reviving hostile feelings in those who, as to my self ought long ago to have forgotten them. trusting therefore to your indulgence I salute you with great respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2332", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI recieve this day your favor of the 18th which gives me the welcome information of the continuance of your good health. I have recieved a letter from mr Lear, adms of Genl Kosciuzko, requesting me to transmit to him the original certificates of stock which constitute the property of the General which was in our hands. I do so in the letter now inclosed, which I leave open for your perusal in the hope you will have the goodness to compare the originals with the description in the letter, to see that it is right, and to ask a reciept for them of mr Lear, and transmit it to me for my security. I feel happy in getting this business off my hands. I am become too sluggish and age-worn for any business. I love you as ever and pray for your happiness.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2333", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nSept. 25\nMr Antrim informs me his situation is such that he will not be able to carry on the plastering here unless he can get some money--from the nature of our contract I can\u2019t ascertain precisely the amount due him, but suppose a thousand or twelve hundred dollars will fall short of the actual sum due, and which may be paid him with perfect safety--from the numerous claims against the institution, he was not able to get what he wanted out of the last money deposited to the credit of the bursar--he has been paid a little upwards of $3000. & amt of work at present will amt to between 5 & $6000---his wish is to obtain a check in his favor to the bursar--for the above $1000 or $1200--that he may get it without delay--the price of plastering here is governed by the price of the same kind of work in Philadelphia at the time the contract was made, we have writen on to get the price at that time but as yet have not been able to obtain it--I fear if you postpone your trip to Bedford until Mr Oldhams work is measured it will be some days delayed--I twice applied to him last week to get on with the measurement of it, his excuse was indisposition not able to attend to it--I can furnish in a few days an estimate of the cost of Pav: 3 & 7 the buildings first undertaken and of the Pavilions 5, 9, 2 & 4 from the average of which we can form a tolerably accurate estimate of the other four Pavilions--I have measured Hotel B and can give you the cost of that, which I consider the most expencive one of all--an estimate of the dormitories also will be furnished--Mr Oldham has just informed me he can proceed with the Measurement to day--the settlement of his bill will take at least a week, if I proceed in the measurement of his work it will delay the report on the other buildings much longer perhaps than you would wish to be detained--I shall therefore go on & make out the cost of those actually measured & Bills settled, taking the average cost of four of them for the other four I am Sir respectfully your Obt servtA. S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin A. Gould, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gould, Benjamin A.\nMonticello\nSep. 25. 1821Th: Jefferson returns thanks to mr Gould for the two numbers of his prizebook, which he has been so kind as to send him, and which he has read with great satisfaction. he is, with mr Gould, a zealous advocate for classical education, as a foundation for science and taste.  he thinks the essays of the prize-book, the effect of learning and experience, will convey useful advice to parents and tutors, the specimens of composition do honor to his school, and especially to the gentlemen who composed them. he salutes mr Gould with respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Emmanuel Grouchy, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Grouchy, Emmanuel\nSir\nMonticello\nI have to acknowledge your favor of the 9th being entirely retired from the business of the world and all correspondence with it\u2019s authorities, I have been obliged rigorously to decline all sollicitations for office on behalf of others. I sincerely commiserate your case. the President is at this time at his seat adjoining this place, and I am to be with him tomorrow. I will mention your situation to him, so that if you should apply your name and case will be known to him, but my constant course in other similar  cases will oblige me to decline any solicitation in this. I sincerely wish you success in your application and salute you with sentiments of sympathy and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2336", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Lincoln Lear, 25 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lear, Benjamin Lincoln\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 19th informing me that administration with the will annexed of Genl Kosciuzko\u2019s affairs has been granted you, and I now inclose the certificates of his stock deposited with me as follows.Bank of Columbia 46. shares, 4,600 D. 1817. Jan. 10. No 1314Treasury of the US. 10,363. D. loan of May 2. 1814. No. 90. int. from 1817. Jan. 1Do.  1.136. 36/100 same loan  No 37 int from same dateamounting in the whole to 17.099D.36 I approve much of the course you propose for the safety of the funds, for indeed such are the examples of infidelity in these trusts, that one knows not who may be trusted. should the foreign claims be rejected, as I think they must be, there will be no difficulty of carrying the trust into execution in this state, nor consequently any danger of any public claim on the money. I tender you the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2340", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Burwell Bassett, Jr., 27 September 1821\nFrom: Bassett, Burwell, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nTinsley Ville\nOur friend Judge Roane passed here yesterday and delivered me your friendly invitation to Visit Monte Cello. I regret that previous to that I had made an engagement for this day which left not a sufficiency of time be fore you would believing home. I beg you to be assured that your politteness is is highly appreciated and that I would have a vailed myself of it had time permitedAccept the assurance of highest respect and esteem from your Obt Ser.Burwell Bassett\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2343", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 27 September 1821\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nHighland\nI send you the papers which I mentioned to you yesterday, that is, the letter of Lt Lewis, & the opinion of the court of Enquiry, on the charges alledged against Commodore Barron, which, after perrusing, be so kind as to return to me. A letter from Mr Thompson is also enclosed.I shall set out to morrow, it appearing necessary, by the communications from Washington, that I should either be there shortly, or within daily reach of it. Wherever I may be, I beg you to be assured, that nothing will be more gratifying to me, than to be useful to you, in any way, in which you may command me, & that I shall always take a deep interest, in what relates to your welfare reputation and happiness. your affectionate friend.James Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2344", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hutchins Gordon Burton, 28 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Burton, Hutchins Gordon\nSir\nMonticello.\nThe government of the US. at a very early period, when establishing it\u2019s tariff on foreign importations, were very much guided in their selection of objects, by a desire to encourage manufactures within ourselves. Among other articles then selected were books, on the importations of which a duty of 15. per cent was imposed, which, by ordinary custom-house charges, amount to about 18 per cent and adding the importing bookseller\u2019s profit on this, becomes about 27 per cent. This was useful at first perhaps towards exciting our printers to make a beginning in that business here. but it is found in experience that the home-demand is not sufficient to justify the re-printing any but the most popular English works, and cheap editions of a few of the classics for schools. for the editions of value, enriched by notes, commentaries &c and for books in foreign living languages the demand here is too small and sparse to reimburse the expense of re-printing them. none of these therefore are printed here. and the duty on them becomes consequently not a protecting, but really a prohibitory one. it makes a very serious addition to the price of the book, and falls chiefly on a description of persons little able to meet it. Students who are destined for professional callings, as most of our scholars are, are barely able for the most part to meet the expenses of tuition. The addition of 18. or 27 per cent on the books necessary for their instruction amounts often to a prohibition, as to them. For want of these aids, which are open to the students of all other nations but our own, they enter on their course on a very unequal footing with those of the same professions in foreign countries: and our citizens at large too, who employ them, do not derive from that employment all the benefit which higher qualifications would give them. it is true that no duty is required on books imported for seminaries of learning. but these locked up in libraries, can be of no avail to the practical man when he wishes a recurrence to them for the uses of life. of many important books of reference there is not perhaps a single copy in the United States. of others but a few, and these too distant often to be accessible to scholars generally. it is believed therefore that if the attention of Congress could be drawn to this article, they would, in their wisdom, see it\u2019s impolicy. science is more important in a republican than in any other government, and in an infant country like ours we must much depend for improvement on the science of other countries, longer established, possessing better means, and more advanced than we are. To prohibit us from the benefit of foreign light, is to consign us to long darkness.The Northern seminaries, following with parental solicitude the interest of their el\u00e8ves in the course for which they have prepared them, propose to petition Congress on this subject, and wish for the co-operation of those of the South and West, and I have been requested as more convenient in position than they are, to sollicit that cooperation. having no personal acquaintance with those who are charged with the direction of the college of Chapel Hill I do not know how more effectually to communicate these views to them than by availing myself of the knolege I have of your zeal for the happiness and improvement of our country. I take the liberty therefore of requesting you to place the subject before the proper authorities of that institution, and, if they approve the measure, to sollicit a concurrent proceeding on their part to carry it into effect. besides petitioning Congress, I would propose that they address, in their corporate capacity, a letter to their delegates and Senators in Congress, solliciting their best endeavors to obtain the repeal of the duty on imported books. I cannot but suppose that such an application will be respected by them, and will engage their votes and endeavors to effect an object so reasonable. a conviction that Science is important to the preservation of our republican government, and that it is also essential to it\u2019s protection against foreign power, induces me, on this occasion, to step beyond the limits of that retirement to which age and inclination equally dispose me: and I am without a doubt that the same considerations will induce you to excuse the trouble I propose to you, and that you will kindly accept the assurance of my high respect and esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2345", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Ticknor, 28 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour letter of the 1st instant came to hand on the 12th and came with cordial welcome, as does every thing from you. it\u2019s subject made it the more so, as one which I had long had in mind. and which, when the tariff was last before congress, I had made an effort to effect thro\u2019 the delegates of our state, and by letters to the Secretary of the Treasury. I coupled with it an endeavour to lessen the evil of ardent spirits, which are desolating our country, by encouraging by an abatement of duty, the importation of cheap wines from Europe. I knew that sound and well\u2013bodied wines could be bought there for 2. cents the quart by the cask, on which (instead of 11. or 12. cents the bottle then imposed) an ad valorem of 15. per cent would raise them to less than 3. cents here, and thus afford, even to our laboring citizens a pleasanter and cheaper beverage than the grog which brutalizes them and the taste once established by habit, would soon lead to the making this ourselves. the latter proposition succeeded as far as to obtain a reduction of duty to 6. cents: but this enlarges but little the circle of those who may indulge themselves in this salutary change in their habits, and indeed nothing but the ad valorem is just, or can be effectual.  the former the abolition, or lowering the duty on books, failed entirely; and the Tariff proposed lately contained the Vandal attempt to raise it to 30 p. c. I repeat these rates from memory, and believe they are not materially mis remembered. I am glad therefore to see a proposition to remove this barbarism under auspices more promising, and shall cooperate cordially by whatever I can do. my colleagues, the Visitors of the University of Virginia, living some of them at the opposite extremities, of the state, cannot be well consulted until they meet in November. but I have no doubt they will concur, and that they will join in another measure which I refer to your consideration; that of addressing a letter, in our corporate capacity, to our delegates and scholars in Congress. I have no doubt it will be respected, and engage their vote and efforts: and if this should be generally done, it will ensure a strong vote, and in addition to the sound thinkers of those bodies, may procure a majority in each house. I think much might be hoped from this, as auxiliary  to the petitions.Of the Southern and Western institutions, I can undertake to interest in this operation the College of Chapel hill in N. Carolina, that of Columbia in S. Carolina, perhaps that of Athens in Georgia (where however I have less means) and that of Transylvania in Kentucky, which are the principal institutions of those states. and, understanding from your letter that the measure is decided on with you, I have written to particular characters in those states, who I trust will be able to engage their institutions in the concurrence you desire. I inclose a copy of my letter to them, that you may understand the course in which we propose to move, and suggest any changes necessary to harmonise it with yours.I suppose it will be thought prudent to keep these proceedings out of the public papers, lest an application in apparent combined array might excite jealousy & have ill effect. I salute you ever with affectionate friendship and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2346", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson: University of Virginia expenses, ca. 30 Sept. 1821, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \na view of the whole expences & of the Funds of the UniversityActual costestimated doAveragesDDDPavilions.No 3. & 7. undertaken in 1817.18.19,149.819,574.90No 2.4.5.9.33,563.158,390.7817. marble capitels for No 2.3.5.8. from Italy1,784.No 1.6.8.10. not finished33,563.15Hotel.B.B.4,609.585./6 other Hotels not finished20,000.4,000.Dormitories.16. undertaken in 1817.13,898.34868.6419.11,083.63583.3474./109. not finished, but contracted for38,462.60519.76Lands, wages, and contingencies (suppose for round numbers)18,885.7484,088.51110,911.49195,000Funds.Glebe lands3,104.09Annuitie of 1819.20.21.45,000.loan of 1820.60,000.loan of 1821.60,000.Subscriptions recieved to Sep. 1821 about25,000.balance to be carried forward1,895.91195,000Expencesstill to be incurred.Walls of backyards, gardens Etc about 100,000. bricks1,500.wages and contingencies for 1822.23.6,000.Library Hull 30,200. D + Interior 13,476 D43,675.Interest for 1821.22.23.13,700.64,875.Funds.Balance brought forward1,895.91Subscriptions. 19,133.33 of which are Sperate18,000.Annuities of 1822.23.24.45,000.64,895.91a more summary view of the cost of the 4. rows of buildings & Library10. Pavilions88,060.116. Hotels24,609.56109. Dormitories63,445.57 Library43,675.219,790.26", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2347", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Laval, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laval, John\nDr SirMonto\n\t\t\t Your favor of Aug. 23. was recd on the 6th inst, and I have thus so long waited to remit my balance, of 13d.97 endeavoring to get bills of the US. bank. it was not till the day before yesterday I could get them, for they are rarely seen in circulation in our country situation. I now inclose 15.D. in that currency. should you meet with one of Planche\u2019s lexicons Gr. & Fr. remember me. I salute you with est. and resp.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2348", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nMr Brockenbrough has been closely engaged, since our last meeting in settling the cost of the buildings finished at the University, that we might obtain a more correct view of the state of our funds, and see whether a competency will remain for the Library. He has settled for 6. Pavilions, 1. hotel, and 35. dormitories and will proceed with the rest; so that I hope, by our next meeting, the whole of the 4. rows will be nearly settled. From what is done he has formed an estimate of the cost of what is yet to be done; & guided in it by actual experience, it is probably nearly correct. the result is that our actual reciepts heretofore, with what is still to be recieved of the loan of this year, after paying for the lands and all incidental & current expences, will exactly compleat the 4. rows of buildings for the accomodation of the Professors and students, amounting in the whole to 195.000. Dollars, and leave us without either debt or contract.In the conjectural estimate laid before the visitors at their last meeting it was supposed that the 3. annuities of 1822. 23. & 24. would suffice for the Library and current charges, without the aid of the unpaid subscriptions, which were reserved therefore as a contingent fund. by this more actual estimate it appears that the unpaid subscriptions, valued at 18.000. D. will be necessary to compleat that building. So that that conjectural estimate fell short by 18.000 D. of the real cost of the 4. rows; which in a total of 195.000. D. is perhaps not over-considerable. I call it the real cost because that of the unfinished buildings is reckoned by the real cost of those finished. The season being now too far advanced to begin the Library, and the afflicting sickness in Genl Cocke\u2019s family having deprived me of the benefit of consultation with him, I think it a duty to leave that undertaking entirely open and undecided, for the opinion of the visitors at their meeting in November, when it is believed the actual settlements will have reached every thing, except 1. pavilion, and 3. Hotels, which alone will be unfinished until the spring.\u2014The considerations which urge the building the hull, at least, of the Library, seemed to impress the board strongly at their last meeting; and it is put in our power to undertake it with perfect safety, by the indefinite suspension by the Legislature of the commencement of our instalments. This leaves us free to take another year\u2019s annuity, to wit, that of 25. before we begin instalments, should the funds fall short which are here counted on for that building. The undertakers are disposed to accept and collect themselves the outstanding subscriptions in part of payment. You will distinguish in this statement, by their enormous cost, the pavilions No 3 & 7. and 16. dormitories contracted for in 1817 & 18 at the inflated prices prevailing then while we acted as a central college only. in 1819. & the following years, prices were reduced from 25. to 50. per cent. the enlarged cost of the latter dormitories has been occasioned by the unevenness of the ground, which required cellars under many of them.I shall hope to have the pleasure of recieving you at Monticello a day, at least, before that of our meeting, as we can prepare our business here so much more at leisure than at the University. I salute you with constant and affectionate Friendship & respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2349", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Barraud Taylor, 30 September 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, Robert Barraud\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour favor of Aug. 20. was recieved in due time, and I have delayed it\u2019s acknolegement until I could furnish you with a statement of the affairs of the University which was compleated only two days ago. I have inclosed a copy of it to our colleagues with an explanatory letter of which a copy accompanies this.  you recieved from me some time ago a proposition to postpone our next meeting to 3. days before that of our legislature. this having been approved by all the other visitors, will I hope have removed the cause   for your , withdrawing from us. and that you will change your mind on that subject. the Govr has held up your letter of resignation without communicating it to the council until I could write to you and ask a reconsideration. it is of great consequence that there should be no change in the councils of the University until it is compleated, that those who began  should go through with it. every change in it\u2019s  directors endangers vacillation and change of  plan. I earnestly hope and intreat therefore that you will continue with us until the work is compleated. your letter will in the mean time be considered as if never written, and we shall hope the pleasure of meeting you in November.  I salute you with assurances of  affectionate esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2352", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Eliakim Littell, 2 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Littell, Eliakim,Henry, R. Norris\n            Gentlemen,\n            Monticello\n          I recd yesterday your favor of Sep. 24. & am sorry that I must decline the request you are pleased to make of giving for publicn an opinion on the edn of Blackstone you propose to  edit. I have on two, or at most 3. occns done this under circumstances of peculiar urgency, and letters from me of common compliment to authors who had sent me their books have been sometimes published without my consent. but I am not qualified to be a Reviewer of books, nor authorised to give opns on them to the public. age too and a desire of tranquility and retirement indispose me to place myself before the public on any occasion, or to go into the way of contest or criticism. I ask therefore to be excused from this office, and pray you to accept the assurance of my respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2353", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Garrett, 3 October 1821\nFrom: Garrett, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharlottesville\n3d October 1821.\nI send you herewith a list of drafts furnished me this evening by Mr. Brockenbrough, which he states will be wanting before you return from Bedford. by his note he wishes a check for $3000. to meet those drafts. and to pay for a waggon purchased for the University, I have therefore drawn a check for the $3000.  for your approval. if you deem it proper. otherwise the check can be returned, I also send you two other checks to meet the drafts to Perry & Co Johnson herewith also sent for your inspection,I would have come up myself to have seen you  on this business but cannot leave home. and If I understood you aright you set out to Bedford tomorrow.Very Respectfully Your Mo. Obt ServantAlex: Garrett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Giacomo Raggi, 3 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Raggi, Giacomo\nSir\nMonticello.\nI have just recieved a letter from mr Appleton dated Leghorn July 7. informing me he had recieved the money remitted him on your account for Madame Raggi, and I have the painful office of announcing to you his further information that on writing to a friend at Carrara he found that she had died three months before that. some of her friends applied for the money, but considering it as yours he thought it his duty to refuse it, until he recieves your further orders. I sincerely condole with you on this affliction, but it is from the hand of providence, to which we must all bow with resignation. I shall set out early tomorrow morning for Bedford where my stay is somewhat uncertain. when I return I shall be ready to transmit any orders you may wish to send to Carrara, in the mean time I salute you with my best wishes.Th: JeffersonP.S. Mr Appleton says not a word of Michael Raggi.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2356", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Lincoln Lear, 4 October 1821\nFrom: Lear, Benjamin Lincoln\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Received this day as pr Letter of Mr Jeffersons dated 25 Sep by the hand of John Barnes. Original Certificates viz.of 66 shares Bank of Columbia  1817 Jany 10. No 13 14\n\t\t\t \u00a6$4.600.\u2014Treasury of the US. loan of 2 May 1814 No 90 interest from 1 Jany 1817\u00a611.363.62No 37 same Loan\u00a61.136.36Amounting in the whole to$17.099.99being the property of the late Genl Thaddeus Kusciusko for whom I am authorized to receive and to acctB. L. Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2357", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barnes, 5 October 1821\nFrom: Barnes, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir-\nGeorge Town Coty\n5th Octr 1821.\nYour Esteemed favr 25th Ulto with letter\u2014and original Certificates of the late Genl Kusciuskos funds\u2014examined & found Conformable thereto. as per, inclosed receipt of Mr Lear, of yesterday\u2014duplicate I reserve in Case of Accident.\u2014At Mr Lears better leisure (having to Attend County Court) I proposed, to Accompany him\u2014if Necessary\u2014to Bank of Columbia and Treasury. in Order to his receiving the Dividends & Quarterly Interest, due & unpaid\u2014thus far\u2014I sincerely congratulate you, respecting your late, Trust\u2014of inconceivable trouble\u2014and disfactory\u2014however Honorably & equitably discharged\u2014still I presume, difficulties may Arise from European\u2014Claiments. and even from the present. however Just, have yet to pass thro\u2014a Course of Law & Equity\u2014\u2014whatever may be required of me\u2014thro you\u2014will be attended to, am much pleased with Mr Lears\u2014Manners and Correct deporton?\u2014\u2014Accept sir, I pray you\u2014my unfeigned thanks. for the many favors heaped-on the Devoted hand\u2014of your Obliged\u2014most Obedt & very humble\u2014Servant,John Barnes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Yancey, 5 October 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nYancy Mills Alb. Va\n5th octo 1821\nmy Brother Joel Yancey of Kentucky, often writes me & often Mentions you. in a late letter he says \u201cpray dont forget to present me in Respectfull terms to our good Republican Father, friend, & benefactor Mr Jefferson,\u201d I avail my self of this opportunity to assure you My dear sir that I have Never lost sight of the obligation the people are under to you, for the Many years hard Labor you have spent in Maintaining, & supporting, our Republican institutions. accept Sir, of my best wishes for your health & happiness. with assurances of regard & esteem I am Dear Sir Your friend & Mo ob. StCharles Yancy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2359", "content": "Title: From George Blaettermann to Richard Rush, 6 October 1821\nFrom: Blaettermann, George\nTo: Rush, Richard\nSir\n              69. Grace church Street.\nI have received this morning your polite note with an extract from a letter addressed to you by the late venerated President of the United States, and hasten to observe in reply, that I think myself highly honored by the preference shown to my application for a Professorship in The new College, and feel deeply impressed with a sense of gratitude for being thus early made acquainted with the favorable dispositions entertained towards me, as this knowledge will prevent my forming any engagement I otherwise might have entered into, perhaps less analogous to the nature of my studies or less congenial to my inclination. It will be in the highest degree grateful to me to be enabled by my talents for teaching to communicate to the young Citizens of Virginia a knowledge of the languages of the most civilized nations of Europe, and thus to open to them the rich treasures of modern litterature, especially that of my native country which now holds so preeminent a rank; and I shall think myself fully authorized, by what Mr Jefferson writes respecting me, to take such steps in the arrangement of my affairs as if I were formally engaged.I have the honor to be, Sir very respectfully Your most obedient ServantGeorge Blatterman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2360", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Reuben G. Beasley, 8 October 1821\nFrom: Beasley, Reuben G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nHavre,\nOctober 8, 1821.\nThe books mentioned in the letter herewith from your booksellers have been shipped on board the American ship Imperial bound to New York and addressed to the Collector at that port with request to follow your directions relative to them.I am, with great regard & esteem Dear Sir Your Obedient Servant.R G  Beasley", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2361", "content": "Title: From George Blaettermann to Richard Rush, 8 October 1821\nFrom: Blaettermann, George\nTo: Rush, Richard\nSir,October 8th 1821. 69. Grace church Street.\nIn my note to you, written and sent off in haste, I omitted, though foremost in my mind, to beg you to return my sincere thanks to Mr Jefferson as the chief means in the hands of Providence of opening before me a prospect of increased happiness and usefulness and to assure him that, when I consider the importance of the trust likely to be reposed in me, I can safely promise not to fail in the fulfilment of it through want of zeal and industry; the dispenser of all good has, I flatter myself conferred on me my full share of ardor and activity. The communication of my acquirements to others has, at all times, been to me a delightful task and now rendered more so as my duty will call me to instruct the rising Citizens of a Country whose government, founded on the rights of man, and the eternal principle of justice, aims only at the good of the community, and whose ministers, distinguished by simplicity and grandeur of character, hold forth a noble example to direct and animate even distant nations in thier march to knowledge, to virtue, to freedom, and to happiness. I shall in the mean time direct my attention to points connected with my future destination and prepare myself for leaving at no distant period, my present sphere of utility. With every sentiment of respect, I have the honor to beSir Your most humble ServtG. Blatterman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2362", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Laval, 9 October 1821\nFrom: Laval, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Philadelphia\n          I have placed to your Credit the $15= inclosed in your letter of the 30th ulto, leaving a balance in your favor of $1\u20133/100if I receive, or Can procure for you, Planche\u2019s Lexicon Fs. & Gr., I will forward it to you immediatelyYou will find, herein, a list of a few Books of our last importations, which may deserve your Attention\u2014I am with the highest Consideration & respect Sir, your most humble Servt\n            John Laval", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2363", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Rush, 9 October 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir.\nLondon\nOctober 9. 1821.\nI received on the 26th of last month your favor of the 14th of August, and have had great pleasure in attending to the commissions which it entrusted to me. Law books being very costly, Thomas\u2019s edition of Coke Littleton is set down at \u00a34.. 4, though but three volumes. Rapins history, in fifteen, may be had for \u00a32. 12. It is therefore my intention to send you for the present, only these two works, which will about call for the unexpended balance in my hands, it appearing to be your wish, that I should not at this time go farther. I have requested Col: Aspinwall to ship them off for Norfolk, or Richmond, or Baltimore, should a vessel be likely to offer for either of these ports within two or three weeks from this date; but otherwise to let them go by the first ship for New York, as the winter will be advancing fast. They will be in a box, addressed to you as before, and consigned to the collector of the port.Mr Blatterman had left his former residence, but I had no difficulty in tracing him to the house to which he had removed. I addressed a note to him, and it appeared to me that it would be best to enclose him an extract of that part of your letter which had relation to his engagement for the University, and this I ventured upon doing. A copy of his reply is enclosed herewith, which I hope may prove satisfactory to the visitors. I have, in addition, had a personal interview with him, in the course of which he manifested the same zeal in the object proposed to him, that his note bespeaks. Permit me to repeat, that as long as I remain here, I shall be gratified in being at the call of the visitors, if I can prove useful to them in any way in this quarter.I sincerely rejoice to find that the Missouri question is lulled, and trust that it is never again to be agitated in any shape. When we look at our \u201cpeaceable and plain-sailing country\u201d (one of its best eulogiums) through the vista of this distance, perhaps we see but the more strikingly all the good which hangs upon our union, and all the evil which awaits our separation. Europe has entered upon the work of constitution-making, and it will probably cost her ages of blood to learn as much as we know about it. How lamentable, should we throw away our experience.By the last advices from the continent, it would seem that the question between Russia and the Turks is not yet considered as finally settled. Here the prevailing opinion, as far as I can gather it, continues to be, that the peace of the world will not at present, or first, be disturbed in that quarter.I beg to renew to you, dear sir, the strongest assurances of respect and attachment.Richard Rush.Since finishing my letter, I have received a second note from Mr Blatterman, dated yesterday, a copy of which is also enclosed.R. R.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2364", "content": "Title: Richard Rush: Account with Lackington, Hughes & Co., 10 Oct. 1821, 10 October 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: \n          R Rush EsqrTo Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Maver & Lepard.Oct. 10.1821\u2014Rapin\u2019s History of England 15 Vol 8o neat2126Coke\u2019s Institutes by Thomas 3 Vol  8o boards44\u2013Henshall, on the Saxon & English Languages 4to sewd\u20135\u2013\u00a3716Disct 10 per fr\u201314\u2013\u00a3676Box\u2014\u2014\u201326\u00a3610\u2013", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2365", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 11 October 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I was duly favor\u2019d with yours of the 3d curt covering notes for the renewal of yours at the different Banks, which shall be attended to. On the sixth inst recd the above 45 Blls: Flour from Shadwell Mills on your a/c, which was sold yesterday, as pr a/c sales above, which was the best that could be done with it\u2014nett proceeds at your credit, say $212.42; I have recd as yet, no other Flour for you.None of the drafts you apprise me of having drawn, are yet presented, when they are, will discharge them promptly, as well as those you expect to draw from Bedford.Agreeable to your request have procured from the Land Office a Patent for the 18 Acres of Land mentioned, which you will find under cover.\u2014As you did not return the rect sent you, which is customary, the Register requests you will destroy itWith great respect Dr Sir Yours very TrulyB. PeytonSales 45 Barrels super fine Flour by B. Peyton for a/c Mr Th: Jefferson1821 Richd10 OctrTo Capt Owens for Cash in store  45 Blls: super fine flour at $5.50$247.50ChargesCash paid freight at 2/6 pr Bll: is\n $18.75Canal Toll $4.70, Drayage 94\u00a2\n5.64Inspection 90\u00a2, Storage $3.60\n4.50Comssn at 2\u00bd pr Cent\n6.1935.08At credit Th: Jefferson$212.42", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2368", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 12 October 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Spring Hill Bindery\n          The Hon: Thos JeffersonTo Frederick A MayoDrToBindingWheattup Gardening Calf Gitt$1.25\u2033dittoApocryfal\u2014New Testament do1.25\u2033dittoGrammatica Ang: Arseon do.1.12\u00bd\u2033dittoOwens Neophonies do.1.50\u2033dittoCollectis Plantarum do.1.75\u2033dittoManueldo0.75\u2033ditto20 Vols U. History loose Backs do. @ 1.7535.00\u2033ditto1 Weekly Register \u00bd Bound0.62\u00bd\u2033ditto2 Vols Saxon Gospels Quarto plain Celf 1.503.00\u2033ditto1 Grafin\u201d  1.00\u2033ditto1 Pasterior plain Celf.0.75\u2033ditto1 Profrhetal ditto0.75\u2033ditto1 Majoras do0.75\u2033ditto1 Poctera do0.75$50\u203325", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2369", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Clark, 12 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clark, John\nSir\nI have been applied to in behalf of the Northern seminaries in the US to solicit the cooperation of those in the South & West in an application to that ensuing session of Congress for a repeal of the duty on imported books, which is believed to be a considerable obstruction to the progress of science among us.I have accordingly addressed letters (of which the inclosed is a copy) to such personal acquaintances as I happened to have among the Professors  trustees or visitors of the Colleges of Chapel-hill in N.C. of Columbia in S.C. & of Transylvania in Kentucky, asking the cooperation of those instns. but not knowing whether among  my personal acquaintances in the State of Georgia any happen to be either Professor, trustee or visitor of the University of Athens in  that state, I take the liberty of inclosing  a similar letter to your excellency, with a request that you will do me the favor of addressg it to whatever person you may think most likely to promote it\u2019s views and that he will consider it as addressed to him by myself, and will be so good as to do on it whatsoever he thinks right. I pray Y. E. to accept the assurance of my high  esteem & considnTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Bry, 14 October 1821\nFrom: Bry, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nOuachita\n14th Octbr 1821\nI can hardly presume that you can remember my visit at Monticello in the 28th  of June last which I shall never forget. Since I left your hospitable mansion I travelled through the Northern & Eastern States, went in Canada viewed the falls of Niagara; by far the grandest sight I have beheld in the Union; I crossed lake Erie to Portland and the State of Ohio diagonally where I saw a wilder and newer Country than even the remote part of the State of Louisiana. As far as Columbus, it is quite in the Cradle and a rough and poor one it is: My observation through these States would afford you nothing new; you are better informed than myself about the countrie I visited. I shall only mention that after Seeing our most renown\u2019d Colleges, I found but one Institution of that kind which pleased me\u2014That is West Point Academy and there I intend to place my son in one or two years If I can get him admitted.While I was with you; you expressed a wish to get some cuttings of a kind of Rose which I represented as a valuable plant to make a very handsome and excellent hedge: We looked on some of your Botanical Books to Identify the Species\u2014We could not: Since my arrival here having the plant before me. I have been able to ascertain it\u2014It is \u201cThe Rosa sinica, germinibus Subglobosis, globris; pedunculis aucleatis, hispidis; caule petiolis que aucleatis; calicinis folistis lanceolatis, Subpetiotitis. Lin. Syst. Veget. 394.\u201d\u2014\u201cThe Rosier fleuri. Rosa Semperfleur of Lamared\u2014I mention this that you may Ascertain if it is already cultivated in your neighbourhood I shall at all events (unless you should direct me otherwise) forward the cuttings I promised you in January of begg of February\u2014I should be very glad I would almost say very proud) If our country can afford any thing you would wish, I would procure it with pleasure\u2014With the highest Esteem & Consideration I am Your obt Servt SirH. Bry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2374", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barnes, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barnes, John\n\t\t\t\t\tI this moment and at this place recieve your favor of the 5th with mr Lear\u2019s reciept for the original certificates of Genl Kosciusko of which I think it a duty to give you immediate notice to place you at ease, & to assure you as ever of my constant and affte frdship & respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2375", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to DeWitt Clinton, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, DeWitt\nDear Sir\nPoplar Forest near Lynchburg.\nI this moment, and at a distant possession at which I am on a visit, recieve your favor of the 1st inst. the book on the subject of the canal is doubtless reserved at Monticello until my return. accept my thanks for it, and my congratulations on the progress of the most splendid and useful work ever undertaken in America, which, while it enriches the state, will immortalize it\u2019s conductors, to no one of whom it is more indebted than yourself I salute you with the assurance of my continued and high respect & esteem.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2376", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Fairfax, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fairfax, Thomas\n\t\t\t\t\tI this moment recieve, and at an occasional residce very distant from Monto your favor of Sep. 20. which with a like delay in the transmission of this answer must acct for your late reciept of  the buildings for the accomodn of the Professors and students of the Univy will all be ready in the course of this winter. to effect this we borrowed by authority of the legisl. 120,000. D. from the literary fund pledged for it\u2019s reimbursemt our annuity of 15. M.D. and charged on that fund should the legisl. at any time consider this advance from a fund appropred to educn as fairly applicable to the erection of the Univy & release the University from the oblign to  replace it. the instn may open within a year after such a decln. if on the contrary they insist on reimbursemt, the present youths of our country will be old men before it is accomplished. you will judge Sir from these circumstances that it is not in my power to inform you when the instn will be opened, and do me the favor to accept with my regrets the  of my great esteem & resp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2377", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Louis Fernagus De Gelone, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Gelone, J. Louis Fernagus De\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nVenerated Sir.\nNew York.\nI am on the point of leaving this Country, and I cannot do it without offering you my tribute of devoutedness and of gratitude.  from your personal politeness towards me,  and from the respect Your name commands, I will take The liberty to recall me to  your dear memory. My object is to join Mr. Bonpland, The Collaborator of Humboldt, at the foot of the Andes. I likely will be here a few days more.  Should you please to honour me with a  letter, It might go to me through Mr Gahn, the Swedish Consul, here, or thro\u2019 the American Consuls in Dominica, Martinico or Buenos Aires.I sincerely send you my most respectful vows for the continuation of your good health.\u2014from honour, Sir, I lost in part my property. Having been educated in Europe, I imagined that I could turn useful to my Second Countrymen.\u2014I even offered to teach the great rules of Science (practical\u2014no books). No success. I wanted to inculcate the plain & beautiful plans of the Royal Military School of Louis the XXth, which were followed by the Normal and by the Polytechnic Schools, in Paris,  and which are most completely imitated now in London, Paris and Dresden.Your most respectful servantfernagus De GeloneAlli\u00e9 du Major General Prince de Neufchatel & Wagram.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2378", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Yancey, 16 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yancey, Charles\nP. F.\nOct. 16. 21.I recieve at this place your favor of the 5th conveying to me the kind remembrance of your  brother mr Joel Yancey for which I pray you to return him the assurances of my continued esteem. the expressions of the favor with which you are so good as to view my public services are truly grateful to me, and I pray to accept my thanks for them & the assurance of my high respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2379", "content": "Title: From Hughes & Co. Lackington to Richard Rush, 18 October 1821\nFrom: Lackington, Hughes & Co.\nTo: Rush, Richard\n          Received of R. Rush Esqr Six Pounds Ten Shillings for Books as per Acct\u2014\u00a3 6.10. \u2014Lackington Hughes & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2380", "content": "Title: From Bernard Peyton to Thomas Eston Randolph, 18 October 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Eston\nGentln\nRichd\nOctr 18th 1821\nBy Mr Woods Boat you will receive for Mr Jefferson 2 Boxes Books & 1 Bundl. which you will please forward to him. they have been delivered to him in good order. please pay fght, on the sameVery respectfullyB. PeytonBy C. Bias", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 18 October 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Above I hand you a/c sales 41 Barrels Flour recd this morning from Shadwell Mills for your a/c, which I sold on the Basin Bank: nett proceeds as above, say $197.69. at your credit.I have this day forwarded to Monticello a Box from Philada, & a Box & Bundle from F. A. Mayo of this City to your address, which I hope will be safely received.With great respect Dr Sir Yours very TruelyBernard PeytonSales 41 Blls: super fine Flour by Bernd Peyton for a/c Mr Th: Jefferson1821 Richd18 OctorTo Luke & Sizer for Cash on the Basin 41 Barrels super fine flour at $5.50$225.50ChargesCash pd fght: at 2/6, & Toll at 7\u00bd d\n $21.35Inspection at 2\u00a2 & Comssn at 2\u00bd pr ct\n6.46\u2033 27.81Nett prcds: at ct Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathan Pollard, 18 October 1821\nFrom: Pollard, Nathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Richmond Franklin P. Office\n          Nathan PollardPresents with respect to Thomas Jefferson Esq. a copy of the Virginia Reports, made in conformity to an Act of the General Assembly, by Francis W. Gilmer Esq. and printed at the Franklin P. Office\u2014The design of the establishment of this office is to advance the art of Printing in Virginia, and to render the state less dependent on other states for this important means of improvement\u2014This work is sent for the purpose of affording to Mr Jefferson a specimen of the style of printing in this CityVery Respectfully Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2383", "content": "Title: Richard Rush: Customs receipt to Rush for books for TJ, 19 Oct. 1821, 19 October 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: \n19 October 1821\n          Received of His Excellency Richard Rush, Twelve shillings & sixpence for charges on a box of books addressed to Mr Jefferson,\u2014shipped in the Mandarin, T W. Moores for Baltimore as \u214c memor. at fort(Original)J CelousysdDuty & Entry to shipping10.6Porterage1.6Dock dues612.6", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2384", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Macon, 20 October 1821\nFrom: Macon, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBuck Spring\nI did not receive your letter of the 19. ultimo, untill yesterday, it had no doubt been at Warrenton some time; but I live twelve miles from it & seldom go thereThe letter with the copy of one enclosed, will not be seen by any person during my life, without your direction, though I incline to the opinion, that much good might be done, by a few well tried friends reading  them; If I should live longer than you, am I to understand that after your death, you now have no objection to their publication then, this is my impression, and without being advised to the contrary, will be done; They will be immediately put under cover & sealed, directed to a friend, remain, in my possession, to be delivered after my death, and not to be opened during your lifeWill you pardon, my stating to you, that I have long thought, many of the letters written to you, were written by persons who either knew or had heard of your candor & frankness, and calculated that the answer might possibly be made useful to them or their friends in their private affairs, & often mentioned to some of our Virginia friends, that I wished, they would communicate the opinion to you, in the most easy and friendly manner; Nothing prevented my doing it, but the great aversion, I knew you had to being plagued with letters, beside I thought it rather to froward to write to you, about your private concerns, and it seemed not unlike, the frog trying to equal the oxNo one thinks higher, of the two books, written by Col Taylor than I do, I however almost fear, it is too late for them to do the great majority of the people any good; too many persons have lived so long & so well on the public debt of Bank stock & by bank & other swindling, that it will be almost impossible for the honesty & the industry of the nation to get clear of them; The news papers are generally on the paper & idle side, and they are generally as much depreciated as the bank billsI mentioned to you in a letter some years past, that the principles which turned the federalists out off power, were not fashionable at Washington, nor is there much probability of their being shortly; for two years past, the U-S, have borrowed money in time of peace, to keep their vessels  cruising on every sea, & to pay an army; but G-Britain does the same; and if we continue to follow her example, debt, taxes & grinding the poor are the certain consequencesAfter it was known, that President Madison, one of our best & most worthy men would sign the act, to establish the present bank of the U.S; all who were tired of the principles, which put them into power; immediately laid them aside, and went farther into constructive and implied powers, than had been done at any time before, new concerts always go beyond those who held the opinions before them: believe me I have not mentioned Mr Madison, with an intent to injure him; and if I was desirous to do so, I could not calculate to succeed with you, no man respects him more than I do; but the errors of a great & good man often do much mischiefI am almost ashamed of the length of this letter, & yet it requires some exertion to stop, whenever one of the few, who maintain the old & safe principles, writes to me. I fear that I am apt to make the answer too long & perhaps tedious; that the evening of your life may be as happy as the morning has been useful to your country is the sincere wish of your friendNathl Macon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2385", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel J. Harrison, 22 October 1821\nFrom: Harrison, Samuel J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir/\nLynchburg\nThis will be handed to you by my son Jesse B. Harrison; who I intend sending to Cambridge, about the first of next month. He is now in his 17th year, and Graduated at Hampden Sydney, a few weeks ago. I have for some time anticipated with much satisfaction, the Idea of his finishing his Education at our own University; and still hope it will be in operation in good time for that purpose.As he is going a great way from home, I feel very desirous of procuring him the best Introductions in my Power\u2014for which purpose he now waits on you\u2014should you be good enough to furnish him with a Letter, the favor will be forever remembered\u2014He is a most dutyfull & moral boy\u2014and if it was proper for me to speak of his Attainment; I might add, that he obtained the first honors at College.I am aware of the frequency of these applications to you, and there fore trouble you with great Reluctance; but such is the value that we put upon a word from you; that I cannot forebeare the Trespass: which be pleased to have the goodness to pardon.With great Esteem, I am yr friend & Serv.S J Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Graham, 22 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Graham, Edward\nSir,\nPoplar Forest\nIll health has hitherto prevented my proceeding to the Natural bridge to have my lines there ascertained, but I have new hopes of being able shortly to be there. I judge from your field notes that it will not be difficult to establish the three corners a. b. and c. in the diagram below. our great object will be therefore to find the corner m. in Berkley\u2019s line; for between c. and m. the chain and compass will guide us on the zig-zag line\u2014to the North, the two ends of it being fixed. on my arrival at the bridge I will send a person express to  ask your assistance as  promptly as possible. I do not now fix the day because bad weather or ill health may delay it. I inclose a letter to Patrick Henry, open for your perusal after which I will pray you to forward it to him by such opportunity as occurs, and I pray you to accept the assurance of my great respectTh Jefferson[GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2387", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Henry, 22 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Henry, Patrick\nSir\nPoplar Forest.\nI should long ago have been at the Natural bridge to have my lines there ascertained, but that during the years 19. and 20. I was in a state of low health which rendered it impossible. I am now as well as usual. altho not absolutely well. but if no change occurs I shall try to go to the bridge. I shall set out for Albemarle in 3 days; where however I shall stay not more than a week and endeavor to be back here about the 6th or 7th of November, and on the 11th I will be at mr Greenlee\u2019s perhaps in time to go on to the bridge and take measures for sending to ask mr Graham\u2019s attendance with as little delay as possible for my stay will be short. these dates may be varied a little by bad weather.If the dam below the bridge has not been opened so as to let off the stagnant water and clear the bridge of it below, I shall ask your aid in procuring what laborers you think necessary to do it while I am there. I salute you with my best wishes,Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2389", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Napoleon Archer, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Archer, Napoleon\nP.F.\nyour letter of the 13th finds me at a distance from home. the buildings for the Univty will all be ready for occupn in the ensuring spring. but when the instn. will open is a very uncertain question. not soon as is believed. it will depend entirely on the proceedings of the legislature of which, whenever any thing is done on the subject by that body, you will be apprised thro\u2019 the ordinary channel of the public papers. with my regrets that I can give you no more definite informn accept the assurce of my respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2390", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nPoplar Forest\nI receive here your favor of the 15th and am glad you approve of the course proposed for Francis to confine his pursuits to the important sciences exclusively. he may in the present year make such progress in them as to be able to pursue them  to advantage thereafter by himself. and if he can,  for some years avoid the error of premature marriage, he has still time to make himself eminent in the course of life he may chuse I have not for fear that he needs the stimulus of a diploma to excite him to studying. I have at all times, as well while with  as on his visits to Monticello, found him very assiduous as he studies, and sensible he has no time to lose. I regretted equally with yourself that we missed the pleasure of seeing you as you past this place in going to & returning from the springs. Martha was with me and would have participated on in the gratification: for I join you in sentiment that the decays of the body do not reach the affections of the mind on  trans the oldest of these are the sweetest. ours  began with your birth and have been strengthened through life by endearing incident. political condolances however had little share in the motives of regret for the loss of your aunt. I am weaned from Politics and know so little of what passes in that field, as to be incapable of judging, whether   there are going on soundly or sorely. I hear indeed from others things of : of the adoption by republicans of the federal  Congress go to every thing which  general  of the states and that all the special limit meant nothing, of bank and bankrupt laws, of a navy roaming over the ocean to pick quarrels and engender wars, of ordinary expences exceeding the ordinary revenue and of the prospect of a perpetuation of the public debt; errors however which proceed from Congress or President do not alarm me much. because subject to election at short periods, when they get far enough wrong to arrouse the people, the floors of the Capital and Government house will be swept as in 1800. and repeopled with other tenants, of corrector principles it is the Judiciary I fear. independant as they feel themselves of the nation and all it\u2019s authorities. they already openly avow the daring and impudent principle of consolidation & arrogate to themselves the authority of ultimately construing the constitution for all the other departments and for the nation itself. it is that body which is to  sap the independance of the states, to generalize first and then to monarchise the federal authority. the Cohens decision, that insult to human reason, goes fully to Consolidation. let them be appointed for the Senatorial term of 6 years reappointable by the President with the approbation of both houses. their official doctrines will then be reviewed every six years their conduct undergo the ordeal of debate and if they pass examination, they will have heard strictures and criticisms warning them to keep straight. but who are we to have next? if these things have grown up under the administration Presidents whose every fibre was honor & republicanism, what are we to expect from the selfish morals and  policies of the East? for the exclusion of all South of the Potomac and Ohio was sealed by the Missouri confederacy of which this was the real object. it was a project of federalism, which finding it\u2019s resurrection with the same body desperate devised this decoy to draw off the weak and the wicked from the republican ranks. they have succeeded. the East is replaced in the saddle of government, and the middle states are to be the cattle yoked to their ear. these important states, who hold the balance of the Union, from being the head of an honest majority make themselves the tail of a government of Egoism, of which place and plunder will be the ruling principle. my hope and confidence however is that the good sense of their people will soon percieve that they have been duped to become the catspaws of cunninger associates, and that they will retrace their steps back to their honester brethren of the South and West.I am too old to begin any serious work. it had always been my intention to commit to writing some notes and explanations of particular and leading transactions which history should know. but in parting with my library to Congress, I parted with my whole collection of newspapers, journals, state papers, documents Etc without the aid of which I have been afraid to trust my memory. if you can lend me the collection mentioned in your letter for a winter or two, I will immediately proceed to do what I think most material. if you can spare them, I will send a cart for them and return them in the same way, but with an injunction that the knolege of this shall remain with you and myself only, not willing to be understood as writing any thing.I tender sincere prayers for your health & happiness.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2391", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Rush, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Rush, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nLondon\nOctober 23. 1821.\nMy last to you was on the 9th of this month in reply to your favor of the 14th of August, and enclosed copies of two notes from Mr Blatterman.I have now the pleasure to mention, that the books, as by the enclosed bill and receipt from Mess. Lackingtons, have been forwarded from this port to Baltimore, in the Mandarin, (there being no ship for Norfolk or Richmond) in a box to your address, consigned to the collector, and I hope may arrive safely. The vessel was to have sailed the day before yesterday.Permit me to offer to you, dear sir, the continued assurances of my great respect and attachment.Richard Rush.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2392", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Oliver Towles, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Towles, Oliver\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLynchburg\n23th Octr 1821\u2014\nPermit me to introduce to your acquaintance my Son William Beverley Towles, who Visits you for the purpose of paying his respects to you and also for the purpose of obtaining from you an introduction to some friend of yours in the Vicinity of Boston. My Son & Master Harrison who now accompanies him are about to Set out out for Cambridge University. they being total strangers in that Country your introduction will be of Service to them & lay me under particular obligations to you.V. Obt & very Hble servtOr Towles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2393", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Barba, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barba\n          I recieve at an occnal residence very distant from Monticello your favor of the 11th and shall recieve that of my friend Lafayette when it comes to hand, with the pleasure which every thing from him gives me.No country on earth perhaps is so overstocked  with Physicians as that  which you have happened to chuse for the exercise of your profession. in Medicine too there is a great deal of fashion, &  it is as different in different countries as their other fashions.Your other object of becoming teacher in a private family admits a better chance of employment. I do not however know at this moment of any particular position which offers itself, should such an one come to my knolege I shall inform you of it with pleasure. in most of our great cities the teaching the Fr. language to private pupils  by occasional  attendance on them at their own houses is often a tolerable resource. wth an assurance of my attention to your request accept of my best wishes for your success & of my great respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2394", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rejoice Newton, 23 October 1821\nFrom: Newton, Rejoice,Jennison, Sammuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          REPORTPresented at the Annual Meeting ofTHE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY,October, 1821.The Committee appointed to report at this Meeting, on the state of The American Antiquarian Society, respectfully represent\u2014THAT no material changes have taken place in the situation of the Society during the last year, and nothing adverse has arisen to disappoint the anticipations authorized by the Report which was made at the last Annual Meeting. Since that time, considerable additions have been made to the Library. Of these, Books valued at three hundred and seventeen dollars have been presented by the President; and others, amounting to one hundred and seveteen dollars, by other persons. In addition to which, there have been received from the several States of Maryland, Indiana, Louisiana, and Maine, copies of their Laws, Journals, and other publications, under the State authority. Several articles have also been added to the Cabinet. We have thus the gratifying assurance that the Institution is remembered by its friends abroad, and that the publick confidence in its utility is not diminished.We have also the pleasure to state, that the Building erected for the use of the Society is now completed, and enclosed in a manner displaying at once the taste and liberality of the donor. This Building, which is highly ornamental as a publick edifice, and well calculated to give respectability and permanency to the Institution, we are informed has been thus finished at the expense of eight thousand dollars, which, in addition to former donations of Books, &c. to the estimated amount of more than ten thousand dollars, constitute a well-founded claim on the part of an individual member to the gratitude of the Society. We allude to it not only in justice to him, but as an example which we earnestly wish may have its influence upon others of our opulent and publick-spirited associates; for, notwithstanding what has already been accomplished, much remains to be done. The funds of the Society, it is well known, are but small, and their sources hitherto very limited. In the mean time, it has become necessary, for the proper disposition and preservation of the Books, that an additional room be fitted for their reception. The Cabinet, also, is but imperfectly arranged; and, to place it in a condition suitable for the inspectors of visitors, and corresponding with the celebrity and respectability of the Institution, it is important that other rooms should be prepared. These suggestions are made by the Committee, with the hope that some mode may be devised for relieving the President from the burden which he has hitherto sustained, almost single-handed, in defraying the expenses of the Institution, and for providing for future expenditures, which its support must necessarily involve.Several communications, from Members residing in this State, and in other States, have been received within the last year, which, in addition to those previously on file, warrant the promise of another volume, whenever the pecuniary circumstances of the Society shall justify its publication.Thus far the Society has proceeded under favourable auspices. It remains for its Members, by their exertions, to justify the confidence inspired by its early promise.\u2014While these are continued, we may reasonably flatter ourselves that it will reflect honour on its founders, prove an object of publick utility, and vindicate its claims to publick patronage.\n            REJOICE NEWTON.SAMUEL JENNISON.October 23, 1821.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2395", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Garland, 24 October 1821\nFrom: Garland, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLynchburg\nA client put into my hands a bond against Mr Hawkins for collection, who to avoid the expence of a , gave in exchange your and Mr Yancys bond for $231. at interest from the 12th day of October lastThe money is much needed by my Client, and I now send my  agent with the bond  under the full confidence that the money will be paid\u2014or if it shall be more conveniant to you a draft upon your agent in Richmond at 60 days will be satisfactory\u2014I am Sir Most Respectfully Yr. obt. St.S. GarlandBond.12 Oct.1820$231Int.25 \u2014 .18211437$24537", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2398", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Ticknor, 24 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ticknor, George\nDear Sir\nPoplar Forest near Lynchburg.\n I have written a letter to you of this date & from this place which will be handed you by mr Harrison & mr Towles two youths of this vicinity who go on to your Univty to finish their educn. what I say in that letter is truth, but an addnal truth which could not be put into an open letter, it is my duty to add for your own inspection only & to forward it by mail. mr Harrison the father has been a merchant of extensive business & great credit here. but he is also a great sufferer  in the late commercial catastrophes  and is believed desperate altho\u2019 not yet declared so. it is probable he will find means to answer the pecuniary necessities of his son there, but lest he should fail and you might be induced into any responsibilities for either of the youths, from a respect to my recommdn it is my duty to guard you against it.  of mr Towles\u2019s circumstances I know nothing I repeat here my affte & respectful salutns", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2399", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Yancey, 25 October 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nLynchburg\nI have this moment effected sale of Your wheat at P.F. at 5/\u2014 certain and the rice until the first January. next the money to be paid  for when the wheat is delivered at five shillings, if You  think proper to draw it then\u2014otherwise if the money is retained to be subject to the rice till the first day January, then the Contract is at end I have momo of the Contract in writing in the present Mr Robertsn, you are at laberty to draw at any time after the delivery of wheat till first day. Jany:In honr Yrs SincerelyJoel YanceyP.S. I am allowed all the month of November to delivr the wheatJ Y.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2400", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Garland, 25 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Garland, Samuel\nP.F.\nThe bond to Hawkins presented to me yesterday had been given by mr Yancey on my acct for the purchase of horses; he expected to have pd it from the plantn & had not given me notice of it. it is good, and shall be paid as soon as the state of our river will enable me to send down flour on which I can draw. this season being generally dry, it is impossible to fix a time; probably however during the next month. but the moment I can place funds in Richmd I will inclose you an order by mail without giving you further trouble. I salute you with respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 29 October 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nAbout three weeks ago, I delivered according to Order, the books to Capt Peyton, and haveing since been informed of their beeing forwarded\u2014The long and disdressing sickness of my family, has been the cause of this unreasonable delay\u2014The late Edition of Hennias Justice, which I received for your honour, from the Auther has also been shamfully neglected to be send on, but shall certaintly go by the first chance, I hear off\u2014Hope sincerely those forwarded may be to your honours satisfaction.\u2014Haveing been lately informed, and indeed by some of my profession, that a good Bindry Establishment is much wanting in the City of Washington, particular for the use of Public Work: I take the liberty to ask your honour Should I intent commencing there, if I could be so much favourd as to expect a letter of recomandation to the heads of the different departments at Washington\u2014As it respects Blank Work I have little doubt, I could give satisfaction to the Offices of Government; ticular as I hear from Workman acquainted there, that  part of the business is done at Washington, in a very loose and indifferent manner, and actually   state that I would have considerable prospect of obtaining the Public Work, where I to do work there in the manner we do here Blank Books ingeneraly: this certaintly would be a great help in my present Situation\u2014Should be very thankfull, if I could have a chance of ruling & binding a Super Royal Blank Book for the Capital of Washington\u2014Your honour will have the goodness to  favour me with your advice and directions respecting this circumstance, and if agreeable to your wish, I shall do the best I canYour most humble ServantFrederick A MayoN B. As soone I find, that your honour has Receivd the books, I shall forward my Acount according to request", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2405", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 30 October 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI heard in Bedford that you were attaked with the prevailing fever, and with great joy on my return that you were recovered from it. in the strange state of the health of our country every fever gives alarm.I got home from Bedford on the 27th and am obliged to return there within 3. or 4. days, having an appointment at the Natural bridge on the 11th prox. as our proposed petition to Congress will of course be in collation with those from other ceminaries, I availed my self of my leisure at Poplar Forest to sketch it, and I now inclose it to you to be made what it should be which I pray you to do with severity.Knowing my time would be crouded thro\u2019 the month of November, I took the same opportunity to sketch our November report on the basis of mr Brockenbrough\u2019s settlement as far as he has gone, which I had communicated to you, with some subsequent corrections. his further advance in the settlements, will by the time of our meeting enable us to put into the class of settled accounts 7. pavilions, instead of 6. 3 hotels instead of 1.  65. dormitories instead of 30. leaving in the estimated class 3. Pavilions, 3. Hotels, and 44. dormitories, & these estimated from experience. he has corrected too the article of the cost of lands, hire of laborers Etc. the cost of the Library must be thrown on the 3. ensuing years of the annuity which had always been included in our estimates: and I am decidedly of opinion we should undertake it on that ground if we stop short of the compleat establishment, it will never be compleated. on the other hand the stronger we make the mass, the more certainly will it force itself into action. the world will never bear to see the doors of such an establishment locked up. and if the legislature shall become disposed to remit the debt, they will swallow a pill of 165.M.D. with the same effort as one of 120.M.D. be so good as to return me these papers with your amendments by the middle of November. with my respectful souvenirs to mrs Madison accept assurances of my constant affections and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2410", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick Winslow Hatch, 1 November 1821\nFrom: Hatch, Frederick Winslow\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\u2014\nCharlottesville\nAs your Servant departed immediately after delivering the books which you were so good as to have bound for me, the opportunity of acknowledging the receipt of them thro\u2019 him was lost.\u2014I therefore improve the earliest moment since, to return you my sincere thanks for yr politeness & attention, with ye equally sincere assurance of the high additional value wh I set upon them from ye source thro\u2019 wh they have been so much improv\u2019d, My engagements will not allow me the pleasure of expessing these acknowledgments personally & make my apology for adopting ye present mode. Be so good therefore as to accept them, with ye assurance of ye deep sense I entertain of yr uniform politeness & friendship. Wishing you ye best blessings for time & for eternityI am Dear Sir affecty Yours\u2014F W Hatch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William John Coffee, 1 November 1821\nFrom: Coffee, William John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMost Honbl Sir\nNew. York.\nNovember 1st 1821\nWhen last I had the Pleasure of seeing you, I think you had a desire to have your Picture cleaned & repaired, and which you then Postponed on account of your being likely to be from home at the time you would wish to superintend the work,If you now have time to attend to them and feel the same disposition, it would give me much gratification to Pay you a Visit for that Purpose,I have nothing to do in N. Y. this winter, that will Induce me to contend with so rough a friend as the North western, If I Could Employ my time in a more Pleasant Climate for two or three Month, The Expences attach\u2019d to the operation would be my traveling to and from Monticelo say 70 Dollars; I lament the state of the fine Arts is such as will not permit me to offer my Services in a more Pleasing way to my Feeling, in The Spring I Shall return to my Native Land,If you deside on the Necessity of having them Cleaned, your Condescension will I hope favor me with an early Information in which Case I must Procure some good VarnishThat you do and may continue to Enjoy the Blessings of good Health is the hope of your Respectful and Sincere Obt S.t.W. J. Coffee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 November 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nI have received your favor of this morning, Mr Oldham call\u2019d on me yesterday to know whom I would appoint to measure his work and price it?\u2014I informed him I was ready to assist in measuring the work and make out the bill as far as we could agree and the parts of the work we should disagree on might be settled by arbitrators\u2014but he insisted that the work should be measured & bill made out by the arbitrators. I told him that I did not like to call on Mr Divers or Mr Minor to measure & make out the bill entire and I was sure neither of them would do it, & I did not feel myself authorised to look or to employ other men to do, it\u2014If however it is your pleasure I should employ a regular measurer from Richmond or else where I will do so, but at the same time as it will be attended with some expence\u2014Mr Redhams house must be completely finished before I engage a man to  come up\u2014Pavilion No 1 now wants the Gallery to complete it, and in all probability Oldham & myself should disagree as much in that as the other work\u2014and to avoid the expence of calling a man up from Richmond or else where so often it would be better that he should complete his building before we do itI am Sir respectfully your most Obt SertA. S. BrockenbroughP. S.If you approve of my appointing a measurer drop me a line to that effect before your departure for Bedford.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2413", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear SirMonticello\nNov.2.21.I met mr Oldham yesterday on my return from the University, and he delivered his complaints for want of money. I told him he should be paid on a settlement of his accounts, and that if you could not agree together I knew that you would arbitrate. he writes me to-day that you do not think yourself at liberty to agree to any arbitrators but mr Divers & mr. Minor. certainly my confidence in their judgment and independance is very strong, yet I leave the naming arbitrators wholly and entirely to yourself; and as these differences with the workmen must be settled at last, I believe the sooner the better, by any fair arbitrators, and we must acquiesce in their decision. I salute you with friendship and respect.Th: JeffersonP.S. a mutual negative on the choice of arbitrators would I think be fair & proper but do in this as you please", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2415", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Oldham, 2 November 1821\nFrom: Oldham, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNovember 2nd 1821.The Proctor of the Uneversity considers himself not authorised to appoint any other person than George Divers Eqr or Mr P. Minor to settle up the worke I am tolde that nether of these Gentlemen will consent to act, be pleasd sir to give him authority to appoint some person that will act immediately with the person that I shall appoint. I am confident sir that if all my worke was estimated farely by the book of Prices that it would amount to the Sum of 5800 dollars exclusive of lumber that I have furneshed at the commencement and advanced the money for. 2000 dollars is every cent that I have recevd, and the coste of Lumber and waggonage for Pavelion 1 west and 4 dormetories, Hotel_A_ east and 9 dormetories amounts to the Sum of 3790\u201394 cents, about 400 dollars of this sum was Paid in subscriptions by John Rogers, James Clarke, N. H. Lewis and James Duke. I am sir in debt and withoute one soletery cent of money and I shall luse two hands this weeke for the want of money to pay theare wages. I think sir from your mentioning to me yesterday to sue for a settlement that you must of have recevd some rong representation of my worke or my self, I pledge to you Sir my Honour, that litegation is always the last resorte with me, and I think you will se that the step I now wish to persue in submitting the worke to a reference will have the effect of a spedy settlement and avid every thing that mite be unpleasant, if theare be any worke found that is not faithfully done I aske not one cent for it and will refund to the uneversity all coste of meterials. I think sir when you come to examin the expences of the contingent  accounts you will finde that I have not receivd as mutch money for all my Labour and worke as has been expended by the proctor in fitting up the house he lives in for his conveniance, and sir to show how much respect is paid to your Orders and derections I site the occurrance of laste monday when you perposed to have wood Gutters on the roofs of the west range of buildings, I have been informed you was tolde that the worke for tin Gutters was two far advancd, this sir was not the fact, for it was noticed derectly after you Left the Uneversity, the hands of Crawford & peck was set to worke cutting oute the rafter bords for the tin Gutters, and not a single tin Gutter was theare put together.I kow sir it would be presumption for me to pretend to dictate to you, but your fiends think if theare be any thing rong heare you will have the burthen to Bare.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2416", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have recieved your favor of yesterday, and should really think  that as we have no such profession as that of measurer in our part of the country, we are under no obligation to seek them from other and distant places. if there be a difference on the mode of measuring, that might be arbitrated as well as any thing else.Did we not on some occasion lay it down with the undertakers that messrs Divers and Minor were to be the general arbitrators? I have some thought we did and that mr Dinsmore particularly will recollect it. if we did not, then to be sure the other party has an equal right in naming. but I think both should have a negative on the choice of the other. affectionately YoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2417", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Leiper, 3 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Leiper, Thomas\nDr Sir\nMonto\nThis will be handed you by mr a student of medicine of this neighborhood who goes to Philada to compleat his studies. in that line. having no acquantance there he naturally wishes  that his standing & character in his own state may be known to somebody there, and being the eleve of my family physician, & having under him attended me kindly and assiduously thro\u2019 a long illness I  feel myself bound to bear witness to the truth for him by assuring you that he is a gentlemen of great worth & perfect correctness of conduct. and I give the assurance to you because I have known nobody there longer or with more esteem then yourself. indeed it is so long since we have exchanged a line that it is time to ask  each other if all is well. it is so with me I hope it is so with you, and that so it may continue to the end of as long  a chapter of life as you wish  is the prayer I offer with the assurance of my constant friendship & respect.Th: J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2419", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Archibald Thweatt, 6 November 1821\nFrom: Thweatt, Archibald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                            Eppington Wilkinsonville post office Chesterfield\n                    I present you with some of my labor in the good old cause.Would you grant me your permission\u2014after a suitable preface\u2014just to publish an extract from your letter to me, about the judiciary pressing us into consolidation?\u2014Sincerely & affectionately yrs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2420", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hutchins Gordon Burton, 8 November 1821\nFrom: Burton, Hutchins Gordon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nHalifax\nNovember 8th AD 1821\nI should have acknowledged the Receipt of your esteemed favor before this time\u2014but I have just returned from a Journey to the Southern part of this State\u2014The Governor as President of the Board of Trustees of our University, has given notice for a general meeting on the 28th of this month. for the purpose of taking under their consideration the subject of your letter\u2014It is certainly a matter in which every friend of Learning must feel a deep Interest\u2014And to you many thanks are due for placing the Subject in its proper point of view\u2014I have never yet heard whither you have received any scurpernong wine\u2014it appears that a strange fatality has attended all my endeavours to send some to you\u2014the first barrel which I thought the best I had ever tasted Mr Wm R Johnston delivered to a Boatman\u2014to convey to Richmond and which was never after heard of\u2014the second was sent by a Coasting vessel and as I understand the supply of water on board failed, and the greater part was drank\u2014the third I have not heard from but hope no accident has happened\u2014I have no knowledge of its quality but had every assurance from a Respectable man that it was good\u2014I have nothing worthy of remarkI am with the highest Respect & Esteem YoursH. G. Burton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2421", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Graham, 10 November 1821\nFrom: Graham, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir!\nLexington\nNovr 10th 1821\nYour letter of the 22d Ulto informing that you intended if weather & health would allow, to be at the N. bridge on 11th or 12th Inst for the purpose of ascertaining the lines of the survey including the bridge and requesting me to attend for that purpose, if I should be sent for.I think it will be inconvenient for me on several accounts to attend, and I also feel considerably indisposed to day being seized last night with a pain in my back which, if it continues, will completely unfit me for surveying. Under these circumstances. to prevent your being disappointed or delayed, if you should come to the bridge, I have to day spoken to capt William Paxton who is the surveyor of this county, to attend, if sent for, & do the business for you. He has promised that he will. As Capt Paxton is well practised in surveying & acquainted with several surveys in the neighbourhood of the bridge, he will probably suit your purpose better than I would.It would have given me pleasure to have complied with your wishes, & if no suitable substitute could have been obtained I would have made the attempt; but having capt Paxton in my stead you will rather gain then loose by the exchange.Sir respectfully yrsEdw: GrahamPatrick knows where Capt Paxton lives. His residence is nearer the bridge then mine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2422", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 10 November 1821\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                    I return the several papers which accompanied yours of the 30th Ulto I have interlined with a pencil for your consideration a very slight change in the petition to Congress, and another in the Report to the P. & D. of the Lit: Fund. The first is intended to parry objections from the reprinters of foreign books, by a phraseology not precluding exceptions in their favor. The exceptions can be made without injury to the main object; and altho not necessary for the protection of the American Editions, the greater cheapness here being a sufficient one, will probably be called for by the patrons of domestic industry. I find that besides the few Classics for schools, and popular works others of solid value continue to be republished in the Northern Cities. The other interlineation suggests the objects other than the Library to be provided for in the Pantheon. It will aid in accounting for the estimated Cost, and may otherwise mitigate difficulties.The view you take of the question of commencing the Library and trusting to the alternative with the legislature will claim for it a fair consideration with the Visitors. I shall endeavor to be with you at  time you have fixed for their meeting.Yours always & affectionately", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2423", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Duncan Forbes Robertson, 12 November 1821\nFrom: Robertson, Duncan Forbes\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                    You will no doubt be surprised as well as amazed should you ever receive this scrawl, the purport of which is a request; that if granted will be duly appreciated by me. I have declined making it for some years for fear of giving offence, but calling to mind your age, and that in a short time the opportunity will be forever gone, I can no longer forbear, hoping to be forgiven if considered presuming. The request is this, a lock of your hair to be left to my children as a memorial of him whose name can never die, and whose many virtues shine so conspicuous, that malice nor envy can never tarnish them. The request would be made in person did not the demands of a large family claim my every exertion for a support. I am a son of Doct Andrew Robertson formerly of Virginia, my eldest sister wife to Doct James Ewell of Washington City, with whose father Col Jesse Ewell I have been informed you were acquainted.Yours with respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2424", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 12 November 1821\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladada\nIf I knew any other way less troublesome to you, of hearing of you & the state of your health, I would not intrude this letter on you, knowing, as I do, how much you are oppressed by correspondence. Since my return from a summer excursion of more than three months, I have enquired at different times of such of your friends here as were in the way of hearing from you, but there is not one that has been able to give me any late intelligence on your subject. and yet it is a subject of so much real interest to me, that I cannot help making an effort to remove the state of absolute ignorance in which I am. May I hope then if too much occupied by other correspondence yourself, you would tell your amiable amanuensis so far as to indite what you might dictate without manual labor. It would be a great gratification to me to learn that your health was perfectly restored, and promised a continuance. Your sound constitution, your regular life, & the salubrious air of Monticello, all combined to give me full confidence in your enjoying to the full term of your years, uninterrupted health. This was never shaken until the illness, which was not spontaneous, but as I understand, acquired at the Springs. I have never known, though I have always wished to know, the particulars of that deviation from your ordinary course of health, its origin, its progress and its termination. When you last mentioned your health to me, nothing remained of your indisposition, but a swelling of the legs which obliged you to bandage them so as to make it inconvenient to take the exercise of walking.It would give me great pleasure also to hear something of the University, its present situation and future prospect. There is no similar establishment in which I feel so great an interest: This grows out of a variety of considerations. In the first place, as being so much of your creation; and then, being situated in that district, where I for the first time in my life had a view of a mountain, a sensation I have never forgotten, and which has always attached me to the place--And besides, it is \u2018in\u2019 Virginia, my native State, and the first from which I received a mark of favor, the first therefore in my affection. The only apprehension I have felt from that location, arose from the preference which Professors would generally give to a residence in a City, on account of the advantages it affords to men of letters & science. Yet I believe it was fortunate that Cooper left you--The mass of prejudices enlisted against him, would probably have more than counterbalanced the weight of his talents, great as they are.I have lately recieved a letter from a nephew of mine who went to pay his respects to you at Monticello. He speaks in high terms of the Architectural progress of the University. When he determined to take that route to Kentucky, he wrote to me from Baltimore to ask me to send him a letter of introduction to you\u2014And with the etourderie of his age, requested me to send it to Fredericksburg, through which place he was to pass\u2014As his letter was written at the moment he was leaving Baltimore, it was evident that my letter could set reach Fredericksburgh before he would have left it\u2014He fortunately met there, as he informs me, with a Mr Taliaferro, who gave him a letter to you.  He waited also on Mr Madison, as he informs me; being carried there by the stepson of that gentleman. To him, of course, I should not have given him a letter. For although I have never known the true cause of it, I have always known the want of friendly feelings on his part towards me. And yet I am fully persuaded, as you are so good as to say in your former letter, that you never heard, but a sentiment of esteem for me, from him. This he owed to his respect for you. These things are now the incidents of times long passed by, & make but a feeble impression on my mind.On my return here, I learned that an old friend of yours, Govr Mercer, had come on to this City in a bad state of health & found his death here. I am told by one of those who saw him the most, that his first enquiry was for me, & that his expression of regret at my absence was very marked. I was more affected by this circumstance than I can say. Such recollections from a friend of early life from whom I have been so long seperated, leaves a melancholy impression on the mind that fixes itself deeply\u2014When I look back to the time at which he & \u201cthe good M\u2026 our President\u201d started together in their political race it seems to me the renewal of the fable of the Hare and the Tortoise.In my tour of this summer I had intended to have included an excursion to Canada, where I have never been, and where I should not go merely as a tourist; all curiosity of that kind having now subsided with me. But I am an involuntary owner of a considerable body of land near the River St Laurence, to which, it had been represented to me by my agent, it was necessary for me to go. When on the St Laurence, it is much the easiest and quickest route to return by the way of Montreal, taking advantage of the descent of the River & the steamboat on Lake Champlain. But when I had proceeded as far as Sackett\u2019s harbor, I found that the season had so far advanced that it would be advisable to postpone going to the St Laurence until the next year & therefore retraced my steps at the time.In This route I found M. LeRoy de Faument-Houns in the county where he resides, & which bears your name, a territory more extensive then many of the German Princes, notwithstanding that he has sold to the rich D. parish 110,000 acres & to Joseph Bonaparte, a still larger quantity. The land he owns, is also among the most fertile & the most valuable of the unsettled lands of the State of N. York And yet with all this he is, I fear, what the French call au riche malaise. If so, it would be a proof that no one in that part of the world can be a large land holder with impunity. For LeRoy has shown more skill and perseverance in that line than any of his compeers. Many of them I know, who were once ranked among the most weathy men of the State, & who are now in the greatest embarassment. As to Le Roy himself I have no reason to suppose any thing of the kind, except what I have heard from others\u2014His mode of life in his Chateau would indicate, the contrary\u2014He sees a great deal of company, has an excellent French cask, French table &c.In this excursion I visited the great Canal, and travelled on it from Utica to Rome (45 miles) It was then perfected and used 88. miles & since, 22. miles more have been completed & used. It is really this canal that the U. States seemed to me to be centuries advanced beyond what appears in any other part of the country. The state of N. Y. owes this advancement to one man\u2014for De Wit Clinton stands precisely in the same relation to the canal that Fulton does to the steamboat. And yet it was whilst wafted along on the canal that I heard him more abused than in any other part of the State, where he is generally now very unpopular. So true it is that he who labors to be good to man, must look for his reward in his own bosom  their gratitudeI have read over at different times, and with renewed and increased pleasure your two last letters, of which one inclosed the syllabus. The subject is most interesting whether considered on the scene of morality or religion. The greatest drawback I have found in this pleasure is not being permitted to communicate it to one or two friends, when we have been speaking on the subject\u2014for you may rest assured that your injunction has been literally obeyed. I think it very perceptible that opinions like yours as to Jesus, are spreading fast in this country. More light will dispel the foggy sophisms of the interested imposed on the ignorant. It is from the East that this new light has proceeded and particularly from Boston.My paper warns me that I must end this letter. Otherwise I might perhaps tax your time and patience too heavily. I have only room left to repeat that I am, as I have ever been & shall ever be,with warm affection, your friend & servantW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2425", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mrs. Hudson, 14 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hudson, Mrs.\nMadam\nNatl bridge\nHaving found it necessary to re-examine and establish the boundaries of my land at the Natl bridge I engaged Capt Paxton the county surveyor to run the lines according to the patent. on one of these lines, more than a mile long, & where it borders on you we found that your clearing & culture had extended considerably into my lands. as I presume this was done inadvertently I will only request you to be so good as, after you shall have takenoff the crop of wheat now growing on it, to remove your fence within your line, lest it\u2019s continuance might excite future doubts. Capt Paxton can satisfy you of the exactness of our operations, and there is inded an antient line tree exactly where your fence crosses the line, which Patrick Henry living at the bridge can shew you. I pray you to be assured that I have no disposition to give you trouble or uneasiness as to the past, and only wish to place things at rights for the\n\t\t\t future and I tender you my best respectsTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2426", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Bolling, 16 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bolling, James\nSir\nPoplar Forest\nAccdg to promise I now inclose you an order for 326.25 on Colo B. Peyton of Richmd to wit 300. d. principal & 26.25 int. from June 1. 20. to this day. still  you will oblige me by not letting this order go out of your hands until the moment you want the money, when mr Robertson will give you the cash for it, and so  would the Farm\u2019s bk at Lynchbg,  it being on Colo Peyton who is a director of the F\u2019s bk at Richmd. I make this request because it will give me more time to get flour down to the hands of Colo Peyton, who will certainly pay it at sight, but I had rather he should not be called on until the state of our river will permit the boats to pass with produce so as to place more funds in his hands. it is always very low at this season. I have therefore thrown both principal & int. into one sum, & made them bear interest until you call for the money that you may  recieve compensation for as long as you hold it up,Accept my best wishes & respects.Th: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2428", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Robertson, 16 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Robertson, Archibald\n          I had destined a sum of rent due to me July 1. to pay the amt of my last year\u2019s acct to you, 611.17 which however not being yet recieved I inclose you an order for that sum payable Jan. 1. ensuing being the earliest I can command with certainty. this will be due for wheat sold & payable then. mr Yancey had supposed we should have 1000. 6. for m but as we proceed in fanning , it appears to yield less than expected: and altho there is a certainty there will be more than will cover this order, yet I have thought it due to the purchaser to limit the order provisionally as I have done. I could have been more punctual with you, but that I have had to make considble payments towards the bond assd to mr Miller, & am to pay the whole by the 1st of July next.I will thank you for my acct for the  present year to wit to July 31. last past which shall be pd as soon as I can bring my affrs up to it with the aid of better prices for produce. Accept the assurance of my friendship & respectTh:J.P.S. be so good as to let the inclosed letter to mr Boling remain in your hands until called for by him or some of his neighbors by his order as has been agreed between us.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2429", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 17 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Francis\nPoplar Forest\nOn my return to this place on the 5th inst. I found here your letter of Oct. 22. I learnt from that with real affliction that it was doubtful whether you would be permitted at Columbia to pursue those studies only which will be analogous to the views & purposes of your future life. it is a deplorable considn that altho neither your father nor myself have spared any effort in our power to press on your education, yet so miserable are the means of educn in our state that it has been retarded & baffled to a most unfortunate degree.  and now that you have only a single year left, you cannot be permitted to employ that solely in what will be useful to you,  every instn however has a right to lay down it\u2019s own laws, and we are bound to acquiescence. there seems from your lre to be still a possibility that you may be permitted to remain as an irregular student. that is the most desirable event. if not, then to obtain from Dr Cooper & mr Wallace the favor of attending them as a private student unconnected with the College. from them you can recieve every instruction necessary for you, to wit in Mathematics, Astronomy, Nat. Philosophy & Chemistry. if that cannot be permitted, there will remain nothing but the disastrous alternative of again shifting your situation. I know nothing of the plan or degree of instruction at Chapel-hill. perhaps you might be excluded there also by similar rules. if so, William & Mary is your last resource. there students are permitted to attend the schools of their choice, & those branches of science only which will be useful to them in the line of life they propose. the objection to that place is it\u2019s autumnal unhealthiness.The thankfulness you express for my cares of you bespeaks a feeling & good heart: but the tender recollections which bind my affections to you, are such as will for ever call for every thing I can do for you, and the comfort of my life is in the belief that you will deserve it. to my prayers that your life may be distinguished by it\u2019s worth I add the assurance of my constant & affectionate love.Th: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2431", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Cabell Breckinridge, 19 November 1821\nFrom: Breckinridge, Joseph Cabell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nFrankfort\nIf I had not experienced the effects of your candour and obliging indulgence on a former occasion, and on a subject connected with the memory of my father, I should feel an insuperable reluctance to trouble you with this letter.\u2014 A very brief narrative will explain its object.In the Richmond Enquirer of Septr. 4. in an editorial stricture on certain articles that had appeared in the National Intelligencer, the writer in support of his principles refers to the authority of your name and opinions, and expresses himself in the following words.\u201cWe protested against\u201d putting Mr. J. forth as chief of a new party; and that the doctrine we held on the great question of supremacy in cases of collision between the two governments, was the doctrine of the old republican party, of Mr madisons report of \u201898. and of the Kentucky resolutions penned by Mr J. himself\u201dWell knowing that the resolutions here alluded to, were introduced into the Legislature of Kentucky by my father as his own production,\u2014 I was greatly astonished by the assertion of the editor. Convinced as I am, that the mover of the resolutions would not have consented thus to appropriate the labours, even of his illustrious friend, I did believe the assertion to be untrue.To a man, the measure of whose fame and usefulness is full, an occurrence like the present may be regarded with indifference. But when you remember, that the providence of God arrested at an early period the auspicious career of him, whose loss I have cause so deeply to deplore\u2014you will excuse\u2014nay approve the sensibility which I feel on every subject connected with his just renown. If I am not deceived in the temper of the times, the day is at hand, when the struggle of \u201998. is to be renewed with decisive characteristics of consolidating intent, and these states are to maintain a second contest, for the purity and extent of their ancient rights. At such a crisis, involving the safety and perpetuity of some of the most sacred principles of American freedom, the recollection of similar events\u2014the corresponding sentiments and acts of departed patriots\u2014will be revived with peculiar interest, and powerful effect: and I can distinctly perceive the value of your written declarations, to ensure justice to the memory of one, whom living, you largely contributed to exalt.Believing that I cannot give a better evidence of the sincerity and respect of the present application, than by omitting all formal & affected apologies for having made it, I hasten to assure you of my high consideration, and to offer you my sincerest wishes for your continued health & happiness.J. Cabell Breckinridge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2432", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. C. Schaeffer, 19 November 1821\nFrom: Schaeffer, F. C.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nNewYork,\nOn a former occasion I took the liberty of submitting to your inspection, a little publication, which I had prepared for the Managers of the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism in NewYork. I was actuated by a desire, which I believe is common to all authors, however trifling their performances, the desire of making known their works to the great and good.I am emboldened to trouble your again, by the kind manner in which your received the \u201cReport to the Managers\u201d &c.\u2014and by the common law of our land, to send a copy of all new publications to the Honorable and distinguished gentlemen, who, after having presided over a great Republic, enjoy a peculiar degree of happiness, which is confined to them alone, and which must be enhanced by the continual evidences of public veneration and gratitude.Though your repose may often be disturbed by such of my fellow-citizens, who, like myself, are instrumental in ushering a pamphlet into the world, still, the activity which it intimates cannot be displeasing; and whatever marks the tendency of the times, or may be likely, though even in a small degree, to become subservient to the advantage of any portion of the community and country whose interests you have eminently promoted, is unquestionably acceptable.New arguments may apologize for the boldness with which I approach you at the present time, in offering you an exemplar of my \u201cAddress, pronounced at the laying of the Corner Stone of St. Mathew\u2019s Church, NewYork, Oct 22. 1821; with the Ceremonial on the occasion.\u201d\u2014I have always thought, that the view which is generally taken of \u201cthe merit of Luther\u2019s deeds\u201d, is too limited. In the inclosed address, you will find, I trust, that while I endeavor to give him full credit for what he has performed, I do not subject myself to the accusation of selfish or sectarian principles.\u2014With the highest regard, and with the best wishes for your welfare, I am your friend & servantF. C. Schaeffer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anthony Dey, 20 November 1821\nFrom: Dey, Anthony\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nNew York Corner Nassau & Cedar St.\n20 November 1821\nAltho\u2019 you have retired from public life, yet I have supposed, the great interests of our Country are very near your heart that you would be gratified with hearing of the success of American Agriculture\u2014& the native genius of our country men in Mechanism\u2014under those impressions I have taken the liberty of enclosing you a Sample of flax\u2014 the plant of which grew upon my farm in New Jersey, which consists principally of reclaimed Salt Meadow\u2014& was dressed in an enrotted State in a machine invented by a native american.The Machine is Constructed to go by animal or water power & is estimated to dress one Ton of the stem or plant in the ten ordinary working hours of the day\u2014the Expence of breaking & clearing the flax & bringing it into the State in which I send it you will not exceed 2 cents per poundThe Information we have from England is that it Cost 6. / near 11 cents our money to produce the same result\u2014There is a great saving\u2014more than 100 pr Cent in the fibre & the machine is equally as well calculated for Hemp as well as flax\u2014With my sincere wishes for your health & happinessI remain Sir very RespectfullyAnthony Dey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2434", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Moody, 20 November 1821\nFrom: Moody, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Dear Sir\nCartersville\nNovember 20th 1821\nI am Likely to have a Law-Litigation with the Executors of Oliver Evans Deasd viz. his two sons are the Execrs and Legatees also, I have been upwards of two years Trying by all moderate means in my Power to Bring them to Setlement, But all in Vain, they Evade me by futile arts My Claims vs the Estate is Considerable, I find no other way than by sewing and perhaps in that case then Council may atack my Character at the Bar in Philadelphia, I intend shortly Down to Richmond and have my general Character Drawn on paper and a few of the principal noted gentlemen to put their names thereto. where I have Resided Since the year 1786. till 18. Mo past In the meantime I have to Request the kind favour of your Sir who have known me upwards of thirty years\u2014To address a Letter to me at this Place Stating  what you may think My Character Deserves, I have filld Many Important Stations & plans of Much Trust without Blame to my knowledge in the smalest Degree, I have no Doubt But you are often Calld on for such favours I hope you will Excuse the Request and give Complyance I ask your Pardon for this address. I Tender you my RespectsSincerely I am your Humble StJohn Moody", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2435", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Carrington Cabell, 21 November 1821\nFrom: Cabell, Joseph Carrington\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nWilliamsburg\nI most heartily regret to be under the necessity of again apologizing for my absence from the meeting of the Visitors. The cause of my disappointment is an inflamed ulcer on one of my ears, the character & tendency of which Genl Cocke will more particularly explain to you. I am pursuing a course recommended by two Physicians in Richmond, and thus far approved by Doct: Smith of this place. They have all advised me to decline my visit to Corrottoman, & my attendance at the meeting on wednesday next; but think I may attend to my duties in the senate. Mr Johnson will enable me to understand the views & wishes of the board, which I regret very much not to be able to learn from them personally. If I had a vote on the question of finishing the buildings, I should vote for it, as a measure correct in itself, and prudent with reference to the present state of the public mind. If there be not money enough to finish them. I would go on as near to the object as possible. But I am at this time inclined to think I would ask nothing of the present Assembly. I would go on & compleat the buildings, and at another session make the great effort to emancipate the funds. Last spring I rather inclined to the opinion expressed by many friends in Richmond, that we should commence no building, which we could not finish. But I now think otherwise. I see no essential good to result from stopping short of our object, merely to have the credit of having a little money in hand, which the enemies of the institution would aver that we wished to spend, but had not the courage to part with. They would exaggerate the sum eventually necessary to compleat the establishment, and laugh at our policy. Such are my views. But you & the enlightened gentleman of the Board know better how to steer the ship than I do. I will heartily cooperate in such measures as your better judgments will propose. Be pleased to remember me most respectfully & kindly to all the Gentlemen of the Board, and believe me to remain faithfully & unchangeably your friendJoseph C. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William John Coffee, 22 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coffee, William John\n                    on my return from Pop. For. the day before yesterday I found here your favr of the 1st inst. which must apologize for the tardiness of my answer. I accept with  pleasure your proposn to visit us this winter, as well for that of your company as for the benefit my paintings will recieve from your hands. I have housed myself now for the winter, and shall not leave my quarters again till the spring, except on occnl rides to my hobby the Univy which now I assure you, begins to have a splendid appearce even without it\u2019s greatest ornamt the Rotunda, not yet begun. accept the assurce of my great esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2439", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 22 November 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSales 46 Blls: super & 4 fine Hour by B. Peyton for a/c Mr Thomas Jefferson1821 Richd20 NovrTo Capl\u2014for Cash in store46 Blls: super fine flour at $6} $299.004\"finedo\"5.75ChargesCash pd fght:at 2/6 & Toll at 7d\u00bd$26.05Inspection $1, Drayage $12.00storage $4 & Comssn at 2\u00bd pr Ct $7.4711.47$39.52Nett prcds at Cr Th: Jefferson$259.48Dear Sir,Richd 22d Novr 1821\n\t\t\t Above I hand you sales your last parcel 50 Blls: Flour at $6, which was the best I could do with it, I postponed a sale for several days, in the hope of an advance, but each mail brings us worse & worse accounts of the article from the Northern markets, particularly New York, which in a great degree governs this, last sales there $6 \u00bc @ \u215c dull\u2014I recd yesterday your esteemed favor from Bedford, advising of rural dfts, all of which shall be paid when presented, whether due or not, that favor Miss Ellen Randolph was paid on monday last.Yours very TruelyB. Peyton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2440", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Wiatt, 22 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wiatt, Edward\n                    I send you, Sir, a copy of the 1st edn of the Parl. Manl the only one of which I have a duplicate. a neater edn was printed in 1812. by Millegan in Geo. T. of which doubtless a portion still remains on hand. be pleased to accept this with the assurce of my respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2442", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hutchins Gordon Burton, 23 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Burton, Hutchins Gordon\n                    The repeated trouble you have been so kind as to take in having me furnished with some of the scupernon wine makes it a duty to inform you that the 2d cask  which went to sea, came safely  about half full,  but perfectly pure & unadulterated which I considered as a favor redeemg the necessity which had  been incurred  of encroaching on the quantity. the last supply came also full & pure & both were remarkably fine. after so many obliging attentions shall I be too unreasonable in requesting you to inform me what individual makes the crop of best quality, as that would enable me to establish arrangements with him for a constant supply as wanted.The visitors of our Univty will meet  on Thursday next, and I have no doubt they will join in the petn to Congress for the repeal of the duty on books & address a lre to our delegates & Senators there, who I hope will recieve the aid & coopern of those of N.C.I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2443", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Claudius Crozet, 23 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Crozet, Claudius\n                    I thank you, Sir, for your kind attention in sending me a copy of your valuable treatise on Descriptive geometry. I felicitate the Student of the present day on this important supplement to his knolege of the theory of geometry, and those of our country particularly on their fortunate acquisition of so able an instructor in it. we are sometimes disposed to think with regret that we have been born an age too soon for the luminous advance of sciences, of which we see the dawn. but justice suggests that our age has had it\u2019s turn, and it\u2019s honors too, and that the enjoyments of advancing science which we have had more than those who have gone before us, should not be envied to those who are to come after us. with my thankfulness for the services you are rendering my young countrymen, accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2444", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon, 23 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Macon, Nathaniel\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nAbsence at an occasional but distant residence prevented my recieving your friendly letter of oct. 20 till three days ago. a line from my good old friends is like balm to my soul. you ask me what you are to do with my letters of Sep.19. I wrote it, my dear Sir, with no other view than to pour my thoughts into your bosom. I knew they would be safe there, and I believed they would be welcome. but if you think, as you say that \u2018good may be done by shewing it to a few welltried friends\u2019 I have no objection to that. but ultimately you cannot do better than to throw it into the fire.My confidence, as you kindly observed, has been often abused by the publication of my letters for the purposes of interest or vanity; and it has been to me the source of much pain to be exhibited before the public in forms not meant for them I recieve letters expressed in the most friendly  and even affectionate terms, sometimes perhaps asking my opinion on some subject. I cannot refuse to answer such letters, not can I do it. dryly and suspiciously. among a score or two of such correspondents, one perhaps betrays me. I feel it mortifyingly; but conclude I had better incur one treachery than offend a score or two of good people. I sometimes expressly desire that my letter may not be published; but this is so like requesting a man not to steal or cheat that I am ashamed of it after I have done it.Our government is now taking so steady a course, as to shew by what road it will pass to destruction, to wit, by consolidation first; and then corruption, it\u2019s necessary consequence. the engine of consolidation will be the Federal judiciary; the two other branches the corrupting and corrupted instruments. I fear an explosion in our state legislature. I wish they may restrain themselves to a strong but temperate Protestation. Virginia is not at present in favor with her co-states. an opposition headed by her would determine all the Anti-Missouri states to take the contrary side. she had better lie by therefore till the shoe shall pinch an Eastern state. let the cry be first raised from that quarter, & we may fall into it with effect. but I fear our Eastern associates wish for consolidation, in which they would be joined by the smaller states generally.\u2014but, with one foot in the grave,\u2014I have no right to meddle with these things. ever and affectionatelyYoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2445", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 24 November 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour welcome favor of the 12th came to hand two days ago. I was just returned from Poplar Forest which I have visited four times this year. I have an excellent house there, inferior only to Monticello, am comfortably fixed and attended, have a few good neighbors, and pass my time there in a tranquility and retirement much adapted to my age and indolence. you so kindly ask an explanation of the illness which held me so long, that I feel it a duty to give it. having been long subject to local and slight affections of rheumatism, and being at Staunton on other business, I thought I would go to the Warmsprings and eradicate the seeds of it, for I was then in perfect health. I used the bath moderately for three weeks I was not quick enough however in observing the gradual debility it was bringing on me. at length it produced a general eruption, and imposthume. after a painful journey I got home unable to walk without help, and the debility and indisposition rapidly increased and reduced me to death\u2019s door. swelled legs began to threaten dropsy aided by a prostration of the visceral powers. abandoning medecine however and forsifying my legs by bandages continued 8. or 10. months. I am at length entirely recovered, and suppose myself as well as I ever shall be. I am very little able to walk, but ride freely without fatigue. no better proof than that on a late visit to the Natural bridge I was six days successively on horseback from breakfast to sunset. You enquire also about our University. all it\u2019s buildings, except the Library will be finished by the ensuing spring. it will be a splendid establishment, would be thought so in Europe, and for the chastity of it\u2019s architecture and classical taste leaves every thing in America for behind it. but the Library, not yet begun, is essentially wanting to give it unity and consolidation as a single object. it will have cost in the whole but 250,000.D. the Library is to be on the principle of the Pantheon, a sphere within a cylinder of 70.f. diameter, to wit one half only of the dimensions of the Pantheon, and of a single order only. when this is done you must come and see it.\u2014I do not admire your Canada speculation. I think, with mr Rittenhouse, that it is altogether unaccountable how any man can stay in a cold country who can find room in a warm one, and should certainly prefer to Polar regions of ice and snow, lands as fertile and cheap which may be covered with groves of olives and oranges. I envy M. Chaumont nothing but his French cook & cuisine. these are luxuries which can neither be forgotten, nor possessed in our country.\u2014our state has been visited by a sporadic fever of a most extraordinary character, if a thing so diversified can be said to have any character. in some places rapid & mortal, in others tedious and of little danger. it has prevailed too almost solely in the mountainous regions. Harper\u2019s ferry, Loudon, Orange, Buckingham, Bedford, Botetourt. at the Biglick in the last county it was stopped only by the compleat extermination of every human being living at the place, 42 in number. it is at length disappearing in most places.\u2014our Visitors meet the ensuing week, and you will see in the public papers, their annual report to the legislature on the state of the University, which will give you more particular views of it than I have done.\u2014we hear not a word of Correa. and it is long since I have heard of Charles Thompson. you would gratify me greatly by a minute account of his condition, which you can readily obtain where you are. you say nothing of your own health whence I presume it good, and that it may continue so thro\u2019 as long a life as yourself shall wish is the prayer of your ever affectionate friendTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2446", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 25 November 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sirnov: 25th 1821\u2014I enclose you my report of the general state and condition of the University with my estimates of what will be required to complete the buildings and a statement of the amt drafts since 1st Oct: 1820 to the present time\u2014I hope this will meet your views. I have not had time make out more than one copy of the report if another should be wanting will make it after the meeting of the visitorsI am Sir respectfully your Obt sertA. S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2447", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William S. Hart, 25 November 1821\nFrom: Hart, William S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n   ca. 25 Nov. 1821FRENCH ACADEMY,NO. 33 BEAVER-STREET,NEW-YORK.TERMS\u2014BOARD AND TUITION, $300 PER ANNUM\u2014HALF IN ADVANCE.LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,Of this Metropolis, of the United States of America, of South America, and the various countries of Europe, are respectfully informed, thatL\u2019Academie Fran\u00e7aise,on an improved system of \u201cNature Displayed,\u201d in her mode of teaching Language to Man, is now open for the reception of pupils in the English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Greek, and Latin languages.Reading, Penmanship, Stenography, English Grammar, Arithmetic, Book-keeping, Geography, (with the use of Maps and Globes,) Painting and Drawing, History, Algebra, Geometry, Plain and Spherical Trigonometry, Mensuration, Surveying, Navigation, the Practice and Theory of Lunars, with the Use of Chronometers, Astronomy, Natural and Moral Philosophy, Botany, Chymistry, Logic, Rhetoric, and Criticism, will be taught by experienced Instructers, on the most reasonable terms.The course of theoretical instruction will also comprise the practical illustration of the most useful branches, from Manuscript Lectures of distinguished Professors, European and American.I have the honour, Ladies and Gentlemen, To be very respectfully,Will. S. Hart P. M. L.N. B. Apply to either of the American or European Consulates.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2448", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hiram Haines, 26 November 1821\nFrom: Haines, Hiram\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonoured Sir,\nState Mills Culpeper County Va.\nI have presumed to address you for the purpose of offering as a present a Small pocket knife which I have lately made, and which you will find in a packet accompanying this letter. It is defective in many parts particularly the Spring which is rather weak, but its faults you will readily excuse when informed of the inexperience of the artist it being the first thing of the kind I ever attempted, and was made without the assistance or instruction of any person whatsoever. I have engraved in a rough manner the Initials of your Name on the handle and request that at your death, the knife shall become the property of your Daughter Mrs Randolph. I offer it neither thro\u2019 motives of interest or affectation but as, a token of veneration and Esteem, and altho\u2019 the acceptance of my little present would give me much pleasure and its rejection much pain, yet sooner would I undergo the latter sensation, than labour under the belief, that you thought I presented it from either of the former motives above mentioned.It possesses nothing singular in itself except its having been made by a Virginia Youth, who never worked an hour at any Mechanical Trade in his life, and presented by him, as a testimony of his Esteem of a man who has rendered so many essential services to his country, this being the only motive which influenced me to tender you the knife I have flattered myself that it will be accepted. I have very lately met with a Copy of the \u201cNotes on Virginia\u201d belonging to a Gentleman of this County who has obligingly loaned it to me, and as it is so rarely to be met with I design as soon as I can get leisure, to extract all the most useful parts, which will form a very neat manuscript Volume and be useful as a book of Reference when I or others may wish to know what Virginia was in 1781\u2014I was not mistaken in the Supposition that it contained a Store of Useful knowledge, tho\u2019 in some instances the matter (of course) is adapted to the time in which it was written, yet in my humble opinion, it cannot fail being read now, and no doubt will be read many years to come, with both Pleasure and Profit, but were you now to write \u201cnotes on Virginia\u201d we should see but little affinity between the two books\u2014(except in Style, which is Plain and Elegant)\u2014New discoveries have been made, curiosities unknown  then are now open to the investigation and admiration of Man, where then was nought but an impassable Marsh or Mountain we now see Neat Canals or convenient Turnpikes, Villages then, rank as Towns now, and Towns have grown into flourishing cities and where then, nought was heard but the howling of the wolf, or the Indians Yell, we now hear the more pleasing sound of the Woodman\u2019s axe and see neatly Cultivated  Farms and comfortable dwellings.Besides a Mass of other useful matter one article alone renders it doubly valuable and interesting to me. I mean the notice you take of the Indian Tribes which Inhabited this State previous to its Settlement by the Europeans\u2014this, I consider, a very interesting tho\u2019 much neglected Subject, and had not you nobly stepped forward And risqued it from Oblivion, we should have been left almost without a trace of the character or meaning of the original inhabitants of this Country. On Subjects of this kind my mind ever delights to dwell and your book has afforded me a rich report of this, one of my favourite  themes.\u2014It tells me what Virginia was \u2019ere our adventurous forefathers Crossed the Ocean and converted her forests into fruitful fields, \u2018twas then that nought was seen but the nimble Quadrupeds skipping over the hills, or basking in the mid-day Sun, or the tawny Sons of the Forest with their simple weapons, actively engaged in  pursuit of the means of Subsistence, or engaged in the more dreadful work of Human destruction\u2014it then tells us what Virginia was the hundred and Seventy  years afterwards, we see what Progress Civilization had made over Savage wildness\u2014and the triumph of the arts and Sciences over Indian Barbarity and ignorance. How happy a change  was there at that time, tho\u2019 America was then strugling to free itself from the yoke of a Tyrranical power, but how Glorious the scene now! Blest with peace, Prosperity and Independence we see our Country advancing with rapid strides towards perfection  to which it is nearer now, than any other on Earth.Please Excuse the length of this letter and the trouble I have given you in perusing it  If it would not occupy too much of your time I should be glad to hear of your having received the knife in Safety and here let me add an humble request, that I may one day possess a Relic however trifling in Value, that once belonged to Jefferson\u2014a Painted miniature or Copperplate likeness of yourself would be preferred\u2014but any other little trifle\u2014a book for instance, would be very pleasing\u2014I by no means wish to insinuate that I consider you under an obligation to do so\u2014and if in making this request I have given Offence, it is through ignorance not designIn wishing you many years of  uninterupted worldly Happiness and immortal Felicity after death I express the Cordial feelings of my heart.With Respect, I Remain YoursHiram Haines\n   I do not mean perfection in the general appliance of the word, that is a point to which human Institutions can never arrive, but I mean Perfection so far as Human wisdom  is capable of making anything Perfect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Magruder, 26 November 1821\nFrom: Magruder, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nOak Spring, Caroline County near Ville-borough\n26. nov. 21I am well aware, Sir, of the Apology a Stranger Should make for intruding upon your time for a moment; and I offer the Subject of this Communication as that Apology. It is Simply to enquire of you, the fountain head, as we all Conceive in this lower Country, when, in your Opinion, the university now erecting under your auspices, will go into Operation with any degree of Certainty\u2014the probable price which each Scholar will Cost for board tuition &c and to get the favor of you to point out the various Courses of instruction Contemplated to be given.I have been always Opposed to Sending my children beyond the limits of their native State; and as I confess I do not like the establishment at Williamsburg, I Know not where I could turn my mind with better hopes for their Successfull improvement than to the institution I have alluded to.My Boys, John & William, 13 & 15 years of age have been for Some time at the Rappahannock Academy\u2014latterly with an Irish Gentleman, Mr Twomy, a private tutor in the family of Mr Kensey Beverly.\u2014In April next Mr Beverly will remove to the western Country & Mr Twomy will accompany him, and my Boys are therefore to be provided for. They are in a Class, reading virgil & Horace, and the eldest, John, is learning Greek. As they cannot lose a moment of time very precious I think, at their periods of life, I must beg the favor of you to let me hear from you, if you will oblige me So far, as Soon as Convenient; and I must again offer the only Apology I have to make for thus troubling you, namely, an anxious wish to give to my Children the very best education I can which their native state will afford.Any Communication you may be pleased to make to me, as Soon as may Suit your Conveniency, will be most thankfully received bySir, Your most respectfull obedt ServantThomas MagruderP.S.I could have written to Col Lindsay\u2014Mr Wm Gordon, Mr James Miller & Several other intimate friends on the Same Subjects; but I thought it better to venture a Simple Communication to yrself, as I know very well they would all, either directly, or indirectly turn me  over to you at last.I have another boy, Allan B. Magruder nearly eleven who must be disposed of by 1st Jany Coming. He has been at a Common Country School & Knows very little, but is Smart enough. All these boys are  to be educated at the expense of a very affectionate brother of mine namely, Dennis F. Magruder of Baltimore who is rich & what is better, willing, to expend his money in that way.\u2014Can he be provided for immediately, or Soon, if he Commences his grammatical Studys as I wish him to do without loss of time?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 26 November 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHono: Sir\nRichmond\nShould like much to know, if your honour has received the books, and my last letter.\u2014Your humble Servant,Frederick A Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2451", "content": "Title: Arthur S. Brockenbrough: Receipt to TJ, 27 Nov. 1821, 27 November 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: \n                    Recd of Mr Thomas Jefferson one hundred & fifty dollars via Machum to be placed to his credit on acct of his subscription to the central College", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2452", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 27 November 1821\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMill Brook\nYour letter arrived here while I was absent on a short visit to my sister Lane the management of whose affairs have devolved on me\u2014Firmly persuaded as I am that such a view of the eight years of your administration as would be presented by yourself would be the best antidote to the political poison circulating among us, I should consider myself as violating the duty I owe to my country could I hessitate in putting into your hands the Documents in my possession\u2014I value them highly as comprizing the best materials for an impartial history of the measures of our Federal Government from the year 1801. to 1809. Every patriot must look back to this period as the era of sound principles\u2014Why or wherefore we have changed our course & adopted in our measures and above all in our construction of the constitution the old Federal principles is an important question intimately blended with the best interests of your country\u2014I annex a list of the public documents I have preserved\u2014You can either send for the whole or select such as you wish subject to the condition of being returned after you have done with them\u2014List of Documents\u20141. Journals of the old Congress.2. Journals of the Senate & House of Representatives from the first Session of the 8th Congress to the 1st Session of the 15thPublic papers laid before Congress1. & 2. Session 8th Congress.4 vols.1 & Second Sess. 9th congress4.1 & 2d do.10. do61 & 2. do. 11. do61.2d & 3d13.32d Session144.1. Session158.2. Sessiondo2.American State papers 1789. to 1815. printed by 89-1829 order of Congress including 1. vol confidential\u2014Documents on the subject of our Foreign relations.1.Neutral rights \u2014Relations with Spain.Treaty with Great BritainPublic accounts from 1801. to 1808.American Senator containing debates of congress During 1798. & 1799.I am afraid you will hardly make out to read my letter\u2014The bottle of Ink was left out during this cold weather, & is destroyed by the cold\u2014Present me affectionately to all the family & accept for your joint welfare & happiness the sincere wishes ofYours affectionatelyJno W. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2461", "content": "Title: From University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30 November 1821\nFrom: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: United States Congress\nTo the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.The Petition of  the Rector and Visitors of the University of VirginiaOn behalf of those for whom they are in the office of preparing the means of instruction, as well as of others seeking it elsewhere,Respectfully representeth:That the Commonwealth of Virginia has thought proper lately to establish an University for instruction generally in all the useful branches of science, of which your petitioners are appointed Rector and Visitors, and as such are charged with attention to the interests of those who shall be committed to their care:That they observe in the Tariff of duties imposed by the laws of Congress on importations into the US. an article peculiarly inauspicious to the objects of their own, and of all the literary institutions throughout the US.That at an early period of the present government, when our country was burthened with a heavy debt contracted in the war of Independence and it\u2019s resources for revenue were untried and uncertain, the national legislature thought it as yet inexpedient to indulge in scruples as to the subjects of taxation, and among others imposed a duty on books imported from abroad, which has been continued, and now is of 15. percent on their prime cost, raised by ordinary Custom house charges to 18. percent, and by the importers profits to perhaps 25. percent, &  more:That after many years experience, it is certainly found that the reprinting of books in the US. is confined chiefly to those in our native language, and of popular characters and to cheap editions of a few of the Classics, for the use of schools; while the valuable editions of the Classical authors, even learned works in the English language, and books in all foreign living languages (vehicles of the important discoveries and improvements in science and the arts, which are daily advancing the interests and happiness of other nations) are unprinted here & unobtainable from abroad but under the burthen of a heavy duty.That of many important books in different branches of science, it is believed that there is not a single copy in the US. of others but a few, and these too distant and difficult of access for students and writers generally:That the difficulty resulting from this of procuring books of the first order in the sciences, and in foreign languages, antient and modern, is an unfair impediment to the American student, who, for want of these aids, already possessed or easily procurable in all countries, except our own, enters in his course with very unequal means, with wants unknown to his foreign competitors, and often with that imperfect result which subjects us to reproaches not unfelt by minds alive to the honor, and mortified sensibilities of their country: That to obstruct the acquisition of books from abroad, as an encoragement of the progress of literature at home, is burying the fountain to increase the flow of it\u2019s waters.That books, and especially those of the rare and valuable character thus burthened, are not articles of consumption, but of permanent preservation and value, lasting often as many centuries as the houses we live in, of which examples are to be found in every library of note:That books therefore  are Capital , often the only Capital of professional men on their outset in life, and of students destined for professions, as most of our scholars are, and who are barely able too for the most part, to meet the expences of tuition, and less so to pay an extra tax on the books necessary for their instruction: that they are consequently less instructed than they would be, and that our citizens at large do not derive from their employment all the benefits which higher qualifications would procure them:That this is the only form of Capital on which a tax of from 18. to 25. percent is first levied on the gross, and the proprietor then subject to all other taxes in detail as those holding capital in other forms, on which no such  extra tax has been  previously  levied:That it is true that no duty is required on books imported for seminaries of learning: but these, locked up in libraries, can be of no avail to the practical man, when he wishes a recurrence to them for the uses of life:That  more than 30 years experience of the resources of our country prove them equal to all it\u2019s debts and wants, and permit it\u2019s legislature now to favor such objects as the public interests recommend to favor:That the value of science to a republican people, the security it gives to liberty by enlightening the minds of it\u2019s citizens, the protection it affords against foreign power, the virtues it inculcates, the just emulation of the distinction it confers on nations foremost in it, in short  it\u2019s identification with power, morals, order and happiness (which merits to it premiums of encoragement rather than  repressive taxes) are topics which your petitioners do not permit them-selves to urge on the wisdom of Congress, before whose minds these considerations are always present & bearing with their  just weight:And they conclude therefore with praying that Congress will be pleased to bestow on this important subject the attention it merits, and  give the proper relief to the candidates of science among ourselves devoting themselves to the laudable object of qualifying themselves to become the Instructors and benefactors of their fellow-citizens:and your petitioners as in duty bound will ever pray Etc.Th: Jefferson Rector of the  University of VirginiaNov. 30. 1821.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2462", "content": "Title: From University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Virginia Senators and Representatives in Congress, 30 November 1821\nFrom: University of Virginia Board of Visitors\nTo: Virginia Senators and Representatives in Congress\n                    We learn that it is in contemplation with other seminaries of science in the US. to petition Congress at their ensuing session for a repeal of the duty on books imported from abroad. this tax, so injurious to the progress of literature, concerning nearly the interests of those for whose benefit our state has established the institution committed to our charge, we think it our duty to cooperate with our sister institutions in obtaining the relief so desirable for all. we have therefore prepared the petition now inclosed, in which the grounds of our application are so particularly detailed, that they need not be here repeated. persuading ourselves that you will consider this measure for the benefit of our youth claiming equally with the University itself the patronage of the state, we have to sollicit your advocation of it in both houses of Congress. as similar applications are proposed from other quarters of the Union, your own judgment and discretion will decide on the degree of concert, in the time and mode of proceeding which will be most advisable. committing the subject therefore to your enlightened sense of it\u2019s importance to our common country we salute you with assurances of our esteem and high consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2464", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hartwell Cocke, 1 December 1821\nFrom: Cocke, John Hartwell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nMr Garretts Decr 1st 1821\nYour not having informed me that I was appointed by the Board of Visitors at the meeting last Spring to examine the Bursars Accots Mr Garrett being under the impression you so informed him and being desirous to have his Accots passed, we have to ask the favor of you to refer to the proceedings of that meeting and give us the necessary information to enable us to proceed with proper authorityYours with highest respect & EsteemJohn. H. Cocke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2465", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Thornton Kirkland, 1 December 1821\nFrom: Kirkland, John Thornton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nHarvard University, Cambridge, Mass.\nThe Corporation of this University desire to unite with other Institutions in presenting to Congress the Memorial, of which a printed copy is herewith sent. They have authorized me to subscribe it officially, to transmit it to the several Colleges, Academies, and literary Societies, and to request their concurrence by the signatures of their respective principals. If you shall approve the measure, we hope you will be able to act upon it in such season that the Memorial may be offered in the present session of Congress, before the Tariff shall be settled;\u2014and that if a meeting of the body of the Directors or Trustees of your Institution cannot be had in time, you may be authorized by the executive Government or standing Committee of your Corporation to give your name. If you shall think proper to join in the application, you are requested to signify it to me by mail, by returning to me the Memorial with your signature, or by giving me permission to affix your name to the copy which shall be sent to Congress. When a sufficient number of names shall have been collected, I propose to transmit the document, with the names annexed, to one of our Representatives, to be by him presented to the National Legislature. The facts stated in the Memorial have been ascertained by the diligent inquiry of one of our Professors at the Custom-House in Boston, and by information from booksellers in the principal cities where books are imported. Should you approve the design, we beg leave further to suggest to you the expediency of writing on the subject to members of Congress from your State.I am, Sir, respectfully, Your obedient servant,John T KirklandPresident of Harvard University.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2466", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hartwell Cocke, 1 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cocke, John Hartwell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe only  entry made on our journal formally is that of Oct. 3. 20. (on the subject of your letter) & is in these words. \u2018resolvd that Joseph C. Cabell be, & he is hereby desired and authorised to examine & verify the accounts of the preceeding year not already examined & verified.\u2019 mr Cabell, at the time expressed some fears he might not  be able to attend, and proposed to yourself in  to do the business, and I think I am certain it was agreed between you that the one or the other, as convenient, would do it. this past verbally in the presence of the board who acquiesced in it, and understood that either the one or the other would do it, & their approbation was implied though not formally entered in the journals; for as well as I remember it passed while we were in the act of separation. neither of you being present at the meeting of April, nothing was said on the subject because we expected that the one or other of you  it at your convenience, & for the same reason nothing was said at our late meeting, and most certainly we considered and consider you as authorised by what past verbally, and any settlement by either yourself or mr Cabell will be recieved and approved as authoritative, and I hope you will feel no scruples  omission of the formality of a written entry. ever & affectionately yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William B. McCorkle, 2 December 1821\nFrom: McCorkle, William B.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nWadesboro NC\nDecember 2\u20141821\u2014\nI take the Liberty of addressing a letter on a subject which I wish Some information hoping you will condecend so far as to furnish me with it The Subject is Revolutionary claims for Bounty Lands for Service Rendered the State of Virginia in the Continal Line provision  made by Several acts of the Legislature of Virginia for the Continental Troops. A Citizen of this place who rendered Service for Virginia in the Revolutionary war under Several enlistments claims for his toil and Labour in this arduous struggle for Liberty the Bounty of Virginia and the Gratitude of its Citizens: he is a poore old man and wishes me to interceed  in his Behalf to get his Bounty Land as allowed by act of the State of Virginia: will you be so good as to State to me the Several act of the State of Virginia granting Bounties of Land to their enlisted Troops during the Revolutionary war and what kind of evidence will be wanting to prove his enlistments and what form of Deposition will be wanting to make good his claim in the Land office of Virginia I presume that in the Session out of Virginia to the General Government the state Reserved such Tract of Land as would sattisfy these Revolutionary claims If you cannot furnish me with the acts of Assembly of Virginia you will give me such information in writing as will  afford me such light on the Subject that will enable me to proceed in this old mans claim so that I can get it for himBy the act of Congress last session the time of Locating Virginia Land warrants is extended to two years I wish to get the warrant before this time expires in Complying with the above   request you will do a service that is wanting muchI am very respectfully your most obt SevtWm B McCorklePost master", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick A. Mayo, 3 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mayo, Frederick A.\n\t\t\t\t\tDec.3. wrote that I had acknold rect of my books before my departure to Bedf. & that if he would send my bill I would order payment by return of mail.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2469", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Levett Harris, 3 December 1821\nFrom: Harris, Levett\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n              Philadelphia\n          I have lately received from Professor Adelung of St Petersburg, his last work on the general classification of the Languages with a request, that I would tender you a Copy of it, with the homage of his respect.The Subject treated of in this work, is known to have deeply engaged your researches, and you will hence see with lively interest the result of the labors of the learned philologist.Mr Adelung is certainly the most distinguished individual in this department of learning now in Europe, the celebrated professor Vater of Konigsberg being now no more, and he having expressed to me an innate desire to become acquainted with some of the leading  of the United States, especially in the branch which he So Successfully Cultivates, I have promoted a Correspondence between him and Mr Du Ponceau, who has already derived great personal Satisfaction from it, and who promises to turn it not less to public benefits.It was my intention to have renewed my respects to you in person last summer. Another visit to Monticello, I have however, on reflection, deemed proper to defer, till I shall have succeeded in trying the cause, which you will recollect I have pending in the Supreme Court of this State.I feel indeed, that it would be far from pertinent, to trouble you farther or prematurely with the merits of a Contest, which, in your retirement, is so little calculated to inspire You with interest. Yet, under every Circumstance I shall consider it not less due to you, to make you fully & freely known to the machinations of a person who enjoys high credit in this Government. A person with whom few have been more intimate\u2014who professed himself constantly my sincere friend, till he reached his present elevation, and who is still suffered to use the credit attached to the office of Secretary of State to my injury. And all this in defiance of the acknowledged satisfaction of the President of my honorable conduct, in relation to those , which have been a Subject of Cabinet investigation, and which, after having been so settled in Washington, have since become, thro the scant & immediate agency of Mr Adams, an affair of judicial examination in the Tribunals of this State.In March next, I hope it will be brought to trial, when I shall take an early opportunity to apprize you of its results and of my ulterior purposes respecting it.It is has given me great pleasure to learn from our friend Mr Short, of the generally good state of your health. May it long continue to impart to your declining years all that happiness, of which \u2019tis your destiny to reap so rich a harvest.I beg leave to offer my compliments to the Governor and Mrs Randolph and Miss Randolph, and to remain, with sentiments  of the highest respect & veneration, Dear Sir, Your most devoted & Obedient Servant\n            Levett Harris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2470", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nprivateI now inclose you the annual report of the Visitors of the University to the Literary board with it\u2019s documents, to be laid before the Legislature. we have had two copies prepared, one for each house, of the ground plan of the establishment.but as these are in a box, not proper for the mail, & the girls expect to set out for Richmond on Saturday, I will send the box by them, and you will recieve it by the time your copies of the report and other documents can be prepared for the two houses.can you give me any idea when the Literary board will be able to furnish us the remaining 30,900.D. you will see by the report that our debts are upwards of 50,000D. a larger sum than our workman can be out of without great inconvenience. affectionately & respectfully yoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2471", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jesse C. Young, 5 December 1821\nFrom: Young, Jesse C.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nTroy (N.Y.)\nI herewith send for your perusal a copy of \u201cMurray\u2019s English Grammer Simplified, by Allen Fisk, a Gentleman of this City; which you will be pleased to consider as an offering to yourself.My motive in sending the above mentioned volume to you sir, is, that you may be pleased to give it, (if consistant with your other avocations,) an attentive perusal; and if you should find it to contain a well digested plan for the more speedy attainment of a correct knowledge of the principles of the English Language, that you may be pleased to give it such recommendation as you in your judgment may see fit.Being myself but an unletered mechanic, I am unable to point out its beauties, or its defects\u2014in fact did I possess a common knowledge of the primary rules of the English Language, it would be considered presumption in me to endeavour to shew its qualities when soliciting the avowed aprobation of Thomas Jefferson.You will be pleased to bear in mind that this is but an abridgement of the work, and that a larger volume, for the use of more advanced Scholars, will shortly follow, provided the work meets with the approbation of those qualified to judge.\u2014I am a young man, and have purchance the copy right, and at present my hopes of a future competency rest upon the success of this production\u2014but without entering into a  detail of private circumstances, (which must be uninteresting to you,) I should be pleased if after a perusal of the volume, you should see fit to recommend it, that you will with all convienent speed address me a few lines, as I am now waiting for recommendations before I lay it before the public.With sentements of respect, I am, &c.Jesse C. Young,  Publisher.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2473", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 5 December 1821\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada\nI return you a thousand thanks for your kind & friendly letter of the 24th ulto. The details as to the state, of your health, I had been long wishing for\u2014They are now doubly gratifying to me, as they inform me that you have so perfectly recovered from the only inroad I had ever known on your constitution. And this attack I percieve was brought on by an inattention to the second maxim\u2014il n\u2019y a rien tant ennemi du bien; que le mieux\u2014for you were well at Staunton but would be better. I have always indulged myself in the belief & hope (founded on your good constitution, regular life, as well au morale as au physique, & the salubrious air of Monticello) that you would gain the tontine of the subscribers of the Act of Independence. You are now only three survivors, & the other two are many years older than you. The drawer of the act then will most probably be the last survivor left to bequeath it to the generations who are to follow; & this is as it shd be.The last part of your letter gives me an authorization to write to you thus early, or I should not have ventured to trouble you so soon again. I avail myself of your enquiries as to Charles Thompson. I have since been to one of our Wistar parties, where I was certain I should meet with those most in the way of giving me information. I there found a gentleman who had that very day had a long conversation on his subject,  with Mr Norris, the brother of Mrs Dr Logan. The Norris family, it appears, keep up a regular communication with him, & Mr Norris had been expressly into the country about a week before to visit Mr Thompson\u2014He found that his bodily faculties were in much better preservation than his mental\u2014he ate well, slept well & was erect in his posture\u2014had yet several teeth & sound ones\u2014but his memory quite gone; insomuch that he had no recollection of Mr Norris, who was well & intimately known to him\u2014& during Mr Norris\u2019s visit which lasted a few hours only, he told him the same story four times.You will perhaps ask what is a Wistar-party; During the worthy Doctor\u2019s life, he had a weekly party at his house principally, but by no means exclusively, devoted to his literary & scientific friends, All strangers so disposed were carried there\u2014In the beginning Sunday was the appropriated evening\u2014but by degrees the company becoming numerous, the religion of the wife became uneasy, & saturday was substituted. At the death of the good Doctor, this kind of rendezvous was so much missed, that six or eight of the attendants who had houses, agreed to take the Doctor\u2019s mantle on themselves, & thus in turn, each had the rendezvous at his house, & calls it in his imitation the Wistar party. The greatest objection that I see to the system is that the American taste of incessant eating & drinking prevails too much at these supposed philosophical parties\u2014cakes, almonds, raisins, ice creams, wine & all the paraphernalia of the Ladies tea parties, are exhibited. Correa used to be a constant attendant, & the oracle of the party.To your enquiry concerning him I can only say that the last intelligence received here is by the Portuguese consul, who learned indirectly by a friend from Lisbon that Corea arrived there in August last\u2014that his health was bad & that he had gone to some medicinal waters in the neighborhood. Corea has entirely neglected all his friends here, having since his absence written only a few lines once or twice\u2014This as regards Vaughan is more than neglect\u2014it is down right ingratitude. His silence observed towards his friends here proceeds probably in some degree from his aversion to writing; but it is also, I apprehend, not without some kind of Jesuitical calculation. A gentleman who has lately arrived from Paris has also given us some account of C\u2019s apparition there. It appears that he soon became disgusted, & after a very short stay left Paris for London. The explication was, that he had become dictatorial, impatient of contradiction & thus made himself disagreeable to his old friends, & of course they became indifferent to him.I cannot allow you to remain under the impression, which I infer from your letter, that I have voluntarily engaged in a Canada speculation. It was \u201cnot my will but my (avidity) which consented.\u201d\u2014or rather my forcibly owing land on the St. Lawrence (the N. York side) has arisen from the error or inattention of my counsel & agent; & is perhaps a proper punishment for my want of confidence in the public funds of the country. From my first returning I convinced myself that war would exist with England before the peace of Europe\u2014So far I judged correctly\u2014but I was wrong in the inference, that war would destroy the public credit & public funds. But believing this, I sought to convert the stock which I held into a mortgage on landed security, as a more solid foundation. I gave the preference to the State of N.Y. because the laws there are better as to that article than here & also because the legal interest is \u20187 instead of 6\u2019 pct. As to the means of execution I was obliged to trust for them to counsel, recommended to me by a friend in whom I had with great reason, great confidence. The funds were sold & the amount placed on what my counsel deemed the most ample landed security; & so it was, if there had not been an error of judgment on the part of my counsel, & perjury on the part of the borrower\u2014One whole township & the half of another were pledged\u2014& on an affidavit made that there was no previous incumbrance, my counsel paid over the money, instead of waiting to have the records examined\u2014For some years the interest was regularly paid, & would, no doubt, have so continued if the party had not become insolvent. On this the mortgage was foreclosed, & in proceeding to the sale it was discovered for the first time that the whole township had been previously pledged. This occurred whilst I was last in Europe. The half township alone remained secure\u2014this was sold\u2014& fell very far short of my debt of course\u2014What added to the loss was that I was advised to become the purchaser of this land so as to make up my loss. It would have been much better if I had then pocketed the loss of 8 or 10000 dollars deficiency\u2014for since that time this land has never yielded me one cent, & I have been moreover obliged to pay a considerable sum in taxes each year\u2014& moreover was induced to advance at the time a considerable sum on mortgages in the same district, that the borrower might be enabled to make an operation which would put it in his power, as ever said, to sell immediately the land I had purchased &c &c.\u2014And this second loan besides as in some jeopardy\u2014so that my N. York mortgages not only expose me to great present inconvenience, but future loss, under the folly of throwing good money after bad. Thus you will see  it has not been with me a preference of the Polar regions to groves of olives\u2014but an error of judgment or as some would say perhaps, an unavoidable misfortune although I am willing to attribute it, to acause I think it just, to an error of judgment.I am much gratified by what you say of the University, & shall look to the public prints with impatience for the report you speak of\u2014I look forward with confidence & pleasure to the paying you & the University a visit. I cannot fix the time with precision, but nothing within my control shall retard it beyond the ensuing year. Whatever may be the  I beg you to do me the justice to believe that my sentiments for the founder of us & cause of the University are invariable\u2014& that no friend whom he has, can feel a warmer more grateful affection for him than hisfriend & servantW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2475", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Frederick A. Mayo, 7 December 1821\nFrom: Mayo, Frederick A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I hereby take the liberty of forwarding my Acount and I should be verry thankfull of receving a answer to the letter of October last, of which your honour made mention in your last letter,Remain your humble Servant\n            Frederick A. Mayo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2476", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hutchins Gordon Burton, 7 December 1821\nFrom: Burton, Hutchins Gordon\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nWashington\nDecember 7th AD 1821\nI have been much indisposed for several days, is my appology for not answering Your very friendly letter sooner\u2014there is no Individual with whom Iam acquainted, that makes it an object, to raise a full crop of Scuppernon wine\u2014it is generally made by the poorer class of the community, and purchased  in, by the Country Merchants\u2014with many of whom Iam well acquainted\u2014Should you at any time want any additional supply of the wine\u2014I hope you will without hesitation drop me a line, and so far from considering it troublesome\u2014It will at all times afford me  great pleasure to serve you in this or any other way in my powerIam with highest Respect & consideration YoursH G Burton{Excuse great haste}", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2477", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Bernard Peyton, 7 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peyton, Bernard\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI send you my notes for renewal by anticipation as usual. and request you to send me some more blanks. I drew on you yesterday in favor of Wolfe and Raphael for 75. D. and shall forward flour to you as fast as I can get the mill to deliver it, and in time I hope to keep you in funds to meet Bowling\u2019s order before it is presented. in the mean while I am considerably at a loss to know how things stand, as you did not forward me my quarterly account to Oct. 31. as usual, which I should be glad to recieve now. ever & affectionately YoursTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2480", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir,\nI was just enjoying the pleasing prospect of a permanent return of health when a few days since viz on the 30th ult. I was attacked in my sleep and entirely insensible until after being bled\u2014I had certainly improved greatly in my strength as I was able since my return from the Springs to do what I have not done for years amuse myself on foot with a gun & walk for hours without more than common fatigue\u2014This last attack without previous indisposition or warning has dissipated my airy castle of returning health and renders my prospects for the future more gloomy than heretofore\u2014I heard from Francis by last mail\u2014affairs at Columbia were at the date of his letter viz the 19th of November in a gloomy situation\u2014The Students had been guilty of personal disrespect to Doctr Cooper\u2014I am almost so selfish as to wish their conduct would disgust him with his present situation and drive him to the University of Virginia. He will be sure in Virginia of meeting on all occasions that respect and veneration which her citizens young and old uniformly bestow on the first Talents combined with the purest principles\u2014From some cause to me unknown my grapes almost entirely failed during the last dry season\u2014Vines which for several years before had been plentiful bearers literally perished\u2014If you should send your cart before it is too late for cutting slips without injury to the vine I shall be much obliged to you if you would send me 15 or 20 slips of your purple grapes which you brought from France.Present me affectionately to the family & accept yourself my sincere wishes for your health & happiness.Yours affectionatelyJno: W: EppesPS.I own2000 acres of land here with very comfortable improvements\u2014It is nearer to you than your Bedford property\u2014How would you like to take the whole & give me the value in Bedford land\u20142. circumstances have induced me to think of it\u2014Francis will settle in Bedford\u2014The improvements here are on a larger scale than I can give to one child without injustice to the others & if I could exchange the improvements & lands for lands in Bedford I would myself for the present settle in Lynchburg for the convenience of Educating my younger children & fix my Negroes on the Bedford lands adjoining Francis\u2014I would willingly submit the Two tracts to valuation & receive or pay the difference in Negroes at cash valuation\u2014I think it probable that from the character of my disease whenever I beat a march it will be with short warning & it would be very important to me to leave my family in a situation where Francis could discharge towards them the duties of an affectionate guardian without too great a sacrifice of his time\u2014my property here is nearer to you\u2014Is more convenient to navigation & market & capable under your finishing hand of being made a very desirable residence at no expence\u20142200 bushells of wheat & 27.000ls of Tobo has been my crop here for several years with 29 working hands\u2014These 29. crop hands are exclusive of Tradesmen\u2014Spinners & house gang\u2014I have this year for the first time two overseers & work the two places seperate\u201417. hands on one place & 12. on the other\u2014your goodness will I know excuse me if in examining my reasons for exchange they appear interesting only to myself\u2014If however I know my own heart I should be incapable of even making a proposition however convenient or agreeable to myself which should involve any sacrifice of your interests \u2014affectionately once more yours.Jno: W: Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hiram Haines, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Haines, Hiram\nSir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your favor of Nov. 26. with the pocket knife you were so kind as to inclose. I accept it with thanks, as well as a proof of native ingenuity, as a token of regard, which from a personal stranger I duly value. I send you in return, according to the preference expressed by yourself, a miniature likeness, of which I ask your acceptance.The Notes on Virginia, of which you are pleased to speak with partiality, are nearly out of print, and rarely to be met with on the shelves of the booksellers. I have long been reduced to a single copy myself. after an interval of 35. years, the thing they describe has changed it\u2019s form so as to be scarcely recognisable. it was the shadow of the moment changing it\u2019s stature ever as the sun advanced. abler pens will hereafter catch these fleeting likenesses at different periods of our growth, and they will serve the Historian as points of comparison of age with age. the changes in your day will still be great. that they may be auspicious to the peace and union of our country is the prayer I offer to heaven, and in the trust that yourself will not be wanting to it, I tender you my salutations of esteem and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2482", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Frederick Winslow Hatch, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hatch, Frederick Winslow\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nIn the antient Feudal times of our good old forefathers when the Seigneur married his daughter, or knighted his son, it was the usage for his vassals to give him a year\u2019s rent extra in the name of an Aid. I think it as reasonable when our Pastor builds a house, that each of his flock should give him an Aid of a year\u2019s contribution. I inclose mine as a tribute of justice, which of itself indeed is nothing, but as an example, if followed, may become something. in any event be pleased to accept it as an offering of duty, & a testimony of my friendly attachment and high respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2483", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Magruder, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Magruder, Thomas\nSir\nMonto\nThe buildings for the accommodn of the Professors and Students of the University will all be  in readiness the ensuing summer. but when  it will be opened depends entirely on the pleasure of our legislature. the report lately made to them by the Visitors & which will be in the papers within a few days will possess you fully of the present state and prospects of that instn, and by attending to their proceedings you will be able to form a judgmt whether any fixed epoch can be assigned for it\u2019s commencement. if we are enabled to carry  into full  the plan which has been sanctioned by law it will comprehend every useful branch of scienceIn the mean time should a mere classical school be what you wish for your sons, I do not know a better than that kept in Charlottes. by mr T. Maury, of a family of celebrated teachers from father to son for several generns. I was taught myself by his gr father upwds of 60. y. ago. tuition is 40.D. a year, and I believe that board in the town is about 125.D. but mr Maury does not teach French now the most important part of educn with my regrets that I cannot give you more specific informn accept the assurance of my esteem & respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2484", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Rejoice Newton, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Newton, Rejoice\nSir\nMonticello\nI owe my thanks to the American Antiquarian society for the honor done me some time  since, in electing me a member of their useful and much respected society, of which I recieve a diploma attested by yourself. I accept it as a mark of their good will, and not with the hope of meriting it by any service I can render. I may say with Seneca \u2018senex sum, et curis levissimis impar.\u2019 age and weakened health render me no longer equal to the labors of science. with my thanks for this mark of attention, do me the favor to tender them, and to accept yourself the assurance of my high consideration.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2485", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Elizabeth Page, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Page, Elizabeth\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonticello\n\t\t\t\t\tIt would have given me infinite pleasure, dear Madam, could I have afforded you the information requested in your favor of the 27th of Nov. respecting the sacrifices of property to the relief of his country made by the virtuous General Nelson, your father, while in office during the war of the revolution. I retired from the administration of the government in May 1781. until that time the paper money, altho\u2019 it had been gradually depretiating from an early period, yet served the purposes of obtaining supplies, and was issued, as wanted, by the legislature. consequently until that period there had been no occasion for advances of money in aid of the public, by any private individual.I was succeeded as governor by Genl Nelson. within his period the credit of the money went rapidly down to nothing, and ceased to be offered or recieved. at this time came on the Northern & French armies, and to enable these to keep the field during the siege of York was probably the occasion which led the General to take on himself responsibilities for which the public credit might not perhaps be sufficient. I was then entirely withdrawn from public affairs, being confined at home, first for many months by the effects of a fall from my horse, and afterwards by a severe domestic loss, until I was sent to Congress, and thence to Europe, from whence I did not return until some time after the death of the worthy General. I then first heard mention of his losses by responsibilities for the public: and knowing his zeal, liberality & patriotism, I readily credited what I heard, altho\u2019 I knew nothing of the particulars or of their extent.It would have been a matter of great satisfaction to me, could I, by any knolege of facts, have contributed to obtain a just remuneration and relief for his family, and particularly for mrs Nelson  whose singular worth and goodness I have intimately known now more than half a century, and whose name revives in my mind the affectionate recollections of my youth. with my regrets at this unprofitable appeal to me, be so kind as to tender her assurances of my continued and devoted respect, and to accept yourself those of my high esteem and regard.\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2486", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Ticknor, 8 December 1821\nFrom: Ticknor, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nBoston\nYour favour\u2019s of Sep. 28th with an enclosure and Oct. 24, introducing two young gentlemen, came in due season. The latter, I have acknowledged in the way you desired, by offering the persons you presented me, such assistance as they needed, & having found them lodgings they liked and suitable instructers, they are, I believe, as well off as their friends could have reasonably anticipated, and seem disposed to improve the opportunities we are able to give them in their respective studis. It will always afford me very high pleasure to be able to return to any of your friends or any persons connected with them, some portion of the kindness & protection you have so often shown me.The petition to Congress to remove the duty on Books is now, I hope, in train to be presented. The very day I received your\u2019s of Sep. 28. I wrote the hemonial, a copy of which goes with this letter\u2014and the next day, I had it presented to the Corporation who accepted it and directed the President to commence the necessary correspondence to give it effect. Owing to his habits of procrastination, however,\u2014though desirous to carry on the project, & frequently urged to it by myself,\u2014he never got it ready till just a week since. Now, I believe, the circulars are sent, and I hope, the attempt may yet be made with success at the present Congress. It is, I think, of great importance;\u2014and, if you think of any further means to facilitate it, we shall be much gratified if you will use them, or suggest them to us, that we may avail ourselves of them.\u2014I wish there were any good prospect of succeeding in the other project, touching the duty on wines of an inferior quality, which you endeavoured to get reduced. The physical constitution of our people, as a body, is, I doubt not already affected by intemperance; and if the consumption of spirituous liquor should increase for thirty years to come at the rate it has for thirty years back we should be hardly better than a nation of sots. Great exertions have been made in this quarter of the country to diminish the evil by moral means;\u2014and the people are alarmed; but, though some effect has been produced, we have not much reason to be seriously encouraged. All good men therefore, are ready here to cooperate with you in any project, you may have, tending to check the progress of this wasting habit.I am very anxious to hear more about your University and to learn something of its success. Every day persuades me anew of the truth of an opinion, I have long held; that at Cambridge we never shall become, what we might be very easily, unless we are led or driven to it by a rival. I see no immediate prospect of such a rival, except in your University, & therefore, I long to have it in successful operation.Gov. Randolph and all your family I hope, are well. I beg to be remembered to them with great respect & gratitude. As I am now married and established in Boston, I hope I may have the opportunity of sometimes showing hospitality to some of your or their friends, who may come this way. Few things would give me more pleasure.Yrs. with great respect,Geo: Ticknor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2487", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 9 December 1821\nFrom: Brockenbrough, Arthur S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nUniversity Va\nDec. 9th 21\nI understand from Mr Garrett he has obtained checks for what money there is now in the Banks to the credit of the Rector & Visitors of U. Va and that no arrangement has been made to borrow more money\u2014 I have already given drafts to the amt of what is placed in the bursars hands reserving a little for contingent expences\u2014the wants of our suffering Mechanicks induces me to ask of you if no plan can be devised to raise or borrow a part of the 30 \u2019000 dollars immediately say $10,000\u2014the end of  this  and the first of the next year is the usual time of paying off, for hires \u00a2, and I have no doubt but some of our undertakers will suffer greatly if they can\u2019t obtain a part of what is due them from the University\u2014by the 1st January\u2014MrCosby one of our brick-work undertakers is now unable to raise a dollar, to pay off his Journey men & laborers\u2014I must beg leave to suggest the propriety of borrowing as much of the Bank in Richmond\u2014if it can\u2019t be had immediately from the Literary fund\u2014surely the Law can be so amended this session as to enable the Literary fund to loan it out of any money they may have to dispose of\u2014& there by return it to Bank\u2014our wants Sir induces me to urge you to make some effort for as the Annual Donation has not heretofore been recd untill some time in February\u2014that fund will be of little acct after paying interest on the loan, paying for hirelings &c &cMr Garrett set out to Richmond tomorrow perhaps it would be well to make some enquiry through him relative to borrowing of the Banks\u2014$5000\u2014at least might be obtained & paid out of next annual donation as our wants are pressing I am Sir respectfully your Obt SevtA. S. Brockenbrough", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2489", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Breckenridge, 9 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Breckenridge, James\n            Monticello\n          I thank you, dear Sir, for your kind attention in procuring me Greenlee\u2019s plat. it\u2019s exact conformity with my patent will satisfy my neighbor that his junior one must give way to it. we were sorry we had not the benefit of your assistance at our meeting. on the 1st day only mr Johnson and myself attended. on the 2d day mr Madison and Genl Cocke joined us. you will have learnt the state of the University from our Report, which will be in the papers probably before you recieve this. we suspended a decision on commencing the Library until April when we hope to have a full meeting, and to have observed in the mean time the dispositions of the legislature. we are all decidedly of opinion we ought to begin it if we can be sure of being able to raise the walls and roof them so as to keep them safe. mr Johnson is the only doubtful member on that head, merely from an aversion to bring ourselves into any situation which might oblige us to ask money, in which general sentiment we all concur. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2491", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Pleasants, 10 December 1821\nFrom: Pleasants, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWashington\u2014\n10th December 1821\nI, as surviving commissioner for carrying into effect the decree of the court of Chancery in the case of Jefferson vs Ronald\u2019s heirs, receivd some time since the balance due under that decree. It amounts to something upwards of $100. and will be paid in any manner you shall direct after receiving this letter. It would have been paid over before this but for my expectation of having it in my power to see you at Monticello. Part of my family were in Lynchburg, and on going to that place my self I purposed to have called on you, but was informd in passing through Fluvanna that you were at the Poplar Forest. When I reached Lynchburg, I was informed by mr Radford you had returnd to Albemarle, but would be up again in a few days; you did not return however before I was obliged to go home, and though it was my wish & intention to have visited You before I left home for this place; I found it impracticate to do so. I have it in charge from mr Mason of N. Carolina to present him very particularly to you. With sentiments of profoundest respectI am dear sir yoursJames Pleasants", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hemings, 11 December 1821\nFrom: Hemings, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDec tusday 11th 21\nPlese to examon the boy befor he Leves hear that he starts right he must Carey the same mules a collar fore each and one Pair of tuge harnes all the rest of the things is at Poplar forest I shul be ready to Leave Poplar forest on the 18th ate any rate I shud wish the boy to gite to Popla forest on the 17th early a noughf fore an early starte the next day puting the architrave on the skey Light has made all the in Provement amagenible I have finish the roome all to a Little of the ser base which I shal geit Done in 2 days mour the boys is Dressing the shingels and the othar jobs be four me.Sir I am your servantJohn Hemings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2494", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Cabell Breckinridge, 11 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Breckinridge, Joseph Cabell\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nYour letter of Dec. 19. places me under a dilemma which I cannot solve but by an exposition of the naked truth. I would have wished this rather to have remained as hitherto, without enquiry. but your enquiries have a right to be answered. I will do it as exactly as the great lapse of time and a waning memory will enable me. I may misremember indifferent circumstances but can be right in substance. At the time when the Republicans of our country were so much alarmed at the proceedings of the Federal ascendancy, in Congress, in the Executive and the judiciary departments, it became a matter of serious consideration how head could be made against their enterprises on the constitution. the leading republicans in Congress found themselves of no use there, brow beaten as they were by a bold and overwhelming majority. they concluded to retire from that field, take a stand in their state-legislatures, and endeavor  there to arrest their progress. the Alien and Sedition laws furnished the particular occasion. the sympathy between Virginia and Kentucky was more cordial, & more intimately confidential than between any other two states of republican policy. mr Madison came into the Virginia legislature. I was then in the Vice-presidency, and could not leave my station. but your father Colo W. C. Nicholas and myself happening to be together, the engaging the co-operation of Kentucky in an energetic protestation against the constitutionality of those laws,  became a subject of consultation. those gentlemen pressed me strongly to sketch resolutions for that purpose, your father undertaking to introduce them to that legislature, with a solemn assurance, which I strictly required, that it should not be known from what quarter they came. I drew, and delivered them to him, and in keeping their origin secret he fulfilled his pledge of honor. some years after this Colo Nicholas asked me if I would have any objection to it\u2019s being known that I had drawn them. I pointedly enjoined that it should not. whether he had unguardedly intimated it before to any one I know not: but I afterwards observed in the papers repeated imputations of them to me; on which, as has been my practice on all occasions of imputation, I have observed entire silence. the question indeed has never before been put to me, nor should I answer it to any other than yourself, seeing no good end to be proposed by it and the desire of tranquility inducing with me a wish to be withdrawn from public notice. your father\u2019s zeal and talents were too well known to derive any additional distinction from the penning these resolutions. that circumstance surely was of far less merit than the proposing and carrying them thro\u2019 the legislature of his state. the only fact in this statement on which my memory is not distinct is the time & occasion of the consultation with your father and mr Nicholas. it took place here I know; but whether any other person was present, or communicated with is my doubt. I think mr Madison was either with us, or consulted, but my memory is uncertain as to minute details. I fear, dear Sir, we are now in such another crisis, with this difference only, that the judiciary branch is alone and single-handed in the present assaults on the constitution. but it\u2019s assaults are more sure and deadly, as from an agent seemingly passive and unassuming. may you and your cotemporaries meet them with the same determination and effect as your father and his did the alien and sedition laws, and preserve inviolate a constitution, which, cherished in all it\u2019s chastity & purity, will prove in the end a blessing to all the nations of the earth. with these prayers accept those for your own happiness and prosperity.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2495", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mathew Carey, 11 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, Mathew\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe enquiries in your letter of the 1st inst. I am not able to answer with exactness from regular documents, but I recollect well enough the general fact that this state was heavily indebted to the merchants of Gr. Britain before the revolution that the balance of trade was against us and I suppose the debt and balance were growing with the growth of the population since the revolution I have understood that the balance is some years against us & some years for us, the importations being of steady amount, and the exportations varying in value with the price of produce. I speak of what was the case while I was in intercourse with the world, latterly I have ceased to attend to subjects of this kind. I salute you with great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2496", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Duncan Forbes Robertson, 11 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Robertson, Duncan Forbes\n Monto  Dec. 19.I am certainly   much indebted to you for the kind partialities expressed in your lre of Nov. 12. I am conscious indeed of having ever rendered with fidelity to our common country every service within the reach of my faculties; but thousands and thousands have done the same among whom I claim no distinction. as however you express a desire to possess some memento of my self particularly, I take the liberty of offering you a miniature likeness of which I ask your acceptance. it will be a token of more meaning than a simple lock of hair whitened with the frosts of 79. winters. with it be pleased to accept the assurance of my great regard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2497", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, 12 December 1821\nFrom: Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuch respected Sir,\nCustom House Boston\nI enclose the invoice & letter of Messrs Dodge & Oxnard, & on the other side, is a memorandum of the expences which I have for here. The articles will go to Richmond, in the Brig Richmond, Snow master, which sails next sunday.The medal I will also send, in a letter, to Capt Peyton, by the same vessel.with the highest respect I have the honor to be Sir, your most obt. st.H.A.S. DearbornMemo of sundry expences accrueing on the importation of certain goods, by Thos Jefferson in the Brig Packet recently from Marseilles; paid by H.A.S. Dearborn, Boston.\u20141821Decr 4\u2013AcctFreight paid Geo: Campbell for his a/c35.81\u2033DutiesonOlive oil &c. ad ral5.10\u2033DittoonWine 119 gall. @ 30\u00a235.70\u2033Do  \u2033Bottles 162 @ 1\u00a21.62$78.23District of Boston & CharlestownDecember 12th 1821\u2013Recd PaymentH.A.S. Dearbo", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2499", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Levett Harris, 12 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harris, Levett\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have to return you thanks for mr Adelung\u2019s view of the languages of the earth, and to pray you to make them acceptable to him also for this mark of his attention. it is a work of vast learning and unparalleled application. it seems to present a Summary of the great Vocabulary of which I had a copy thro\u2019 your agency & kindness.I am sorry we lost the pleasure of your visit at the time you had first proposed, but we find comfort in the French adage that \u2018tout ce qui est differ\u00e9 n\u2019est pas perdu?\u2019 no visit will be welcomer when convenient to yourself to make it.I am afraid our quondam favorite Alexander has swerved from the true faith. his becoming an accomplice of the soi-disent holy alliance,  the anti-national principles he has separately avowed, and his becoming the very leader of a combination to chain mankind down eternally to the oppressions of the most barbarous ages, are clouds on his character not easily to be cleared away. but these are problems for younger heads than mine. you will see their solution and tell me of it in another world. I salute you with great friendship & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, 12 December 1821\nFrom: Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            My dear Grandpapa\n              Washington\n          After a great many inquiries I have at length discovered two copies of Cardelli\u2019s busts of Mr Madison and Mr Monroe which I think I shall be able to obtain for you; as the lady in whose possession they are, seems not averse to the idea of parting with them\u2014upon a second examination I am by no means so well pleased with these busts, as when I saw them at Montpellier, I think now that they are both caricature likenesses, but if you wish it I can obtain them for you, I believe, for ten dollars each\u2014the bust which Cardelli took of you, might also be had for the same price, but this, I think is decidedly bad and unlike the original which we saw at Monticello under the hands of the artist\u2014The city has been uncommonly dull since my arrival, there have been but few private parties, and these are no places of public amusement\u2014Mrs Monroe\u2019s unsociable temper closes the President\u2019s House against females except on the drawing-room nights, and these will not commence this year, until after the first of January\u2014Mrs Adams does not seem popular here, I imagine in consequence of her insisting upon receiving the first visit. M. & Mde de Neuville are universal favorites, indeed I am told that no foreigners have ever been as generally beloved, they entertain a great deal of company, and their parties are considered the most pleasant that are given in the city\u2014they have a numerous train of attendants, no less than eight young men attached, in some way to the mission, and going by the general name of \u201cattach\u00e8s.\u201d french is becoming almost as much a language of society as english, the foreign ministers and their attendants all speak it; the senators & representatives of Louisiana, some of them amongst the most fashionable people here, make use of the two languages indifferently, it is really becoming entirely necessary to understand and speak them both:\u2014In Congress they are as yet, I believe, employed in making preparations for what is to come, organizing committees, receiving petitions &c; it is thought that it will be late in the Session before the debates become at all interesting\u2014Gen. Jackson\u2019s affair whenever that is brought upon the carpet will probably excite some commotion; I heard a young member say in a jesting way, \u201cwe intend to make a Warren Hastings business of it.\u201d I am sure I do not know where they would find a Sheridan; I fear we shall have a great many talkers and few reasoners, according to custom. the re-election of Mr Pinkney to the Senate gives an Orator there, but in the lower house I do not know what distinguished men they have except Mr Lowndes. South Carolina sends a youth of high promise, a Mr McDuffee, but he is quite young, not more than six or seven and twenty, and untried, with the disadvantage of having been announced. It was Mde Geoffrin\u2014who said the whole world might be divided into \u201cTrompeurs, tromp\u00e8s, & trompettes\u201d the friends of Mr McDuffee have been literally the third, they may find themselves the second in their own persons, and the first as far as regards others.\u2014the election of a Chaplain for the house of representatives, has made some noise; and the preference given to a Unitarian, Mr Sparks of Baltimore, (whom you will recollect the author of an able work in explanation of the Unitarian principles) will be a \u201cstumbling block and rock of offence\u201d for all the worshippers of the three Gods, by whatever names they may chuse to call themselves\u2014the progress of Unitarianism is too evident to be disavowed; I have met with several persons openly professing themselves of that sect, and it\u2019s concealed strength cannot be estimated except by the circumstance of a church which we see rising boldly from the ground, bearing the name of Unitarian, and which I have little doubt will be well filled, as soon as it is in a situation to receive those who will flock to it\u2019s banners.\u2014Adieu my dear Grandpapa, I will wait to hear from you before I conclude the bargain for the busts, I believe I can have them whenever I please, and as I am the only applicant, there is no danger of their being appropriated by another. Aunt Randolph desires me to offer her respects to you, and I hope you need no assurance of the entire and devoted attachment of your most affectionate Grand daughter.\n          \u2014Ellen W. Randolph\u2014Given to me at EdgehillE. R. D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bernard Peyton, 13 December 1821\nFrom: Peyton, Bernard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                    I hand herewith sales your last parcel 60 Blls: Flour at $5\u00be, which has been the standard for some time, & the article quite languid in every market, here it recurs to be gradually sinking\u2014I recd yours to=day covering notes for the renewal of yours at the several Banks, and will take an early occasion to forward more blanks as you request\u2014Your dft: favor Wolf & Raphael was presented and paid, for $75, before rect of yours, & I have to apologise for not rendering your a/c to 31 Octr as you have wished, I have really been so much occupied in court, & with other things recently, that it has not been in my power, these engagements are however now off hand, & you may expect your a/c to 1 Jany next, & more punctuality hereafter\u2014the balance now against you is $507.The case of Preston is at length over, & considering all things, we have come off pretty well\u2014we have ample indemnity for the sum found by the Jury (pr the Enquire of to=day) we hope, & mean to ask the Legislature to allow Jno Preston\u2019s property to be sold on a credit to render it the more certain\u2014Your assured friend\n                        B. PeytonP.S. You gave a dft: for $100 to Miss Ellen Randolph last spring, which she then drew only $30 on & the other day ordered the other $70 remitted to Washington to her, which I did\n                        B. P.Sales 44 Blls: super & 16 Fine Flour by B. Peyton for a/c Thomas Jefferson Esqr1821 Rich\u2019dDecr 12thTo Wm Rowlett for cash in store.44 Blls: super fine Flour at $5.75$253.0016doFine\u2014do\u20145.37\u00bd86.00$339.00ChargesCash paid fght: on the above at 2/6\n $25.00Canal Tolldodo7\u00bdd\n6.25Inspectiondodo2\u00a2\n1.20Drayagedo10 loads9d1.25Storagedodo8\u00a2\n4.80Comission at 2\u00bd per Ct is\n8.48$46.98Nett proceeds$292.02E.E.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2502", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Archibald Thweatt, 13 December 1821\nFrom: Thweatt, Archibald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nEppington\nI hope the motive, which induces me, to break in upon your valuable time, will afford some apology.Without asking permission of Judge R. I take the liberty of inclosing this letter to you.This illustrious patriot knows the whole ground.\u2014notice his efforts\u2014his mighty efforts: he says \u201chis name will settle the Controversy.\u201dMy obscurity\u2014my humility\u2014forbid me to ask or expect a communication from you, on the interesting subjects of the inclosed letter: but perhaps I may be excused for my solicitude in joining in this solomn appeal for that \u201cname\u201d which has heretofore saved, and is now invoked to save \u201cour beloved confederacy.\u201d\u2014Behold what a combat a venerable Sage is now engaged in, and single handed. Your Co-operation from the highest authority \u201cwill settle the Controversy.\u201d affectionately and devotedly yr &cArchibald ThweattNo time to lose.my address\u2014Wilkinsonville post office", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2503", "content": "Title: From John Quincy Adams to Petr Ivanovich Poletica, 15 December 1821\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Poletica, Petr Ivanovich\nSir\nWashington\nMr Thomas Munroe Junr a young man of estimable character, and highly respectable family and connections, having a desire to proceed to St. Petersburg with the view of offering his services in a military capacity to H.I.M. the Emperor Alexander, I have been requested to furnish him with a letter to you, to make known his wishes, and to solicit such countenance, as you may be disposed to furnish him in furtherance of the object of his inclination.\u2014I readily comply with this request, persuaded, that he is worthy of any interest which you may think proper to take in his favour, and that he will justify by his conduct any result auspicious to his purposes, which may proceed from your encouragement or recommendation of him.\u2014I pray you, Sir, to accept the renewed assurance of my distinguished consideration.(Signed) John Quincy Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Postlethwayt Page, 16 December 1821\nFrom: Page, Edward Postlethwayt\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                        Most Illustrious Father of American FreedomVenerable Sire!\n                    Your address to Congress in behalf of your University and Science universally, to have duties removed from rare and valuable books, is evidence that you retain a solid judgement & a virtuous heart. The name of Thomas Jefferson is dear to my affections\u2014Two years ago, when I was as Saul before he became Paul, a conscientious tory\u2014I ridiculed, I reviled  sage of Monticello. Now the dew of his wisdom to me is as life to a thirsty land parched up by the horror of a Babylonish hell.\u2014If God is love\u2014If he that dwelleth in Love dwelleth in God and God in him\u2014If Immanuel was the good man that he is represented to have been what is it will be so horrible at the day of judgment?\u2014Hatred\u2014& hellishness is horrible but I am imagining that Immanuel is entering my door\u2014Welcome\u2014Thou Son  of God\u2014Thou who love even thine enemies\u2014has no harm in thee for me\u2014Indeed Mr Jefferson, these ghosts & hobgoblins are much of a sort with witches and devils\u2014There is no God but God\u2014consequently no devil god other than ignorance.\u2014As contrasted with God (whose name nearly resembles Good) there is evil, & call it Satan or the demon is opposite of Light. Satan then is folly. Pity those who are oppressed of reason. All mankind are deranged, and non compos mentis. Jesus Christ was a type of the afflicted and conflicting human family\u2014what they will eventually be in their aggregate & politic body, he was. What they were when Adam was the Son of God, he was.\u2014But he was a man like unto ourselves. God was his mental father\u2014but I deny that he was his corporeal father. The father of his five outward senses or foolish virgins, was whom you please\u2014Joseph or any other like our selves\u2014But the father of his understanding\u2014who was a fire a fountain of light\u2014lit his understanging with a gaseous and celestial fluid of 7 attributes\u2014the 7 colours in the rainbow signify them & the law denotes the rotundity of the head the seat of understanding The water on which the bow seems to rest are the two pillars\u2014Light and Love. You are too high a mason not to discern this analogy. I who never was one, think I hear you say As the chain to Aaron\u2019s incense-pot was connected with the handles & the links with each other\u2014so by exchanging the selfish for the social principle must we all assimilate that the electric fluid to Jehovah\u2019s Love may pervade the whole\u2014Or as many sticks make one large fire so must each of us, having our 5 wise virgin  lamps lit by the 7 of God, be one chandelier or fire originating  from the communicable  yet  never decreasing fountain of Love, but rather augmenting it or making it at least the more manifest.\u2014Now sir, it is a truth no longer to be concealed that the 12 jewels in Aaron\u2019s breast-plate represented our 5 intellectual or spiritual senses or agency mental hand, & the 7 spirits or eyes of the Great Spirit!\u2014 The two golden responses in the breast-plate are the true oracle\u2014Wisdom (or Light) and Love Every man has them as well as Aaron\u2014but they are internal, & Aaron\u2019s was external\u2014Christ came among us to make them manifest, not outwardly, but inwardly\u2014for \u2019twas a sad case when man had so far degenerated as not to discern that God was in him, & that in him we live, move & have our being\u2014One would also suppose that there could be no mistaking of John\u2019s first chapter (note Mathew, Mark, Luke, John are 4 cardinal masonic compass points) The word is lost. What is that word? All nature duly labelled and rightly put together and discriminated in that word & makes the true Temple\u2014Sir, I persuade myself, & say prophetically that the schools for deaf and dumb persons (like Boulin\u2019s ) shall  the antient Egyptian hieroglyphic & symbolic voice, & teach our teachers. This is always God\u2019s way of working. He will bring to naught the things that are. Moses was an Egyptian wrote the 5 books old Testament after the science of correspondencies\u2014And, N.B Jesus Christ was crucified in Egypt says John\u2014Observe\u2014he was killed at Jerusalem or the city of peace by the war spirit\u2014then in Sodom, or the distorted, polluted aristocratical masonry of the Popish whore & her harlot protestant children under the gag law of the oath system\u2014And in Egypt where the shadow has been taken for the substance the letter for the spirit.\u2014Sir, the Illiminati & the Carbonari are with all their wild fire the lights of the world\u2014I say this\u2014and yet I wisely believe the Scriptures\u2014but not in Three Gods\u2014nor in any hell but the absence of love divine.\u2014I am indefatigable in spreading my principles\u2014I went to Albany & gave 200 copies of my Magic harmonies to the members of the convention and others\u2014I have 2000 printed\u2014at 120 dollars loss\u2014I give all to God\u2014I am the same as sworn never to give up the ship.\u2014England said Nelson expects every man to do his duty\u2014Kings shall die, republiks shall live.The decree has gone forth from heaven that all the world shall be saved.\u2014Now Sir, it has possitively been communicated to my spirit by that Great sublime, supernal, immaculate Spirit of all the Spirits, that when Immanuel (God with us) comes in clouds descending, Civil and religious freedom, the entire abolition of slavery throughout the world\u2014 the total  death of all kingly and aristocratic power\u2014and consequently universal peace and knowledge will be his second advent.\u2014Then the money that now supports armies, navies and devil rulers will be applied to the relief of the widows and the fatherless, infirm, aged & unfortunate brothers and sisters of the great human family.\u2014Sir equal representation  all over the globe will gradually bring us all this good\u2014& that as they are qualified to understand it\u2014for it is continually qualifying them.\u2014Sir, the thieves lie when they say the people cannot govern themselves.\u2014I have made many important discoveries since I published my magic harmonies\u2014but I can give no more to the public\u2014I cannot afford it in print\u2014they would not sell\u2014people do not understand me\u2014besides, it is a conflict with too many crafts\u2014touch  their interests, and they are so selfish, you touch the apple of their eyes\u2014I apprehend that the great difference between God and man is\u2014that God regards the universe and identifies the good of all with himself. Man regards his own precious self Christ entreats him to know his own good better than this and to become social.\u2014See then my dear Sir, the inestimable benefit of communities I am in concert with others endeavoring to form a redeeming Commonwealth whose land may be named Social Paradise\u2014and city Peace. 8 doctors, 2 lawyers, & several teachers are already of our number\u2014which is between 20 & 30 in New York\u2014In Tammany Hall is a true copy and history of the Grand Master\u2019s Jewel of Malta\u2014Bless God, it has returned to Egypt & is in the possession of the Pacha\u2014On the French invading the Island it was thrown into the sea indignantly by the Master\u2014Fishermen found it in their nets (note, J. Christ  called fishermen) A representation of Davids 5 smooth pebbles in Jewels (or inward senses) is between 5 compasses\u2014The token of 15 fellow crafts (as many as letters in your name) is on it\u2014The cross stands in a crescent!\u2014Three, viz jubilee, lo, law, were killed Note On Christ\u2019s  Cross King of the Jews was in Hebrew, Greek, Latin\u2014The old Testament was written in Hebrew, the new in Greek, & Immanuel Swedenborg wrote in Latin.\u2014I think these 3 languages shew Hiram.\u2014What is the word that was made flesh;  but the language of God\u2014By language is our God or soul within us\u2014Whence knowledge but by languages\u2014& what the mind of man without it? How evidently the  trinity [GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT] becomes 12 [GRAPHIC IN MANUSCRIPT]!\u2014But I am only trespassing on your time\u2014Perhaps you dislike the subject\u2014Perhaps notDoctor Mitchell tells me I am 60 years a head in advance of the times.\u2014I certainly have operated upon the minds of some shrewd philosophers, Tis men of your stamp I wish to communicate to\u2014not that I am unconscious how easily they can detect my superficial knowledge of things\u2014but that they, receiving the hint may improve from their resources what I am inadequate to from my scantiness of education.\u2014I delight in the truth, & like God I love to communicate\u2014Of this I may boast because, I do love him and all the family of beings he has created, for all that comes from him is good\u2014there fore all the world is better than we take it to be.\u2014If matter is the devil, and mind is God, the conflict between mind and matter is necessary because they are opposites.\u2014Matter is desire\u2014Mind is fruition.\u2014Mind gives matter motion.\u2014Quere, does mind  matter? With men it does not\u2014with Christ it did not\u2014and I question whether it ever did with Deity.\u2014Matter itself may be spirit as said Dr  Berkeley & spirit may be matter as said Dr Priestley\u2014They are both correct, & mean the same thing.\u2014Affinity seems necessary to love\u2014yet there is affinity in opposites\u2014nothing is more evident to me than the thing terminates in love,\u2014for uniformly good comes of evil.\u2014How pleasing to your contemplative mind to plunge into the ocean of God\u2019s love, thus\u201cYour\u201d wrapt soul, anticipating heaven,\u201cBursts through the thraldom of incumbring clay\u201cAnd on the wings of ecstacy upborne\u201cSprings into Liberty, and Light and Life.\u201dPorteusOne thing more before you leave us to go to that Spirit who gave you a spiritPetition Congress for a new State to be created in the wilderness on credit, on the Principle of an equal distribution of land\u2014& perfect equality All adult men and women having equal voices at elections, & officers chosen annually\u2014the dwelling houses as barracks\u2014the law love one another, do as you would be done by\u2014no lawyers\u2014but the common sense of the body politic\u2014the inhabitants to be the towns poor all over the United States\u2014each town to pay the travelling expences, to be indemnified with interest in due time. & & & A  St Johns New Jerusalem (if you consult the most ancient Greek Manuscripts) is not 12000 furlongs, but 12 times 12000, the measure of the belt of the earth.\u2014The following is in the shape of a prediction by me\u2014(5)Pope\u2019sBulls unavailing\n\t\t\t When Greece and Sun(1) the Crescent(2) robs(1) Sun means Persia(6) PoperyThe Sun and Moon will Abraham(3) rob.(2) Turkey\n(7) Mahomet\u2019s religionWhen Carbonari\u2019s lose our(4) head(3) Exchange the late Abraham for the father of all mankind\n(8) Popery & her harlot, the protestants\nThen excommunication\u2019s dead.(5)So Beast (6) and Prophet (7) fare alike(4) The beheading of one is the signal for general and simultaneous insurrection\nAndWhores(8) and kings to death must strike.\n\t\t\t And now, venerable Sire!\u2014Peace be unto you\u2014Do not mistake me the 12 attributes of God and man are not material as we understand of matter, but immaterial & perhaps the diametrically opposite of matter. I conceive nothing material in Wisdom Love Truth Justice, Goodness &c It is a great thing to know God\u2019s true attributes, for then & then only do we know him\u2014Without his attributes both he and we are non entitiesI am your friend\n                        Edward Postlethwayt Page", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2506", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 16 December 1821\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                        Dear and High-Respected Sir!\n                    I should hesitate, to intrude on your moments of leisure, with my unprofitable correspondence, did I not feel persuaded, that it would not be unacceptable to be informed of my continued health; and I am more encouraged to it, by reflecting on the name, vast kindnesses, which you was pleased to bestow upon me, though personally unknown, ever since my arrival in this country in 1788\u2014and to whose influential introduction I am indebted to numerous favors of others.I do not presume\u2014to solicit an answer\u2014but perhaps you may not deem it amiss\u2014to gratify me, by one of your family with a line that you too are blessed with health\u2014which I pray the Almighty may crown your last days with\u2014for your Relatives, Friends and countrys Sake.I mentioned in a former letter, that I continued with translating the Old Duke Record\u2014illustrating these here and there, where it was in my power\u2014and observed that a commercial intercourse took place\u2014between Virginia and the N. Netherland\u2014and several interesting negotiations\u2014several Dutch commercial house being established in Virginia\u2014 Now I find, that the same intercourse took place between Virginia and Curacao as early as 1655. I presume\u2014the Virginians carried hither victuals. It is sure\u2014they obtained from there stock-fish-hout\u2014(yellow dying wood) Turtles\u2014Manatin, or Sea-cow flesh and horses &\u2014Did they not obtain Negroes from Curacao? I proceed now with 5 vol.\u2014Relative to Curacao\u2014in which I met with several interesting articles, as well as in the former Record\u2014I have now finished 20 vol. in Fol. and\u2014if my days are prolonged, and my weak sight\u2014being scarce able to read by candle-light\u2014preserved or I shall accomplish this arduous task, as it is in part delineated\u2014in part effaced and mouldered away\u2014within two years.Would you have believed before of the Dutch Boors, that Stuyvesand, in  a Treaty  with the Indians, inserted an article, that their Children\u2014should be educated in N. Amsterdam\u2014which was accepted? So too\u2014in the Instruction for the Vice-Director of Curacao\u2014was an article to establish schools for the Natives. He was indeed a great man, although now little known.Did the Virginians trade with the West-Indian Islands after the N. Netherlands were surrendered to the British? the N. Engl-men were, if I am not mistaken, more confined\u2014than formerly.I should willingly have touched other topics, but am unwilling to abuse your Indulgence\u2014though I can not but hope\u2014that the luminous days of reason and truth\u2014now corruscating\u2014even in this State every where, shall not longer be confined in Virginia to Monticello\u2014Georg Turanis published last year in German a Latin work\u2014against Newton\u2019s theory on the motion of the celestial bodies, offering a reward of \u0192100 to the writer, who should refute his arguments.Permit me to solicit the continuance of your good opinion\u2014while I take the liberty to assure you, that I remain with the highest considerationDear and High Respected Sir! Your most obed & obliged.\n                        Fr. Adr. van der kempP.s. my venerable friend J. Adams enjoys yet all his mental powers\u2014and a tolerable state of health\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2507", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thiebaut de Berneaud, 17 December 1821\nFrom: Berneaud, Thiebaut de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                            Monsieur et illustre citoyen,\n                        La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Linn\u00e9enne de Paris desirant associer a ses travaux tous les hommes qui par leurs talents et leurs \u00e9crits ont ouvert de nouvelles routes aux sciences naturelles, me charge de vous annoncer qu\u2019elle vient d\u2019inscrire votre nom parmi ceux de ses correspondans.  je m\u2019acquitte avec plaisir et empressement de cette agr\u00e9able mission.Nous nous flattons tous, Monsieur, et moi plus particuli\u00e8rement encore que vous ne rejetterez point le tribut d\u2019estime et de v\u00e9n\u00e9ration que chacun de nous se plait \u00e0 vous payer dans cette circonstance et que vous voudrez nous aider de vos lumi\u00e8res pour atteindre promptement et v\u00e9ritablement le but que nous nous proposons.  ce but int\u00e9resse tous les amis de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 puisque nous voulons d\u00e9barasser la science des \u00e9pines dont quelques esprits faux ou trop minutieux se plaisent \u00e0 l\u2019envelopper.Disciples du grand Linn\u00e9, nous voulons honorer la m\u00e9moire des hommes utiles et, comme eux consacrer notre tems et nos connaissances \u00e0 bien \u00e9tudier les productions de la nature, et \u00e0 orner le plus souvent possible, les volumes que nous publions chaque ann\u00e9e \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde vos pens\u00e9es, de vos recherches ; c\u2019est en secondant nos efforts que vous nous am\u00e8nerez \u00e0 rendre un hommage \u00e9clatant au g\u00e9nie qui dicte des lois aux sciences naturelles, et aid\u00e9 par Tournefort, d\u00e9brouilla le Chaos ou les retenaient la p\u00e9danterie et l\u2019ignorance.J\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous adresser votre dipl\u00f4me d\u00e8s que vous aurez eu la bont\u00e9 de m\u2019envoyer vos noms, pr\u00e9noms, qualit\u00e9s, lieu et date de naissance, et de m\u2019indiquer les moyens de vous l\u2019exp\u00e9dier sans frais.  A cette note ayez la bont\u00e9 de joindre la liste de vos diff\u00e9rens ouvrages.Je m\u2019estime heureux, Monsieur, de l\u2019occasion qui m\u2019est donn\u00e9e pour vous offrir l\u2019hommage de mes sentimens et la nouvelle assurance de mon respect, de mon admiration et de mon parfait d\u00e9vouement.Thiebaut de Berneaud Editors\u2019 Translation\n                            Sir and illustrious citizen,\n                        The Linnaeus Society of Paris wishing to associate to its works all men who, through their talents and their writings have opened new avenues to the natural sciences, entrusts me with announcing to you that it has just entered your name among the ones of its collaborators.  I carry out this pleasant mission with eagerness and pleasure.We flatter ourselves, Sir, and I especially flatter myself that you will not reject the tribute of esteem and veneration each one of us is pleased to pay you in this circumstance, and that you will be willing to help us with your lights to reach promptly and really the goal we set for ourselves.  this goal interests all the friends of humanity, since we want science to be rid of the thorns in which some false or overly meticulous minds enjoy wrapping it.As disciples of the great Linnaeus, we want to honor the memory of useful men and, like them, devote our time and our knowledge in studying thoroughly the productions of nature, and to embellish as often as possible, the volumes we publish each year, with your thoughts, your research; it is by supporting our efforts that you will help\nus to pay a brilliant tribute to the genius that dictates laws to the natural sciences, and that, helped by Tournefort, untangled the Chaos in which pedantry and ignorance had kept it.I will have the honor of sending you your diploma as soon as you will have been kind enough to send me your names, first names, qualities, place and date of birth, and to indicate to me the way of sending it to you free of charge.  To this note, be kind enough to add the list of your various publications.I am happy, Sir, for the opportunity given to me to send you my respects, and the renewed assurance of my admiration and my perfect devotion.Thiebaut de Berneaud", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2509", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William James Macneven, 18 December 1821\nFrom: Macneven, William James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York\n18th Decemr 1821.\nI have the honour of forwarding to you a copy of a very good chemical work, which I flatter myself I have improved, and as a very Useful chemical table of my own. They may perhaps be worthy of a place in your library, yet I can scarcely deem  them of sufficient importance to occupy your attention; but they afford me an opportunity, which I willingly Sieze, of testifying my profound Veneration for your Character & expressing my heart-felt wishes for your long life & wellfare.I remain most respectfully your obedt humle sertWm Js Macneven", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2510", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hemings, 18 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hemings, John\n                    Th Jefferson to John HemingsYour letter was dated Tuesday the 11th came in the mail to Charlottesville Saturday night the 15th. I recieved it the next day 16th and it requested the mules to be at Poplar Forest on Monday (yesterday) the 17th which was impossible. it moreover rained all day yesterday and last night. the boys set off this morning.I desired Jefferson to tell you to make out a bill of scantling for exactly such another barn as that at Poplar Forest that the stuff might be carried immediately to Capt Martin\u2019s to be sawed. the Carpenters will go up in the spring to build it Lilburne has a hurt on his leg which will disable him from walking back. Eston must drive the cart therefore and Lilburne stay and come in the waggon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2511", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peter Burtsell, 19 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Burtsell, Peter\n                    Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to the New York publisher of Colton\u2019s Lacon for the copy of that work he has been so kind as to send him. he sees, on a first opening, that it will afford both amusement\n\t\t\t and instruction, qualified rather highly with paradox & puzzle. it\u2019s numerous editions in England bespeak it\u2019s merits favorably.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2514", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Yancey, 22 December 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBedford\n22nd Decr 1821\nOn sunday last Mr Gough and his aid young Bagby arrived at Poplar Forest to take charge of your concerns for the ensuing year agreeably to an arrangement previously made between him and Mr Thos J Randolph and on Tuesday Evening Mr Randolph came himself and handed me your letter of 9th Inst, but as my authority ceased as soon as he took possession, I gave him the keys, made him acquainted with the contents of your letter, and took my leave of the business, which has employed almost the whole of my attention for six years and six months I regret extreamly that I have not been more succesful in my management, but it I know has not been for the want of the full exertion of all my powers, and the greatest possible desire to give entire satisfaction to you, but I still hope and beleive, that the profits of my labours, will be better understood and felt hereafter. In taking leave of your affairs I must beg to return you my highest acknowledgments for the friendship and politeness you have shewn towards me during the whole of my superintendance, as it will afford me the greatest satisfaction during life, and that I shall always feel the  strongest desire for the happiness and prosperity of yourself and evry branch of your family whom I am acquainted, and ever be proud to render any service in my power as a neigbour or friend to you or them so long as I live.\u2014at the request of Mr Randolph I have undertaken to settle the shop accts and little debts in the neighborhood, which are but few, and account to you on him, according to your pleasure, The wheat as you have been informed did not turn out more than a \u2153 what I expected I was deceived, owing to the quantity of chaff and false grains, that blew off with the chaff never was such an indifferent crop in Virginia before since my recollection. after saving 344 bushels, paying the overseers, their share, which was only 26\u00bd  bushels, reduced our recepts in the Mills to 360 bushels, the proceeds of which I shall pay Mr Robertson agreeably to your order, there is a I beleive 20 or 30 bushels still in the barn, but fit for nothing, except the stock, the corn turned out nearly what I expected, at Tomahawk 210 barrels and at B. Creek 257 barrels, total 467 barrels and I think there was upwards 400. put in the houses, it was all accuratly measured, and sorted, besides there was about 30 barrels of lost corn  or nubend which answer well for stock. Mr Randolph and Mr  Gough with me have examined the Tobo and seem to be pleased with the quality, I do not know their opinion of the quantity, but the overseers were confident there would be upwards 30,000\u2114 the court did not take up the report of the Viewers of the alteration of the road at their last time, but, will the next, they said that it required one months notice to the tenant, thro. whos land the road  passes, Mr Clark was not there, but Mr Gilmer will attend to it, the Viewers told me that it would be opposed, by Cobbs, Harrises and several others. but nothing was said to me on the subject Mr Randolph  with Mr Radford had a good deal of conversation concerning it, the other day at my house to whom I beg to refer for further particulars\u2014we omitted last spring to have our usual annual settlement, and  for my services for the two last years, 1820 &, 21; I have no acknowledgment, which I will be glad you will send me as soon as convenient, I never meant as long as I could possible avoid it, to draw the money from you, if it should be attended with any serious inconvenience to you to pay it, but it always  will be acceptable, any part, that you can  share. We have been unfortunate in loosing 2 of our best house servants this year, and we have been endeavering to supply their places out of our own stock, but have faild, could you pay me as much as would purchase a good female servant, this winter or spring it would be a very great accomodation to, us, or if it should be agreeable to you to sell, I will give a liberal price for Lucy at P.F. as we are acquainted with her and she appears to be attachd to the family, but I do not know that she would be willing to be soldI am sir with highest respectJoel Yancey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2515", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James H. McCulloch, 23 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McCulloch, James H.\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nOur mail of yesterday brought me a letter from mr Rush our Ambassador at London informing me he had shipped for me on board the Mandarin, bound for Baltimore a small box of books, inclosing me at the same time the invoice of their cost \u00a36-7-6 & box 2/6 supposing the letter came by the same vessel with the books, and that these are arrived at Baltimore I inclose you the letter and invoice to enable you to settle the duty and charges which shall be remitted to you as soon as made known to me. the box I will request you to forward to Richmond to the case of Colo Bernard Peyton according to the standing wish heretofore expressed to you, and with my thanks for the trouble you are so kind as to take in these little matters for me accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2516", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jonathan Thompson, 23 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thompson, Jonathan\nSir\nMonticello\nOur mail of yesterday which brought me your favor of the 12th brought also the letter and invoice for the books you are so good as to inform me are arrived at N. York. by the invoice you will be enabled to settle the duty on the books which as soon as made known to me shall be remitted to you with the other expences\u2014with my thanks for your having forwarded them to Richmond without the delay of a special direction. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2517", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Hart Benton, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Benton, Thomas Hart\n                    Th: J. returns his thanks to mr Benton of Missouri for the copy of the petition of the University of Virga he has been so kind as to send him. he recieves it as an augury  of approbtn of it\u2019s  object a presumption  authorised by his enlightened  efforts in the affairs of his own state, whose entrance into  our fraternity of states has been welcomed more sincerely or warmly by no one than  byTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2518", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Laval, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Laval, John\nSir\nMonticello\nIn your letter of Oct. 9. you were so kind as to inclose me a catalogue in which I observe mentioned a Dion Cassius 4 vols 16o Greek 6.D. will you be so good as to note to me whether it has a translation or only the Greek text, whether notes, and by whom, as well as the place and date of it\u2019s publication. am I right in understanding the figures 16o to mean \u2018in sixteens\u2019 the English term? Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect.Th: Jefferson1822. Apr. 26. wrote to him forHerodotus3.v.Thucydides2.Xenophon5.Plutarch6all of same format, 16o", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2519", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Thweatt, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thweatt, Archibald\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI have duly recieved your two favors of Nov. 6. & Dec. 13. requesting me to consent to the publication of my opinion on the encroachments of the Judiciary of the US. expressed in a former letter to you, but, my dear Sir, there is a time for all things; for advancing and for retiring; for a Sabbath of rest as well as for days of labor, and surely that Sabbath is arrived for one near entering on his 80th year. tranquility is the summum bonum of that age. I wish now for quiet, to withdraw from the broils of the world, to soothe enmities and to die in the peace and good will of all mankind. the thing too which you request has been done in substance. in the extract of a letter, published with my consent, recommending Colo Taylor\u2019s book, and in a letter to a mr Jarvis, who wrote and sent me a book entitled \u2018the Republican,\u2019 in which letter I formally combated his heretical doctrine that the Judiciary is the ultimate expounder and arbiter of all constitutional questions. you are not aware of the inveterate hatred still rankling in the hearts of some of our old tories. I recieved the last summer a 4th of July oration from the son of a deceased friend. in my answer I commended it\u2019s principles in moderate and inoffensive terms, expressing at the same time my affections for his father. he published my letter; and it drew on me torrents of abuse from particular tory papers, in the revived spirit of 96. and 1800. their columns were filled with Billingsgate against me for several months.\u2014no, my dear friend, permit me at length to retire from the angry passions of mankind and to pass in undisturbed repose the few days remaining to me of life. they will surely be past in sentiments of sincere esteem and respect for yourself, and  affectionate attachment to mrs Theveatt.Th Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2520", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jesse Torrey, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Torrey, Jesse\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nChambersburgh, (Pennslva)\nI send you herewith, a copy of the Moral Instructor, of which I am the compiler, and in part, the author. I have been deterred from sending it and addressing you sooner by a reluctance to increasing your fatigue of perusing new books, and reading and answering the letters of your numerous correspondents. But as the object of my book, (the extension of moral and other useful knowledge) must be interesting to you, as a philanthropist, and as a guardian of public education in the state where you reside, I hope you will not deem me an obtruder. I am the more confirmed that the subject to which I wish to invite your attention, will be acceptable to you, by the opinion, expressed in your letter to the author of \u201cThe Republican,\u201d of the political importance of enlightening the people by general education for the security of their rights and a discreet exercise of their legitimate power.You will perceive, if you will do me the favor to read the original essays, (which I will designate) in the Moral Instructor, as well as to examine the selections carefully, that my predominant object in publishing the work, has been to enforce the moral and political necessity of the universal diffusion of knowledge, and of the universal institution of free circulating libraries for that purpose.\u2014I have long wished that the board of managers of the literary fund in the state of Virginia, would consider whether the establishment of free libraries, connected with common schools, as well as other seminaries, would not accord with the system of public instruction intended by the legislature. If not, the legislature might, if deemed expedient, grant special authority for that purpose. Elementary schools are the keys, but libraries are the chests of knowledge.If you should approve the design and sentiments of the Moral Instructor, please to submit it, with your own opinion, to the consideration of the managers of the Virginia library fund. A copy-right has been secured;\u2014because the proprietor is destitute, both of health and wealth.\u2014But in order to encourage its general and speedy adoption, and also to extend its utility, I have determined that, in case it be approved generally, as a national manual of morals for the use of schools; booksellers, or others, are permitted to publish in each of the states, from five to ten thousand copies, free of any tax on the copy-right; and afterwards, any number at ten dollars per thousand.You will perceive by the certificate of copy right, that one part of the first edition, (which was selected from Volney\u2019s \u201cLaw of Nature,\u201d) is excluded from the second edition.\u2014This was not done voluntarily;\u2014but by the request of Mr. Hawley, the former superintendant of common schools in the state of New York, who threatened the work with opposition and proscription, unless thus modified.\u2014But, as I estimate the perfection, of all systems of laws, religions, morals and philosophy, in proportion to their concurrence with the laws of nature, or in other words, the laws of the Creator;\u2014and as the secretary of the state of New York, Mr. Yates, who is now superintendant of schools, ex officio, and the most eminent instructors of academies and schools in the state of New York, as well as other citizens of high respectability, have signified their cordial satisfaction with the work as originally published; it is my intention to restore the selections from the \u201cLaw of Nature,\u201d in future editions;\u2014taking care, however, (as I endeavored to do in the first edition) to omit such sentiments of the author, as clash with the tenets of the Christian Religion.\u2014Still, I do not anticipate gratifying, entirely, the taste of those who execrate all ancient, or modern philosophy, as vile trash, which is not the product of miraculous divine inspiration.\u2014It is my intention, also to add Dr Franklin\u2019s Dialogue on Moral Philosophy, and some extracts from Cicero.Your sentiments, frankly expressed, respecting the merits and defects of my book, or any suggestions of improvements on it, will be received with gratitude, if sent, through Post Office in this village, toYour ardent Friend &cJesse Torrey, Jun.P.S.My residence is at New Lebanon, County of Columbia, in the state of New York. But I expect to remain in this vicinity during the present winter; having come into this country as an agent for Jethro Wood, for the purpose of establishing manufactories of his cast iron plough, so as to supply the farmers in this fertile lime stone valley, through part of this state, Maryland, and Virginia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2521", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jesse C. Young, 24 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Young, Jesse C.\n                    I have to thank you for the copy of the abridgment of Murray\u2019s grammar which you have been so kind as to send me; but I must excuse myself from the Review & judgment on it which you request. I do not feel myself either qualified or authorised to decide for the public the books worthy of their reading nor willing to encounter conflicts with Critics who might question my opinions. it would withdraw me too from necessary occupations and the subjects of my choice to the examination of books I have no wish to read, and of subjects requiring more research than I could conveniently bestow. with my apologies therefore for declining this request I pray you to accept the assurance of my regard and best wishes for the success of your undertakings.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2522", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Otway Crump, 26 December 1821\nFrom: Crump, James Otway\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                    It is with much reluctance that I take the liberty of addressing you, particularly upon such a subject\u2014To not keep you in suspense, I have, partly by indiscretion, & partly by unavoidable accidents, lost all my estate; & myself and Wife (the daughter of Wm Clark, Powhatan,) are reduced to hard labour to support ourselves and four children. I removed from the State of Alabama last Fall, intending to go into E. Florida, having some prospect of receiving an appointment there, But the loss of my horses in this place has frustrated my design. Perhaps, I might, by writing, receive some assistance from my Father in law; But my Wife objects to it. She says she cannot agree to give the old man so much trouble, as a detail of our misfortune\u2019s would bring upon him. In this Situation, among strangers, I have taken the liberty of troubling you with these few lines, extorted from me by despair, and unknown to every other person. If you think proper to grant me any relief, direct your letter \u201cTuckersville Post Office, Wayne County, Georgia\u201d I live within three miles of the Office.I am, Dear Sir, Respectfully yours,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2523", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Garland, 26 December 1821\nFrom: Garland, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLynchburg\nI beg to remind you, of your and Mr Lancys little bond to Hawkin\u2019s admx in my hands for collection, if I am not mistaken you promised to send me a draft on Richmond, or the money so Soon as the state of the river would inable you to ship flour\u2014The person to whom this bond is now owed is in want of the money\u2014most RespectfullyS. GarlandBond12Oct1820$231\u2014Int.1Jany182216.90Amt. 1 Jany 1822$246.90", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2524", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James H. McCulloch, 26 December 1821\nFrom: McCulloch, James H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCustom House Balto\nI have recd a letter this morning from Mr J Le Souf Vice Consul of the U\u2019 States London, with the bill of lading for a box of books on your account, directed to my care. You will please to give me direction how to forward them. Though as the season is thickening round us, I am much disposed if an opportunity offers to send them to Richmond, under a persuasion that they are for your own use at home; or at any rate for some neighbouring institution.I have the pleasure and more to subscribe myself, with all the wishes the season & past recollections inspire,Your obliged & obt servtJno H Mc culloch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2525", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Archibald Thweatt, 26 December 1821\nFrom: Thweatt, Archibald\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWilkinsonville post Office Chesterfield County\nWhile I take liberties with letters of a friend without consulting him, and without any other sanction than the motive which governs me, I fear I force myself in  upon you, with a very offensive kind of intrusion: I hope the same pure motive, will secure to me your generosity and forgiveness.\u2014only see what you can do for our country at this Crisis!  a favorable word from you would secure the amendments\u2014and to use the language of the illustrious author of the inclosed letter \u201csave again our beloved confederacy.\u201d\u2014Excuse meGod preserve youArchibald Thweatt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2527", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Pleasants, 26 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pleasants, James\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nI learn with real regret, from your favor of the 10th the several circumstances which have deprived me of the pleasure of seeing, either here or at Poplar Forest, a relation whom I have long been taught to esteem, altho I have not the advantage of his personal acquaintance. I must find my consolation in the French adage that \u2018tout ce qui est differ\u00e9 n\u2019est pas perdu,\u2019 assuring you that no visit will be recieved with more welcome. my hope too of a reiteration of effort is strengthened by the presumed additional excitement of curiosity to see our University; this now draws to it numerous visitors from every part of the state & from strangers passing thro\u2019 it. I can assure you there is no building in the US. so worthy of being seen, and which gives an idea so adequate of what is to be seen beyond the Atlantic. there, to be sure they have immensely larger and more costly masses, but nothing handsomer or in chaster style.The balance which you mention as coming to me from Ronald\u2019s executors, be so good as to have paid into the hands of Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent in Richmond.I find you are to be harrassed again with a bankrupt Law. could you not compromise between agriculture and commerce by passing such a law which, like the byelaws of incorporated towns, should be binding on the inhabitants of such towns only, being the  residence of commerce, leaving the agriculturists, inhabitants of the country, in undisturbed possession of the rights & modes of proceedings to which their habits, their interests and their partialities attach them? this would be as uniform as other laws of local obligation.But you will have a more difficult task in curbing the Judiciary in their enterprises on the constitution. I doubt whether the erection of the Senate into an appellate court on Constitutional questions would be deemed an unexceptionable reliance; because it would enable the judiciary, with the representatives in senate of one third only of our citizens, and that in a single house, to make by construction what they should please of the constitution, and thus bind  in a double knot the other two thirds: for I believe that one third of our citizens chuse a majority of the Senate, and these too of the smaller states whose interests lead to lessen state influence, & strengthen that of the general government. a better remedy I think, and indeed the best I can devise would be to give future commissions to judges for six years (the Senatorial term) with a re-appointability by the president with the approbation of both houses. that of the H. of Repr. imports a majority of citizens, that of the Senate a majority of states, and that of both a majority of the three sovereign  departments of the existing government, to wit, of it\u2019s Executive & legislative branches. if this should not be independance enough, I know not what would be such, short of the total irresponsibility under which they are acting and sinning now. the independance of the judges in England on the King alone is good; but even there they are not independant on the Parliament; being removable on the joint address of both houses, by a vote of a majority of each, but we require a majority of one house and \u2154 of  the other, a concurence which in practice, has been, and ever will be, found impossible; for the judiciary perversions of the constitution will for ever be protected under the pretext of errors of judgment, which by principle, are exempt from punishment. impeachment therefore is a bug-bear which they fear not at all. but they would be under some awe of the canvas of their conduct which would be open to both houses regularly every 6th year. it is a misnomer to call a government republican, in which a branch of the supreme power is independant of the nation.\u2014by this change of tenure a remedy would be held up to the states, which altho\u2019 very distant, would probably keep them quiet. in aid of this a more immediate effect would be produced by a joint protestation of both Houses of Congress that the doctrines of the judges, in the case of Cohens, adjudging a state amenable to their tribunal, and that Congress can authorise a corporation of the district of Columbia to pass any act which shall have the force of law within a state, are contrary to the provisions of the Constitution of the US. this would be effectual; as, with such an avowal of Congress, no state would permit such a sentence to be carried into execution, within it\u2019s limits. if, by the distribution of the sovereign powers among three branches, they were intended to be checks on one another, the present case calls loudly for the exercise of that duty, and such a counterdeclaration, while proper in form, would be most salutary as a precedent.Another most condemnable practice of the supreme court to be corrected is that of cooking up a decision in Caucus, & delivering it by one of their members as the opinion of the court, without the possibility of our knowing how many, who, and for what reasons each member concurred. this compleatly defeats the possibility of impeachment by smothering evidence. a regard for character in each being now the only hold we can have of them, we should hold fast to it. they would, were they to give their opinions seriatim and publicly, endeavor to justify themselves to the world by explaining the reasons which led to their opinion. while Edmd Randolph was Attorney General, he was charged on a particular occasion by the H of R to prepare a digest and some amendments to the judiciary law. one of the amendments he proposed was that every judge should give his individual opinion, and reasons in open court, which opinions and reasons should be recorded in a separate book to be published occasionally in the nature of Reports. other business prevented Congress from acting then on the bill. such a provision would produce valuable effect and emulation in forming an opinion and correctly reasoning on it; and would give us Reports, unswelled by the arguments of counsil and within the compas of our reading and book shelves.\u2014but these things belong to the present generation, who are to live under them. the machine, as it is, will, I believe, last my time, and those coming after will know how to repair it to their own minds. I cannot help sometimes yielding to senile garrulity on matters not belonging to me, yet I pray not to be quoted, but pardoned for this weakness of age. with my prayers that our constitution may \u2018perpetuum durare per aevum\u2019 accept the assurances of my affectionate esteem and respectTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2528", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Cabell, 28 December 1821\nFrom: Cabell, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir.\nMontevideo.\nI beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance, my son in law, Mr Henry Carrington\u2014He is the son of Judge Carrington. the elder, whom you, no doubt, knew. He is one of several gentlemen appointed Commissioners by the Court of Charlotte, for adopting a suitable plan of a Court house for that County; with authority to contract for the building the same\u2014He was with me some time this fall, when he had an opportunity of seeing the plan of a Court House which you had drawn at the request of Colo Yancey of this County\u2014He was so much pleased with it, that he procured it from Colo Yancey, together with your letter to him; and on submitting it to the other Trustees, they unanimously adopted it, and are anxious to execute it without the slightest change\u2014Influenced by your opinion of the capacity and fidelity of the workman at the University, they have engaged Mr Carrington to go there, and tender the contract to some of them, giving him full powers to conclude the same immediately. He has not, it is true, any power of Attorney, formally executed to him, for this purpose, because it was not supposed that his authority would be questioned, or that any doubt would be entertained of the ratification & confirmation, by the other Commissioners, of any contract he may make in their behalf. Mr Carrington would not have undertaken this agency, but for the hope of obtaining from you that information & aid which you had kindly tendered to Colo Yancey. The object of this letter is to solicit that aid for him; and as he is without experience in drawing contracts of this particular kind, he apprehends he will be at great loss in making a suitable description of the style & manner of executing the work. If it would not trespass too much on your time, he would be particularly indebted to you for information on this head.I pray you to excuse the liberty I have taken, & to be assured that I shall feel most grateful for any aid you may find it convenient to render Mr Carrington\u2014With the highest respect, I am Dr Sir, your mo. ob. st.Wm H. Cabell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2529", "content": "Title: From Samuel Harrison Smith to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 28 December 1821\nFrom: Smith, Samuel Harrison\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Jefferson\n                    On Receipt of your letter of the  Ins: I applied (by letter) to Mr William Brent Clerk of the Court, for the Deed of Conveyance to which you allude. his answer you have Enclosed\u2014I had not your direction to obtain a Copy of the Deed\u2014and my small means would not permit me to Encounter the Expense which would be large\u2014You will therefor (I presume) inform Colo Morrison that you must have a Copy of the Deed furnished you\u2014I am entirely ignorant of the whole subject. had no Concerrn  in the business nor interest therein\u2014I remember that  I refused (on that ground) to affix my signature\u2014Colo Morrison told me that he had so represented to Colo Nicholas. but that he Colo Nicholas insisted in the Deed being joint, I suppose because one of Owing Bond had been assigned to me\u2014and that he would part with no Paper   without my Consent that  it might in some way affect my interest\u2014But on an Opinion given by Mr Clay. that my signing Could in no way affect me and was all important to Colo Morrison. I was induced to affix my name\u2014I have no paper or information relative to the subject\u2014I keep no Copy of this letter\u2014I am Dr siryours sincerely", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2530", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Gough, 29 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gough, William\n                    Gough.Dec. 29. wrote to desire him to allow the negroes 2000\u2114 pork and add what is over to the 10 hogs put by for me, as I shall have 6. carpenters there from Apr. thro\u2019 good part of summer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2531", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Griffin, 29 December 1821\nFrom: Griffin, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDecr 29th 1821\u2013\n                    The importance of the subject, which induces this address, will I hope be deemed by you, an ample apology for the obtrusion.\u2014I feel solicitous, that the blessings of knowledge, and the treasures of literature, may become generally diffused through the Commonwealth\u2014an efficient aid to these objects, may confidently be expected, form the University of Virginia, when this institution shall come into operation\u2014Permit me Sir to request your answer to the following interrogatories\u2014Should the Legislature of this state, consent to cancel the bonds given by the, Rector and Visitors, of the University of Virginia; to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, and release, the University, from the debts and interest now due, to the Literary fund; will the Rector and Visitors, ensure that no further applications, for appropriations from the revenue of the Literary fund, or loans from its principle, be asked by the University?The interest annually thus realiased, will amount to the Sum of seven thousand two hundred dollars; will not this Sum united with the annual appropriation to the University, be sufficient of themselves, or from the credit they will give the institution, to complete the buildings,  organise the University entire, furnish a library, appratus, &c without the future aid of the Legislature?Accept Sir the assurances of my high respectTh: Griffin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2532", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jonathan Russell, 30 December 1821\nFrom: Russell, Jonathan\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n30th Decr 1821\n                    Mr Russell presents his respects to Mr Jefferson and takes the liberty to offer to him the homage of the enclosed address\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2533", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Plumer, 31 December 1821\nFrom: Plumer, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nWashington\nDecember 31st 1821\nI take the liberty to send you the enclosed Address,\u2014not with the ambitious hope or expectation that it can in any degree contribute to instruct or amuse a mind so familiar as yours is with every branch of useful knowledge, & particularly with that which is the subject of this discourse\u2014but merely as a mark of the sincere respect & esteem with which I have the honor to beYour most obedient & very humble servantW. Plumer Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2534", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Le Brun, 31 December 1821\nFrom: Brun, Charles Le\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n                        Il s\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9coul\u00e9 vingt ans, depuis que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous remettre une lettre de recommandation que m\u2019avait donn\u00e9 pour vous, notre immortel ami le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Kossiuszko.  Ce laps de tems n\u2019a pu me faire oublier les civilit\u00e9s que vous me fites alors, & ce jour, qui m\u2019offre l\u2019occasion de vous en t\u00e9moigner ma gratitude, est un des plus beaux de ma vie.  Je pr\u00e9sente donc \u00e0 votre indulgence & \u00e0 vos bont\u00e9s, ma Libert\u00e9 des Mers, en Espagnol, dont le Succ\u00e8s a \u00e9t\u00e9 prodigieux parmi les descendans des Mont\u00e9zumas & des Incas.  J\u2019ai, aussi, traduit cet ouvrage en Anglais, & mon intention est de le pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 mes concitoyens, aussit\u00f4t que j\u2019aurai fait imprimer ma traduction of Pope\u2019s Essay on Man.  J\u2019ai cinq ouvrages pr\u00eats pour la presse; & j\u2019en ai deux autres en contemplation: c\u2019est ainsi, Monsieur, que je file des jours heureux au Sein de la libert\u00e9, & au mi lieu d\u2019une famille que j\u2019adore, & des Muses que j\u2019ai toujours aim\u00e9es.J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec le plus profond respect; Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur, Charles Le BrunP. S.Si j\u2019ecris en Fran\u00e7ais, c\u2019est parce que je n\u2019ai point oubli\u00e9 que c\u2019est la langue dans la quelle, il y a 20 ans, le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis, voulut bien s\u2019entretenir avec l\u2019ami du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Kossiuszko. Editors\u2019 Translation\n                        It has been twenty years since I have had the honor to handing to you a letter of recommendation that our immortal friend General Kosciuszko had given me for you.  This lapse of time has not made me forget the compliments you paid me then, & this day, which gives me the opportunity of expressing my gratitude to you, is one of the most beautiful in my life.  So, I present to your indulgence & to your kindness, my Liberty of the seas, in Spanish; its Success was tremendous among the descendants of Montezuma and of the Incas.  I have also translated this book in English, & my intention is to present it to my Fellow Citizens, as soon as my translation of Pope\u2019s Essay on Man will be printed.  I have five books ready for the printed press; & I am contemplating two other ones: this is how, Sir, I spend happy days in the bosom of liberty, & among a family that I adore, & and the Muses whom I have always loved.I have the honor to be, with the most profound respect, Sir, Your very humble & very obedient Servant.Charles le BrunP. S.I am writing in French because I have not forgotten that it is the language in which, 20 years ago, the President of the United States was kind enough to converse with General Kosciuszko\u2019s friend.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2535", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 December 1821\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann\nDear Sir\nMonticello\nThe inclosed paper was handed to me by our dear Martha, with a request that I would consider it, and say to you what I think of it. General Taylor has certainly stated the objection to mr Hackley\u2019s claim so fairly, fully and powerfully, that I need not repeat them, observing only that in mentioning the notice which Erving had of the negociation with Alagon, he does not mention mr Hackley\u2019s notice, who on the 29th of May 1819. took a conveyance from Alagon with a full knolege that, 3. months before, the US. had by treaty become proprietors of the whole province, and with an express annulment of the very title he was purchasing. this is more than a set off against the implied notice of our government thro Erving. however the circumstance of notice, duly examined, has little weight in the case. the effect of the ratification is the true point, & that on which Genl Taylor very properly rests it, and on which it will turn. on that two questions will arise.1. did the ratification by the Cortes extend to the 2d & 3d articles only and not to the 8th and it\u2019s subsequent explanations of the extent of these articles? if we are to decide this question for ourselves (doubting the judgment of our government) we should have the act of the Cortes before us, to examine critically it\u2019s precise terms. but that I presume we have not; as Genl Taylor seems to take his information of it from the recital in the preamble of the Spanish ratification, that \u2018the consent and authority of the general Cortes with respect to the cession mentioned and stipulated in the 2d and 3d articles, had been first obtained.\u2019  may not this mean that they had consented to all the articles which respect the cession mentioned in the 2d & 3d? is it a necessary inference from this that the Cortes had not consented to any other article, and especially the 8th and it\u2019s explanations which respect the cession mentioned in the 2d and 3d and their extent? which is most probable, that the Cortes refused their assent to that article? or that the King omitted to communicate it to them? or that, altho\u2019 the fact of consent might be material, it\u2019s mention in the recital being unnecessary & superfluous, might be neither fully nor critically made? Again, when we consider that our government (informed that grants had been made to Alagon, Punon Rostro, & de Vargas, subsequent in truth to Jan. 24. 18. but antedated fraudulently to bring them within the treaty, which grants covered nearly the whole country, from the boundary of the US. to the sea) made their nullification a sine que non of the treaty, that they pertinaciously continued to refuse concluding it until their nullification was agreed to, can we believe  they did conclude without knowing that the ratification of this article was as formal and firm as that of the articles it respected and explained? did they mean to decieve their country and palm upon us a fallacious instrument? or were they decieved themselves, that is to say, the President, all the heads of departments, the Atty General, and the whole Senate, as having less knolege than we have of what was a valid ratification? I confess that these considerations have weight with me when opposed to the opinion of Genl Taylor as to the validity of the ratification.2. but a second question may be made, whether the ratification of the Cortes was necessary? whether the constitution proposed by them for the colonies had authority in them until accepted in each colony respectively? the inhabitants of the colonies themselves, our government and our nation, certainly deny that it could, on principle, be in force in any colony without it\u2019s consent; and at the date of the ratification, not a single colony had accepted, nor do I know that a single one has done it to this day. I think myself certain that the Floridas have not. the old government continued in them to the day of their surrender; and under the old government, a cession of territory and ratification by the king was conclusive. of this the cession of the same countries by the king to England, that of a degree of latitude of them to the US. and that of Louisiana to France are sufficient proofs.It is with real reluctance that I feel or express any doubts adverse to the interests of mr Hackley. I do it to yourself only, and with a wish not to be quoted, as well to avoid injury to him, as the implication of myself in any thing controversial. I am far from having strong confidence in doubts of what two such able jurists have decided: yet for mr Hackley\u2019s sake I anxiously wish that he should not be so far over-confident in the certainty of these opinions as to enter into any warranties of Title in the portions he may dispose of. these vast grants of land are entirely against the policy of our government. they have ever set their faces most decidedly against such monopolies. in all their sales of land they have taken every measure they could devise to prevent speculations in them by purchases to sell again, & to provide that sales should be made to settlers alone. on this ground mr Hackley will have to contend against prejudices deeply rooted. these might perhaps be some what softened if, instead of taking adverse possession, which the President is bound to remove summarily by the military, he were to make to Congress a full and candid statement of the considerations he has paid, or the sacrifices made, of which these lands are the compensation. they might in that case make him such a grant as would amount to a liberal indemnification.I shall ever studiously avoid expressing to any person any doubt which might injure mr Hackleys prospects from this source, and sincerely wish him the most can be made of them. I renew to your self affectionate assurances of attachment and respect.Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1821", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/98-01-02-2538", "content": "Title: From Charles Yancey to James Monroe, 1821\nFrom: Yancey, Charles\nTo: Monroe, James\n                    I know nothing of the subject of this petition, but the preceding signers are of the most respectable of our county and entitled to the highest degree of credit in whatever they affirm.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1821},
{"title": "Abstract of a journal of E. Bacon", "creator": ["Bacon, Ephraim. [from old catalog]", "Cates, J. B., d. 1819. [from old catalog]", "Church missionary society. [from old catalog]"], "subject": "African Americans", "publisher": "Philadelphia, S. Potter, & co.", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "call_number": "5905985", "identifier-bib": "00027311088", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2011-05-06 18:18:14", "updater": "Melissa.D", "identifier": "abstractofjourna01baco", "uploader": "melissad@archive.org", "addeddate": "2011-05-06 18:18:16", "publicdate": "2011-05-06 18:18:19", "scanner": "scribe8.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "79338", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "scanner-marc-adona@archive.org", "scandate": "20110513145359", "imagecount": "108", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/abstractofjourna01baco", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t4km05g73", "curation": "[curator]abigail@archive.org[/curator][date]20110517231211[/date][state]approved[/state]", "scanfee": "13", "sponsordate": "20110531", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903700_0", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24661699M", "openlibrary_work": "OL15732182W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038744677", "lccn": "18004078", "filesxml": "Wed Dec 23 1:53:35 UTC 2020", "description": "p. cm", "associated-names": "Cates, J. B., d. 1819. [from old catalog]; Church missionary society. [from old catalog]", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "72", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "[Abstract of a Journal by E. Bacon, Sistant Agent, with an Appendix, from Church Missionary Society, England. In Abstract of The Missionary Annals, Vol. XXXI, E. B. Cox, Editor, Philadelphia. Price: Fifty Cents. Stern District of Pennsylvania.\n\nRemembered, That on the twenty-second day of November, in the forty-sixth year of the independence of the United States of America, A.D. 1821. Ephraim Bacon of the said District, has deposited in this Office the following book, the right whereof he claims as author.]\n\nAn overland journey was performed in cornplains of February, March, and April, 1819. The whole showing the sons of the British and American Governments in Philadelphia.\n\nAt Market Street, of Dicapr Act Market, Price Fifty Cents.\n\nEphraim Bacon of the said District, deposited in this Office the following book, the right whereof he claims as author.\nAbstract of a Journal of E. Bacon, assistant agent of the United States, to Africa - with an Appendix, containing the Rules and Regulations of the Church Missionary Society in England, for the year \"J**\nTo which is prefixed, an Abstract of the Journal of the Rev. J. C. Wesley, missionary from Sierra Leone to Grand Tourney, performed in company with several natives, in the months of February, March, and April, 1819. The whole showing successful exertions of the British and American Governments in repressing the Slave Trade.\n\nTo conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, \"An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors thereof, during the times therein mentioned,\" and also to the act, \"An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, \"An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors thereof.\"\nOf the Assistant Agent of the United States, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, of such copies during the expedition, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints. Caldwell, Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.\n\nAbstract of a Journal\nAssistant Agent of the United States,\nContaining Extracts from Proceedings\nOf the Church Missionary Society in England,\nFor the Years,\nTo Which is Prefixed an Abstract of the Journal,\nOf the Rev. J. B. Gates,\nOne of the Missionaries from Sierra Leone to Grand Bassa,\nIn an overland journey, performed in company with several natives, in the months of February, March, and April, 1819. The whole showing the successful exertions of the British and American Governments, in repressing the slave trade.\nPhiladelphia.\nPublished by S. Rotter, S.F. Co. No. 87, Chesnut & Market Streets\nThe public have already been informed of the strenuous efforts of the United States Government in enacting numerous laws for the purpose of suppressing the slave trade; and of the successful vigilance of our naval officers in detecting slave-traders and bringing them to justice.\n\nThe public have also been informed of the benevolent operations of the American Colonization Society, in endeavoring to form a settlement on the western coast of Africa, composed of those free people of color who choose to emigrate thither.\n\nIt is further known that this settlement, if established, may prove an asylum for those Africans who shall be recaptured by the United States cruisers and sent to the coast.\nThere is reason to hope that these acts of mercy will contribute to the melioration of the sufferings of a large portion of the human race, by the final abolition of the Slave Trade, that scourge of Africa and disgrace of the civilized world; by introducing the arts of civilization and the blessings of the Christian religion, among a race of beings who have hitherto lived in heathen darkness, destitute of the light of the Gospel or knowledge of a Savior, by teaching the children of Ethiopia to stretch forth their hands unto God.\n\nI have been employed as an assistant agent of the United States, along with J.B. Winn, Esquire, principal agent, in transporting to the coast of Africa a number of recaptured Africans and free people of color; the author has had the opportunity of witnessing the degraded state of that section of the population.\nThe author, feeling it his duty to the souls of his fellow creatures, presents to the Christian world a clear account of facts related to the subject, which he believes will be interesting to all and useful to many. Mr. Winn and the author were accompanied on the expedition by the Reverend J. R. Anderson and Mr. C. Wiltberger, assistant agent of the Colonization Society, as well as Mrs. Winn and Mrs. Bacon, aboard the brig Nautilus, captained by Blair.\n\nThe author's illness caused our departure from Norfolk on January 21, 1821, and we sailed from Hampton Roads on the 3rd.\nFor thirty days we encountered head winds and strong gales, making slow progress. During this time, I was very seasick, as were Mrs. Bacon and the Reverend Mr. Andrus. The other agents were less afflicted; some colonists suffered from the same malady. Our Captain was remarkably kind and attentive to those who were sick, particularly to Mrs. Bacon and myself, when we were unable to wait upon ourselves. I shall always feel myself under many obligations to him, and I believe I speak the sentiments of my colleagues. Nothing unusual occurred during our voyage, except that we experienced a very severe gale of wind, accompanied by a snow storm. Our Captain told us it was more violent than any he had known during the preceding twenty years. It was indeed a time to try our faith.\nWe did well with the Psalmist to exclaim:\nO that men would praise the Lord for his goodness;\nand declare the wonders he doeth for the children of men!\nThey would offer unto him the sacrifice of thanksgiving;\nand tell out his works with gladness!\n\nThose who go down to the sea in ships, and occupy their business in great waters;\nThese men see the works of the Lord, and his wonders in the deep.\nFor by his word the stormy wind arises, which lifts up the clouds thereof.\nThey mount up to the heavens, and descend again to the deep;\ntheir soul melts away because of trouble.\nThey reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man,\nand are at their wits' end.\n\nSo when they cry unto the Lord in their trouble,\nhe delivers them out of their distress.\nHe makes the storm to cease, so that the waves thereof are still.\nThey are glad because they are at rest; and so he brings them to the haven where they would be. O that men would therefore praise the Lord for his goodness; and declare the wonders that he doeth for the children of men! That they would exalt him also in the congregation of the people; and praise him in the seat of the elders! Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.\n\nWe established morning and evening prayers in the Ibin, as well as in the steerage; where, at the commencement of the voyage, the colored people were. In these we enjoyed the consolations of the religion we profess.\n\nWe had all recovered from seasickness, and having arrived within the Tropics, where the weather was fine and the wind favorable, our journey continued smoothly.\nThe passage was more agreeable. Nothing uncommon occurred during the remainder of our voyage. But a continuation of the mercies of our heavenly Father were daily bestowed upon us. On the morning of the 8th of March, we had a distant view of the mountains of Sierra Leone, which was really animating to us after crossing the Atlantic. We felt ourselves approaching towards that much injured country, where we expected to labor and suffer many and great afflictions: We were cheered with the hope, that through the assistance of Divine grace, we should be in a greater or less degree, useful among the degraded children of Africa. The wind was fair but rather light, as is not uncommon in the dry season. We soon hove in sight of Cape Sierra Leone, when we discovered for the first time, several native canoes approaching toward us. These excited our curiosity.\nWe encountered their curiosity. They were manned by native Kroomen, in a state of near-nudity: when I speak of naked people, it may be understood that they wear a cloth about their loins, and that the men generally wear hats. These hats are manufactured out of a kind of grass. The Chiefs and head men often wear common English hats.\n\nWe soon discovered a fine English barge approaching us, rowed by natives. In this were the harbor master, George Macaulay and S. Easton, Esquires (of the house of the honorable K. Macaulay), who very politely gave us much interesting information, relative to our American blacks at Sherbro. As we approached near the harbor, they gave the American agents a friendly invitation to go ashore in the barge and take lodgings at their house. As the principal Agent concluded to remain.\nLord, Mrs. Bacon and I thought it proper not to disregard their politeness, as our accommodations in Lrig were somewhat limited, and the transition from Norfolk, where the cold was excessive, to Sierra Leone, where the degrees of heat were at noon day from 85 to 87 1-2 in the shade, made a visit to land desirable. Furthermore, the services of all the agents were not required to attend to the wants of the people. We accordingly went ashore, where we were very politely and hospitably entertained for several days.\n\nThe Agents of the United States, along with those of the Society, soon had an interview with the Reverend Daniel Coker, from whom we learned the condition of the American settlers at Sherbro. He informed us that the mortality, although severely felt in the loss of our valuable agents and Mr. Townsend,\nThe commander of the Unites States schooner Augusta, along with six men and a boy, was not as great as initially reported. The total number of blacks who died did not exceed twenty-three, out of the eighty-eight sent out in the ship Elizabeth. Several of these deaths were not caused by the prevailing fever. The actual number of blacks who died with fever did not exceed eighteen or nineteen, all of whom died at Kizzell's place. Although many settlers were extremely ill when they left Kizzell's place and removed to Yonie, a healthier part of Sherbro Island, in August, during the rainy season, no deaths by fever occurred at Yonie; instead, a general recovery took place, despite the absence of medical aid. The sickness at Kizzell's place was evidently in a different stage or type.\ngreat degree, owing to local causes; the water alone is said to be sufficiently bad to create malignant disorders. Kizzell was base enough to assert that it contained peculiar qualities highly conducive to health. That, and other false assertions, induced the former agents to receive his offer of friendship. Pretending as he did to unbounded influence among the native chiefs, an ardent desire to further the benevolent objects of our government and the society, to benefit America, to meliorate the conditions of the African race, and to propagate the glorious Gospel of God in a heathen land.\n\nAfter making other necessary inquiries of Mr. Coker and of those gentlemen in Sierra Leone with whom we were most conversant, as well as of some of the American blacks who went out with Paul Cuffee, and of Nathaniel Peck, who accompanied the first expedition.\nWe were fully satisfied that Mr. Coker had managed the business of the expedition after the departure of the former agents in as judicious a manner as the circumstances allowed. We lost no time upon our arrival in communicating with the acting governor, His Honor John Grant, on the subject of our mission. The American agents received a polite invitation to breakfast with him at the Government House on Saturday morning, the 10th of March. We met him there, along with his Honorable Council, after partaking of a sumptuous breakfast of great variety, served up in elegant style. The several benevolent objects of our government, and those of the society, were fully explained; and an open and candid exposition of our instructions was made following this friendly interview. His Excellency,\nLency extended a very polite invitation for us to dine at the Government house on Tuesday, the 13th of March. We accepted and enjoyed an elegant dinner served in much splendor. The table was graced by a number of principal gentlemen, officers of the Colonial Government, Spanish Commissioners, English Missionaries, and several Ladies. The friendly disposition of the Colonial authorities towards the objects of our Mission is evident in the Sierra Leone Gazette (See Appendix). A meeting of all the agents, along with Mr. Coker, took place. It was unanimously agreed to relinquish the idea of making any further attempts to negotiate for lands in the Sherbro country. Two of the agents should cause the U.S. Schooner Augusta, anchored in the harbor, to be used.\nAt Sierra Leone, we went to undergo slight repairs for the purpose of exploring the coast in search of a suitable site for an American settlement. It was resolved that no time should be lost, as we were taught by our instructions to regard the acquisition of lands for a settlement as a matter of primary importance.\n\nWith discretion on this subject, it was determined, after consulting with the English missionaries and agents at Sierra Leone, that the Reverend Mr. Andrus and I should be deputed to the service of exploring the coast and entering into negotiations with the native Chiefs. At the same time, it was arranged that Messrs. Winn and Wiltberger should disembark the people and goods from the Nautilus after a suitable place for their temporary location had been determined.\nThe colonial authorities consented to provide a place as soon as it could be selected, with Messrs. Winn and Wiltberger attending to business at Sherbro to supply the people there or remove them as necessary. An equal partition of duties was made. A suitable place was found about two weeks after Andrus and I had sailed on our hazardous excursion. We had expected the arrival of the Aligator, which was to accompany us, but it was deemed not advisable to wait and instead proceed immediately to execute the instructions to explore the coast. This determination was influenced by the following reasons:\n\n1. The assistance of all the agents was not necessary.\nNecessary, to administer to the wants of the people: circumstanced as they must be during their continuance at Sierra Leone, and some of us, unless employed in obtaining the lands, must have remained almost or quite unoccupied. The period of the arrival of the Alligator on the coast was entirely uncertain. But little more than six weeks remained before the rains. The business of exploring therefore must be commenced immediately, or not completed until the rainy season; and as the event showed, had we waited for the arrival of the Alligator, it could not have been begun before the commencement of the rains. Our principal reason for embarking in the business immediately, was the certainty that the presence of an armed force would hinder rather than assist our negotiations with the natives. In this opinion we were confirmed by the unanimous judgment.\nWe had consulted all our English friends on the subject. It is evident from references to dates that we had concluded the contract for the lands and returned to Sierra Leone two weeks or more before the arrival of the Aligator. The vessel in which we were to sail was not yet ready, and some information concerning our route was necessary. Therefore, Mr. Andrus and I visited the Reverend Mr. Johnson, a minister of the Church Missionary Society, at Freetown. We found him just recovering from ill health. He gave us a polite invitation to visit Regentstown and appointed Saturday the 17th of March. On that day, he furnished us with horses, and was accompanied by his Lady and several other Missionaries. Mrs. Bacon not being accustomed to ride on horseback, was carried in a palanquin by some of the captured Africans.\nAbout 7 o'clock, AM, we left Freetown and arrived at Gloucestertown around 9 or 10 o'clock. There, we took refreshment with the Reverend Mr. Daring. Under his care is a fine flourishing town of captured negroes; in which have been erected and are nearly finished, a large stone church, a commodious parsonage, and a school house. (See Appendix.)\n\nAt about 1 PM, we arrived at Regents-town. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson had been at Freetown, where Mr. J. was sick several weeks. On our arrival, great numbers of his people came to shake hands with him, and inquired affectionately after his health. The expression of every countenance bore strong testimony of their ardent love for him, and the joy which filled their hearts on his recovery from sickness and safe return to his flock. The people generally came and shook hands with us.\nMr. Johnson, upon seeing Mrs. Bacon, exclaimed, \"Another white Mama comes! Another white Mama comes!\"\n\nWe had been informed by Mr. Johnson of a missionary tour conducted by Mr. Cates, an English missionary from Sierra Leone, in an overland journey to Grand Bassa, a distance of approximately 400 miles. Accompanied by William Yamba and William Davis, native missionaries, they had advised us to select the Bassa country as the most eligible location for our settlement. The natives had shown a willingness and ardent desire to receive instructions, and the King and head men had entered into a covenant with Mr. Cates to receive and protect any Missionaries sent from Sierra Leone. We had also had an interview with Tamba and Davis on the subject and came to the conclusion to explore the coast to the southward and eastward.\nMr. Johnson proposed Tamba and Davis as interpreters due to their ability to speak all languages in the Bassa Country. At six o'clock on the evening of our arrival, the church bell rang for Divine service. The people immediately gathered from various parts of the town, and it was delightful to observe their eagerness to hear the Word of God. A prayer meeting was held by the communicants after usual evening prayers, as it was expected that the Lord's supper would be celebrated the next day.\n\nSunday Morning, 18th of March, 1821, at six o'clock, the bell rang for morning prayers.\nThe church was filled once more. It was pleasing to see hundreds of those who had been wretched inmates of slave ships assembled in God's house on the morning of the holy day on which our Savior rose from the dead and ascended to heaven. With one hundred copies of the Holy Bible spread open before their black faces, their eyes were fixed intently on the words of the lesson their godly pastor was reading. Almost all of Mr. Johnson's people, who could read the blessed Book, were supplied with Bibles from the best of institutions, the British and Foreign Bible Society. Christians ought to feel encouraged in the support of missions when such cheering fruits present themselves.\n\nAt 10 o'clock, the bell rang again, though the church was nearly filled before that hour.\nMembers of the well-regulated schools that passed in review before the Parsonage in regular succession, were all clad in clean, decent apparel. Upon arrival at the Church, there were no vacant seats to be seen. The greatest attention was paid during Divine service. Indeed, I witnessed a Christian congregation in a heathen land \u2013 a people fearing God (rod) and working righteousness. The tear of godly sorrow rolled down many a colored cheek, and showed the contrition of a heart that felt its own vileness. There were three couples married, and one child baptized. After the sermon, Mr. Johnson, with the assistance of brother Andrus, administered the communion of the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ to nearly four hundred communicants. This indeed was a feast of fat things to my soul.\n\nAt 3 p.m., the church was again filled.\nAnd the most devout attention was paid to the reading and hearing of the Word. It seemed that the whole congregation were eager to catch every word which fell from the Pastor's lips. Again, before the ringing of the bell at six o'clock in the evening, the people were seen from the distant parts of the town leaving their homes and retracing their steps back toward the House of God, which was builded with their own hands and illuminated with palm oil. There we again were united in praising God who hath wrought such wonderful things even among the mountains of Sierra Leone, where the praises of Jehovah resound, not only from His Holy Sanctuary, but from the humble mud-walled cottage \u2013 from the tongues of those children of Africa, who have been taken by the avaricious slave-trader, dragged from parents, separated from brother and sister, and persecuted in unfathomable ways.\nhaps from wife or husband, bound in chains, hurried on board the slave ship, crowded in a space not exceeding their length and breadth, nor even allowed to breathe the vital air. These persons, after being recaptured by order of the British government, have been put under the charge of a faithful Minister of the Gospel, whose labors have been accompanied by the Holy Spirit. These are the mighty works of God.\n\nMonday morning the 19th of March, 18&1, at six o'clock prayers again in Church. After breakfast, it was concluded that it was expedient for Mrs. Bacon to remain in Mr. Johnson's family during my absence with Mr. Andrus exploring the coast. Although painful to the flesh, yet duty required it, and my dear wife readily submitted, after uniting with good Mr. Johnson, in commending us to God.\nWe left Regentstown and arrived at Gloucester, where we took some refreshment with the Reverend Mr. During, and arrived at Freetown around 10 a.m. The schooner Augusta was still undergoing repairs. We commenced making necessary preparations. Contracted with William Martin, a yellow man, to navigate the vessel, and John Bean as mate \u2013 Moses Turner, three native sailors, and three Krooraen.\n\nWednesday evening, the 21st of March, having been much engaged in making preparations, I had not time to write to my friend; and expecting not to return until after the sailing of the brig Nautilus (although the disembarkation had not yet commenced), I wrote a letter approving of the judicious management of the Reverend Daniel Coker in conducting the affairs of the first expedition after the decease of the former agents, and recommending\nJ. B. Winn, J. R. Andrus, C. Wiltberger Jr., and E. Bacon, agents of the American Society's Board of Managers for colonizing free people of color, notified the recipients of the following:\n\nThursday, March 22: The schooner is expected to be ready this morning. We are preparing for departure and hope to sail this evening.\n\nAt 1 p.m., we are exhausted and encountering difficulties getting the captain and crew aboard. Some sailors, after receiving a month's advance pay, are wasting their time in dissipation. Business dispatch is uncommon in Africa.\n\nAt 3 p.m., all hands are on board, some sailors intoxicated. The captain seems to be making unnecessary delays, and I fear we may have issues with him. However, I anticipated encountering trouble in Africa.\nWe set sail for a lengthy time. After doubling the Cape, we stood out to sea, far enough to clear all the headlands and islands of the coast. Proceeding coastwise, we reached Cape Mount, about 250 miles distant from Sierra Leone, on the Settu. This part of the coast we had previously learned to be in the occupation of King Peter, one of the most powerful and warlike Chiefs of West Africa, and more deeply engaged in the Slave trade than any of his neighbors. The known hostility of his views towards the objectives of the American Government and Society dissuaded us from incurring any loss of time or expense in procuring an interview with him. We accordingly proceeded onward to the mouth of the Mesurado River, about 50 miles south of Cape Mount, where we came to anchor the next day, before two small islands, owned by John Mills, a yellow man.\nAn English education and Baha, a black and native African. Both of these men are slave dealers, and it is supposed that their Islands are mere slave markets. The neighborhood of Cape Mesurado, having been indicated as a part of the coast favorable to our purpose, we were induced to make the most particular inquiry and observations in our power, relative to the advantages and disadvantages that would attend a settlement here.\n\nThe appearance of this part of the left bank of the Mesurado River, which terminates in the Cape of the same name, is sufficiently elevated and inviting. The natural growth is luxuriant and abundant; many trees attain to a large size and present every indication of a strong and fertile soil. However, in the interior and on the right bank of the river, the land is less desirable.\nThe river is nearly as low as in the vicinity of Sherbro, and is covered with a small growth of osiers and man-groves. A bar obstructs the entrance of the River, which we were informed was less than two fathoms water at high tides; this bar must be passed before a secure anchorage can be obtained. The head man is a dependent of King Peter and is named aud. We attempted to obtain a palaver with him and went ashore with a present. He was not ignorant of our object and sent a messenger declining an interview and refusing to receive our present, though we had reason to believe that if we had been mere missionaries, he would have received us readily. While we were at anchor, a schooner under French colors appeared, lying off and apparently waiting for an opportunity to come in and enter the river.\nWe received a cargo of slaves. A great number of young Africans were on board, appearing as if intended for that vessel. On the evening of the 29th, we set sail, following the direction of the coast, which here stretches southeasterly. We had the prospect of a delightful country, the whole distance to St. Johus river. The coast presents a sandy beach; the entire extent of the land is gently elevated from the very coast and has a surface agreeably diversified with moderate inequalities. Most of the land visible from the sea has been, or now is, in a state of cultivation. The soil is prolific in the most substantial articles of food produced in tropical countries. The neglected parts of the land are covered with a thick growth of brush wood. The mountains in the interior are here about twenty miles in the distance.\nThirty miles from the sea, stretching in the direction of the coast and more distinctly coming into view than at the northward of the Cape, are hills. Their elevation must be considerable. On the evening of the 31st, we were becalmed and obliged to anchor opposite the mouth of the St. John's river, at a distance of between two and three leagues. This river is nearly a league over at the mouth. Six leagues from the sea, it is one mile wide, and has in no part of the main channel less than nine feet water. Salt water extends but six or eight miles from the sea; there is a rapid at six leagues distance from the mouth of the river, which is however passable with canoes. Above, batteaux navigation extends to a great distance in the interior. Five miles to the eastward of the mouth of the St. John's, and discharging its waters into the [river or body of water it empties into, if known]\nThe Grand Bassa River, smaller and shallower at the bar compared to St. John's, yet of considerable length and navigable for light batteaux, a number of leagues. We anchored the schooner off its mouth on the first of April, at a distance of three-quarters of a mile. Surrounded by canoes bringing on board a large number of natives. By one of them, we dispatched a small present to King Jack Ben. Recently advanced to supreme power from the rank of principal Head Man due to King John's death, which occurred about four months prior to our visit.\n\nMonday Morning, April 2, 1821, Grand Bassa\u2014\nTen or fifteen native canoes visited us, bringing from two to five men each, for trading.\nTheir articles were fows, fish, oysters, eggs, palm oil and palm wine, cassada, yams, plantains, bananas, limes, and pine apples. For these, they wanted tobacco, pipes, beads, and so on. Fows are sold for one leaf of tobacco or one pipe each; oysters are very large and fine, half a pound of tobacco will buy one hundred; they are larger than Bluepoint oysters. Mr. Andrus and myself went on shore in our boat, below the mouth of Grand Bassa, to take a view of the point of land which projects out into the sea. A Fort, erected on this point, would completely command the whole Harbour. After visiting the point, it was necessary to cross the Grand Bassa a short distance above its mouth as the surf was turbulent below the Bar. Our conductor was a Kroo-man, named Bottle Beer. When we came to the left bank of the river, we saw no canoe.\nOther means of crossing over were not what we had in mind, but Bottle Beer proposed to carry us, and placed himself in a suitable position. He told one of us to sit upon his shoulders. Brother Andrus seated himself with one leg over each shoulder. Bottle Beer walked deliberately through the river, carrying his burden safely to the other bank, and returned back and proposed to take me. I told him I was so fat and heavy that he would let me fall into the water. He put his hands upon his arms and legs and said, \"Me strong, me carry you, Daddy.\" At length, I seated myself likewise upon Bottle Beer. Though he was not as heavy a person as myself, he carried me safely over without wetting me; it was necessary, however, that I should hold my feet up as the water was about half a fathom deep. After this.\nwc walked about 300 yards to Bottle Beer's town, a little cluster of cottages inhabited by Kroomen, of which BB is Headman. Several of these people can talk broken English. The King placed BB at this town as a factor or a harbour master, as it is a place for vessels to water. The population is perhaps from 60 to 100. We were conducted to the palaver house, where the people soon gathered together, and shook hands with us. After remaining a short time, we were conducted to another town (so called), where the people were boiling seawater for salt, as they do at all the towns near the beach. This is called Salt-town, through which we passed to Jumbotown, which is about one mile from Bottle Beer's town, and much larger.\n\nIn Jumbotown there are from 30 to 40 houses, and several hundred people. There is also a large market.\nWe were conducted to a palaver-house. There, we were greeted by Jumbo, the Headman, and the natives. We shook hands with them. The land is extremely productive; the people have plenty of peas, beans, and so on. Indian corn grows luxuriantly and is in the ear. Indeed, the country is beautifully variegated, and the water is good and plentiful. Around 1 p.m., we returned to our boat, which was at BB town. Once the boat was ready, one of the Kroomen carried me above the surf to the boat, and likewise Mr. Andrus, so that we were not wet. They showed great kindness and hospitality; they gave us water to drink and palm wine, and welcomed us with what they had. As is customary, they begged for tobacco, which we gave them a small quantity of.\nHeadmen distribute among the people. After returning on board the schooner, we dined on fish and oysters sumptuously. We then went in our boat over the Bar, into the mouth of the St. John's River, about four miles distance from the Schooner. We sounded on the Bar and found not less than nine feet water at ebb-tide. The River is about three miles wide at the Bar; there is plenty of water and good anchorage; vessels of two or three hundred tons burthen, may lie perfectly safe. It being nearly dark and the tide beginning to make, which was against our returning in the Boat over the Bar, it was thought most prudent for Mr. Andrus and myself to go on shore and return by land to Jumbotown, which we did accordingly. There was no path on the shore, but the sandy beach, which was fatiguing.\nThe way was so loose that a great part of the way our shoes sank two or three inches every step. Moreover, being exposed to the night air is thought in Africa to be dangerous for foreigners; however, we arrived at Jumbotown around 8 o'clock, and waited for our Boat, which soon came. The natives again carried us through the surf, and we returned on board much fatigued, having been in a profuse perspiration and exposed to night air until 9 o'clock. I was very weary. After having taken some refreshments, we had prayers and retired to rest. Heard nothing from the King, the Krooman not having returned.\n\nTuesday, April 3rd, 1831 \u2014 This morning Brother Andrus was not in very good health and did not go on shore, but took medicine. We were again visited by natives with a great variety of fruit, vegetables, fowls, fish, &c.\nWe sent another message to the King this day. At 10 o'clock, Tamba, Davis, and I went ashore and walked about a mile into the country. The land was remarkably good. We passed through four or five towns. The houses appeared more like the same number of stacks of straw or hay from a distant view, as they were covered with a kind of grass. Davis and Tamba took advantage of every opportunity to talk with their country people about our Mission. Davis saw some of the Headmen today, who seemed suspicious that we had some unfriendly intent; but as he can speak their language fluently, he is endeavoring to remove their doubts.\n\nReturned on board with not only my locks but my flannels drenched with perspiration. Even while I am writing, if my handkerchief were not in my hand, it would be needed to dry my brow.\nI. Hand in hand, I should be compelled to wipe it from my face; no prospect yet of seeing the King. I fear we shall not succeed in getting land in Bassa.\n\nThis evening Brother Andrus's health is better. We commended ourselves and the cause in which we are engaged to God, who alone can accomplish all things, according to his purpose; and retired to rest.\n\nWednesday Morning, April 4th, 1821. - At six o'clock, according to our arrangements made yesterday, we started in our Boat with four Boatmen and our Interpreters, making eight of us; and five natives, two of which were Headmen, in two of their canoes. We ascended the River St. John to the first Island. The banks of the River are rather low, but suitable for cultivation. This Island was formerly occupied by a slave factor; but since the English and American cruisers have annoyed them, the traders have abandoned it.\nWe abandoned this and all other islands in the river. Their gardens are visible here; there is a variety of fruit. We breakfasted here on smoked beef and bread we brought from the vessel. Then we proceeded to another island, which Davis said he was brought to and on which he was sold to an American slave factor. It was with great difficulty that we prevailed upon the natives and our boat's crew to proceed further, as they said, \"White Man never lives above that place.\" It appeared that they doubted the efficacy of their charms, which they never fail to wear when exposed to danger. We passed two other islands, formerly occupied by the same kind of desperados. We still proceeded onward until we came to rapids, which are from 15 to \u00a30 miles from its mouth. The land as we ascend the river becomes\nWe saw more elevated land, beautifully situated for settlements, with a fine growth of timber. We saw several small towns and farms where rice and vegetables were cultivated. Davis read the 20th Chapter of Exodus and spoke to the people about the state of their souls. In one of those towns, the people were attentive. Their reply to him after he had ceased speaking was, \"We hear you, all very good, what you say, we think about it, we don't know what white man's fashion is, but we know Gregre.\"\n\nWe saw very fine goats and sheep, and poultry. All the people wore gregges or charms. Some of these were brass rings which they wore around their ankles and wrists, one was a feather tied with a string around their neck, and what they considered more valuable was the horn of a goat or a sheep, which the diviner (as they called him) prepared by filling it with a kind of powder.\nAt 3 o'clock, we set our company in motion for our return. At 7 o'clock, the boat arrived at the mouth of the river, and before crossing the bar, Brother A., myself, Tomba and Davis went ashore. Our boat could not go over the bar before daylight, as the tide did not favor. Therefore, we had no boat in which we dared to venture, as the native canoes were small and unsafe for us. Having been exposed to the scorching rays of the sun for twelve hours and having walked four miles in the damp of the evening with our clothes drenched in perspiration, we were obliged to lay down supperless on a floor composed of glutinous substance intermixed with pulverized charcoal or black sand. Some wore a little ball of clay tied up in a piece of white muslin.\nThursday Morning, April 5th, 1821. We arose and felt worse for our hard lodging, after our extreme exposure in this climate, in which foreigners are subject to fevers and agues. Our boat came to the beach for us, and we went on.\n\nbamboo sticks, without any covering, but our wet garments \u2013 having no door to our cottage and several hooded natives within twenty yards, drumming and dancing, until one or two o'clock in the morning \u2013 it could not be expected that we should oversleep ourselves. Indeed, there were times that the secret ejaculations of the heart ascended up to the throne of the Heavenly Grace for grace to help in that hour of need. Nor was the ear of Jehovah heavy, that it could not hear; nor his Almighty arm shortened, that it could not save; for we found ready help through our Lord Jesus Christ, strengthening us.\nWe boarded the schooner. Having heard nothing from the King, we concluded to send Davis with one of the Headmen to seek him. Davis was dispatched with a present. We learned from a Headman that we could have land, but must go to the King's town tomorrow. We admired the friendly disposition of the inhabitants, but discovered their fears that we were connected with some ship of war. After commending ourselves to God, we retired to rest.\n\nFriday Morning, April 6th, 1831. We went on shore and went to the King's town but could not see him; it was said that he was not at home. The distance is from two and a half to three miles; the land is most excellent, elevated and dry; we saw very fine rice fields; this town was recently built, the houses are much better than any I have hitherto seen in the Bassa Country.\nWe returned to the schooner without seeing Davis and sent Tamba to call him, but he remained. We are full of doubts and fears about obtaining a palaver with the King.\n\nSaturday, April 7th, 1821. Tamba and Davis returned; it appears they have been laboring to convince the Headmen that we have not come with any hostile intention. O Lord, help us: it is vain the help of man.\n\nSunday, April 8th, 1821. Brother A and Davis went to old King John's town for the purpose of holding a meeting. They returned in the evening and said they had seen King Ben and that he would meet us at Jumba town in palaver, the next morning. They saw the body of King John, who had been dead for four moons, yet not buried; he was laid in a palaver-house, dressed in a fine robe, with a pair of new English boots on his feet: a brisk fire was burning.\nIs kept burning in the room. His grave is dug, which is right feet square, for the purpose of admitting the body and the form upon which it lies, together with bullocks, goats, sheep, tobacco and pipes, as sacrifices! O Lord, when shall these superstitions cease.\n\nMonday, April 9th, 1821. This morning the sea very rough. At 11 o'clock, we went on shore, with a present to the King, (as it is impossible to get a palaver with the authorities of the country without a respectable present \"to pay service\" to the King, his princess and his Headmen,) we met his Majesty, King Jack Ben of Grand Bassa, together with several of his Headmen in Jumbotown, in the Palaver House, with a large concourse of people. After shaking hands with them, we laid down our present, which consisted of one gun, some powder, tobacco, pipes, beads, and other items. His Majesty,\nJesty said in broken English, \"I thank you,\" and caused the articles to be removed and placed under the care of a sentinel, so that his people might not get them before he had divided them equally, as is their custom. This division takes place, so that all may \"taste of the good things,\" and a contract is made: all who have partaken of the present are pledged to fulfill on their part.\n\nThe King asked us what we wanted, although he could not have been ignorant of our wishes. We stated our object to be \"to get land for the black people in America, to come and settle upon, [trt n] occupy.\" We told him that the people were very many and required much territory; that a few white men only would come along to assist and take care of them; that we should make a town where ships would come and trade with cloth, and other necessities.\nguns and beads and knives and tobacco and pipes, and take in return their ivory and palm oil and rice and every other thing growing in the fields; that they would not then need to sell any more people, but might learn to cultivate the ground and make other things to sell for whatever they wanted\n\nWe succeeded in making a favorable impression on their minds; and convincing them that we had no unfriendly motive in visiting Bsssa. The palaver was adjourned until the next day.\n\nIt requires much patience to deal with these children of the forest. We returned on board, weary and faint. After partaking of some refreshment and having implored the Divine Blessing of Him who has promised to give to his Son the heathen for his inheritance and the uttermost parts of the earth for his possession, we retired to rest.\nApril 10, 1821. Expect an important day as a larger palaver is anticipated, and a certain condition will be discussed. We earnestly seek Divine assistance. A small present will be required due to more Head Men. Convened at 10 o'clock. The present was displayed, and ceremonies performed. The King spoke passionately in the Bassa language, his naked arm revealed from beneath his country-made cloth robes, resembling clerical attire. Following him, a Krooman named Brown rose and spoke spiritedly; his speech was interpreted by Yamba. The essence of it was: we.\nThe emissaries from a nearby slave ship arrived, and we were not on friendly terms with them. The King and his Council withdrew to the shade of a large silk cotton tree for about 30 minutes in consultation. Upon their return, they continued to discuss the condition, which the King had insisted upon from the beginning as the only basis for granting our requests regarding the lands. We had stated that we came with no hostile intentions, and that the character of the settlement was to be unwarlike and agricultural. They demanded that we provide a definitive stipulation, as they called it, that the settlers and agents would act consistently with this character and in no way assist the armed ships sent to the coast to suppress the slave trade by communicating any information that might help them.\nWe represented to the Bassa people the advantages of relinquishing the trade altogether. We stated that in a very short time, many war ships would be sent to the coast to catch every slave vessel and put an end to the exportation of people. However, they insisted on the condition that we insert it in the contract. They directed us to explore the country and fix upon the tract best adapted to our purpose, indicating the quarter where those lands lay that they could best afford to spare. We returned onboard somewhat encouraged.\nBut still, we felt dissatisfied with the condition they insisted on. Considering that it could have no practical operation, as we would incur their displeasure and cause the destruction of our expectations of future successes if, in our infant state, we showed a disposition to use any other means than persuasion in urging them to abandon the traffic in slaves, we were tolerably content. After asking for the merciful aid of Divine Grace, we retired to test.\n\nApril 11th, 1821. \u2013 This day went ashore when it began to rain. There has been a little rain every day for six or seven days past. It appears that the rains are setting in. The King sent a servant to us with a message informing us that he would be ready to receive us after the rains had ceased. We arrived at the King's town.\nWe could not obtain land on better terms, but it is probable that natives may abandon slave trade without coercive measures, as other sources of trade emerge. The King directed some Headmen to accompany us and explore the country. We walked in various directions, having previously explored St. John's River as far as the Rapids and viewed the country in various directions. We fully determined on the territory suitable for our purpose. We are more and more pleased with the appearance of the country and its inhabitants. The King gave us one of his boys, about 13 or 14 years old, to learn Book.\nWe took him on board and put a pair of domestic pantaloons upon him, which pleased him very much. Thursday, April 12, 1821. \u2013 The King sent two of his Headmen on board to go with us and fix upon a place to build our town. We sent back a message that we had fixed upon the place, and that we were ready to meet him in palaver, at any time he should appoint, at Juinbotown. He did not send us his answer until evening, when two of his Headmen arrived with a present from his sable Majesty, which consisted of a fine fat goat. His answer was that he would meet us at 8 o'clock the next morning at Jumbotown, in grand palaver. Friday, April 13th, 1821. \u2013 We met in palaver; there were more Headmen and Princes, as well as [other parties involved].\npeople than at any time previous. Our present, of course, was much more valuable than before. We thanked the King for his present, and he returned the same civility for our presents. These people being ignorant of the extent of territory or of distances by measurement, we directed our Interpreters to tell them that we wanted a large tract of land. They described it as follows: Beginning at a certain tree on the beach near Jumbotown, running due east by compass to the top of Saddle Mountain, or two or three days walk, which would be a distance of from 40 to 60 miles; from thence northwardly to St. John's River, a distance of perhaps from 50 to 60 miles; from thence down the St. John's River to its mouth; from thence along the sand beach to the aforesaid tree near Jumbotown, inclusive - supposed to be 30 or 40 miles square of territory.\nTo those who received this tract, they readily agreed and directed their names to be added to the instrument, with the conditions mentioned previously included. They all took hold of the pen and made their marks; then they cried aloud, \"Palaver set! Palaver set!\"\n\nThe agent of the Colonization Society, acting on behalf of said Society, agreed to provide certain specified articles annually, which would not cost more than $300. Pledges of mutual friendship were exchanged, with each party agreeing to cultivate peace and harmony and not to make war or trouble each other.\n\nThus, we finally succeeded in convincing them that we were their friends. This, we were assured, we could not have done had it not been for the presence of Davis and the complete absence of any display of military or naval force. We consider it a most favorable providence that the Alligator River was with us.\nThe King was pleased to see his son with trousers on, the people said, \"He is a gentleman, all one white man.\" The King proposed to give us an elder son in lieu of the other, as he said, \"If the younger goes away, my Mama makes trouble for me.\" We accepted his proposition, took the elder on board, put a suit of clothes on him, and gave him the name Bushrod Washington. His father was very much delighted to see him clothed. The King, princes, headmen, and people went with us to the tree on the beach near Jumbotown, one of the aforementioned boundaries. A boy climbed up it and cut off some of its branches, leaving one branch that ascended considerably higher than the rest. To this he tied about six yards of an American pendant.\nThe people consider a white man's relic or fetish sacred and, according to their prejudice, regard it as sacred. Near this spot, it was thought proper to make our settlement. The King's son will go with us to Sierra Leone where he will be put to school and taught to speak English. The King and people are all anxious that we should return immediately, even before the rains fully set in, but we do not give them any encouragement of our speedy return. These people are very kind but are in a dreadful state of heathenish darkness; they worship the \"Dibbly man\" and dedicate daily a part of their food to his Satanic Majesty. They profess to believe that there is a good and merciful Deity who can and will do them good, not evil; but that the Devil is all-powerful, and that it is necessary to appease his wrath. Every town has its peculiar deity.\nThe people, like all natives, are in a state of nudity, except they wear about one and a half yards of narrow cloth about their loins. Men often wear hats, while children are not born with any kind of clothes, but frequently, like the adults, wear many beads. Leopard teeth are thought to be very valuable ornaments.\n\nThe King, when in general palaver, was clad in his robes, which covered his whole body; he had on also an elegant cap. At other times, he wore a drab-colored broad cloth great coat with a number of capes. His Headmen were partially clad, some with blue cloth roundabouts with military or naval buttons. They wore no shirts. Many Kroomen are in the towns along the coast. They are employed as agents or factors for various enterprises.\n\nThe King wears robes that cover his entire body when in a general palaver, and he also wears an elegant cap. He dons a drab-colored broad cloth great coat with multiple capes at other times. The Headmen are partially clothed, some wearing blue cloth roundabouts with military or naval buttons and no shirts. Kroomen, who are present in the coastal towns, work as agents or factors for various enterprises.\nThe authorities of the country, who monopolize all trade, have certificates from masters of vessels who employed them. They requested books from us but we had no need to employ them as factors. JBottle Beer required us to pay for the water with which our vessel had been furnished. We did not comply with this demand as we had not come \"for trade.\" We informed the King of the demand, and he revoked it. The people all live in little villages or clusters of cottages, in each of which is a Headman who has a plurality of wives. If a native has but one wife, he is indeed very poor. The Headman is the slaveholder, owning all the people in his town. The inhabitants of each town cultivate in common. The men seldom do any labor except fish a little and hunt.\nFemales and small boys cultivate the lands. Men trade and direct those under them. I saw a fine-looking female with iron fetters on her feet. These fetters, no doubt, were brought from a slave vessel, as we observed one under French colors, lying in the harbor at the same time. I made inquiry concerning the cause of her confinement. She was told that she was taken in adultery. The natives say, \"Wife Palaver, very bad Palaver.\" It is punished with death, red water, or slavery, and most usually the latter. These people are indeed in gross darkness, depending on their vices and Devil worship. A town is not complete which has not a Palaver House and Devil House. The latter has a small post standing near it, six or eight feet high, with a strip of white muslin about it.\nThe country of Bassa is situated between 5 and 6 degrees north latitude and 10 and 11 degrees west longitude, in the center of the Grain Coast, which is approximately an equal distance from Sierra Leone and Cape Coast, where the English have begun a settlement. Swine, herds of neat Cattle, Sheep, and Goats are bred here.\n\nThree or four yards long, and two or three inches wide, is tied around the top. They daily offer sacrifice there.\n\nAt evening, we took an affectionate leave of the King and some of the Headmen. The Old King appeared to be much affected, and said, \"You have my son; you take him to Sierra Leone. He will learn to read. When the rain is done, you come to Grand Bassa. Then King Jack Ben will give you plenty of boys to learn to read.\" The people are all apparently very anxious to have us return; they seem to have great confidence in us.\nGrand Bassa, Saturday Morning, April 14th, 1821. Many natives were on board with fruit, rice, fowls, eggs, and vegetables to sell, which we bought, chiefly for tobacco. It was with some difficulty we got them off our decks; they were very sorry to part with us. One of the Headmen sang a song of his own composition, thus, \"Whiteman gone, whiteman gone, whiteman gone \u2014 gone whiteman, gone sabby jne, gone, gone, gone!\"\n\nWe have had much trouble with Captain Martin. He attempts to prolong our departure. He is an unprincipled man and a bad seaman. If we did not have a more skilled mate, we would be in great danger. At noon we set sail, on our return to Sierra Leone. We make slow headway; the wind is light. At six o'clock we are not more than three or four leagues from Bassa.\n\nWe are turning our attention to the state of our ship.\nsettlers at Sherbro and those at Sierra Leone. We think of visiting Sherbro as we return. We are very anxious to hear from our friends. We feel grateful to God for his mercy, preserving us and enabling us to accomplish our wishes to some degree. Still, however, we have continual need of Divine assistance. Our vessel leaks and requires much attention; but our trust is in God alone, who has hitherto mercifully preserved us, so that \"the sun hath not smitten us by day, nor the moon by night.\" The pestilence which walketh in darkness, hath not come near us; therefore, we are under renewed obligations to praise the Lord for his goodness and for his wonderful works in the deep.\n\nSunday Morning, April 15th, 1821. At sea with a fair wind, we have just discovered Cape Mesurado. Had worship this morning as usual.\nAnd it was good for us to call upon the name of the Lord, to read His most holy word, to meditate on His blessed promises, to praise Him for past mercies and implore the continuance of His most gracious aid. Yesterday evening, our people slaughtered the goat the King presented us. It is necessary to cook some of the flesh, though it is the Sabbath day. It is fine and fat, a luxury, despite having had plenty of fowls, fish, oysters, fruits, and vegetables. Prince Bushrod is a little seasick. He seems much pleased with his dress and has been persuaded to take off his gregges. Davis told him if he wore clothes, he must not wear gregges. His head was shorn when we took him on board, except a little space above the left ear, where the hair was platted; he was also induced to shave.\nIt is necessary to shave him completely, so that the wool might grow out equally. We plan to send him to Regent's Town and stay with Davis, attending school under the supervision of the Reverend Mr. Johnson. He will benefit from associating with some of his countrymen there, who are pious and useful people.\n\nMonday, April 16th, 1821. Last night, there was a tremendous tornado with much rain. At the appearance of a tornado, it is necessary to take in all sail immediately, as the wind generally blows powerfully.\n\nOur Kroomen are easily intimidated in bad weather. They believe their gris-gris, which they think contain the most power and are best calculated to preserve them from the greatest danger. I tried to persuade them that their gris-gris were useless and advised them to throw them into the sea, but my entreaties were in vain.\nOne had a gregre tied around his head above his ears. I took hold of the string and broke it. Upon examining it, I found it was composed of a ball of clay tied up in a piece of white muslin with a small feather in the end. He was angry and sorry for his loss. One gave me his gregre so I might view its contents: they consisted of nothing more than a kind of black sand tied up in a piece of rag. I threw the gregre into the sea, which grieved him very much. The Kroomen were all alarmed at their loss and expressed fears that \"Tornado catch us,\" or that some other accident would happen to us. They said that when we arrived at Sierra Leone, I would have to pay twenty bars (equal to twenty dollars). They are poor creatures indeed, in every sense.\nword.     They  appear  to  be  very  affectionate  to  each \nother.  When  we  are  visited  on  board  by  other \nKroomen,  they  beg  food  for  them,  or  divide  their \nown  portion  among  the  visitors.  They  prefer  rice, \nwhich  they  boil  and  use  with  palm  oil,  to  animal \nfood.  They  sit  down  around  a  large  dish  of  rice, \nand  make  use  of  their  hands  instead  of  spoons. \ni  uesday  Morning,  April  17th,  1821.  We \nwere  off  the  Galinas  with  a  light  wind,  proceeding \non  towards  the  Shebar,  which  is  the  entrance  into \nSherbro  sound,  near  the  eastern  part  of  Sherbro \nIsland.  We  wished  to  cross  over  the  Shebar,  which \nis  difficult  without  a  skilful  pilot.  A  native  who \nresides  at  Bohol  within  the  bar,  on  discovering  a \nvessel,  generally  goes  out  in  his  canoe  to  meet  her. \nWe  hoped  to  be  discovered  by  him  so  that  we  might \npass  over  in  safety.  Our  object  was  to  visit  our \nAt Yonei, a native town on the Island opposite Bohol, which is on the mainland, we heard the surf roar as its waves rolled over the Shebar. The sound could be heard several leagues away; the wind was ahead, and we made slow progress. Our vessel appeared to leak more than it had before, and the inexperience of our navigators gave us great anxiety, but our trust was still in God alone.\n\nApril 18, 1821. We were still off the Shebar but had made little progress during the night. At midnight, there was a tornado; the wind blew powerfully for twenty or thirty minutes, accompanied by considerable rain. Tornadoes are nothing to be compared with the hurricanes common among the West Indies Islands.\n\nApril 19, 1821. We were within sight of the Shebar and had a delightful view.\nAfter the rains, we waited with our vessel for a pilot, signaling with tired guns but none came. We had two alternatives: sail around the Island, which with light winds would take seven to ten days; or send our boat over the Shebar for a pilot. Our sailors were unwilling to go in the boat, so I persuaded them by proposing to accompany them. Once we approached as near the Shebar as was thought prudent, we anchored the vessel at 4 p.m. The boat was manned with the vessel's mate and three natives, one a sailor, the others Kroomen. Despite the mate's apprehensions, I was less concerned, as I had limited experience crossing such bars.\nWe approached the dangerous-looking bar in the boat. The mate, at the rudder, gave orders to the oarsmen to obey promptly. He watched the waves' motion and instructed them to pull at their oars when ordered, for their lives. Our boat soon soared over the turbulent waves, then plunged into the deep, with waves rolling in quick succession after us. One wave poured about 20 gallons of water into the boat, requiring me to actively bail it out. The boat, brought quartering to the waves, demanded quick exertion from the oarsmen, who were somewhat frightened but managed to bring it back on course.\nboat to its proper position before the succeeding wave came, which wafted us over the greatest danger; by that time I had nearly unloaded the water. In deed, it was mercy to us, not to us! not to us! but to thy name, O God, be all the glory, both now and forever!\n\nWe soon after arrived at Bohol, where we obtained a pilot. The boatmen remained until the tide favored us the next morning. Lewis Tucker is Headman at Bohol; he has many people, and it is feared that he and his brothers have not wholly abolished the slave trade, though they do not carry it on as publicly as at former times.\n\nI obtained a passage to Yonie in one of Tucker's canoes that evening, where I arrived at 1 o'clock, and found the American free people of color.\nI survived, of the first expedition. I went to the house where Nathaniel Brander resides. He had the people and goods in charge. I was very much fatigued, from having been wet in the boat, and afterwards exposed to the damps of the evening. I soon learned the condition of the people, and found they were in good health; they had previously received some small supplies from Mr. Winn, at Sierra Leone. After partaking of some refreshment which Brander caused to be prepared, I read a chapter in the Bible and returned thanks to Almighty God for the great mercy and deliverance of the past day.\n\nO Lord!\nWhen waves on waves, to heaven upreared\nDefied the pilot's art,\nWhen terror in each face appeared,\nAnd sorrow in each heart,\nTo thee I raised my humble prayer,\nTo snatch me from the grave!\nI consider my preservation that day as one of the most extraordinary manifestations of Divine Grace to me during my life.\n\nYonie, Friday Morning, 20th April, 1821.\u2014 I arose somewhat indisposed from the fatigues and extreme exposure of the preceding evening. I visited Prince Cong Kouber. He is a fine, healthy man, well-formed, handsome featured, and his very countenance indicating shrewdness. He speaks English so as to be understood tolerably well; is a man of few words, with much observation, and is indeed possessed of more power than the King, although the latter is acknowledged by his subjects. Kouber is Prime Minister and manages as he pleases. The Kings on the Main are not well pleased with King Sherbro, who resides at Yonie; so that this perhaps was one cause which prevented Mr. Coker from negotiating with them for lands. But the principal reason was, that Mr. Coker had no lands to offer them.\nKizzell caused the agents and people to make a temporary stay at his place. The authorities of the whole country considered him a \"stranger,\" and, as he was employed in assisting Mr. Coker in negotiating for lands, they thought he would monopolize the presents. Additionally, he already had the trade with our people. Even while they were sick and in need of fresh provisions, Kizzell established himself as a huckster, buying cheap and selling dear. Mr. Coker being at the palaver, they were compelled to submit to the imposition. Having seen all the American people who are at Yonie, I found that, despite sickness and death having occurred, and other difficulties as might have been expected from the decease of their agents and their having been left unattended, the negotiations were still ongoing.\nUnder the authority of a man of color, they were unwilling to be governed by one of their own race, yet they were much pleased with the country and with the intelligence that lands had been negotiated for, and the expectation that they should soon be in possession of a suitable portion which they could call their own.\n\nAt 4 p.m., our schooner arrived and anchored in the bay off Yonie. We had more trouble with our Captain, who unmercifully beat some of the sailors and the Kroomen. This had been extremely unpleasant to Brother Andrus and our native Missionaries, who were heralds of mercy and peace. We feared that we should have trouble with the King and natives at Sherbro; that when our people should remove from there, they would extort much for cottage rents, notwithstanding they had received large presents and had given nothing in return.\nIt had been known to them that Kizzell had charged sixty dollars per month for one hut while it was occupied by our people. Saturday Morning, April 18, 1831. We left some small supplies which we could spare from the Schooner, as the people would soon be in need unless they were removed. We then made the necessary preparations for our departure: we bought a sheep from Kouber for which we gave eight pounds of leaf tobacco.\n\nDispatch of business seems to be quite out of practice. It was near night before we could prevail on our Captain to weigh anchor and get the vessel under way. We proceeded on to Kizzell's place, which is fifteen to twenty miles distance. At 7 o'clock, P.M. we arrived at York Island, where Martin, after anchoring the Schooner, went on shore to visit his wife, who is a native. We obtained from the natives...\nSunday Morning, 2nd April, 1831. We concluded it was our duty to proceed, as the wind and tide were in our favor, and as we had been informed that the winds were variable in SherbroBay, and that vessels were often detained there one or more weeks on that account.\n\nBrother Andrus, Tamba, Davis, and I attended religious duties. At 3 o'clock P.M. we arrived at Campbell (Kizzell's place). I probably did not go on shore without possessing some prejudice against Kizzell. But, indeed, I was very much surprised at his malignant conduct. After we had made ourselves known to him, he appeared somewhat displeased.\nOur intention was to ask about the grounds where our deceased friends and people were buried and see his \"Meridian.\" He felt compunctions about his baseness. We asked him to show us the ground and expressed a wish to see his spring. Upon reaching, we saw an indication of its impurity, appearing in a state of fermentation. After returning, we passed by his church, which contained about one hundred people. It was built in the native style, and there was a desk with a Bible and Hymn Book. However, if the life and conduct of the speaker were as humble as the appearance of the house.\nThey should correspond better. May the Lord give him grace to repent, and may he be forgiven. We also visited the graves of our friends and found them so situated that the spring tides overflowed them. Indeed, Kizzell was under the necessity of building a mud wall along the beach to prevent the water from flowing quite into his cottages. The Island is low, bad land, literally a mangrove swamp, unfit for cultivating with any degree of comfort or profit. The exhalations from its soil render the atmosphere very unpleasant. This made our return on board the vessel desirable. It is indeed unpleasant to dwell upon Kizzell's conduct, though it may be deemed necessary to make some explanation of his baseness. While viewing those solitary abodes of our friends, I said to Kizzell, \"I conclude you have no objections to those corpses being removed?\"\nThe reverend agreed to have Crozer and Captain Townsend removed after obtaining lands and settling on them. He expected fulfillment of this agreement. I asked if he expected an equivalent if they remained. He tried to evade a direct answer and said they ought to be removed. I asked if he was willing for them to remain if he paid for the ground, and he answered affirmatively. He had already sent an account of almost 8800 dollars to Sierra Leone's principal agent. Yet, his greed was not satiated.\nWe left Kizzell with our prejudices increased rather than lessened.\n\nMonday Morning, April 3rd, 1821. \u2014 At six o'clock, we weighed anchor, but we had not proceeded far before a canoe Tamba had purchased, and which was tied slightly to the vessel with a rope, parted. The wind was blowing powerfully, and we were sailing very fast. This caused us to anchor, having previously manned our boat and sent for the canoe. Martin was told that the canoe was unsafe in her present situation. But we had reason to think that he was willing to prolong the voyage on account of his being profitably employed. He knew if the wind continued, and we proceeded without obstacle, we would soon reach so far down the bay as to have the benefit of the sea breeze, which prevails after ten o'clock A.M. and thus reach Sierra Leone, in a short time.\nAt 8 p.m., we anchored near the Plantain Islands. We were anxious to hear from Sierra Leone. Brother Andrus had decided to return to America, and we hoped that the Nautilus had not left Sierra Leone yet, allowing him to return by her. If disappointed in this resolution, he had resolved to go by way of England, which would necessarily increase both time and expense. He was induced to yield to this determination by the probability that the American Blacks would not be removed to the Bassa country until after the rainy season, and that therefore, the assistance of all the agents would not be necessary to attend to their wants. Having discovered the need for Missionaries in Africa and the natives' ardent desire to receive them, he had formed the resolution.\nTo resign his appointment as agent to the Colonization Society and return to these shores in the capacity of a Missionary, spending the remainder of his days in his Master's service, as had been his wish before leaving America. Tuesday, April 4th, 1821. \u2014 Having come to anchor last night, we got under sail this morning at six o'clock. At half past eight o'clock, A.M., brother Andrus and Tamba left the schooner and went in our boat, accompanied by two Kroomea in a canoe which Tamba had bought for the purpose of leaving us. His object was to go and serve as a Missionary in the Sherbro country. He had determined to do so before our arrival at Sierra Leone; but Mr. Johnson, learning that we were in need of interpreters to explore the Coast, proposed that he should accompany us on our excursion, and he did so.\nHe should stop at Sherbro on our return. The wind was very light, and we made slow progress, soon coming to anchor at 2 o'clock. Brother Andrus met us after our vessel had got under way. He was much pleased with his visit to the Plains and said the Islands were delightfully situated and very fertile. He was agreeably entertained by the owner of them, George Caulker, who was a native African, educated in England. He found him employed in writing, his table being well furnished with paper. He learned that he had translated the Liturgy of the Church of England into the Bullum language, and was engaged in translating the Bible, having made considerable progress in the Book of Genesis. Oh, how cheering is the thought that the time is fast approaching and near at hand when the Bullum people will read and hear in their own language, of\nMr. Andrus found Caulker to be a talented man, from whom he obtained much useful information. Caulker professed an attachment to the Protestant Episcopal Church of England and was thought to be a pious man. Mr. Andrus informed him of the subject of our mission and that we had negotiated for lands in the Bassa country. Caulker stated that he had traveled into the interior of that country and deemed it the most eligible.\nThe situation was favorable for our settlement on the Grain Coast, being in its center. He stated that its inhabitants were unwary and less hostile than any neighboring tribes. The coast was accessible to small vessels, and large ships could anchor within two or three miles distance. Furthermore, its soil was equal, if not superior, to any other on the western coast, and its herds were far preferable. Caulker displayed some neat cattle and swine as a specimen, which had been brought from the Bassa country. Mr. A. remarked that the swine were equal to those in America in general, and the neat cattle superior to any he had ever seen in Africa. Caulker's house was furnished in English style, his dress accorded with it, and he had an English school on his island.\nBefore leaving the Plantain Island, brother Andrus asked Caulker if the lime trees were growing there, which the Reverend John Newion had planted while a slave in Africa. Mr. Caulker replied they were still growing and showed them to Mr. Andrus. Mr. A plucked some branches and brought them to Sierra Leone.\n\nCaulker, like all others who had any dealings with Kizzell, considered him unprincipled and \"a stranger\" in the country. Our people could not have stopped at a more unsuitable spot than Campbell. Tamba began his missionary tour among the Sherbro (Bullum) people with two Kroomen to paddle his canoe. Tamba and Davis were supported by the Church Missionary Society in England and appeared to be useful, good men.\n\nO that the hearts of Christians in America would be inclined to send over laborers, who\nWe were between the Bannana Islands and Cape Shilling on Wednesday morning, April 25th, 1821. Cape Shilling was visible, the place where the late Reverend Samuel Bacon died. He had left Campelar (Kissel's place) around the last of April, 1820, in an open boat with the intention of going to Sierra Leone to procure medical aid. He expected to encounter an English vessel but was not in time. Therefore, he directed his men to continue in the boat. They arrived at Cape Shilling on the first of May. Cape Shilling was an English settlement of recaptured Africans. A Captain Handle was the English agent residing there. He received the Reverend Mr. Bacon into the Mission House and hospitably administered to him.\nHis wants, as did Mrs. Handle. They affectionately acted the part of the good Samaritan, and rendered him every assistance in their power. I gave them my most hearty thanks; I visited them at Freetown soon after our arrival. And I pray God Almighty to bless and reward them in this world, and in that which is to come.\n\nAlas! the extreme anxiety of mind, of my dear brother, and his most arduous labors among the American people of color, being as he was constantly employed with the sick and dying both day and night, while sick himself, with the use of that bad water, which it was said KizzelVs did not use even in his own family of native Africans, proved too much for him. On the third day of May, 1800, he departed this life; and we have good reason to believe he is with Christ.\nI. He was buried in a decent manner. Mr. and Mrs. Handle paid him the last acts of benevolence. In him, I lost an affectionate and dear brother, and a brother in Christ, a counselor, teacher, and friend. O Africa! O Africa! Thou hast lost a benefactor! Thou hast lost a bright and shining light\u2014 a preacher of Righteousness! And the Church of Christ on earth, has lost an evangelist!\n\nO Lord, I beseech Thee to give me grace, so to live, and so to labor, and so to glorify Thee, that when Thou shalt call upon me to give an account of my one talent, I may not say, \"here Lord is the one talent which Thou gavest me,\" but may say, \"here am I, Lord, and those souls whom Thou hast given me.\"\n\nI did not go on shore at Cape Shilling, therefore, I could not visit the grave of dear Samuel. The wind was fair, which wafted us along.\nThursday, April 20: We had a headwind and many difficulties to encounter. However, we caught an abundance of fish. Our greatest difficulty was, as we came into the harbor of Sierra Leone. Captain Martin, managing the vessel, failed to take in sail in time and let go the anchor, but let the ship run against the wharf. It was with great difficulty that we got her off again and brought her to an anchor.\n\nIndeed, our troubles have been neither few nor small, some times I have thought they were enough to exhaust the patience of a Job or appall the faith of a Moses. But the Lord had hitherto blessed us. Therefore we give him all the glory now and evermore.\n\nSierra Leone, April 37th, 1821: We had learned that the Nautilus had sailed on her return.\nWe visited Foura Bay Farm, about two miles from Freetown, at 10 o'clock. There, we found Mr. Winn with the accompanying blacks from America and Sherbro. The large mansion house and several outbuildings and tenements were sufficient for their accommodation and storage of goods and provisions, which Mr. Winn had negotiated for about two weeks after we sailed down the coast. Our friends were in tolerable health, though there had been some slight cases of illness accompanied by fever, but they had mostly subsided. The colored people were pleased with Africa; they had suitable lands for cultivation and had made some progress.\nAfter informing our friends of our obtaining lands, Mr. Andrus and I went back to Free-town. He went on board the schooner, and I visited the Rev. Samuel Flood, Chaplain of the English Colony. After dining with him, he very politely furnished me with a horse, on which I rode to Kegentstown, where my dear wife was sick with a fever, which she had contracted the evening previous. We had abundant reason to be thankful to God for his mercy, in sparing us to see each other again in this world.\n\nMrs. Bacon was very politely and hospitably treated at good Mr. Johnson's. She enjoyed the mornings and evenings in the church, where she saw the children of Ethiopia stretching out their hands unto God and united with them in praising his most Holy name.\n\nMr. Johnson was delighted to hear that we had obtained lands.\nI have cleaned the text as follows:\n\nMade a contract for lands in the Bassa Country. He is very much interested in the accomplishment of our several designs for the improvement of the African race. He is a faithful Minister of Christ and labors to save the souls of his fellow men. We found it good to unite again with those who daily offered up their supplications on our behalf at the throne of grace.\n\nKegentstown, Saturday Morning, April 38th, 1831. My dear wife is just able to walk by leaning upon my arm; anxiety of mind, perhaps, was one cause of her illness. At one o'clock, P.M., she appears to be worse; she had a physician who daily attends Miss Johnson who is also sick; four o'clock, there is not much alteration, rather worse. O Lord, help us! At six o'clock, P.M., the people are assembled in Church, where there is reading, praising, and praying: it is indeed gratifying to see them.\nImprovements which are made here; the very hills resonate with the praises of God, and of the Lamb. O! that the Lord would cause His word to extend from the rivers to the ends of the earth.\n\nRegentstown, Sunday Morning, 29th April, 1831. \u2014 Mrs. Bacon is very ill. She is attended by Dr. Macauley Wilson, a native of the Bulluni tribe; he was educated in England, is an assistant surgeon in this Colony; a decent, well-behaved man; and is considered skilled in his profession. This morning the Church was filled at 6 o'clock, as is usual, and a lesson was read, together with singing and prayers: after which we breakfasted, and then had prayers in the family. Mrs. Bacon appears worse. O Lord, the issues of life and death are in Thy hand; spare my dear Wife, if it be Thy will.\n\nAt 10 o'clock the people were all in motion.\nThe faithful Missionary is greeted by the townsfolk coming to the Church. These are the fruits of his labors, blessed by God who says, \"in the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thine hand; for thou knowest not which shall prosper, this or that.\" It is enough for us to know we are in the path of duty, endeavoring to do it with God's grace.\n\nAt 2:00 P.M., the Physician arrives; he believes Mrs. Bacon will not have the fever severely. At 3:00 P.M., the people gather again to hear the Word of Life. Their countenances reveal their eagerness to learn from Him, who is meek and lowly of heart. \"These are the times which Kings and Prophets desired to see.\"\nI did not see them, and as I walked around the house in the piazza, I could see all parts of the settlement, and scarcely an individual could be seen - all were at Church. Indeed, \"these people live a life of prayer and praise.\" At 6 o'clock this evening, the good Shepherd broke the bread of life to his flock, whose appetites seem to crave more of that, which, if a man eats thereof, he shall live forever. Thus, the labors of the Rev. Mr. Johnson are perpetuated; he preaches twice or thrice every Sabbath, and has prayers in Church morning and evening, besides prayer meetings and lectures.\n\nAt 9 o'clock, Mrs. Bacon's condition did not improve; the fever seemed to increase this evening. \"Lord, sanctify these afflictions for us; may they work out for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory.\"\n\nMonday Morning, 30th April, 1821.\u2014 Mrs. Bacon.\nI remained with her last night when the family was at prayers, but it was deemed necessary for us to separate for a short time. As we know, everything that could improve her sufferings would undoubtedly be done. And there was business to transact at Foura Bay, discharging the schooner's crew and consulting with the agents about removing the people from Scarbro or sending them some necessities of life. Therefore, my dear wife and I deemed it expedient for me to go, and leave the event to God, who doeth all things well. After imploring God's blessing on us, I left Regentstown with an expectation of visiting it again on the Wednesday evening following. These are trying times, testing my spirit as I walked from Regentstown.\nI inquired whether he was sorry that I had come to Africa, but I had expected sickness and perhaps death. If we were to die in our endeavor to benefit the heathens and destroy the detestable slave trade, it would be in a good cause. I was fully confirmed in the opinion that Africa presented an ample field for benevolence, and that the Christian world owed her a debt of gratitude. I left the event to God alone and endeavored to seek his direction. I arrived at Foura Bay at 10 a.m. and found some slight illness among the colored people, but nothing alarming, except the case of one woman who was in a decline before she left America. I discharged the crew from the schooner in the bay and placed some of our men on board.\nTuesday Morning, 1st May, 1821. A messenger arrived with a note from Mr. Johnson informing me that Mrs. Bacon had less fever than when I left her. I immediately dispatched the messenger. Having exerted myself greatly and suffered considerable anxiety of mind, and having also drunk too freely of water, which is thought to be prejudicial to the health of white people in Africa; at 11 a.m., I felt somewhat indisposed. Perspiration ceased, and I was attacked with pain in the back of the head, neck, and back. I immediately went on board the Schooner, where brother Andrus and I still had our lodgings. I took some medicine and retired to my cabin. I soon found a chilliness to pervade the whole system. I even found it necessary to use flannel blankets. After about two hours, the chill was succeeded by a fever.\nThe fever continued until 9 p.m., when it intermitted due to the medicine's effect. My stomach was prepared for tonics, and Brother Andrus had a small practice treatise by Dr. Winterbottom. He followed the plan, giving me large quantities of bark throughout the night and attending to me kindly.\n\nMay 2, 1821. Wednesday Morning - No fever persisted, and I continued using bark until 4 p.m. Dr. Macauley Wilson arrived, having been informed of the treatment, and highly approved. He then gave me two calomel pills, which took effect, and the bark continued.\n\nDr. Wilson had visited Mrs. Bacon, who was debilitated. This was the evening in question.\nHad proposed to visit her, but O Lord, thou knowest all things; the issues of life and death are in thy hands. Give us grace to bear afflictions.\n\nThursday Morning, 3rd May, 1821, Foura Bay. -\nAt 4 o'clock, a chill came on again, succeeded by fever, which continued until 3 o'clock, P.M. After it had intermitted, Brother Andrus again gave me the bark, two or three teaspoonfuls once an hour. I had become very much debilitated for so short an illness. A message came from Mr. Johnson, saying that Mrs. Bacon had not as much fever.\n\nMonday Morning, 7th May, 1821 \u2013 Being a little better, I went on shore for the purpose of remaining. Mrs. Bacon, who had heard of my illness, was brought as far as Gloucester, where she became too ill to continue the journey.\nDuring my sickness, I experienced peace that \"passeth knowledge.\" Following my illness, I received notes from the Reverend Mr. During of Gloucester, informing me of Mrs. Bacon's low health. He assured me that every means would be taken to make her comfortable. Her anxiety about me was so great that her physician believed a removal to Foura Bay would be beneficial. Mr. Johnson then sent six or eight of his captured people with a palanquin, accompanied by Dr. Wilson, who arranged for her removal, although she was unable to stand. These people were very affectionate; they frequently removed the veil of the palanquin.\nLanquin and I viewed her with tender compassion, saying, \"Poor sick Mama. White Mama is sick.\" At length, the company arrived. Our Heavenly Father permitted us once more to meet in this world and unite our thanksgivings to Him who is all in all to those who love the Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nSunday Morning, May 13th, 1821. About two o'clock, two officers of the United States Sohooner Aligator arrived at Foura Bay. They had anchored off the harbor of Freetown the previous evening. We were much rejoiced to see them so ardently engaged in the laudable work of annoying the detestable Slave Trade.\n\nOn Sundays, there are meetings in the settlement, at which colored Preachers generally officiate, and they often meet for prayers in the evenings during the week.\n\nMonday, 14th May, 1821.\u2014 We had the pleasure of seeing Lieutenant Comadt. Stockton, of\nThe Aligator sailed on a cruise to the southeast in search of Slaving vessels on Tuesday morning, 13th May, 1821. Mrs. Bacon remained very ill. Mr. Winn and I deemed it expedient to repair the Schooner Augusta to remove people from Yonie to the Bassa Country as soon as the rainy season subsides, or sooner if thought best. I caused the Schooner to be examined on Wednesday, 16th May, 1821. Brother Andrus was preparing to leave us, returning to the United States via England. Little could be done during the rains except attend to necessities.\nThursday, May 17, 1821. I walked to Freetown, a distance of about two miles, to procure a ship carpenter to examine the Schooner and ascertain her condition. I succeeded in obtaining one. I visited Mr. Justice Crage, who politely proposed that I ride back and lent me his horse for that purpose. This day's exertion nearly proved fatal. On my return, I also found Mrs. Bacon very ill, so that our hopes of a speedy recovery were blasted, and the prospects of future usefulness clouded; however, we still continued to look for help from God alone.\n\nFriday, May 18, 1821. From this date, not having kept a regular Diary, I shall only mention occurrences of the most importance. The ship carpenter examined the vessel and reported her worthy of repairs; he was therefore employed to repair her.\nJune 1st, 1821. For the past two weeks, Mrs. Bacon and I have been unable to attend to very little business of any kind. Mr. Winn has been ill a few days. Mr. Andrus has engaged his passage for England and expects to sail in about ten days; he is much pleased with the prospects of being useful in Africa, and appears extremely well calculated for a Missionary, as well as an Agent; the climate agreeing with his constitution, his health, hitherto, has been better than that of any of the Agents.\n\nJune 15th, 1821. Mrs. Bacon and I are still rather worse, more debilitated, particularly myself. We are so ill that Brother Andrus has arrived to assist us.\nThe author suggested that he remain in their place, and Mrs. Bacon and I go to the United States, as a sea voyage was believed to be beneficial for our healths. Having been at Freetown to make arrangements for his passage to England, I learned that a schooner, which was a prize vessel but had been purchased by the Hon. K. Macauley, was to be sent to Barbados for sale. In this schooner, he had been offered a free passage. Upon first making the offer, I told him I was not disposed to go, as I had not planned on returning. However, after further reflection, I consulted my physician who advised our taking the voyage. I also consulted Mr. Winn on the subject, and I finally concluded to embrace the opportunity, provided Mrs. Bacon agreed.\nI.myself obtained a passage. Mr. Andrus went to Freetown and obtained one for us in the same Schooner, politely and gratuitously offered by the Hon. K. Macauly. Thus, Mr. Andruss kindly consented to remain and assist Mr. Winn, if he desired it, in my stead; for which kindness, as well as for making the necessary preparations for the outfit, I feel much indebted to him.\n\nJune 13, 1821. \u2013 Our baggage was removed to the boat, and we were supported to walk to it by our friends. We arrived at the Schooner around six o'clock, P.M., very much exhausted; we rested poorly during the night. The next morning brought troubles long to be remembered, but I hope never to forget God's goodness in sustaining us by His grace: at about 9 o'clock, the heat became oppressive.\nMrs. Bacon was taken extremely ill and, had she not obtained immediate aid, would probably have survived only a short time. But the timely assistance of Dr. Riche, an English surgeon, by God's blessing, rendered her relief. At the same time, I became worse myself. Thus situated, neither of us able to help the other, we were just embarking on a voyage of five thousand miles, a voyage which we had recently found very irksome, when we were enjoying the best of healths. When we came on board, the time of our departure was not fixed; but as there was every day more or less rain, our healths required that we should avail ourselves of the first opportunity to get on board, that we might be in readiness to sail at any moment when the vessel should be prepared. During the time of our lying in the harbor, we were both more unwell.\nWe were in a worse situation than at any previous time; we were in the cabin, each on opposite sides, unable to assist each other or help ourselves. The colored man who was to accompany us was occupied procuring necessary supplies, so he was with us little. Brother Andrus visited us occasionally, which made our situation more agreeable. However, we were often under the necessity of calling on the Captain and S. Easton, Esq. when they were on board, they were very obliging to us. These were solemn hours. As we looked at each other, it seemed probable that the time of our separation was near at hand. Still, our hope was in God.\n\nIn addition to our other afflictions, William Martin, who has before been spoken of as an unprincipled man and as having attempted to prolong the voyage, was a further source of distress.\nA man made an unreasonable demand after the death of Mr. Townsend and his crew on the United States Schooner Augusta. He had been in charge and received full compensation. After our arrival, we re-employed him to manage the vessel during our exploration, hiring all crew members except the Kroomen. Upon our return, I settled his accounts based on the agreed price and time served, which was approximately five weeks. However, he and his crew remained dissatisfied because they had learned a law existed in Sierra Leone requiring employers to give servants one month's notice before discharging them.\nPrevious to the time of their discharge, making employers liable for one month's wages if they failed to give notice, we being ignorant of this law, Martin took advantage of us. He made an extra demand amounting to about sixty dollars, which after necessary inquiry, I found myself obliged to settle. At length we took leave of our friends on Saturday, the 30th of June, 1821, and sailed out of the harbor of Sierra Leone with the morning tide, but did not proceed far before evening. In the evening, I was much worse; indeed, it was a time long to be remembered. I had no expectation of surviving. Accordingly, I gave directions to my wife.\nand she, along with the cause in which we were engaged, I commended to Him who has promised to be a father to the fatherless and the widow's God. Death appeared fast approaching, and I must say that grim messenger had lost his terrors, and I could then exclaim, \"O grave, where is thy victory.\" It was solemn but interesting to behold the dear wife of my bosom, though unable to help herself, making what appeared to be the last effort to render my last moments comfortable. The exercises of my mind, under these circumstances, I am unable to describe. The happiness I then enjoyed a foretaste of was unspeakable; not that I had merited anything of myself, nor was I worthy of the comfort with which I was favored; Christ was all in all.\n\nSunday Morning, 17th June, 1881. \u2014 I awoke and was astonished to find myself in this trouble.\nI. was exercised with dreadful pains that pervaded my whole system for a considerable time. I was unable to speak. Discovering our family Bible lying near, I made signs for it to be given to me, which it was. I soon spoke; I had no distinct recollections of the exercises of my mind during the night, but I imagined that I had arisen from the dead. I then thought I esteemed the Bible much more highly than I had ever before; I considered it holy indeed, and that almost a touch would pollute it. Probably the change of air and the motion of the vessel caused the fever to form a crisis, which my constitution, by Divine assistance, was enabled to endure. After this, a gradual recovery took place. My wife was my physician and constant attendant and director. Still, we found difficulties.\nThe Captain and Mate were Englishmen, along with several crew members. However, several Spaniards were also on board, as well as some negroes. The Spaniards disliked the negroes from the time of embarkation, leading to several encounters. The Spaniards frequently threatened the lives of the negroes, but Mr. Easton (the supercargo), the Captain, and sometimes Mrs. Bacon dissuaded them. However, we were fearful that murder would be committed, as the Spaniards were of the class of perpetrators taken from slave ships and were permitted to leave or banished from the English colony. There was great danger of their raising a mutiny, so the Captain, Supercargo, and Mate were always on alert, keeping their arms near at hand, even when they retired to rest.\nThe passage was not as agreeable as it otherwise would have been. The officers were very obliging at all times. We eventually reached the island of Barbados, the windward island of the West Indies, on the 10th of July, with our health somewhat repaired. This island is situated pleasantly, under a well-regulated British government. Mrs. Barnes and I were just able to walk from the wharf to the boarding-house, about 40 or 50 yards distance. We remained there for four days, after which we took passage in an English vessel for Martinique, where we arrived in about 24 hours. We remained in Martinique until the 29th of July. This island we found to be very sickly, and we were more debilitated when we left it than when we arrived. We took passage from thence in an American Schooner, commanded by J. Pennington.\nGreat Eggharbor, and for about 8 days we had a delightful passage. After that, we were almost becalmed, and at length a storm came on, the wind NE which carried us into the Gulf Stream; we arrived within a short distance of Cape Lookout, then tacked ship and lay to under a short reef fore-sail about three days, the greater part of the time in the Gulf, which caused me to be very seasick. At length the storm abated, and on Monday, the 13th of August, we had a brisk wind, which wafted us into Hampton Roads, and on Tuesday we arrived at Norfolk, in a convalescent state of health. Notwithstanding our troubles have been neither few nor small, yet more abundantly has been the grace of GOD afforded us; therefore we give Him all the Glory both now and for ever.\n\nAPPENDEX.\nAn Extract from the Royal Gazette, August 13, 18--\nEdited at Treeto^vvi, Sierra Leone, Saturday, April 41st, 1825.\n\nJamaican Colonization on the Coast of Africa.\n\nWe have not, for some time, made any mention of the American colonists, whose arrival in our harbor was noticed several weeks ago. It has just occurred that, although their situation and proceedings must be so well known in the colony as to render any statement respecting them in our columns altogether superfluous, there are in Great Britain as well as in the United States \u2014 and, we trust, in other countries also \u2014 many who take a lively interest in the location and in the progress of these settlers. To those so interested, no means of communication can apply generally or so satisfactorily, under the present circumstances, as this Gazette.\n\nWe therefore venture to state in a summary way:\n\n---\n\n(The text does not require cleaning as it is already readable and free of meaningless or unreadable content, modern editor additions, or OCR errors.)\nThe principal gentlemen in charge of the settlers sought an interview with the colonial authorities a few days after their arrival. At this meeting, His Honor the Acting Governor and some Members of the Administration Council for the colony were present. The American gentlemen explained their objectives fully, making a candid communication of their instructions and all their views and objectives. They expressed their confidence in the most amicable dispositions of those to whom they addressed themselves. This confidence was founded not only on the friendly interest taken in the American plans of colonization by the British government from the outset, but also on the assurances given to them during their negotiations for the purchase of the land.\nThe congeniality of character and objects between this colony and the proposed American settlement was given due consideration. The kind offices and favorable dispositions shown by the colonial authorities towards their American cooperators on the coast were also taken into account, for the twofold objectives of suppressing the slave trade and civilizing Africa, through the formation of stations of free people qualified for the purpose.\n\nThese candid and friendly declarations were answered with corresponding friendship and frankness. The objections which had early existed in the minds of all reflecting persons in the colony against the establishment of an American settlement in the Sherbro were freely avowed and fairly stated. They were objections which would be felt equally by every American sincerely disposed to the improvement of Africa. They were:\nThat the location in Sherbro was inconveniently near, clashing with the private interests of this colony and the public benefits that would be conferred on adjacent Africans through the intercourse of colonists. Supplies of principal articles of subsistence would be cut off, and a general small trade already established would be destroyed. An American settlement could not be wanted to do for Africa what was already done by colonists, let alone to derange the rapid progress that would necessarily take place upon the foundation already firmly established.\n\nThese considerations referred to this colony, for which the authorities in America and their agents avowed the most friendly interest; and to the natives of Africa, whose deliverance and improvement would be the chief objective.\nThe American settlement's inhabitants were the primary concern, as they were already the main focus of the issue. The following considerations were particularly relevant to the American side: The location of the American settlement in Sherbro was determined to be inadvisable based on American concerns. It had been established through previous experience that no large ships could approach closer than thirty or forty miles to any suitable settlement site for their general and permanent purposes, such as cultivating the soil and engaging in simple industry. The settlers of the previous season had been devastated by unrelenting illnesses caused by bad air and water. The country's swampy nature exacerbated these issues.\nThe colored agent, upon whom great reliance had been placed, was untrustworthy. Native chiefs were unfavorably disposed due to this agent's treacherous influence and were reluctant to fulfill their land purchase agreements.\n\nSettlements could not clash with each other, at a moderate distance, in the range of their beneficial exertions for the civilization and religious improvement of adjacent African nations, or in the industrious pursuits of colonists for the advancement of their private interests.\n\nThe season was so far advanced that insufficient time remained to clear ground and erect weather-proof habitations before the onset of tornadoes.\nThe quick arrival of heavy rains led the American agents to reconsider their intended settlement in Sherbro. Coinciding with representations made through this Gazette for consideration in the Colony, America, and England, and aligning with the sentiments expressed to American war ship commanders, who found the reasoning equally compelling for their side, the American agents decided against settling in Sherbro. Instead, they dispatched their colonial schooner with a select party to explore the coast towards Cape Mount and Cape Mesurado, in search of a more suitable location for their establishment. However, the advanced stage of the year rendered it inadvisable to begin the new settlement at that time.\nThe clearing of ground and erection of houses in any newly acquired settlement before the onset of rains, they requested to know if they could be accommodated, on terms which may be adjusted later, with the portion of land within this colony which might be necessary for purposes of residence and cultivation in the interval, prior to the choice of a place and the approach of the time for proceeding to the formation of their settlements.\n\nTo this requisition, a satisfactory answer was given. And in pursuance of the disposition, in which all the members of the council concurred with him, to give the best accommodation which the colony could afford, His Honor the acting Governor visited several places apparently the most eligible. However, some ground of objection arose from inconvenient locations.\nThe problems in the text are minimal. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nThe convenience of water or low situation, or some other cause, prevented a decision for a time regarding the letting of the houses and lands of the late Assistant Commissary General Le Fevre at Foura Bay. An arrangement was consequently made, allowing the American agents to possess the place on an equitable rent. Their colonists are now well housed and have ample measure of land clear and ready for cultivation. It was extremely fortunate that the American agents and settlers were immediately provided with substantial habitations. The heavy tornadoes already experienced could not have been encountered with safety in a state of inadequate preparation.\n\nWe have further to mention, that an application from\nThe gentlemen were granted permission to land their provisions and stores duty-free. They were allowed to sell part of them for current use and necessity. The principal merchants, whose interests were primarily concerned, gave their universal consent in the most liberal manner, declaring they saw nothing detrimental to their interests in the requirements. If it had even caused some inconvenience, they would have overlooked it in their desire to accommodate the American gentlemen and promote their objectives. The American agents, as a result of these arrangements and facilities, are now able to proceed.\nEstablished satisfactorily in Foura Bay house and farm. Their schooner may be soon expected, on her return from the voyage of selection down the coast. Those on board her will then join their companions at Foura Bay farm, and remain until the opening of the dry-season shall invite them to proceed to fix themselves at the place of their ultimate destination. This place and its inhabitants, we trust, will ever be on terms of mutual friendship, and in the constant interchange of reciprocal kind offices with this colony.\n\nAppendix.\n\nAbstract of Proceedings of the Curacy Missionary Society for West Africa, London, 1819\u2014\u00a30.\n\nBy the latest intelligence, therefore, it appears that ten stations in the Colony are occupied by Missionaries and Teachers connected with the Society.\nThe Colonial Schools in Freetown are under the care of Mr. and Mrs. Beckley and Mary Bouffler, assisted by George Fox and Mrs. Fox, Native Teachers. In the eastern part of the Colony, bordering on the Timannees, at Kisseij, the Reverend G. R. Nylander, the Minister, has under him Stephen Caulker, a Native Usher; and Mrs. Wenzei has charge of the Girls' School. At Waterloo, the Reverend J. G. Wilhelm and Mrs. Wilhelm are stationed; as are Mr. and Mrs. Lisk at Hastings. Crossing to the south-western part of the Colony, at Kent, Mr. and Mrs. Randle are in charge of the inhabitants; and, returning to the Stations to the southward and westward of Freetown, and in its more immediate vicinity \u2014 at Charlotte, are Mr. and Mrs. Taylor; and, at Leopold, the Reverend Melchior Renner, Mrs. Renner, and William Allen, a Native Assistant.\nThe Reverend William Johnson is assisted at Regenfs Town by Mr. Bull, Sister Hannah Johnson, and the three natives Tamba, Davis, and Noah. They are preparing for laboring among their countrymen and in the meantime visit them whenever they can spare time from their own preparation. At Gloucester are the Reverend Henry During and Mrs. During, and at Iffberforcc, the Reverend Henry Charles Decker. In these stations, there are therefore, twenty-eight Christian laborers; from whom many thousands of negroes, recently liberated from Slave Ships, hear the truth of the Gospel; and under whom, over 2000 scholars, adults and children, are in a course of constant instruction. The Reverend Thomas Rock Garnsey and the Reverend Samuel Flood have been appointed by the Government, on the recommendation of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.\nThe Society recommended Mr. Mendation and Mr. Society to succeed Messrs. Garnon and Collier as first and second Chaplains. They embarked for the Colony on the 29th of January on board the \"Catalina.\" After encountering some danger in the Gambia by the oversetting of a boat, they reached the Colony about the middle of March. They will render every assistance to the Society's designs. The Reverend Melchior Renner and the Reverend G. R. Nylander had been appointed by the Governor to the temporary supply of the duty of those offices. For the regulation of the Mission, Meetings of the Chaplains and Missionaries are held in Free-town, on the First Tuesday in January, April, July, and October. A Prayer Meeting, likewise, is held every Second Tuesday in the month, to implore the Divine Blessing.\nOn all Missionary Efforts, and to pray for the maintenance of unity and brotherly love: this Meeting was suspended during the months of August, September, and October, by the excessively heavy rains, and the sickness which accompanied them; but it was afterward resumed.\n\nHegeuVs Tcwxv.\n\nMr. Johnson's return to this country afforded, as has been before stated, an opportunity of obtaining much more accurate information on the nature and success of his labors among the Liberated Negroes at Regent's Town, than could have been derived from correspondence with him. In frequent conferences, he entered largely into the subject; and disclosed, with Christian simplicity, the whole course of labor through which it had pleased God to lead him.\n\nYour Committee will venture to say, that the History of the Church has scarcely afforded so striking an instance.\nWhen brought together at Regent's Town in 1813, the negroes were in the most deplorable condition, as on the first settling of them in other towns. By 1816, the Assistant Secretary, on a visit to the Mission, found approximately 1100 Liberated Negroes assembled there.\nThey consisted of persons from almost all the tribes on the continent. The efforts of those in charge, under the vigilant and anxious inspection of the Governor, had meliorated the condition of those who had been there for any length of time. Every measure had been resorted to by his Excellency for this end, and a church had been erected in preparation for the regular administration of Christian Ordinances among them. His Excellency felt that a powerful stimulus was needed to rouse the Negroes to diligence and that an energetic principle was required which might harmonize their jarring feelings and unite them as one body. That stimulus was found in the sense of duty and gratitude which Christianity inspires; and that uniting principle, in the healing spirit of the Gospel.\nAt the desire of Governor Johnson, recently arrived, was placed by the Assistant Secretary at his disposal. He was consequently appointed to the care of Regent's Town and entered his charge in June, 1816. Upon closely examining the actual condition of the people entrusted to his care, Mr. Johnson felt great discouragement. Natives of twenty-two different nations were here collected together. A considerable number of them had been recently liberated from slave vessels: they were greatly prejudiced against one another and in a state of continual hostility, with no common medium of intercourse but a little broken English. When clothing was given to them, they would sell it or throw it away. It was difficult to induce them even to put it on.\nIt was not practical to introduce marriage among them until they were led by the example of Mr. Johnson's servant girl. None of them, upon their first arrival, seemed to live in the married state. Some were married by the late Mr. Butcher, but all the blessings of marriage and female purity were unknown to them upon Mr. Johnson's arrival. In some huts, ten of them were crowded together, and in others, even fifteen and twenty. Many of them were ghastly as skeletons, and six or eight sometimes died in one day. Only six infants were born during the year. Superstition tyrannized over their minds, and many Devil's Houses sprang up. All placed their security in wearing charms. Scarcely any desire for improvement was discernible for a considerable time. There were hardly five.\nsix acres of land brought under cultivation; and some who wished to cultivate the soil were deterred from doing so by the fear of being plundered of the produce. Some lived in the woods, apart from society; and others subsisted by thieving and plunder: they would steal fowls, ducks, and pigs from anyone who possessed them. In the first week of his residence among them, Mr. Johnson lost thirty fowls. They would eat them raw; and not a few of them, particularly those of the Ebo Nation, the most savage of them all, would prefer any kind of refuse-meat to the rations which they received from Government.\n\nOf this Nation of the Ebos, it may be right to give some particulars. About forty of them, having been drawn on their liberation from the Slave Ships to serve in the African Corps, were placed under a course of military training.\nAt Bance Island, the enslaved people constructed something, but they were dismissed as unruly and sent to Regent's Town. There, they quickly demonstrated almost unbelievable brutality. A Negro from another tribe had a sow that had given birth to a litter of nine pigs three or four days prior. Some of these people stole his young pigs and threw them all, while alive, into a large pot of boiling water. The man discovered this when he returned home and found out about his loss, having obtained Johnson's authority to search for them among his suspected neighbors. From another, his dog and iron pot were stolen, and he found both among the same thieves, who were preparing a meal on the poor animal by boiling him in the pot they had stolen. A sick dog had been killed and buried. It was later discovered that some of these people had dug up and made use of the buried dog.\nThe soup of the carcass. These are repulsive details, but they set forth the greatness of the change that has been wrought in these men. Placed under the care of one of the Natives\u2014himself but recently liberated from the hold of a Slave Ship and as yet little influenced by Christian Principle\u2014he exercised over them what appeared to him to be unavoidable severity. But when his own heart became powerfully affected by the Gospel, he would retire to the woods and pray for them. They formed a strong attachment to him. He prevailed on them to attend Church, and was made an instrument of incalculable good to them. The Word of God was blessed to many of them. They are all now civilized and married. They are steady, sober, and industrious; and several of them regularly communicate at the Lord's Table.\nThe change in the Ebo People has been mentioned as illustrating, in a remarkable manner, the efficacy of Christian instruction, under the Divine Blessing, in civilizing and elevating the most abject of mankind. No human wisdom or eloquence, no secular hopes or fears, no coercion or inducements of man ever produced such a change. It has been the act of that same Divine Power, which wrought, by the same Divine Truth, that mighty change in our own barbarous ancestors in the older times of our country\u2014the change that softened their ferocious minds, stripped the skins of beasts and cleansed the savage daubings from their persons, staunched the blood of human victims, and exposed to shame the cruelties of their past.\nIdolatry brought rude man to feel the blessings of social life and of all the meek and heavenly tempers of the Christian, giving birth to those Laws and Institutions which, reacting with a benign influence on the minds and manners of this whole people, have rendered us, with all our crimes, a real blessing to the world! In these latter days, we have a renewal of the moral miracles of the primitive age, and have the honor put on us, by sending the Gospel to the most degraded of mankind, quickening and rendering efficacious, in an incalculable degree, the efforts of our country to remunerate Africa for her wrongs.\n\nThe improvement in the whole body of the Liberated Negroes assembled at Regent's Town is truly surprising. The greater number were not, indeed, sunk into a state of degradation so low as that of the Ebos; but the rest.\nWith what melancholy feelings Mr. Johnson surveyed the desolation around him, the Members heard from his own lips, as he took leave of the Society, at the Special Meeting held in this place, in the month of November, the condition of these people when he left them for a season, after the labor of three years. A full return had been made for the wise and benevolent measures of the Governor, and for the unwearied labors of their Pastor.\n\nThe eye which beheld the people and their town but a few years before would now witness a scene that would bespeak the energy of some mighty principle. The Town itself is laid out with regularity \u2014 nineteen streets and twenty-one lanes.\nThe streets are formed and made plain and level, with good roads round the town. A large stone Church rises in the midst of the habitations. A Government House, a Parsonage House, a Hospital, School Houses, Store Houses, a Bridge of several arches, some Native Dwellings, and other Buildings, all of stone, are either finished or on the point of being so. But the state of cultivation further manifests the industry of the people. All are farmers. Gardens, fenced in, are attached to every dwelling. All the land in the immediate neighbourhood is under cultivation, and pieces of land even to the distance of three miles. There are many rice-fields. Among the other vegetables raised for food are cassadas, plantains, coco, yams, coffee, and Indian Corn. Of Fruits, they have bananas, oranges, limes, pine-apples, ground-nuts, guavas, and papaws.\nAnimals include horses, cows, bullocks, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, and fowls. A daily market is held for their sale, and on Saturdays, it is large and general. It has already been mentioned that all are farmers. However, many of them, besides cultivating the ground, have learned and exercised various trades: 50 are masons and bricklayers, 40 are carpenters, 30 are sawyers, 30 are shingle-makers, 4 are tailors, and there are blacksmiths and butchers. In these various ways, over 600 of the negroes maintain themselves. They have been enabled, in this short time, by the fruits of their own productive industry, to relieve the government to which they pay the most grateful allegiance from all expense on their personal account.\n\nThe appearance and manners of the people have improved in an equal degree. They are all now decently clad.\nAlmost all females have learned to make their own clothing. About 400 couples are married. They were accustomed to spend their nights dancing and drumming, in the heathenish fashion of their countries. No drum is left in the town. In six months, only six deaths occurred. While, in three months, forty-two children were born. No oath had been heard in the town for the last twelve months. Nor had any drunkenness been witnessed. The attendance on Public Worship is regular and large, three times on Sunday; on average, not less than 1200 or 1300 Negroes. Mr. Johnson's first congregation amounted to but nine. At morning and evening daily prayers, not less than 500 are present. The Schools, which opened with 90 boys and 50 girls with 36 adults, now contain upward of 500 scholars.\nThese were great encouragements to Mr. Johnson in his labors; but he was not satisfied with the reformation of his people's manners. He prayed for indications of a change of heart and the influence of a living principle. Nor did he wait long. One by one began to visit him, burdened by a sense of their sins, to ask what they were to do to be saved\u2014disclosing to him the gracious influences of the Holy Spirit on their hearts in the most simple and touching manner. He saw persons, in every direction, before they came to attend morning and evening worship, kneeling in private prayer behind bushes and houses. All, without exception, wished for Baptism; but Mr. Johnson admitted none to that ordinance until he was satisfied of their intelligence and integrity. All had abandoned polygamy.\nThe baptized regularly partake in the Lord's Supper, except for those prevented by illness. Mr. Johnson's communicants numbered 263 when he left in April of the previous year. The converts are eager for their country-people's salvation and continually persuade them to accept the Gospel. They are equally concerned with their mutual edification. Mr. Johnson seldom visits a sick communicant without finding some of his Christian brethren or sisters there, engaged in acts of devotion or charity. The influence of the Divine Word has been so striking and remarkable that Mr. Johnson has withheld from the Society many of the graces among his Negroes, lest they seem incredible. It has been the plain and simple preaching of the Gospel that has had such an effect.\nMercy of God, as displayed in Christ Jesus, which has been the instrument of quickening and giving efficacy to the benevolent measures of Government, and producing this mighty change, was brought home, indeed, through this preaching, by the patient labors of an affectionate servant of the Lord. In Negro Towns, where this Word of Salvation has been, for want of Ministers, but unfrequently or irregularly preached, the Natives are far behind in civilization and in all the benefits of social and domestic life. Mr. Johnson's course of labor was: to preach Christ as the Savior of Sinners - at morning and evening daily worship; to set forth to the people the simple truths of the Gospel; to follow up these instructions and prayers, by visiting from house to house; to reprove sin where he witnessed it; to open to the people the miserable estate.\nAppendix:\n\nA sinner's testimony to the way of escape and deliverance through the grace of the Gospel.\n\nThe testimony of the late Mr. and Mrs. Jesty regarding Regent's Town is truly gratifying. They visited it in early April.\n\nRegarding public worship attendance on Sundays, Mr. Jesty wrote:\n\nAt ten o'clock, I witnessed a sight that astonished and delighted me. The church bell rang for Divine Service, and Mr. Johnson's well-regulated schools of boys and girls walked two by two towards the church.\n\nThe inhabitants' eagerness to hear the Word is evident from their early attendance to the means of grace. Although there is a bell in the church steeple, it is of little use at Regent's Town, as the church is usually filled half an hour before the bell tolls. The greatest attention is paid during the services.\nIn the Service. Indeed, I witnessed a Christian Congregation in a heathen land\u2014 a people fearing God and working righteousness. The tear of godly sorrow rolled down many a colored cheek, and showed the contrition of a heart that felt its own vile-ness.\n\nAt three o'clock in the afternoon, there was again a very full attendance; so that scarcely an individual was to be seen throughout the town; so eager are they to hear the Word, and to feed on the living bread that came down from heaven!\n\nAt six we met again; and although many had to come from a considerable distance and up a tremendous hill, I did not perceive any decrease of number, or any weariness in their attendance on the Means of Grace.\n\nNever did I witness such a Congregation, in a professing Christian Land; nor ever behold such apparent sincerity and brotherly love.\nMr. Jesty stated at the Monthly Meeting:\n\nMr. Johnson and I recorded subscribers' names and contributions. I cannot help but notice that immediately after we were prepared to receive money and names, we were encircled by several hundred humble friends to Missionary Exertions, crying out as one voice, \"Massa, take my money; Massa, take mine; Eight coppers, one moon.\" It was indeed a pleasing sight to behold a people, once led captive at the will of Satan, devoted to gross superstition and folly, embracing their idols and trusting in them for defense, and once spending all the money they could spare in the purchase of these false gods, now conquered by the love and power of Him who taketh away the heart's idols.\nFrom these few poor and once injured and despised Africans, we collected about 21.7s. Oh, my countrymen, fellow Christians in highly-favored England, you who have multiplied and daily renewed comforts and blessings, Go and do likewise!\n\nAn Abstract of the Journal of the Reverend Mr. Cates, one of the Missionaries from Sierra Leone to Grand Lassa.\n\nMarch 6. At six o'clock, we proceeded to a small town at the bar of St. John's River. Davis read a few verses of the Second Chapter of Isaiah, and addressed the people. They were attentive, and willing to hear; but could say nothing as to the probability of a person being allowed to enter their country and preach the Gospel to them.\nA woman approached me, studying me intently. I showed her one of Mowhee's plates. She screamed and retreated. Encouraged, she eventually came closer. I placed it on the ground near her. She recoiled again but eventually touched it. Convinced it was harmless, she examined it closely, laughing and expressing pleasure. She signaled for permission to take it and show others. I agreed, and soon heard much screaming and laughter from the crowd.\n\nAt two o'clock, we procured a canoe and crossed the river to find John White, the Headman.\nWe walked about three miles on the sand-beach and reached a town of Kroomen and Fishermen. Here we learned that John White's Town was some miles further on, but he had gone to King John's Town to attend the funeral of a deceased Headman. Disappointing the Kroomen, who longed for more tobacco and made a cowardly attempt to stop one of the men, we set off for King John's Town. Some of the women at this town carried their children in a little wicker basket suspended at their backs due to having a scanty portion of cloth. A man came after us from John White, saying he would meet us at a small town.\nWe proceeded there and found him waiting. He conducted us to King John's Town. King John's Town is about six miles from the sand-beach, in a fertile country. The soil appears good, and though now in the midst of the Dry Season, there is plenty of grass to support the numerous cattle which graze round the town. The houses are generally circular, the roofs commencing at about three feet from the ground; many of them are carried up, in a conical shape, to the height of twenty or twenty-five feet; the top being defended by a turf of earth, on which a plant resembling house-leek grows. They are better built than any we have lately seen. Mud walls and matted floors are common. Our arrival was soon noised abroad; men, women, and children ran together to look at the White Man.\nI was sitting in a large Palaver House, which in less than ten minutes was so filled with people that the heat became quite oppressive, while the noise was such that a Stentor must have despaired of being heard. I was obliged to move into the open air, where I sat nearly half an hour to gratify their curiosity. It was amusing to observe the various countenances which surrounded me. Many of the men came to shake my hand; while the women pressed on the shoulders of the men and thrust the children under their arms and legs in all directions, with various indications of surprise or fear. After the crowd of men and women had retired, the children seemed determined to indulge a little longer in the novel sight; and moved round me, at a few yards' distance, to survey both back and front, as we would do a chained wild-beast.\nThe approach of the King was announced. Mats were spread, and a wooden-seated chair, which had lost its back, was brought for him to sit upon. The King is a feeble old man, but possesses his faculties much better than I expected. He was dressed in a long robe of country cloth, made in the Mandingo style, and had on his head a scarlet and blue cloth-cap, ornamented with vandyke and tassels. By the help of a staff, he was able to walk to his seat; and his sight was sufficient to distinguish me very readily. He inquired after my health, my name, and my business. Being satisfied on these points, he said he was glad to see me and to hear what I told him. As it was getting dark, I deferred a longer interview till the morning, telling the King that if he would then assemble his people, we would read the Book which we had brought.\nHe cheerfully assented and after a little more conversation about the places we had visited, where we came from, and the doctrine we taught, he went away. The people then began to express their opinions about us. That we should have walked from Sierra Leone seemed almost incredible. One man stated it to be his opinion that I came down from heaven, which he thought, of course, a shorter journey. The King supplied us with a house, and soon after sent a large bowl of beef and soup. But as it had too large a portion of palm-oil for my taste, the men enjoyed the benefit of it. In an open shed, near the house appropriated to our use, was the unburied body of the deceased Head-man, as they reported. Before we began our Meeting for\nMarch 7, 1819. Sunday. The people had assembled at this shed with drums and horns, howling and dancing in an extravagant manner which we had before witnessed. I expected that we should scarcely be able to hear the voice of prayer for their noise; but, before the first hymn was finished, they heard us, and left their dancing to come and look at us; nor did they begin any more during the night, to my great comfort.\n\nMarch 7, 1819. Sunday. The King sent word, that by eight o'clock, he wanted to hear our Book. I went, therefore, with Tamba and Davis. We found him seated on a leopard's skin, on a mat on the ground; in a small court surrounded with nouses, which were connected by mud walls, and through which there were three entrances. His head, in addition to the red cap, was now surrounded with an enormous quantity of leopard teeth tied together.\nThere did not appear less than two hundred people. About thirty people were admitted with us, and the doors were shut. They were part of the Eighteenth Chapter of S. Matthew, and addressed them; Davis repeating my words. They were very attentive; and seemed thankful for the instruction given them, and much surprised at seeing a countryman of their own so far elevated above them. Having concluded, I told the King that I should like to speak to his people more in the forenoon, in some place where all who wished might attend. He was willing, and was glad himself to be present. He had not long returned to the house before the King followed me; and having ordered his people to catch a small bull, he presented it to me, begging that I would accept it.\nI. Sit and order one of my people to tell it. I thanked him, but said, there would be much more than we could eat. If that were the case, he said, I should take as much as I liked, and he would take the rest. I again thanked him, but still declined. It being Sunday, I did not like that the men should be so employed. However, this would not avail. The Kin therefore ordered his people to kill it; and, when dead, would not take a piece till I had chosen which part I thought proper. I complied, and took about a quarter, but he took up nearly half. He inquired whether our great knowledge was acquired at all by particular diet. Being told that was not, but that all which we knew was natural.\nothers were equally capable of attaining by a little study; and all which we knew spiritually, God could teach him and his people. He seemed surprised. It was twelve o'clock before we were ready for Morning Service, which we held in the Palaver House. I had no sooner entered, than the people flocked together in crowds, to hear the surprising things about which we talked. In a few minutes, the King came; when between two and three hundred persons seated themselves around, and were silent beyond what I could have expected from such untutored people.\n\nWe began by singing part of the Nineteenth Psalm. I then prayed; and William Davis explained the meaning of each of these Services to them. I then read the Second Chapter of Genesis; and spoke briefly on the Creation of Adam in a state of happiness, and contrasted it with his previous misery.\nAmong other things, William Davis spoke about the state of leaving people of an entire town dead for the offense of one man, contrasting it with the justice and mercy instructed by the Word of God. The congregation, who had been silent, expressed their approval with two or three shouts. Davis finished his discourse, and after singing the Hundred and Seventeenth Psalm and praying, the service concluded. We promised to meet them again before night.\n\nIn the interval between morning and afternoon service,\nI was granted permission to see the deceased headman and was conducted to his body by some principal men. We entered a shed at one end, which was unclosed, and there were two or three women in it. The shed was furnished with drums and war horns and decorated with mats. At the furthest end was a large curtain of handkerchiefs, sewn as a screen, to keep the body from public view. This screen being raised, a figure was seen, sitting in a robe of country cloth, with shoes and stockings, and an enormously high red cap. What should have been a face was covered with a handkerchief. A large box, covered with a leopard skin, served as a footstool. This was told to be the dead man. I smiled and observed that its lack of proportion and its entire shape and make satisfied me that it was a man of great stature.\nThey did not pretend that keeping the figure had any effect on the man it represented, but merely observed that it was the country-fashion. They denied ever killing Slaves to bury with a body. After a few observations on the uncertainty of life and the unchangeable state of the dead, I left the shed much better pleased at finding a false, than a real body.\n\nAt five o'clock, we had afternoon service. I read the third chapter of Genesis and explained to them the Fall of Man and the curse of God incurred thereby. Directing them to Jesus as the all-sufficient Savior, I concluded with prayer. They were quite willing to hear and professed to approve what was said. The poor old King, especially, seemed desirous that himself and his people should have instruction.\nMarch 8, 1819. They kept drumming and dancing to a very late hour last night, depriving me of rest. The King came early this morning to ask after my health and to tell me that he liked the proposal of sending William Davis to teach them. I was called upon to read to them four or five times in the course of the day, and their desire to hear continued unabated. They busied themselves in devising means of remembering the different parts of Scripture which I read. The King begged hard that I would stay till all his headmen had arrived and heard. Towards night, I was seized with pain in the head, which prevented my going out again.\n\nMarch 9. My head being much worse, I was obliged to keep my bed almost all the morning. About one o'clock, I made an attempt to read to the people, but was unable.\nto  sit,  and  had  to  leave  Davis  to  conclude. \nMarch  10. \u2014 I  continued  very  unwell  most  part  of  the \nday;  but,  toward  night  was  a  little  better.  I  took  the  op- \nportunity of  going  to  the  King  to  hear  his  final  determina- \ntion, which  he  gave,  by  assuring  me  that  he  should  be  glad \nto  receive  and  afford  protection  to  William  Davis,  to  live \nas  a  Teacher  among  them.  He  requested  that  I  would \nleave  him  a  Book,  to  state  what  I  had  told  him:  with  this \nI  complied,  and  took  down  his  answer  in  a  Book  for \nmyself. \nI  then  told  the  King  that  I  purposed  to  set  out  home \nin  the  morning,  to  which  he  agreed.  I  had  first  thought \nof  going  to  the  next  river;  but,  finding  that  King  John's \nterritory  extended  thither,  as  well  as  to  a  considerable  dis- \ntance northward,  and  as  I  had  now  seen  most  of  the  Head- \nmen from  thence,  who  all  approved  of  our  plan,  I  thought \nIt is unnecessary to prolong the journey. There is abundant room for as many Teachers as we can send, and there appears a great disposition to receive them.\n\nMarch 11. \u2014 The King came early to see me and bade me farewell. He gave me one of his war-horns, as I had expressed a wish to possess it.\n\nThis morning I was favored with a daylight view of his Devil. I was thankful that he had prevented its roaring and the drumming and dancing for the last two nights.\n\nThe Devil is a curious figure. It is a small man or boy, dressed in a garment of dried grass or rushes which overshims him and reaches to the ground. His arms and feet are concealed. A white country-cloth covers his shoulders. Round his head, and tied under his chin, are two or three cotton handkerchiefs. The face, which is small, is frightening.\nThe figure is full-sized. The mouth and nose are black. Two large white teeth project far beyond the lips. A black patch, from the bottom of the mouth to the top of the nose, between the eyes, forms nearly a regular triangle, leaving a white triangle on each side to represent the cheeks. The eyes are large and black. Immediately over them is bound a row of coarse shells. On the head is a red cap, which reaches four or five feet in height, and is surrounded by a plume of feathers.\n\nThe figure would move about in a stately style, and at others, it would turn into all sorts of postures and strike the plume of feathers on the ground, uttering a noise like that occasioned by blowing through a pipe, with the mouth of which is immersed in water.\n\nI tempted the king in every way I could think of, to sell me this devil, that I might carry him out of the country.\nHe could not prevail. He said it belonged to the people, and they would kill him if he let it go. He was evidently embarrassed by my request, and as I found he would not comply, I dropped the matter.\n\nSoon after seven o'clock, we left his town, on our way back, having repeated our mutual desire for the instruction of the Bassa Country.\n\nAfter experiencing manifold mercies for ten weeks, we have been brought back in health and safety. The prospect of success you will learn from my journal.\n\nIn several places, there is a willingness to receive Missionaries, particularly in the Bassa Country, where William Davies is a native. During our four-day stay there, we encountered this openness.\nKing's Town I was called on three or four times a day to read and explain the Word of God to them; while they heard with marked attention and devised every means to retain it in their memories. The Headmen from different Towns in King John's dominions assembled and consulted on the propriety of receiving Teachers. There was not a dissentient voice; but, on the contrary, many (among whom the King was foremost) were anxious that we should speedily send someone to them. The King willingly acquiesced in a proposal I made to him to place William Davis among his countrymen as a Teacher. He would have been glad to receive an European, but acknowledged the propriety of commencing the Mission with an African. Should the people show the sincerity of their desire to receive instruction by a diligent and faithful observance of the moral precepts of the Gospel.\nThe attendance of gentlemen on him would be an encouragement later to send an European. There are many other places where Missionaries would be gladly received, but they do not seem as well suited to begin with an African. The principal men, due to long acquaintance with Englishmen, have made such progress in civilization that they possess general knowledge superior to any of our Christian Negroes. This is particularly the case at the Galinas, where there are some families who received a liberal education in England during the triumph of the Slave Trade: they are still much addicted to this nefarious traffic; but are so far convinced of the advantage of education that they would receive a White Missionary, though they would treat contemptuously any attempt to send a liberated Slave to them.\n\nAppendix: Research & Improvements in Africa.\nExtracts from the Royal Gazette, published at Freetown, Sierra Leone. Saturday, February 23, 1821.\n\nIntelligence from the Expedition to Teembooy, under Mr. O'Beirne.\n\nWe have great pleasure in being enabled to state that the information received from Mr. O'Beirne is of the most gratifying nature and furnishes strong grounds to hope for a satisfactory result to his mission.\n\nSerjeant Tuft, who accompanied the mission in the capacity of interpreter of native languages as far as the Limba country, left Mr. O'Beirne at Laiah on the 10th inst. Laiah is about twenty miles from the river which bounds the Timmanee country on that side. The native Chiefs had hitherto behaved with the greatest respect and kindness towards him. The Chief of Port-Logo especially had manifested great respect.\nThe most earnest zeal to forward the wishes of this colony's government. He accompanied Mr. O'Beirne to the 8th, leaving him at Woolla, and sent his brother to accompany him to Kookoona, in order to introduce him to the headmen there. The Chiefs of the Limba country showed similar dispositions. Pa Kinky, the headman of Laiah, gave him aid to carry his baggage and was to accompany him some way forward. Mr. O'Beirne mentions Brima Yarri, Chief of Woolla, as a man of very superior intelligence and of excellent principles and dispositions. From him, next to the Chief of Port-Logo, Mr. O'Beirne had experienced the most liberal support and the best treatment. There was reason to think that a small present, judiciously applied, would remove any latent jealousy with which the Limba Chiefs may be supposed to be impressed.\nMr. O'Beirne, who speaks highly of Tuft's intelligence and ability in conducting palavers with natives, was left by Serjeant Tuft to meet about the contributions levied on travellers at the same place upon Tuft's expected return. Mr. O'Beirne was expected to arrive on the 12th at Kookoona, a town noticed in our former publications as belonging to Almamy Amara, from which place he intended to dispatch another messenger. We anxiously await the arrival of this messenger, as after passing that place, no impediment nor delay is anticipated until the arrival at the Foulah frontier.\nWednesday, April 21st, 1821.\n\nOn the previous Wednesday morning, we were pleased to see Mr. O'Beirne arrive safely and in good health from his expedition to Teembo. His appearance in his traveling attire was somewhat grotesque. His clothing consisted of a blue baft jacket and trousers, with a check shirt hanging loose at the collar. A short sword was belted around his waist, and his shoes, improved only by traveling in that way, allowed more than one free current of air to cool his feet. However, the most striking part was a large Foulah hat made of small cane, interwoven and plaited together with the outside fibers of the plant. An oval, pointed high crown was decorated with a loop and button of leather, to which the broad brim could be strapped up occasionally, or the whole hat could be folded.\nA machine should be made quickly under the chin, according to the exigencies of wind and weather. A fine growth of well-combed beard and whiskers will serve to finish our brief outline. We trust that some of Mr. O'Beirne's friends, who are known to possess eminent talents in that line, have taken care to preserve a correct drawing. It is one of the best means of giving a just idea of a sight so seldom seen - that of an European traveller's first appearance on his return to an European settlement after visiting distant countries in the interior of Africa.\n\nMr. O'Beirne was accompanied from Portlogo by Mr. Laing, Adjutant of His Majesty's 2nd West India regiment, who went up purposely to meet him on hearing of his return to Portlogo. Mr. Laing, we understand, has offered his services for a journey to Segu and Timbuktu.\nMr. Laing will likely utilize the opportunity of the king of Sego's messenger's return, who accompanies Mr. O'Beirne, and proceed as far as Sego with him. The messenger of the king of Sego brings a fine horse, a gift from that sovereign, for the colony's governor. We have not yet learned anything more about the letter's contents that he bears. Almamy Abdul has dispatched, in the company of Mr. O'Beirne, his nephew Omaroo, a person of great authority in the Foulah nation, entrusted with completing the arrangements for a regular commercial intercourse with the colony through Port Logo. The sole impediment to this intercourse arises from the town of Kookoona, which belongs to the unfriendly chief, Almamy Amara.\nRicaria: but the passage through that place may either be obtained by amicable adjustment, or the place may be altogether avoided by making a circuitous march of no great extent, and returning to the main path on friendly ground. Omaroo is accompanied by his lady, who is represented as a fine specimen of the Teembo beauties, remarkable for their fine persons and expressive features. We are glad to learn that arrangements have been made for the disposal of the cattle and other commodities brought down for sale by the Foulah traders, on satisfactory terms to them and favorable to the purchasers. This is a very material point at the commencement of a trading intercourse; as the mutual satisfaction and reciprocal advantage felt at the outset must tend, more than any other thing, to render the connection solid and permanent.\n\nSaturday, May 5th, 1821.\nOn Saturday, the 28th of April, a grand palaver was held at government house, attended on one side by the governor and members of council, Dr. O'Beirne, recently arrived from the mission to Teembo, civil and military officers, the principal merchants and inhabitants; and on the other side by the Foulah chief, Omarroo Kroo, nephew and representative of Almamy of Teembo, with the other chiefs of the Foulah delegation; Ah Karlie, chief of Port Logo, Yakoba, deputed by Fa Seena, chief of Kookoona, and a number of other chiefs of the towns on the new path from Port Logo to Fouta Jallon. About one hundred of these visitors were present, including twenty chiefs. There was also a delegation from Dalla Mahommadoo, at the head of which was his brother. The object of the palaver was, in the first place, an interchange of amity and a reciprocal declaration of alliance.\nThe governor conveyed to Omarroo Kroo acknowledgments for the favorable reception granted to Mr. O'Beirne at Teembo, expressing his desire to show corresponding favor to the mission from Aim amy. He trusted they found themselves at home at Sierra Leone, adding the full assurance of his satisfaction at the opening of the new path, hoped to lead to the establishment of regular and mutually beneficial intercourse between the colony and the Foulah nation. All the articles were handed over.\nThe country's exports, which it could offer, would find a ready and advantageous sale here. Every article of import the Foulah people could want would be obtained here on the cheapest terms. In the former trade by the Rio Pongos and Rio Nunez, the exchange was managed by intermediate agents who made a two-fold profit on the country produce and on the European goods. All these intermediate charges would be saved by the direct intercourse, and the benefit of the saving would be entirely with the Foulahs. The Foulah people would therefore see an obvious advantage in resorting to this market. The people of the intermediate towns, and their chiefs, Ali Karlie of Port Logo, Fa Seena of Kookoona, and others, would give free access and protection to the traders on the route. He had only to ensure this.\nMr. O'Beirne expressed his earnest desire to improve relations and hoped for amicable intercourse and mutually beneficial commerce between the countries. He personally acknowledged the kind attentions he received at Teembo and from the chiefs on the path. The governor explained this, confirming what Mr. O'Beirne had communicated in his several palavers at Teembo and in other places as he advanced and returned. The Hon. K. Macaulay proposed questions and offered further explanations regarding the proposed trade, particularly the purchase of the articles brought down. The Chief Justice made a few observations.\nThe Foulah people would offer a new and direct line of peaceful commerce, extending it on one side to this colony and on the other to the banks of the Niger. European goods brought here would be advantageously received, and in return, the produce of African countries would be sent overseas. The brother of Dalla Mahommadoo spoke of this, adding that the governor and gentlemen of the colony were faithful and good friends. The brother of Dalla Mahommadoo repeated these expressions of experienced friendship and confidence in response to the colony's appeal. The palaver on the part of the colony was closed, and the chiefs answered in regular succession.\nOmaro, a young man speaking for him, representing Almamy of Teembo and the Foulah people, assured full satisfaction with the path's opening. They had long desired this and were now relieved at its accomplishment. They found ease at Sierra Leone as if still in Teembo. The Foulah people earnestly sought trade cultivation and hoped for swift extension to Sego and deeper into the interior. Almamy held no concern for trade; his pursuit was war, aimed at converting unbelievers to the Prophet's faith. He requested the governor send some superiors.\nThe letters of Almamy to the governor were translated, stating the destruction of infidels' towns and their submission. Ah Karlie, chief of Port Logo, and Yakoba of Kookuna, expressed satisfaction. At Omarroo's request, the governor presented a handsome fowling piece to Yakoba. According to country etiquette, it was passed through the hands of Omarroo and others, including Ali Karlie. The public orator of Yakoba's party received it, making a long harangue, which the interpreter deemed unnecessary to translate. The gun was sent to Yakoba's residence by another party.\nThe palaver broke up with expressions of general content.\n\nApparently, on two evenings during the week, some shells were thrown, causing much astonishment among the strangers.\n\nOn Wednesday, the chiefs went on board H.M. Ship Myrmidon, where they were entertained by gun discharges and later by firing balls at a canoe moored at a convenient distance.\n\nThe arrangements for their trade were finally concluded on Friday, at the house of Messieurs Macaulay and Babington. They are expected to depart without further delay on their return, taking with them the presents prepared by order of the governor.\n\nJune 9, 1821\n\nThe Foulah chiefs, and the other native chiefs and headmen who accompanied them, set out on their return to their respective places on Sunday last.\nAll those of consideration received liberal presents, with which they expressed themselves highly gratified. Handsome presents were also sent to Almamy of Timbo and to the principal chiefs of his court, whose favor may be important to future travelers from the colony. Mr. Laining, adjutant of His Majesty's 2nd. W. I. Regiment, who has volunteered his services for an expedition to Segu and thence to Timbuktu, if circumstances prove inviting, accompanies the returning chiefs as far as Port-Logo. This is to cultivate their friendship and to accustom himself to their habits and manners, preparatory to the commencement of his journey, which we understand is to take place immediately at the breaking up of the rains. Although no certain calculation can be made as to\nThe time when this breaking up may be expected is reasonably hoped to occur this year much earlier than usual, as the rains have set in unusually early. From the first day of the present month, we have experienced frequent and strong tornadoes, and some steady falls of rain, unaccompanied by wind, have had an appearance somewhat indicating the approach of the settled wet season. It is true that these very early rains may, as in the last year, be followed by intervals of fine weather, which may again be introductory to second rains of very late duration. Mr. Laing will, we trust, be prepared to set out early; for the rains cease, as well as commence, much earlier in the interior than toward the coast.\n\nAppendix: Mr. O'Beirne's success we are confident will be.\nWe look with particular interest to the expeditions from this colony. With common prudence in management, they will fully justify all that has been said of the superior advantages this settlement presents for exploring what is yet to be discovered and for bringing into regular intercourse and settled connection, nations scarcely known beyond mere reports of travellers met in the first stages of their journeys towards hitherto inaccessible regions.\n\nJanuary 22, 1820.\nIt is with peculiar satisfaction that we have this day the pleasure of laying before our readers a statement of the Exports from our Settlement of Bathurst, St. Mary's, for the year terminating 31st ultimo. Comments on this document might be deemed superfluous, as it does, with trumpet-tongued eloquence, proclaim the beneficent effects of British protection and British legislation. Contemplating the progress of this establishment, so recently formed\u2014the rapidly increasing extent of its export trade\u2014feelings of the most gratifying kind are excited. Let the bane of Africa and the opprobrium of Europe, the Slave-trade, cease; let the plundering of her coasts and the kidnapping of her children terminate; and what may we not anticipate? We introduce our Gambia Settlement as a gratifying instance. A few lines from the report will be sufficient.\nyears \u2014 we  might  say  a  few  months,  have  elapsed,  since  this \ndetestable  traffic,  in  all  its  horrors,  desolated  them;  blasting, \nby  its  baneful  influence,  every  effort  of  the  unhappy  inha- \nbitants to  meliorate  their  wretched  condition.  Mark  the \nhappy  change\u2014 Lucrative  and  honorable  sources  of  traffic \ndaily  develope  themselves.  The  benignant  influence  of  free- \ndom continues  extending  over  the  surrounding  nations:  law- \nless hordes,  whose  sole  subsitence  was  derived  from  the \nplunder  and  sale  of  their  brethren,  now  apply  themselves  to \npeaecful  industry.  The  island  of  St.  Mary's,  formerly  a  de- \nserted uninhabited  wilderness,  now,  contains  a  Well  orga\u00b0 \nnized  British  establishment. \nAPPENDIX. \nill     J-    UlliJKll \nWVWXWVWWW  W*  vvxvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvW'vvvvvwxwv^J \nc \nc \nft: \nP \nen \nV \nlbs. \nft> \n\"to \nCCi0003C5MKi(M33^ \nCO    Ui    tc \nCo  o  en  si \nC \ncr \nTons. \nCwt. \nQrs. \nTons. \nO \nc \noooc  oc^ooc \noor-coctocc \nlbs. \ni \nThe gum-trade at Portendick began auspiciously on May 12, 1821. The entire supply of thirty tons had been obtained for the purchase of goods. It was thought prudent not to commence the speculation on too large a scale. This facility may be occasioned, for the moment, by the quarrel between the French and the Moors. If the opportunity is improved, the advantages derivable from it may be permanently realized. The brigantine Tlambletonian, which went up to the Gambia from this place for a cargo, presented an inducement.\nFor extending the enterprise upon which the merchants of St. Mary's would probably act.\nSaturday, June 9th, 1321.\n\nBy letters from the Gambia, of date the 25th ultimo, we learn with much satisfaction that Omar, the Prime Minister of the Trarzhar Moors, had arrived at Bathurst for the purpose of making arrangements with the merchants for the supply of Gum Arabic at Portendick. He manifested the greatest anxiety to establish this trade with the English on the firmest basis. Upwards of twenty tons of gum had arrived, and Young Frederick was taken up for another trip.\n\nSaturday, April 21st, 1821.\n[Extracts from Private Letters]\nBathurst, St. Mary's, Gambia, 18th March.\n\nA very respectable and intelligent trader just arrived from a commercial expedition up the river as far as Kyhp, above 500 miles from this place, states that, according to the latest information, the king of the country above intends to make war upon the French, and that the English factory at Kyhp is in a state of preparation for defense. He also reports that the country above is very rich in gold and ivory, and that the people are disposed to trade with us. He has brought with him a large quantity of ivory, which he intends to sell to the merchants.\nThe best information he could collect, not as many slaves have gone from the river this year as during the past. Native slave traders do not know what to do with the many they have at times. The slaves are taken over land to Bissao, and those procured lower down the river are often conveyed to a Portuguese settlement or rather a small trade factory in the Cassamanca river called Sicinstrow. In some instances, these are also taken over land to the Portuguese settlements at Bissao and Cacheo. Above Kyha, and even lower down, the trade of the river has been interrupted, and the price of produce has been increased by a war which the natives of Kabu, who live much higher up than Kyha (a Mandingo community on the opposite side of the river), have made on the natives of N'Yani. They made war.\nThe Kabu people procured slaves by killing those above twenty years of age and securing little girls and boys from villages they attacked. They plundered villages, making attacks generally at night, resulting in many deaths on both sides. The N'Yani people did not take slaves to European slave factories but disposed of them for horses or employed them as domestic servants among themselves or natives of other parts of the country. The Kabu people prevented the N'Yani from crossing the river and carrying their slaves to the Portuguese.\n\nTwo days before anchoring here, we encountered a pretty brigantine under French colors, the noted Marie Paul, previously noticed in Sierra Leone.\nThe Gazette was bound to the Cassamanca river for corn. The officers of the Snapper examined the papers. It is ascertained here that she carried off a cargo of slaves from Bissao to Martinique around the end of the year; and it is fully believed that she is now bound to the same place for another supply. She was last from Goree to St. Jago; but it is only a few weeks ago that she was at Senegal, and it is not many days since emissaries were in this river, endeavoring to collect slaves to be taken for her to the Cassamanca river. This Marie Paul actually belongs to four individuals who are well known to be connected with the civil administration of the French African settlements. Furthermore, I am assured that the merchants of the French settlements are all more or less engaged in the traffic. They form themselves into companies.\nCompanies, and there is not a person who possesses a little property that is not a slave holder.\n\nAppendix, by\nAccounts from the English Colony in South Africa.\n\nMonday, November 19th, 1821.\n\nThe intelligence from this colony is contradictory. Some accounts say that the new colonists were generally disheartened with their enterprise. Others, that many of them had surmounted the dangers and fatigues incident to new settlements, were beginning to live comfortably, and were rapidly subduing the forests and wild lands. This colony is said to be from 520 to 560 miles long, and from 200 to 315 miles wide. The English families which have emigrated here number 5,000. Before they arrived, the population consisted of 22,000 whites (principally Dutch) and 38,000 Africans, principally Hottentots and Caifres. The British Missionaries are said to be very active.\nFrom the Morning Chronicle, Sefton, July 22, 1821: A new source of commerce has arisen in the West India islands of great importance due to the operation of the Navigation Act. Cargoes of corn have arrived from the coast of Africa, which will amply repay the importer at the price of one quarter dollar per bushel. This corn is described as being of good quality, similar to the flat corn of the Northern States of America, but with a smaller and whiter kernel.\nAfter the enactment of numerous laws for the suppression of the slave trade on May 15, 1820, an act was passed containing the following sections:\n\nExtract from \"An act to continue in force an act to protect the commerce of the United States, and punish the crime of piracy,\" and also to make further provision for punishing the crime of piracy.\n\nSection 4. And it was further enacted, that if any citizen of the United States, being part of the crew or ship's company, of any foreign ship or vessel engaged in the slave trade, or any person on board such ship or vessel, should be found in the United States, they should be liable to the penalties prescribed by the laws of the United States against piracy.\nAny crew member or individual, belonging to any United States-owned ship or vessel, or navigated for or on behalf of any United States citizen, who lands on a foreign shore and seizes a Negro or mulatto not enslaved by the laws of the United States or the relevant state or territory, with the intent to make such person a slave, or decoyes, forcibly brings or carries, or receives such person on board any such ship or vessel with the same intent, shall be deemed a pirate. Conviction of this offense before the United States Circuit Court for the district where it occurs will result in the death penalty.\n\nFurther enacted, any United States citizen who...\nAny United States citizen, part of the crew or company of a foreign ship or vessel engaged in the slave trade, or any person whatsoever part of the crew or ship's company of any ship or vessel owned wholly or in part, or navigated for, or on behalf of, any citizen or citizens of the United States, shall forcibly confine or detain, or aid and abet in forcibly confining or detaining, any negro or mulatto not held to service by the laws of either of the states or territories of the United States, with intent to make such negro or mulatto a slave. Or shall, on board any such ship or vessel, offer or attempt to sell, or on the high seas or any where on tide water, transfer or deliver over any such negro or mulatto.\nSince January 1820, numerous slave vessels have been captured by the United States cruisers and brought in for adjudication. Others have been detained and likely deterred from prosecuting their nefarious purposes by the vigilance of our brave naval officers, sent to the coast of\n\nA mulatto not held to service, as aforesaid, with intent to make such negro or mulatto a slave, or shall land or deliver on shore, from on board any such ship or vessel, any such negro or mulatto, with intent to make sale of, or having previously sold, such negro or mulatto as a slave, such citizen or person shall be adjudged a pirate. On conviction thereof, before the circuit court of the United States for the district wherein he shall bring or be found, shall suffer death.\n\nExecution of the Preceding Laws.\n\nSince January 1820, numerous slave vessels have been captured by the United States cruisers and brought in for adjudication. Others have been detained and likely deterred from prosecuting their nefarious purposes by the vigilance of our brave naval officers, sent to the coast of Africa.\nAfrica. Much credit is due to them for their indefatigable exertions in enforcing those laws. It is ascertained by the perusal of a file of the \"Royal Gazette,\" published at Sierra Leone from January 1820 to June 1821. During that time, His B.M. Cruisers under the command of Sir George Collier captured nearly twenty slave vessels, which were condemned at Sierra Leone and their crews punished; these vessels contained from one to two thousand Africans.\n\nThus, by the philanthropy of the American and British governments, and the indefatigable vigilance of their naval commanders; together with the benevolent operations of the African Institution and American Colonization Society: considerable has been done toward destroying the ban on Africa and the opprobrium of the world.\n\nFrom the Missionary Register, for March 1821.\n\nThe Second of Sir George Collier's Reports.\nSlave Trade on the Windward Coast of Africa, mentioned at p. 5 of the Survey, provides interesting particulars on the state of the Slave Trade and the character of the Krew (or Igbo) People.\n\nSlave Trade on the Windward Coast: From the shoals of Cape Ann to Cape Palmas, the southern pitch of the Windward Coast, Slave-Factories have been maintained, with the exception of that part which gives birth to a most industrious race of people, called Krew Men. These men are well known by every description of vessel on the whole line of coast, whether coming there for general traffic or for the purchase of Slaves.\n\nThe towns of the Krew (or Igbo) Men are marked on the charts by the name of Krew and Settera Krew. North of Settera Krew, to the very verge of our Sierra Leone southern boundaries, there are Slave depots established.\nThe small river of Gallinas, between Cape Mount and St. Ann's shoals, is the first establishment of this sort. At Cape Mount, a Chief calling himself King Peter resides; and here vessels of all nations occasionally resort for excellent anchorage in the dry season. The same can be said of Cape Mesurado, though somewhat more exposed. From thence to Settara Krew, little protection is afforded to vessels anchoring, and the ground is generally interrupted by rocks. But every tall tree marks where a Slave-factory once stood; and where Slaves may still be procured, if previous notice is given. From the Krew Country to Cape Palmas, very little Slaving is carried on; and the cultivation of rice and pepper, and the collecting of ivory, appear to require only a con. (It seems that the last sentence is incomplete and may not make much sense as it stands, so I will leave it as is without attempting to clean it up further.)\n\nCleaned Text: The small river of Gallinas, between Cape Mount and St. Ann's shoals, is the first establishment of slave trading. At Cape Mount, a Chief named King Peter resides; and here vessels of all nations occasionally resort for excellent anchorage in the dry season. The same can be said of Cape Mesurado, though somewhat more exposed. From thence to Settara Krew, little protection is afforded to vessels anchoring, and the ground is generally interrupted by rocks. But every tall tree marks where a Slave-factory once stood; and where Slaves may still be procured, if previous notice is given. From the Krew Country to Cape Palmas, very little Slaving is carried on; and the cultivation of rice and pepper, and the collecting of ivory, appear to require only a small workforce.\nThe encouragement received by the natives in Sierra Leone to forego the slave trade altogether is being sustained. The palm oil, camwood, and ivory trade is improving from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points on the Gold Coast. With the government's encouragement, commerce will not only increase but result in a profitable trade to Great Britain once the slave trade north of the line is completely abolished. The tobacco of the Brazils, rolled into rolls, is one of the articles most in demand among natives; merchants must have it as none other will be accepted in barter by native traders. Along this great extent of coast, foreign vessels frequently anchor. Their objective is unlawful and cannot be doubted. In all those I examined.\nThis coast's situation and connection are such that when a vessel is at Mesurado intending to take in a cargo of Slaves, and a man-of-war appears to windward off the River Galinas or is observed examining a ship at the anchorage off Cape Mount, the signal by fires is immediately made. The entire coast is thus apprised, and precautions are taken to avoid detection by going off the coast. If Slaves are embarked or still on shore, they are kept there till the result of the vessel's examination. For Slaves have been known.\nVessels fitted for Slaving, having no other object, should not be permitted to anchor on this coast. It is unnecessary for them to do so in their course to the Slave Trade permitted parts of Africa, and it does not provide an apology for watering. Until ships fitted evidently for Slaving are subject to confiscation north of the Line, and until this practice is effectively addressed, the issue persists.\nThe carrying or trading in Slaves illegally shall be declared piracy. Men of most European Nations will be found ready to engage in this most detestable traffic.\n\nAccount of the Kievr (or Kroo) Mlicu\n\nI do not know the precise boundaries of the country possessed by the Krew Men. The anchorage off their towns is not the best, and the beach here is broken by several clusters of rocks. I attempted a landing in the Tartar's life-boat, but the excessive surf forbade it. As I was not at that time acquainted with the coast nor the character of the natives, I judged it prudent to relinquish my intention of visiting their Chief. In all visits of Europeans to these people, presents of cloths and spirits (and these frequently to some amount) are indispensable to ensure civil reception and a safe return. Without these, an European would not be received civilly and would risk danger.\nAn African chief views all visitors as intruders or spies. The Kru people, who are the most intelligent class of Africans, are unfortunately governed by a most arbitrary chief. They are of a race entirely different from their northern neighbors, and excepting the woolly head, have none of the characteristics of the Negro. The forehead is large and bold, the eye intelligent, the nose not infrequently prominent, the teeth regular and beautifully white, and the lips not so thick as the more southern Negro. The face of the Kru man is, however, always disfigured with a broad black line from the forehead down to the nose; and the barb of an arrow, as such, on each side of the temple. This is so decisively the Kru Mark that instances have occurred of these men being claimed and redeemed from Slavery, only from bearing this characteristic.\nThe mark of independence is not unusual for vessels under the Portuguese, Spanish, and British flags (and it was common formerly with the British) to invite entire canoe-crews on board and carry the whole crew into slavery. This occurred very recently on the Gold Coast, in the case of a vessel under Spanish and American Colors. The complexion of the Crew Men varies much, from a dark brown to a perfect black; yet, in all, the Crew Mark is distinguishing. It is formed by a number of small punctures in the skin; and fixed irremovably, by being rubbed, when newly punctured, with a composition of bruised gunpowder and palm oil. The body is usually marked in a very extraordinary manner, and by the like means.\n\nThe general stature of the Crew Man is about the middle size, and of very athletic form: he is hardy and robust.\nA person of most excellent disposition, clear comprehensive understanding, and greatly attached to the Naval Service of Great Britain; many of these people are hired during the customary period of His Majesty's Ships remaining on the coast. However, they will not engage for an unlimited time, nor willingly serve during the seasons of rains, preferring their own country and complaining of the want of clothing as the rains set in. If exposed to these, they are subject to agues, of a lasting, though not of a very violent description. The attachment of these people to the English is unbounded; their confidence in a British Naval Officer so great that to some of them, whom from ill health it was necessary to part with, the Commodore's promise was sufficient.\nWages should either be sent to them if not given to their Headman or Captain, or left with the Governor of Sierra Leone for their use, was satisfactory. I found some Krewe Men in distress at St. Thomas's and at Princess Island, begging for a passage to their native country; and complaining of having been turned on shore from English and Danish Vessels, and without compensation.\n\nWhen these men are embarked, a Headman usually accompanies them; and he becomes responsible for their return. In their absence, their wives and children are put in care of the Pines or magistrates of the country; and one half of the earnings of each man is claimed by the King or Chief, as remuneration for the care and expense of his family during his absence. The slightest attempt at fraud in the payment is punished with certain death.\nThe Headman on board the Tartar expressed concerns over the confiscation of the delinquents' property and other arbitrary proceedings of their King. The Krew Men, who spoke the English language with some correctness, communicated their distresses and desires to us.\n\nLike all uneducated Natives of Africa, the Krew Men were extremely superstitious. Fetishism, the prevailing form of religion along the entire sea coast, was the most barbarous idolatry. To protect them from the power of the Evil Spirit, whom they dreaded as the author or agent of all calamity, the Chief Priest sold amulets or charms to the Krew Men.\nThe Krew Men highly value amulets or charms, believed to possess all the virtue necessary for protection. Among all, they hold the skin of a weasel, badger, or martin in the highest esteem. This amulet is stuffed and covered, worn round the neck. An uneducated Krew Man, in possession of this treasure, faces any danger or encounters any peril, however great. If he falls under the paw of the country's hyena or is caught within the jaw of the shark (abundant in the sea), his friends consider him to have offended his Fetish, either through inattention, lack of faith, or neglecting to dedicate a share of every meal to him. I mention this to illustrate their strong adherence to superstitions.\nThe Krewe country is rich in grain, and their shores abound in fish. They are fond of agriculture and their habits are industrious. Their perfect knowledge of the English language is remarkable. The goodwill of their chief might be easily procured, and their High Priest himself could be brought to consider the improvement of his fortune more valuable than his present superstition. These people are in all respects superior to every other class of natives of Africa. They are not permitted by their laws to engage in the Slave Trade, yet they cannot often resist the temptation offered by Europeans and others, and their assistance is frequently very important.\n\nAppendix: Miscellanies\n\nDreadful Occurrence.\n\nIn further accumulation of the horrors incident to the Slave trade, we have to notice the fate of the Spanish slaves.\nThe schooner Carlota, which sank a few days ago off the Gallinas, carried a full complement of slaves on board. This vessel was one of several brought here collectively about twelve months ago by H.M. ship Myrmidon, Captain Leeke, and H.M. ship Morgiana, Captain Sandilands. The Carlota was in some ambiguous situation as a kind of prize to a kind of cruiser, flying Artigas colors. After some investigation, both were allowed to sail; and the Carlota, it appears, returned to Havana to refit for another slaving voyage, on which she was permitted to proceed, notwithstanding the expiration of the time limited by treaty for the total abolition on Spain's part.\n\nThe Carlota sailed from Havana and was found at [unknown location]\nSir George Collier's account of the Gallinas: The cargo of the Carlota was on shore, appearing to be in the process of slave barter. The Commodore took her as far as Cape Coast, authenticated some papers to show the illegality of her voyage, and allowed her to depart. She returned to the Gallinas, took on board two hundred and fifty slaves, and sailed from the coast. However, terrible to relate, before she had proceeded far, she was taken unprepared by a tornado, overset and sank, and all on board perished, with the exception of twelve. Three Spanish sailors belonging to the vessel arrived a few days later in a small boat in a wretchedly exhausted condition. They were immediately placed in the colony.\nTwo soldiers have died in the military hospital despite great attention and kind treatment. Two others have been captured at Bonny, Africa, by the British vessels Tartar and Thistle. One was a schooner with many heavy guns and an abundance of small arms manned by about fifty \"most desperate fellows unhung.\" The account says. This vessel had Spanish colors, but the crew, by their language, were chiefly American or English, who looked fearfully towards their well-earned reward, the gallows. On board this vessel there was: (omitted)\nThere were 450 slaves, among whom dysentery already prevailed, causing many to die. The dead and dying were mixed together. The other was under the Portuguese flag and had only just commenced business, with only about 100 slaves on board. In the former, the women, said to be comfortably stowed, had a room four feet high, sixteen feet long, and nine feet wide to sleep in. One hundred of them were crammed into this place, where the thermometer stood at 100\u00b0. We pray that in some of the captures made, evidence may be had to commit some of the principals in this nefarious trade. The execution of a dozen or two of persons living in the United States would do much to check it and save hundreds of lives in a year.\n\nNiks' Register\nFrom the New Monthly Magazine, for Sept. 1821, p. 455.\nAccounts from Africa have been received from Sierra Leone. They relate to the mission of a Mr. O'Beirne, who had been sent to form friendly commercial relations with some of the native powers. It appears that he entered the Limba country by Laiah, a town about 20 miles from the river, which bounds the Timmanee country. The chiefs treated him kindly; and the chief of Port Logo especially, who accompanied him to Woolla, and sent his brother with him to Kookoona. From the latter place he proceeded to the Foulah frontier.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "eng", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1821", "subject": ["Peace", "Pacifism", "War"], "title": "Address delivered at the fifth anniversary of the Massachusetts Peace Society, December 25th, 1820", "creator": "Quincy, Josiah, 1772-1864", "lccn": "10034770", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "fedlink", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST010593", "call_number": "9161868", "identifier_bib": "00332661966", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "note": "If you have a question or comment about this digitized item from the collections of the Library of Congress, please use the Library of Congress \u201cAsk a Librarian\u201d form: <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html\">https://www.loc.gov/rr/askalib/ask-internetarchive.html</a>", "publisher": "Cambridge, [Mass.] : Printed by Hilliard & Metcalf", "references": "Shoemaker 6579", "associated-names": "Massachusetts Peace Society; Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress); Israel Thorndike Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress); YA Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress); Peace Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)", "description": "32 p. ; 21 cm", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "19", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2019-02-12 12:39:17", "updatedate": "2019-02-12 13:51:37", "updater": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "identifier": "addressdelivered00quin", "uploader": "associate-mike-saelee@archive.org", "addeddate": "2019-02-12 13:51:42", "operator": "associate-richard-greydanus@archive.org", "tts_version": "2.1-final-2-gcbbe5f4", "camera": "Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control)", "scanner": "scribe2.capitolhill.archive.org", "imagecount": "44", "scandate": "20190403160421", "ppi": "300", "republisher_operator": "associate-leah-mabaga@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20190404123949", "republisher_time": "182", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/addressdelivered00quin", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t1vf4db3q", "scanfee": "300;10.7;214", "invoice": "36", "openlibrary_edition": "OL23139000M", "openlibrary_work": "OL1533414W", "curation": "[curator]associate-manuel-dennis@archive.org[/curator][date]20190508171626[/date][state]approved[/state][comment]invoice201904[/comment]", "sponsordate": "20190430", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:85890841", "backup_location": "ia906807_21", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "65", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "ADDRESS Delivered at the Fifth Anniversary of the Massachusetts Peace December 25, 1820 by Hon. Josiah Quincy Published at the request of the Society Cambridge: Printed by Hilliard and Metcalf\n\nThe records of history embrace a period of six thousand years, abounding in war, battle, and slaughter, with occasional and local intervals of short and feverish peace; in which nations seem to stay rather than rest; stopping to pant, and to gain breath for new combats, rather than to form a business state of permanent tranquility. In whatever condition, on whatever soil, under whatever sky, we contemplate man; be he savage or be he civilized; ignorant or enlightened; groping amid the darkness of nature, or rejoicing in the lamp of revealed truth; be it island or continent; sea or shore; wherever multitudes of men have lived or are living, war has been the common condition.\nMen are, or have been, there will be found traces of human blood, shed in inhuman strife; there will be found death, scattered among the races of men, by the hand of brother-man! It is now more than eighteen hundred years since the author and finisher of our faith came, ushered in by an angelic host, proclaiming peace on earth and good will among men; since the Son of God descended from the right hand of the Father, for the great and almost special purpose of enforcing the voice of reason, by the solemn sanction of the command of the Most High, that men love one another. Yet, strange to tell! wonderful! passing wonderful! Scarce three centuries had elapsed from his advent, before the cross, the emblem of his peace and his love, became the standard and escutcheon of wars, as fierce and as bloody, as the crescent, the emblem of hate.\n\nTherefore, the cross, which should have been a symbol of peace and love, had become a symbol of war and hatred.\nAnd yet, despite science having poured its mild and radiant stream of light into every sense and upon every land for almost four centuries, sixty thousand men dead on the field of Waterloo likely only ended, for a short, passing period, a war of twenty years' continuance. Such is the scene that the mind seizes as it casts a bird's eye glance along the horizon of human history.\n\nIn this actual condition of our nature, Mr. President and gentlemen of the Massachusetts Peace Society, you have united to try the strength of public associations against this natural tendency of our race to war; to attempt by combination and cooperative efforts.\nThe mild, virtuous, religious, and humane should exert efforts to calm this turbulent scene; to limit or, if heaven pleases, annihilate the influence of the propensity to mutual destruction, universal and scarcely less than innate in our species. Under what auspices? With what hopes? From what circumstance in the social, moral, or intellectual condition of man do your endeavors derive encouragement or even countenance? Is man less selfish, less craving, less ambitious, less vindictive now than formerly? If all the old ingredients which compose human nature are still boiling in the crucible, what reason to expect that future experiments will materially differ from the past? If in every nation, under heaven, there be, at this day, ten thousand times more swords than ploughshares; more spears than prunings.\nIf, wherever war is taught as a science, and success in it is the theme of the sober applause of the few, and the mad exultation of the many; on what ground rests the opinion that any, much less every, nation of the earth will abandon a system which, from the beginning of the world has been, and to this hour is, among all nations, a chief object of pursuit, and the principal foundation of pride and glory? If all, or at least, if the greater part of nations do not concur in abandoning this system, can any one nation abandon it safely?\n\nThese are questions which the spirit of patriotism asks, half doubting, half consenting, as it ponders purposes such as yours, noble, generous, elevated, in their conception and principle, yet apparently repugnant to the known propensities of our species.\nContravening the established course of human conduct in every period of history are questions that the spirit of war asks, half fearing, half sneering, as it stands, with nostril wide and upturned, into the murky air, scenting its prey. To some of these questions, I shall attempt an answer and to all of them allude. I consider the causes of war among nations and the circumstances in the condition of the civilized world, which afford better ground of hope than ever before existed, of greatly limiting its ravages, and even of restraining them altogether; and hence offer to you, gentlemen, some encouragements for perseverance, and to your fellow citizens some reasons for cooperating in the objects and labors of your society.\n\nIn all experience and stories, the great [---] says.\nBacon, as Lord Verulam, you shall find but three things that prepare and dispose an estate for war: the ambition of governors, a state of soldiery professed, and the hard means to live among many subjects; whereof the last is the most forcible and the most constant. In reference to these causes of war, it may be asserted, without any overweening zeal, which men call enthusiasm, and independent of the character or promises of our religion, that three facts exist in the nature of man and in the condition of society, which give rational ground for the opinion that they will be gradually limited in their influence, and may be made ultimately to cease altogether. The first fact is, that man is a being capable of intellectual and moral improvement; and that this is true both of the individual and of the species.\nThe second fact is that intellectual and moral improvement of our species has advanced in this very direction and on this very subject; wars being, in fact, far less bloody, and conducted on principles, more mild than was the approved usage in former periods of society. The third fact is that the intellectual and moral influences, which have arisen and are extending themselves in the world, necessarily lead to a favorable change in all the enumerated causes on which the existence of war depends: repressing the ambition of rulers; diminishing the influence of the soldiery; and ameliorating the condition of the multitude. I shall not undertake to prove that man is a being capable of moral improvement; and that this is true both of the individual and the species.\nThe species is the voice of all history and experience. The second fact will not require much more explanation. A brief recapitulation of the temper and principles prevalent in war at former times will make its truth apparent. The earliest record of wars is that of the Israelites, about fifteen centuries before the Christian era. Upon taking a city, they destroyed men, women, and little ones. Sometimes the people were made tributaries and slaves. At others, nothing that breathed was left alive. Notwithstanding this, it does not appear that there was anything peculiarly savage in the character of the Israelites. Although they acted under a sense of the divine command, yet there can be no doubt that the principles on which they conducted their wars were perfectly in unison with the general rules of warfare.\nHomer, next to the sacred writers, is deemed to give authentic accounts of the manners of the earliest times. He witnesses that our species had made no material or moral improvement in the principles regulating the state of war, during the three or four centuries which elapsed between the invasion of Canaan and the siege of Troy. Chieftains stole into each other's camps and massacred the sleeping in cold blood. Captives were immolated to the manes of Patroclus. The dead body of Hector was dragged in triumph about the walls of his native city, in the sight of his bereaved parents, consort, and countrymen.\n\nDuring the entire period of ancient history, the rights of war included the right of extermination, as inherent in the conqueror, and in the vanquished.\nThere were no rights; neither of life, liberty, nor property. The ancient form of society made no difference in the effectiveness and universality of this principle. Kings, emperors, consuls, were all occupied in one chief concern: that of training and fleshing out their followers to the sport of destroying the human species, under the name of enemies. Republics were, in this respect, no better than monarchies, and precisely for the same reason: because in those, as in these, the many were needy and ignorant, and the few, cunning, ambitious, and interested.\n\nIt is necessary only to state these facts to convince every mind that war is conducted in a better temper and is of a milder aspect in present times than in former.\nIt is important to note that the improvement in the conduct of wars has primarily resulted from the enhanced intellectual and moral condition of mankind, rather than directly from the military class itself. Almost all advancements in the art of war can be attributed to the influence of domestic life on the warrior. His concern for character at home and the fear of incurring contempt and shame among his countrymen have been the chief factors in this amelioration. European armies, in the present day, exhibit nearly, if not quite, the same wanton and licentious behavior in the field as they did in the past. Love of plunder remains as strong in the breasts of modern warriors as it was in those of ancient ones. They have no less shame now than they had then.\nIn ancient times, those who grew rich on the spoils of conquest considered it a great and glorious matter to go to war, even if they were beggars beforehand. However, the spirit of ancient warfare has been significantly restrained in modern days due to the improved moral sense and the direct moral influence of men in civil life. This moral sense is not yet elevated enough to be offended by military men bringing home gold, silver, and merchandise plundered from enemies. Consequently, military men grasp at these with avidity.\n\nBut the moral sense of the period reluctantly accepts the perpetuation of the miseries of conquest upon the vanquished. Therefore, military men no longer bring home captive females as mistresses.\nAn exception must be made to these remarks, in relation to that strange, mysterious, semi-savage code, called the law of honor. However criminal, in a moral, and however ridiculous, in an intellectual point of view, this code of unwritten law has had a favorable effect, in softening and elevating the military character. The necessity of killing, or being killed, which this law prescribes, at the call of any one who may deem himself injured or insulted, has had a direct tendency to curb the insolence and overbearing humor natural to men, exposed to the temptations inseparable from military life.\nThe law of restriction influences those who recognize no law contrary to their officer's will, kept in awe only by the apprehension of personal danger. The law of honor puts every military man at the mercy of anyone who calls him to combat, resulting in them becoming a law to themselves through fear of consequences. The law's operation has conformed to the anticipations of the iron-clad legislators who promulgated it; the perpetual appeal to personal danger, which this law establishes, operating in most cases like a charm on these fighting spirits. Although fear is not admitted into the military code, experience shows that it is found in military men.\nall dangers, except those which are included in their contract with their commander, and in those to which habit has made them familiar, this class trembles quite as much as other philosophers. Another effect of this code has been that, under its influence, fighting and killing one another is no longer, even in the field, a matter of blood, but a matter of business. Military men are cool when they contract to do the work of slaughter; and as cool as nature and nerve will permit, when they are performing the task. Under this law, ancient friends, when engaged in opposite service, meet and endeavor to kill one another, without any impeachment of mutual love and friendship. If both survive, their harmony is unbroken, by this mutual attempt on each other\u2019s life. If either falls, the survivor, perhaps, builds a monument to his memory.\nOry and others mourn him as a brother. Military men, and those who occasionally adopt their practice in civil life, no longer slay one another in a passion. Though their business is, as much as ever, to stab, shoot, and kill, yet this is not done with savage looks and barbarous rites, but with a fashionable air and in a gentlemanly way. They meet, are measured and civil in their deportment; they kill or are killed. When the life of either is gone, the affair is over. They no longer deny honorable burial. They cut off no hands or ears. They take no scalps. They thrust no thongs through the feet of the dead and drag the body in triumph at their chariot wheels. These advances, although not great, are yet somewhat. As far as they extend, they indicate a degree of moral improvement; some mitigation of the calamity.\nBut the great and only sure ground of hope for amelioration in relation to these objects rests on the improving moral and intellectual condition of mankind. The third and most material fact to be illustrated was, that such intellectual and moral influences are extending themselves in society; and necessarily lead to a change in all the enumerated causes on which the existence of war depends.\n\nBut first, is it true that moral and intellectual influences are extending themselves in society? Is it true that we enjoy a brighter intellectual day and a purer moral sky than anterior periods of the world? Can anyone ask; dare anyone ask; whose hands hold the page of history, and whose minds are capable of reflecting on this question?\nAt what previous time did the world exhibit the scenes we witness today? When did science present itself to the entire community as an inheritance and right? When, for the purpose of arresting the general ear and promoting universal comprehension of its precepts, did it adapt its instructions to every form of intellect, every stage of human life, every class of social being? Science existed in former times, but where? In the grove of Acadia with Plato, pondering the soul of the universe. In convents among cowled monks and fasting friars. In colleges, accessible only to the favored few. Iron-clasped and iron-bound in black letter folios. Locked in dead languages. Repelling all but the initiated.\nWhere exists science now? No more immured in cells; no more strutting, with pedant air and forbidding looks, in secluded halls. It adapts itself to real life; to use; and to man. It prattles with the baby. It takes the infant on its knee. It joins the play of youth. It rejoices with the young man, in his strength. It is the companion of manhood; the solace and the joy of the hoary head. It is to be seen, not only in the fields, leaning on the plough; at the workbench, directing the plane and the saw; in the high places of the city, converting, by their wealth and their liberality, merchants into princes; in the retirement of domestic life, refining by the aid of taste and knowledge the virtues of a sex, in whose purity and elevation man attains, at once, the noblest earthly reward, and the highest.\nearthly  standard  of  his  moral  and  intellectual  nature. \nScience  no  more  works  as  formerly  in  abstruse  forms, \nand  with  abstract  essences  ;  but,  in  a  business  way  ; \nseeking  what  is  true  and  what  is  useful  ;  purifying, \nelevating,  and  thus  producing,  by  degrees,  slow  in\u00ac \ndeed,  but  sure,  a  level  of  intellect  in  the  whole  mass  ; \nsuited  to  the  state,  and  illustrative  of  the  relations  and \nduties,  of  all  the  parts,  of  which  it  is  composed. \nIf  this  be  true  of  the  intellectual  state  of  the  period, \nwhat  shall  we  say  of  the  moral  ?  Can  knowledge \nadvance  and  virtue  be  retrograde  ?  Grant  that  this \nis  sometimes  the  case  in  individuals  ;  are  these  in\u00ac \nstances  examples  of  the  general  rule  ;  or  exceptions \nto  it?  Are  such  unions  of  corrupt  hearts,  with  ele\u00ac \nvated  intellects,  not  rather  monsters,  than  natural \nforms  of  being  ?  If  knowledge  be  a  right  comprehen\u00ac \nIs the belief in the coincidence of happiness and duty not derived from the natural world and the true relationships of things? Is it not as clear in nature as it is in scripture that \"the paths of wisdom are pleasantness and peace\"? If a wise and good God has created the structure of nature, can becoming acquainted with that structure result in anything other than a perception of those attributes that define his character and the eternal connection among them; and consequently, among similar attributes belonging to man, though feeble, but in kind, emanations and prototypes of those of the Deity?\n\nHowever, these are general reasoning. Let us consider facts.\n\nThere was a period in which men worshipped various deities.\nIn Greece, in civilized intellectual Greece, three-quarters were slaves, holding life at the capricious will of their masters; those proud masters themselves the slaves of ignorance and dupes of priestcraft \u2014 fluctuating between external war and internal commotion; anarchy and tyranny. In Rome, in its best days, polluted by the abomination of domestic slavery, waging eternal war with the world, offering only the alternative of subjection or extermination; rude in arts, with no philosophy, and a religion, whose gods and ceremonies make one blush, or shudder.\n\"In more recent and modern times, what scenes of confusion, persecution and distraction! Kings tyrannizing over people! Priests over kings! Men the property of every petty chieftain. I Justice perverted. Christianity corrupted.\n\nDetail is needless. It is enough to state the facts. We all feel the moral advancement of the present period of society.\n\nHow have the useful and elegant arts been advanced! With what skill nature is made subservient to the wants, conveniences, and refinement of life.\n\nIt is unnecessary to recapitulate. We all realize the change; and that it is great and wonderful; not sudden, but progressive.\n\nIf such be the fact, why should not the future correspond with the past? Why should not the species continue to advance? Is nature exhausted? Or is there any evidence of failure, in the faculties,\"\ndiminution  in  the  stimulus  of  man  ?  On  the  contrary, \nwhat  half  century  can  pretend  to  vie,  with  the  last,  in \nimprovement  in  the  arts,  advancement  in  the  sciences, \nin  zeal  and  success  of  intellectual  labours  ?  Time \nwould  fail  before  all  could  be  enumerated.  Let  one \ninstance  suffice,  and  that  in  our  own  country. \nScarcely  ten  years  have  elapsed,  since  the  projects \nof  Fulton  were  the  common  sneer  of  multitudes  both \nin  Europe  and  America ;  and  those  not  composed  of \nthe  most  ignorant  classes  of  society.  He,  indeed,  has \nalready  joined  the  great  congregation  of  departed \n*  See  Fox\u2019s  lectures  on  the  corruption,  revival  ami  future  in\u00ac \nfluence  of  genuine  Christianity,  p.  239. \nmen  of  genius  ;  but  where  are  his  inventions  ?  Pene\u00ac \ntrating  the  interior  of  this  new  world  ;  smoking  along \nour  rivers  ;  climbing,  without  canvass,  the  mountains \nThe deep sea carries commerce and comforts, unknown and unanticipated, to inland regions, and already establishing a new era in navigation and new facilities for human intercourse; incalculable in benefits and in consequences. So far from having any reason to believe that the progress of human improvement is stationary or that it is henceforth to be retrograde, there is just reason to believe that intellectual and moral improvement and social comforts are to advance, with a rapidity and universality, never before witnessed. There are two coexisting facts, peculiar and characteristic of the present age; which encourage this belief. The first is the universal diffusion of knowledge, to which allusion has already been made. The second is the facility with which this diffusion is effected. All the improvements of man\u2019s social, moral and intellectual life.\nIn former ages, the intellectual condition occurred under a state of things where intellect, morals, and comforts were the monopoly of the few. In every country, the mass of society was oppressed by thrones and dominations, and military despotism. At the present day, the many are everywhere rising into influence and power. Moral and intellectual cultivation is no longer restricted to a few favored individuals; it is offered to the whole species. The light and warmth of science are permitted to penetrate the lowest strata of society, reaching depths never before explored, and there expanding seeds of improvement, whose existence was absolutely unknown. The press, by its magic power, almost annihilates time and space in its rapid spread, pervading all areas.\nEvery class and every climate; making, more and more, mutual acquaintance, commercial interchange, and intellectual intercourse, the strong ties of peace among nations; approximating the world to a state of general society; in which the bond of man to man is recognized; and humanity is becoming, every day, less and less the dupe of intrigue and artifice. States touch each other, no longer, only at those corrupt and irritable points called king, noble, or chieftain. Mind embraces mind, in spite of intervening seas or wildernesses. An allegiance to intellect, to morals, and religion, begins to be acknowledged among multitudes, in every land, which is undermining that false and artificial allegiance, by which mankind have, at former periods, in the train and at the beck of statesmen and warriors, been dashed against each other.\nContrary to the law of their God and nature, if these views are true, do they not justify the opinion that the progress of moral and intellectual improvement will continue; that it is advancing? If advancing, in what course and in what direction? Can it be doubted that the first and necessary effect of this progress of society must be the amelioration of the condition of the multitude; in other words, removing the \"hard means to live,\" which is declared by Lord Bacon to be \"the most forcible and the most constant of all the causes, which prepare and dispose an estate for war?\" That this must be the first and necessary effect of a high moral and intellectual state, generally produced, is self-evident. Nor is the tendency of such a condition of knowledge and virtue to repress the ambition of rulers.\nIn proportion as a people become wise and virtuous, they must incline to be ruled by men of such character. Rulers themselves must necessarily partake of the renovated condition of mankind. In elective governments, none but the good and wise would be elected, or if elected, continue in influence for a short time. In hereditary governments, monarchs and nobles would be influenced by the virtues of their subjects, or at least compelled to pay them the homage of hypocrisy. Thus, the second enumerated cause of war, \"the ambition of rulers,\" must, by necessary consequence, find its antidote in the moral and intellectual condition of the people.\n\nAs to the third cause of war, \"a state of soldiery professed,\" in other words, the influence of the military, this factor would be mitigated by the following considerations. First, the military would be subject to the same moral and intellectual influences as the rest of the population. Second, the military would serve as a protective force for the people, rather than a source of oppression. Third, the military would be integrated into the civil society, rather than being a separate and distinct class. Fourth, the military would be subject to the same laws and regulations as the civilian population, ensuring that their actions were accountable and just. Finally, the military would be trained to uphold the values of the society, rather than being a threat to them. Therefore, the influence of the military would not be a cause of war, but rather a means of maintaining peace and order.\nA tarry class, a state of society, such as I have described, and as we have reason to anticipate, will not so much diminish its influence as annihilate the whole class, by rendering it useless. When there is no employment and no hope of it, for the military class, it can have no continuance. A highly moral and intellectual people would not endure the existence of such a distinct class. They would realize that the principle of military life results in making moral agents into machines; free citizens into slaves; that a soldier, as such, can have no will but his officer\u2019s; knows no law but his commands; with him, conscience has no force; heaven no authority; conduct but one rule, implicit, military obedience. It requires but a very small elevation of the moral and intellectual standard, at present, existing among them.\nMankind, to make them realize the utter incompatibility of the existence of such a class with long continued peace or with that higher moral and intellectual state to which both nature and duty teach man to aspire.\n\nIf it be asked, how a nation, destitute of a military class, can be safe from foreign violence and invasion, it may be answered, first, that the existence of such a class is ever a main inducement both to the one and the other. For either your military force is weaker than your neighbor\u2019s, in which case he is insolent; or it is stronger, in which case you are so; or it is equal, in which case the very uncertainty begets, in both, a spirit of rivalry, of jealousy and of war. Second, that all experience has shown that a well-appointed militia, defending their own altars and homes, is the most effective deterrent against foreign aggression.\nA society that is competent for every purpose of repelling foreign violence and invasion should, thirdly, engage in no intrigues or covet no foreign possessions. It should exemplify in all its conduct a spirit of justice, moderation, and regard for the rights of others. Such conduct would assume a position most favorable to dispose its neighbors to adopt toward it a kind and peaceful demeanor. If it fails, its conduct would be effective in concentrating around it the affections of its own citizens, producing unanimity and vigor in the use of all means necessary for repelling actual invasion.\n\nThe amelioration of the moral and intellectual condition of man is not, however, at this day peculiar to any one nation. In a greater or lesser degree, it is the concern of all.\nIncidentally, all. By commerce, the press, a general acquaintance with each other's languages, similar objects of religious faith, and coinciding interests, the various nations composing the civilized quarters of the globe have mutually elevated and instructed one another. Thought and invention, in any one nation, exist for the common benefit of all. Everywhere the same scenes are passing: people growing more enlightened, more resolved, more powerful. Monarchs more wise, more timid, less arbitrary. In all nations, the multitude is grasping after representative control in the management of state affairs; and sooner or later, they will be successful. Kings begin to realize the necessity.\nThey must feel it more. They cannot choose but to yield to it. The light is too powerful, it cannot be shut out. Knowledge is too penetrating, it cannot be excluded. Let emperors and kings league; let the North pour forth its military hordes. These are only the obstacles appointed by Providence to ensure greater certainty to that universal amelioration of the human condition, to which man is destined, by rendering it slowly and gradually progressive. The enormities of the French revolution evidence the guilt and crime, in which a nation may be involved, by having light and freedom put into its possession before it is prepared to receive them. Monarchs and their hosts are but instruments in the hands of Providence; destined to check the rapidity, not forever to terminate the intellectual progress, of our species. To be effectual and efficient.\nPermanent and slow must be the advance. Fetters must be broken off, by degrees, from nations that have been, for ages, in chains. Light must be poured gradually upon the eye, which is first introduced to the day. This is the law of our nature. This is the course of Providence.\n\nIt is impossible not to perceive that the extension of these influences, among the mass of mankind, must, even in Europe, tend to diminish the recurrence of war. Not only from the reasons and consequences already urged, but also from the actual state of European soldiery; the necessary result of their education, habits, and relations to society. In our own country, accustomed as we are to associate whatever there is of the military character in it with the services and interests of our revolution, or to see it little separated from the virtues and innocence of our soldiers.\ncivil life, we scarcely form an idea of the degraded moral and intellectual condition of the mere soldiery of Europe. Their own statesmen and historians seem at a loss to express their abhorrence of the whole class. Machiavelli, who was himself no enemy to the profession, says, \"War makes thieves. For those who know not how to get their bread in any other way, when they are disbanded and out of employ, disdaining poverty and obscurity, are forced to have recourse to such ways of supporting themselves as generally bring them to the gallows.\" The experience of our own day is not very different. From the revival of the ancient system of buccaneering in the West India seas, and the crimes committed in every part of Europe and America since the cessation of hostilities, it is apparent that those, who cannot earn their living in any other way, when they are discharged and out of service, despising poverty and obscurity, are compelled to resort to such means of subsistence as usually lead them to the gallows.\nWho, no longer able to rob and murder under the sanction of civil society, have at length set up for themselves; and are carrying on their old trade at their own risk and under their own authority. What better can be expected from men, sold like slaves from one despot to another; contracting to do the work of murder for hire, careless for whom, indifferent against whom, or for what, expecting pay and plunder; these assured, asking no further questions. It is impossible, without recurrence to feelings and sentiments of a higher and purer nature than those induced by common life, to do justice to the deep moral depravity and the cruel, bloodstained scenes of ordinary warfare. Alas! How must they be viewed by higher intelligence and virtues!\n\nScience and revelation concur in teaching that this ball of earth, which man inhabits, is not the only one.\nIn the vast expanse of space, there are millions of worlds similar to ours. The sun, the moon, and the seven wandering stars, those twinkling stars, are also worlds. There, undoubtedly, dwell moral and intellectual natures; angelic spirits, engaged in an unending pursuit of truth and duty. They continue to seek, explore, satisfy, and never satiate their ethereal, moral, intellectual thirst. It is delightful for us to learn the will of the Eternal Father; to seek the good, which we should do for their sake and ours. He hides it, and upon finding it, we admire, adore, and praise Him, first and last, midst and without end.\n\nImagine one of these celestial spirits, dedicated to this great purpose, descending upon our globe. By chance, he arrives at an European plain.\nIn the midst of some great battle, where the fate of states and empires hangs in the balance, human eyes behold a scene. Suddenly, the battlefield unfolds before him, astonishing in its glory. A hundred thousand warriors stand face to face, their burnished steel reflecting light, plumes and banners waving in the wind. The hills echo with the noise of moving ranks and squadrons, the neighing and tramping of steeds, the trumpet, drum, and bugle calls.\n\nA momentary pause, a silence, like that which precedes the fall of the thunderbolt, fills the air. In an instant, flash upon flash pours columns of smoke along the plain. The iron tempest sweeps across, heaping man, horse, and car in undistinguished ruin. In shouts of rushing chaos.\nhosts, in shock of breaching steeds, in peals of musketry, in artillery's roar, in sabres' clash, in thick and gathering clouds of smoke and dust, all human eye, ear, and sense are lost. Man sees not, but the sign of onset. Man hears not, but the cry of onward.\n\nNot so, the celestial stranger. His spiritual eye, unobscured by artificial night, his spiritual ear, unaffected by mechanic noise, witnesses the real scene, naked, in all its cruel horrors.\n\nHe sees lopped and bleeding limbs scattered, gashed, dismembered trunks, outspread, gore-clotted, lifeless. Brains bursting from crushed skulls; blood gushing from sabered necks; severed heads, whose mouths mutter rage, amidst the palsying of the last agony.\n\nHe hears the mingled cry of anguish and despair, issuing from a thousand bosoms, in which a thousand voices scream.\nIf the cries of anguish from the heaps of mangled, half-expiring victims do not abate, and the heavy artillery wheels lumber and crush them into one mass of bone, muscle, and sinew; while the fetlock of the war horse drips with blood, starting from the last palpitation of the burst heart, on which its hoof pivots - is this earth? Would not a celestial stranger exclaim, \"This is not earth!\" Three times he might utter this, appalled by what he saw. Man was not this; man was demon, tormenting demon. Thus exclaiming, would he not hasten to the skies, his immortal nature unable to endure the folly, the crime, and the madness of man.\n\nIf there is nothing forced or exaggerated in this description, and all great battles exhibit scenes like these, multiplied ten thousand times in every awful form and every cruel feature, then this is what war truly is.\nheart-rending circumstance; will society, in a high state of moral and intellectual improvement, endure their recurrence? As light penetrates the mass, and power with light, and purity with power, will men, in any country, consent to entrust their peace and rights to a soldiery like that of Europe, described as a needy, sensual, vicious cast, reckless of God and man, and mindful only of their officer?\n\nEven in Europe, is not a brighter and purer day breaking? Even there, though overwhelmed by the weight of mightiest monarchies, public opinion heaves and shakes the mountain mass, by which the moral and intellectual development of human nature is oppressed. Already the middling classes of society have burst the ancient feudal chains and priest-craft manacles, and vindicated for themselves a glorious day; under whose light, knowledge and virtue are free to flourish.\nExpanding and checking the crimes of courts and the crowd, and pointing with the finger of authority's scorn at the vices of the high and the noble, not less than at those of the low and ignoble.\n\n\"S Sixty-six revolutions do not go backward.\" Neither does the moral and intellectual progress of the multitude.\n\nLight is shining where once there was darkness; and is penetrating and purifying the once corrupt and enslaved portions of our species. It may, occasionally and for a season, be obscured or seem retrograde. But moral and intellectual light shall continue to ascend to the zenith until that, which is now dark, is in day; and much of that earthly crust which still adheres to man shall fall and crumble away, as his nature becomes elevated.\n\nWith this progress, it needs no aid from prophecy.\nFrom Revelation, it is foretold that the greatest war, the last curse and shame of our race, will retire to the same cave where \"Pope and Pagan\" have retired. It will be remembered only with a mingled sentiment of disgust and wonder, like the war-feast of the savage; like perpetual slavery of captives; like the pledge of revenge in the scull-bowl of Odin; like the murder of helots in Greece and gladiators in Rome; like the witch burnings, the Smithfield fires, and St. Bartholomew massacres, of modern times. At every new moral and intellectual height attained, man looks back on the darkness of the region below with pity and astonishment, mingled with contempt. Future times shall look back upon the moral and intellectual state of man at the present day, proud and boastful as we are, with the same sentiments and feelings.\nWith which, in manhood, we look back on the petulance of infancy; and the weak and toyish wants and passions, which disturbed the tranquility of our childish years. If these anticipations have any color of hope, amid the antique customs and thronged population of Europe, how just and how bright are they, in this favored country, where God and nature combine to invite man to lay the foundations of a new and happy era for our race! How does the moral, intellectual, and local condition of the United States combine to repress all the three causes, \"which prepare and dispose states for war\"? First, by elevating and improving the condition of the people. Second, by restraining the ambition of rulers. Third, by rendering it easy, if we will, to expunge the entire class of soldiers professed.\nNever did a nation commence its existence under more favorable auspices than the United States. Other nations advanced slowly from the savage state or from a state worse than savage, that of professed robbers and plunderers. On the contrary, the United States, educated as colonies under systems of liberty as pure, as elevated, and as practical as the wit of man had ever devised, became, in a sense, a nation in a day; without any of those wild excesses and bloody convulsions which attended the foundation of other nations. Our citizens were, in fact, republicans, when they were yet colonists. Upon assuming independence, they did little else than transfer the attributes of the monarch to the people; and provide the organs, by which the will of the new sovereign should be expressed. Forms were changed.\nBut their principles, habits, manners underwent no alteration. It is impossible not to perceive how admirably suited our state of society is, for the cultivation of simplicity, truth to nature, to reason and virtue, in all our purposes, and in all our institutions.\n\nEven our militia system, although regarded by many zealous advocates for peace as stimulating war, is, in fact, the most powerful means of preventing its recurrence. In the present condition of the world, a well-appointed militia is unavoidable in every state, which would escape the necessity of \u201ca state of soldiery professed.\u201d The right to defend its own territories against actual invasion is the last, which society can permit to be questioned.\n\nIn such a state of moral sentiment, as at present exists among the nations of the earth, the possibility that a nation may be reduced to a state of servitude is a remote danger indeed.\nThe necessity of resisting actual invasion justifies warlike preparations everywhere. As long as this possibility persists, advocates for peace weaken their ground and narrow their influence by equating militia preparations with those of standing armies. In its true character, a militia is an effective military force, capable of repelling invasion, and effective for nothing else. Those who advocate for the pacific system and admit the necessity of preparations by a militia in the present period of society deprive advocates of a standing army of all pretense based on the apprehension of invasion. At the same time, they adopt a mode of defense safe for the liberties of the people and inapplicable to every state of hostility.\nThe greatest advance to universal peace would be a condition in which there were no standing armies, and the authority to use them was limited to the fact of actual invasion. The local relations of the United States are uniquely suited to limit and decrease the influence of war causes. Our rulers are accountable to the people at short intervals. The extent of our territory is such that ages must pass before our numbers can exceed the productive powers of our soil to support. Consequently, extreme poverty, which Lord Bacon calls \"the hard means to live,\" will scarcely be the condition of any important portion of our citizens for ages. With military establishments.\nThe United States has sufficient power to deter all fear of foreign invasion, with ample territory to quell any desire for foreign acquisition, save for the frantic. What then have we need for a standing army? Among all nations, under heaven, the United States has the least reason to possess even a semblance of such an institution. If any nation can be secure with a militia alone, it is the United States. Such are the answers to the questions concerning the auspices that attended the founding of your society and the hopes that accompany its progress. They are neither few in number nor doubtful in type. They are as certain as a man's capacity for moral improvement and as positive as the development of that capacity is unquestionable. Societies, like yours, are evidence of this fact.\ninstruments to ensure the fulfillment of hope. They are the repositories of that moral and intellectual armory, which is destined to be the means of providing, proof, in the same manner as the rays of light and the beams of truth, concentrated by the magic mirror of Cervantes, melted into air and dissipated among dwarfs, knights, giants, enchanters, and battlements of ancient chivalry.\n\nThese means are as plain as their tendency is noble. Whatever there is in the circumstances of the time, tending to make war less frequent, less probable, or more odious, seize upon it; analyze, display, and enforce. Bring the principles connected with those circumstances home to men's business and bosoms; not by discoursing on the beauty of morality, but by making it a living power in the world.\nThe truth and the bliss of a tranquil state, but by exhibiting the facts and relations, existing among men and between societies, which, if cherished and multiplied and strengthened, give rational grounds of belief that brighter and calmer days may be made to dawn and be perpetuated on our tempest-torn race. The reasons for this belief, take with you into life. Carry them into the haunts of men, press them upon all, who guide and influence society. Make, if possible, a recognition of them a condition of political power. Above all, satisfy the people of their true interests. Show your fellow citizens, and the men of every other country, that war is a game ever played for the aggrandizement of the few, and for the impoverishment of the many; that those who play it voluntarily do so for selfish, never for public reasons.\nPurposes are everywhere that Aar-establishments are, scions of despotisms. When engrafted on republics, they always thrive by determining the best sap to their own branch; yet never fail to wither every branch, extirpating their own. Be not discouraged, gentlemen. Yesterday's sad event has filled all our hearts with deep sorrow. He, who at your last anniversary, on this occasion, in this place, addressed you, now lies low in death. Gallison is gone. His warm heart is cold. His mortal light is quenched. His pure example lives only in remembrance. The Bar of the county of Suffolk, at a meeting held on the 26th, considered what measures had become proper in consequence of his decease.\n\n*John Gallison, Esq., who died on the 24th December, 1820.\nThe members unanimously passed the following votes:\n\nVoted, that the members of the Bar will attend the funeral of Mr. Gallison, and that crape be worn by the members until the end of the present term of the Supreme Court.\n\nVoted, that the following notice of Mr. Gallison\u2019s decease be recorded in the books of the Bar:\n\n\"The members of our association have been assembled by their common sorrow and sympathy occasioned by the bereavement which the profession and the community have sustained in the decease of Mr. Gallison.\n\n\"We are a fraternity; our strength is impaired. As members of society, we are sorrowers in common with all who respect learning, integrity, fidelity, piety, and whatever tends to adorn and elevate the fellowship of men.\"\n\n\"The emanations from Mr. Gallison\u2019s mind and heart were so far to us and of such lady experience, that like some of the most celebrated men of antiquity, we feel it a duty to pay a tribute of respect to his memory.\"\nThough the most precious of blessings, it is only by unexpected and inevitable loss that their just value is perceived. Professional learning, in Mr. Gallison, was scarcely a slight mark. We all felt that he must be learned, for we all knew he exacted of himself to be competent to whatever diligence and fidelity were his peculiar qualities; his moral sense made them so. He could never inspire a confidence that he could not fully satisfy. It is not only a learned, a diligent, a faithful minister of justice that is lost to us; the public have lost one of the purest, most indefatigable and most capable of all men who have attempted to illustrate the utility of professional learning; to prove the beauty and fitness of morality, and to give new attraction to the truth of revealed sanctions. It was\nAmong the favorite pursuits and objects of our deceased brother was the exploration of the connection and dependence that exist between learning, religion, morality, civil freedom, and human happiness.\n\n\"The very virtues which we admired are the cause of our present regret. His labors were incessant, and through these his course was terminated at an early age. However brief, his life has been long enough to furnish a valuable commentary on our professional, moral, and political institutions.\n\nHe lived long enough to prove that an unaided individual of such qualities as those which we are called on to regret will find a just place in the community. He has proved that an unassuming citizen of chastened temper, amiable deportment, indefatigable industry, incorruptible integrity, and sincere attachment to the public welfare will always be felt, known, and appreciated.\nThe pious, excellent, and learned man; an ornament of our bar; a model for our youth; the delight of the aged; one of the choice hopes of our state; whom all honored for his worth, which was at once solid and unobtrusive; whom none envied, for his acquisitions, though great and rare, were but the fair harvest of his talents, labor, and virtues. Let not this Providence discourage. Your brother has only taken early possession of the promise to the pure in heart. He now, at 66, beholds his God.\nCould his spirit speak, it would be but to repeat the language of his Redeemer \u2014 \"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God.\" Like him, make yourselves workers of hope, and heirs of the promise. Set before you the glorious nature of the object, at which you aim \u2014 absolute failure is impossible, because your purposes concur with all the suggestions of reason; all the indications of nature; all the testimony of history; and all the promises of religion. They are pure; elevated; divine. Your end is the honor and happiness of your race. Your means are the advancement of the moral and intellectual character of man.\n\nWhat though the image you assail be great; and the form thereof terrible; and its brightness, dazzling? What though its head be of brass, and its arms and legs and body of iron? Its feet are but clay.\nThe stone that is cut out of the mountain without hands shall dash it in pieces; and itself, become a great mountain, covering the whole earth.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "Address, delivered before the Worcester agricultural society", "creator": "Bigelow, Lewis, 1785-1838. [from old catalog]", "subject": "Agriculture", "publisher": "Worcester, Printed by Manning & Trumbull", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "Sloan Foundation", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "call_number": "9733902", "identifier-bib": "00027441117", "updatedate": "2010-01-25 18:08:08", "updater": "Melissa.D", "identifier": "addressdelivered01bige", "uploader": "melissad@archive.org", "addeddate": "2010-01-25 18:08:10", "publicdate": "2010-01-25 18:08:15", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon 5D", "operator": "scanner-kirtina-Latimer@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20100217074138", "imagecount": "48", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/addressdelivered01bige", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t9n30gz7x", "curation": "[curator]denise.b@archive.org[/curator][date]20100219003144[/date][state]approved[/state]", "sponsordate": "20100228", "repub_state": "4", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "biodiversity", "fedlink"], "backup_location": "ia903604_26", "openlibrary_edition": "OL24161263M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16729730W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1038781615", "lccn": "43022473", "filesxml": "Wed Dec 23 2:17:04 UTC 2020", "description": "p. cm", "ocr": "tesseract 5.2.0-1-gc42a", "ocr_parameters": "-l eng", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.18", "ocr_detected_script": "Latin", "ocr_detected_script_conf": "0.8934", "ocr_detected_lang": "en", "ocr_detected_lang_conf": "1.0000", "page_number_confidence": "63.64", "pdf_module_version": "0.0.20", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "ADDRESS: The particular objects which have furnished the occasion of the transactions of this day, and which now present themselves to the attention and consideration of this assembly, may claim a competition, as to utility and importance, with any other that has ever exercised the physical or mental energies of man. Whether we regard the profession of agriculture for its antiquity, as the great and almost only source of human sustenance, or for its moral and social advantages, the subject is entitled to a preeminent rank among the pursuits of a civilized and enlightened people.\nIts votaries held the most exalted respect and veneration. It is coeval with the divine sentence, which proclaimed to our first parents the necessity of manual labor as the means of supporting life\u2014a necessity instituted not only as a punishment for their disobedience, but was designed, in the wisdom and mercy of Divine Providence, as an incentive to attain that intellectual and moral excellence, which should compensate, in some measure, for the loss of an earthly paradise. It was ordained for the purpose of disciplining that temper and disposition, which had become prone to evil works, of counteracting the power of sloth and sensuality, and preparing man for his redemption from the thrall of sin, and for his restoration to a state of virtue and happiness.\n\nBy abusing the bounties of Heaven and disregarding the commands of his Creator, man had forfeited his life. He was sent forth from the garden of Eden to till the ground from whence he was taken.\nTaken was cursed, and his descendants, to the last generation, contend with thorns and thistles in obtaining the fruit of the tree and the herb of the field. Despite the sentence denounced against man for his disobedience having been executed - though he is compelled to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow and eat his food in sorrow - yet he is not left without means to fulfill the great purposes of his creation and retrieve his lost estate. He is promised a seed-time and harvest which shall never cease while the earth remains, and by which he may satisfy all his reasonable wants if he listens to the voice of nature and directs his powers to objects, regulating them in the manner dictated by reason. Greater hopes and consolations await him if he obeys the voice of Him who prepared and taught the way to escape from the heavier punishment of sin.\nThrough the mercy and benevolence of Divine Providence, the earth has hitherto brought forth grass, the herb yielding seed and the tree bearing fruit abundantly sufficient to reward the labor bestowed upon it by the husbandman. The laws which nature has established for regulating the economy of the vegetable kingdom will apportion the harvest to a judicious expense of means employed in obtaining it. Individuals and nations, by directing their attention to those pursuits to which they are so encouragingly invited, may not only obtain all the necessities of life but may supply themselves with every comfort and luxury of food and of raiment which can please the sense or gladden the heart of man. Whatever may be the prevailing genius and habits of a people or the particular character of their economy, they can rely on nature's bounty to provide for their needs and desires.\nThe cultivation of the soil is the great source and basis of national wealth, power, and grandeur. A nation's real wealth lies in its ability to support a larger population. The products of the soil are the most efficient means of support. A nation's power and grandeur can be measured by its wealth and population. While there are other sources of subsistence for some people, those who rely solely on them will not advance in the arts or civilization. These sources are precarious and inadequate for supporting a civilization.\nThe population in a condensed area requires different employment than those that sustain animal life in a scattered community over a large territory. Hunting and fishing cannot support the cultivation of the mind and social affections, which distinguish man from brutes and lead to the highest human enjoyments.\n\nA given amount of labor, when applied to cultivating the soil, can sustain a greater number of humans than in any other manner. Therefore, nations focusing on agriculture possess the greatest advantages and opportunities for improvement in other arts and sciences. Consequently, the most impressive human achievements have always been preceded by a good understanding of rural economy.\nAlthough mankind have been employed in tilling the earth from an earlier period and in greater numbers than in any other profession or business, it is a remarkable fact that the subject has derived less aid from the light of science than many others of inferior importance. While the powers of the mind have been exerted to their utmost extent in making improvements in the art of war\u2014while the resources of human ingenuity are, perhaps, exhausted in contriving the means and implements of destruction\u2014the art of Agriculture, from which the most valuable temporal blessings are derived, has been suffered to remain, until a comparatively recent date, in its original rudeness. An investigation into the causes of this peculiar situation.\nThe type of habit might satisfy a speculative curiosity, but can be no further profitable than enabling us to apply a remedy to an existing evil. To suppose that the mind finds more powerful incentives to exertion and activity in those projects which have their origin in the malignant and wicked passions of man, rather than in those which proceed from the benevolent affections of the human heart, would not be honorable to our nature. Yet if \"the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth,\" the hypothesis would not be destitute of probability. Other causes may have contributed to produce the same effect. So long as the earth would yield a competent supply of food for its inhabitants without any increased exertions of theirs, a surplus might not present inducements sufficient to counteract their natural love of repose. Necessity, which is significantly called the mother of invention, may not have been prolific enough to add:\nVance the art of agriculture to that perfection which it will probably attain at no distant period. Another cause of this inattention to an important subject may be found in the circumstance that those who are practically engaged in rural pursuits, and take the deepest interest in their success, have no time to devote to philosophical inquiries into causes and effects, and the various principles upon which the growth of different plants depends.\n\nNo opinion has ever prevailed which the enlightened age will more certainly pronounce to be founded in ignorance and error than that the principles of rural economy are so simple and so easily understood, and have so little connection with other subjects, as to reject the extraneous aids of physiology. It is this vulgar prejudice, which, disdaining to seek or receive instruction, has cooperated with the other causes already enumerated, to check the progress of improvement in this branch of industry.\nConsidering the great variety of soil, climate, and situation, in connection with the various characters and constitutions of different plants, and the peculiar adaptation of one to another; considering also the many diseases to which the vegetable tribe is liable, and for which remedies are to be administered; and that the same culture and treatment is seldom applicable to different species of plants; it must be perfectly obvious to every reflecting mind that few subjects are more complicated in their principles than Agriculture, or require a greater variety of knowledge to raise it to the standard of perfection. It builds its superstructure upon a knowledge of natural philosophy, mineralogy, geology, botany, and chemistry. Almost the whole circle of sciences are embraced within its sphere, and even the mechanic arts are subservient to its purposes.\n\nIt is not to be expected that beings of our limited capacities can ever acquire such an intimate acquaintance with all these branches of learning.\nWith a familiarity of natural laws to comprehend the mysterious ways they operate; to trace effects to their immediate causes; reveal their connection and dependence in every detail; and unravel the intricacies in which Infinite Wisdom has enveloped the works of creation. It is not essential, to achieve the significant objectives of improvement in the art to which our focus is presently directed, that we strive for such abstract and extensive knowledge. It is sufficient for us to grasp the means by which specific effects are generated, and what are the natural and probable consequences of applying specific agents to specific objects. Without inquiring into the secret causes of vegetation, or understanding where plants derive their nourishment, how it is prepared, or how it is absorbed, how the plant functions are performed, and what sets its organs in motion, the essential properties.\nThe relationships between different soils, in relation to their effects on various seeds, can be sufficiently understood from their practical results. By analogy, this is the only method by which the properties of any medicine can be ascertained, and its peculiar efficacy in eradicating disease can be tested. All the knowledge we can ever hope to acquire on these subjects will result from experimental philosophy. We can only accomplish in practice is to use the means which God has placed in our hands, in the manner dictated by experience. Still, to pursue the analogy, the physician may administer his medicine with all the skill and judgment which can result from human wisdom and experience; but, without the blessing of Heaven, its virtues will remain inert, and human effort will become impotent. The husbandman also may till the ground, plant, water, and nurse his growing crops with the most assiduous care.\ndiligent care and cherish them with unremitting attention; but only God can give the increase. If He withholds the sun's genial rays, visits it with disease or noxious insects, or sweeps the earth with violent winds, the tender plant will languish in defiance of human means to preserve it and perish without yielding its fruit. But such considerations should not produce any relaxation in our efforts to promote the growth and improvement of vegetable food; for much can be accomplished by artificial means, and the spontaneous productions of the earth will not suffice for the wants of its inhabitants. It has been reserved for the enlightened policy of the present age to redeem the profession of Agriculture from the despotism of bigotry and ignorance, to nurture it with the benign influence of science, and to cheer it with the liberal patronage of public spirit and dignified affluence. The measures recently adopted\nIn Europe and America, by States and individuals, have already removed the film which obscured the eye of prejudice. The consentaneous exercises of the wise and munificent in both countries have prepared a foundation for one of the most useful and splendid buildings that ever adorned the civilized world. The great and lasting benefits which will perpetually flow to mankind from the establishment of a Board of Agriculture in England, an institution which owes its origin to the persevering efforts of a few patriotic individuals, will enroll the names of its founders among the greatest benefactors of their country and emblazon them with its prosperity and grandeur. The laudable example of these men has not been disregarded here. Although we can boast no National Institution for the improvement of rural economy, many of the State governments have extended a liberal patronage to the art. This legislative encouragement, cooperating with the spirit of improvement which prevails in the rural districts, promises to produce important results.\nThe enterprise and munificence of individuals have brought into existence a multitude of agricultural societies, which have already given assurance of their vast utility in advancing agriculture. These societies collect and disseminate information on agricultural subjects, excite a spirit of inquiry and emulation among farmers through public exhibitions, and encourage useful experiments through the distribution of premiums. They infuse light, life, vigor, and health into the most important and profitable members of the body politic. They are fountains from which will issue streams to fertilize and enrich the country, and by their genial influence, the wilderness and solitary places will be made glad, and the desert will rejoice and blossom as the rose. If there be any so skeptical as to doubt the benefits resulting from these institutions, he need not search for evidence to dissipate his doubts beyond.\nLet him explain the causes of the proud spirit of industry and enterprise among our farmers in the County of Worcester. Why has the ambition to excel in rural pursuits and the zeal and devotion to the profession arisen only since the organization of this Society and the commencement of its operations? If this great work has been accomplished by a few individuals in less than two years, it is but an earnest of greater achievements to come. The influence of public opinion and the development of our strength and resources have given an impetus to agricultural improvement in this county, which cannot fail to result in the highest prosperity. The patronage that Agriculture receives from the public is like good seed sown in good ground; it repays the deed with abundant returns.\nThe harvest of \"fruit after its kind\" increases the cultivator's ability to sustain government burdens. It opens and expands his heart with thankfulness and gratitude, inducing liberal actions and reciprocation of benefits. The bounty is returned to public coffers with cheerfulness and alacrity, enriching both the patron and the protected. These remarks do not exclusively apply to agricultural pursuits, though agriculture is entitled to first attention as the basis and support of all other industries. The policy of encouraging any enterprise with public bounties depends on considerations.\nwhich are so numerous and complicated in their details that it would not be suitable for the present occasion to discuss them with minutiae. The author of this occasional Address before a Society that encourages both manufacturing and agricultural enterprise should not argue that either is entitled to patronage to the exclusion of the other. Their comparative merits are likely understood by the people to give industry such direction that will be most beneficial to the whole. The subject has already been addressed by the most enlightened statesmen of this country, and as it will receive the attention of the united wisdom of our National Councils, we ought to have confidence in the integrity of our public servants, and feel assured that the measures they adopt in relation to it will serve the general good.\nIt is essential in our free government that people exercise the right to inquire and judge for themselves regarding all questions of public interest. Without complicating the mind with the abstruse argumentations and refined subtleties of theoretical politicians, there are certain obvious and acknowledged truths that every common man will find little difficulty in applying to prominent subjects of political economy. This simple and easy process will rarely lead him to inaccurate results. It is a natural and inherent trait of man that individual enterprise finds its way to the most lucrative employment. Thus, private interest seldom errs in designating those arts to which the fostering aid of government may be safely and profitably extended. It is also true that the particular cases in which any branch of labor requires the assistance of government.\nmay be beneficially encouraged by premiums, bonds, or protecting duties, depending on their effect, when thus aided, on other branches. If these forcing expedients should make another branch of industry less productive than when all were left free, and the increased product of the favored profession was insufficient to compensate for the consequent deficiency in another, it must be obvious, independent of other considerations, that such policy would not promote the national interest.\u2014 The leading principle, therefore, by which wise and faithful legislators will be directed, in enacting laws for the regulation of industry, is to adopt such measures as will have a tendency to increase the aggregate wealth of the state; and, in determining this question, they will have regard as well to its situation and natural advantages, as to the genius, temper, and habits of its citizens.\nApply these principles to the subjects of Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures. None will deny that each of these, when unshackled by fiscal regulations, is an important and productive source of national wealth, and deserves a suitable patronage. They mutually assist each other, have an interest in each other's prosperity, and neither ought to be sacrificed or depressed to accelerate the growth of another. Manufactures are almost as necessary to the comfort, convenience, and happiness of man as agriculture. But it is not by such comparisons that we can ascertain the true value of either, as it respects ourselves. The true question is, in which of these employments, having regard to our situation, can the labor of our citizens be most profitably engaged? If a person, by a given amount of manual labor, when employed in the cultivation of the soil, is enabled, by exchanging its products, to procure a larger and better supply of manufactured goods, then agriculture is more profitable. However, if a person can produce more value through manufacturing with the same amount of labor, then manufacturing is more profitable.\narticles which he might want are more than he could have fabricated by the same labor, surely he would be unwise to become his own artificer instead of making an exchange of commodities with his neighbor, which might be mutually beneficial. And if a system of measures should be adopted by a state, having for its object the encouragement of domestic manufactures at the expense of agriculture and commerce; if the effect of such system should be a diversion of the whole labor of the community into new channels; and if it should prove less productive than when left to its own direction, there would evidently be a positive loss, which would sufficiently prove the system to be unwise, unless its injurious effects should be countervailed by others of a favorable character.\n\nWhile, then, there are nations, who, in consequence of the density of their population or the barrenness of their lands, are under the necessity of devoting themselves to manufactures, and can only do so by sacrificing agriculture and commerce.\nFinish the various articles of their labor at a less price than our own artisans can afford; while they are in want of our soil's products and are willing to exchange on reasonable terms, we may enjoy, through commerce, the principal benefits of manufacturing establishments, without experiencing their concomitant evils. The profits, also, which our merchants would derive from facilitating this exchange might even exceed those of the farmer or manufacturer, and at the same time contribute significantly to the public revenue. However, if this exchange is forbidden through protective duties or other means to encourage Domestic Manufactures, the measure would operate as an odious tax on other industries for the benefit of the favored class; and in this way, all the mischiefs of monopolies would be realized, as a valuable portion of the community would be deprived of a lucrative employment.\nThe public revenue would be diminished, and national prosperity would be swallowed up by unequal and unnatural regulations concerning ment. Other arguments may be made in favor of Domestick Manufactures, holding sufficient weight to place the subject on higher ground. It could be contended that by multiplying and diversifying the objects of labor, accommodating them to the variety of talent and skill that exists among every people, the sphere of human action would be enlarged, and the springs of invention and enterprise invigorated. We might also be reminded that the fertilizing current of foreign commerce is not always equal; it is liable to be obstructed and turned aside by the fluctuating and discordant councils of those with whom it is pursued, and by the accidents and commotions peculiar to them.\nTo avoid being overly reliant on other countries for manufactured goods and being subject to their capricious policies, it might be prudent to encourage domestic manufacturing to a certain extent. However, it is equally important to be vigilant in avoiding the need to obtain agricultural products from foreign nations, as the soil is the natural source of our prosperity. The erratic policy of neglecting agriculture for manufacturing in our present condition.\nIt could only proceed from the wildest theories of the most distempered imagination. Such a measure would violate the clearest principles of political economy and be a miserable perversion of our faculties in the application of means for the accomplishment of ends. It would be no better than an attempt to change the laws of nature and obtain her productions from other sources than those originally designed to yield them. Such a measure could no more consist with wisdom and sound policy than the cultivation of cocoa-nuts and pine-apples by factitious heat, in order to send them to the torrid zone and there exchange them for ship-timber. Our own forests would furnish an abundance of that article of a much superior quality. By pursuing such delusions, we would be as deserving of a diploma from the academy of Lagado as those who spend their lives making experiments to discover a mode to raise melons from acorns.\nExtracting sunbeams from cucumbers or turning ice into gunpowder are not feasible. Adhering to this policy, which involves a significant sacrifice of present advantages to prevent potential or even possible evils, I assert that as long as our commercial intercourse with Great Britain and other foreign nations is free and unrestricted, and trade is conducted on equal and liberal principles, our interest cannot be advanced by a forced growth of domestic manufactures, artificially sustained and kept alive by government support.\n\nComparing our situation with that of Great Britain and other manufacturing nations, we will readily perceive the causes of their superiority over us in the various arts of manual occupation. Whenever any territory becomes so crowded with inhabitants that it can provide more labor than is required for a profitable cultivation of the soil, it can support a manufacturing industry.\nThe excess soil will be pressed into other employments. This is the case in every country where manufactures thrive. Farming led the way to excellence and absorbed the first portion of labor and enterprise of the people. However, our citizens may still find ample employment in tilling the ground. Immense tracts of fertile country, sufficient for the foundation of mighty states and empires, are yet to be reclaimed from the original inhabitants of the wilderness. Even where we now see the incense of industry and refinement rising from our towns and cities, and proclaiming our rapid and majestic march to a high station among the most powerful nations on earth, the soil has been only partially cultivated, and refuses to yield the abundance that its natural exuberance promises to reward the increased labor of the farmer. Here we have no redundancy of population to crowd into the demoralized areas.\nIn this country, workshops of manufacturers are not established for exporting to other countries or for forcing into foreign wars, in order to make room for the remainder. Here, the fruit of honest industry is not wrenched from the peasant by the tyrannical hand of government to pamper the luxury of placemen, pensioners, and hereditary nobles. There are no sinecures, standing armies, nor an irreducible and discouraging national debt to drain his granaries and devour his substance. He is not oppressed with burdens heavier than he can bear, in the shape of rents, taxes, subsidies, excises, and tithes; but he is protected in his property, his privileges, his liberty, and his life, by mild and equal laws, framed and administered by men selected for their wisdom, intelligence, and integrity, and whose interests are identified with his. Under such a government, with the additional blessings of a salubrious climate and luxuriant soil, truly it may be said that 'our lines have fallen to us in pleasant places.'\n\"places, and that we have a good heritage.\" While contemplating the signal blessings which the bountiful hand of Providence has distributed in such profusion among all the members of this extensive Republic, a laudable pride will prompt us, without losing sight of the fundamental principles which unite and bind together the interests of the whole, to take a nearer view of the local advantages of our own Commonwealth. Equally removed from the enervating influence of a tropical sun and from the harsh realities of a frigid zone, our situation presents sufficient challenges to be surmounted to render exertion necessary, without extinguishing the hope of success in our undertakings. Great schemes are never projected where no obstacles exist to their accomplishment, nor illustrious actions achieved where there is no resistance or opposition to be encountered; and where nature has been so lavish of her gifts as to leave nothing to be supplied by art or industry.\"\nby artificial means, we find neither inclination for the one nor resolution for the other. It is therefore that the rocks and woods of New England are more favorable to genius and enterprise than the spontaneous and delicious productions of a more feasible and luxuriant soil, and of a more ardent and indulgent climate.\n\nIt was not because Massachusetts had more at stake or more to gain than any other member of the Union that she took the lead in the arduous contest for liberty and independence\u2014that she sustained the heaviest burdens of that unequal conflict, and poured out her blood and treasure, in liberal profusion, for the common good of the nation. The high advances she has made in Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures, and her persevering and successful efforts in all the pursuits of a free and moral people, do not wholly arise from any adventitious circumstances of interest, education or superior means.\n\nThe cause of these distinguishing traits in her character.\nThe character of a nation can be found in its soil and climate, as well as in its civil and religious institutions. Considering that the most favorable situation produces such effects on national character, and taking into account our excellent political institutions, which aid the beneficial influences of our climate, we have no reason to complain or suppose that any other state combines greater physical and moral advantages than our own.\n\nRegarding a more detailed observation of territorial divisions, it is believed that Worcester County will suffer no harm in comparison to any other similar section of the Commonwealth. One who is intimately familiar with the character of different parts of the state for agriculture, industry, and good morals; whose intelligence and discernment enable him to decide accurately on the comparative merits of each; and whose high official standing will give credibility to his assessment.\nThe author has been granted authority and sanction for his remarks, declaring this County to be \"the heart of Massachusetts.\" This appellation implies a distinction and honor, which we are bound to maintain through faithful and diligent improvement of our advantages, upon which the existence of the entire political body depends. It is a matter of great gratification that this Commonwealth is exempt, as a state, from the destructive moral evil that pervades and overwhelms a large portion of our republic; and that here the soil is cultivated by a freeborn, independent yeomanry who value their own liberties so highly that they refuse to hold others in bondage. Rural labor is reproachful to none but honorable to all; and the fruits of the earth are no less salutary and pleasant to the taste because they are not raised by the reluctant labor of bonded servants.\nluctant to il labor, and moistened by the bitter tears of slaves. No wonder, indeed, it should seem an inexplicable paradox to some, that those who have recently delivered themselves from colonial subjugation, and who feel so sensibly the value of liberty and the right of self-government, should still withhold these invaluable privileges from others and wish to subject them to a servitude incomparably more abject than was attempted to be imposed on themselves. Our inconsistency in this respect is more striking because of a deliberate proclamation to the world and to Heaven, of the principles by which we were influenced in our struggle for independence, and by which we must have been understood as promising to be governed in our intercourse with other nations. \u201cThis solemn manifesto commences with a formal declaration of these self-evident truths, \u2018\u2018that all men are created free and equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\u2019\u2019\u201d\nWhat are the rights, among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness? And yet, strangely, we justify ourselves in violating these fundamental principles of our nature and persist in depriving multitudes of human beings of rights which we acknowledge to be unalienable! What will be the ultimate effect of the continuance and extension of a practice so repugnant to our professions and so incompatible with the unchangeable principles of righteousness is only known to Him, who will retribute nations, as well as individuals, for every unatoned violation of his law. We cannot but fervently pray that He will avert from us the judgments which He visited upon His chosen people for a similar offense, as foretold by their prophet.\u2014Therefore, saith the Lord, ye have not hearkened unto me, in proclaiming liberty, every one to his brother, and every man to his neighbor; behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the Lord.\n\"Lord \u2013 to the sword, pestilence, and famine; and I will make you be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth. I will give the men who have transgressed my covenant, who have not performed the words of my covenant which they made before me, into the hands of their enemies and into the hands of those who seek their life. Their dead bodies shall be for meat unto the fowls of the heaven and to the beasts of the earth.\"\n\nBut whatever the disasters reserved for this people as a punishment for their systematic violation of the rights of man, it is not difficult to calculate, with sufficient accuracy, the pernicious effects of that system of injustice and oppression, to satisfy ourselves of the expediency of discarding it from our political institutions. Pride, sensuality, and sloth are apt to characterize those who hold others in slavery; and from these vices is suspended a long chain of causes and effects.\"\nWhich terminates in consequences the more afflicting and deplorable, as they might have been foreseen and avoided. On the other hand, industry, justice, and philanthropy carry with them the recompense of a healthy body and a peaceful mind. \"The sleep of the laboring man is sweet; and he that tilts the land shall have plenty of bread, and his wealth shall increase: but riches gotten by vanity or oppression will not permit their possessor to taste repose, nor will they save him from poverty and distress.\" If contentment and happiness dwell anywhere in this world of sin and sorrow, they may be found in the cottage of the honest, industrious farmer. Remote from the bustle, pageantry, and allurements of cities and courts\u2014unacquainted with the vain amusements and enervating pleasures of the voluptuary, and exempt from the tormenting cares and feverish anxieties which are engendered by schemes of aspiring ambition, he can view the common scenes of life with tranquility.\nTranquillity and cheerfulness, and one who does not envy the condition of those who are found basking in the sunshine of affluence or delight to sport upon the giddy current of popular applause. Rural occupations also lead to a familiar contemplation of nature's works and are favorable to religious meditation; for in the germination of every seed may be seen the wisdom and power of God, and his beneficent hand in the growth of every plant. By these, the mind is taught to adore Him as the fountain of all life and being, and the heart is swelled with gratitude for all his gifts. Let us, then, diligently improve, and not abuse the advantages and opportunities with which we are favored above all other nations\u2014let us be just and merciful to all men; and let us \"return every man from his evil way, and amend his doings, and we shall dwell in the land, and eat the fruit thereof, which the Lord hath given to us and to our fathers forever and ever.\"\n\nPenny wise, add, have I; give to thee, Lot.\nCATTLE SHOW AND EXHIBITION OF MANUFACTURES.\n\nOn Thursday, the 12th of October, 1820, the Agricultural Society or The County of Worcester held their second Annual Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, and Exhibition of Manufactures. It was another 'proud day for the County.'\n\nThe interest excited on a former occasion was attributed to the novelty of the spectacle; and it was apprehended that when curiosity had been satisfied, the scene would lose its attractions; emulation, and consequently, competition would cease; and the whole degenerate into a lifeless ceremony, leaving no lasting impressions, and producing none of the effects for which the Institution was designed. Far different has been the result. A livelier interest has pervaded and animated all parts of the County and all classes of the people. The spirit of improvement, which last year had begun, like the rising sun, to \"crown our hilltops and cheer our valleys,\" is continuing.\nThe Examination of Manufactures took place the day before the Public Exhibition. Entry was to be made before 10 a.m. on the day of the Examination. The inclement weather in the preceding days was unfavorable to this interesting part of the Show, as it is believed to have prevented many delicate fabrics and large quantities of coarser goods from being brought from a distance. The Exhibition, however, was satisfactory. The deficiency in variety and quantity of some articles was supplied by the excellence of the specimens offered for inspection. The Manufactures were exhibited to public view the following day and afforded much satisfaction.\nThe two rooms in Levi Lincoln's building on the main street were graciously provided for numerous visitors. The weather was favorable on the 12th, and the town was crowded with people early in the morning. Preparations for accommodating various stocks were extensive, yet the number of entries exceeded expectations, necessitating the placement of more animals in one pen when safe. Last year, 70 pens were erected; this year, 88 were built, and they were all filled to capacity. Thirty posts were also provided for working oxen, and a spacious yard for horses, all of which were nearly fully occupied. According to William D. Wheeler's assistant recording secretary certificate, the number of entries was:\n\n(Certificate of Mr. William D. Wheeler follows)\nanimals entered (excluding eighteen yokes of Oxen from Sutton, not exhibited for premiums, and also excluding those entered for the Ploughing Match alone): three hundred and twenty. Of these, one hundred and sixty-six were Neat Cattle and Horses, and one hundred and fifty were Sheep and Swine. A great proportion of the animals was deemed of the first order by competent judges. The pressure of business on the Society's Officers and various Committees was immense; yet they dispatched it all with remarkable regularity and order within a few hours, demonstrating the importance of promptness and punctuality in public arrangements, as well as in private life.\n\nThe Ploughing Match initiated the day's performances. By 9:09 a.m., nine Ploughs, each drawn by one yoke of Oxen, and a Ploughman were in place.\nThe driver and others were on the field. The ground had previously been marked into lots, each containing one-tenth of an acre of land, 10 rods in length, and 2 rods in width. The soil was a stiff loam mixed with clay, and covered with a tough sward, which had been improved for mowing for many years.\n\nAt around 11 o'clock, the Society moved in procession to the South Meeting-House, where public services were opened with a pertinent prayer from the Reverend Micah Stone of Brookfield. An appropriate address was pronounced by the Honorable Lewis Bigelow of Petersham. The names of the various committees on Stock, etc., were then announced. Afterward, the procession made a circuit of the Pens, took a view of the animals they enclosed, and was dismissed in the area between the Pens. The Committees then proceeded to execute the duties of their appointment. At half past 2 o'clock, a procession was formed for dinner, which was provided at the Hotel of Mr. Eager.\nAt 5 o'clock, the Trustees gathered in the Meeting-House, in the presence of a large number of their fellow-citizens, and the various Committees presented their reports. The Committee on Neat Stock and Swine consisted of Honorable Silas Holman of Bolton (Chairman), Mr. Oliver Munroe of Northborough, Nathaniel Jones, Esquire of Barre, Captain Joseph W. Hamilton of Brookfield, and Mr. John Temple of West-Boylston. The Committee recommended the following premiums:\n\nTo Cheney Reed, Esquire of Brookfield, for the best bull, not less than one year old,\nTo Mr. Eli Stearns for the next best bull,\nTo Col. Andrew Smith of Rutland for the best Dull Calf, from four to twelve months old,\nTo Jotham Bush, Esquire of Boylston for the next best milk cow, not less than three years old,\nTo Ward Nicholas Boylston, Esquire of Princeton for the next best milk cow.\nTo Col. Andrew Smith of Rutland for the next best.\nTo Stephen Williams, Esquire, Northborough, for the best heifer, one to three years old, with or without calf, - To Asa Rice, Jr., Shrewsbury, for the next best, - To Asa Rice, Jr., Shrewsbury, for the best heifer calf, four to twelve months old, - To Paul Dudley, Douglas, for the best ox, for slaughter, - 10:00 To John Rich, Sutton, for the next best, - 7:00 To John Rich, Sutton, for the next best, 5:00 To Abel and Jonas Chase, Millbury, for the best pair of four-year-old steers, broken to the yoke and one for labor, 10:00 To Col. Seth Joseph, Shrewsbury, for the best pair of three-year-old steers, broken to the yoke, . 8:00 To Thomas W. Ward, Esquire, Shrewsbury, for the best pair of steers, one to three years old, broken or unbroken, $7:00 To Asa Cummins, Sutton, for the next best, 5:00 To Nathaniel Dodge, Sutton, for the next best, 3:00\nTo Mr. Lyman Warren, of Westborough, for the best boar, not exceeding two years and not less than six months old, \u00a35:00\nTo Jonathan Davis, jr. Esq. of Oxford, for the next best, \u00a33:00\nTo Mr. Jacob Hinds, of W. Boylston, for the best breeding sow, \u00a33:00\nTo Mr. Simon Gates, of Worcester, for the best weaned pigs, not less than three in number of the same litter and at least four months old, \u00a33:00\n\nThe Committee on Working Oxen consisted of Gen. Salem Town, jr. of Charlton, Chairman; Col. Stephen Hastings, of Sterling, and Maj. Alpheus Baylies, of Uxbridge.\u2014This Committee recommended the following Premiums:\u2014\nTo Mr. Jabez Brigham, of Worcester, the first premium of \u00a315:00\nTo Mr. Alanson Bates, of Dudley, the second do. - \u00a310:00\nTo Col. Daniel Clap, of Worcester, the third do. - \u00a38:00\nTo Salmon Hathaway, of Grafton, the fourth do. - \u00a36:00\nTo Mr. Silas Dudley, of Sutton, the fifth do. - - \u00a35:00\n\nThe Committee on Merino, Mixed, and Native Sheep.\nThe committee consisted of Bezaleel Taft, Jr. Esq. (Chairman), Col. James Wilder, and James Wolcott. The committee recommended the following premiums:\n\nTo the Hon. Levi Lincoln of Worcester, for the best Merino Ram: \u00a37:00\nTo Ezra Bigelow of West-Boylston, for the next best: \u00a35:00\nTo the Hon. Aaron Tufts of Palmer: \u00a35:00, for the best lot of Merino\nTo Mrs. Martha \"Linceiti\" of Woredter: \u00a35:00, for the best lot of Merino Wethers\nTo the Hon. Levi Lincoln of Vere: \u00a34:00\nTo Moses Howe of Rutland, for the best Native Ram: 3 OU\nTo Nathaniel Gates of Worcester, for the next best: \u00a32:00\nTo Miner Patch of Ipswich, for the best lot of native: \u00a3TBC\nTo Lovett Peters of Westborough, for the best lot of Mixed Sheep: \u00a35:00\n\nThe committee on Horses consisted of Hon. Thomas H. Blood of Sterling, Alexander Dustin, Esq. of Westminster, and William Eaton, Esq. of Worcester. This committee recommended that premiums be given.\nTo Mr. Lewis McNear, of ebebins ev for the best Stud Howe \nof four years old, 15:00 \nTo Mr. Elisha, Shearer of Rutland, for the best Mare, of four \nyears old, 7:00 \nTo Mr. Archelaus Thomas, of Western, for tia! next bast, 5:00 \nThe Committee on the Ploughing Match consisted of Hon.. \nLevi Lincoln, of Worcester, Chairman ; Col. William Eager, \nYs \nof Northborough, Mr. John Batchellor, of Grafton, and Gen. \nJonathan Davis, of Oxford\u2014_The Committee adjudged \nTo Silas Dudley, of Sutton, the First Premium of Ten Dollars for the \nPlough, and Five Dollars to the Ploughman, \nTo Rufus Porter, of Worcester, the Second Premium of Eight Dollars \nfor the Plough, and Four Dollars to the Ploughman. \nTo Jabez Brigham, of Worcester, the Third Premium of Six Dollars \nfor the Plough, and Three Dollars to the Ploughman, \nTo Simon Plimpton, of West-Boyiston, the Fourth Premium of Four \nDollars for the Plough, and Two Dollars to the Ploughman, \n_ The Committee on Cotton, Woollen and Linen Cloths con- \nRecommendations made by the Committee of the Worcester County Agricultural Society, consisting of Hon. Aaron Tufts of Dudley (Chairman), Mr. Samuel Plant of Lancaster, Esek Pitts, Esq. of Mendon, Capt. Cyrus Gale of Northborough, and Capt. Charles Parkman of Westborough.\n\nPremiums recommended:\n\nTo Asa Goodell & Co. of Millbury: $10.00 for the best broadcloth.\nTo the North-Brookfield weaving company: $6.00 for the next best.\nTo the Wolcott Manufacturing Company of Southbridge: $6.00 for the best Kerseymere.\nTo the same company: $5.00 for the best satinet.\nTo Lovett Peters of Westborough: $6.00 for the best household linen.\nTo Capt. Samuel Dadman of Randolph: $4.00 for another excellent piece.\nTo Payson Veal of Nitchgate: $6.00 for the best coating.\nTo Mrs. Martha Lineote of Worcester: $6.60 for the best flannel.\nTo Mr. Payson Nich of passagansett: $3.00 for a fine piece of flannel.\nTo Col. Nymphas Pratt of Shrewsbury: $8.00 for the best 3-carpet.\nTo Mr. Gideon otasios of New-Britain: $8.00 for the best 4-dozen.\nTo John Clark, Esquire of Ward, for the best Woollen Coverlet, 4:00\nTo Miss Elizabeth Denny, of Worcester, for an elegant Hearth,\nTo William Denny, of Spencer, for the best Socks, 2:00\nTo John Slater & Co. of Meeteetse Bay, for the best Cotton\nBleached Shirting, 3:00\nTo Simeon Draper, Esquire of Brookfield, for the finest Linen, The Committee on all other articles of Domestic and Household Manufacture consisted of Nathaniel P. Denny, Esquire of Leicester, Chairman; Joseph Bowman, Jun. Esquire of New-Braintree, and Col. Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton.\u2014The Committee recommended Premiums as follows:\nTo Col. Stephen Hastings, of Ashford, for the best digs roof, not more than 50 Ibs. 5:00\nTo Deacon Isaac Davis, of Northborough, for the next best, 4:00\nTo Mr. Job Ranger, of New-Braintree, for the third best, $3\nTo the same gentleman, for the best Cherry, not less than 100 Ibs. in quantity, 5:00\nTo Mr. Elisha Matthews, of New-Shoreham, for the next best quality, 4:00\nTo Mr. William Tufts: third best, 3:00 PM\nTo Col. Joseph (Northboro, PA): best sole leather, 5:00 PM\nTo Mr. Francis Davis (West-Boylston): next, three best, 3:00 PM\nTo Col. Nymphas Pratt (Deerfield): best tanned calf-skins, 5:00 PM\nTo Mr. Reuben Wheeler (Worcester): seven nice Morocco leather skins, 7:00 PM\nTo Maj. Lemuel Healey (Dudley): two ibs. strong, well-colored and beautiful sewing silk, -3:00 PM\nTo Miss M. Prentiss (Petersham): most beautiful Leghorn bonnet, -5:00 PM\nThe reports of the various committees were accepted, and the premiums recommended were awarded by the Trustees.\n\nThe Committee on Agricultural Improvements and Experiments, and Original Inventions, consisting of Stephen Williams, Esq. (Northborough), Chairman; Gen. Thomas Chamberlain, (Worcester); Mr. Charles Leland, (Grafton); Mr. Lovett Peters, (Westborough); and Joel Crosby, Esq. (Leominster)\u2014met on the 1st of December, and recommended:\nFollowing Premiums:\nTo Payson Williams, Esq., Fitchburg: for the greatest quantity of potatoes on an acre, being 614 bushels, \u00a36:00\nTo Joshua Richardson, Templeton: for the best sample of potatoes raised from seed-balls, \u00a35:00\nThe Massachusetts Agricultural Society delegation attended, consisting of Gorham Parsons, Esq., Elias H. Derby, Esq., and Hon. Richard Sullivan.\nThe greatest regularity prevailed. In no part of the country could such a multitude of people be congregated with less confusion, disorder, or indecorum.\nThe Founders and Patrons of the Worcester County Agricultural Society have every reason for congratulation in the eminent success which has crowned their efforts. Where is the individual who now doubts that the tendency of this Institution is as beneficial as its purposes are pure and patriotic? - 4 lb\n\nOfficers of the Worcester Agricultural Society, Elected April, 1820.\nHon. Daniel Waldo, President.\nTuomas W. Warp, Esq., Vice-Presidents.\nSterhen Wixiams, Esq., Secretary.\nTreornitus Wueeter, Esq., Treasurer.\nHon. Levi Lincoln, Corresponding Secretary.\nEnwarp D. Banes, Esq., Recording Secretary.\n\nTrustees:\nHon. Jonas Kendall, Col. Jotham Bush, Boylston.\nMr. Lovett Peters, Westboro'.\nCol. Henry Penniman, Vew- ; Seth Lee, Esq., Barre.\nBraintree, ; Nathaniel P. Denny, Esq., Leicester.\nHon. Seth Hastings, Mendon.\nHon. Oliver Fiske, Worcester.\nJacob Fisher, Esq., Lancaster.\nCol. Reuben Sikes, Dorchester.\nPerley Hunt, Esq., Milford.\nBenjamin Puhoxite, Esq., Dorchester.\nWilliam Eager, Esq., Worthboro'.\nGen. Thomas Chamberlain, Dorchester.\nSimeon Draper, Esq., Brookfield.\nCapt. Lewis Barnard, Seth Field, Esq., Dorchester.\nHon. Silas Holman, Bolton.\nDaniel Tenney, Esq., Sutton.\nHon. Stephen P. Gardner, Dorchester.\nLemuel Davis, Esq., Holden.\nHon. Aaron Tufts, Dudley.\nAaron Pierce, Esq., Mallbury.\nGen. Jonathan Davis, Oxford.\nAdolphus Spring, Esq., Worthboro'.\nGen. Salem Town, jun., Charl- bridge.\nNathaniel Crocker, Esq., Pashton.\n3 Ward N. Boylston, Esq., Princeton.\nZadock Gates, Esq., Rutland.\nHon. Jonathan Russell, Mendon.\nNathaniel Jones, Esq., Barre.\nJoseph Estabrook, Esq., Royalston.\nBezaleel Taft, jun. Esq., Uxbridge.\nHon. Thomas H. Blood, Sterling.\nHon. Lewis Bigelow, Petersham.\nMr. John Warren, Grafton.\nJonathan Wheeler, Esq., do.\nMr. John Batcheller, do.\n\nNames\nOf Members who have been admitted since the last publication,\ntogether with a few then accidentally omitted.\n\nNahum Andrews,\nDaniel Williams,\nElijah Holman,\nHorace Warner,\nBenjamin Read, Worcester,\nLuke Aldrich, jr.,\nSamuel Stowell,\nDaniel Bellows,\nAugustus Emerson,\nJerome Gardner,\nJohn Pond,\nDenison Robinson,\nMoses Smith,\nJonathan Wilder,\nNathaniel Gates,\nCharles E. Knight,\nSimon Plympton,\nCaleb Lincoln,\nDarius Putnam,\nJoel Wilder,\nSilas Jones,\nMatthew Wood,\nEbenezer Gates,\nBenjamin Read, Templeton,\nNahum Nurse,\nRev. Reuben Holcomb,\nSamuel Graves,\nJohn Slater,\nLeonard W. Stowell.\n[Algernon Foster, John B. Nye, Jedediah Estabrook, Joseph Green, William Lincoln, George Day, Skelton Felton, Samuel Henry, Alpheus Freeman, Joshua Richardson]", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "Amarynthus, the nympholept: a pastoral drama, in three acts", "creator": "Smith, Horace, 1779-1849", "publisher": "London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "lccn": "20003652", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC178", "call_number": "10124869", "identifier-bib": "00145298611", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-11-17 15:02:28", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "amarynthusnympho00smit", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-11-17 15:02:30", "publicdate": "2012-11-17 15:02:34", "scanner": "scribe3.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright page found. No table-of-contents pages found.", "repub_seconds": "653", "ppi": "600", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-douglas-grenier@archive.org", "scandate": "20121205132600", "republisher": "admin-shelia-deroche@archive.org", "imagecount": "258", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/amarynthusnympho00smit", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t2r50xp8w", "scanfee": "120", "sponsordate": "20121231", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia905601_26", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25498688M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16876167W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039526659", "description": "p. cm", "republisher_operator": "admin-shelia-deroche@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20121212153756", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "100", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "The Nymphs, or Lymphadites of the Greeks, and the Lymphati of the Romans, were men supposed to be possessed by the Nymphs and driven to madness, either from having seen one of these mysterious beings or from the madening effect of the oracular caves in which they resided. Plutarch particularly mentions that the Nymphs Sphragitides haunted a cave on Mount Cithaeron in Beotia, in which there had formerly been an oracle. (Amarynthus, The Nympholept: A Pastoral Drama in Three Acts. Other Poems. London: Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, Paternoster-Row.)\n\nGlass.\n\nAmarynthus, The Nympholept: A Pastoral Drama, in Three Acts. Other Poems.\n\nPrinted by A. and R. Spottiswoode, Printers-Street, London.\n\nLondon:\nPrinted for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, Paternoster-Row.\n\nPreface.\n\nThe Nymphs, or Lymphadites of the Greeks, and the Lymphati of the Romans, were men supposed to have been possessed by the Nymphs and driven to madness. This could have been due to having seen one of these mysterious beings or from the madening effect of the oracular caves in which they resided. Plutarch particularly mentions that the Nymphs Sphragitides haunted a cave on Mount Cithaeron in Beotia, in which there had formerly been an oracle.\nThe inspiration ended the complaint of Nympholepsy. According to Festus, it was once believed that those who had merely seen the figure of a nymph in a fountain were seized with madness for the remainder of their lives. Ovid himself dreaded this event, as shown in the fourth book of his Fasti:\n\n\"Nee Dryadas, nee nos videre labra Dianae,\nNee Faunum medio cum premit aura die;\"\n\nAnd Propertius also alludes to this belief when, in describing the happiness of the early ages, he exclaims:\n\n\"Nee fuerat nudas poena videre deas.\"\n\nIt was the popular opinion throughout Greece that the nymphs occasionally appeared to mortals, and the consequences were generally to be deprecated: the result among such a superstitious and imaginative people may easily be conjectured.\nTerror combined with religion in disposing the mind to adopt delusion for reality; and visions became frequent and indisputable in exact proportion to the prevalence of timidity and enthusiasm. Sometimes they were not altogether imaginary in their origin. Partial glimpses of some country girl, tripping perhaps through the twilight-grove to meet her lover, or stealing into the copse at day-break to bathe in its embowered waters, were quite sufficient to inflame the combustible fancy of a Greek. Others, without such excitement of the external sense, would sit amid the solitude of the forest, brooding over the tales which peopled it with nymphs, fauns, and satyrs, until they realized them to their mind's eye, and became Nympholepts the more incurable, because no tangible object had deranged their faculties.\nThe author, having several translations of Guarini's Pastor Fido and Tasso's Aminta, as well as similar dramas in our literature such as Fletcher's The Faithful Shepherdess and Milton's Comus, may find it presumptuous and unnecessary to attempt the same style of composition. However, with only a few distinct specimens in the chaplet already, the author trusts they may be excused for adding a few wild flowers, perhaps not entirely free of weeds, to provide variety to the pastoral wreath. The author is not aware.\nNympholepsy has been made the subject of poetical experiment, or that the religious skepticism and excitement prevalent in Greece at the period to which he has assigned his drama, have been impressed into the service of the muses. Plato, influenced by the fate of Socrates, had introduced his new mystical Theogony, without attempting the complete demolition of the established theory, and, though obviously a believer in the unity of the Deity, was cautious in denying Polytheism. These conflicting opinions, producing doubt on all points rather than conviction on any, stimulated that insatiable curiosity for prying into the mysteries of nature, of which it has been attempted to delineate a faint outline in the character of Amarynthus, the Nympholept. In the more pastoral parts, the Author has borrowed from Theocritus almost as unblushingly.\nVirgil feared he had been more successful in imitating his rusticity than capturing any Doric and graceful beauties. Lucy Milford is based on a circumstance related to the Author, having occurred some years ago on the coast of Norfolk. Some of our sects, with their anti-social regulations, rigidly forbid all marriages outside of their own persuasion. This restriction frequently causes the most heart-rending struggles between the kind yearnings of nature and the stern mandates of a mistaken intolerance. Missionaries, driven by the best intentions but certainly armed with more zeal than discretion, run through the country and inculcate on their proselytes the necessity of implicit obedience to this injunction, whatever may have been its origin.\ntheir previous engagements oppose themselves to all the charities of human life and too often tear up domestic comfort by the very roots. To expose the miseries engendered by this narrow proscription will not be unavailing, if, in one single instance, it shall succeed in restoring a more liberal and kindly spirit. If there be any contention among fellow-countrymen and worshippers of the same God, let it be an emulation for extinguishing all these petty exclusions. Let him be considered the best Christian who is the first to extend to all his neighbors, without distinction of sect or party, the right hand of fellowship and brotherly love.\n\nAmarynthus,\nThe Nympholept.\n\nDramatis Personae.\nUrania, a nymph of the air.\nDryope, a wood-nymph.\nTheucarila, a priestess of Pan, sister to Amarynthus.\nCenone, a Delphic girl.\nAmarillis, a shepherdess in love with Phcebidas. Doris, mother of Amarillis. Amarynthus, the Nympholept. Chabrias, a priest of Pan. Phcebidas, a herdsman in love with Amarillis. Celadon, a rich Athenian having possessions at Tempe. Shepherds, Shepherdesses, Nymphs, Satyrs, and Favons.\n\nScene. The Vale of Tempe and its Neighborhood.\n\nAmarynthus, the Nympholept.\n\nAct I.\n\nScene I.\n\nThe Vale of Tempe.\n\nChabrias, surrounded by Shepherds and Shepherdesses, is seen standing beside a rustic Altar.\n\nChabrias:\nUpon our altar let this lambkin fair\nBurn as a holocaust, until its smoke\nCurls up into the lofty blue, and bear\nOur breathings to the God whom we invoke.\nHe comes forward.\n\nThou great and good, all hail! Whatever tongue\nMay best befit thee from adoring man,\n\nAmarynthus:\n[Act I.\nMends or Chemmis to Egyptians sung]\nBy the seven-mouthed Nile or comprehensive Pan,\nBy the primeval shepherds named, who trod\nThe new-born hills of Arcady, all hail!\nThey, when their yearning hearts required a God,\nSat on their mountains musing, till the gale\nOf inspiration bade them recognize\nA mighty spirit breathing through the whole\nInfinitude of ocean, earth, and skies,\nThe world's Creator, and its living soul: \u2013\nA self-existent, ever-flowing stream\nOf light and life, pervading, blessing all,\nAnd hence, ejaculating \"Pan!\" with fall\nOf reverent knees they hailed thee, God supreme.\nTo this ethereal spirit, fancy soon\nGave form indefinite; the sun and moon\nBecame the eyes and index of its mind,\nThe tides its pulses, and its breath the wind.\nA later age gave emblematic birth\nTo an ideal shape, half brute, half man.\n\nScene I. THE NAIAD.\nOf the mixed elements of heaven and earth.\nDaringly, a symbolic Pan was fashioned. His upper portion represented mankind, while his lower parts symbolized brutes. His horns were out-bent, and the spreading rays of the sun and moon defined him. His spotted skin resembled the starry firmament, and his face was the ruddy sky. His seven-reed pipe played the music of the seven-infolded spheres. Alas, how quickly the heavenly archetype disappears in the terrestrial symbol. Our ancestors embodied Deity; humans retained the capriform form of their gods. They deified these beings and, impiously, stained them with earthly lusts to sanctify their own. Thou desecrated holiness, forgive the dark distortions that defile thy name. Spare the guilty worshippers who live in impure creeds and profane practices. Hear thy priest, who, stung with shame and grief, cries out to thee for sanctifying aid.\n\nSixth Act, Amarynthus [I]\nTo persuade his benighted flock.\nBack to the pure and primitive belief. Simple and rude, if selfish hymns they raise, only for blessings that to earth belong, look kindly down on their imperfect praise, grant what is right, and pardon what is wrong. The peasants, bearing branches of pine, kneel round the altar, and chant the following hymn:\n\nGlory to Pan! Glory to Pan!\nPraise him with paeans each maiden and man;\nOur cattle he shields, our harvests he yields:\nHail to thee! hail to thee! God of the fields!\nThou, who dost reign over valley and plain,\nO listen to the prayer of the shepherd and swain;\nOur dairies and farms deliver from harms,\nAnd shelter our folds when the night-wolf alarms,\n\nGuide back the young lambs who have strayed\nfrom their dams,\nAnd make them in shearing-time hardy as rams.\n\n[Scene I.] The Nympholept. 7\n\nGuide back the young lambs who have strayed\nfrom their dams,\nAnd make them in shearing-time hardy as rams.\nOur goats and cows instruct where to browse, so their milk may be sweet and abundant in each house.\nPan! Pan! Glory to Pan! &c.\nChabrias. Come not with hecatombs in sacrifice,\nTo soothe imagined wrath by cruel rites.\nNor costly gifts, nor groveling flatteries,\nAs if your God had human appetites;\nBut what your simple shepherd state admits,\nBetokening grateful love, not slavish fear,\nTender with such frank homage as befits\nMan to prefer, and gracious heaven to hear.\nFirst Shepherd. New milk and honey, three times purified,\nWe in our wooden bowls have brought.\n8 Amarynthus, [Act I.\nSecond Shepherd. And we\nThese leaves of pine into a wreath have tied\nFor our God's statue.\nShepherdess. Down in yonder lea,\nWith dew-washed fingers, we these flowers have plucked,\nWith which to strew the temple of our God.\nChabrias. So may you always act as I instruct.\nGive me a alb and amice, wreath and rod,\nTo solemnize our temple mysteries. On the verdant sod,\n(Rites concluded,) seek the prize\nIn gymnastic games, wrestling, and the race,\nAnd on Pan's altar place\nThe victors' olive garlands, which rightly belong\nTo him who gave them vigor. Let us grace\nOur holiday with harmless feast and song,\nBlessing the Deity who blesses earth,\nWith worship He loves to address,\nHomage of grateful glee and social mirth,\nUnpolluted human happiness.\n\nTo the grove of pines, whose lofty boughs\nGarland our temple's marble brows.\n\n[Exeunt in procession, singing \"Pan! Pan!\nGlory to Pan!\"]\n\nScene II.\nA rocky ravine near the Vale of Tempe.\nEnter Amarillis.\n\nWhoa! Phoebidas! Whoa! Alas! Alas!\nThe hollow rocks mock my grief with Phoebidas' name. O Phoebidas, where have you wandered from Amarillis? Celadon (entering): Who calls so loudly? Peace, for shame! Do you not know that in this rocky haunt there is a fount where, on a bed of lilies, a Naiad sleeps?\n\nAmarinthus, [Act 1.\n\nAmarillis: O hail, fair nymph! Avant be all irreverent noises from your ear. Thus, on my knees, your pardon I implore for my rude clamor.\n\nCeladon: Amarillis, dear, though scornful, beautiful as cold, what seek you here? Why does your flock explore these haggard cliffs and piny dells, where blow no wild flowers, and no grass can flourish?\n\nAmarillis: Bold and unadvised these wanderings may seem, but trust me, Celadon, I scarcely know where I roam, for I have lost (O Pan,)\nRestore him safely and quickly, my Phcebidas. Have you seen him in these wilds? Celadon. You dream in asking me. The shepherdesses can resolve you better. Ask the black-eyed lass, Alphesiboa, she who tends the goats. Of Damon, \u2013 question the budding Melanippe, The romp, whose ruddy arms often enfold His neck like garlands; \u2013 go to brown Alcippe, The Athenian chorister, whose wanton notes Lulled him last night beside the gurgling river; \u2013 seek the vine-pruner, plump Tilphosa, Amarillis. Hold your poisonous tongue, unmannerly deceiver! By the dread frown of towered Cybele, You have belied my Phcebidas; for he Is true as is the shadow to the sun, Bees to their queen, or swallows to the spring. O Celadon, unkind! Was this well done, Afflicted as I am, to sting my ear With your base fictions? Slanderer, I fling\nCeladon. Your falsehoods in your face.\nCeladon. Do not close that mouth,\nAlthough it scolds me, nor let disappear\nThose teeth, whose whiteness makes the lip more red,\nLike snow-drops set in a carnation-bed.\n\nAmaryllis. [ACT I.\nAm I to blame if your false-hearted youth\nIntoxication drinks from Dirce's lip,\nAs from the nectaries of hollyhocks\nThe humble bee, even till he faints, will sip?\n\nHave I the charge of Ianira's locks,\nWhose web has caught that butterfly \u2014 his heart?\n\nAmarillis. Away, away! I will not hear your sorry\nFables. Dirce and Ianira! Psha!\nHe hates their Ethiop lips.\n\nCeladon. How blind you are\nTo his known falsehood; but no longer worry\nYour soul about him. Is not his desertion\nBase? Is not absence infidelity?\nAnd does it well become a modest maid\nTo follow one who holds her in aversion?\nAmarillis. Another! Whom?\nCeladon. What! Canst thou not discover?\nHave I so long, fair Amarillis, vowed\nThat thou wert dear to me, so wished to plight\nA mutual faith, so grieved when disallowed;\nAnd has all vanished with no deeper trace\nThan cloudy shadows on a summer sea?\nBethink thee, Amarillis, I am rich,\nAnd can exalt thee from the plain to grace\nCities and courts. Ennobled shalt thou be\nAbove thy kindred; music shall bewitch\nThy waking senses, and thy sleep enlist\nElysium. Round thy Tyrian robes a sash\nOf gold shall blaze, \u2014 each finger be on fire\nWith ruby rings and clasps of amethyst.\nAnd your ears' pendant diamonds shall outshine all but your eyes. I have a stately ship here at Iolchos, and two more, whose prows, sparkling with gold, throw lustre on the waves of the Piraeus. One I will equip as a floating palace, that we may carouse on nectar in its marble baths, while slaves sing summer madrigals. Another shall transport us to the Olympian games, \u2014 the third to Delos when Apollo's festival is solemnised. Thou shalt be preferred at both unto the loftiest station, dressed royally.\n\nAmarillis. This is the secret then of all thy forgeries about Alphesibaea, Tilphosa, Melanippe, and the rest; coined but to make me jealous, \u2014 vain idea. I've heard thine offers, listen now to me. I am a shepherdess, and thou art great in wealth, if not in virtue.\nThe pomps you boast of convey delight, Go taste them with your wife. My humble state, Even if I loved so high, unfits me quite For grandeur: \u2014 shared with one whom I despise, As I do thee, it would be wretchedness.\n\nScene II. The Nympholept, 15.\n\nSupreme. Yet we, whom rustic life entices, Have luxuries, pomps, and pleasures that we prize, Above thy poor magnificence. Confess That health and virtue, which are happiness, Are more luxurious than thy sickly vices.\n\nWhat pomps can courts and capitals supply So gorgeous as the rising of the sun Over this vale of Tempe? so sublime As the sea's deep-mouthed voice in harmony With woods and winds \u2014 an awful unison!\n\nWhat matins like the larks, who heavenward climb, And pour down lighted music from above?\n\nWhat midnight serenade so rapturous As the lone nightingale's, whose soul of love\nOut-gushes with her song? Jewels and rings! Is not each dewy blade, and leaf, and flower, Hung with a pearl, which, when the sun up-springs, Is dyed to amethyst and ruby? Shower Thy golden sashes elsewhere, \u2014 here they're lost. For we, when in the sunny corn we stray, Amaryllis, [Act I,] Are zoned by waving sheets of gold, Emboss'd With Flora's rich embroidery. Celadon. By Apollo! Thine anger makes thee eloquent: \u2014 hast thou ended? Amarillis. No; I have told our pomps, now hear me prove Our pleasures. O how sweet it is to follow My flock o'er hill, and down, and dale, Attended By him I love; well knowing him to love Me, and me only. Sweet to see him run To cull me strawberries from the hedge's side, Or ripe queen-apples, on whose cheeks the sun Has left the ruby of his lips, or mellow Figs such as Sicily has never outvied.\nWhile I, with grateful heart, gather yellow daffodils, pinks, anemones, musk-roses, or that red flower whose lips ejaculate woe, and form them into wreaths and posies, on rushy baskets heap'd in fragrant piles. It is soothing and sweet to contemplate.\n\nA smiling earth, sea, sky, and mark their smiles upon the faces we love reflected: with kindred hearts through flowery meads to stray, to the God's fane by whom we are protected, to thank him for our happiness, and pray that fortune's aid may soon unite each heart at Hymen's altar. Such is the happy lot I share with Phcebidas; rich as thou art, canst thou improve my fate? If not, grant the sole boon thy grandeur can confer, and help me gather up my scattered sheep, for my poor, wearied Rover scarce can stir.\n\nSCENE II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 17\nLamed in these steepy crags and bottoms deep.\nCeladon. By froth-born Venus and her quiver'd boy,\nThou shalt not move a foot till I have tasted\nThose fluent lips.\n\nAmarillis. Attempt it, and my cries\nShall rouse the goatherds.\n\n[ACT I. Celadon.]\nCeladon. Darest thou then annoy\nA vengeful Naiad sleeping?\n\nAmarillis. Thou hast wasted\nAgain thy simple cunning; for I see\nThis is another of thy forgeries\nTo silence me.\n\nCeladon. Nay then I have a plea\nTo stop thy mouth with kisses.\n\nAmarillis. Back, base man!\nOr I will set my dog at thee. By Pan!\nIf thou but movest a single step, my crook\nShall fell thee to the earth. Hie, Rover, leap,\nAnd chase my thirsty flock from yonder swamp,\nThat I may guide them thro' the glen to the\n\nbrook\nDown in the vale. Thou wealthy wooer, keep\nThy tales, seductions, gold, and guilty pomp.\nFor city damsels. Exit.\n\nCeladon. Foiled by a rustic minx! Rejected, lectured, and a clumsy clown.\n\nScene III. The Nympholept.\n\nPreferred! \u2014 Tis well; but if the vixen thinks\nTo 'scape my vengeance, she has little known\nCeladon's nature. In yon secret grove\nI'll lie and plot revenge for slighted love. [Exit,\n\nScene III.\n\nThe Vale of Tempe.\n\nAmarynthus alone.\n\nPlutus, thou bloated fiend, God of the foul\nAnd sordid slaves of gold,\n\nChain me no more \u2014 unfold\nThe talons that have grasp'd my soul\nAnd withered up its beauty. \u2014 Hence, avaunt!\nThou and thy crew with quenchless hunger gaunt.\n\nThus with repentant shudders of disgust\nDo I shake off all sympathy\nWith thee and thy idolatry,\nAnd as the camel, parch'd with dust,\nAthwart the desert from afar will scent\n\nAmarynthus, [Act I.\nThe fountain's moisture, and above controul\nLeap to the blessed waters; so my soul,\nLong in the city's peopled desert pent,\nO holy Nature, to thy freshness rushes,\nTo bathe in leafy greenness, and inhale\nThe rapture that to all my senses gushes.\nMy spirit seems with new-born flutterings\nAgainst the body's bars to beat its wings.\nAt Athens, when the Acropolis I trod,\nThus have I stood, awed by the majesty\nOf some celestial marble, till I felt\nIn every nerve the thrill of symmetry,\nMisdeeming it a reverence of the God.\n'Twas but the chord that vibrated to thee,\nTo whom I should have knelt,\nO lovely Nature! of whose perfect graces\nArt can but feebly shadow forth the traces.\nWhat art or poet's fancy,\nIn all its necromancy,\nCould conjure up a sylvan scene like this?\nFlowery slopes with temples crowned;\nFountains, grottos, and waving woods.\nSunny spots and solitudes,\nWhere the deepening meadow mingles\nWith the green darkness of the dingles.\nBreezes that with beaks resound,\nIncense throwing\nFrom blossoms blowing,\nWhile through the vale the Peneus flowing,\nFrom rocks and crags at intervals\nCalls the tumbling waterfalls,\nAnd, giant-like, in distant view,\nOssa and Olympus throw\nTheir craggy foreheads, white with snow,\nUp into the cloudless blue.\nHow sweet are the remembered smells\nOf infancy! \u2014 these weeds and flowers wild\nDraw the same perfume from the constant earth\nWith which I was delighted when a child.\nO had I stuck to Nature, and these dells,\nMy happy place of birth,\nI might have still retained, like this calm blossom,\nThe sweetness ever springing from her bosom.\nCenone runs in with a Hunting Spear in her Hand,\nJbllotved by Theucarila. \u2014 Cenone sings.\n\n(Amaryllis, Act I.)\nI might have still possessed, like this tranquil flower,\nThe sweetness ever blooming from her breast.\nGrey was the morning, cool the breeze,\nAwake, awake! Be up with Apollo!\nWhen the Belides dashed through the dew-dappled trees,\nWith quiver and lance, and hoop and hallo!\nTheir dogs gave tongue till all Argos rang,\nAs with hair on the wind the sisters follow.\nFleet Amymone is first, when lo!\nUp springs a stag on his milk-white haunches;\nAway he stretches; \u2014 she grasps her bow,\nAnd twang goes her arrow amid the branches;\nIt grazes an oak, and with glancing stroke,\nDeep in a satyr's shoulder launches.\n\nScene III. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 23\nOut he rushes, with anguish stung,\nAghast she flies in a shuddering shiver,\nAnd as nearer he gets, away are flung\nHer arrows and spear, her bow and quiver, \u2014\nBut see! as they close, from his arms she flows,\nBy Neptune changed to a running river.\n\nAmarynthus. O vision beautiful, and vocalist.\nMelodious, who and what are you? Theucarila. Hist! Question her not \u2014 'tis the wild Delphic girl, Cenone. (Enone. Me? I am a prophetess, And come to seek you that I might unfurl Thy book of fate.\n\nAmarynthus, could you show the future? It would chase a maddening doubt that possesses my soul.\n\nTheucarila. No, brother, let her go; she's wild and wandering.\n\nAmarynthus, [Act I-\n\nCenone. Thou mayst believe I am no vulgar witch, With shears and sieve, poppy and orpine leaf, Or sinister forebodings from the course of crows or hares- Nor do I owe my mystery to her Who reigns in Hell, three-faced Hecate, Who in her cauldron black prepares The charms and magic ministry By midnight Perimeda learned.\n\nWhen salt is strew'd, and laurel burnt, And melted wax and bones are mixed, Where the whizzing wheel of brass is fixed.\nAmarynthus. Where do you, mellifluous maiden, get your lore?\nCenone. From listening to the elemental noises,\nAnd Nature's various voices,\nUntil I learned their language to explore.\nFor frugal Nature wastes no breath; her tongue\nIn every sound of every element,\nConveys her orders that this world, hung\nIn air, may float majestically on.\n\nScene III. The Nympholept. 25\nTo calm eternity. The infolded spheres\nAre music guided through the firmament,\nThough our degenerate ears\nNo longer catch their glorious echoes. Gone \u2014 -\nGone are the days of prophecy,\nWhen bards could listen to the sky,\nAnd from the planetary harmonies\nLearn the dread secrets of the future. These\nAre dumb; \u2014 but we have sounds as mystical,\nAy, and I know them all \u2014 all \u2014 all!\n\nWhat! think'st thou that the whistling wind\nPipes in the storm for nothing? Idle notion.\n'Tis to call up the howling waves, confined\nIn the sea's depths. No wave of ocean,\nThat in the solitudes of space,\nUpturns its foamy face to the moon,\nAnd, with a gushing sigh, sinks down again to die;\nBut is commissioned, and that parting breath,\nPerhaps, a fiat bears of life and death.\n\n26. AMARYNTHUS, [ACT I.\n\nWhy do the runnels urge their races\nThrough the earth's crevices and secret places?\nBut that their tongues with nimble gurgles\nMay scatter orders as they flow,\nAnd summon from the caves below,\nAgents for the earthquake's struggles.\n\nWhen on the ground I lay mine ear,\nI hear their secret plots\nCome murmuring up from the central grottos; \u2014 Hark! 'tis the nightingale \u2014 how loud and clear!\nTune up, ye feather'd choristers, your throats,\nFor unto me your melody\nConveys a hidden sense in all its notes;\nSuch as, in mystic days of yore.\nTo Sage Melampus' ear they bore it. But the master mystery remains untold. Come hither\u2014hark! Prepare; for I must whisper this. Is no one by? Amynthus. We are alone.\n\nCenone. Well; but have a care! Thou wilt not divulge it?\n\nAmynthus. By the Twin Gods, not I!\n\nTheucarila. Thy secret is with me in holy keeping.\n\nCenone. At nightfall, in those wild, sequestered lawns, Which, even the nymphs and fawns Have fled\u2014from out the herbage sleeping, And flowers up-closing, Sometimes a hushing murmur rises, As if the earth were whispering to the awe, It is the voice of Nature, as reposing, She communes with herself in deep surmises. Mysterious mutterings!\u2014but not to me: I can explain each accent as it rolls; And thus have I a master key, Into her soul of souls.\nAmarynthus, you recall that I have frequently wandered, at midnight's dumbest hour, to the green-wood glade, and in the silence, marked with profound awe, the boughs hanging still round, with drowsy vapors from the earth up-wreathing, as if the grass lay fast asleep, and breathing. But have you heard a whisper to influence me? Enone, not revealed by oracle direct; but as I walked one night amid the oats, which rattled as the wind swept by, I questioned them concerning you; and from their notes, I gathered this augury: \"From fancied visions he shall be relieved by their reality.\" Theucarila, your prophecy is obscure. Amarynthus, can you not speak more clearly my fate? Enone, it was darkly mutter'd to me, and I have told you all. Farewell.\nHark! What a roar,\nOver hill and dale resounds;\n\nScene III. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 29\nIt is Orion with his hounds,\nBaying the boar.\nYo ho! yo ho! Where is the foe?\nStand by, he shall die at a single blow. [Exit.\n\nAmarynthas. Like a young stag she bounds\ninto the dell:\n\nWho is this crazy prophetess? Canst tell\nHer story?\n\nTheucarila. They say she was a chorister\nAt Delphi, in Apollo's temple. Love,\nThere a forbidden inmate, was to her\nAn inauspicious visitant: her lover,\nHimself a votary of the God, was keeper\nOf the holy chalices. The Muse's grove,\nMore than half up Parnassus, rustles over\nA grotto, from whose marble floor up-flung,\nThe fountain of Castalia gushes; deeper\nWithin its rocky arch, a golden lyre,\nThe gift of the Arcadians, is hung.\nThither the lovers would at dark retire.\n\nAmarynthus. [ACT I.\nAnd one night within the silent cell, I sat\nFondling, as the full moon arose and flung her rays,\nUntil they fell upon the lyre. Then lo! two lovely arms\nAdvanced on the moonlight, sweeping the strings,\nAnd while a wondrous melody alarmed their ears,\nA voice of heavenly sweetness sang,\nAnnouncing deep yet dulcet threatenings:\nUnless, thenceforth, they were forever parted.\nSome will assert that Diana herself out-darted\nHer alabaster arms to strike the chord;\nWhile others think it was the temple's lord,\nApollo, shocked to see his cave profaned,\nThat sent this vision to forewarn them.\nShrieking, Cenone fled her lover; nor remained\nLonger at Delphi, but bewildered, crazed,\nRoams o'er the Grecian territory, seeking\nAll rites, solemnities, and festivals,\nWhere she may exercise her choral art;\nAnd chaunting to the villagers, amazed.\nSCENE III. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 31\nSnatches of songs, heroic madrigals,\nAnd tales of the olden time. Her chosen sphere,\nAs thou hast witnessed, is to act the part\nOf prophetess.\n\nAmarynthus: What fancy brought her here?\nTheucarila: Pan's festival, at which she means to sing.\nBut the time presses \u2014 I must hasten to bring\nWater from the holy well for our lustrations. [Exit Theucarila]\n\nAmarynthus: And I to indulge my lonely meditations.\n\nWhat sound was that? Methought the river groaned!\nThou murmuring Peneus, dost thou mourn thy daughter,\nDaphne, who demurely straying\nAmid these stately lawns and green alcoves,\nMet the flushed Apollo playing\nUpon his golden lyre, and thro' the groves\nFled wildly to thy parent water?\n\n32 AMARYNTHUS, ACT I.\n\nUpon her neck, parting her streaming hair\nShe felt the God's ambrosial breath,\nWhen Dian heard her prayer,\nIn an embalming laurel she was caught,\nAnd bark'd round with chastity and death.\nA chaplet of these hallowed leaves shall bind\nMy brows \u2014 but hold! Perchance this very tree,\nThrowing its filial arms athwart the stream,\nWas Daphne once, and felt its plastic rind\nHeave with her panting breast. And see!\nThe waters with paternal fondness seem\nTo kiss its root, and struggle to embrace\nIts pendent boughs. O virgin! sacrifice,\nMay all the precincts of thy leafy shrine\nBe sanctified, and round about the place\nWhite amaranths and roses white entwine\nWith stainless lilies. Those mysterious sighs\nAre hushed, but still I'll roam amid the trees,\nAbandoned to my wandering reveries. [Exit.\n\nScene IV.\nA Grove.\nCeladon alone.\n\nWhat Nymph is this whose stately steps advance\nAlong these mossy paths? Theucarila!\nO happy hour! I have long loved this proud pretender to cold chastity: perhaps in this sequestered solitude, she may atone for Amarillis' scorn.\n\nTo Theucarila (entering)? A crowd of pleasing fancies whispered to me, that beauty was hovering hereabout. What happy want leads thee to these embowered depths?\n\nTheucarila. My duty,\nTo gather water from the holy well\nFor our solemnities.\n\nCeladon. Wilt thou not grant,\nLovely Theucarila, thine ear awhile,\n\nAmarynthus, [Act I.\nTo one whose thoughts have never ceased to dwell\nUpon thy beauties?\n\nTheucarila. Me wouldst thou beguile\nWith flatteries? Be quick if thou hast aught\nTo say.\n\nCeladon, I am no rustic unimbued,\nPoor, and illiterate, such as this glen\nProduces. I am an Athenian; taught\nIn groves of Academus, and have stood\nUnder those porticoes where mighty men,\nPlato and Socrates, instilled sublime\nWisdom.\nI have sat in theaters adorned by Phidias, planned by Pericles; I have, with beating heart, heard the harrowing rhyme of Eschylus and dread Euripides. At the symposium which Xenophon gave on the triumph of Autolycus, I was a guest and sat by Socrates.\n\nTheucarila. What is it that this lofty boast infers, since I came not to discuss your merits?\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 35\n\nCeladon. That I am worthy of love, nor lack talent to show that sullen chastity is impious, and ingratitude most black to the kind lessons of the earth and sky. Love governs earth and air; the flocks and herds join to the twitter of the billing birds their hymeneal cries. Love's suit even the dumb inanimates pursue. The ivy clasps the oak, the vine the elm, pouting her purple lips to kiss his root. By touch of blossom'd mouths the flowers renew.\nTheir races are odorous. This woody realm is Cupid's bower; see how the trees enwreathe their arms in amorous embraces twined! The gurglings of the rill that runs beneath are but the kisses which it leaves behind; while softly sighing through these fond retreats, the wanton wind woos every thing it meets.\n\nAmarynthus, [Act I.\nTheucarila. Let the beasts minister to appetite: What can their wildness move In beings loftier? Construed aright, Nature cries out against licentious love, To the perversions of thy wanton eye Opposing lessons of cold chastity. To toy with Zephyrus' wild roses peep Forth from their hedges; but when he assails Their lips too rudely, back they creep, Blushing, and drop their leafy veils. The timid rill that steals To meet the smiles of Titan, when she feels His burning mouth upon her cheek,\nBack to her fountain shrinks, panting for breath.\nThe lily bares her bosom to the dew,\nPure as herself; but should a spoiler seek\nTo pluck it from the peace in which it grew,\nBursts into tears and quickly pines to death.\nAmid the sighing reeds does Syrinx still\nShiver in cold repugnancy to Pan.\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 3,7\nHere in this very vale did Daphne fill\nApollo's arms with laurels as he ran;\nAnd yonder from the skies did Dian smile\nChastely upon their rooted chastity.\n\nCeladon: Yet she herself used many a wanton wile,\nWith Pan and pale Eudymion.\n\nTheucarila: Though the sky\nAnd earth should league their blazonry of shame,\nWithin myself a vestal spirit dwells\nOn my heart's altar to preserve the flame\nOf quenchless chastity. My bosom swells\nProud of its champion, planted there by Pan,\nNot as a guard alone from lawless man.\nBut every foe of earth or Erebus.\nPure thoughts and holy, round about her clinging,\nTo the chaste virgin shall be tutelary.\nBy caverns she should pass, where glaring eyes\nTell quicker than their cries,\nThat ravenous beasts upon her path are springing,\n\nAmarynthus, [ACT I.\nOr tread the forest's wine-soaked turf, where hairy-\nSatyrs, abandoned bacchanals, and fauns,\nHold the night orgies of Cotytto lewd,\nSafe should she pass as though she paced the\nlawns\nOf Dian's Ephesus in solitude.\n\nHarpies may hover round, and Syrens hymn\nSeductive warblings from enchanted coasts,\nThe grisly troops of Tartarus the grim,\nGorgons, chimaeras, goblins, imps, and ghosts,\nHer footsteps may beleaguer; philter and spell,\nAnd all the abomination\nOf magic charms and incantation,\nThough breathed by Circe or Medea fell,\nShall harm her not. Straight forward shall she keep.\nHer unpolluted way, for chastity,\nMerely by that omnipotence that lies\nIn her own innocent eyes,\nThe rampant rout shall quell,\nMarching before, her awful centinel.\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 39\n\nCeladon. Invisible champion, draw thy doughty sword,\nFor thus I seize thy charge.\n\nTheucarila. Rash profligate,\nWhat seekst thou by this rude encountering?\n\nCeladon. Where is the blazing brand to vindicate\nThy lips from shame?\n\nTheucarila. A graver need shall bring\nIts aid invoked; mine eye alone can now,\nBy its fierce lightning, paralyze thine arm.\n\nCeladon. Above that eye I see an arched brow,\nThe bow of Cupid; but the darts that swarm\nWithin its arc attract me, not repel.\nThy looks re-kindle what thy words would quell:\nMiscalculating scorner, is it thy plan\nTo stab my love to death with Cupid's dart?\n\nTrifle no more, for guarded as thou art,\nForce shall allay thy pride.\n40 Amarynthus, [Act I. Theucarila. Help! help! O Pan!\nA troop of Nymphs, Satyrs, and Fauns, rush in, and dance around her, singing in chorus:\nQuick o'er the sod,\nAt the name of our God,\nHither we bound,\nAnd his priestess surround:\nHail! hail! hail!\nWe'll guard our queen,\nThrough these alleys green,\nTill the waters we bring\nFrom the sacred spring:\nHail! hail! hail!\nThey go out dancing round Theucarila.\nCeladon, who had withdrawn, comes forward.\n\nCeladon: Again disdained, and cheated of my prize.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 41\nBy Rhadamanthus and the dog of hell,\nI will not slake my thirst till I devise\nRevenge most ruinous. O for some fell\nDesign that may at once the peace betray\nOf Amarillis and Theucarila! [Exit.\n\nPart of the Champaign of Thessaly.\nAmarillis and Phgebidas, meeting.\nAmarillis: O long-lost Phoebidas! First let me praise Pan, that I see you safe, then tell me where, Where have you been these ten long lingering days? How have I grieved for you, \u2013 over down and dale How have I roamed about, making the air Echo your name, even from the windy height That overlooks the blue Thermaic bay, Down to the flowery bottoms, where regale The flocks of Thestalus.\n\nAmarynthus, [Act 1.\n\nPhoebidas: Do you delight In banter still, or may I trust you?\n\nAmarillis: Nay, I only trifled with you, Phoebidas, When I was happy by your side. Ten days Of absence have quite altered me. Alas! I scarce have slept or smiled since last we parted Down by the fount of Haemon, when, with praise Of my rude charms, you kissed me, and agreed Next morn to meet me by the orchard-gate Of old Damaetas. Almost broken-hearted,\nDay after day I waited for your coming,\nAnd sang the song you loved; on my reed\nI whistled to rouse your Lightfoot's well-known bark,\nWhich oft had led me to your pasture.\nBut neither could I hear his voice, nor mark\nHis white side bounding o'er the waving grass,\nLike a sail tossed on Neptune's tumbling green.\nHow listless then I strayed! Naught could engage\nMy vagrant heedlessness. My sheep, alas,\nWere left to wander on the tawny slopes\nOf sun-burnt hills, or scramble crags unseen,\nWhence one poor lamb fell headlong down and died.\nSometimes I sat apart, and fondly sigh'd\nOver the crook you made me, till my tears\nFell fast upon your name, for all my hopes\nOf life seemed lost, and yet I know not why.\nMy mother, too, kept harping in my ears,\n\"How dull thou art\u2014what makes thy cheeks so pale?\"\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 43\nDost thou use Thapsus? - I wept; yet what cause had I to weep? Phaedias. Your tale says, dearest Amarillis, it says you love me. And to deny it longer would be to profanely flout Cupid's power. Amarillis, O don't reprove me. Lend me your hand - feel how my heart beats,\n44 AMAORYNTHUS, [ACT I.\nNor has it ceased to throb this gladsome peal\nFrom the first moment of our happy meeting.\nPhaedias. Another proof of what you would conceal.\nAmarillis. Venus forbid that I should slight her power!\nIf this be love, indeed, then from this hour\nWith all the fondness that may best adorn\nA modest maid, to thee I pledge my love.\nPhaedias. And I, dear Amarillis, by this kiss\nConfirm the vows I have already sworn;\nAnd ratify by this embrace, and this,\nOur plighted constancy.\nAmarillis: Nay, remove your lips too eager and repeat the tale of your strange absence. Help me drive my sheep under yon Lentisck hedge, while you and I can take our seat beneath these shady pines.\n\nPhcebidas: Here is no turf, and all is rough and deep.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 45\n\nWith scattered cones that will not let us lie; but yonder is a green and gentle knoll, purfled with daisies, yellowcups, and thyme, and canopied by an overhanging copse. There, while your flock the flowery herbage crops, and underneath the boughs my cattle stroll, browsing the tender leaves, we will recline, on the gay landscape gazing till it fades in the blue distance.\n\nAmarillis: Gather up your kine; for see, my sheep have sought the hazel shades.\n\nPhcebidas: Upon this primrose bank I'll sit. Amarillis: And here beside you will I listen to your tale.\nPhecias. When last we parted, Amarillis, the goddess,\nYou know I was a goat-herd in the vale\nOf Haemont, tending Churlish Cymon's flocks.\nThere is a sloping field above the rocks\nOf Homole, where in luxuriance grow\nWild honeysuckles and cyperus low,\n46 Amaryllis,\n\nWhich goats delight to browse; there mine I drove,\nAnd sat and piped beneath an almond tree,\nOr caroled old bucolic songs of love,\nTill gazing on a distant sail at sea,\nI thought upon the shepherds of the deep,\nWho plough the wave, and sometimes only reap\nThe wind. Far happier is the goat-herd's lot,\nSaid I, and I far happiest of the clan,\nCould but my Amarillis share my cot;\nAnd then I gathered rushes, and began\nTo weave a garland for you, entwined\nWith violets, hepaticas, primroses,\nAnd coy anemone, that ne'er uncloses\nHer lips until they're blown on by the wind.\n\nMeanwhile, my dog.\nAmarillis: Stop, Phcebidas, for lo, a cow has wandered, and on Milo's lands, His olives crops.\n\nPhcebidas: Off, Whiteface! down below, To the shady glen where yon black heifer stands.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 47\n\nAmarillis: Whisking the flies off in the rushy brook. Ill luck betide the beast, she will not hear! O for a stone to throw! lend me your crook, If I get near her, she shall feel my blow.\n\nAmarillis: O hurt her not, poor beast, nor go too near, Lest she should gore thee: \u2014 recollect the woes That Venus proved for her Adonis dear, And think of me. See, see, the wanderer goes Back to the herd, so, Phcebidas, sit here Close by my side, and let me hear the rest, Phcebidas: Where was I, Amarillis? Amarillis: You were saying About your dog. Phcebidas: Ay; he with heat oppressed Lay fast asleep, by starts and growls betraying.\nThat he was dreaming, like his master. I was dreaming of you, in profound reverie,\nMy flowery garland wove, smiling to hear\nThe cuckoo's note which on the breeze swept by,\n\n48 Amaryllis, [Act I.\nAnd then was lost, when oh, sad sound!\nThe cough of Cymon grated on my ear;\nAnd soon I saw him hobbling up the rock,\nRage in his face, and curses on his lip.\nAlack! no wonder; for my truant flock\nHad climbed the fence where his young vines were growing,\nAnd nibbled every green and tender tip;\nWhile unseen, a fox had seized my scrip,\nAnd left me dinnerless. His staff first throwing,\nHe smote poor Lightfoot, who, with howling snarl,\nLimp'd home and cannot walk even now.\nNext burst his wrath.\u2014 \"A murrain seize thee, Carl,\"\nHe fiercely growl'd,\u2014 \"May Bacchus' tygers tear\nThee,\n\"For these torn vines!\" may midnight satyrs scare.\nMay ravens ever croak their augury in thy left ear! And may Pandora spare thee.\n\nJSCENE V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 49\nHer box to be thy script! - Home, lazy loon! Home to the farm, while I collect thy goats! Oaf! Sluggard! Idiot! Dolt! - Such was the tune.\n\nThe wind blew after me in growling notes, as home I trudged: yet all my thoughts were still fixed on thee, that, through the field of oats, beyond the farm, and half way up the hill, I strayed, without discovering where I was.\n\nAmarillis. Most sorry am I, gentle Phcebidas,\nThat thought of me should ever work thee woe:\nIndeed, I would not harm thee: Pan forbid!\nNo, not for all the brindled cows that low.\n\nIn Thessaly. Still, truant, thou hast hid\nThe secret of thy absence.\n\nPhcebidas. By the stream\nOf Gonnus, Cymon's oil-mill stands.\nThere I was set to work and coarsely fed,\nAnd every night locked closely up to dream\nOf thee and love; again with weary hands\nI, Amaryllis, [ACT I.\n\nNext morning to ply the wheel, till ten days fled,\nWhen Cymon thus addressed me with a frown: \u2014\n\"Well, sluggard, wilt thou leave my goats again\n\"To browse my vines? But I'll not trust thee,\n\"clown,\n\"Except with cows and heifers! Hie with these\n\"Down to the meadows; not the sunny plain,\n\"But where the grass is green with shady trees,\n\"And brooks stand ready for the kine to quaff.\n\"And hark ye, sirrah! if I find thee out\n\"Milking the cows,\" \u2014 (and then he shook his staff,)\n\"I'll lay my trusty cudgel so about\n\"Thy shoulders, that I'll paint them black and blue,\n\"Though they were hard as Pelops'!\" \u2014 I withdrew,\nAnd as I drove afield my lowing herd.\nI sneezed, and felt my right ear itch. - Good luck!\nGood luck! I cried, and scarcely had said the word,\nWhen through the tamarisks your figure struck.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 51\n\nMine eye, and bounding forward I embraced\nMy Amarillis, dear. \u2014\n\nAmarillis. And were you fond,\nPoor Phaedias, to toil, and starve, and bear\nInsults, and threats, and all for love of me?\n\n0 leave the churl: \u2014 in Thessaly's domain\nA kinder master and less wretched fare\nMay surely soon be found.\n\nPhaedias. That well may be;\nBut Cymon is my uncle \u2014 childless \u2014 rich!\nAnd though from fear or avarice I would not\nEndure his spleen, yet when I think that all\nHe leaves me will be thine, it doth bewitch\nMy fancy so, that I forget my lot,\nAnd in the future lose my present thrall: \u2014\nAye, and Til bear his wrangling, were his tongue\nLouder than Cerberus; \u2014 nay, he may use\nMy shoulders, if at last I can but shower his riches on my young Amarynthus, and the blooming shepherdess, nor she refuse To love me better for my sufferings past.\n\nAmarillis: Fie, Phcebidas! thou shalt not bear a blow, No, not an angry word, nor even a frown For me. -- I have a teeming goat, who though She feeds two kids, yet never fails to crown With cream two bowls a day, and mother vowed That when our next year's hymn to Pan was sung, Our old cow, Phillis, should belong to me.\n\nPhcebidas: Yon heifer's somewhat meagre, that's allowed, But she is mine, my twelvemonth's wages wrung From thrifty Cymon; -- these in part would be Stock for our farm. Four pails I have already, Of cypress, carved with ivy round the rim, And helichryse. -- At once, then, let us marry; -- Though young, dear Amarillis, I am steady.\nOf frugal habit and athletic limb:\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 53\nYou are the same. \u2013 O why should lovers tarry\nFor richer store, when love itself is wealth?\nAmarillis. Indeed I would be thine \u2013 but not by\nStealth;\nMy kind old mother first must give consent.\nHome with my flock I'll hurry to implore\nHer guidance, and may Venus bless the event! \u2013\nIn the heat of noon, when shadows of the sheep\nFall all beneath them, when green lizards bask\nOn sunny banks, and birds no longer soar\nIn the fiery sky, gather thy herd, and sleep\nBeneath the shade, first quaffing from thy flask\nA health to me. \u2013 Remember, and farewell!\nPhcebidas. 'Twill make my homely drink seem muscadel. \u2013\nBut where to meet again?\nAmarillis. Thou wilt not fail\nWhen from the watering thou drivest home\nThy herd, to meet me at Pan's festival. 54\nAMARYNTHUS, ACT I.\nPhcebidas: I will be there though crusty Cymon rails Like Boreas; but settle where thou'll roam Tomorrow, lest some other chance befall To interrupt our meeting, \u2013 Amarillis: In the grove Of almonds, near the mill, there is a dell, Where scattered blossoms wing each blade of grass With fluttering purple \u2014 there my flock shall rove And wait thy coming, Phcebidas: Well I know the pass That leads into that flowery dingle. \u2013 Stay, One kiss before we part. Amarillis: There, there, away! May Pan be with thee, and thy footsteps bless! Phcebidas: All thanks and love, most gentle shepherdess.\n\nACT II. THE NYMPHOLEPT.\n\nACT THE SECOND.\n\nSCENE I.\n\nThe Vale of Tempe.\n\nCeladon alone.\n\nThis Amarillis, though a rustic maid,\nStill haunts me strangely. \u2013 She is plump and fresh\nAs a young Dryad born amid the shade.\nAnd I rocked to sleep on boughs, upon whose flesh\nThe sun has never played. My plot is well devised: if what is done\nSucceeds, 'twill humble these proud nymphs \u2014 perhaps\nSubdue them to my wishes.\n\nAmarynthus (entering). Celadon,\nCan you tell me, is Pan's festival concluded?\n\nCeladon. I saw it close even now.\n\nAmarynthus. Thy countenance speaks of good sport.\n\nCeladon, Unless I am deluded,\nMy sport is all to come; but there has been\nGood pastime since, for as I left the scene,\nAnd hither wending crossed the rushy brook\nThat huddles through yon yellow lea,\nThe roguish black-eyed Rhodope\nPopped out from a myrtle bush her head, and shook\nHer tawny ringlets o'er her sun-burnt cheek,\nLike a brown bunch of figs, ripe and blushing;\nAnd, tittering, showed her teeth more white and sleek\nThan the nut's core.\u2014- Aside the branches pushing.\nI gathered from her luscious lips the fruit, plucking up scores of kisses by the root; nor freed the ruddy rustic from my arms, till passengers approached. Where the leaves shed, in our rude sport make an inspiring bed.\n\nWearied, and flushed, and dreaming still of mirth, Asleep she lies in all her mellow charms, Like an over-ripe pomegranate dropped to earth. Say with what freaks dost thou amuse thy leisure?\n\nAmarynihus: The season is a flowing fount of pleasure. O how delightful is the jolly spring, When the warm blood leaps nimbly through the veins And with the budding forth and blossoming Of fields and groves, methinks the soul attains Fresh life and greenness, wantons in the breeze, Sings with the birds, and with the waving trees Dances in unison. The spring time gushes In us as in the lusty grass and bushes.\nAnd the same hand that showers king-cups and daisies, daffodils and pansies, garlands the human heart with all the flowers of love, hope, rapture, and poetic fancies. If, when all nature feels this pregnant thrilling, to its delicious promptings thou art mute, Amarynthus, [Act II,] Be sure that age begins with touches chilling to freeze thy sap and wither up thy root. Celadon. By Phosphor's eye! thou art altered! What hast thou seen in Tempe that excites such rustic rant in an Athenian? Amarynthus. This magic valley teems with strange delights, and sweet enchantments: 'tis the haunt of Pan. Sounds more than human, and celestial sights, and perfumes that overpower the sense of man, float wildly all about. At times mine ear catches the sylvan god's ecstatic pipe, trilling a melody so sad and dreary.\nFor Syrx's loss, I am forced to wipe My eyes ere I can look around to spy Whence it proceeds; but, like the cuckoo's song, It is ever distant, and its source unseen. Celadon. How do you know then that 'twas Pan you heard?\n\nScene I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 59\n\nAmarynthus. I felt it was. Could nature's self be wrong, Which, ever as this sweet lament occurred, Would droop and wear a sympathizing mien? The zephyrs closed their wings, or only stirred To heave a sigh; the goats, and herds, and flocks, On all the fields and rocks, Ceased browsing, and upturned their anxious eyes, With awed looks. Methought the very trees Stood sorrow-struck, with pendent boughs, Listening to the dirge. Yet with what ease His charming pipe, when happier moods arise In voluble and jocund rhapsodies Can madden into mirth whoever hears. O what a merry, merry peal.\nThen his glib and dulcet reed will lavish in many a liquid reel,\nWhile Echo with a rival speed upon the hill-tops dancing strains her throat\nTo double each reverberating note!\n\n60 Amarynthus, [Act II.\n\nThen nature laughs outright; the wild flowers fling\nTheir incense up; the cattle leap for glee;\nThe jocund trees their branches toss on high\nAs if they clapped their hands; the cloudless sky-\nSmiles on the smiling earth, and every thing\nMakes holiday and pranksome jubilee.\n\nCeladon. This is Imagination's fashioning.\nAmarynthus. And sometimes in the breathless dead of night,\nWhen Phoebe, like Narcissus, seems to look\nEnamoured on her picture in the brook,\nAnd the hushed valley sleeps in silver light,\nBursts on a sudden the resounding glee\nOf revelers and rustic minstrelsy,\nOaten reeds and flageolets,\nTimbrels, pipes, and taborets.\nWhich in cadence beat to the sound of dancing feet,\nScene I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 61\nMixed with laughter and the noise of Satyrs, Nymphs, and Sylvan boys,\nHolding the court of Pan in all the glee of pastoral gambols; -\nBut when chanticleer's shrill cries summon morning to arise,\nSuddenly all is hushed, and the wide vale\nIn silence sleeps profoundly.\nCeladon. Fitting tale\nFor dreamer's ears, for such strange melody\nHath many a shepherd conjured in his dreams,\nAttributing to Pan the minstrelsy\nThat lull'd him in the summer shade to sleep.\nThe hum of bees, the gurgling of the streams,\nThe song of birds, the tinkling bells of sheep,\nThe rustling branches played on by the wind,\nThe ploughman's whistle, and the goat-herd's pipe,\nWith lowing herds and bleating flocks combined,\nThese have your fancy, fond, and over-ripe,\nAmarynthus, [ACT II.\nI. The beat of hooves, when cattle gambol on the sod, becomes the sound of nymphs and satyrs' feet jocundly dancing round the Doric god. Such are your daydreams, such the visions are, that night embodies.\n\nAmarynthus. Yesterday's break of day, when the glow-worm's lamp was quenched in dew, and Lucifer, the last surviving star, seemed with the whitening moon to stand at bay against the darts of morn, I chanced to stray in the cool misty dawning through a grove. Within whose leafiness I found a wild fantastic lawn pavilion, round with flowers and shrubs, whose branches interwove a fragrant fence of blossoms. On the grass, silver'd with dew, were prints of many feet, where the night dancers had impressed the mead; a goat-skin sandal, too, emboss'd with brass, a wreath of pine leaves, and a tambourine.\n\nScene I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 63\nLay on the turf beside an oaten reed,\nLeft by the Sylvans in their quick retreat.\nWere these, too, visions, dreams?\nCeladon. Some rural revel\nHad been dispersed, and these the relics left.\nImaginations such as thine will level\nAll objects to one view, and that mistaken,\nVisions for thee! Thank Jove I am bereft\nOf fancy, and realities pursue.\nDreamer! I know thou'dst rather be forsaken\nBy such a man of fact; and so, adieu!\nI'll hie to watch the workings of my plot.\nAmaryn. (after a pause.) What is the nature of\nman's soul, and its final fate? That's the oppressive doubt\nThat eats into my brain, and seems to gnaw\nEven my heart's core. I shall go mad without\nSome revelation of this hidden law.\nYe elements, of whom\n64 Amarynthus, [Act II]\nThis body is compounded, and from whose\nMysterious mixture springs the subtle soul,\nReveal to me its nature and its doom. When did my sympathizing sense refuse To bow to your control, Or vibrate to your smallest impulses? Is there a sight of earth, a watery sound, A touch of zephyr, or a sunny ray, That does not waken its affinities, Cooped in this tegument of clay, And make them yearn to burst their narrow bound? Since then my soul rejoices To listen to your voices, And to your lowest whisper gives reply; Ye parent elements! List now to me: O hear my solemn cry, And let a tongue be found to fling, Shouting from fire, earth, air, or sea, Answers to my most resolute questioning. Hark! Hark! A voice!\n\nScene I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 65\n\nCenone sings without.\n\nApollo was tending Admetus's sheep,\nWith his seven-reed pipe, and his wild olive crook,\nWhen weary with watching he fell fast asleep,\nAnd the wondering nymphs gathered round him.\nOn the placid grace,\nOf his heavenly face,\nAnd his locks that around him a lustre shook.\nCenone enters.\nAmarynthus: O bitter disappointment! 'tis Cenone.\nFair oracle, how ran thy prophecy?\n\"From fancied visions he shall be\n\"Relieved by their reality.\"\nIt is not yet accomplished.\n\nCenone: Time will show\nAll things\u2014calmly await thy destiny.\n\nAmarynthus: O Panomanean Jove! help me to pierce\nThis only secret. Draw the curtain up\nThat hides futurity, or tear it down,\nI care not which, so thou canst ease these fierce\nQuestionings of my spirit. \u2014\nO thou most beautiful pageant of the world,\nO glorious sun and moon, sea, earth, and sky,\nShall I plod blindly on through life's worn maze,\nNor ask by whom your wonders were unfurled?\nSun! shall I fix on thee my dying eye,\nNor ever have learnt who set thee in a blaze?\nEarth shall I tread upon thee but to be Down trodden, and partake man's grovelling doom, Earth-born, earth-swallowed, \u2014 eating, \u2014 eaten, \u2014 dust! O let me leap alive into my tomb, If there the secret is reveal'd to us, For all our human fables I distrust. Ccelus, and Ops, and Terra are to me SCENE I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 67 No vouchers for the past, nor Tartarus And Hades for futurity. (Enone sings) So he dug a hole in the earth, and utter'd his secret, and filled in the mould, But the reeds that shot, From that tell-tale spot, Whispered the wind, and the world soon hears That great King Midas has ass's ears. {Exit.} Amarynthus. Poor crazy babbler! yet from lips like these, Deep hints will sometimes drop: \u2014 whisper'd the earth? Perhaps among earth's buried mysteries This secret sleeps In her silent deeps.\nAnd when invoked, her lips may give it birth,\nAmarynthus, [Act II,\nO mother Earth, thou grave, most dread and dumb,\nOf countless races of mysterious man,\nWith all his hopes and fears since time began;\nThou cradle of eternity to come,\nWith all its world of wonders undivulged,\nThee I invoke!\nThee by the myriad embryos that reside\nIn thy vast bosom, waiting animation,\nWith future fruits and harvests by their side,\nFood of a yet unorganized creation:\nThee by the acorn, which a breath may blow\nFrom its carved cup upon thy nursing lap,\nRocked by the breath of ages, till it grow\nA rooted giant, frowning at the blast,\nAnd shake not at the roaring thunderclap:\nThee by the trembling violet, which eyes\nThe sun but once, and unrepining dies:\nThee by that sun, whose eye, as bright as ever,\nSaw thee upheave from chaos, and shall burn.\nSCENE I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. (69)\nUndimmed when all thy tegments shall sever,\nAnd to their primal elements return.\nBy all the winds that rustle in thy woods,\nTo chime of piping beaks and bleating sheep;\nBy the dead silence of thy solitudes,\nAnd the unwhispered secrets of the deep:\nThee I invoke!\nBy the delicious summer evenings\nDiffusing peace o'er all thy green expanse;\nBy the earthquake's rumbling agony that flings\nHorror on every living countenance,\nAnd makes the teeth of buried kings\nChatter beneath their granite pyramids;\nEarth, I invoke thee! \u2014\nAll, all is hush'd; \u2014 no whisper, \u2014 no reply, \u2014\nI shall go mad with eager agony.\n[Exits.\n\nAMARYNTHUS, (ACT II.\nSCENE II.\nInterior of a Forest.\nUrania, Dryope.\n\nMy dainty spirit, where hast thou wandered? \u2014\nHere in the green shade have I sat and pondered.\nUpon thy flight, looking with eyes that gleam heavenward,\nTo trace thy shadowy career, or with unbreathing mouth have listened\nThe flutter of thy wings to hear. What mean those playful smiles and smothered tittering,\nAnd that tiara in thy hand that glitters?\n\nUrania. When Orpheus in the frantic brawls\nOf the Ciconian bacchanals\nWas slain, and cast on Hebrus' wave,\nReading your thoughts I sped to save\nHis magic lyre, Apollo's gift,\n\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 71\nWhich from the river's golden sands\nI plucked, and ere you guessed my drift,\nLaid it upon your thrilling hands. \u2014\nWith this as late I roamed the air,\nWaking its silver sweetness rare,\nI perched upon the midway ledge\nOf a vast cliff, whose toppling edge\nAwes the Aegean brine, and there,\nOn a green slope of samphire laid,\nSo ravishing a strain I played,\nThat the gruff winds and rattling shore\n Were stilled.\nIn breathless wonder ceased their roar.\nFrom out the silent main, lo! a noble pageant sprung,\nAmphitrite fair and young, Prank'd in full pride,\nWith all her train of Tritons, sea-gods, and the sleek\nNereides of peachy cheek,\nAll paragons except when seen\nBeside their all-eclipsing queen,\n72 Amarynthus, [Act II.\nShe on a silvery car on high\nSate like a goddess, awefully.\nHer arm of alabaster whiteness, lovely and round,\nWith graceful lightness, a sceptre poised; her blue-vein'd foot\nWhose sandal flamed with rubies, fell\nOn the car's front of curling shell,\nAnd thus, while all her train were mute,\nHer swan-like neck, with smiles of pleasure,\nShe bent to listen to my measure.\nThen in the stillness might I hear\nA whisper breathed in Glaucus' ear,\nTo bind me with a braid of flowers,\nAnd bear me to her coral bowers.\nBefore the god had left her car, I twitched this crown of lucid spar from her odorous, glossy head, adorned with shells and sea-flowers. Crimson were her cheeks with ire, and her blue eyes sparkled fire. The sea stood shuddering as I fled on arrowy wing, and many a furious blast was torn from conch, shell, and twisted horn, with shrieks, shoutings, and the lashing of the whole tram's tumultuous dashing. But in a second, I was out of sight and hearing.\n\nEre a grasshopper could jump an ant-hill or a daisy clump, I took flight over meadow, moor, and mountain, forest, river, lake, and fountain. At a bound, I was here upon my bended knee, presenting the starry gem to thee, my honored queen and deity.\nDry opeth. My tricksome spirit, arch and debonair,\nAmarynthus, [Act II,\nWho in your native winds delight to gambol,\nThanks for your sparkling bauble, but beware\nLest in your truant wantonness you ramble\nBeyond earth's verge. I'd love to have a string\nTo hold you flying, like a favorite sparrow,\nAnd pluck you back at will.\nUrania. Alas! my wing\nIs tied already to these narrow confines;\n'Tis earthly now, and if I strove to fly\nUp to those altitudes where spirits revel,\nWith pinion clogg'd, like Icarus, should I\nTumble again to earth's degrading level. \u2013\nWhen this terrestrial fetter is no more,\nYour denser air cannot contain my lightness,\nBut like an exhalation I shall soar\nInto the purity of blue and brightness.\nSoon may it be!\nDryope. And hast thou twitched this jewel\nThat I might set thee free?\nUrania. O nymph of earth!\nSCENE II. THE NYMPHOLEPT (75)\nThou canst not free me from this cruel bondage,\nTill thou hast loved a form of mortal birth.\nDryope. What! I, a daughter of the woods,\nCaress a vase of painted clay, tomorrow's dust,\nAnd lips of everlasting rose impress\nUpon the mouldering red that quickly must,\nTake kisses from the worm? \u2014 If this must be\nEre thou art free,\nThine is a long captivity.\nUrania. Yet I, a ranger of the firmament,\nBorn of the air, and dieted with light, \u2014\nYes, I, no longer with celestials winging\nThe wilds of space, my foot to earth could stoop,\nAnd love a wood-god.\nDryope. Say, enamoured, say\nHow chanced this luckless flame.\nUrania. O bitter story!\nAnd yet delightful too. What raptures troop\nTo every pulse as I recall the day.\n(76) AMARYNTHUS, [ACT II.\nList to my shame \u2014 self-slanderer! \u2014 to my glory.\nWhile floating near the earth, a sound ascended from the green heart of rustic Arcady. Voices of fauns and satyrs, blended with horns and shouts of revelry. With bugles resounding, through woodlands surrounding, the sylvans were bounding, while echo on high gave reply to the cry, as if she were chasing a stag through the sky. Where through the wood of Venus flows the river Ladon, I descended. But now the chase was ended, and all around me was a sweet repose. Through an arcade of boughs I glided, and that delicious margin traced, until the gentle waves divided. Where in the midst an island placed,\n\nHeaved its green bosom to the breeze,\nBeneath a wilderness of trees.\nPine, cedar, chestnut gave on high,\nThrough giant arms a snatch of sky,\nWhile quivering in mid-air were seen\nLarch, aspen, ash, acacia bright.\n\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 77\n\nHeaved its green bosom to the breeze,\nBeneath a wilderness of trees.\nLike floating clouds of vivid green,\nTipped with laburnum's sunny light.\nBeneath them was a blooming bower\nOf laurel, myrtle, arbutus,\nWreath'd with each wild and odorous flower\nThat perfumes Arcady.\n\nDryope, what made you thus\nMinutely mark that nest of loveliness?\nUrania. At first I saw no loveliness but one:\nBut I have ever since at fall of even\nHaunted the spot, and with my song\nHave lullabied to sleep the setting sun,\nTill on my heart is stamped that leafy heaven.\n\n78 Amarynthus, [Act II.\nDryope. Child of the clouds, pursue thy tale:\nI long\nTo hear its sequel.\n\nUrania. Underneath the cope\nOf that seclusion deep,\nTired with the chase, upon a mossy slope,\nLay Faunus fast asleep!\n\nUpon his outstretched arm, whose hand\nLoosely touched his cornel spear,\nHis cheek was pillowed, flushed, and tanned\nWith sports of sylvan cheer.\n\nHis graceful neck down\nHung grape-like clusters of the darkest locks,\nSome upon his shoulder brown,\nBut smooth as Pelops' by the wind were blown.\nDream of his form, for portraiture it mocks.\nO never did the elements combine\nAn adolescence so divine.\nThus in the exquisite glory\nOf nature's manly spring,\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 79\nWarmed with autumnal coloring,\nHe lay on that embowered promontory,\nDryope. Thy sparkling eyes and kindling cheek.\nMore eloquently than thy language speak.\nUrania. Deep were his slumbers, for the trees\nFanned by the murmuring breeze,\nAttuned their lulling harmony\nTo the low hum of bees;\nAnd round about the waters gushing,\nSeemed but a gentle hushing,\nThat joined the strain and sang his lullaby.\nUpon the stream a swan floated in snowy stateliness,\nFull plumed, gazing upon him with a steadfast eye,\nAnd ever as the current bore her on.\nHer station she resumed, and gazed again more earnestly. I thought it was the genius of the place, taking that form of grace, to sit beside him, watchfully.\n\nAmarynthus, [ACT II.\n\nDryope. Couldst thou behold so sweet a scene unmoved?\nUrania. Ah, me! I did not. Tremblingly, by that ineffable symmetry alighting, I stood silent and gazed, nor knew I loved, till mine eyes laid upon his lips inviting, gently, and from that nectar drew. With sudden glee amid the leaves, melodious laughter sounded, and looking up, I might espy Cupid's white teeth and mark his silver bow, as from his nest he bounded, and sought on purple wings the sky.\n\nDryope. Awoke not then the sleeping boy below?\nUrania. I saw no more, before my vision dim, the landscape seemed to swim; my tingling blood diffused a blush of fire through every limb.\nAnd in my ears I heard the gush\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 81\nOf mighty waters. Then first from my unconscious shoulders started\nThese pinions, badges of my degradation.\nDryope. Wingless! then how couldst thou\nUpsoar\nInto the spheres?\nUrania. At simple will I darted\nAbove, below. Wherever inclination\nPrompted, with ease I clove the sky.\nDryope. Such power have I possessed in dreams.\nUrania. Now levelled with the birds I cannot fly\nWithout this cumbersome aid.\nDryope. Graceful it seems\nTo me, and beautiful; but quick resume\nThy tale, I pant to know thy doom.\nUrania. Recovering from my trance,\nI found myself alone within a grove,\nAnd then bethought me of Pan's ordinance\nAgainst forbidden love: \u2014\n82 AMARYNTHUS, [ACT II.\nThat she of air who kiss'd a lip of earth,\nShould be earth-bound, resign the firmament,\nAnd mansions of her birth,\nTo serve what nymph of wood, or fount, or grot,\nShe first might meet in that abandonment.\nThee, gentle mistress! thee, by happy lot,\nDid I encounter first: thy tenderness\nHath sweetened servitude. May my poor heart\nBy ever prompt docility express\nIts gratitude.\n\nDryope. Urania, mine! thou art\nMost dear to me, -- not servitor, but friend.\nBelieve me, now, thy sadly tuneful tale,\nBreathing of love and leaves unto its end,\nHas left within my breast a thrilling trorb:\nBut saidst thou not, unless remembrance fail,\nThat I could set thee free?\n\nUrania. Forgive this sob;\nNor ye, celestial playmates, mark the tear\nThat does not gush for you, but one more dear,\n\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 83\nThough an earth ranger. As I lost the skies\nFor having loved a wood-god, so, shouldst thou\nPress but thy lips to those of mortal man.\nThine were the penalty, and mine the prize;\nFor thou to mortal destinies must bow,\nAnd in that instant I should soar sublime.\nSuch the commandment of all-loving Pan,\nTo keep each race distinct, yet not chastise\nMore than one sentient being at a time.\n\nDryope. I pity thee, Urania, for I fear\nIf such the terms, thou never canst be free\nBut be of happy cheer,\nFor light and loving shall thy service be.\nBe it thy present task to twine a wreath\nOf oak leaves with their apples.\n\nUrania. To adorn\nThy radiant brow?\n\nDryope. Sweet captive, no; \u2014 beneath\nThe giant oak which wandering woodmen call\nAmarynthus, there is this morn\nA meeting of the wood-nymphs, to elect\nOur summer chief, whose office is in all\nSolemnities and pastimes to direct\nOur jocund sisterhood. She to whom falls\nThis dignity, in a wild chaunt we hail.\nQueen, and bedeck her with our coronals. Follow me thither quick.\nUrania. I will not fail.\nO I have seen a youth so bright,\nAnd mortal too, that Dryope,\nIf once he met her ravished sight,\nWould be enslaved and I set free.\nThis shall be done\nBefore the sun\nSinks into the ruddy sea.\n\nScene III. THE NYMPHOLEPT.\n\nThe open country,\nChabrias, Theucarila, Celadon, Doris, Shepherds and Shepherdesses, meeting Amarillis,\nchant in Chorus.\n\nHappy, happy, Amarillis!\nWhom our God with awful voice\nHas made the priestess of his choice;\nWear the virgin wreath of lilies,\nWear the holy robe and rod,\nChosen priestess of our god;\nHappy, happy, Amarillis I.\n\nDoris. O daughter, daughter, what a happy pass!\nPriestess of Pan? \u2013 O Jupiter!\nCeladon. Forbear,\nGood Doris; hold thy peace, for Chabrias\nWill tell the tale.\n\n86 Amarynthus, [Act II.\nChabrias. Listen, maiden, with reverent ear and grateful heart. A prodigy has summoned you to the temple, called by name. As we advanced to place a wreath around Pan's statue, a cry was heard, and from its marble lips came a divine command, \u2014 \"Theucarila, no more approach my temple, Let Amarillis reign as my priestess.\" Obeying this mandate, holy maid, we hail you as priestess, coming to lead you hence to our temple, where you shall be arrayed with all solemnity and reverence.\n\nTheucarila. Here I offer you the rod and robe, And holy wreath, symbols of office. I am at a loss to understand how I have offended the benignant Pan. I have searched my heart and found it faithful to its vow. Yet I must bow my head beneath his ban.\n\nScene III. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 87\nHumbly, striving to hide my shame and heal the bitter desolation I endure. May thou be happier than I! Thy zeal as fervent, and thine honors more secure.\n\nAmarillis. What means this mockery, dear mother? I am all bewildered: greeted thus, and styled Priestess of Pan! Me, Amarillis, me, so lowly born!\n\nDoris. Lowly, indeed! 'Twould try the temper of a dove. Why, tell me, child, was not thy grandsire's wife, old Crocale, aunt to Pelopidas the rich? For shame!\n\nAmarillis. Nay, mother, do not blame. But pity me; I know not what I say. With pious reverence, I would obey Great Pan's behest; and yet, alas! I feel it cannot be.\n\nDoris. What next will come to pass?\n\n88 AMARYNTHUS, [ACT II.\n\nAmarillis. My heart will burst, unless I may reveal its burden. Mother, didst thou not consent?\nJust now I should wed with Phoebidas, Doris. Tush! - it was before I knew of this high event. A priestess speaks of marriage! O profane! Chabrias. Chosen of Pan, thou must devote thy years To chastity, all former ties forsaking. On to the temple. Doris. Daughter, dry thy tears, Arnarillis. How can I, mother, when my heart is breaking?\n\nThey lead her out in procession, singing.\n\nHappy, happy Arnarillis!\nWhom our god with awful voice\nHas made the priestess of his choice;\nWear the virgin wreath of lilies,\n\nWear the holy robe and rod,\nChosen priestess of our god,\nHappy, happy Amarillis.\n\nCeladon remains. My plot has answered wonderfully: - it was I,\nConcealed beneath the statue's base, that feigned -\nPan's awful voice, and wrought this prodigy.\nHow soon these pious rustics are cajoled!\nI. Perhaps I may no longer be disdained,\nNow that Theucarila is uncontroll'd. Be she or Amarillis kind or loth,\nAt all events I am revenged on both.\n\nScene IV.\nThe Vale of Tempe.\n\nAmarynthus:\nO matron goddess, Cybele, who didst bow\nFrom heaven thy towered head to bless\nAmarynthus, [Act II.\nThe Phrygian shepherd boy:\nDiana, thou,\nWho in thy lunar car nightly hauntest\nLatmos, where slept in lonely dreaminess\nThe Arcadian herdsman; and thou too, love's essence,\nVenus, who from enamoured gods didst slip\nIn Cretan woods to lip,\nThe smooth-cheek'd hunter, or on Ida's crest\nThe blooming son of Themis bless'd;\n\nSay, ye celestials, did ye fear to daunt\nYour lovers by revealing\nThis secret, never utter'd in man's presence,\nOr were ye bound by oath to its concealing?\nPerchance its deadly blazon may not be\nKnell'd with impunity.\nIn the fragile shell of mortal ear;\nSpeak not the less, though your breath\nStrike me with instant death,\nFor I had rather die,\nSeeing futurity with vision clear,\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 91\nThan live in this benighted agony: \u2014\nShout, then, I charge ye, shout,\nGod, goddess, daemon, genius, nymph, or ghost,\nAlthough your tongue in thunder chase my doubt,\nAnd your eyes' lightning wither up each vein;\nOr in a whispering hush mine ear accost,\nAnd drop the secret in its porch,\nAlthough like Aconite it scorch\nWith maddening fire each chamber of my brain.\n\nEnter Genone.\n\n(Genone. Be hush'd ye waters, woods, and waves,\nwhile I,\nIn mute idolatry,\nBow to the mighty spirit of the mountain.)\n\nAmarynthus. What mountain speak'st thou of?\n\nGenone. Parnassus, where\nGlorious Apollo reigns.\n\nAmarynthus. As I sat quoting\nAlcmaeon once by the Castalian fountain.\n[92] Amarynthus, [Act  II.\nEnone. Hush, hush! no more, \u2014 those lovely arms, \u2014 there, there!\nThey strike the harp.\nHow sweet, and yet how stern, \u2014 hark, hark!\nO save me, save me, from those threatenings sharp.\nAmarynthus. Be calm, Enone; these are visions.\nEnone. Mark,\nHow it swims up and melts into the air.\nIt was no vision! but 'tis gone, and I\nAm left again in wandering misery.\nShe sings.\nWhen Dido, love-lorn wife,\nLaid her head upon the pyre,\nShe lost at once her life\nAnd her passion in the fire.\nBut what must she endure\nWho feeds a hopeless flame,\nAnd seeks in vain a cure\nFor love, and life, and shame.\n\n[Scene IV.] The Nympholept. [93]\nAmarynthus. Leave me, Oenone; I am rapt in high\nMusings and invocations: why dost thou haunt\nMy wanderings?\n\nOenone. Fiercer spirits than I\nShall haunt thee soon. Musings and invocations?\nWhat thinkest thou that thy conjurings can daunt Cenone? Breathe thy darkest adjurations, I will stand by thee though the invisible world yawn to thy summons, all unfurled. I have seen the Olympian Psychagogi conjure up spirits of the dead, then why cannot I aid thy harmless incantations? Answers to our joint summons we will win, For the nymphs of earth or air The secret shall declare, So begin! begin! begin! Amarynthus. Uraniae, fair immortals of the sky, Give ear unto my cry, If to your azure domes and halls of marble, A parley wafted on the daring breath 94 Amarynthus, [Act II. Of man may climb. If not, O Epigeiae, who claim your birth, Like me, from this maternal earth, List, while in turn I summon ye to warble From fount or ocean, grove, or mountain grot, Oracular song or hymn, To chase this ignorance dim.\nWhich makes light dark and life itself a death.\nGanyme singing. Hear, hear, hear!\nFrom earth or sky,\nO nymphs reply,\nAppear, appear, appear!\nAmarynthus. Oreades! Nymphs of the mountain rushing,\nFrom the so haunted Paphlganian cave;\nWhat time Aurora blushing,\nVeils with her glittering locks the morning star,\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 95\nYour horns and voices near and far,\nRe-echo, till in virgin beauty grave,\nThe heavenly huntress of the silver bow,\nDian, descend among ye; then ye bound\n(Your rosy charms robust,\nWith jocund health and sylvan ardor flush'd,)\nOver the hills and downs like sunny flashes,\nWhile from the fern the roebuck dashes\nInto the nearest brakes,\nAnd with his antlers shakes\nUpon his dappled coat the dew-drops round.\nReturning to your grot,\nLandscaped with evergreens and nodding flowers,\nUpon your mossy couches ye recline.\nQuaffing the fruits, milk, and honey wine,\nEvery pious goatherd fails not to drop within, as offerings to your powers.\nO quivered virgins, leave the feast and cup,\nOreades, up, up!\n\nAmarynthus, [Act II.\n\nNor stay to braid your wind-blown locks,\nBat from your niches in the rocks,\nHear me, O hear, and give reply\nUnto my solemn cry.\n\nOenone singing.\n\nHear, hear, hear!\nNymphs of the hill,\nOur wishes fulfill,\nAppear, appear, appear!\n\nAmarynthus.\nYe Naiads, who in fountains floating,\nYour azure eyes upturn,\nTo watch the weeping Hyades denoting\nReplenishment to each exhausted urn;\nOr from Apollo stealing,\nUnto some moist and silent cave,\nYour heads on flaky lilies propping,\nList idly to the water dropping,\nFrom the top, drip! drop!\n\n[Scene IV.] THE NYMPHOLEPT. 97\n\nOozing from the mossy ceiling\nDrowsily upon the wave.\nAnd chiefly ye,\nEnamoured three,\nEunica, Malis, and Nycheia, fair maidens,\nIn your rocky cistern, dancing,\nSaw from the Argonauts advancing,\nHylas, the curly Hylas, with his vase,\nAnd as he stooped to fill it, seized his hand,\nAnd plucked him to your amorous embrace,\nDeaf to his comrades' cries that filled the air,\nTill \"Hylas! Hylas!\" rang along the Pontic strand:\n\nRoused by my invocation stern,\nO cease your sports, and from your hollow urn,\nAs from a trumpet shout,\nA response that may chase this maddening doubt.\n\nHear me, I charge you, hear, and give reply,\nUnto my solemn cry.\n\nAmarynthus. [ACT II.\nCenone singing.\n\nHear, hear, hear!\nO nymphs of the urn,\nAn answer return:\n\nAppear, appear, appear!\n\nDaughters of Doris, sleek Nereides,\nYe lily-bosom'd Graces of the ocean,\nRiding in its commotion,\nThe breakers, Neptune's coursers of the seas.\nOr whether in the calm Eubcean bay,\nNereides, ye play,\nWhere the waves softly creep,\nWith hushing lips to kiss the yellow sand,\nThe while Arion's magic hand\nWith melting music soothes the deep :\nOr in your crystal grottoes flashed with spar,\nOn sea-weed couches if ye sleep,\nLull'd by the watery roar,\nOf some tempestuous shore,\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 99\nBooming faintly from afar;\nOr if your sisterhood, perchance,\nThe court of Neptune haunts,\nIn the saloons of Amphitrite's coral\nPalace weaving the delirious dance,\nWhile Sappho, garlanded with laurel,\nMelodious songs and hymns of triumph chants;\n\nLet my dread summons with a tongue of iron\nKnock at your palace gates,\nAnd with prompt ear your challenger environ,\nFor he demands, not supplicates,\nThat ye should hear his quest, and give reply\nUnto his solemn cry.\n\nCenone singing.\n\nHear, hear, hear!\nNymphs of the sea, attend to our plea; appear, appear, appear!\n100 Amarynthus, [Act II.\nAmarynthus: O boon and buxom daughters of the wood,\nWho in mute wonder stood,\nBeneath polluted Myrrha's sighing branches,\n(Who with her bitter tears her crime embalms,)\nAnd watched her procreant bark the while it launches\nThe young Adonis to your trembling palms;\nDryads and Hamadryads, ye\nWho haunt this antique greenery,\nWhether on beds of moss, curtained by boughs,\nWithin your oaky bowers ye are lying,\nAnd with the chant of birds your ears carouse;\nOr mid the copses flying\nFrom chase of Faunus and his sylvanry,\nYe scare the dappled does who browse\nIn lonely fearfulness, O troop, when bidden,\nTo one who with deep reverence resorts\nTo view your pastoral sports;\nAnd if your sacred graces must be hidden,\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 101\nWithin these laurel arbors take your station,\nAnd utter thence your revelation,\nOr let me from some Dodonaean oak\nYour oracle evoke.\n\nYe rosy foresters, for ever young,\nYe greenwood rovers, debonnaire, O hear!\nHie hither from your leafy cabinets,\nYour green alcoves and arks,\nWhether in brakes or fastnesses,\nDells, verdant coves, or single trees,\nFor, lo! the morn is blushing, and the larks\nSalute her from the sky with piping tongue,\nWhile all the woodlands ring to chanticleer.\n\nLeave, O leave your sports and loves,\nAnd list awhile to me;\nMe, Dryads! me, a burgess of the groves,\nFor I am stern and desperate in my plea.\n\nHear then, I charge ye, hear, and give reply\nUnto my solemn cry.\n\n102 [ACT II]\nOenone sings.\n\nHear, hear, hear!\nNymphs of the grove,\nWherever ye rove,\nAppear, appear, appear!\n\nAmarynthus. What! is the world struck dumb?\nno sound, no sight? O earth or air, speak for the love of mercy. My brain, I shall go mad outright. [Exit.\nCenone. Nature was dumb even to the enchantress Circe, And unto all she still preserves her calm And resolute silence \u2014 unto all but me. In that alone my sorrows find a balm. Did he not speak of love? I had a lover once, most dear to me; but all is over, all gone, gone! So do not tell Apollo.\nSCENE IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 103\nOh heavens, I think I see Apollo yonder In all his beauty's wonder. I know him by the beams that gush From out his locks: nay, do not let him follow Till I have hid me in yon woody cover. I'll steal to it on tiptoe. [Exit.\nEND OF ACT II.\n104 Amaryllis, [Act III.\nACT THE THIRD.\nSCENE I.\nA Cave in Mount Homole\nEnter Amarillis and Phcebidas.\nPhcebidas. Lean on me; we have reached the cave at last.\nAmarillis. In secretly leaving the temple, I fear I have done wrong. Yet, in hypocrisy, to waste my youth and act the priestess when my rebel heart must still belong to my dear Phcebidas, would have been deeper wickedness. O Pan, forgive me!\nPhcebidas. Nay, cheer up, all's well. The stars favored our escape. Last night, I watched the bright-eyed Bear till he began to set. And when Orion shone, I fell on my knees, imploring that our flight might prosper. Softly then, I drew you to the temple and received you in my arms.\nAmarillis. As we came hither, in the distant blue, I saw the Pleiades arising, clear from clouds. Is that a good omen, Phcebidas?\nPhcebidas. Yes, for me. I never felt alarms.\nSince I saw Castor and Pollux arise on my right,\nAmarillis. Heaven smiles upon our plot.\nSee with what flushing cheeks and sparkling eyes\nThe hill-tops tell us they have seen the sun.\n'Tis a sweet scene; but will this open grot\nConceal me? There will be close pursuit.\nPhcebidas. Not one\nWill venture here; for everywhere it's thought\nThat by an angry nymph this cave is haunted.\nNo straying goat within it will be sought.\n\nAmarynthus, [Act III.]\nBut with his pipe or voice the goat-herd, daunted,\nAwaits below, and tries to coax it out.\nThis is our cue. For you must represent\nThis angry nymph. Should bolder feet be treading\nAbout your hiding place, to chase all doubt,\nYou must put on this scarf and garland, meant\nTo imitate the nymph's; and with upbraiding\nTongue be ready to chastise them back.\nAmarillis: What brought this artifice into your mind?\nPhcebidas: Dear Amarillis, love will never lack expedients for success. Amarillis: But how am I to live meantime? Phcebidas: A crystal spring you'll find In the white marble, purer than the dew In a lily's bell, and hither will I hie At night with fruits and cream, and honey pressed Fresh from the comb. I a Doric cake, and flask of muscadel, For present use. This cave shall be the nest Over which I'll hover, feeding thee as well And tenderly as stock-doves do their young. Amarillis: Shall I not see thee in the day? Phcebidas: My herd Cannot be browsed upon the mount, for so The heifers might devour with eager tongue The poisonous budding brooms; but 'tis averred That in the shrubby bottoms down below\nThey are rich plots of pasture, thymy hillocks, and sweet spots,\nWhere honey-bells, wild oats, and celandine entwine with maiden-hair and asphodel. There, the sheep may browse, and I may sometimes steal\nTo visit thee; for few explore this wild,\nUnless some wandering wood-keeper should come\nTo gather faggots.\n\nAmarillis. Meanwhile, I will kneel\nHourly to Pan till he be reconciled\nTo this bold flight. Surely we must by some\nMisdeed have angered him, or he would ne'er\nFrown on our loves.\n\nPhcebidas. Last week, in thoughtful mood,\nCrossing the mead behind the temple, where\nBrowses the sacred herd, a heifer stood\nAthwart my path, which I unwarily struck\nWith my staff.\n\nAmarillis. O sacrilegious blow!\nOne of the sacred herd! Didst thou not spy\nPan's symbol branded on its side, to show\nThat it was sacred?\nPhcebidas: Why was it meant for sacrifice?\nAmarillis: No, not that. Until the heifer leapt over the lea.\nAmarillis: This is the cause of all our trouble. You must make offerings in atonement.\nPhcebidas: What gifts will suffice?\n\nScene I. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 109\n\nAmarillis: Three goats' milk bowls, and three of honey with the comb.\nPhcebidas: Yes, and double if it will appease him I will freely give.\nAmarillis: Lose no time, but to his altar hasten; And may he with propitious mercy view Thine offerings!\nPhcebidas: I go; but I shall live Only in hope of quick return. Farewell!\nAmarillis: Believe me, Phcebidas, I shall not taste Joy till you come again. Farewell, farewell!\nPhcebidas [exits]\n\nInto the darker cloisters of my cell Will I retire. And, O ye pendent boughs Of ilex, ivy, rosemary, and box, With oleaster and wild vines entwined,\nShrouded from sight: no vagrant flocks,\n110 Amarynthus, [Act III.\nYour green festoons, with mouth uplifted, browse,\nNo woodman with his hatchet wound your rind.\n[Exits into the Cave.\nAmarynthus enters the Cave and approaching the Fountain, kneels before it.\nAmarynthus:\nYou stately nymphs that in this fountain lave,\n(What time the morn from yonder height\nStands tiptoe peeping with delight,)\nAnd give your breasts to float upon the wave,\nLike heaving lilies with a rose-bud tipped,\nMay nothing in your crystal bed be dipped,\nTo cloud the beaming of your milky limbs\nWhen ye disport beneath; nor herds nor flocks\nTrample the flowers that glorify its rims,\nWith which ye wont to braid your dripping locks.\nMay nothing of the reptile tribe that swims,\nProfanely tincture its pellucid deep.\n[Scene I.] THE NYMPHOLEPT. Ill.\nAnd when some thirsty pilgrim stops to sip,\nMay he, like me, approach with reverent lip,\nNot with rude clamor scare ye when ye sleep,\nLulled by the gurglings that around ye creep.\nHail, ye fair forms, and hallowed be your haunts!\nAmaris sings within.\nWho dares invade with foot unwary,\nThis our chosen sanctuary?\nShe enters dressed as a Nymph.\nPresumptuous mortal! Knowest thou not\nThis is the nymphs' forbidden grot?\nWretch! thou shalt be, for this intrusion,\nHaunted and hunted to confusion.\n\nAmarynthus utters a loud cry, and rushes out.\n\nAct III, Scene II.\n\nCenone is discovered sitting beneath a tree, weaving a garland of flowers and ivy.\nShe sings.\n\nHot was the chase\nThrough the wilds of Thrace,\nWhen Rhaecus riding the woods among,\nSaw a beautiful oak that toppling hung,\nFor the earth had sunk\nFrom the roots, and its trunk\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections have been made for readability.)\nTo the shelving bank, in agony, he clung. He stopped his horse and upright propped the tree, replacing the earth with care. A young Hamadryad, as fresh as air, stepping out of the dark and yawning, barked, \"Ask a boon, and I'll grant your prayer.\"\n\nScene II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 113\n\nAs he gazed on her breast, still heaving distressed,\nHe fondly exclaimed, \"O beautiful nymph, grant yours in return!\"\n\nShe blushed at his boon, but vowed that soon,\nThe hour of his happy reward he should learn.\n\nIn his ear, while at dice, a bee buzzed thrice,\n'Twas a page from his bride to whisper her will,\nBut he dashed it aside and attempted to kill.\n\nWhen in anger and shame,\nShe struck him lame,\nAnd there he goes, limping, limping still.\n\nWhat a fierce thing is unrequited love!\nAlas! poor Rhaecus, thou wilt not abuse it.\nAgain, the herald of a nymph. Heigho!\nYes, the last garland I ever wove was like this,\nAnd Amarynthus, with what profuse clusters\nHis locks above it and below,\nFell when I placed it on his noble brow.\nBut hush! No more of that, 'tis impious now.\nSealed be my lips. Yet after death, perhaps,\nWe may unchained meet, no more to part.\nIf so, how gladly should I mark the lapse\nOf health, waiting to let my heart\nBreak, like an egg silently in its nest,\nThen spread my wings, and flutter to his breast.\n\nAmarynthus rushes in mildly.\n\nAmarynthus: O save me, save me! hide me\nfrom the anger\nOf the pursuing nymphs: visions of sadness\nGlare ghastly to mine eyes: clashing and clangor\nWhiz in mine ears, and every thought is madness.\n\nCenone: I said thou shouldst be haunted by more\ndire\nAnd unrelenting spirits than Oenone.\nSCENE II. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 115\nAmarynthus. See, see! The furies with their snaky hair\nRise from the earth and stretch their fingers bony,\nWhose single touch would set my heart on fire. This way they block my passage up, and there\nThe nymphs rush on like raving bacchanals.\nO for some cloud like that which Jove outspread\nOver this vale of Tempe, to conceal\nIo! I hear the nymphs' distracting calls.\nO whither shall I fly, where hide my head,\nOr quench the fire that in my brain I feel?\n[Exits.\nCenone. Yes; happiness upon the horizon hangs,\nFor ever flying back as we advance.\nPoor Amarynthus! thou hast realized\nThy hopes\u2014what are they? Nympholeptic pangs\nAnd terror. How these leaves of ivy glance\nIn the sun. This garland might be prized\nBy Bacchus himself. O let me not profane\nThat name, but recall the Chian crew.\nAct III, Amarynthus:\nWhat, kidnap Bacchus! Impious and insane!\nTraitors! Your punishment was richly due.\nShe sings.\nA beautiful boy in the Chian woods\nWas reeling about, with wine o'ercome,\nThey took him on board, and swore by the Gods,\nTo sail for Naxos, and carry him home.\nBut the traitors bore\nFor another shore,\nWhen, lo! the vessel stands rooted fast,\nSpite of the winds and buffeting blast.\nO rare prodigy! See, see, the boards\nWith quick spreading ivy bud and brighten,\nThe oars are wreathed like thy patriot swords,\nHarmodius bold and Aristogiton.\nIt runs up the mast,\nRound the ropes is cast,\nAnd the sail that rustles with berries and leaves,\nLike a waving wood in the ocean heaves.\n\nScene II, The Nympholept:\nAmazement! Look, a car in the ship!\nTwo rampant panthers spring from the floor;\nWith a bright-eyed snarl each upcurls his lip.\nAnd he lifts his paw with a fearful roar:\nBacchus steps down\nFrom the car with a frown,\nAnd shaking the grapes from his locks and neck,\nPlants his spear on the ringing deck.\nHow ran the rest? The perjured crew were\nthrown\nInto the sea, and took a dolphin's shape;\nA happier change than mine, whose mind alone\nIs metamorphosed. No man can escape\nWho is ungrateful to the powers divine,\nThat duly bless the earth with corn and wine!\nShe sings.\n\nGlory to Ceres, the beautiful Chloe!\nSing Io! Bacchus! Evohe! Evoe! [Exeunt\n\n118 Amarynthus, [Act III.\nScene III.\nInterior of a Forest.\nUrania alone.\n\nHe will be here anon, for I\nAmid the trees pursued his track,\nNow crouching in the dingles nigh,\nAnd now with deprecating cry,\nFlying like a maniac.\n\nShe will love him at first sight,\nFor wild, bewildered as he flies,\nHis beauty flashes out more bright.\nLike sun-beams shot from stormy skies.\nThis, this alone can set me free;\nAnd yet, kind-hearted Dryope,\nI would still serve thee, if I thought\nMy liberty with thine were bought.\n\nScene III. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 119\nBut Amarynthus' love will be\nA source of rapture so divine,\nThat to retain it thou'lt resign\nGladly thine immortality.\n\nShe sings:\n\nIn the Milky Way's fierce lustre,\nDo my starry sisters cluster:\nQuickly shall I cleave the air,\nTheir pastime and their flight to share,\n'Neath the lids of morn to creep,\nIn our twilight bowers to sleep,\nTill she opes her amber eye,\nOn a sun-beam then we fly,\nDancing up the jocund sky,\nIn delicious revelry.\n\nAs on air we float and swing,\nMerry madrigals we sing,\nAct III.\n\nBind with amaranth our brows,\nAs on odours we carouse;\nOr in races start amain\nTo kiss some star and back again.\nAll the while our voices resonate\nTo the sphere's harmonious chiming.\nIf on earth we choose to tread,\nIt is some hallowed precinct,\nCharmed lake or haunted dell,\nTo hear the hymn of Philomel;\nAnd when summer's evening flashes,\nOpen the sky in flaming gashes,\nThither do we swiftly fly,\nLeap into the liquid light,\nAnd bid the winking world good night.\n\nEnter Dryope.\n\nDryope: O nightingale, who to the unconscious trees\nSing so sweetly,\nThou shalt repay me with two melodies\nFor every one thou flingest\nAway upon the woods when I am gone.\nThis tale of yours haunts my mind continually;\nI mean the story of the abandoned Celadon,\nWhen to himself you overheard him boasting\nHis impious fraud in Pan's dread name committed;\nI cannot rest until his guilt is revealed.\nStrangers, so sacrificed, might well be pitied.\nBut I have long shown ingratitude, at least forgetfulness, to Phcebidas. I have a milk-white fawn, spotless and tame, which in a storm leapt over the fence of my bower and sought the innermost recess of a thorny thicket. Phcebidas happened upon it there and carefully led it thence. By its collar of oak garlands, he guessed it was a nymph's and tied it beneath our tree, called Dian's canopy. He supplied it with food and left it with a blessing. Now for this gentle deed I confess myself his debtor; now will I be won from all good offices until I can crown him with fortune's gifts and love's success. Did you not say, besides, that Celadon was a despiser of the nymphs and Pan?\n\nOne who derides all holy things, denies\nThe existence of the nymphs of earth or sky,\nAnd at the terrors of the invisible world laughs.\nDryope. Let us punish his impieties;\nTeach him that Pan's most awful majesty\nShall not be flouted, and that mockery\nHurled against the gods leaps back with fierce recoil\nUpon the scorner. Thou, Urania, must\nDevise the mode, and bear this duteous toil.\nQuick! quick! nor let me longer be unjust.\n\nScene iii. The Nympholept.\n\nUrania.\nBefore the words have left thy tongue,\nSwift as a swallow feeds her young,\nI fly to execute thy vow,\nAnd back again, to tell thee how. [Exit.\n\nDryope. Is it some stag I hear, whose antlered brows\nHave got entangled in these rustling boughs?\nO gracious Pan! what apparition's this?\n[Amarynthus rushes in and throws himself\nat the feet of Dryope.\n\nAmarynthus. The nymphs! the nymphs! O hide me\nfrom their fury.\nThey gain upon me. Hark! the hissing air.\nBoils in my ears; the earth heaves beneath my feet, and tries to shake me off. Spare, I conjure you, O spare a mad wanderer. There, there! The sea forsakes its bed and rolls its fleet waves to overwhelm me. Lo! the rays of the sun are angry flames; with forky tongues out-thrust to lap me. Hecate is coming; see, with her hands she combs her snakes, and every one spits out its foam at me. Here, in the dust, kneeling, O gentle shepherdess, to thee I make appeal. If ever thou didst love, or the soft touches of compassion know, if thou dost reverence the powers above, and the dread nymphs their ministers below, O pour thy pity on a haunted wretch, chased by the furies, horror-stricken, stung to madness. Show me some lair where I may stretch my fainting limbs and lie in the dark concealed. (Amaryllis, Act III.)\nFrom all things and myself, Dryope. My heart is wrung with mingled throbs of pity and delight. Unhappy man, arise. Why hast thou kneeled To one more eager to bestow relief, Than thou to ask? Here shalt thou cease thy flight, For I will shield, and save thee: soothe thy grief, And chase the fearful phantoms that possess Thy brain. A labyrinth of green In the near fastness of the forest hides My bower, where thou shalt lie unseen, With silence, solitude, and Dryope To be thy nurses. Amarynthus. All that Pan provides For the blest, beautiful shepherdess, be thine, Dryope. Come to thy sanctuary, come with me. Thou tremblest still; O lean upon my arm. Amarynthus. I hear them now, quick, quick! Dryope. Nay, nay, resign Thy fears, for I will shelter thee from harm. {Exeunt. 126. Amarynthus, [ACT III. SCENE IV.\nThe Cave of Homole. Chabrias, Theucarila, Phcebidas, Doris, shepherds, and shepherdesses.\n\nChabrias: Maiden, come forth, for we bring thee tidings. Welcome and wondrous!\n\nPhcebidas: Amarillis, dear, we are all friends, bearing thee joyful news.\n\nDoris: Well, I must own I do distrust these hidings. Ah, 'tis many a year since I did thus. Surely she won't refuse to come to us. Why, child, why, Amarillis?\n\nTheucarila: Rather, let Phcebidas enter and explain our visit.\n\n[Phcebidas enters the Cave. Scene IV.] THE NYMPHOLEPT. 127\n\nDoris: If any can persuade her, it is he. Yet I do wish that we had elsewhere met, that I myself might tell her. Psha! what is it that makes the girl so slow?\n\nPhcebidas [re-entering, leading Amarillis]: Nay, do not be frightened, dear Amarillis! Look around.\nAmarillis I am overcome with such contending thoughts, that they confound my senses. Doris. Well, then, I'll explain it all. And surely, so marvelous.\n\n1st Shepherd. Doris, be dumb,\nAnd let thy betters speak.\n\nDoris. Well, if I must.\n\nChahrias. Damsel! I need not recall your mind to,\n\nAmarynthus, [ACT III.\nHow we exalted thee, putting our trust\nIn an imagined mandate of our God;\nBut I am now commissioned to declare\nA miracle most genuine and sublime.\n\nAround Pan's open altar, on the sod\nAs we were kneeling, and with hymns and prayer\nSought to avert the punishment impending\nFor what we deem'd thy rash and impious crime;\nLo! on a sun-beam from the sky descending,\nA winged angel on our altar lighted,\nAnd with an awful melody revealed\nThat what we had believ'd the voice of Pan.\nWas a vile fraud and forgery, indicted By that most sacrilegious Celadon. To punish this profane and daring man, All that he owns in Thessaly, each field, And house, and herd, is confiscated and given To the temple's use; all but his farm Upon the banks of Cyphus, which well stored abode, With all its flocks, and herds, and husbandry, Is lastingly on you bestowed, Good Amarillis, for your chastity And sufferings unjust. Then, having endowed That with new dignities Theucarila, The bright celestial said, \"Mortals, adieu! My mission is fulfilled.\" With that her glorious rainbow wings she spread, And darting upward in the sunny ray, The vision melted into light. Amarillis (falling on her knees). O Pan! I thank thee for thy gifts bestowed.\nSo lavishly upon a simple maiden,\nBut chiefly that thou hast removed the load\nOf saddening fear, with which my heart was laden,\nThat my rash flight would all thy smiles eclipse.\n\nDoris. Ungrateful! dost not thank him for the\nSeven score of sheep beside their lambs,\nThree score of oxen, and six Lybian rams,\nFour ricks of hay.\n\nAmarillis. Dear mother, think no harm\nThat more thanksgivings flow not from my lips.\nPan sees all hearts, and knows that mine is thrilling\nWith happy gratitude, to him more dear\nThan hymns or hecatombs. I am unwilling,\nBefore so many listeners, to betray\nWhat doubles my delight; and yet I fear\nYe have already guessed it: I am sure\nI could not long conceal it. Then, away,\nCoy subterfuge! With frank affection pure,\nDear Phoebidas, I tender thee my hand.\nAnd I had twenty farms of Cyphus, they would be more worthless than as many grains of sand, unless I might bestow them all on thee. Shepherds and Shepherdesses sing in Chorus. Phoebidas and Amarillis!\n\nScene IV. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 131\n\nBy your marriage celebration,\nPan ordains you to fulfill his\nHigh and holy declaration.\n\nPhoebidas. O Amarillis, what have I to offer\nFor thy so generous love? Naught but a poor\nLean heifer, and four cypress pails; but these\nWith a most fond and faithful heart I proffer.\n\nAmarillis. That is a wealth whose value will\nEndure, though all the rest were melted in the seas.\n\nDoris. Well, daughter, as I gave consent before,\nI cannot now refuse: 'tis a nice farm;\nAnd yet Pan's priestess had a grander sound.\n\nTheucarila. Remember, Doris, if thy daughter\nBore.\nThis holy robe would possess no charm for soothing her wretchedness if I have found Amarynthus, unprofaned in winning him again. Ensure that Pan, whatever he may ordain, is wise and gracious. Chabrias. Let us all turn to his temple once more to fall before his altar and, with choral cries, laud him for these benignant prodigies. Then we will celebrate the nuptial rites with sportive cheer and festival delights. Shepherds and shepherdesses sing, Phcebidas and Amarillis! Phcebidas and Amarillis! By your marriage celebration, Pan ordains you to fulfill his high and holy declaration. [Exeunt. Scene V. The Nympholept. 133 Scene V. Dryopes, Boxeur. Amarynthus asleep \u2014 Urania. Urania. How awful is the sleep of beauty! I can scarcely gaze unmoved upon this youth, and Dryope, when night enfolds the sky, ]\nWill softly steal (if there be any truth in my heart-cheering hopes), to kiss His dozing eyes. O Liberty! Then shall I hail thee in the bliss Of soaring from this alien narrowness, Up to the social vastness of the sky. Offt as I float above this earthly ball, And catch the murmur of its myriad throngs, Although to me no sympathy belongs With fleeting man, a smiling tear will fall To think upon the everlasting strife Of passions that embroil his little life; 134 Amarynthus, [Act III. Their schemes ephemeral, the sad and blythe Hotly pursue, and as they smile or weep, Up stalks the bony monster with the scythe, And crops the breathing harvest at a sweep. New generations rise to feed his blade, And yet, poor insect, only thou dost fade. The sun and moon look on with changeless eye, Age doth not bleach the blueness of the sky.\nAnd though the wintered earth wears wan cheeks,\nSpring re-appears, her wrinkled brow to smooth,\nGarlands her locks, and o'er her shoulders bare\nThrows the green mantle of eternal youth.\nBut why should I, unchangeable as these,\nWith shadowy man and his low destinies\nDull my clear thoughts? Away, away,\nThou thing of a day!\nMy spirit is panting, and nothing is wanting\nBut darkness to snap all its fetters of clay.\nWhen the nocturnal melodist pours\nHer torrent of mellifluous ravishment,\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 135\nThen shall this earth-imprisonment be o'er,\nThen shall commence my limitless ascent.\nHush, hush! the night is coming,\nThe cricket chirps, and the chafer hums.\nShe sings.\nEarth! before thy larks twitter,\nOr thy mountain-daisies glitter,\nIn the morning's dewy spangles;\nWhen thy bats no more are flitting.\nAnd thy drowsy owls are sitting,\nBlinking through the ivy's tangles.\nWhen in all thy hush'd dominions\nThou shalt hear no sound of pinions,\nMine shall serenade the night,\nFrom the sky the darkness brushing,\nIn their luminous up-rushing,\nLike a meteor in its flight.\n\n1.36 Amaryllis, [Act III.\nThen, thou misty mass, for ever\nEyes and thoughts shall I dissever,\nFrom thy prison melancholic,\nIn my native starry bowers,\nWreathed with rainbow light and flowers,\nOnce again to float and frolic.\n\nHush, hush! the night is coming,\nThe cricket chirps, and the chafer's humming.\n\nDryope enters.\n\nDryope, Urania, thou warbling Syren, hush!\nFor though thy voice be sweeter than the pipe\nOf tuneful Hermes, or the liquid gush\nOf Philomela from the myrtle-bush\nThat hangs o'er Sappho's tomb, behold! the type\nOf Love himself in lovely slumber lies.\nAnd as thou shouldst be fearful of awakening Cupid,\nrefrain as timidly from breaking the slumbers of this God in mortal guise.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 137\n\nUrania. Mistress, I have done my mission.\nAmarillis's ordeals\nAll are changed to joy surprising;\nPhcebidas' hymeneals\nEven now are solemnizing:\nRich beyond his hope's ambition\nIs he made, and Celadon,\nStolen from all his guilty wealth,\nWandering and dismayed, by stealth\nFrom Thessaly has fled and gone.\n\nDryope. Talk not to me of others' happiness,\nWhen he, more charming than the beautiful Antinous, Adonis, or Narcissus,\nHylas, or Hyacinth, or Cyparissus,\nOr Phrygian Atys, lies in this distress,\nHaunted with nympholeptic dreams, that dull\nHis bright conceit, and worry him to madness,\nO hasten thee quick for Amalthaea's horn,\nAnd pour from it some moly or nepenthe\nThat may dispel this phantasy of sadness.\nAct III, Amarynthus:\nNay, fly at once, for I am all forlorn,\nTill thy return; and never have I sent thee\nOn a more vital need: away, away!\nUrania. Sometimes we scalers of the sky upsoar\nSo near the sun, that from the flood of light\nWith wild intoxication we are filled,\nSeeing sad visions and phantasms strange;\nWherefore we bear about us in a shell\nA syrup, whose least drop can put to flight\nPhantoms and all chimeras. 'Tis distilled\nFrom flowers unknown to earth, which only dwell\nUpon the dizzy mountains of the moon,\nTo whose vast height muse-haunted Helicon,\nGod-crown'd Olympus, and the invisible snows\nOf topless Caucasus are pigmies.\nDry opus. One\nDrop of this unguent is the only boon\nI e'er shall ask of thee. O woe of woes!\nThou canst not soar so high.\nScene V. The Nympholept. 139\nUrania. Nor need I now.\nWithin a shell of Nautilus, enwreath'd amid the tresses of my hair, there lies a drop unwasted still. Dry open. O thou hast breathed Into my ear delicious music: how shall we apply it? Let me loose thy hair. Urania. It must be gently poured upon his eyes? The while its mystic virtues I declare.\n\nDryope anoints his eyes.\n\nUrania. Sleeper, may this sovereign lotion, Through the lids thine eyes that shroud, Like a sunbeam through a cloud, Pierce, and chase each misty notion, Born of superstitious error, And instinct with maddening terror.\n\nThou hast wished the veil up-lifted Which the Omnipotent Unseen, Hath suspended o'er the world, An impenetrable screen,\n\n140 Amaryllis, [ACT III.]\n\nNever to be raised, till he Who hung it, shall from out the sky, Thrust his hand, and testify The wonders of eternity.\n\nWake, and with a humbler mind.\nBow thee to the lot assign'd:\nWake, no more a Nympholept,\nBut a gentle love-adept,\nOnly seeking to make bright\nFuture darkness by the light\nOf present joy, and wisely deeming\nThat the purest we can know\nLess proceeds from pleasure-scheming\nThan from that which we bestow.\n\nDryope, perform thy ministry, thou potent charm,\nFondly, yet faithfully.\n\nUrania. Let us begone,\nFor night has fallen, and no new alarm\nMust scare his sleep.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 141\n\nDryope. Nay, I will do no harm.\nNot speak, nor breathe, let me but gaze upon\nHis face.\n\nUrania. Not now; thou shalt return anon.\n[She leads out Dryope.\n\nAmarynthus (awaking). O! I have had a fearful dream,\nMethought the sacred grove the Eumenides were coming:\nI saw the cymbals flash, and heard deep drumming;\nWhen suddenly a winged angel brought\nA shepherdess, who poured upon mine eyes.\nDrops that dispelled my loathsome phantasies,\nAnd left me calm and happy. O what a sweet\nSensation flutters in my heart serene,\nAs if 'were wing'd: dost thou still bid it beat,\nWild dream, or does this lovely night attune\nIts pulses to the beauty of the scene?\nThrough the sky's azure lake yon parted cloud\nSwims on to bleach its feathers in the moon,\nLike the swan-god, bridling to sleek his proud\nAnd thrilling down on Leda's breast.\n\n142 Amaryllis,\nAnd now the Titan clouds their masses prop\nInto a mountain that may scale the skies;\nAnd, lo! the moon, soon as it sleeps at rest,\nSteals to the field of lilies on its top,\nTo bless her Latmian shepherd, while the wind\nBlows the black ringlets from his dreaming eyes,\nThat she may kiss them softly. Ah! how soon\nAll is dissolved, and scattered, unconfined.\nFor now, the clouds, in tufts of fleecy hue, wander,\nLike flocks of sheep, through fields of blue,\nCropping the stars for daisies, while the moon\nSits smiling on them as a shepherdess;\nFloating upon the wings of silence down,\nA dew of light, in silver loveliness\n Falls on the earth. The trees stand proudly still\nTo have their portraits shadowed on the ground\nBy Dian's pencil, whose creative skill\nDoubles the landscape, copying every trace\nIn light and shade, \u2014 all but her own fair face,\nWhich in the brook, as in the heavens, is found\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 143\nPainted in light alone. Say, dost thou not,\nEnamored Cynthia, with fond eyes explore\nThis sleep-embosom'd dell, like some fond mother\nWho takes her lamp at midnight, and hangs o'er\nHer lovely infant, slumbering in its cot?\nPeasant and king now equal one another.\nAll hushed and happy share a common lot.\nO who can contemplate this mingled scene\nOf nature's charms and man's repose serene,\nAnd feel his heart with human love and heavenly gratitude!\nHow sweet, how exquisite to tend my sheep\n'Mid scenes like these, with such a shepherdess\nAs her whom I saw late. O gentle sleep!\nScatter thy drowsiest poppies from above,\nAnd in new dreams, not soon to vanish, bless\nMy senses with the sight of her I love.\n[Composes himself to sleep. \u2014 Dryope enters, cautiously.\n144 AMARYNTHUS, [ACT II.\nDryope. Methought I heard a voice; but all is still.\nSleep on thou mortal deity! sleep on\nTill the kind charm have tranquilized thy soul;\nAnd, oh! if love would aid its soothing skill,\nBy these soft kisses which I breathe upon\nThine eyes, do I acknowledge its control.\nMusic is heard in the air, and Urania sings.\nLiberty! Liberty!\nThe word is spoken,\nThe spell is broken,\nLiberty! Liberty!\nStar of my birth,\nMy rights renew:\nDryope! earth!\nAdieu! Adieu!\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 145\n\nAmarynthus (awakening). What strain is that, what\ndulcet melody,\nFainter and fainter still, that from the air\nFours its deliciousness more tunefully\nThan dying nightingales? O thou most rare\nAnd beautiful shepherdess, art thou a dream,\nA vision, or indeed the guardian maid\nThat lately shelter'd me, and o'er my sleep\nHovered?\n\nDryope. Be thou composed and calm, nor\ndeem\nUnkindly of me if I am afraid\nTo tell thee what I am.\n\nAmarynthus. Why dost thou weep,\nAnd blush, and tremble thus?\n\nDryope. To me that voice\nAnnounced an awful change of fate: but now\nI cannot tell thee all. Indeed, dear youth,\n'Tis sweet, though strange, and I shall soon rejoice.\nAct III, Amarynthus: I don't care about myself if you're calm. See, my Pandoron hangs on that bough; take it, and with its gentle music soothe your spirit.\n\nAmarynthus: Fairest, it can yield no balm unless it soothes yours.\n\nAmarynthus sings:\nCome, shepherdess, O come,\nAmid the boughs and greenness live with me:\nBirds shall sing and bees shall hum,\nTo welcome thee with nature's minstrelsy.\nNo peering ray shall glisten\nThrough the thick leaves upon the mossy ground,\nWhere thou shalt lie,\nWhen the sun is high,\nAnd to the winged musicians listen\nThat hop about unseen.\n\nScene V. The Nympholept:\n\nWhile I beside thee laid,\nI would carve thy name on the overhanging trees;\nOr lissom osiers braid\nTo make thee baskets for wild strawberries;\nOr fetch thee from the brook\nLilies, to make a garland for thy locks;\nOr carve a curious crook.\nOr willow wattles twist to fold thy flocks.\nWhen the red setting sun is seen behind the burnished sycamores,\nWhose shadows long and dun streak with dark brown the grass's golden green,\nWe'll stand beside the bushes,\nTo listen to the thrushes,\nAs in the glowing leaves they tell their tale,\n148 Amaryllis, [Act III.\nOr in the moonlight flushes\nCatch the passionate gushes\nOf the enamored thrilling nightingale.\nBy Phoebus' lamp on high,\nAnd the glow-worm's twinkling nigh,\nHome through the silver leafiness we'll stray,\nAnd in our bower lie,\nOn beds of rushes, flowers, and new-mown hay.\nAnd should the storm be loud,\nWe will but clasp the closer in our nest;\nFor tempests cannot cloud\nThe calm that keeps a sunshine in the breast.\nCome, shepherdess, O come!\nAmid the boughs and greenness live with me:\nBirds shall sing, and bees shall hum.\nTo welcome thee with nature's minstrelsy.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 149\n\nCenone runs in.\n\nCenone: What new Endymion serenades the moon?\nHa! Amarynthus, didst thou hear me call? I have been seeking thee, for I must soon leave thee to join th' Olympic festival. Our sails are hoisted with to-morrow's sun, And I shall sing them, as the gulf we cross, The ballad of the Argonauts. They say Lysander's pilot wrote it on the day Before the fight of Mgos Potamos.\n\nShe sings.\n\nNever did a crew leave the shouting shore of Greece, Like the Argonauts who sailed to bring home the golden fleece.\n\nFirst Hercules advanced, with Hylas in his hand,\nWhere Castor and Pollux stood ready on the strand,\n\nAct III. Amarynthus,\n\nAnd Orpheus with his harp, and Jason with his sword,\nGave the signal to the heroes when they jump'd on board.\nWhen they reached the Pontic coast, they threw the rope-fastened stone overboard and flew to Chiron's cave. They feasted and quaffed until the bowls and horns were dry. When the centaur challenged Orpheus' minstrelsy, he snatched the lyre himself and played such warlike paeans that each hero started up and, with fierceness, drew his blade.\n\nScene V.J THE NYMPHOLEPT. 151\n\nBut when Orpheus began, the trees from Pelion's height slid downwards to the cave and hung over it in delight; wolves and lions stood silently around its mouth, mixed with cattle, with their ears all pointing to the sound; the centaur stamped his hoof amid ungovernable cries, and clapped his hands in ecstasy, and yielded up the prize.\n\nArnartynthus. Thanks for your ballad, tuneful maid, but why were you seeking me?\n\nEnone. How ran the prophecy?\nFrom fancied visions he shall be relieved by their reality. All is fulfilled.\n\nACT III.\nAmarynthus: How, how, fair prophetess? The woman you deemed a Naiad in the cave of Homole was Amarillis. She who chased your visions was no shepherdess, but Dryad, who with grave and downcast looks sits by you blushingly. I could have staked my life on the prediction of the rustling oats: \u2014 but hark ye, youth, do not in the moon's jealous eye declare your love. Think on those arms, the cause of my affliction, That swam on light to the Castalian grot, And smote the harp. Beware! beware! beware!\n[Exit.\n\nAmarynthus: Tell me, fair wonder, who and what thou art, For I may scarce believe this crazy ranting; But, ah! if thou wouldst not replunge my heart Into the madness which thy touch enchanting.\nSCENE V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 153\nBanish'd, do not bid me disavow\nThat I adore and love thee.\nUrania. Never, dear youth?\nRecall that word. I was the wood-nymph, Dryope.\nAmarynthus. And now\nArt thou not still the same?\nUrania. I have been made\nMortal like thee. O be the change propitious!\nAmarynthus. What crime could thus degrade\nthy destinies?\nUrania. By my deep blushes be the truth betrayed,\nNot by my tongue. Alas! it was for love,\nLove of a mortal.\nAmarynthus. O delicious surmise!\nIt was for love of me. Here on my knees,\nBy Pan and all the deities that keep\nCourt on Olympus, do I dedicate\nLife to thy service, and when this fond heart\nShall cease to throb with love, O may it leap\nOut of my breast, and burst.\nACT III.\nAMARYNTHUS.\nUrania. Now my fate is more noble than it was; for love's dear art has condensed the joy of ages, and if thou hast truly sworn, our little life, with love, will far surpass an immortality without, which doth but cloy with sameness. Wilt thou live in the forest's bourne with thy Dryope? I'll teach thee there our wood-craft; show thee the weeds and ferny grass that stags and roebucks browse. Skill thee to snare fawns, and impound the wild boar in the brake. In autumn, when the leaping squirrels shake fir-cones upon the tinkling leaves below, I'll lead thee to a rocky dell, and show golden carp and mottled trout, that like meteors flash about.\n\nScene V. THE Nympholept. 155\nWhere clear waters nimbly travel\nOver the painted stones and gravel.\nSports that administer perpetually\nTo health shall yield succession of delights.\nWithin the forest is an open valley,\nWhose sides are turreted with rocky heights,\nSurmounted some with nodding trees,\nAlmonds, pines, and mulberries,\nMagnolia, arbutus, pinaster,\nCitron, palm, and oleaster;\nOthers bare, and standing out,\nLike altars, all festoon'd about,\nWith vines and ivy, while below\nThe streamlet stills its gurgling flow,\nIn a small lake, whose face serene\nIs painted with the circling scene.\nThere do I keep my fawn, who feels\nMy hand to find his daily meals;\nThere is my lawn, with violets o'er-run,\nWhich leave the fragrance of their kiss impressed,\n\nAmaryllis, [Act III.\nUpon the south-wind's breath,\nAnd buttercups that glitter to the sun,\nLike infants' eyes when they behold the breast;\nAnd round it are the flowers immortalized\nBy Hyacinthus' and Adonis' death;\nThat with the yellow crown named from the queen.\nWho built the Mausoleum, that baptized With Phrygian Teucer's name, and thousands more, Who from their painted chalice incense fling, There you may sit upon the shaded green, And gaze on butterflies, extending o'er Scarlet anemones their crimson wing, Till they seem metamorphosed as they lie, A flying flower, and rooted butterfly.\n\nAmarynth. Most lovely Dryope, even if thou hast A garden of more redolence and bloom Than that Hesperian paradise of yore, I shall prefer the forest's wild and vast Magnificence, the wind's sonorous roar, The nymphs, the stags, the interminable gloom, And the hairy satyrs.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 157\n\nDryope. O we have awful shades!\nDim lawns, unfathomable by the sun, grown old In a green twilight; but in our darkest glades Of woven wood, and bosky wilderness, There is no gloom. Nature may there unfold\nA reverend hoariness, solemn and wild,\nWhere among sinewy and furrowed trees,\nThat never have bent their knotty knees\nUnto a thousand storms, with visage mild,\nOld shaggy satyrs, stooping with excess\nOf years, bow their grey heads to Pan.\nBut all is bland, not fearful. How delighted\nWill thou be, Amarynthus, to survey\nOur giant woods, coeval with the sky,\nAnd yet by human eyes unseen. To stray\nThrough colonnades of Doric trunks whose high\nO'er-arching boughs form temples dedicate\nTo Pan. How thrilling to thy soul to feel\nHis presence in the deep inviolate\nSilence of that solitude,\n\nWithin whose sanctuary rude\nNymph, Dryad, Hamadryad, come to kneel,\nUpwardly looking their ineffable love;\nThen through the verdurous alleys of the grove\nHomeward retire, with musing eye downcast,\nIn voiceless reverence.\n\n[ACT III.]\nAmarynthus.\nAmarynthus: Have you ever penetrated the forest's wide expanse? Urania: It spreads so far, I have not, even diving deep in its shady heart. Amarynthus: What have you discovered in the remotest depths where you have dwelt? Urania: Older and older trees, relics of past ages, stand like monuments, leading up, step by step, to creation. The breath of long-forgotten centuries,\nconfined in their trunks, finds a voice that murmurs of the world primeval,\nand early gods. Unless imagination deceives me, I have often heard whispers like these: \"O if there were reprieve from time's assaults in glorious memories, these boughs would not be withered up and furred with cankering rust. Under their vast sweep, Dian with all her nymphs was wont to follow.\" Scene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 159\n\"The stag; and from this very trunk, Apollo\nPlucked moss to staunch the bleeding arteries\nOf Hyacinthus' forehead, cloven deep\nBy his zephyr-guided quoit. From wrecks more\nHoary, mere trunks, from which the weary storms have wrenched\nAll that would move, leaving them rocks of wood,\nDim recollections of their ancient glory.\nHave in these moanings faintly breathed \u2014\n\nOld, limbless, sapless, and almost intrenched\nWithin the earth, yet towering once I stood.\n\nAmarynthus, [Act III.\n\"Giant of the forest, and beneath my shade\nSaturn, hoary-headed, sat and folded\nHis hands in lonely thought. Hyperion,\nFar off, and yet beneath my boughs, hath laid\nHis giant symmetry to sleep; and one\nOf the Titans, mightier still, Porphyrion,\nTired of the chase, supported once his vast\nHuge-muscled back against my bending trunk.\"\n\"Sometimes I dream of elemental forms, more ancient still, but dim, for they have past, past all away, torn from me in the storms of ages, leaving me bare and shrunk into a hollow nothing. A favorite hound. We buried lately near a wreck like this, and deep in earth, a hunting spear we found, unliftable, the fragment of an age, when giants chased the mammoth. Amarynthus. O the bliss of roaming in those forests, which the last scene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 161- made their glorious stage. Within those precincts, dim and vast, our bridal rites shall be solemnized jocundly, the pomp of nature gracing our espousal; birds and winds shall pipe a real chorus hymeneal, as the ripe fruitage falls for our carousal. Our witnesses shall be earth, woods, and sky; our coronals the wild flowers wreathing around our leafy camp.\"\nOur bed is the blossomed swath, inhaling incense,\nAnd Hesper's twinkling eye. Our nuptial lamp.\nWe will teach love-songs to the brooks,\nThat lose themselves in dells and nooks,\nSo our wooings may pervade\nThe deepest labyrinths of shade.\nWe will awaken Silence with our kisses,\nTill Echo blushes,\n\nM\n\nAct III. AMARYNTHUS,\nAnd Zephyrus shall prattle of our blisses\nUnto the bowers and bushes.\nO I will love thee, Dryope, so dearly,\nThat if thou couldst immortal life resume,\nStill shouldst thou cling unto the narrow scope\nOf man.\n\nUrania. Hush, hush! I swear to thee sincerely,\nThat I am proud to share his glorious doom.\nHas he not presented love, and future hope?\nWhat! Is it nothing that he sits enthroned\nIn this so beautiful world, with its blue skies\nLighted so gorgeously; its earth arrayed\nIn Flora's festal broidery, and zoned.\nWith dancing seas, nothing; perfumes rise from flowery fields, while madrigals are played By lyric beaks, to cheer him as he shakes His banquet from the bough. O joy above All joys, to feel that the benignant Pan, Who still renews these blessings, never forsakes The world he made, nor lessens in his love.\n\nScene V. THE NYMPHOLEPT. 163\n\nDear Amarynthus, tell me not that man\nOwns a low destiny. Let us but strive\nTo love our fellow-men as Heaven loves us,\n(Which is true piety,) and earth will seem\nItself a heaven.\n\nAmarynthus:\nO may we ever live\nIn this sweet creed, and Pan propitious,\nLengthen our loves, and realize thy dream!\n\nNotes to Amarynthus, The Nympholept.\n\nPage 16.\nOr that red flower, whose lips ejaculate\nWoe.\n\nEvery body is familiar with the beautiful fiction of the red flower, whose lips ejaculate woe.\nThe death of Hyacinthus and Apollo's conversion of his blood into a flower, on whose petals he inscribed the exclamation of his grief \u2013 \"Ai! Ai!\" However, authors are not agreed on the identity of the modern Hyacinth with the ancient one. Ovid describes it as a lily-shaped flower of a purple or sanguine color; in the 13th book of his Metamorphoses, he mentions another of the same sort that sprang from the blood of Ajax, with similar letters, expressing, in this instance, not the grief of Apollo, but the name of Ajax. This conceit is appropriate enough in Ovid, but it was surely unworthy of Sophocles in his Ajax to descend to a pun and make his hero exclaim, \"Ai! Ai! What a fatal conformity is there between the name which I bear, and the misfortunes I endure!\" Dioscorides thinks that the Hyacinth is the Vaccinium, our Gladiolus, or similar.\nThe Corn-flag, on whose purple flower the letters may be imperfectly traced; this is suggested by Salmasius, as Virgil, in the line of his tenth eclogue, \" Et nigra violace sunt, et Vaccinia nigra,\" is translating a line in Theocritus' tenth Idyll, Kal rb toy jxeKav tvri Kai d ypairra vaKiu&(&>, according to him, it must be the Iris or Gladiolus. Reasons being:\n\n1. From the phrase of Columella, \"Celestis nominis Hyacinthus,\" which is only applicable to the Iris.\n2. From Palladius' assertion, \"Hyacinthus, qui Iris, vel Gladiolus dicitur.\"\n3. From the diverging lines upon the leaf, which, rudely describing the letters A and I, confirm the \"Ai, ai, flos calet inscription\" of Ovid.\n4. From its lily-shape and size, which justify the \"formamque cepit\" (form he took) inscription on the vase.\nquam lilia, si non purpureus color his, argenteus esset in Mis, (Ovid, Met. x) In conclusion, he observes that the colors, purpureus, ferrugineus, niger, and rubens, attributed by the poets to the Hyacinth, are all applicable to the Gladiolus. Professor Martyn, however, in his notes upon Virgil, maintains that the species of red lily, called the Martagon or Turk's cap, is the genuine Hyacinth, both from its blood-color, and from the configuration of the black specks upon it, which, with a little help from imagination, will often assume the form of the letters ai.\n\nThis appears to be the most plausible conjecture. Moschus, in his Idyllium, on the death of Bion, calls upon the flower to exhibit its mournful inscription in larger characters; other poets have happily availed themselves of the fiction.\nThe reader will immediately recall Milton's allusion to it in his Lycidas. It is not impossible that instead of the flower being derived from Hyacinthus, the whole story of his death was suggested to the vivid imagination of some ancient Greek while gazing upon the flower, as an explanation for the fancied writing on its petals. The tale of Io's transformation into a cow, and of her revealing her misfortune by writing her name in the sand with her foot, originated probably in like manner, from the print of a cow's hoof bearing some resemblance to the letters which form the name. (Scholiast on Virgil, Page 26)\n\nSuch asy in mystic days of yore,\nTo sage Melampus ear they bore.\n\nMelampus, a great physician and prophet, cured the mad daughters of King Praetus, by giving them black hellebore.\nMelampus, named thusly from Lebore, cared for a nest of snakes found in an old oak. His servants, as reported by Apollodorus, killed the parents and brought the young ones to Melampus. He nurtured and protected them with great care. One day, while asleep, the snakes attached themselves to each of his ears, licking them effectively. Upon awakening, Melampus could understand the language of birds and beasts, among other things, previously unknown to him. Apollonius Tyaneus, the Pythagorean philosopher, gained similar knowledge in Mesopotamia from the Arabs by consuming the liver or heart of a dragon.\nHe must have violated his Pythagorean abstinence in that instance, as within me dwells a vestal spirit. This is an amplification of the beautiful passage in the first scene of Fletcher's The Faithful Shepherdess, which Milton also imitated in the first scene of his Comus (Page 43).\n\nDo you use Thapsus?\n\nThapsus, according to Heinsius, is a Scythian wood of a boxen color, supposed by some to be the Indian Guaiacum, with which the women who wished to look pale formerly tinged their cheeks.\n\nYou catch the sylvan god's ecstatic pipe. This was no unusual belief among the ancients. Pan was thought to be particularly partial to the mountains in the neighborhood of Boeotian Thebes, where he was accustomed to sing and dance in cadence to the music of his reed. Pindar, who had a particular devotion for the god, writes...\nDeity composed the hymns sung at his festival by the Theban virgins, resided near the temple of Rhea and Pan, and was fortunate enough to hear him sing one of his own hymns. Entering his religious and poetical feelings, we shall not be surprised that he is said to have become intoxicated with joy.\n\nTo watch the weeping Hyades.\n\nThe nurses of Bacchus, changed into three, five, or seven stars according to various authorities, bore this name; their appearance was generally supposed to indicate rain. Virgil's verse: Arcturum, pluviasque Hyadas, geminosque triones.\n\nDid you not see\nPan's symbol branded on its side?\n\nThis precaution was observed with all the herds destined for sacrifice. Plutarch particularly records that the symbol was branded on the side of the sacrificial animals.\nHeifers sacred to Persian Diana were marked with the figure of a torch.\n\nNotes to Amarynthus.\nAnd, O ye pendent boughs\nOf ilex, ivy, rosemary, and box.\n\nTheseus, pursuing Perigune to a place overgrown with shrubs, rushes, and wild asparagus, she, in her childish simplicity, addressed her prayers and vows to those plants and bushes, promising that if they would hide her, she would never burn or destroy them. (Plutarch)\n\nWhen Rheus (Rhcecus) rode through the woods.\n\nThis story is found in the scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, who derives it from Charon of Lampsacus.\n\nAnother, nearly similar, but with a happier conclusion, is told by Natalis Comes, who does not cite its author, but makes Areas, the son of Jupiter and Calisto, its hero.\n\nMr. Hunt has introduced the former tale, with his usual happy effect, into his delightful little weekly paper, The Indicator.\nLucy Milford. A Tale.\n\nWhere Debex's silver streamlet flows,\nThrough Suffolk's rural shades, unknown to song,\nDwelt Lucy Milford. Deben, to thee\nI paint her beauties and her misery.\n\nFor thou hast often in thy glassy rill\nHer form reflected, and when all is still,\nAt evenfall the gathered village-maids,\nPacing thy banks, or seated in the shades,\nWith solemn earnestness her tale disclose,\nAnd make thy waters murmur with her woes.\n\nTo happy sires, with duteous daughters bless'd,\nLike her caressing, and like her caress'd,\n\nI sing, and warn them by her cruel fate,\nTo shun the faults and sorrows I relate.\n\nRich was her father, for his farm supplied\nEnough to gratify paternal pride;\nAnd such a venial pride, ah! who could smother,\nThat owned so sweet a child, and had no other.\nTo soothe his sorrows for her buried mother, II.\nWith riper years, her beauties riper grew,\nHers were the eyes of soft and beaming blue,\nThe forehead high, between the parted hair,\nWhich proudly told that intellect was there;\nThe flushing cheek, the fair and sanguine skin,\nThe auburn ringlets, and the dimpled chin;\nAnd if some scattered freckles here and there\nBetrayed the kisses of the summer air,\nLike the dark spots upon the God of light,\nThey made surrounding beauties shine more bright.\n\nLucy Milford. 1771.\n\nNor was the soul unworthy of the form;\nThe simple heart, susceptible and warm,\nThe artless feelings with the native sense,\nAt once her best attraction and defence;\nThe filial love, and the religious rite\nThat lost the sense of duty in delight;\nSuch were the charms that graced this gifted creature.\n\nIII.\nHer father, eager to behold Art's magic on the native gold, yet too fond to let his treasure roam, to win in schools what might be taught at home; careless of cost where Lucy was in view, expensive teachers from a distance drew. More prone, perhaps, because himself untaught, to prize the wonders by tuition wrought.\n\nEnvy the simplest bosoms will devour,\nAs cankers lurk within the fairest flower,\nAnd who can wonder that the maidens nigh\nGazed upon Lucy with a jealous eye?\n\nIf with their own they ventured to compare\nHer worth, her beauty, her endowments rare,\nForced to admire, yet eager to traduce,\nThey owned her talents, but denied their use.\n\nChiding the father, that the jealous spleen,\nBy her engendered, might escape unseen,\nThey wished, or said they wished, the girl might thrive.\nBut as to him, \" the fondest fool alive!\" So strangers felt; but, ah! how soon to change,\nWhen to her character no longer strange;\nSo sweet her manners on a nearer view,\nSo all accomplished, and so humble too,\nSo seemingly unconscious of the charms\nThat filled surrounding bosoms with alarms;\n\nLUCY MILFORD. 179\n\nTo minds less fraught, so willing to defer,\nAnd reconcile them to themselves and her,\nThose who came with envious doubts excited,\nAbjured them all, and went away delighted.\n\nIV.\n\nHer filial offices, her stated prayers,\nBooks, flowers, and music, and domestic cares,\nGladdened the day. Thus, undisturbed, and smooth,\nFlowed the calm current of her early youth;\nAnd smiling thus, her eighteenth year drew nigh,\nEre grave distress, or scarce a passing sigh\nHad heav'd her bosom. She had heard the name\nOf Love, but was a stranger to his flame.\nAnd she often fancied that her books must err,\nGiving God too dark a character. Unceasing, there, she saw his arrows fall,\nDestroying some and agitating all. She looked around \u2014 examined her own breast,\nLove was a fable, and his power a jest!\n\nSecluded as she lived and wished to die,\nShe could not quite escape the curious eye;\nSome rustic rumors would her fame extend,\nVaried, as borne by stranger or by friend.\nThe \"learned lady\" some would taunt and rally,\nWhile some extolled \"the Belle of Woodbridge Valley.\"\n\nIn Yarmouth's town, a merchant's only boy,\nCharles Seaton, lived, to give and gather joy;\nEnthusiastic, warm, aspiring, wild,\nPerfection's votary, while yet a child;\nWhatever was virtuous, romantic, new,\nEngrossed his fancy, and his homage drew.\n\nIn books delighting, and with genius fraught.\nHe loved to mingle melody with thought;\nAnd as in youth, his rhyming sins began,\nThe boy's propensity possessed the man.\n\nTo vie with gifted minstrels, to combine\nThe manly sense with harmony divine,\nTo strike the harp, and with a magic skill,\nEnchant, instruct, or terrify at will,\nHis powers forbade; but not a few,\nWho lift their voice in song without the sacred gift,\nWould find their muse unable, or unwilling,\nTo pour a strain so simple, yet so thrilling.\n\nVI.\n\nSuch was the youth who all impatient hied\nAthwart the plain, the Deben for his guide;\nNo stopping till he had gained the leafy fence\nOf Milford's farm; here first his fears commence.\n\nWould she not fancy that I came to share\nThe rude amazement and the vulgar stare?\nWithout offense, what plea could I aver,\nHow please myself without distressing her?\nBetter unknown than known to have encroached,\nHe might be foiled, but would not be reproached.\n182. Lucy Milford.\nSome other day, some other mode, he cried,\n'Tis vain to stay, but still he stayed, and sighed;\nCould I but steal a glimpse before I went,\nOr catch one accent, I should go content.\nAn open casement won, but mocked his view,\nSo thick the clustering honeysuckles grew.\nHe paused, and turned his backward way to win,\nWhen, lo! the sound of music from within!\nSwift o'er the chords her playful fingers flinging,\nSome new Cecilia seem'd divinely singing.\n\nVII.\nCharles, listening, stood in almost breathless trance,\nLoth to recede, yet fearful of advance;\nHe paused, but all was still! -- Is this, he cried,\nEnchanted ground, where fairy sprites preside?\nDo magic minstrels in the air afloat,\nTo harps of gold attune the liquid note?\nAh, no! In silent ecstasy they hail\nThe voice of Lucy, Siren of the Vale.\n'Tis she who thus and here he stopped to view\nAn arm extended of transparent hue,\nBut soon the tantalizing hope was over,\nIt closed the casement, and he saw no more.\nOf forms regardless, quickly now he pressed\nAcross the garden, an unbidden guest,\nBut from the wicket was again retreating,\nWhen Lucy's father advanced with friendly greeting.\n\n'Twas now the sense of his intrusion rushed\nAthwart his mind; he hesitated, blushed,\nThen, with ingenuous warmth, his story told,\nHow urged to come, why longing to behold.\n\nMilford, who knew, although by fame alone,\nThe father's worth, the virtues of the son,\nProved, by the flushing cheek and trembling tear,\nThe joy he felt his daughter's praise to hear.\n\nYes, you shall see her, he exclaim'd and smiled;\nYes, you shall see this over-rated child; but recall, the mind, unlike the eye, sees distant objects larger than when near. Be prepared, upon a nearer gaze, to question her claims and curtail her praise. She is a good daughter, that must be confessed. Good! I said? God bless her, she's the best! This said, he took his hand and Charles was shown to Lucy's parlor, justly called her own. The landscaped walls disclosed her pencil's powers. Hers were the books, the instruments, the flowers. The honeysuckles which with circling flush around the casement seemed to peep and blush, by her were reared. On every side were traces of high endowments and unrivaled graces.\n\nIX.\n\nNot long could cold formality divide congenial souls, by nature's self allied;\n\nLucy Milford. 185\n\nFor theirs with kindred properties were graced.\nTogether, their studies, pursuits, and tastes were alike. From their favorite books, they drew old delights, renewed by sympathy, and tasted them with the purest zest. Mental luxury, the best of all, was enjoyed when the fields were sunny, and the breeze made music in the trees. They would steal away to some lone nook amid the shades to read a poet with a poet's soul. But most they loved thee, mighty son of song! Thee, great enchanter of the tuneful throng, exhaustless Shakespeare! He, wherever they strayed, was their mentor and minstrel. While they viewed each day with bosoms warm, some new acquisition or increasing charm, while roving through the meadows with Shakespeare,\n\nAh, how could hearts like theirs refrain from loving?\n\nAn ancient orchard spread close to the farm.\nIn part surrounded by the Deben's bed,\nA weeping willow, hanging o'er the side,\nDipped its incumbent tresses in the tide,\nLike some woe-stricken and disheveled fair\nThat bends, and weeps, and meditates despair.\nBeneath its arching boughs a rustic seat\nThe lovers found, their favorite retreat.\nHere Charles was reading by the twilight's aid\nOf Romeo's passion and the love-sick maid,\nUntil the gathering shades of night opposed\nHis further progress, and the book he closed.\nIn pleasing converse still they sat, nor knew\nOf night's approach, so fast the moments flew,\nTill at their feet the moon's divided beam\nStole through the silver'd leaves upon the stream,\nChequer'd and still, save where the willow dips\nAnd breaks the lustre with its floating tips.\n\nLucy Milford. 187.\n\nCalm was the night, and all was still'd at last,\nExcept the waters gurgling as they past.\nWhich, by degrees, with fainter murmurs creep,\nAnd seem, at length, to hush themselves asleep.\n\nXL\n\nThe night, the orchard, and the radiance shed,\nRecalled the kindred scene he had just read,\nWhere Romeo, stealing in the silent hour,\nPoured vows of love beneath his Juliet's bower.\nAs fond as Romeo, though with love untold,\nHe turned a fairer Juliet to behold,\nAnd as her yielding hand he clasp'd, and press'd,\nWith sudden transport, to his throbbing breast,\n\"Lady,\" he cried, with an impassioned air,\n\"Lady, by yonder blessed moon I swear,\n\"That tips with silver all these fruit-tree tops \u2014 \"\nWhen Lucy, with a smile, his progress stops:\n\"O swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,\nSo prone to change, lest thou should'st change\nas soon.\"\n\n188 LUCY MILFORD.\n\"Then by this trembling hand I swear, by this\n\"On which I seal the contract with a kiss,\nMy heart, my hopes forever to resign, Lucy, to thee, for I am only thine. Thus with a fond embrace, the youth, delighted, confessed his flame and love eternal plighted.\n\nXII.\nMilford with fond solicitude caress'd\nThe happy couple, and their passion bless'd;\nAnd Charles, at once, to love and duty true,\nTo gain his father's sanction, homeward flew.\n\nScarce had he left the farm his sire to meet,\nWhen with unnerving access, fierce and fleet,\nThrough Milford's frame a subtle fever sped,\nAnd chained its burning victim to his bed.\n\nJust in the trembling balance of his fate,\nA roving missionary reached the gate,\nAnd claimed admittance. The itinerant saint\nHad heard of Lucy's love, the sire's complaint,\n\nLucy Milford. 189\n\nAnd ever prowling on the watch to find\nA shattered frame, and spirit undermined,\nThought he might here his convert-arts essay.\nUnusual in the weakness of a prostrate prey,\nMilford, unaccustomed to sickness, unprepared\nFor death's approach, subdued, bewildered, scared,\nProne to believe, untutored to reply,\nOf life despairing, yet afraid to die,\nHe heard the woe-denouncing stranger's horror,\nReady for any faith that led from danger.\n\nXIII.\nNature prevails; his fever takes its flight,\nAnd lo! a miracle as clear as light!\nHis task was done. The missionary knew\nHis unenlightened convert would be true.\n\nWrithe as he would, he could not escape the dart,\nFor ever fix'd to wrangle in his heart.\nMistaken zealot! Thou hast made his life\nConvert, indeed, to bitterness and strife.\n\nLucy saw with anguish her altered sire,\nWith dark chimeras haunted, girt with fire;\nAnd, like the scorpion, in his burning ring,\nWrithing beneath a self-inflicted sting.\nShe saw that in the temple of his mind,\nGod was dethroned, a hideous fiend enshrined.\nMelted into tears at his unkindness,\nShe withdrew to pray that Heaven might cure his blindness.\n\nXIV.\nBut oh! what deadly chill her soul appalled,\nWhen with a frown he recalled his promise,\nDenounced her love, and warned her to reverse\nAll past engagements, or expect his curse!\n\nAghast she stood; anon in supplication bent,\nWith broken sobs implored him to relent.\nBut vain her arguments, her prayers, her tears,\nThe bigot's hardness stops the father's ears.\n\nWas he not bound to control his daughter,\nAnd even by compulsion save her soul?\nSick, he had made a contract with the Lord,\nCould he, in health, retract his plighted word?\n\nHe loved his child too well to wave her bliss\nIn future worlds for fleeting joys in this.\nWives were their husbands' echoes, ever moved To take the tenets of the man they loved. Lucy must therefore keep her single state, Or choose for guide an evangelic mate. Charles ridiculed the saints. What, wed a scoffer! He'd rather see her die than take his offer.\n\nXV.\n\nSuch was the scene to which her lover rushed After compelled delays. What anger flush'd His burning cheek, what anguish rack'd his breast, When the sad tale by Lucy was confess'd! Instantly he sought her father; \u2014 fearless, warm, His solemn promise urg'd him to perform:\n\nBade him resume his reason, and despise The base impostor and his juggling lies: Lash'd him with ridicule's unsparing rod, And from his libels vindicated God.\n\nBut Milford's zeal with opposition rose, As lime, assail'd by water, fiercer glows. Away with ceremony, pledges, ties.\nNo dealings with religion's enemies! Begone! He cried: what promise or permission can bind a Christian to his child's perdition?\n\nXVI.\nThe sire of Charles too intimately knew\nThe intolerant zeal of that misguided crew,\nNot to anticipate domestic jars,\nFeuds in his family, and fire-side wars.\nTime, he exclaimed, may Milford's doubts remove:\nIf not, let absence wean this luckless love.\nPrompt to perform whatever his thoughts suggest,\nHis son he quickly reached, and thus addressed:\n\nLucy Milford.\n\nCharles, I have need of your immediate aid,\nThe charge is weighty, must not be delayed;\nOur own new ship, the Seaton, richly stowed,\nFor Sweden bound, is riding in the road,\nAn owner's presence his success secures,\nToo old for toil myself, the task be yours;\n'Tis a short trip; season and wind befriend you;\nOn board then, quickly, and success attend you.\nHis heart was wrung, but struggling with his tears, Charles soothed Lucys sorrows, calmed her fears. Swore, when returned, to claim her as his bride, Were Milfords sanction granted or denied. Urged his unchanging love, the short delay, Kissed her cold lips, and tore himself away. O with what faithful sympathy of mind, She marked the smallest veerings of the wind; Thrilled with delight at each propitious gale, While adverse breezes fanned her chill and pale.\n\nHis heart was wrung, but he struggled with his tears as he soothed Lucy's sorrows and calmed her fears. He swore that when he returned, he would claim her as his bride, whether Milford's sanction was granted or denied. He urged his unchanging love and the short delay, then kissed her cold lips and tore himself away. With what faithful sympathy of mind, she marked the smallest veerings of the wind. She thrilled with delight at each propitious gale, while adverse breezes fanned her chill and pale.\n\n194* LUCY MJLFGRD,\n\nO how she trembled in her bed of fears,\nWhen the loud elements assailed her ears;\nOr if she dozed, what dreams beset her pillow,\nOf storms, and wrecks, and corpses on the billow!\n\nAt length a letter came! O sight of bliss!\nHow her heart fluttered as she pressed a kiss\nOn Charles's seal! Good tidings it conveyed,\nA happy outward course, successful trade.\nIn a few days his task should be complete,\nAnd speed for England, with the homeward fleet;\nA few days more would waft him to the land,\nAnd crown his wishes, with his Lucy's hand.\n\nIn a small mansion on the Norfolk shore\nThat faced the sea, though distant from its roar,\nAn aunt resided; every year she came,\nHer favorite Lucy as a guest to claim;\nShe claimed her now, and as the father knew,\nAll her store would to his child accrue.\n\nHe gave a slow consent to the excursion,\nLoth to delay his plans for her conversion.\n\nXVIII.\n\nUnvexed and free, her spirits here resume\nA soft tranquility, her cheeks their bloom.\nHer trembling heart whenever she wandered forth,\nTrue as the needle, pointed to the North;\nAnd oft she eyed the distant wave, to meet\nSome gleaming sail, precursor of the fleet.\n\nAt length, refulgent, in the dawning light,\nBurst the broad convoy on her sparkling sight. The midnight storm was silenced, and the day broke clear and cloudless in serene array; although the waves, still agitated, rolled in massy sweeps of undulating gold. Aloft, in wheeling flights, the sea-gulls play or skim the ocean. From the neighboring bay, the fishers' boats, a gay, though motley throng, enliven the scene as they sweep along. Up from the flood, with tumbling transport, fling the dusky porpoise, splashing as he springs. While here and there, the denizens of the deep, like meteors flash, as in the sun they leap. The waves themselves seem glad, and sporting, bright, roll to the shore with murmurs of delight. Beneath the white cliffs, as far as the eye can roam, the yellow sands are fringed with silver foam. Of the past tempest every trace is lost.\nSave the torn weeds upon the shingles tost,\nAnd the deep furrows, where the breakers dashing,\nHad ploughed the shore up in their angry lashing.\n\nXIX.\nWhile tears of joy her flushing cheek bedew'd,\nThe fleet, the fleet alone her eye pursued;\nSome, from the others parting, stretch'd in shore,\nAs if for Yarmouth bound; she conn'd them o'er.\n\nLucy Milford. 197\n\nAnd as she strove to fix the happy one\nThat bore her Seaton\u2014hark! a distant gun!\nAround she rolled her eyes with timid start.\nAnother gun! it smote upon her heart;\nFor well its fatal import she could guess:\nIt flash'd at once, a signal of distress!\nO God, she faltered with convulsive lip,\nO gracious God, it may be Seaton's ship!\n\nQuick to the beach successive parties rush,\nSome jump tumultuously in their boats, and push\nPromptly to sea; some speed along the shore.\n\"Out with the life-boat!\" The cry rings out - it leaps over the foaming surge and sweeps seaward. All in one direction, with eager haste, they converge. All to the distant rock, their progress urged. Thither her fearful glances, Lucy turned, and, aghast, the fatal spot was discerned. Where the dark wreck, amidst the foam and spray, heaved on its side a mastless fragment lay.\n\nBlind to all else, her looks with steadfast strain\nPursue the life-boat; on it speeds amain;\nNow nears the rocks, now dwindled to a speck,\nShoots through the foam, and gains the prostrate wreck.\n\nA shout of joy breaks from the gazers,\nFeeling and hope in Lucy's breast awoke;\nForth from her heart the refluent currents rush;\nFast from her eyes the tears of transport gush;\nAnd while she struggles with hysteric throbs.\n\"He's saved! He's saved!\" she sobs indistinctly.\n\nAn awful pause succeeds; the life-boat leaves\nThe shattered fragment, through the surges cleaves,\nAnd, homeward steering, Lucy's piercing glance\nPeruses every form as they advance;\nTheir numbers she counts, examines every face,\nNo rescued crew, no stranger can she trace!\n\nLucy Milford. 199\n\nNow within hail a hundred voices rise,\nAnd the beach clamours with enquiring cries,\nLucy would fain repeat, \"What ship, what ship?\"\nBut gasps for breath, and only moves her lip;\nAlas, poor trembler! all thy hopes and doubts\nWill soon be over, for loud the steersman shouts,\nEre yet the boat is in the breakers tost,\n\"A Yarmouth ship, the Seaton\u2014all hands lost!\"\n\nSee yon pale figure that beside her bed\nSits with disheveled locks and pendent head;\nClasped are her hands, and fixed her glassy eyes.\nNo tear she sheds, her bosom heaves no sighs;\nA vacant stupor wraps her pallid face,\nShe hears not, speaks not, moves not from her place;\nAnd well might seem some ghastly thing of stone,\nBut for that shuddering shrink, that smother'd moan.\n\n200 LUCY\n\nAlas, poor Lucy, I who see thee now,\nWould recognize the once unclouded brow,\nThe light that play'd in those cerulean eyes,\nGay as the sunbeams of the summer skies;\nThe angel smile that o'er thy features stole,\nTemper'd by innocence, and fraught with soul\nEre yet a father's frown had banished gladness,\nOr lover's loss had driven thee to madness.\n\nXXII.\n\nRoused from her torpor, she recalls by fits\nHer wonted looks, but not her wandering wits,\nLoos'd by the shock, and in confusion thrown,\nThese, these have lost, for ever lost their tone;\nBut as some noble instrument, decayed,\nYet may be tuned to melodies more deep.\nOr idly by, unmeaning childhood played,\nProves by its broken melody how much\nIt once could charm beneath a perfect touch,\nSo does her reason in untuned decline,\nBetray the wreck of harmony divine.\n\nIts sun has set, but o'er the mental skies,\nStill shoots its gleams, and sparkles as it dies.\n\nDoes she attempt the lute? Her fingers soon\nForget their art, and wander from the tune;\nWith wildest pathos will she pour awhile\nSome plaintive ballad, then with vacant smile\nBreak into merriment, and carol, free,\nSome childish chant, with more than childish glee.\n\nAt times she paints with all her usual care\nThe flowers that bloom around, or landscape fair,\nThen with fantastic scrawl o'erdaubs the whole,\nEnjoys the freak, and laughs without control;\nThat laugh appalling, where the features flare\nWith joy, in which the reason owns no share.\nThat midnight flash which only heightens the darkness of the scene it strives to brighten.\n\nXXIII.\n\nShe roams with hurried step and anxious face,\nIn search of Charles, from place to place.\nTries every room, and, baffled in her aim,\nStrays o'er the fields around, repeats his name,\nStarts as the echo answers to her cries,\nAnd gazes round with simpering surprise.\n\nWhen home returning, as she winds along,\nThe village maids and children round her throng,\nAnd sigh \"Poor Lucy!\" in each varied tone,\nRegret can dictate, or compassion own.\nWhile many a blooming cheek is turned aside,\nThe rising sob or trickling tear to hide,\nAnd the grey hair overshadows many an eye\nBedimm'd with sadness as she passes by.\n\nWhen wandering thus, just sane enough to share,\nBut not to check the flowings of despair.\nIf over her harpsichord or lute she flings\nHer hurried hands, and in her anguish sings,\nSuch thrilling tones the listening ear will greet,\nSo wild, pathetic, and withal so sweet,\nYet ever dashed, with some appalling change,\nTo sounds so startling, horrible, and strange,\n\nLUCY MILFORD. 203\n\nThat the awed hearers shrink while they admire,\nFeel their blood creep, and, shuddering, retire.\n\nXXIV.\n\nYet there is one who marks with heart unwrung\nThe phrensied eye, the incoherent tongue;\nWho views with stubborn and contented gloom\nThe mangled mind, the daily withering bloom:\nNay, there is one who triumphs in her lot.\nYet bears the name, (kind nature own it not!\nO sacred goddess! be that name unheard;\nLet hovering silence intercept the word,\nOr some Sirocco, with its poisonous breath,\nHowl it in deserts to the ear of death,)\nThe name of Father!\nYes, the same doting father, who seem'd wrapped and mingled in his Lucy's fate? Till blind intolerance hurled her brand of fires to break the daughter's heart and sear the sire's:\n\nCallous and calm, he boasts his cruel zeal,\nDisclaims the pang he thinks it crime to feel;\nSees the fair wreck in mental darkness stroll,\nDeeming her wits well lost to save her soul;\nAnd talks of Abraham, who kiss'd the rod,\nAnd gave his child to reconcile his God.\n\nEternal and Omnipotent Unseen!\nWho made the world, with all its lives complete,\nStart from the void and thrill beneath thy feet,\nThou I adore with reverence serene;\nHere, in the fields, thine own cathedral meet,\nBuilt by thyself, star-roof'd, and hung with green,\nWherein all breathing things in concord sweet,\nOrganized by winds, perpetual hymns repeat.\nHere has thou spread that Book to every eye,\nWhose tongue and truth all may read and prove.\nOn whose three blessed leaves, Earth, Ocean, Sky,\nThine own right hand hath stamped Might, Justice, Love;\nTrue Trinity, which binds in due degree,\nGod, man, and brute, in social unity.\n\n208 Sonnets.\n\nMorning.\n\nBeautiful Earth! O how can I refrain\nFrom falling down to worship thee? Behold,\nOver the misty mountains springs amain\nThe glorious Sun; his flaming locks unfold,\nTheir gorgeous clusters, pouring o'er the plain\nTorrents of light. Hark! chanticleer has toll'd\nHis matin bell, and the larks' choral train\nWarble on high hosannas uncontrolled.\nAll nature worships thee, thou new-born day!\nBlade, flower, and leaf, their dewy offerings pay,\nUpon the shrine of incense-breathing earth;\nBirds, flocks, and insects, chant their morning lay.\nLet me join in the thanksgiving mirth,\nAnd praise, through thee, the God that gave thee birth.\n\nSonnets, 209 To The Setting Sun.\nThou central eye of God, whose lidless ball\nIs vision all around, dispensing heat,\nAnd light, and life, and regulating all\nWith its pervading glance, how calm and sweet\nIs thine unclouded setting: thou dost greet,\nWith parting smiles, the earth; night's shadows fall,\nBut long where thou hast sunk shall splendors meet,\nAnd, lingering there, thy glories past recall.\nO may my heart, like thee, unspotted, clear,\nBe as a sun to all within its sphere;\nAnd when beneath the earth I seek my doom,\nMay I with smiling calmness disappear,\nAnd friendship's twilight, hovering o'er my tomb,\nStill bid my memory survive and bloom.\n\n210 Sonnets.\nOn The Statue of a Piping Faun.\n\nHark! hear you not the pipe of Faunus sweeping?\nIn dulcet glee, through Thessaly's domain,\nDo you not see embowered wood-nymphs peeping,\nTo watch the graces that around him reign,\nWhile distant vineyard workers and peasants reaping,\nStand in mute transport; listening to the strain,\nAnd Pan himself, beneath a pine-tree sleeping,\nLooks round, and smiles, then drops to sleep again,\nO happy Greece! while thy blest sons were rovers,\nThrough all the loveliness this earth discovers,\nThey in their minds a brighter region founded,\nHaunted by gods and sylvans, nymphs and lovers,\nWhere forms of grace thro' sunny landscapes bounded,\nBy must and enchantment all surrounded.\n\nSonnets, 211\nTHE TWINS.\n\nThou laughing Julia, and Selina grave,\nOf azure eye, and stout athletic limb,\nYe, whom one birth to our embraces gave,\nNot like the modern twins, deformed and slim,\nBut cast like those Latona bore to him.\nWho wields the thunder; may you live to brave\nThe storms of fate, and in the sparkling brim\nOf joy's full cup your lips for ever lave!\nO may the morning of each life be bright\nAs parents' wishes in their fondest flight;\nAnd may its evening be as calm a scene\nAs that which smiles around me while I write;\nWhere ocean, by a cloudless sky made green,\nAwaits the night, unruffled and serene.\n\nHere, from earth's daedal heights and dingles lowly,\nThe representatives of Nature meet;\nNot like a congress, or Alliance Holy,\nOf kings, to rivet chains, but with their sweet\nBlossomy mouths to preach the love complete,\nThat with pearl'd mistletoe, and beaded holly,\nCloth'd them in green unchangeable, to greet\nWinter with smiles, and banish melancholy.\n\nI envy not the Emathian madman's fame,\nWho won the world, and built immortal shame.\nIn Egypt's sandy silence, standing alone,\nA gigantic leg in the deserts found,\nWith the inscription inserted below.\n\n\"I am great Ozymandias, king of kings,\nThis mighty city shows the wonders of my hand.\"\nThe city's gone, naught but the leg remaining,\nTo disclose the site of that forgotten Babylon.\n\nWe wonder, and some hunter may express\nWonder like ours, when through the wilderness,\nWhere London stood, holding the wolf in chase,\nHe meets some fragment huge, and stops to guess\nWhat powerful, but unrecorded, race.\n\nSONNETS. 213\n\nOn a stupendous leg of granite, discovered,\nStanding by itself in Egypt's deserts,\nWith the inscription inserted below:\n\nIn Egypt's sandy silence, all alone,\nStands a gigantic leg, which far off throws\nThe only shadow that the desert knows.\n\n\"I am great Ozymandias, king of kings:\nThis mighty city shows the wonders of my hand.\"\nThe city's gone; nothing's left but the leg remaining\nTo disclose the site of that forgotten Babylon.\n\nWe wonder, and some hunter may express\nWonder like ours, when through the wilderness,\nWhere London stood, holding the wolf in chase,\nHe meets some fragment huge, and stops to guess\nWhat powerful, but unrecorded, race.\nOnce dwelt in that annihilated place,\n214 Sonnets.\n\nTo Percy Bysshe Shelley, Esq., on His Poems.\n\nO thou bold herald of announcements high,\nNo prostituted muse inspired thy story,\nBut Hope and Love lent thee their wings, to fly\nForward into a coming age of glory,\nWhen tyrannies and superstitions hoary,\nBeneath the foot of Liberty shall lie,\nAnd men shall turn from those oppressors gory,\nTo worship Peace, and Love, and Charity.\n\nThe heart that could conceive so bright a day,\nIs proof that it may come; therefore, shall they\nWho live on tears and darkness, steep each tooth\nIn poison'd gall, to make that heart their prey;\nBut thou shalt smile and pity; giving thy youth\nTo glorious hopes, and all-defying truth.\n\nSonnets. 215\n\nOn Unexpectedly Receiving a Letter, with\nA Sum of Money\n\nNot for the miserable love of gain,\n\n(This text is clean and requires no further action.)\nBut that, my friend, in his successes alone,\nHas proved himself right worthy of my trust. I rejoice,\nAnd that his lines contain a summer week's reprieve\nFrom toil and pain, from Mammon's clutches, and the town's disgust.\nFor I have vowed to all the nymphs who reign,\nOver grove and grot, that I would shake the dust\nFrom off my shoes, and, in their sylvan hold,\nMake a green holiday. Pagans of old,\nIn marble shrines, their votive tribute hung;\nI in the woods my offerings will unfold,\nAnd tender, like the birds, the leaves among,\nA happy heart, and not an untuneful tongue.\n\n216 Sonnets.\n\nON THE SPANISH REVOLUTION.\n\nO now may I depart in peace! For, lo!\nSpain, the priest-ridden and enslaved, hath riven\nHer chains asunder; and no rage, no flow\nOf blood, save what the despot, phrensy-driven,\nWantonly shed. Did they not crush him? No.\nAll with magnanimous mercy was forgiven!\nTyrants, the hour is coming, sure, though slow,\nWhen you no more can outrage earth and heaven.\nAs I would joy to see the assassin foiled\nBy his own gun's explosion, so do I\nJoy, that the oppressor's armies have recoiled\nBack on themselves; for so shall they rely\nOn love, not fear, leaving the world o'ertoiled\nWith war and chains, to peace and liberty.\n\nSONNETS. 217.\nTO MAMMON,\n\nMammon! thou hast my body, not my mind?\nDuly by day I worship in thy train,\nBut in my home an even temple find,\nWhere deities more holy are enshrined,\nFrom whose dear homage may I ne'er refrain;\nFor there the pure affections hold their reign,\nAnd the day-fetter'd spirit, unconfined,\nThrills with delight to spread its wings again.\n\nThere, when the night's shut out, and those I love\nAre bless'd to sleep, to brighter realms I rove.\nTransported on the Muse's pinion swift,\nThrough sunny landscapes up to Him above,\nWho gave the taste my fancies thus to lift,\nAnd gratitude to thank Him for the gift.\n\n218 Sonnets.\n\nWritten in the porch of Binstead Church,\nIsle of Wight.\n\nFarewell, sweet Binstead! Take a fond farewell,\nFrom one unused to sight of woods and seas,\nAmid the strife of cities doomed to dwell,\nYet roused to ecstasy by scenes like these,\nWho could for ever sit beneath thy trees,\nInhaling fragrance from the flowery dell,\nOr, listening to the murmur of the breeze,\nGaze with delight on Ocean's awful swell.\n\nAgain, farewell! Nor deem that I profane\nThy sacred porch; for while the Sabbath strain\nMay fail to turn the sinner from his ways,\nThese are impressions none can feel in vain,\nThese are the wonders that perforce must raise\nThe soul to God, in reverential praise.\nO Almighty Architect, you have created a rare palace for man's delight,\nWith sun, moon, and stars, illuminated;\nWhose azure dome with pictured clouds is bright,\nEach painted by your hand, a glorious sight!\nWhose halls are countless landscapes, variegated,\nAll carpeted with flowers; while all invite\nEach sense of man to be with pleasure sated.\nFruits hang around us; music fills each beak;\nThe fields are perfumed; and to eyes that seek\nNature's charms, what tears of joy will start.\nSo, let me thank you, God, not with the reek\nOf sacrifice, but breathings poured apart,\nAnd the blood-offering of a grateful heart.\n\nO new-born Rose, emerging from the dew,\nLike Aphrodite, when the lovely bather\nBlushes from the sea, how fair you are to view,\nAnd fragrant to the smell! The Almighty Father.\nOnce in a breezy coppice you danced,\nAnd nightingales amid your foliage sang,\nFormed by man's cruel art into a lance,\nYou oft have pierced some foeman's heart.\nPride, pomp, and circumstance are gone,\nYou silently hang, age after age,\nIn deep and dusty trance.\n\nYou are the priest whose sermons soothe our woes,\nPreaching with Nature's tongue from every sod,\nLove to mankind, and confidence in God.\n\n(Sonnets. 221. On an Ancient Lance, Hanging in an Armory.)\nWhat is thy change to ours? These gazing eyes,\nTo earth reverting, may again arise\nIn dust, to settle on the self-same space;\nDust, which some offspring yet unborn may poise thy weight, and with his hand efface,\nAnd with his moldered eyes again replace.\n\n222 SONNETS.\n\nTHE NIGHTINGALE.\n\nLone warbler, I thy love-melting heart supplies\nThe liquid music-fall, that from thy bill\nGushes in such ecstatic rhapsodies,\nDrowning night's ear. Yet thine is but the skill\nOf loftier love, that hung in the skies\nThose everlasting lamps, man's guide, until\nMorning return'd, and bade fresh flowers arise,\nBlowing by night, new fragrance to distil.\n\nWhy are these blessings lavish'd from above\nOn man, when his unconscious sense and sight\nAre closed in sleep; but that the few who rove,\nFrom want or woe, or travels urge by night,\nTis sweet to sit beneath these walnut-trees,\nAnd pore upon the sun in splendour sinking,\nThinking on the wond'rous mysteries\nOf this so lovely world, until, with thinking,\nThought is bewildered, and the spirit, shrinking,\nInto itself, no outward object sees,\nDrinking new visions from its inward fount,\nTill sense swims in dreamy reveries.\nAwaking from this trance, with gentle start,\n'Tis sweeter still to feel th' overflowing heart\nShoot its glad gushes to the thrilling cheek,\nHomage for which all language is too weak.\n\nHark! how the branches of the trees\nRustle in the morning breeze.\nWave your jocund heads on high,\nDance to the music of the sky,\nFor the sun has given warning,\nOf a bright and balmy morning.\nAs the climbing sailor-boy\nFirst sees land and shouts for joy,\nSo the lark from airy height\nCatches first, and hails the light,\nPiping up the feather'd races,\nNestling still in leafy places.\nYellow-cups and daisies pressed,\nWhere the cow has lain to rest,\nBy the sun recover'd slowly,\nStruggle from their posture lowly,\nWhile the wild-flowers, which the field\nOr the shelter yield,\nPeep from their hiding places,\nShow their vari-colour'd faces;\nCowslips, primroses, and lilies,\nViolets and daffodillies,\nAnd infant buds of every hue\nAll baptized in glittering dew.\nYonder is a girl who lingers\nWhere wild honeysuckle grows,\nMingling with the briar rose,\nAnd with eager outstretch'd fingers.\nTiptoeing quietly, she tries in vain to reach the hedge-enveloped prize, but the school bell on the wind warns her to be gone. She slowly saunters on, looking wistfully behind. The air exults, and the earth rejoices in a thousand mingled voices.\n\nThe buzzing bee incessantly sings, or in harebells hid or clover, silently purloins their sweets. When the honey-laden rover sings again as he retreats.\n\nLowing oxen, bleating lambs, answered by their listening dams; Chanticleer's resounding throat, and the cuckoo's double note; and the sheep-bells' tinkling tattle, and the runnel's guggling rattle, mixing all in tuneful glee, form the morning harmony.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS POEMS.\n\nThe bee, as it flies, busily sings,\nOr in harebells hid, or clover,\nSilently purloins their sweets,\nWhen the honey-laden rover\nSings again as he retreats.\n\nCows mooing, lambs bleating,\nAnswered by their mothers,\nRooster's crowing throat, and cuckoo's double note,\nSheep bells' tinkling chatter, and runnel's gurgling rattle,\nAll mix in harmonious delight,\nForm the morning symphony.\n\nMISCELLANEOUS POEMS.\nI saw him last on this terrace proud,\nWalking in health and gladness,\nBeside his court, in all the crowd,\nNot a single look of sadness.\nBright was the sun, and the leaves were green,\nBlithely the birds were singing,\nThe cymbal replied to the tambourine,\nAnd the bells were merrily ringing.\nI have stood with the crowd beside his bier,\nWhen not a word was spoken;\nBut every eye was dim with a tear,\nAnd the silence was broken.\nI have heard the earth on his coffin pour,\nTo the muffled drum's deep rolling;\nWhile the minute gun with its solemn roar,\nDrowned the death-bell's tolling.\nThe time since he walked in his glory thus,\nTo the grave till I saw him carried,\nWas an age of the mightiest change to us,\nBut to him a night unvaried.\nWe have fought the fight; \u2014 from his lofty throne.\nThe foe of our land we have defeated;\nIt gladdened each eye, save his alone,\nFor whom that foe we humbled.\nA beloved daughter \u2014 a Queen \u2014 a son and a son's sole child have perished;\nAnd sad was each heart, save the only one\nBy which they were fondest cherished.\n\nFor his eyes were sealed, and his mind was dark,\nAnd he sat in his age's lateness,\nLike a vision throned, as a solemn mark\nOf the frailty of human greatness.\nHis silver beard overspread\nAn unvexed bosom,\nLike a yearly-lengthening snow-drift shed\nOn the calm of a frozen ocean.\n\nOver him oblivion's waters boomed,\nAs the stream of time kept flowing;\nAnd we only heard of our King when doomed\nTo know that his strength was going.\n\nAt intervals thus the waves disgorge,\nBy weakness rent asunder,\nA part of the wreck of the Royal George.\nFor the people's pity and wonder.\n230 MISCELLANEOUS POEMS.\nHe is gone at length; he is laid in dust;\nDeath's hand his slumbers breaking;\nFor the coffin'd sleep of the good and just\nIs a sure and blissful waking.\nHis people's heart is his funeral urn,\nAnd should sculptured stone be denied him,\nThere will his name be found, when, in turn,\nWe lay our heads beside him.\nMISCELLANEOUS POEMS. 231\nSicilian Arethusa! thou, whose arms\nOf azure round the Thymbrian meadows wind,\nStill are thy margins lined\nWith the same flowers Proserpina was weaving\nIn Enna's field, beside Pergusa's lake,\nWhen swarthy Dis, upheaving,\nSaw her, and, stung to madness by her charms,\nDown snatched her, shrieking, to his Stygian couch.\nThy waves, Sicilian Arethusa, flow\nIn cadence to the shepherd's flageolet,\nAs tunefully as when they wont to crouch.\nBeneath the banks of old Theocritus, to catch the piping low\nOf bucolic songs and Amoebaean lays.\nAnd still, Sicilian Arethusa, though iEtna dry thee up,\nOr frosts enchain, thy music shall be heard, for poets high\nHave dipped their wreaths in thee, and by their praise\nMade thee immortal as themselves. Thy flowers,\nTransplanted, an eternal bloom retain,\nRooted in words that cannot fade or die.\nThy liquid gush and gurgling melody\nHave left undying echoes in the bowers\nOf tuneful poetry. Thy very name,\nSicilian Arethusa, had been drowned\nIn deep oblivion, but that the buoyant breath\nOf bards uplifted it, and bade it float\nAdown the eternal lapse, assured of fame,\nTill all things shall be swallowed up in death.\nWhere, Immortality, where canst thou be found\nThy throne unperishing, but in the throat\nOf  the  true  bard,  whose  breath  encrusts  his  theme \nLike  to  a  petrifaction,  which  the  stream \nOf  time  will  only  make  more  durable  ? \nTHE    END. \nPrinted  by  A.  and  R.  Spottiswoode, \nPrinters- Street,  London. \nDeacidified  using  the  Bookkeeper  process. \nNeutralizing  agent:  Magnesium  Oxide \nTreatment  Date:  May  2009 \nPreservationTechnologies \nA  WORLD  LEADER  IN  COLLECTIONS  PRESERVATION \n111  Thomson  Park  Drive \nCranberry  Township,  PA  16066 \nLIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS ", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "Anster fair, a poem, in six cantos. With other poems", "creator": "Tennant, William, 1784-1848", "publisher": "Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd; [etc., etc.]", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "lccn": "29023549", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC167", "call_number": "7339839", "identifier-bib": "00145491319", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-10-26 22:44:57", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "ansterfairpoemin00ten", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-10-26 22:44:59", "publicdate": "2012-10-26 22:45:06", "scanner": "scribe5.capitolhill.archive.org", "notes": "No copyright/contents page.", "repub_seconds": "601", "ppi": "514", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-mang-pau@archive.org", "scandate": "20121101123553", "republisher": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "imagecount": "280", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/ansterfairpoemin00ten", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t4qj8pt9b", "scanfee": "120", "sponsordate": "20121130", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia905600_8", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1039960714", "openlibrary_edition": "OL6734283M", "openlibrary_work": "OL4520592W", "oclc-id": "23128225", "description": "1 p. l., [v]-vii, 255 p. 16 cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20121101143716", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "100", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "I. PREFACE.\n\nThe following Poem is presented to the Public with that diffidence and anxiety which every author feels on laying before the world the fruits of his labors.\n\nNee pol ego Nemeas credo, neque ego Olympian.\nNeque usquam ludos tarn festivos fieri,\nQuam hie intus fiunt ludi ludificabiles.\n(I am neither a Nemean nor an Olympian.\nNo games are more delightful than those here.) - Plautus, Casiua.\n\nSane leve,\nDum nihil habemus majus calamo ludimus.\n(Lightly,\nWhile we have nothing greater than a reed for our sport.) - Prudentius, Fab.\n\nFourth Edition.\n\nEdinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, High-Street.\nSold also by G. & W. B. Whittaker, London; and W. Turnbull, Glasgow.\nA young author feels the impact of good or bad fortune on his first work, checking his rashness and vanity or inspiring confidence for future endeavors. The poem is composed in octave rhyme, or the ottava rima of the Italians; a measure attributed to Boccaccio and utilized by Tasso and Ariosto. This measure was adopted in English poetry by Fairfax in his translation of a Jerusalem Delivered, yet it has been insufficiently employed by our Poets since. The stanza of Fairfax is combined with the Alexandrine of Spenser to make it more complete and resonant. In a humorous poem, partly depicting Scottish customs, it was necessary to include a few Scottish words. Some old English words are also admitted.\nThe transactions of Anster Fair may be supposed to have taken place during the reign of James V. A Monarch, whom tradition reports to have had many gamesome rambles in Fife, and with whose liveliness and jollity of temper the merriment of the Fair did not ill accord.\n\nPreface. Vll\n\nYet a scrupulous congruity with the modes of his times was not intended, and must not be expected. Ancient and modern manners are mixed and jumbled together to heighten the humour, or vary the description.\n\nEdinburgh,!\n\nANSTER FAIR.\n\nCANTO I.\n\nANSTER FAIR.\n\nCANTO I.\n\nWhile some of Troy and pettish heroes sing,\nAnd some of Rome and chiefs of pious fame,\nAnd some of men that thought it harmless thing\nTo smite off heads in Mars's bloody game,\nAnd some of Eden's garden gay with spring,\nAnd Hell's dominions terrible to name, \u2014\nI sing a theme far livelier, happier, gladder,\nOf Anster Fair, and merry May.\nI sing of Anster Fair, and bonny Maggie Lauder.\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nII.\nFrom every direction, from east, west, south, north,\nFrom every hamlet, town, and smoky city,\nLaird, clown, and beau, to Anster Fair came forth,\nThe young, the gay, the handsome, and the witty,\nTo try in various sport and game their worth,\nWhile prize before them sat, the pretty,\nFair Maggie, and after many a feat, and joke, and banter,\nFair Maggie's hand was won by mighty Rob the Ranter.\n\nIII.\nMuse, that from the top of thine old Greekish hill,\nDidst the harp-fingering Theban youth behold,\nAnd on his lips bid bees their sweets distil,\nAnd gave the chariot that the white swans drew,\nO let me scoop, from thine ethereal rill,\nSome little palmfuls of the blessed dew,\nAnd lend the swan-drawn car, that safely I,\nLike him, may scorn the earth, and burst into the sky,\n\nCanto First.\n\nIV.\nOur themes are like those held in the chariot-shaken Grecian plains,\nWhere the vain victor, arrogant and bold,\nParsley or laurel got for all his pains.\nI sing of sports more worthy to be told,\nWhere the Scottish victor gains better prize:\nWhat were the crowns of Greece but wind and bladder,\nCompared with marriage-bed of bonny Maggie Lauder?\nAnd O that king Apollo would but grant\nA little spark of that transcendent flame\nThat fired the Chian rapsodist to chant,\nHow vied the bowmen for Ulysses' dame,\nAnd him of Rome to sing how Atalanta\nPlied, dart in hand, the suitor-slaying game,\nTill the bright gold, bowl'd forth along the grass,\nBetrayed her to a spouse, and stopped the bounding lass.\n\nBut lo! from bosom of yon southern cloud,\nI see the chariot come which Pindar bore.\nI see the swans, whose white necks, arching proud,\nGlitter with golden yoke, approach my shore.\nFor me they come \u2014 O Phoebus, potent god!\nSpare, spare me now \u2014 Enough, good king\u2014 no more\u2014\nA little spark I asked in moderation,\nWhy scorch me even to death with fiery inspiration r\n\nVII.\nMy pulse beats fire\u2014 my pericranium glows,\nLike a baker's oven, with poetic heat;\nA thousand bright ideas, spurning prose,\nAre in a twinkling hatched in Fancy's seat;\nZounds! they will fly, out at my ears and nose,\nIf through my mouth they find not passage fleet;\nI hear them buzzing deep within my noddle,\nLike bees that in their hives confusely hum and huddle.\n\nCanto First. VIII.\n\nHow now? \u2014 what's this? \u2014 my very eyes, I trow,\nDrop on my hands their base prosaic scales;\nMy visual orbs are purged from film, and lo!\nInstead of Anster's turnip-bearing vales.\nI see old Fairyland's miraculous show,\nHer trees of tinsel kissed by freakish gales,\nHer ophes, that cloaked in leaf-gold skim the breeze,\nAnd fairies swarming thick as mites in rotten cheese,\n\nIX.\n\nI see the puny fair-chinned goblin rise,\nSuddenly glorious from his mustard-pot;\nI see him wave his hand in seemly wise,\nAnd button round him tight his fulgent coat;\nWhile Maggie Lauder, in a great surprise,\nSits startled on her chair, yet fearing not;\nI see him open his dewy lips; I hear\nThe strange and strict command addressed to Maggie's ear.\n\n8 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nI see the Ranter with bagpipe on back,\nAs to the fair he rides jocundly on;\nI see the crowds that press with speed not slack\nAlong each road that leads to Anster loan;\nI see the suitors, deep-sheath'd in sack,\nHobble and tumble, bawl and swear, and groan.\nI see \u2014 but fie, thou brainish Muse! What mean these vaporous words, and brags of what by thee is seen?\n\nGo to \u2014 be cooler, and in order tell,\nTo all my good co-townsmen listening round,\nHow every merry incident befell,\nWhereby our loan shall ever be renown'd.\n\nSay first, what elf or fairy could impel\nFair Mag with wit, and wealth, and beauty crown'd,\nTo put her suitors to such waggish test,\nAnd give her happy bed to him that jumped best?\n\nCanto First, IX.\n\nTwelfth Canto,\n\nIt was on a keen December night;\nJohn Frost drove through mid-air his chariot, icy-wheel'd,\nAnd from the sky's crisp ceiling, star-embroidered,\nWhiff'd off the clouds that the pure blue concealed.\n\nThe moon, hornless, amid her brilliant host\nShone, and with silver-sheeted lake and field;\n'Twas cutting cold; I'm sure, each traveler's nose\nWas pinched right red that night, and numb were all\nhis toes.\n\nTwelfth Canto, XII.\nNot so were Maggie Lauder's toes, as she in her warm chamber sat, (For 'twas that hour when burgesses agree To eat their suppers ere the night grows late). Alone she sat, and pensive as may be A young fair lady, wistful of a mate : Yet with her teeth held now and then a-picking, Her stomach to refresh, the breast-bone of a chicken.\n\nShe thought upon her suitors, that with love Besiege her chamber all the livelong day, Aspiring each her virgin heart to move, With courtship's every troublesome essay; Calling her, angel, sweeting, fondling, dove, And other nicknames in love's frivolous way; While she, though their addresses still she heard, Held back from all her heart, and still no beau preferred.\n\nXIV.\n\nWhat, what! quoth Mag, must thus it be my doom To spend my prime in maidenhood's joyless state?\nAnd waste away my sprightly body's bloom\nIn spouseless solitude without a mate,\nStill toying with my suitors as they come\nCringing in lowly courtship to my gate?\nFool that I am, to live unwed so long!\nMore fool, since I am wooed by such a clamorous throng!\n\nCanto First. XVI.\n\nFor was there e'er heiress with much gold in chest,\nAnd dowered with acres of wheat-bearing land,\nBy such a pack of men, in amorous quest,\nFawningly spanieled to bestow her hand?\nWherever I walk, the air that feeds my breast\nIs by the gusty sighs of lovers fanned;\nEach wind that blows wafts love-cards to my lap;\nWhile I\u2014ah, stupid Mag!\u2014avoid each amorous trap!\n\nXVII.\n\nThen come, let me weigh my suitors' merits,\nAnd in the worthiest lad my spouse select:\u2014\nFirst, there's our Anster merchant, Norman Ray,\nA powdered wight with golden buttons decked.\nThat stinks with scent and chats like a popinjay,\nAnd struts with phiz tremendously erect:\nFour brigs has he, that on the broad sea swim; \u2014\nHe is a pompous fool \u2014 I cannot think of him.\n\nFair of Anster.\nXVIII.\n\nNext is the maltster Andrew Strang, who takes\nHis seat in the Bailie's loft on Sabbath-day,\nWith paltry visage white as oaten cakes,\nAs if no blood runs gurgling in his clay.\nHeavens! what an awkward hunch the fellow makes,\nAs to the priest he does the bow repay!\nYet he is rich\u2014a very wealthy man, true\u2014\nBut, by the holy rood, I will have none of Andrew.\n\nXIX.\n\nThen for the Lairds\u2014there's Melvil of Carnbee,\nA handsome gallant, and a beau of spirit;\nWho can go down the dance so well as he?\nAnd who can fiddle with such manly merit?\nAy, but he is too much the debauchee\u2014\nHis cheeks seem sponges oozing port and claret.\nIn marrying him I should do myself an ill,\nAnd so, I'll not have you, Harry Melvil!\n\nCanto First. XIII.\n\nXX.\nThere's Cunningham of Barns, who still assails\nMy gentle heart with verse and billet-doux,\nA bookish squire, and good at telling tales,\nWho rhymes and whines of Cupid, flame, and dart;\nBut oh! his mouth a sorry smell exhales,\nAnd on his nose sprouts horribly the wart:\nWhat though there be a fund of lore and fun in him?\nHe has a rotten breath\u2014I cannot think of Cunningham.\n\nXXI.\n\nWhy then, there's Allardyce, who plies his suit\nAnd battery of courtship more and more;\nSpruce Lochmalonie, who with booted foot\nEach morning wears the threshold of my door;\nAuchmoutie too, and Bruce, who persecute\nMy tender heart with amorous buffets sore: \u2014\n\u2014Whom to my hand and bed should I promote? \u2014\nHere broke the lady's soliloquy;\nFor in a twink, her pot of mustard, lo!\nSelf-moved, like Jove's wheel'd stool that rolls on high,\n'Gan caper on her table to and fro,\nAnd hopp'd and fidgetted before her eye,\nSpontaneous, here and there, a wondrous show:\nAs leaps, instinct with mercury, a bladder,\nSo leaps the mustard-pot of bonnie Maggie Lauder.\nXXIII.\nSoon stopped its dance the ignoble utensil,\nWhen from its round and small recess there came\nThin curling wreaths of pale smoke, that still,\nFed by some magic unapparent flame,\nMounted to the chamber's stucco'd roof, and fill\nEach nook with fragrance, and refresh the dame:\nNe'er smelt a Phoenix-nest so sweet, I wot,\nAs smelt the luscious fumes of Maggie's mustard-pot.\nCanto First. 15\nXXIV.\nIt reeked, censer-like. Then, strange to tell! Forth from the smoke, that thick and thicker grows,\nA fairy of the height of half an ell,\nIn dwarfish pomp, majestically rose:\nHis feet upon the table were established well,\nStood trim and splendid in their snake-skin hose;\nGleamed topaz-like the breeches he had on,\nWhose waistband like the bend of summer rainbow shone.\n\nXXV.\nHis coat seemed fashioned of the threads of gold,\nThat intertwine the clouds at sunset hour,\nAnd, certes, Iris with her shuttle bold\nWove the rich garment in her lofty bower;\nTo form its buttons were the Pleiads old\nPlucked from their sockets, sure by genie-power,\nAnd sewed upon the coat's resplendent hem;\nIts neck was lovely green, each cuff a sapphire gem.\n\n16 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXVI.\nAs when the churlish spirit of the Cape\nTo Gam a, voyaging to Mozambique,\nUpfrom the sea, a shape tangle-tasseled,\nWith mussels sticking inch-thick on his cheek,\nAnd began with tortoiseshell his limbs to scrape,\nAnd yawned his monstrous blobberlips to speak;\nBrave Gama's hairs stood bristled at the sight,\nAnd on the tarry deck sunk down his men with fright.\n\nXXVII.\nSo sudden (not so huge and grimly dire)\nUprose to Maggie's stunned eyes the sprite,\nAs fair a fairy as you could desire,\nWith ruddy cheek, and chin and temples white;\nHis eyes seemed little points of sparkling fire,\nThat, as he looked, charm'd with inviting light;\nHe was, indeed, as bonny a fae and brisk,\nAs ever on long moonbeam was seen to ride and frisk.\n\nTangle-tasseled, hung round with sea-weed as with tassels.\n\nXXVIII.\nAround his bosom, by a silken zone,\nFairies in numbers dance and sing and swoon.\nA little bagpipe was gracefully bound,\nWhose pipes like hollow stalks of silver shone,\nThe glist'ring tiny avenues of sound;\nBeneath his arm, the windy bag, full-blown,\nHeaved up its purple like an orange round,\nAnd only waited orders to discharge\nIts blast with charming groan into the sky at large.\n\nXXIX.\n\nHe waved his hand to Maggie as she sat\nAmazed and startled on her carved chair;\nThen took his petty feather-garnish'd hat,\nIn honor to the lady, from his hair,\nAnd made a bow so dignifiedly flat,\nThat Mag was witched with his beauish air:\nAt last he spoke, with voice so soft, so kind,\nSo sweet, as if his throat with fiddle-strings was lin'd.\n\nC\n18 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXX.\n\nLady! be not offended that I dare,\nThus forward and impertinently rude,\nEmerge, uncall'd, into the upper air,\nIntruding on a maiden's solitude:\nNay, do not be alarm'd, thou Lady fair!\nFor as concealed in this clay-house of mine, I overheard thee in a lowly voice, weighing thy lovers' merits, and now on the worthiest lad to fix thy choice. I have up-bolted from my paltry shrine, to give thee, sweet-eyed lass, my best advice. For, by the life of Oberon my king! To pick a good husband is, indeed, a ticklish thing.\n\nAnd never shall good Tommy Puck permit\nSuch an assemblage of unwonted charms\nTo cool some lechers' lewd, licentious fits,\nAnd sleep impounded by his boisterous arms.\n\nWhat though his fields by twenty ploughs be split,\nAnd golden wheat wave riches on his farms?\nHis house is shame - it cannot, shall not be.\nA greater, happier doom, O Mag, awaits thee.\nXXXIII.\nStrange are indeed the steps by which you must\nAttain your glory's happy eminence;\nBut Fate has fixed them, and 'tis Fate that adjusts\nThe mighty links that ends to means enchain;\nNo mere Puck can thrust his little fingers\nInto the links to break Jove's steel in twain:\nThen, Maggie, hear, and let my words descend\nInto your soul, for much it benefits you to attend.\nXXXIV.\nTomorrow, when over the Isle of May the sun\nLifts up his forehead bright with golden crown,\nCall to your house the light-footed men, who run\nAfar on messages for Anster Town,\nFellows of spirit, unmatched in speed,\nOf lofty voice, enough a drum to drown,\nAnd bid them hie, post-haste, through all the nation,\nAnd publish, far and near, this famous proclamation:\nXXXV.\nLet them proclaim, with voice's loudest tone,\n\"Hear ye, hear ye! King James's pardon grants\nTo all the fugitives, who to Anster Fair\nHave brought their wares, their victuals, corn, and beer,\nA full and free pardon, royal grace,\nFor all offenses, trespasses, and disgrace,\nProvided they return, before the sun\nSets on this day, to their former homes and towns.\"\nOn your next market day, merry sports shall be held in Anster loan, with notable and gay celebration; a prize more precious than gold or precious stone will reward the victor's toils. Do not start, Maggie, do not tremble \u2013 your marriage bed, my sweet.\n\nCanto First. XXVI.\n\nFirst, on the loan shall ride full many an ass,\nWith a stout whip-wielding rider on its back,\nIntending with twinkling hoof to pelt the grass,\nAnd pricking up its long ears at the crack.\n\nNext, over the ground the daring men shall pass,\nHalf-coffin'd in their cumbersome sacks,\nWith heads just peeping from their shrines of bag,\nHorribly hobbling round, and straining hard for Mag.\n\nCanto First. XXVII.\n\nThen shall the pipers groaningly begin\nTheir merry strain in squeaking rivalry,\nTill Billyness shall echo back the din.\nAnd Innergelly woods shall ring again.\nLast, let each man that hopes thy hand to win,\nBy witty product of prolific brain,\nApproach, and, confident of Pallas' aid,\nClaim by an humorous tale possession of thy bed.\n22 ANSTER PAIR.\nXXXVIII.\nSuch are the wondrous tests, by which, my love,\nThe merits of thy husband must be tried;\nAnd he that shall in these superior prove,\n(One proper husband the Fates will provide)\nShall from the loan with thee triumphant move\nHomeward, the jolly bridegroom and the bride,\nAnd at thy house shall eat the marriage-feast,\nWhen I'll pop up again. \u2014 Here Tommy Puck surcease.\nXXXIX.\nHe ceas'd, and to his wee mouth, dewy-wet,\nHis bagpipe's tube of silver up he held,\nAnd underneath his down-pressed arm he set\nHis purple bag, that with a tempest swelled;\nHe played and piped so sweet, that never yet\nMaggie had heard that Puck excelled in piping:\nIf Midas had heard such an exquisite tune,\nHeaven! His long base ears would have quivered with delight.\n\nCanto First. XXIII.\n\nTingle the fire-irons, poker, tongs, and grate,\nResponsive to the blithesome melody;\nThe tables and the chairs, inanimate,\nWish they had muscles now to trip it high;\nWave back and forth at a wondrous rate,\nThe window-curtains, touched with sympathy;\nFork, knife, and trencher, almost break their sloth,\nAnd caper on their ends upon the tablecloth.\n\nXLI.\n\nHow then could Maggie, sprightly, smart, and young,\nWithstand the bagpipe's blithe awakening air?\nShe, as her ear-drum caught the sounds, up-sprung\nLike lightning, and despised her idle chair,\nAnd into all the dance's graces flung\nThe bounding members of her body fair:\nFrom nook to nook through all her room she tript.\nAnd whirled like a whirligig, and reeled, and bobbed, and skipped.\n\nAt last the little piper ceased to play,\nAnd deftly bowed, and said, \"My dear, goodnight;\nThen in a smoke evanish'd clean away,\nWith all his gaudy apparatus bright.\n\nAs a soap-bubble breaks, which a boy in play\nBlows from his short tobacco-pipe right,\nSo broke poor Puck from view, and on the spot\nY-smoking aloes-reek he left his mustard-pot.\n\nXLIII.\n\nWhereat the furious Lady's wriggling feet\nForgot to patter in such pelting wise,\nAnd down she gladly sank upon her seat,\nFatigued and panting from her exercise.\n\nShe sat, and mused a while, as it was meet,\nOn what so late had occupied her eyes;\nThen to her bedchamber went, and doffed her gown,\nAnd laid upon her couch her charming person down.\n\nCanto First. \nXLIV.\n\nSome say that Maggie slept so sound that night.\nAs never she had slept since she was born,\nBut I am sure, thoughtful of the sprite,\nShe twenty times upon her bed did turn,\nFor still appeared to stand before her sight\nThe gaudy goblin, glorious from his urn,\nAnd still, within the cavern of her ear,\nThe injunction echoing rung, so strict and strange to hear.\n\nXLV.\n\nBut when the silver-harness'd steeds, that draw\nThe car of morning up the empyreal height,\nHad snorted day upon North Berwick Law,\nAnd from their glist'ring loose manes toss'd the light,\nImmediately from bed she rose, (such awe\nOf Tommy pressed her soul with anxious weight,)\nAnd donned her tissued fragrant morning vest,\nAnd to fulfill his charge her earliest care addressed.\n\n26 Anster Fair.\n\nXLVI.\n\nStraight to her house she tarried not to call\nHer messengers and heralds swift of foot,\nMen skilled to hop o'er dikes and ditches all.\nShe was given sturdy, brass lungs. At every town, she halted and bawled out her proclamation with mighty volume, inviting the Scottish beaux to jump for her sweet person there.\n\nXLVII.\nThey took each man his staff in hand;\nThey buttoned round their bellies, closed their coats;\nThey flew divided through the frozen land;\nNever before had such swiftly-traveling Scots been seen!\nNo ford, slough, mountain could their speed withstand;\nSuch fleetness have the men who feed on oats!\nThey skirr'd, they floundered through the sleets and snows,\nAnd puffed against the winds that bit in spite of each nose.\n\nXLVIII.\nThey halted at each wall-fenced town renowned,\nAnd every lesser borough of the nation;\nAnd with the trumpet's welkin-rifting sound,\nAnd tuck of drum of loud reverberation.\nTowards the four wings of heaven, they proclaimed, round and round,\nThat on the approaching day of Anster market,\nShould merry sports be held: \u2014 Hush! Listen now and hark it!\nXLIX.\n\" Ho! Beaux and pipers, wits and jumpers, ho!\nYe buxom blades that like to kiss the lasses;\nYe that are skilled at sewing up in sacks to go;\nYe that excel in horsemanship of asses;\nYe that are smart at telling tales, and know\nOn Rhyme's two stilts to crutch it up Parnassus;\nHo! lads, your sacks, pipes, asses, tales, prepare\nTo jump, play, ride, and rhyme, at Anster loan and\nFair!\n28 ANSTER FAIR.\n\" First, on the green turf shall each ass draw near,\nCaparisoned or clouted for the race,\nWith mounted rider, sedulous to steer\nCudgel or whip, and win the foremost place.\nNext shall the adventurous men, that dare to try,\nIn sack-race, horse-race, or tale-telling contest,\nPrepare their strength, their wit, their skill, their spur,\nTo strive, to win, and merit Anster's pure\nApplause.\"\nTheir bodies in hempen cases on,\nAnd with ridiculous bounds and sweat, and huge turmoil, pass laboring over the ground.\n\nLI.\n\"Then shall the pipers, gentlemen of the drone,\nTheir pipes in gleesome competition screw,\nAnd grace with loud solemnity of groan,\nEach his invented tune to the audience new.\n\nLast shall each witty bard, to whom is known\nThe craft of Helicon's rhyme-jingling crew,\nHis story tell in good poetic strains,\nAnd make his learned tongue the midwife to his brains.\n\nCanto First. 29\nLII.\n\"And he whose tongue the wittiest tale shall tell,\nWhose bagpipe the sweetest tune resounds,\nWhose heels, though clogged with sack, shall jump it well,\nWhose ass shall foot with fleetest hoof the ground;\nHe who from all the rest shall bear the bell,\nWith victory in every trial crowned,\nHe (mark it, lads!) to Maggie Lauder's house.\"\nThat same night shall go and take her for his spouse.\" \u2014 Lili\nHere ceased the criers of the sturdy lungs;\nBut here the gossip Fame (whose pores are nothing but open ears and babbling tongues,\nThat gape and wriggle on her hide in scores)\nBegan to jabber over each city's throngs,\nBlazing the news through all the Scottish shores;\nNor had she blabbed, methinks, so stoutly, since\nQueen Dido's peace was broke by Troy's love-truant\nPrince.\n\n30 Anster Fair.\nLiv.\n\nIn every Lowland vale and Highland glen,\nShe noise'd the approaching fun of Anster Fair:\nEven when in sleep were laid the sons of men,\nSnoring away on good chaff beds their care,\nYou might have heard her faintly murmuring then,\nFor lack of audience, to the midnight air,\nThat from Fife's East Nook up to farthest Stornoway,\nFair Maggie's loud report most rapidly was borne away,\nLiv.\nAnd soon the mortals, who intended to strive\nBy meritorious jumping for the prize,\nTrained up their bodies, ere the day arrive,\nTo the lumpish sack-encumbered exercise.\nYou might have seen no less than four or five\nHobbling in each town-loan in awkward guise.\nEven little boys, when from the school let out,\nMimicked the bigger beaux, and leaped in pokes about.\n\nCanto First.\n\nLVI.\n\nThrough cots and granges, with industrious foot,\nLight-heeled asses were sought by laird and knight,\nSo that no ass of any great repute\nCould have been bought for twenty Scots marks then;\nNor ever, before or since, the long-ear'd brute\nWas such a goodly acquisition thought.\n\nThe pipers vex'd their ears and pipes, to invent\nSome tune that might the taste of Anster Mag content.\n\nLVIL.\n\nEach poet, too, whose lore-manured brain\nIs hot of soil, and sprouts up mushroom wit,\nPondered his noddle into extreme pain,\nTo excogitate some story, nice and fit.\nWhen racked had been his scull some hours in vain,\nHe, to relax his mind a little bit,\nPlunged deep into a sack his precious body,\nAnd schooled it for the race, and hopped around his study.\n\nSuch was the sore preparatory care\nOf all the ambitious, for April sigh:\nNor sigh the young alone for Anster Fair;\nOld men and wives, erewhile content to die,\nWho hardly can forsake their easy-chair,\nTo take, abroad, farewell of sun and sky,\nWith new desire of life now glowing, pray\nThat they may just o'erlive our famous market-day\nAnster Fair.\n\nCanto II.\nAnster Fair.\nCanto II.\n\nLast night I dream'd, that to my dark bedside\nCame, white with rays, the poet of the e\u20ac Quhair,\nAnd drew my curtain silently aside,\nAnd stood and smiled, majestically fair.\nHe applied a ring to my finger then,\nIt glittered like Aurora's yellow hair,\nAnd gave his royal head a pleasant wag,\nAnd said, \"Go on, my boy, and celebrate thy Magus! \n36 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nII.\n\nThe sun, uprising from Capricorn,\nHad between the Ram's horns thrust his gilded nose;\nAnd now his bright fist drops, each April morn,\nOver hill and dale, the daisy and the rose:\nWanton the earth with the god unshorn,\nAnd from her womb the infant verdure throws,\nWhile he, good paramour! leaves Tithy's valley\nEach morn by five o'clock, with her to sport and dally.\n\nOld Kelly-law, the kindly nurse of sheep,\nDonns on her daisy-tissued gown of green:\nOn all her slopes so verdurous and steep,\nThe bleating children of the flock are seen;\nWhile with a heart where mirth and pleasure keep\nTheir dwelling, and with honest brow serene.\nThe shepherd eyes his flock in mood of glee,\nAnd wakes with oaten pipe the echoes of Carnbee.\n\nCanto Second. III.\n\nAnd see how Airdrie woods upshoot on high,\nTheir leafy living glories to the day,\nAs if they long'd to embrace the vaulted sky\nWith their long branchy arms so green and gay!\n\nBalcarras-craig, so rough, and hard, and dry,\nEnliven'd into beauty by the ray,\nHeaves up, bedecked with flowers, his ruffian side,\nLike giant hung with gauds, and boasts his tricksy pride.\n\nEven on the King's-muir jigs the jolly Spring,\nScattering from whin to whin the new perfume;\nWhile, near the sea-coast, Flora tarrying,\nTouches the garden's parterres into bloom.\n\nWith joy the villages and cities ring;\nCowherd and cow rejoice, and horse and groom;\nThe ploughman laughs amid his joyous care,\nAnd Anster burghers laugh in prospect of their Fair.\n\n38 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nVI.\nFor lo! now peeping just above the vast Vault of the German Sea, in east afar, Appears full many a brig and schooner's mast, Their topsails strutting with the vernal harr. Near and more near they come, and show at last Their ocean-thumping hulks, all black with tar; Their stems are pointed toward Anster pier, While, flying o'er their sterns, the well-known flags appear.\n\nVII.\nFrom clear-sky'd France and muddy Zuyder Zee\nThey come, replenished with the stores of trade;\nSome from the Hollander of lumpish knee\nConvey his lintseed, stowed in bag or cade;\nHeaven bless him! may his breeches be countless,\nAnd warm, and thick, and ever undecay'd!\nFor he it was that first supplied the Scots\nWith linen for their shirts, and stout frieze for their coats.\n\n* The harr is the name given by the fishermen to that gentle breeze.\nThe breeze that generally blows from the east in a fine spring or summer afternoon.\n\nCanto Second. III.\n\nSome bring, in many an anker hooped strong,\nFrom Flushing's port, the palate-biting gin,\nThe inspirer of the tavern's noisy song,\nThe top-delight, the nectar of each inn,\nThat sends a-bounding through the veins along\nThe loitering blood when frosty days begin,\nThe beverage wherein fiddlers like to nuzzle,\nThe gauger's joy to seize, and old wife's joy to guzzle!\n\nIX.\n\nSome from Garonne and bonny banks of Seine\nTransport in pipes the blood of Bacchus' berry,\nWherewith our lairds may fume the fuddled brain,\nAnd grow, by bousing, boisterously meny;\nAnd whereby, too, their cheeks a glow may gain,\nAbashing even the red of July's cherry.\nO, it is right; our lairds do well, I ween:\nA bottle of black wine is worth all Hippocrene.\n\n40 Anster Fair.\nIn Anster harbor, every vessel moors; sails furled by seamen, halsers fixed to folk-clad shores. Gallia's wealth and Amsterdam's, Flushing's stores discharge, augmenting commerce's various ware, bustle, and Anster Fair's trade.\n\nNear is the day; the cream-faced sun,\nRising, will gild tomorrow's air with beams,\nShining courteously upon the fun and frolic\nOf the celebrated Fair.\n\nThe folk have begun, in flocks, to resort\nTo Maggie's borough, eager to share the delight,\nBefore the sport begins.\n\n(Anster Lintseed Market, as it is called, is on the 11th of April or one of the six days immediately succeeding.)\n\nCanto Second. XII.\nEach hedge-lined highway of the king, that leads either straightly or obliquely to the loch, seems, as the Muse looks downwards, paved with heads^ and hats and cowls of those who bustle on. From Johnny Groat's House to the border-meads, from the isle of Arran to the mouth of Don, in thousands they run, gold in their pockets lodged, and in their noddles fun.\n\nXIII.\nSay, Muse, who first, who last, on foot or steed, came candidates for Maggie to her town?\n\nSt Andrew's sprightly students first proceed, clad in their foppery of sleeveless gown. Forth whistling from Salvador's gate they speed, full many a mettlesome and fiery lowne, forgetting Horace for a while and Tully, and mad to embag their limbs, and leap it beautifully.\n\nE\n\n42 ANSTER FAIR.\nXIV.\n\nFor even in Learning's cobweb'd halls had rung\nThe loud report of Maggie Lauder's fame.\nAnd Pedantry's Greek-conning sapient tongue,\nIn songs had wagg'd, in honor of her name;\nUp from their mouldy books and tasks had sprung\nBigent and Magistrand to try the game;\nLectures ceas'd; old Alma Mater slept,\nAnd o'er his silent rooms the ghost of Wardlaw wept.\n\nXV.\nSo down in troops the red-clad students come,\nAs kittens blithe, a joke-exchanging crew,\nAnd in their heads bear learned Greece and Rome,\nAnd haply Cyprus in their bodies too:\nSome on their journey pipe and play; and some\nTalk long of Mag, how fair she was to view,\nAnd as they talk (ay me! so much the sadder),\nBackwards they scale the steps of honest Plato's ladder.\n\n* The Student wishing to understand this Ladder may consult\nPlato. Conviv. torn. iii. page 211 of Serrani's edit.\n\nCanto Second. 43\nXVI.\nOthers, their heels of weariness to cheat,\nRepeated tales of classic merriment.\nThe fool Faunus, on noiseless feet, went to Tmolus' cave at midnight, scorched by Venus' fiercest heat, with mischievous intent for cuckold-making. Until he received a confounded jerk on the cheek from Hercules' hairy fist.\n\nXVII.\nThey didn't only come down: learned professors in chaise or gig, their heads adorned with curled wigs, round and round, queerly beautified. In silken hose were sheathed each learned leg. White were their cravats, long and trimly tied. Some say they came for Maggie, but college records say they came to view the sport.\n\n44 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXVIII.\nSee their coach wheels scour Eastburn-lane, rattling as if the pavement would tear! Men and women huddled in their train, shouting loud applause.\nRed-cheeked and white-cheeked, stout and feeble men,\nWith staff or staff-less, draw to Anster near;\nAnd such a mob come trampling o'er King's-muir,\nThey raise a cloud of dust that does the sun obscure.\n\nXIX.\n\nNext, from Denino's every house and hut,\nHer simple, guileless people hie away;\nThat day the doors of parish-school were shut,\nAnd every scholar got his leave to play.\n\nDown rush they, light of heart and light of foot,\nBig plowmen, in their coats of hodden gray,\nWeavers despising now both web and treadle,\nCollier and collier's wife, and minister and beadle.\n\nCanto Second. M\n\nXX.\n\nNext, from the well-air'd ancient town of Crail,\nGo out her craftsmen with tumultuous din,\nHer wind-bleach'd fishers, sturdy-limb'd and hale,\nHer in-kneed tailors, garrulous and thin;\nAnd some are flushed with horns of pithy ale,\nAnd some are fierce with drams of smuggled gin.\nWhile each villager, to enhance his growth, holds a good Crail capon in his jaws, rugging and gnawing.\n\nXXI.\nAnd from Kingsbarns and hamlets called by the name of boars,\nAnd farms around (names too long to add),\nThe villagers and hinds come in scores,\nTenant and laird, hedger, hodden-clad.\nAll the East-nook houses' doors are bolted;\nEven toothless wives pass westward, strangely glad,\nPropping their tremulous limbs on oaken stay,\nAnd in their red plaids dressed, as if 'twere Sabbath-day.\n* A Crail capon is a dried haddock.\n\n46 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXII.\nAnd barefoot lasses, on whose ruddy face\nUnfurled is health's rejoicing banner seen,\nTricked in their Sunday mutches edged with lace,\nTippets of white, and frocks of red and green,\nCome tripping o'er the roads with jocund pace,\nGay as May-morning, tidy, gim, and clean.\nWhile joggling at each wench's side, her joe cracks many a rustic joke, his power of wit to show.\nXXIII.\nThen, jostling forward on the western road,\nApproach the folk of wind-swept Pittenweem,\nSo numerous, that the highways, long and broad,\nOne waving field of gowns and coat-tails seem.\nThe fat man puffing goes, oppressed with load\nOf cumbersome flesh and corpulence extreme;\nThe lean man bounds along, and with his toes\nSmites on the fat man's heels, that slow before him goes.\n\nCANTO SECOND. 47\nXXIV.\nSt Monance, Elie, and adjacent farms,\nTurn their mechanics, fishers, farmers out;\nSun-burnt and shoeless schoolboys rush in swarms,\nWith childish trick, and revelry and shout;\nMothers bear little children in their arms,\nAttended by their giggling daughters stout;\nClowns, cobblers, cotters, tanners, weavers, beaux,\nHurry and hop along in clusters and in rows.\nXXV.\nAnd every husbandman round Largo-law\nHas scraped his huge-wheeled dung-cart fair and clean,\nWherein, on sacks stuffed full of oaten straw,\nSits the Goodwife, Tam, Katey, Jock, and Jean.\nIn flowers and ribbands dressed, the horses draw\nStoutly their creaking cumbersome machine,\nAs on his cart-head sits the Goodman proud,\nAnd cheerily cracks his whip, and whistles clear and loud.\n\nForty-eight Anster Fair.\n\nXXVI.\nThen from her coal-pits Dysart vomits forth\nHer subterranean men of colour dun,\nPoor human mouldwarps! doomed to scrape in earth,\nCimmerian people, strangers to the sun!\nGloomy as soot, with faces grim and swarth,\nThey march, most sourly leering every one,\nYet very keen, at Anster loan, to share\nThe merriments and sports to be accomplished there.\n\nXXVII.\n\nNor did Pathhead detain her wrangling race\nOf weavers, toiling at their looms for bread:\nFor now, their slippery shuttles rest a space,\nFrom flying through their labyrinths of thread;\nTheir treadle-shaking feet now scour apace,\nThrough Gallowtown with levity of tread:\nSo on they pass, with sack in hand, full bent\nTo try their sinews' strength in dire experiment.\n\nCanto Second. 49\nXXVIII.\n\nAnd long Kirkaldy, from each dirty street,\nHer numerous population eastward throws:\nHer roguish boys with bare unstocking'd feet,\nHer rich ship-owners, generous and jocose,\nHer prosperous merchants, sober and discreet,\nHer coxcombs pantalooned, and powdered beaux,\nHer pretty lasses tripping on their great toes,\nWith foreheads white as milk, or boiled potatoes.\n\nXXIX.\n\nAnd from Kinghorn jump hastily along\nHer ferrymen and poor inhabitants: \u2013\nAnd the upland hamlet, where, as told in song,\nTarn Lutar played of yore his lively rants.\nIs it depopulated of her brose-fed throng,\nFor eastward scud they now as thick as ants.\nDunfermline, too, so famed for checks and ticks,\nSends out her loom-bred men, with bags and walking-sticks.\n\nLeslie.\n50 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nAnd market-maids, and apron'd wives, that bring\nTheir gingerbread in baskets to the Fair;\nAnd cadgers with their creels, that hang\nBy their lean horse-ribs, rubbing off the hair;\nAnd crook-legged cripples, that on crutches swing\nTheir shabby persons with a noble air;\nAnd fiddlers with their fiddles in their cases,\nAnd packmen with their packs of ribbons, gauze, and laces.\n\nXXXI.\n\nAnd from Kinross, whose dusty streets unpaved\nAre whirled through heaven on summer's windy day,\nWhose plats of cabbage-bearing ground are lav'd\nBy Leven's waves, that clear as crystal play,\nJog her brisk burghers, spruce and cleanly shaved.\nHer sullen cutlers and her weavers gay,\nHer ploughboys in botched and clumsy jackets,\nHer clowns with cobbled shoons stuck full of iron tackets.\n\nCanto Second. 51\nXXXII.\n\nNext ride on sleek-maned horses, bay or brown,\nSmacking their whips and spurring bloodily,\nThe writers of industrious Cupar town,\nGood social mortals, skilled the pen to ply.\nLo! how their garments, as they gallop down,\nWaving behind them in the breezes fly;\nAs upward spurn'd to heavens blue bending roof,\nDash'd is the dusty road from every bounding hoof.\n\nXXXIII.\n\nAnd clerks with ruffled shirts and frizzled hairs,\nTheir tassel'd half-boots clear as looking-glass,\nAnd sheriffs learned, and unlearned sheriff-maids,\nAnd messengers-at-arms, with brows of brass,\nCome strutting down, or single or in pairs,\nSome on high horse and some on lowly ass;\nWith blacksmiths, barbers, butchers, and their brats.\nAnd some had new hats on, and some came wanting hats.\n52 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXXIV.\nAstride on their proud steeds full of fire,\nFrom all the tree-girt country-seats around,\nCome many a huffy, many a kindly squire,\nIn showy garb, worth many a silver pound;\nWhile close behind, in livery's base attire,\nFollows poor lackey with small-bellied hound,\nCarrying, upon his shoulders slung, the bag\nWherein his master means to risk his neck for Mag.\nXXXV.\nFrom all her lanes and alleys, fair Dundee\nHas sent her happy citizens away;\nThey come with meikle jolliment and glee,\nCrossing in clumsy boat their shallow Tay;\nTheir heads are bonneted most fair to see,\nAnd of the tartan is their back's array.\nFrom Perth, Dunkeld, Brechin, Forfar, Glams,\nRoll down the sweaty crowds, with weary legs and hams.\nCANTO SECOND. 53\nXXXVI.\nAnd from the Mearnshire, and from Aberdeen.\nWhere many a wench knits many a stocking,\nFrom Banff and Murray, where witches were seen\nTo grow king, descending neckless coats brushed smooth and clean,\nAnd with long pipes in their mouths a-smoking,\nThe northern people, boisterous and rough,\nBearing chin and nose bedaubed with snuff.\n\nXXXVII.\n\nNext comes from Ross-shire and Sutherland,\nThe horny-knuckled kilted Highlandman,\nFrom where upon the rocky Caithness strand\nBreaks the long wave that at the Pole began,\nAnd where Lochfyne from her prolific sand\nHer herrings gives to feed each bordering clan,\nArrive the brogue-shod men of generous eye,\nPlaided and breechless all, with Esau's hairy thigh.\n\nF\n54 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXVIII.\n\nThey come not now to fire the Lowland stacks,\nOr foray on the banks of Fortha's firth.\nClaymore and broad-sword and Lochaber-axe are left to rust above the smoky hearth;\nTheir only arms are bagpipes now, and sacks;\nTheir teeth are set most desperately for mirth;\nAnd at their broad and sturdy backs are hung\nGreat wallets, cramm'd with cheese and bannocks, and cold tongue.\n\nXXXIX.\n\nNor stayed away the Islanders, that lie\nTo buffet of the Atlantic surge exposed:\nFrom Jura, Arran, Earra, Uist, and Skye,\nPiping they come, unshaven, unbreeched, unhosed;\nAnd from that Isle, whose abbey, structured high,\nWithin its precincts holds dead kings enclosed,\nWhere St. Columba often is seen to waddle,\nGown'd round with flaming fire, upon the spire astraddle.\n\nCanto Second. 53\n\nXL,\n\nNext from the far-fam'd ancient town of Ayr,\n(Sweet Ayr! with crops of ruddy damsels blest,\nThat, shooting up, and waxing fat and fair,\nShine on thy braes the lilies of the west,)\nAnd from Dumfries, and from Kilmarnock (where nightcaps are made, the cheapest and the best), blithely they ride on ass and mule, with sacks in lieu of saddles placed upon their asses' backs. XLI.\n\nClose at their heels, bestriding well-strapped nag, or humbly riding ass's backbone bare, come Glasgow's merchants, each with money-bag,\nTo purchase Dutch lintseed at Anster Fair;\nSagacious fellows all, who well may brag\nOf virtuous industry and talents rare;\nThe accomplished men of the counting-room confess,\nAnd fit to crack a joke or argue with the best.\n\nANSTER FAIR.\nXLII.\n\nNor keep their homes the Borderers, that stay\nWhere purls the Jed, and Esk, and little Liddel,\nMen that can rarely on the bagpipe play,\nAnd wake the unsober spirit of the fiddle;\nAvowed freebooters, that have many a day\nStolen sheep and cow, yet never owned they did ill;\nGreat rogues, for sure that weight is but a rogue,\nWho blots the eighth command from Moses' decalogue.\nXLIII.\n\nAnd some of them on the tarry side in sloop,\nCome from North-Berwick harbor sailing out;\nOthers, abhorrent of the sickening tide,\nHave taken the road by Stirling brig about,\nAnd eastward now from long Kirkaldy ride,\nSlugging on their slow-gaited asses stout,\nWhile dangling at their backs are bagpipes hung,\nAnd dangling hangs a tale on every rhymester's tongue.\n\nCanto Second. 57.\nXLIV.\n\nAmid them rides, on lofty ass sublime,\nWith cadger-like sobriety of canter,\nIn purple lustihood of youthful prime,\nGreat in his future glory, Rob the Ranter;\nI give the man what name in little time\nHe shall acquire from pipe and drone, and chanter;\nHe comes apparell'd like a trim bridegroom,\nFiery and flushed with hope, and like a god in bloom.\n\nXLV.\nNo paltry vagrant piper-carle is he,\nWhose base-bribed drone whiffs out its wind for hire,\nWho, having strolled all day for penny-fee,\nCouches at night with oxen in the byre:\n\nRob is a Border laird of good degree,\nA many-acred, clever, jolly squire,\nOne born and shaped to shine and make a figure,\nAnd blessed with supple limbs to jump with wondrous vigour.\n\n58 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nHis waggish face, that speaks a soul jocose,\nSeems to have been cast in the mould of fun and glee,\nAnd on the bridge of his well-arched nose\nSits Laughter plumed, and white-winged Jollity;\nHis manly chest a breadth heroic shows;\nBold is his gesture, dignified and free;\nEven as he smites with lash his ass's hip,\n'Tis with a seemly grace he whirls his glittering whip.\n\nXLVII.\n\nHis coat is of the flashy Lincoln green,\nWith silver buttons of the prettiest mould.\nEach button and skirt and hem is seen, sparklingly edged with yellow gold lace; his breeches of velvet smooth and clean are fair and goodly to behold. So he rides on, and let him even ride on; we shall again meet Rob tomorrow at the loan.\n\nCanto Second. 59.\nXLVIII.\nBut mark his ass ere he rides off: some say\nHe got him from a fair pilgrim lady,\nWho, landing once on Joppa's wave-worn quay,\nBought him of an Armenian merchant there,\nAnd pressed his padded pack, and rode away\nTo snuff devotion in Syria's air;\nThen brought him home in the hold of a stout Levanter,\nAll for the great good luck of honest Rob the Ranter.\n\nXLIX.\n\nAlong Fife's western roads, behold, how quickly\nThe travel-weary crowds to Anster loan hasten,\nShaded overhead with clouds of dust that fly,\nTarnishing heaven with darkness not its own!\nAnd scarcely can the Muse's keen-sighted eye\nDistinguish forms in this tempestuous scene.\nScan through the dusty nuisance upward blown,\nThe ruddy plaids, black hats, and bonnets blue,\nOf those that rush below, a motley-vestured crew.\nShip trading to and from the Levant:\n60 Anster Fair.\n\nNor only was the land with crowds oppressed,\nThat trample forward to the expected Fair:\nThe harassed ocean had no peace or rest,\nSo many keels her foamy bosom tear;\nFor, into view, now sailing from the west,\nWith streamers idling in the bluish air,\nAppear the painted pleasure-boats unleaky,\nCharged with a precious freight, \u2014 the good folks of Auld Reekie.\nLI.\n\nThey come, the cream and now'r of all the Scots,\nThe children of politeness, science, wit,\nExulting in their bench'd and gaudy boats,\nWherein some joking and some puking sit.\nProudly the pageantry of carvels floats,\nAs if the salt sea frisk'd to carry it.\nThe gales vie emulously with their sails to wave,\nAnd dally as in love with each long gilded flag.\nCanto Second. 61\n\nUpon the benches seated, I descry\nHer gentry: knights, and lairds, and long-nailed fops;\nHer advocates and signet writers sly;\nHer generous merchants, faithful to their shops;\nHer lean-cheek'd tetchy critics, who, O fie!\nHard-retching, spue upon the sails and ropes;\nHer lovely ladies, with their lips like rubies;\nHer fiddlers, fuddlers, fools, bards, blockheads, black-guards, boobies.\n\nLIII.\n\nAnd red-prow'd fisher-boats afar are spied\nIn south-east, tilting o'er the jasper main,\nWhose wing-like oars, dispersed on either side,\nNow swoop on sea, now rise in sky again.\nThey come not now with herring-nets supplied,\nOr barbed lines to twitch the haddock train,\nBut with the townsfolk of Dunbar are laden,\nWho burn to see the Fair \u2014 man, stripling, wife, and\nAnd many a Dane with long, red ringlets,\nAnd many a starved Norwegian, lank and brown,\n(For the fame of Mag had spread far and wide,\nFrom Scandinavian town to town),\nDared to cross the ocean, and now steer\nTheir long outlandish skiffs towards Anster pier.\n\nForward they scud; and soon each pleasure-barge,\nFisher-boats, and skiffs so slim and lax,\nOn shore discharge their various passengers,\nSome hungry, queasy, and white as flax;\nLightly they bound upon the beach's verge,\nGlad to unbend their stiffened houghs and backs.\n\nBut who is that, O Muse, with lofty brow,\nStepping forth from his lacking boat now?\n\nCanto Second. LVI.\n\nThou fool! (For I have never since Bavins' days)\nHad such a fool to dictate to, as thou,\nDost thou not know, by that eye's kingly rays,\nAnd by the arch of that celestial brow,\nAnd by the grace his every step displays,\nAnd by the crowds that round him duck and bow,\nThat this is good King James, the merriest Monarch\nThat ever sceptre sway'd since Noah steered his ark?\n\nLVII.\nFor as he in his house of Holyrood\nOf late was keeping jovially his court,\nThe gipsy Fame beside his window stood,\nAnd hollowed in his ear fair Mag's report.\nThe Monarch laughed, for to his gamesome mood\nAccorded well th' anticipated sport;\nSo here he comes, with lord and lady near,\nStepping with regal stride up Anster's eastern pier.\n\nLVIII.\nBut mark you, boy, how in a loyal ring\n(As do obedient subjects well become)\nFife's hospitable lairds salute their King,\nAnd kiss his little finger or his thumb.\nThat done, they escort their liege lord to Anster House,\nWhere he may eat a crumb; in the stuccoed hall they sit and dine,\nAnd into tenfold joy bedrench their blood with wine.\n\nLIX.\nSome with the ladies in the chambers ply\nTheir bounding elasticity of heel,\nEvolving, as they trip it whirlingly,\nThe merry mazes of the entangled reel.\n'Tween roof and floor, they fling, they flirt, they fly,\nTheir garments swimming round them as they wheel;\nThe rafters creak beneath the dance's clatter;\nTremble the solid walls with feet that shake and patter.\n\nLX.\nSome (wiser they), resolved on drinking-bout,\nThe wines of good Sir John they engulf amain;\nTheir glasses soon are filled, and soon drunk out,\nAnd soon are bumper'd to the brim again.\nCertes that laird is but a foolish lout.\nWho does not fuddle now with might and main;\nFor generous is their host, and, by my sooth,\nWas never better wine applied to Scottish mouth.\n\nLXI.\nWith might and main they fuddle and carouse;\nEach glass augments their thirst, and keens their wit;\nThey swill, they swig, they take a hearty rouse,\nCheering their flesh with Bacchus' benefit,\nTill, by and by, the windows of the house\nGo dizzily whirling round them where they sit:\nAnd had you seen the sport, and heard the laughing,\nYou'd thought that all Jove's gods in Anster House\nsat quaffing.\n\nG\n66 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXII.\nNot such a wassail, famed for social glee,\nIn Shushan's gardens long ago was held,\nWhen Ahasuerus, by a blithe decree,\nHis turbaned satraps to the house compell'd,\nAnd bagg'd their Persian paunches with a sea\nOf wine, that from his carved gold they swilled.\nWhile overhead was stretched (a gorgeous show!)\nBlue blankets, silver-starr'd, a heaven of calico.\n\nLXIII.\nNor less is the disport and joy without,\nIn Anster town and loan, through all the throng:\n'Tis but one vast tumultuous jovial rout,\nTumult of laughing, and of gabbling strong;\nThousands and tens of thousands reel about,\nWith joyous uproar blustering along;\nElbows push boringly on sides with pain,\nWives hustling come on wives, and men dash hard on men.\n\nCanto Second. 67\n\nLXIV.\nThere lacks no sport. Tumblers, in wondrous pranks,\nHigh-staged, display their limbs' agility;\nAnd now, they, mounting from the scaffold's planks,\nKick with their whirling heels the clouds on high,\nAnd now, like cats, upon their dexterous shanks\nThey light, and of new monsters cheat the sky;\nWhilst motley Merry-Andrew, with his jokes,\nWide through the incorporeal mob bursting laugh.\nLXV.\nOthers on the green, in open air,\nEnact the best of Davie Lindsay's plays;\nWhile ballad-singing women do not spare\nTheir throats, to give good utterance to their lays;\nAnd many a leather-lung'd, co-chanting pair\nOf wood-legged sailors, children's laugh and gaze,\nLift to the courts of Jove their voices loud,\nY-hymning their mishaps, to please the heedless crowd.\n\n68 ANSTER FAIR.\nLXVI.\nMeanwhile, the sun, fatigued (as well he may),\nWith shining on a night till seven o'clock,\nBeams on each chimney-head a farewell ray,\nIlluming into golden shaft its smoke;\nAnd now in the sea, far west from Oronsay,\nIs dipped his chariot-wheel's refulgent spoke,\nAnd now a section of his face appears,\nAnd diving, now he ducks clean down o'er head and ears.\n\nLXVII.\nAnon uprises, with blithe bagpipe's sound,\nAnd shriller din of flying fiddlestick.\nOn the green loan and meadow-crofts around,\nA town of tents, with blankets roofed quick:\nA thousand stakes are rooted in the ground;\nA thousand hammers clank and clatter thick;\nA thousand fiddles squeak and squeal it yare;\nA thousand stormy drones out-gasp in groans their air.\n\nCanto Second. 69. LXVI.\nAnd such a turbulence of general mirth\nRises from Anster loan upon the sky,\nThat from his throne Jove starts, and down on earth\nLooks, wond'ring what may be the jollity.\nHe roots his eye on shores of Forthan firth,\nAnd smirks, as knowing well the market nigh,\nAnd bids his gods and goddesses look down,\nTo mark the rage of joy that maddens Anster town.\n\nCanto Second. 69. LXVII.\nFrom Cellardyke to wind-swept Pittenweem,\nAnd from Balhouffie to Kilrennymill,\nVaulted with blankets, crofts and meadows seem,\nSo many tents the grassy spaces fill.\nMeantime the Moon, yet leaning on the stream,\nWith fluid silver bathes the welkin chill,\nThat now Earth's half-ball, on the side of night,\nSwims in an argent sea of beautiful moonlight.\n\nThen to his bed full many a man retires,\nOn plume, or chaff, or straw, to get a nap,\nIn houses, tents, in haylofts, stables, byres,\nAnd or without, or with, a warm night-cap.\nYet sleep not all; for by the social fires\nSit many, cuddling round their toddy-sap,\nAnd ever and anon they eat a lunch,\nAnd rinse the mouthfuls down with fiery whisky punch.\n\nSome, shuffling paper nothings, keenly read\nThe Devil's maxims in his painted books,\nTill the old serpent in each heart and head\nSpits canker, and with wormwood sours their looks;\nSome o'er the chessboard's chequered champain lead\nTheir inch-tall bishops, kings, and queens, and rooks.\nSome force to enclose the wooden Lamb, the Tod, and shake the pelting dice upon its broad back.\n\nCanto Second. LXXII.\n\nOthers of travelled elegance, polite,\nWith mingling music, surround Maggie's house,\nAnd serenade her all the live-long night,\nWith song and lyre, and flute's enchanting sound,\nChiming and hymning into fond delight\nThe heavy night-air that o'ershades the ground;\nWhile she, right pensive, in her chamber-nook\nSits pondering on the advice of little Tommy Puck.\n\nAnster, Fair.\n\nCanto III.\n\nAnster Fair, Canto III.\n\nI wish I had a cottage snug and neat\nUpon the top of many-fountain'd Ide,\nThat I might thence in holy fervor greet\nThe bright-gown'd Morning tripping up her side;\nAnd when the low Sun's glory-buskin' feet\nWalk on the blue wave of the Ionian tide,\nO, I would kneel me down, and worship there.\nThe God who garnished out a world so bright and fair!\nII.\nThe saffron-elbow'd Morning up the slop\nOf heaven canaries in her jewel'd shoes,\nAnd throws o'er Kelly-law's sheep-nibbled top\nHer golden apron dripping kindly dews;\nAnd never, since she first began to hop\nUp heaven's blue causeway, of rich beams profuse,\nShone there a dawn so glorious and so gay\nAs shines the merry dawn of Anster Market-day.\nIII.\nRound through the vast circumference of sky\nScarce can the eye one speck of cloud behold,\nSave in the East some fleeces bright of dye,\nThat hem the rim of heaven with woolly gold,\nWhereon are happy angels wont to lie\nLolling, in amaranthine flowers enrolled,\nThat they may spy the precious light of God,\nFlung from the blessed East o'er the fair Earth abroad.\n\nCanto Third. 77\nIV.\nThe fair Earth laughs through all her boundless range,\nHeaving their green hills high to greet the beam,\nCity and village, steeple, cot, and grange,\nGilt as with Nature's purest leaf-gold seem,\nThe heaths and upland muirs, and fallows change,\nTheir barren brown into a ruddy gleam,\nAnd on ten thousand dew-bent leaves and sprays,\nTwinkle ten thousand suns, and fling their petty rays.\nUp from their nests and fields of tender corn,\nFull merrily the little skylarks spring,\nAnd on their dew-bedabbled pinions borne,\nMount to the heavens blue key-stone flickering,\nThey turn their plume-soft bosoms to the morn,\nAnd hail the genial light, and cheerily sing,\nEcho the gladsome hills and valleys round,\nAs all the bells of Fife ring loud and swell the sound.\n\nFor when the first up-sloping ray was flung\nOn Anster steeple's swallow-harboring top,\nIts bell and all the bells around were rung.\nSonorous and jangling loud without stop,\nFor toilingly each bitter beadle swung,\nEven till he smoked with sweat, his greasy rope,\nAnd almost broke his bell-wheel, ushering in\nThe morn of Anster Fair, with far-resounding din.\n\nVII.\nAnd, from our steeple's pinnacle out-spread,\nThe town's long colors flare and flap on high,\nWhose anchor, blazoned fair in green and red,\nCurls, pliant to each breeze that whistles by;\nWhile on the bowsprit, stern, and topmast head\nOf brig and sloop that in the harbor lie,\nStreams the red gaudery of flags in air,\nAll to salute and grace the morn of Anster Fair.\n\nCanto Third. 79\n\nVIII.\nForthwith from house and cellar, tent and byre,\nRoused by the clink of bells that jingle on,\nUncabined, rush the multitude like fire,\nFurious, and squeezing forward to the loan;\nThe son, impatient, leaves his snail-slow sire.\nThe daughter leaves her mother alone;\nSo madly leap they, man, wife, girl, and boy,\nAs if the senseless Earth they kicked for very joy.\n\nIX.\nAnd such the noise of feet that trampling pass,\nAnd tongues that roar and rap from jaw to jaw,\nAs if ten thousand chariots, wheeled with brass,\nCame hurling down the sides of Largo-law;\nAnd such the number of the people was,\nAs when in day of Autumn, chill and raw,\nHis small clouds Eurus sends, a vapory train,\nStreaming in scattered rack, exhaustless, from the main.\n\nAn asterisk mark (*) indicates an editor's note:\n\n* Anster loan must, in those days, have been of great extent:\nat present its limits are contracted almost to the breadth of the highway.\n\n80 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nFor who can keep their heads\nIn contact with their pillows now unstirred?\nGrandfathers leave their all-year-rumpled beds,\nWith moth-eaten breeches now their loins to gird.\nAnd, drawn abroad on tumbrils and on sleds,\nChat off their years more blithe than vernal bird:\nMen whom cold agues into leanness freeze,\nImblanketed walk out, and snuff the kindly breeze.\n\nAnd flea-bitten wives, on whose old arms and cheeks\nThe spoiler Time has driv'n his furrowing plough.\nWhose cold dry bones have all the winter weeks\nHung shivering o'er their chimney's peat-fed glow,\nNow warm and flexible, and lithe as leeks,\nWabblingly walk to see the joyous show:\n\nWhat wonder? when each brick and pavement-stone\nWished it had feet that day to walk to Anster Loan.\n\nUpon a little dappled nag,\nWhose mane seemed to have robbed the steeds of Phaeton,\nWhose bit, and pad, and fairly-fashion'd rein,\nWith silvery adornments richly shone,\nCame Maggie Lauder forth, enwheel'd with train\nOf knights and lairds around her trotting on.\nAt James' right hand rode a beauteous Bride,\nWho deserved to go by haughtiest Monarch's side.\n\nXIII.\n\nHer form was as the Morning's blithesome star,\nThat, capped with lustrous coronet of beams,\nRides up the dawning east in her car,\nNew-washed, and doubly fulgent from the streams;\nThe Chaldean shepherd eyes her light afar,\nAnd on his knees adores her as she gleams:\nSo shone the stately form of Maggie Lauder,\nAnd so the admiring crowds pay homage, and applaud.\n\n82 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXIV.\n\nEach little step her trampling palfrey took,\nShaked her majestic person into grace,\nAnd as at times his glossy sides she stroked,\nEndearingly with whip's green silken lace,\n(The prancer seem'd to court such kind rebuke,\nLoitering with wilful tardiness of pace,)\nBy Jove, the very waving of her arm\nHad power a brutish lout to unbrutify and charm!\n\nXV.\nHer face was as a summer cloud, whereon the dawning sun delights to rest his rays;\nCompared with it, old Sharon's vale, overgrown\nWith flaunting roses, had resigned its praise;\nFor why? Her face, with Heaven's own roses shone,\nMocking the morn and witching men to gaze;\nAnd he that gazed with cold, unsmitten soul,\nThat blockhead's heart was ice hewn out beneath the pole.\n\nCanto Third. XVI.\n\nHer locks, apparent tufts of wiry gold,\nLay on her lily temples, fairly dangling;\nAnd on each hair, so harmless to behold,\nA lover's soul hung mercilessly strangling;\nThe piping zephyrs vied to infold\nThe tresses in their arms so slim and tangling,\nAnd thrilled in sport these lover-noosing snares,\nPlaying at hide-and-seek amid the golden hairs.\n\nHer eye was as an honored palace, where\nA choir of lightsome Graces frisk and dance.\nWhat object drew her gaze, however mean,\nGot dignity and honor from the glance.\nWoe to the man on whom she unaware\nDid the dear witchery of her eye elance!\n'Twas such a thrilling, killing, keen regard\u2014\nMay Heaven from such a look preserve each tender bard!\n\nAnster Fair.\nXVIII.\nBeneath its shading tucker heaved a breast\nFashioned to take with ravishment mankind;\nFor never did the flimsy Coan vest\nHide such a bosom in its gauze of wind:\nEven a pure angel, looking, had confessed\nA sinless transport passing o'er his mind,\nFor in the nicest turning-loom of Jove\nTurned were these charming hills, to inspire a holy love.\n\nXIX.\nSo on she rode in virgin majesty,\nCharming the thin dead air to kiss her lips,\nAnd with the light and grandeur of her eye\nShaming the proud sun into dim eclipse;\nWhile, round her presence clustering far and nigh,\nOn horseback rode some, with silver spurs and whips. And some afoot with shoes of dazzling buckles, attended knights, lairds, and clowns with horny knuckles.\n\nCanto Third. VIII.\n\nNot with such crowds surrounded, nor so fair\nIn form, rode forth Semiramis of old,\nOn chariot where she sat in ivory chair,\nBeneath a sky of carbuncle and gold,\nWhen to Euphrates banks to take the air,\nOr her new rising brick-walls to behold,\nAbroad she drove, whilst round her wheels were poured\nSatrap, and turbaned squire, and pursy Chaldee lord.\n\nCanto Third. XXI.\n\nSoon to the Loan came Mag, and from her pad\nDismounting with a queen-like dignity,\n(So from his buoyant cloud, man's heart to glad,\nLights a bright angel on a hill-top high,)\nOn a small mound, with turfy greenness clad,\nShe lit, and walked enchantment on the eye;\nThen on two chairs, that on its top stood ready,\nDown they sat, the good King James and Anster's Lady.\n\nXXII.\n\nTheir chairs were finely carved and overlaid\nWith the thin lustre of adorning gold,\nAnd over their heads a canopy was spread\nOf arras, flowered with figures manifold,\nSupported by four boys of silver made,\nWhose glittering hands the vault of cloth uphold.\nOn each side sat or stood, to view the sport,\nStout lord and lady fair, the flower of Scotland's court.\n\nXXIII.\n\nOn their gilt chairs they scarce had time to sit,\nWhen uprose, sudden, from the applauding mob,\nA shout enough to startle hell and split\nThe roundness of the granite-ribbed globe:\nThe mews of May's steep islet, terror-smitten,\nClang'd correspondent in a shrill hubbub;\nAnd had the Moon then hung above the main,\nCrack'd had that horrid shout her spotted orb in twain.\n\nCanto Third.\n\nXXIV.\nThrice did their shouting make a little pause,\nSo their lungs might draw recruiting air;\nThrice did the stormy tumult of applause\nShake the Fife woods, and fright the foxes there:\nSky rattled, and Kilbrachmont's crows and daws,\nAlarmed, sang hoarsely o'er their callow care.\nO never, sure, in Fife's town-girdled shire,\nWas heard before or since a shout so loud and dire!\n\nNor ceased the acclaim when ceased the sound of voice;\nFor fiddlesticks, in myriads, bickering fast,\nShrieked on their shrunken guts a shrilling noise;\nAnd pipe and drone, with whistle and with blast\nConsorted, hummed and squeaked, and swelled the joys\nWith furious harmony too high to last;\nAnd such a hum of pipe and drone was there,\nAs if on earth men piped, and devils droned in air.\n\nXXV.\n\nThus did the crowd, with fiddle, lungs, and drone,\nMake music loud and long.\nXXVI.\nCongratulations to fair Maggie and their King,\nUntil the last, they formed a ring of vast circumference,\nEnclosing green space, bare of bush and stone,\nWhere might asses run, and suitors spring:\nUpon its southmost end, high chair'd, were seen\nThe Monarch and the Dame, and overlooked the green.\n\nXXVII.\n\nAnon the King's stout trumpet blew aloud,\nSilence imposing on the rabble's roar;\nSilent as summer sky stood all the crowd;\nEach bag was strangled, and could snort no more:\n(So sinks the roaring of the foamy flood,\nWhen Neptune's clarion twangs from shore to shore:)\nThen through his trumpet he bawled with such a stress,\nOne might have known his words a mile beyond Craw-ness. \u2014\n\nCanto Third. 89\n\nXXVIII.\n\"Ho! Hark ye, merry mortals! Hark ye, ho!\nThe King now speaks, nor what he speaks is vain.\"\nThis day's amount of business you well know,\nSo what you know I will not tell again.\nHe hopes your asses are more swift than a doe;\nHe hopes your sacks are strong as iron chain;\nHe hopes your bags and pipes are swollen and screwed;\nHe hopes your rhyme-crammed brains are in a famous mood.\n\nXXIX.\nFor, verily, in Anster's beauteous Dame\nAwaits the victor no despised reward;\nSince well she merits that the starry frame\nShould drop Apollo on that grassy sward,\nThat so he might, by clever jumping, claim\nA fairer Daphne than whom once he marr'd;\nSo fair is Mag: yet not her charms alone,\nA present from the King shall be the victor's own.\n\nIX.\n(C) For, as a dowry, along with Maggie's hand,\nThe Monarch shall the conqueror present\nWith ten score acres of the royal land,\nAll good of soil, and of the highest rent.\nNear where Dunfermline's palace-turrets stand,\nThey stretch, arrayed in wheat, their green extent,\nWith such a gift the King shall crown to-day,\nThe generous toils of him who bears the prize away.\n\nXXXI.\nAnd he, prize-blest, shall enter Maggie's door,\nWho shall in all the trials be the victor; or,\nIf there be no victor in the four,\nHe who shall shine and conquer in the three:\nBut should sly Fortune give to two or more\nAn equal chance in equal victory,\n'Tis Mag's to choose the dearest beau: \u2014\nSo bring your asses in, bring in your asses, ho!\n\nCANTO THIRD. 91\n\nXXXII.\nScarcely from his clamorous brass the words were blown,\nWhen from the globe of people issued out\nDonkeys in dozens and in scores, that shone\nIn purple some, and some in plainer clout,\nWith many a wag astraddle placed thereon,\nGreen-coated knight, and laird, and clumsy lout.\nThat one and all came burning with ambition,\nTo try their asses' speed in awkward competition.\n\nXXXIII.\nAnd some sat wielding silver-headed whips,\nWhisking their asses' ears with silken thong;\nSome thrash'd and thwack'd their sturdy hairy hips\nWith knotted cudgels ponderous and strong;\nAnd some had spurs, whose every rowel dips\nAmid their ribs an inch of iron long;\nAnd some had bridles gay and bits of gold,\nAnd some had hempen reins, most shabby to behold.\n\n92 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXIV.\nAmid them entered, on the listed space,\nGreat Rob (the Ranter was his after name).\nWith Fun's broad ensign hoisted in his face,\nAnd auguring to himself immortal fame:\nAnd aye upon the hillock's loftier place,\nWhere sat his destin'd spouse, the blooming Dame,\nA glance he flung, regardless of the reins,\nAnd felt the rapid love glide tingling through his veins.\n\nXXXV.\nShe fixed her sight on the border's manly size,\nWith prepossessing favor, the seemliest, stateliest wight.\nAnd, oh! (she to herself thus silently sighs,)\nWere it but the will of Puck the dapper sprite,\nI could - La! what a grace of form divine! -\nI could, in truth, submit to lose my name in thine!\n\nCanto Third. IX.\nXXXVI.\n\nThey rode on, to where the King and Magus\nOverlooked, superior, from the southern mound.\nWhen, from his brute alighting, every wag\nHis person haunched into a deep obeisance,\nAnd almost kissed the shoe's bedusted tag,\nGrazing with nose most loyal the ground,\nAs earthward they their corporeal frames\nBent into obeisance due, before the gracious James.\n\nXXXVII.\n\nRise, rise, my lads,\" the jovial Monarch said,\n\"Here is not now the fitting place to ply\nYour trades and crafts.\"\nThe courtier's and the dancing-master's trade, nuzzling the nasty ground obsequiously:\nUp, up \u2014 put hat and bonnet on your head \u2014\nThe chilling dew still drizzles from the sky;\nUp \u2014 tuck your coats succinctly around your bellies;\nMount, mount your asses' backs like clever vaulting fellows.\n\n94 Anster Fair.\nXXXVIII.\n\n\"And see, that when the race's sign is given,\nEach rider whirl his whip with swingeing might,\nOr toss his whizzing cudgel up to heaven,\nThat with more goodly bang it down may light:\nAnd let the spur's blood-thirsty teeth be driven\nThrough hide and hair by either heel rightly;\nFor 'tis a beast most sluggish, sour, and slow. \u2014\nBe mounting then, my hearts, and range you in a row:\n\nXXXIX.\n\n\"And look ye northwards \u2014 note yon mastlike pole,\nTasselled with ribbons and betrimmed with clout;\nYon \u2014 mark it \u2014 is the race-ground's northern goal.\"\nWhere you must turn your heads about,\nAnd jerk them southward, till with gladsome soul\nYou reach that spot whence now you're setting out;\nAnd he that reaches first, shall loud be shouted\nThe happy, happy man \u2014 I'll say no more about it.\n\nCanto Third, 95\nXL.\n\nThis said, they, like the glimpse of lightning quick,\nUpvaulted on their backbones asinine,\nAnd marshaled, by the force of spur and stick,\nThe long-ear'd lubbards in an even line;\nThen sat, awaiting that momentous nick\nWhen James's herald should y-twang the sign.\nEach whip was reared aloft in act to crack,\nEach cudgel hung in sky surcharged with stormy thwack.\n\nXLI.\n\nFrisk'd with impatient flutter every heart,\nAs the brisk anxious blood began to jump;\nEach human ear pricked up its fleshiest part,\nTo catch the earliest notice of the trump;\nWhen, hark! with blast that spoke the sign to start,\nThe brass-toned clarion gave the air a thump.\nWhoop \u2013 off they go \u2013 halloo \u2013 they shoot \u2013 they fly \u2013\nThey spur \u2013 they whip \u2013 they crack \u2013 they bawl- \u2013 they curse \u2013 they cry.\n\n96 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLII.\n\nA hundred whips, high tossed in ether, sung\nTempestuous, flirting up and down like fire;\nFive thousand seem sky and earth as many cudgels swung,\nTheir gnarled lengths in formidable gyre,\nAnd, hissing, from their farther ends down flung\nA storm of wooden bangs and anguish dire:\nWoe to the beastly ribs, and sculls, and backs,\nForedoomed to bear the weight of such unwieldy thwacks!\n\nXLIIL.\n\nWoe to the beastly bowels, doom'd, alas!\nTo bear the spur's sharp steel agony!\nFor through the sore-girded hides of every ass\nSquirts the vexed blood in gush of scarlet dye,\nWhile, as they slug along the hoof-crushed grass,\nRises a bray so horrid and so high,\nAs if all Bashan's bulls, with fat o'ergrown,\nHad given voice in one prodigious roar.\nHad bellowed on the green of Anster's frighted Loan.\nCanto Third. XLIV.\nWho can in silly pithless words paint well\nThe pithy feats of that laborious race?\nWho can the cudgellings and whippings tell,\nThe hurry, emulation, joy, disgrace?\n'Twould take for tongue the clapper of a bell,\nTo speak the total wonders of the chase;\n'T would need a set of sturdy brassy lungs,\nTo tell the mangled whips and shattered sticks.\nXLV.\nEach rider pushes on to be the first,\nNor has he now an eye to look behind;\nOne ass trots smartly on, though like to burst\nWith bounding blood and scantiness of wind;\nAnother, by his master banned and cursed,\nGoes backward through perversity of mind,\nInching along in motion retrograde,\nContrary to the course which Scotland's Monarch bade.\n98 Anster Fair.\nXLVI.\nA third obdurate stands and cudgel-proof.\nAnd steadfast as the uncouth rock of flint,\nRegardless though the heaven's high marble roof\nShould fall upon his skull with mortal dint,\nOr though conspiring earth, beneath his hoof,\nShould sprout up coal with fiery flashes in't,\nWhile on his back his grieved and waspish master,\nThe stubborner he stands, still bangs and bans the faster.\n\nXLVIT.\n\nMeanwhile, the rabblement, with favoring shout\nAnd clapping hand, set up such loud a din,\nAs almost with stark terror frighted out\nEach ass's soul from his particular skin:\nRattled the bursts of laughter round about,\nGrinned every phiz with mirth's peculiar grin,\nAs through the Loan they saw the cuddies awkward\nBustling, some straight, some thwart, some forward, and\nsome backward.\n\nCANTO THIRD. 99\n\nXLVIII.\n\nAs when the clouds, by gusty whirlwind riven,\nAnd whipped into confusion pitchy-black,\nAre driven in disarray, and o'er the brim\nOf hills and vales, in wild and wandering track,\nSo Sordello, with eager and unresting mind,\nThroughout the dark and tangled labyrinth of thought,\nDid wander far and wide, and here and there\nHe sought for truth, and knowledge, and delight,\nAnd evermore his heart was filled with hope,\nThat he might find some solace for his care.\nDetached, flying diverse round the cope of heaven,\nReeling and jostling in uncertain rack,\nAnd some are northward, some are southward driven.\nWith storm embroiling all the zodiac,\nTill the clash'd clouds send out the fiery flash,\nAnd peals, with awful roll, the long loud thunder crash:\nXLIX.\n\nJust in such foul confusion and alarm,\nJostle the cuddes with rebellious mind,\nAll drench'd with sweat, their blood becomes so warm,\nAnd loudly bray before, and belch behind.\nBut who is yon, the foremost of the swarm,\nThat scampers fleetly as the rushing wind?\n'Tis Robert Scott, if I can trust my eyes;\nI know the Bordereau well by his long coat of green.\n\nSee how his bright whip, brandish'd round his head,\nFlickers like a streamer in the northern skies;\nSee how his ass on earth with nimble tread\nHalf-flying rides, in air half-riding flies.\nAs if a pair of ostrich wings had sprouted from his thighs to help him on,\nRob scampered well, whipped well, spurred my boy!\nO hasten ye, Ranter, hasten \u2013 rush \u2013 gallop to thy joy!\n\nThe pole is gained; his ass's head he turns southward,\nTo tread the trodden ground again;\nSparkles like flint the cuddy's hoof, and burns,\nSeeming to leave a smoke upon the plain;\nHis bitted mouth the foam impatient churns;\nSweeps his broad tail behind him like a train:\nSpeed, cuddy, speed! O, slacken not thy pace!\nTen minutes more like this, and thou shalt gain the race.\n\nCanto Third. 101\nLil\n\nHe comes careering on the sounding Loan,\nWith pace unslacken'd hastening to the knoll,\nAnd, as he meets those that hobble on\nWith northward heads to gain the ribbon'd pole,\nEven by his forceful fury are overthrown\nHis long-eared brethren in confusion droll.\nFor as their sides touch, he passes by,\nShocked by the collision, down roll the foundered asses.\nLIIL\nHeels over head they tumble; ass on ass,\nThey dash and twenty times roll over and over,\nLubberly wallowing along the grass,\nIn beastly ruin and with beastly roar;\nWhile their vexed riders, in poor plight, alas!\nThrown from their saddles three longells and more,\nBruised and commingled with their cuddies sprawl,\nCursing the impetuous brute whose conflict caused their fall.\n\nK\n102 ANSTER FAIR.\nLIV.\nWith hats upon their heads they down did light,\nWithout hats disgracefully they rose;\nClean were their faces ere they fell and bright,\nBut dirty-faced they got up on their toes;\nStrong were their sinews ere they fell and tight,\nHip-shot they stood up, sprain'd with many woes;\nBlithe were their aspects ere the ground they took.\nGrim and louring they rose, with crabbed and ghastly look.\nLV.\nAnd to augment their sorrow and their shame,\nA hail of nauseous rotten eggs\nIn rascal volleys from the rabble came\nObnoxious, on their bellies, heads, and legs,\nSmearing with slime that ill their clothes became.\nWhereby they stunk like wash-polluted pigs,\nFor in each sputtering shell a juice was found,\nFoul as the dribbling pus of Philoctetes' wound.\n\nCanto Third. 103\nLVI.\nAh! then, with grievous limp along the ground,\nThey sought their hats that had so flown away,\nAnd some were, cuff'd and much disaster'd, found,\nAnd haply some not found unto this day.\n\nMeanwhile, with vast and undiminished bound,\nSheer through the bestial wreck and disarray,\nThe brute of Mesopotam rushes on,\nAnd in his madding speed devours the trembling Loan.\n\nLVII.\nSpeed, cuddy, speed \u2014 one short, short minute more,\nAnd finished is thy toil, and won the race \u2014\nNow \u2014 one half minute, and thy toils are o'er \u2014\nHis toils are o'er, and he has gained the base:\nHe shakes his tail, the conscious conqueror,\nJoy peeps through his stupidity of face,\nHe seems to wait the Monarch's approbation,\nAs quiver his long ears with self-congratulation.\n\n104 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLVIII.\nStraight from the stirrup Rob dislodged his feet,\nAnd, flinging from his grasp away the rein,\nOff sprung, and, lounging in obeisance meet,\nDid lowly do duty to his King again:\nHis King with salutation kind did greet\nHim, the victorious champion of the plain,\nAnd bade him rise, and up the hillock skip,\nThat he the royal hand might kiss with favored lip.\n\nLIX.\n\nWhereat, obedient to the high command,\nGreat Robert Scott, upbolting from the ground,\nRushed up, in majesty of gesture grand,\nTo where the Monarch sat upon the mound.\nAnd I kissed the hard back of his hairy hand,\nRespectfully, as fits a Monarch crowned;\nBut with a keener ecstasy he kissed\nThe dearer, tenderer back of Maggie's downy fist.\n\nCanto Third. 105\nLX.\n\nHe took the trumpeter his clarion good,\nAnd, in a sharp and violent exclaim,\nOut from the brass among the multitude,\nAfar sent conquering Rob's illustrious name;\nWhich heard, an outcry of applause ensued,\nThat shook the dank dew from the starry frame;\nGreat Robert's name was hallooed through the mob,\nAnd Echo blabbed to heaven the name of mighty Rob.\n\nLXI.\n\nBut unapplauded, in pitiful case,\nThe laggers, on their vanquished asses slow,\nRode sneaking off to save them further woe;\nFor, crammed with slime and stench and vile disgrace,\nThose abominable shells fly more and more,\nTill the men slink amid the press of folk.\nSecure from shame and slime, and egg's unwholesome yolk.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto IV.\n\nAnster Fair.\nCanto IV.\n\nO that my noddle were a seething-kettle,\nFrothing with bombast o'er the Muses' fire!\nO that my wit were sharper than a nettle!\nO that with shrill swan-guts were strung my lyre!\nSo would I chime and chant with such a mettle,\nThat each old wife in Fife's full-peopled shire\nShould, Maenad-like, spring from her spinning-wheel,\nAnd frolic round her bard, and wince a tottering reel.\n\n110 Anster Fair.\n\nII.\n\nAgain the herald, at the King's desire,\nHis tube of metal to his mouth applied,\nAnd, with a roaring brazen clangor dire,\nRound to the heaving mass of rabble cried,\nInviting every blade of fun and fire,\nThat wished to jump in hempen bondage tied,\nForthwith to start forth from the people's ring,\nAnd fetch his sack in hand, and stand before the King.\n\nIII.\nNo sooner in the sky were his words blown, than through the multitude's compacted press Wedging their bodies, pushing to the open Loan The audacious men of boasted springiness; Some, Samson-thighed, large and big of bone, Brawn-burdened, six feet high or little less, Some, lean, flesh-withered, stinted, oatmeal things, Yet hardy, tough, and smart, with heels like steely springs.\n\nCanto Fourth. Ill.\n\nIV.\n\nNor were the offered candidates a few; In hundreds forth they issue, mad with zeal To try, in feats which haply some shall rue, Their perilous alacrity of heel: Each mortal brings his sack, wherein to mew, As in a pliant prison, strong as steel, His guiltless corpse, and clog his natural gait With cumberance of cloth, embarrassing and straight.\n\nAnd in their hands they hold to view on high, Vain-gloriously, their bags of sturdy thread.\nAnd they toss and wave them in the affronted sky,\nLike honor-winning trophies o'er their head,\nAssuming merit, that they dare defy\nThe dangers of a race so droll and dread.\nAh! boast not, sirs, for premature's the brag;\n'Tis time, in truth, to boast when off you put the bag.\n\nOnward they hastened, clamorous and loud,\nTo where the Monarch sat upon the knoll,\nAnd having to his presence humbly bowed,\nAnd bared of reverential hat their poll,\nTheir dirty sacks they wagg'd, erect and proud,\nImpatient, in their fiery fit of soul,\nAnd pertly shook, even in the Monarch's eyes,\nA cloud of meal and flour that whirling round them flies.\n\nBut as the good King saw them thus prepared\nTo have their persons scabbarded in cloth,\nHe ordered twenty soldiers of his guard,\nAll swashing fellows, and of biggest growth.\nTo step upon the green Loan's listed sward,\nThey may lend assistance, nothing loath,\nTo plunge into their pliant sheaths, neck-deep,\nThe ambitious men that dare such over-venturous leap.\n\nCanto Fourth. 113.\nVIII.\nThey stepped obedient down, and in a trice\nPut on the suitors comical array;\nEach sack gaped wide its monstrous orifice,\nTo swallow to the neck its living prey;\nAnd as a swineherd puts in poke a grice,\nTo carry from its sty some little way,\nSo did the soldiers plunge the men within\nTheir yawning gloomy gulfs, even to the neck and chin.\n\nIX.\nAs when of yore the Roman Forum, split\nBy earthquake, yawn'd a black tremendous hole,\nVoracious, deepening still, though flung in it\nWere stones, and trees with all their branches whole,\nTill, in a noble patriotic fit,\nThe younger Curtius, of devoted soul,\nDown headlong yarely galloped, horse and all.\nAnd dashed his gallant bones to atoms by the fall:\nAnster Fair.\nSo fearlessly these men of fair Scotland,\nThough not to death, down plunged into their sacks,\nEn toiling - into impotence to stand,\nTheir feet, and mobbing legs, and sides, and backs,\nTill tightly drawn was every twisted band,\nAnd knotted firmly round their valiant necks,\nThat, in their rival rage to jump forthright,\nThey might not struggle off their case of sackcloth tight.\nXL\nNor, when their bodies were accoutred well,\nUpon their cumbersome feet stood all upright,\nBut some, unpracticed or uncautious, fell\nSousing with lumpish undefended weight,\nAnd rolled upon the turf full many an ell,\nIncapable of uprise, sad in plight;\nTill, raised again, with those that keep their feet,\nJoined in a line they stand, each in his winding-sheet.\n\nCanto Fourth. 115\nXII.\nO 'twas an awkward and ridiculous show,\nTo see a long line of men,\nWith hatless heads all peeping in a row,\nForth from the long smocks that their limbs contain,\nIn the wide abyss of cloth below,\nTheir legs are swallowed, and their stout arms twain,\nFrom chin to toe one shapeless lump they stand,\nIn clumsy uniform, without leg, arm, or hand.\n\nXIII.\nAnd such their odd appearance was, and show\nOf human carcasses in sackcloth dight,\nAs when the traveler, when he haps to go\nDown to Grand Cairo in the Turk's despite,\nSees in her chambered catacombs below\nFull many a mummy horribly upright,\nA grisly row of grimly-garnish'd dead,\nThat seem to pout, and scowl, and shake the brainless\nhead.\n\n116 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXIV.\nSo queer and so grotesque to view they stood,\nAll ready, at the trump's expected sound,\nTo take a spring of monstrous altitude,\nAnd scour with majesty of hop the ground.\n\"Yet not so soon the starting-blast ensued; for, as they stand intent upon the bound, the humorous Monarch, eyeing their array, gave them his good advice before they rushed away.\n\nXV.\n\"O friends! since now your loins are girt, he cried,\nFor journey perilous and full of toil,\nBehoves it you right cautiously to guide\nYour ticklish steps along such vexing soil;\nFor perilous the road, and well supplied\nWith stumps, and stumbling-blocks, and pits of guile,\nAnd snares, and latent traps with earth bestown,\nTo catch you by the heels, and bring you groaning\ndown.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 117\n\nXVI.\n\"And woe betide, if unaware you hap\nYour body's well-adjusted poise to lose,\nFor bloody bump and sorrowful sore slap\nAwait your falling temple, brow, and nose;\nAnd, when once down and fettered in a trap,\nHard task 'twill be to extricate your toes.\"\nSo if you value your nose's welfare,\nPlease choose stable steps and tread with caution.\n\nXVII.\nHe who longest time without a fall\nShall guide his sad perplexity of way,\nAnd leave behind his fellow-travelers all,\nGrumbling for help and groveling on the clay;\nHe, for his laudable exertions, shall\nBe sung the second victor of the day:\nSo God speed you, sirs! -- The Monarch spoke,\nAnd on the surging air the trumpet's signal broke.\n\n118 Anster Fair.\n\nXVIII.\nWhen a thunderclap, preluding near,\nA storm, forebodes on the western front,\nBefore yet the cloud, slow climbing high,\nHas in its mass the midday sun restrained,\nAlarmed, the timid doves that bask and lie\nUpon their cot's slope sunny roof at rest,\nAt once up-flutter in a sudden fray,\nAnd poise the unsteady wing and fly away:\n\nXIX.\nSo the herald gave the blast, and at once the suitors, in their sacks,\nWith gallant up-spring, notable and vast, began a neck-endangering violent assay.\nThe solid earth, as they passed up to the sky,\nPushed back, seemed to retire a little way;\nAnd, as they up-flew furious from the ground,\nThe gashed and wounded air whizzed audibly a sound.\n\nCanto Fourth. 119\nXX.\nAs when on summer eve a soaking rain\nHath after drought bedrenched the tender grass,\nIf chance, in pleasant walk along the plain,\nBrushing with foot the pearl-hung blades you pass,\nA troop of frogs oft leaps from field of grain,\nMarshalled in line, a foul unseemly race;\nThey halt a space, then vaulting up they fly,\nAs if they long'd to sit on Iris' bow on high:\n\nXXI.\nSo leapt the men, half-sepulchred in sack,\nUp-swinging, with their shapes bemonstering sky,\nAnd coursed in air a semicircle track.\nI. Like the feathery-footed Mercury;\nUntil, spent their impetus, with sounding thwack,\nGreeted their heels the green ground sturdily;\nAnd some descending kept their balance well,\nUnbalanced some came down, and boisterously fell.\n\n120 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXII.\nThe earth beneath the heavy thwacks\nOf feet that down centripetal alight,\nOf tingling elbows, bruised loins and backs,\nShakes passive, yet indignant of the weight;\nFor, o'er her bosom, in their plaguy sacks,\nCumbrously roll (a mortifying sight!),\nBurgher, knight, and laird, and clown, pell-mell,\nProstrate, in grievance hard, too terrible to tell.\n\nXXIII.\nAnd yet they struggle at an effort strong\nTo reinstate their feet upon the plain,\nHalf-elbowing, half-kneeling, sore and long,\nAbortively, with bitter sweat and pain,\nTill, half upraised, they to their forehead's wrong\nGo with a buffet rapping down again.\nAnd they sprawl, and flounce, and wallow on their backs,\nCrying aloud for help to uncord their dolorous sacks.\n\nCanto Fourth. XII.\nXXIV.\nNot in severer anguish of distress\nThe fabled giant under Etna lies,\nThough rocks and tree-proud promontories press,\nWith vengeance fitting Jove, his ruffian size:\nWallowing supine beneath the mountain's stress,\nHalf-broil'd with brimstone ever hot, he fries.\nAnd, as he turns his vasty carcass o'er,\nOut-belches molten rocks, and groans a hideous roar.\n\nXXV.\nIn such vexatious plight the mortals lie\nThat founder'd on the threshold of the race,\nWhere let us leave them, and lift up our eye\nTo those that keep their feet, and hop apace. \u2013\n\nGramercy! how they bounce it lustily,\nMaugre their misery of woven case!\nHow with their luggage scour they o'er the Loan,\nAnd toil, and moil, and strain, and sweat, and lumber on!\n\nXVI.\nAnster Fair.\nStrange is it that men so penned in clout,\nSo wound with swaddling-clothes, should trip it so,\nSee how with spring incomparably stout,\nThey spurn the nasty earth, and upward go,\nAs if they wish'd to unsocket and knock out\nWith poll the candles that the night-sky glow!\nSee how, attained the zenith of their leap,\nEarthward they sink again with long-descending sweep!\n\nXXVII.\nThey halt not still; again aloft they hop,\nAs if they tread the rainbow's gilded bend,\nAgain upon the quaking turf they drop,\nLighting majestic on their proper end:\nI ween, they do not make a moment's stop;\nO who may now his precious time misspend?\n'Tis bustling all and sweltering\u2014but, behold!\nSwop! There a jumper falls flat upon the mould.\n\nXXVIII.\nHow can his gyved arms be forward thrust\nTo break the downsway of his fall just now?\n\"His tender nose alone, in loving-kindness, saves it from bumping his brow. His soft nose, to its site and duty just, is martyred to its loyalty, I trow, for, flattened into anguish by the clod, it weeps \u2013 see how it weeps \u2013 warm, trickling tears of blood!\nXXIX.\nHe bleeds, and from his nostrils' double sluice,\nRedly bedews the sod of Anster Loan,\nTill in a puddle of his own heart's juice\nHe writhing writhes with lamentable moan,\nAnd sends his sack in curses to the deuce,\nBanning the hour when first he put it on.\nMeanwhile, overlabored in their hobbling pother,\nDouse! drops a second down, and, whap! there sinks\nanother.\n124 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXX.\nWearied, half-bursting with their hot turmoil,\nTheir lungs like Vulcan's bellows panting strong,\nPowerless to stand or prosecute their toil,\nSuccessively they soup and roll along.\"\nTill round and round, the carcass-covered soil is strewn with havoc of the jumping throng,\nThat make a vain endeavor to shuffle The cruel sackcloth coil that muffles their persons.\n\nXXXI.\nAll in despair have sunk, save yonder two\nThat still their perpendicular posture keep,\nThe only remnant of the jumping crew,\nThat urge their emulous persisting leap:\nOddspittkins! how with poise exactly true,\nThey sweep clean forward to the ribbon'd pole they sweep;\nI cannot say that one is before the other,\nSo equal side by side they plod near one another.\n\nCanto Fourth. 125\n\nXXXII.\nThe pole is gained, and to the glorious sun\nThey turn their sweaty faces round again;\nWith inextinguishable rage to run,\nSouthward, unflagging and unquench'd, they strain.\n\nWhat! \u2014 Is not yonder face, where young-eyed Fun\nAnd Laughter seem enthroned to hold their reign,\nOne seen before \u2014 even Rob the Borderer's face? \u2014\nYes, now I know it well, by your liking it is his!\nXXXIII.\n\nHaste, haste ye, Rob, half-hop, half-run, half-fly,\nWriggle and wrestle in thy bag's despite;\nSo shoot like a cannon-bullet to the sky;\nSo stably down upon thy soles alight;\nUp, up again, and fling it gallantly;\nWell flung, my Rob, thou art a clever wight:\n'Sblood! now thy rival is a step before;\nString, string thy sinews up, and jump three yards and\n\nM\n126 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXXIV.\n\"It's done: but who is he that at thy side\nThy rival vigorously marches so?\nDeclare, O Muse, since thou art eagle-eyed,\nAnd thine it is, even at a glance, to know\nEach son of mortal man, though mumm'd and tied\nIn long disguising sack from chin to toe.\n\"He, boy, that marches in such clumsy state,\nIs old Edina's child, a waggish Advocate.\nXXXV.\n\"For he too had dared for Maggie Lauder\nTo prove the mettle of his heel and shin;\nA jolly wight, who trickishly prepared\nA treacherous sack to scarf his body in,\nA sack whose bottom was with damp impaired,\nFusty, half-rotten, mouldy, frail, and thin,\nThat he, unseen, might in the race's pother\nThrust out one helpful leg, and keep in caged its brother.\n\nCanto Fourth. 127. XXXVI.\n\"And seest thou not his right leg peeping out,\nEnfranchised, traitorously to help his gait,\nWhilst the other, still imprisoned in its clout,\nTardily follows its more active mate?\"\n\nI see it well \u2014 'tis treachery, no doubt;\nBeshrew thee now, thou crafty Advocate!\nUnfair, unfair! 'tis quite unfair, I say,\nThus with an illicit leg to prop thy perilous way!\n\nXXXVII.\nHalf-free, half-clogged, he steals his quick advance,\nNearing at each unlicensed step the base,\n\"\nWhile honest Robert plies the harder dance,\nMost faithful to his sack and to the race.\nNow for it, Rob \u2014 another jump \u2014 but once,\nAnd overjumped is all the allotted space.\nBy Jove, they both have reached the base together;\nGained is the starting-line, yet gained the race\nhas neither.\n\nAt once they bend each man his body's frame\nInto a bow, before the King and Mag;\nAt once they open their lips to double-claim\nThe race's palm (for now Auld Reekie's wag,\nAs snail draws in its horn, had, fie for shame!\nDrawn his dishonest leg into his bag) ;\nAt once they plead the merits of their running,\nGood Rob with proofs of force, the wag with quips and punning.\n\nXXXVIII.\n\nMe lists not now to vary my song\nWith all his sophistry and quip and pun;\nIt would be tiresome, profitless, and long,\nTo quote his futile arguments air-spun.\n\nXXXIX.\nBut Robert to the people's sight appealed,\nAnd to the eyes of royal James and Mag,\nWho saw his rival's foot too plain revealed,\nAnd impudently peering from its bag:\nHe said 'twas roguish thus to come afield\nWith such a paltry hypocritic rag;\nThe very hole through which his foot was thrust\nGapes evidence to prove his claim was unjust.\n\nXLI.\n\nLong was the plea, and longer it had been,\nHad not the populace begun aloud\nTo express with clamor their resentment keen\nAt him who quibbled in his rotten shroud:\nA thousand hands, uplifted high, were seen\nOver the hats and bonnets of the crowd,\nWith paltry hen's eggs that their fingers clench.\nTo hurl upon his sack conviction, slime, and stench. ISA ANSTER FAIR.\nXLII.\nWhich when he saw all white upheld to view,\nReady to rattle shame about his ears,\nHe straightway the perplexing claim withdrew,\nUrged to resign by his judicious fears;\nFor had he but one minute staid or two,\nHe, for his subtle ties and quirks and jeers,\nHad reaped a poor and pitiful reward,\nAnd signed from head to foot -- but not with Syrian nard.\nXLIII.\nThe Monarch, then, well pleased that thus the mob\nHad settled with prejudging voice the case,\nOrders his trumpeter to blazon Rob,\nAgain the winner of the second race.\nThe fellow blew each cheek into a globe,\nAnd puffed into deformity his face\nAs to the top of heaven's empyrean frame\nHe, in a storm of breath, sent up the conqueror's name.\nCanto Fourth. 131\nXLIV.\nHis name the rabble took; from tongue to tongue.\nBut soon they were raised: the lads who late\nHad helped their uncouth livery to don,\nNow step upon the green, compassionate,\nTo free them from the house of dole and moan:\nThe cords that on their necks were knotted strait,\nAre loosed, and, as they lie extended prone,\nOf their long scabbards are the men released,\nAnd stand upon their feet, unclogged and free again.\n\nXLV.\n\nThey take no time (such shame the vanquished stung),\nEach to snatch up his bag and bring it off;\nAway they start, and plunge amid the throng.\nXLVI.\n\n(There is no need for cleaning in this text as it is already perfectly readable and free of meaningless or unreadable content.)\nGlad they were relieved of their heavy clothing.\n(So shoots the serpent to the brake along,\nAnd leaves to rot his cast off despised slough :)\nDeep in the throng with elbows sharp they bore,\nAnd fear contemptuous laugh and hateful egg no more.\nXLVII.\nBut now the sun, in mid-day's gorgeous state,\nTowers on the summit of the lucid sky,\nAnd human stomachs that were crammed of late,\nNow empty, send their silent dinner cry,\nDemanding something wherewithal to sate\nTheir hunger, bread and beer, or penny pie :\nThe crowd, obedient to the belly's call,\nBegin to munch, and eat, and nibble one and all.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 133\nXLVIII.\nSome drew from their pockets or their wallets lumps\nOf the roasted flesh of calf or lamb ;\nSome plied their teeth and grinding jaws to chew\nThe tougher slices of the thirsty ham ;\nOthers with bits of green cheese nice and new.\nEven to their throats, their clownish bellies cram;\nWhile horns of ale, from many a barrel filled,\nFoam white with frothy rage, and soon are swigged and swilled.\n\nXLIX.\nJames and Mag and all the courtly train\nOf lords and ladies round them, not a few,\nWith sugared biscuits soothed their stomachs' pain,\nFor courtly stomachs must be humored too;\nAnd from their throats to wash the dusty stain\nThat they had breathed when from the sacks it flew,\nA glass of wine they slipped within their clay,\nAnd if they swallowed twain, the wiser folk were they.\n\nI34f ANSTER FAIR.\n\nNor ceased the business of the day meanwhile;\nFor as the Monarch chewed his savory cake,\nThe man whose lungs sustain the trumpet's toil\nMade haste again his noisy tube to take,\nAnd with a cry, which, heard full many a mile,\nCaused the young crows on Airdrie's trees to quake.\nHe bade the suitor-pipers draw near,\nSo they might, round the knoll, their piping powers test.\n\nLI.\n\nWhen the rabble heard this, with sudden sound,\nThey broke their circle's huge circumference,\nAnd crushing forward to the southern mound,\nThey pushed their many-headed shoal immense,\nDiffusing to an equal depth around\nTheir mass of bodies wedged compact and dense,\nSo standing nearer, they might better hear\nThe pipers squeaking loud to charm Miss Maggie's ear.\n\nCanto Fourth. 135\nLII.\n\nAnd soon the pipers, shouldering through\nThe close mob their squeezed uneasy way,\nStood at the hillock's foot, an eager throng,\nEach asking license from the King to play;\nFor with a tempest turbulent and strong,\nLabored their bags, impatient of delay,\nHeaving their bloated globes outrageously,\nAs if in pangs to give their contents to the sky.\n\nLIU.\nAnd every bag, thus full and tempest-ripe,\nBeneath its arm lay ready to be pressed,\nAnd on the holes of each fair-polished pipe\nEach piper's fingers long and white were placed:\nFiercely they burned in jealous rivalship;\nEach madding piper scoffed at all the rest,\nAnd fleer'd, and tossed contemptuously his head,\nAs if his skill alone deserved fair Maggie's bed.\n\n136 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLIV.\n\nNor could they wait, so piping-mad they were,\nBut in a moment they displaced their air\nIn one tumultuous and unlicensed din:\nOut flies, in storm of simultaneous blare,\nThe whizzing wind compressed their bags within,\nAnd whiffling through the wooden tubes so small,\nGrowls gladness to be freed from such confining thrall.\n\nLIV.\n\nThen rose, in burst of hideous symphony,\nOf pibrochs and of tunes one mingled roar.\nDiscordantly the pipes squealed sharp and high,\nThe drones alone in solemn concord snore;\nFive hundred fingers, twinkling funnily,\nPlay twiddling up and down on hole and bore,\nNow passage to the shrilly wind denying,\nAnd now a little raised to let it out sighing.\n\nCanto Fourth. 137\nLVI.\n\nThen rung the rocks and caves of Billyness,\nReverberating back that concert's sound,\nAnd half the lurking Echoes that possess\nThe glens and hollows of the Fifan ground;\nTheir shadowy voices strained into excess\nOf outcry, loud huzzaing round and round\nTo all the Dryads of Pitkirie wood,\nThat now they round their trees should dance in frisky mood.\n\nLVIL.\n\nAs when the sportsman with report of gun\nAlarms the sea-fowls of the Isle of May,\nTen thousand mews and gulls that shade the sun\nCome flapping down in terrible dismay,\nAnd with a wild and barbarous concert stun.\nHis ears and screams and shrieks and wheels away;\nScarcely can the boatman hear his plashing oar;\nYells caves and eyries all, and rings each Maian shore:\n138 Anster Fair.\nL VIII.\nJust so around the knoll did pipe and drone,\nWhistle and hum a discord strange to hear,\nTorturing, with violence of shriek and groan,\nKingly, and courtly, and plebeian ear;\nAnd still the men had hummed and whistled on,\nEven till each bag had burst its bloated sphere,\nHad not the King, uprising, waved his hand,\nChecking the boisterous din of such unmannered band.\nL IX.\nOn one side of his face a laugh was seen,\nOn the other side a half-formed frown lay hid:\nHe frowned, because they, petulantly keen,\nSet up their piping forward and unbid;\nHe laughed, for who could have controlled his mien,\nHearing such crash of pibrochs as he did?\nHe bade them orderly the strife begin.\nAnd all men played the tune with which the fair one would win.\nCanto Fourth. 139\nLX.\nThereupon the pipers ceased their idle toil\nOf windy music wild and deafening,\nAnd made too late (what they had forgotten erewhile)\nA general bow to Maggie and their King.\nBut as they lowered their bare heads towards the soil,\nThen there happened a strange, portentous thing,\nWhich, had my Muse not confirmed it as true,\nI myself would not have believed, much less told you.\nLXI.\nFor, lo! while all their bodies yet were bent,\nFrom the spotless blue of eastern sky\nA globe of fire, (miraculous ostent!),\nBurst from some celestial cleft on high;\nAnd thrice in circle round the firmament\nTrailed its long light the gleamy prodigy,\nTill on the ring of pipers down it came,\nAnd set their pipes, and drones, and chanters in a flame.\n140 Anster Fair.\nLXII.\nTwas quick and sudden as the electric shock,\nOne moment lit and consumed them all:\nAs is the green hair of the tufted oak\nScathed into blackness by the fulminated ball,\nOr as, spark-kindled, into fire and smoke\nFlashes and fumes the nitrous grain so small,\nSo were their bagpipes, in a twink, like tinder,\nFired underneath their arms, and burnt into a cinder,\n\nYet so innocuous was the sky-fallen flame,\nThat, save their twangling instruments alone,\nUnsinged their other gear remained the same,\nEven to the nap that stuck their coats upon;\nNor did they feel its heat, when down it came\nOn errand to destroy pipe, bag, and drone,\nBut stood in blank surprise, when to the ground\nDropped down in ashes black their furniture of sound.\n\nCanto Fourth. 141\n\nLXIV.\n\nCrest-fallen they stood, confounded and distressed,\nFixing upon the turf their stupid look.\nConscious that Heaven forbade them to contest,\nBy such a burning token of rebuke.\nThe rabble too, its great alarm confessed,\nFor every face the ruddy blood forsook,\nAs with their white, uprolling, ghastly eyes,\nThey spied the streaky light wheel whizzing from the skies.\n\nLXV.\nAnd still they to that spot of orient heaven,\nWhence burst the shining globe, look up agast,\nExpecting when the empyreal pavement, riven,\nA second splendor to the earth should cast :\nBut when they saw no repetition given,\nChanged from alarm to noisy joy at last,\nThey set up such a mixed tremendous shout,\nAs made the girdling heavens to bellow round about.\n\n142 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXVI.\nAnd such a crack and peal of laughter rose,\nWhen the poor pipers bagpipeless they saw,\nAs when a flock of jet-black crows\nOn winter morning, when the skies are raw.\nCome from their woods in long and sooty rows,\nAnd over Anster through their hoarse throats caw:\nThe sleepy old wives, on their warm chaff-beds,\nUp from their bolsters rear, afraid, their flannelled heads.\n\nLXVII.\nThen did the affronted pipers slink away,\nWith faces fixed on earth for very shame;\nFor not one remnant of those pipes had they,\nWherewith they late so arrogantly came,\nBut in a black and ashy ruin lay\nTheir glory, mouldered by the scathing flame:\nYet in their hearts they cursed (and what the wonder?)\nThat fire to which their pipes so quick were given.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 143\n\nLXVIII.\nAnd scarce they off had slunk, when, with a bound,\nGreat Robert Scott sprung forth before the King.\nFor he alone, when all the Pipers round\nStood ranged into their fire-devoted ring,\nHad kept snug distance from the fated ground.\nAs if forewarned of that portentous thing,\nHe stood and laughed, as under his arm\nHe held his bagpipe safe, unscathed with fiery harm,\n\nLXIX.\n\nHis hollow drone, with mouth wide-gaping, lay\nOver his shoulder pointing to the sky,\nReady to spue its breath, and puff away\nThe lazy silver clouds that sit on high:\nHis bag swelled madly to begin the play,\nAnd with its bowel-wind groaned inwardly;\nNot higher heaved the windbags which, of yore,\nUlysses got from him who ruled the Eolian shore.\n\nANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXX.\n\nHe thus the King with reverence bespoke:\n\"My Liege, since Heaven with bagpipe-levelled fire\nHas turn'd my brethren's gear to dust and smoke,\nAnd testified too glaringly its ire,\nIt fits me now, as yet my bagpipe's poke\nRemains unsinged, and every pipe entire,\nTo play my tune\u2014O King, with your good will\u2014\nAnd to the royal ear to prove my piping skill.\"\nNodded his Liege assent and straightway bade\nHim stand atop the hillock at his side.\nAtop he stood; and first a bow he made\nTo all the crowd that shouted far and wide.\nThen, like a piper dexterous at his trade,\nHis pipes to play adjusted and applied;\nEach finger rested on its proper bore;\nHis arm appeared half-raised to wake the bag's uproar.\n\nCanto Fourth. 145\nLXXII.\nHe stood in silence and cast his eye\nUpwards in meditation to the pole,\nAs if he prayed some fairy-power in sky\nTo guide his fingers right o'er bore and hole;\nThen pressing down his arm, he gracefully\nAwakened the merry bagpipe's slumbering soul,\nAnd piped and blew, and played so sweet a tune,\nAs might have well unsphered the reeling midnight moon.\n\nLXXIII.\nHis every finger to its place assign'd,\nMoved quivering like the leaf of an aspen tree.\nNow shutting up the skittish squeaking wind,\nNow opening to the music passage free;\nHis cheeks, with windy puffs therein confined,\nWere swollen into a red rotundity,\nAs from his lungs into the bag was blown\nSupply of needful air to feed the growling drone.\n\nAnster Fair.\nLXXIV.\n\nAnd such a potent tune did never greet\nThe drum of human ear with lively strain;\nSo merry, that from dancing on his feet\nNo man undeaf could stockily refrain;\nSo loud, 'twas heard a dozen miles complete,\nMaking old Echo pipe and hum again;\nSo sweet, that all the birds in air that fly,\nCharm'd into new delight, come sailing through the sky.\n\nLXXV.\n\nCrow, sparrow, linnet, hawk, and white-wing'd dove,\nWheel in aerial jig o'er Anster Loan;\nThe seagulls from each Maian cleft and cove\nOver the deep sea come pinion-wafted on;\nThe light-detesting bats now flap above.\nScaring the sun with wings to an unknown day:\nRound Robert's head they dance, they cry, they sing,\nShearing the subtle sky with broad and playful wing.\n\nCanto Fourth. 147. LXXVI.\nAnd also the mermaids that in ocean swim,\nDrawn by that music from their shelly caves,\nPeep now unbashful from the salt sea brim,\nAnd flounce and plash exulting in the waves:\nThey spread at large the white and floating limb,\nThat Neptune amorously clips and washes,\nAnd comb with combs of pearl and coral fair\nTheir long sleek oozy locks of green redundant hair.\n\nLXXVII.\nNor was its influence less on human ear.\nFirst from their gilded chairs up-start at once\nThe royal James and Maggie seated near,\nEnthusiastic both, and mad to dance:\nHe snatched her hand, and looked a merry leer,\nThen capered high in wild extravagance,\nAnd on the grassy summit of the knoll.\nWagg'd each monarchial leg in galliard, strange and droll.\n148 Anster Fair.\nLXXVIII.\nAs when a sunbeam, from the waving face\nOf a well-filled waterpail reflected bright,\nVaries upon the chamber-walls its place,\nAnd, quivering, tries to cheat and foil the sight;\nSo quick did Maggie, with a nimble grace,\nSkip pattering to and fro, alert and light,\nAnd, with her noble colleague in the reel,\nHaughtily heaved her arms and shook the glancing heel.\nLXXIX.\nThe lords and ladies next, who sat or stood\nNear to the piper and the King around,\nSmitten with that contagious dancing-mood,\n'Gan hand in hand in high la volte to bound,\nAnd jigg'd it on as featly as they could,\nCircling in sheeny rows the rising ground,\nEach sworded lord a lady's soft palm griping,\nAnd to his mettle roused at such unwonted piping.\nCanto Fourth. 149\nLXXX.\nThen did the infectious hopping-mania seize\nAll in that merry company, so free,\nAnd, as they danced, their mirth did swell and rise,\nWith every leap and bound, their hearts at ease.\nThe circles of the crowd that stood near,\nRound and round, far spreading by degrees,\nIt maddened all the onlookers to kick and rear.\nMen, women, children, laugh and ramp, and squeeze,\nSuch fascination takes the general ear;\nEven babes, that at their mothers' bosoms hung,\nTheir little willing limbs fantastically flung.\n\nLXXXI.\nAnd hoary men and wives, whose marrow age\nHath from their hollow bones suck'd out and drunk,\nCanary in unconscionable rage,\nNor feel their sinews withered now and shrunk.\nPell-mell in random couples they engage,\nAnd boisterously wag feet, arms, and trunk,\nAs if they strove, in capering so brisk,\nTo heave their aged knees up to the solar disk.\n\nO\n150 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXXXII.\nAnd cripples from beneath their shoulders fling\nTheir despicable crutches far away,\nThen, yoked with those of stouter limbs, up-spring.\nIn hobbling merriment, uncouthly gay,\nAnd some on one leg stand y-gamboling,\nFor why? The other short and frail had they,\nSome, whose both legs distorted were and weak,\nDance on their poor knee-pans in mad preposterous freak.\nLXXXIII.\nSo on they trip, King, Maggie, knight, and earl,\nGreen-coated courtier, satin-snooded dame,\nOld men and maidens, man, wife, boy, and girl,\nThe stiff, the supple, bandy-legged, and lame,\nAll sucked and rapt into the dance's whirl,\nInevitably witched within the same;\nWhilst Rob, far-seen, o'erlooks the huddling Loan,\nRejoicing in his pipes, and squeals serenely on.\n\nCanto Fourth. 151\nLXXXIV.\nBut such a whirling and a din there was\nOf bodies and of feet that heeled the ground,\nAs when the Maelstrom in his craggy jaws\nEngulfs the Norway waves with hideous sound.\n\nIn vain the black sea-monster plies his paws.\nAgainst the strong eddy that impels him round,\nRacked and convulsed, the ingorging surges roar,\nAnd fret their frothy wrath, and reel from shore to shore.\n\nLXXXV.\nSo reel the mob, and with their feet up-cast\nFrom the tramped soil a dry and dusty cloud,\nThat shades the huddling hurly-burly vast\nFrom the warm sun as with an earthy shroud;\nElse, had the warm sun spied them wriggling fast,\nHe sure had laugh'd at such bewitched crowd,\nFor never, since heaven's baldric first he trod,\nTripped was such country-dance beneath his fiery road,\n\n152 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXXXVI.\n\nThen was the shepherd that on Largo-law\nSat idly whistling to his feeding flock,\nDismay'd, when, looking south-eastward, he saw\nThe dusty cloud more black than furnace-smoke;\nHe lean'd his ear, and catch'd with trembling awe\nThe dance's sounds that th' ambient ether broke.\nHe blessed himself and cried, \"By sweet St. John, the devil has got a job in Anster's dirty Loan.\"\n\nLXXXVII.\nAt length the mighty piper, honest Rob,\nHis wonder-working melody gave o'er,\nWhen on a sudden all the flouncing mob\nTheir high commotion ceased, and toss'd no more;\nTrunk, arm, and leg, forgot to shake and bob,\nThat bobbed and shook so parlously before;\nOn ground, fatigued, the panting dancers fall,\nWondering what witch's craft had thus embroiled them all.\n\nCANTO FOURTH. 153\nLXXXVIII.\nAnd some cried out, that over the piper's head\nThey had observed a little female fay,\nGlad in green gown and purple-striped plaid,\nThat fed his wind-bag, aidant of the play;\nSome, impotent to speak, and almost dead\nWith jumping, as on earth they sat or lay,\nWiped from their brows, with napkin, plaid, or gown,\nThe globes of shining sweat that ooze and trickle down.\nLXXXIX.\nNor less with jig overlabored and overwrought,\nDown on their chairs dropped Maggie and the King,\nAmazed what supernatural spell had caught\nAnd forced their heels into such frolicking :\nAnd much was Mag astonished, when she thought\n(As sure it was an odd perplexing thing)\nThat Robert's tune was to her ear the same\nAs what Tom Puck late played, when from her pot he came.\n\n154 ANSTER FAIR.\nxc.\nBut from that hour the Monarch and the mob\nGave Maggie Lauder's name to Robert's tune,\nAnd so shall it be called, while o'er the globe\nTravels the waning and the crescent moon.\n\nAnd from that hour the puissant piper Rob,\nWhose bagpipe waked so hot a rigadoon,\nFrom his well-managed bag, and drone, and chanter,\nObtained the glorious name of Mighty Rob the Ranter.\n\nANSTER FAIR.\nCANTO V.\nANSTER FAIR\nCANTO V.\nO for that ponderous broomstick, whereon rode\nGrim Beattie, the famous witch of Pittenweem,* I would daringly soar above the solar road,\nTo where the Muses sit on high and chime:\nEight! I would kiss them in their bright abode,\nAnd from their lips suck Poetry and Rhyme,\nUntil Jove (if such my boldness should displease him)\nCry, \"Fie, thou naughty boy! pack off and mount thy besom.\"\n\n* The famous witch of Pittenweem. See Satan's Invisible World Discovered,\n\n158 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nII.\nIt needed not that with a third exclaim,\nKing James's trumpeter aloud should cry,\nThrough his long alchemy, the famous name\nOf him who, piping, gained the victory;\nFor, sooth to tell, man, boy, and girl, and dame,\nHim the great Prince of Pipers testify,\nNot with huzzas and jabbering of tongues,\nBut with hard-puffing breasts and dance-worn lungs.\n\nIII.\nAnd truly, had the crier willed to shout.\nThe doughty piper's name through polished trump,\nHis breath had not sufficed to twang it out,\nSo did the poor man's pipes puff, pant, and jump:\nWherefore, to rest them from that dancing-bout,\nAwhile they sat or lay on back or rump,\nGulping with open mouths and nostrils wide\nThe pure refreshing waves of Jove's aerial tide.\n\nCanto Fifth. 159\n\nIV.\n\nBut unfatigued, upon the hillock's crown,\nStood Rob, as if his lungs had spent no breath,\nAnd looked with conscious exultation down\nUpon the dance's havoc wide beneath,\nLaughing to see the encumbered plain bestrown\nWith people whirled and wriggled near to death.\n\nEre long he thus addressed, with reverent air,\nThe King, who, breathless yet, sat puffing in his chair.\n\n\"My Liege, though well I now with triple claim\nThe guerdon of my threefold toils may ask,\nAs independent of success I've played.\"\nOf jingling words, the ballad-maker's task; yet, as I too, with honorable aim, have tapped Apollo's rhyme-overflowing cask, allow me, good my King, to open my budget, and tell my witty tale, that you and Mag may judge it.\n\n160 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nWhereto his breathless King made slow reply:\n\"Great -- piper! -- Mighty -- Rob! -- Beloved of sky!\nO'erproof -- too well thy piping-craft has been;\nWitness my lungs -- that play so puffingly,\nAnd witness yonder laughter-moving scene.\n\nI'm pinch'd for wind -- Ha, ha! -- scarce breath I draw--\nPardi! -- a sight like yon my Kingship never saw.\n\nVII.\n\nCe Woe's me! how, sweating, in prostration vast,\nMen, wives, boys, maidens, lie in dust besprinkled,\nGaping for respiration, gasping fast,\nHalf my liege subjects wreck'd on Anster Loan!\n'Twill need, methinks, a hideous trumpet-blast.\nTo rouse them from thus groveling prone;\nFor such effort my man's lungs yet are frail,\nSo, Rob, take thou his trump, and rouse them for thy tale.\n\nCanto Fifth. l61.\nVIII.\nHe spoke,\u2014 and at the hint, the Ranter took\nThe throated metal from the herald's hand,\nAnd blew a rousing clangor, wherewith shook\nGreen sea, and azure sky, and cloddy land.\n\nUp-sprung, as from a trance, with startled look,\nThe prostrate people, and erected stand,\nTurning their faces to the knap of ground\nWhence burst upon their ears the loud assaulting sound.\n\nIX.\n\nThen, crowding nearer in a vast shoal,\nThey press their sum of carcasses more close,\nTill crush'd, and compressed, and straitened round the knoll,\nThey rear and poise their bodies on their toes.\n\nSo were they packed and mortised, that the whole\nSeem'd but one lump incorporate to compose.\nOne mass of human trunks, unmoved they show,\nTopped with ten thousand heads all moving to and fro.\n\nP\n\nAnster Fair.\n\nAnd from the tongues of all those heads there rose\nA confused murmur through the multitude,\nAs when the merry gale of summer blows\nUpon the tall tops of a stately wood,\nAnd rocks the long consociated boughs,\nRustling amid the leaves a discord rude:\nHigh perch'd aloft the cuckoo rides unseen,\nEmbower'd with plenteous shades and tufts of nodding\ngreen.\n\nXI.\n\nThen waved the Ranter round and round his hand,\nCommanding them to still their hubbub loud:\nAll in a moment still and noiseless stand\nThe widely-circumfused and heaving crowd,\nAs if upon their gums, at Rob's command,\nWere pinned these tongues that jabbered late so proud.\nTow'rds him, as to their centre, every ear\nInclines its mazy hole, th' expected tale to hear.\n\nCanto Fifth,\n\nXII.\nBut when the Ranter from his height beheld\nThe silent world of heads diffused below,\nWith all their ears agape, his visage swelled,\nAnd burned with honest Laughter's ruddy glow;\nFor who had not from Gravity rebelled,\nGirt with infinitude of noddles so?\nHe soon into composure starch'd his phiz,\nAnd opened his fluent mouth, and told his tale:\n\nXIII.\n\"Where Thirdpart-house upon the level plain\nRears up its sooty chimneys high in air,\nThere lived of old, in Alexander's reign,\nMiss Susan Scott, a lady young and fair,\nWho, since that death had taken both her parents,\nSole child, their coffers and their fields she heir'd\u2014\nTheir fields, that waved with Ceres' green array,\nTheir coffers, gorged with gold, where Mammon prison'd lay.\"\n\nXIV.\n\"Her form was beauteous as the budding Spring,\nShaped by the mother of almighty Love;\nHer soul was but a sorry, paltry thing,\nAs ever was quickened by the breath of Jove:\nHer person might have pleased a crowned king,\nOr shone a Dryad in her grove's third part;\nHer soul, her silly soul, alas, to tell!\nWas as a rotten egg enclosed in golden shell.\n\nXV.\n\"All day she, sitting at her window, cast\nO'er her estate a proud and greedy eye;\nNow measuring her fields, how broad, how vast,\nHow valuably rich they sunning lie;\nNow summing up the bolls that in the blast\nWave yet unshorn, obnoxious to the sky,\nAnd counting, avariciously, what more\nOf gold the unsickled crop would add unto her store.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 165\n\nXVI.\nBut when the grim and hooded night let fall\nOver Thirdpart's smoky roofs her ugly shade,\nShe hastened from her candle-lit hall\nTo where her darling, coffered god was laid,\nAnd, freeing him with key from box's thrall,\nOn the floor the gaudy deity displayed,\nAnd with a miser's fumbling palmed each toy,\nAnd kissed bare Mammon's limbs, and laughed in silly joy.\n\nXVII.\n\"With her resided that famed wizard old,\nHer uncle and her guardian, Michael Scott,\nWho there, in Satan's arts malignly bold,\nHis books of devilish efficacy wrote;\nAnd, lackey'd round (tremendous to be told!),\nWith demons hung with tails like shaggy goat,\nEmployed their ministrations damn'd, to ring\nMadrid's resounding bells, and fright the Spanish King,\n166 Anster Fair.\n\nXVIII.\n\"Fit guardian he for such a peevish ward:\nHe checked not her perversity of soul,\nBut, hell's pernicious logic studying hard,\nGave up the lady to her own control;\nThus fostering, by his foolish disregard,\nThe cankering vice that o'er her spirit stole.\nCaptious and proud she was, and fond of strife,\nThe prettiest jade of all the girls in Fife.\n\nXIX.\n\"Yet not the less, her beauty's wafted fame,\nA mob of suitors to her mansion drew;\nHer face had charms to lure them and inflame,\nHer dowry had mickle fascination too.\nOn capering steeds from all the county came\nFife's sparkish lairds, all resolute to woo,\nAnd win, with courtship's sly assiduous art,\nFair Susan's worthy dowry, and pettish worthless heart.\n\nCanto Fifth, 16?\n\nXX.\n\"So numerous were her lovers, that in truth,\nI scarce by name can reckon up them all:\nArdross and Largo, gallant fellows both,\nPitcorthie, Ancrankielor, and Newhall;\nAnd Newark, with his coat of scarlet cloth,\nAnd short Stravithy, and Rathillet tall,\nAnd proud Balcomie with his tasseled hat,\nAnd Gibliston the lean, and Sauchop round and fat,\nXXI.\n\"All these, and many more love-pining men.\"\nShe flouted from her chamber scornfully,\nTo one alone she used not such disdain,\nThe goodly Charlie Melvil of Carnbee;\nFor he, the singularly cunning of the train,\nEnforced with costly gifts his amorous plea,\nAnd bribed her dull affections, icy-cold,\nWith jeweled gaudy rings and knacks of labored gold.\n\n168 Anster Fair.\n\nXXII.\n\"For every time he snatched her downy fist,\nWith its soft warmth to paddle and to play,\nHe hung a bracelet on her ivory wrist,\nA golden bracelet like a sunbeam gay;\nAnd when her lip he rapturously kissed,\n(A kiss she never refused for such pay),\nHe dropped upon her white neck from his hand\nA tangled chain of gold, worth many a rood of land.\n\nXXIII.\n\"Until of his trinkets so profuse he grew,\nThat soon exhausted was his purse's store,\nAnd half his lands were in a month or two\nMortgaged for money to procure her more;\nYet he could not prevail on forward Sue,\nThough he never ceased to importune and implore,\nTo appoint the long-retarded marriage-day,\nAnd cure his love, and give her promised hand away.\n\nCanto Fifth. XXIV.\n\"One summer eve, as in delightful walk,\nHand in hand, they passed down Thirdpart's avenue,\nIn a lightsome interchange of talk,\nWhined out their loves, as lovers use to do,\nWhile every hairy bush upon its stalk\nNodded for joy around them where it grew.\nCharles took advantage of the lovely hour,\nAgain to impress his suit with tongue's glib wordy power.\n\nXXV.\n\"O my sweet Susan! sweet my Susan, O! \u2013\n(Here beat the poor laird his afflicted breast,)\nCast round thine eye, that eye that witches so,\nOn God's wide world in beauty's garment dressed,\nOn yonder many-listed clouds that glow\nHeaven's tapestry curtaining the blazing west.\"\nOn setting rays ascend high,\nLike tiny wires of gold oblique the gorgeous sky,\n170 Anster Fair.\nXXVI.\nLook how the bushy top of every tree\nIs mantled over with evening's borrowed sheen,\nAnd seems to wag and wave more boastfully\nTo the sweet breeze its leafy wig of green;\nEach herb, and flower, and whin, and bush, we see,\nLaughs jocund in creation's richest scene,\nWhile earth reflects on heaven, and heaven on earth,\nOf God's created things the beauty and the mirth.\nXXVII.\nAll these are passing lovely to the view,\nBut lovelier, tenfold lovelier, are to me\nThy form and countenance, my bonny Sue!\nCreation's beauties all are summed in thee.\nThine eye outshines heaven's most lucid blue,\nThy cheek outblooms earth's bloomiest flower and tree,\nAnd evening's gaudy clouds, that paint the air,\nAre frippery to the locks of thy long golden hair.\nThen, my dear, when shall come the day ordained to give me such transcendent charms? Still must I pine and fret at thy delay, capriciously forbidden from thy arms, and, like a pair of bellows, puff away my sighs, and swelter in hot Cupid's harms? For Heaven's sake, Susan, have pity, and fix our wedding day, my chick, my dear, my pretty!\n\nXXIX.\n\"This said, he, gazing on her saucy eye, forestalls the angry answer of her tongue. When, hark! a sound of rushing, wildly high, is heard the trees adjoining from among, as if a whirlwind, bursting from the sky, their tops on one another sore had swung; and, lo! out springs, in maddest pitch of wrath, Pitcorthie's biggest bull upon their peaceful path.\n\n172 ANSTER FAIR.\nXXX.\n\"Fly, fly, my love! The generous Melvil said,\nAnd he interposed to meet the monster's shock;\nFor fiercely rushed he on the endangered maid,\nMad at the glaring of her scarlet frock:\n\" Fly, fly, my love!\" \u2014 She turned about and fled,\nWith face through terror pale and white as smoke,\nLeaving her laird at danger of his skull,\nTo wrestle for his life, and parry with the bull.\n\nXXXI.\nThe bull's long horns he gripped, and towards the ground\nPress'd down with might his hugely head robust,\nWhile, madder, thus defrauded of his wound,\nThe brawny brute his bulk still forward thrust,\nAnd, ripping with his heels the soil around,\nBespattered heaven with turf, and sod, and dust,\nAnd bellowed till each tree around him shook,\nAnd Echo bellowed back from her aerial nook.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 173\n\nXXXII.\niC At last the intrepid lover, guessing well\nThat now far off from harm his Sue was sped,\nUngripped the horns, those white and terrible,\nFrom brow their long and curling menace spread;\nBut scarcely his grasp was loosed, when (alas!),\nThe advantaged brute tossed churlishly his head,\nAnd with one horn, that suddenly uprose,\nDemolished and tore off the gallant Melville's nose.\n\nXXXIII.\n\nClean by the roots was Melville's nose uprooted,\nLeaving its place deformed and foul with blood;\nYet stood he not to reap some heavier blows,\nAnd catch in napkin the red rushing flood;\nBut, quite regardless of his face's woes,\nHe, hurrying down the alley of the wood,\nFled as if life were hung upon his heels,\nIn his sweaty haste, his nose's torment he feels.\n\nQ\n\n174 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXIV.\n\n\"Thus by the mettle of his heels he bore\nHis life in safety from the brute away,\nAnd left behind his wound's unsightly gore,\nTo all the wild-cats of the grove a prey.\"\nHe took his way home in a dumpish mood, afflicted sore,\nLamenting his piteous bitterness of case,\nHis nasal honors crushed, and ghastly havocked face.\n\nX XXXV.\nSix weeks he kept his mansion at Carnbee,\nWaiting his nose's re-establishment,\nIn vain; repaired, alas! it could not be,\nToo sore that horn the cartilage had shent.\nFife's surgeons crowding came, for love of fee,\nWith plasters and with saws of loathsome scent,\nIn vain: what could, or saw, or surgeon do?\nGone was the good old nose, and who could rear a new?\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 175\nX XXXVI.\nMeanwhile, he ceased not twice a week to send\nSweet cards to her who did his thoughts employ,\nMemorials dear, which as he sat and penn'd,\nPerched laughing on his quill Love's mighty boy,\nAnd on the paper from its inky end\nDistilled delight, and tenderness, and joy.\nHis cards he sent, but (O, the sin and shame!)\nFrom wicked shameless Sue there ne'er an answer came.\n\nXXXVII.\n\"Nor could her cruel silence be explained,\nTill Fame blew up the tidings to his house,\nThat she, for whom his nose was marred and pain'd,\nTo whom so long he had addressed his vows,\nHad, for another, now his love disdained,\nUrged by her uncle Newark to espouse;\nThat publish'd were their banns, that now was fixed\nThe wedding to be held on Monday forenoon next.\n\n176 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXXVIII.\n\"Then was the heart of injured Melville rent\nWith bitter passion at a slight so base;\nThat moment up he started, with intent\nTo go and chide the apostate to her face:\nForth from his house in surly chase he went,\nApparelled in his coat of golden lace,\nAnd eastward took his way, alone and sad,\nHalf cursing, in his heart, a maid so base and bad.\n\nXXXIX.\nBut when the little boys and girls surveyed\nHis lack-nose visage as he traveled by,\nSome to their mothers' houses ran, afraid,\nTo tell them what a face had met their eye;\nSome with their fingers pointed, undismay'd,\nGiggling and blithe at his deformity;\nEven ploughmen, at the road-edge, paused,\nAnd held their sturdy sides, and loudly laughed awhile.\n\nCanto Fifth. XL.\n\nYet onward held the hapless laird his gait,\nRegardless of their mockery and scorn;\nHis sole vexation was the girl ingrate,\nIn whose defense his beauty had been shorn.\nHe soon attained the ample hall, where sate,\nIn morning dishabille, the fair forsworn;\nAnd, entering boldly in his angry mood,\nWith grimly-flattened face before her frowning stood.\n\nCanto Fifth. XLI.\n\n\"Fie, Horror! Who art thou/ She scoffing said,\nThat with a defective face, horrible to see,\"\nDarest you advance into my room,\nTo frighten my lapdog and sicken me?\nGo, hie thee homeward, thou deformity,\nAnd hide that aspect in the dingles of Carnbee;\nThere with thy rabbits burrow thee, till sprouts\nForth from between thy cheeks a beautifying snout.\n\n178 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLII.\n\"This said, the insulting creature from her chair,\nRed with resentment, on a sudden springs,\nAnd bolting forward with a saucy air,\nHer shapely person from the chamber flings,\nLeaving her honest laird confounded there,\nHeart-anguished by vexation's sharpest stings,\nThat he may vent his anger and his fume\nOn the fair carved chairs that decorate her room.\n\nXLIII.\n\"He had no long time to displace and vent\nOn the fair chairs his bosom-choking ire;\nFor, from his closet by Miss Susan sent,\nSir Michael rushed, the sorcerer stout and dire.\"\nWith staff in hand, he rattled chastisement upon the squire's ribs and backbone. He beat him from the house with a magic stick, adding surly words and rude, discourteous kicks.\n\nCanto Fifth. XLIV.\n\n\"Poor Melvil! grieved, mortified, and damp,\nHe turned his back upon the uncivil door,\nAnd, musing vengeance, down the alley trampled,\nAs Boiyd his heart with indignation o'er.\nHe bit his lip, and cursed the soil, and stamp'd,\nChafing his wrath with imprecation more;\nFor what man, so misused, could have forborne\nTo ban Sir Michael Scott, and sue the fair forsworn?\n\nXLV.\n\n\"So down the avenue he banishing past,\nScarce conscious where in his fret he went,\nTill twilight tenanted the sky at last,\nPavilioning o'er earth her sable tent,\nAnd the round moon, up-wheeling from the vast\nOf sea, in pomp of clouds magnificent,\n\"\nEmbellished with her sober silvery shine,\nThe leaves and barky trunks of Thirdpart's fir and pine,\n180 Anster Fair.\nXLVI.\n\"Alas! was I ever like this poor lover,\n(He thus aloud deplored his wretched case,)\nSo fooled, abused, and cuckolded to my cost,\nSo beaten into sorrow and disgrace!\nWas not enough that for the jade I lost\nThe rising honors of my ruined face;\nBut, like a hedge-born beggar, tatters-hung,\nThus from her hated gate I must be switch'd and flung?\nXLVII.\n\"May vengeance seize thee, thou foul wizard churl,\nFor basting me at such an irksome rate!\nMay Satan grip thee by the heel, and hurl\nThy carcass whizzing through hell's hottest gate!\nAnd as for thee, thou proud ungrateful girl,\nWhose baseness, to my grief, I know too late,\nMay some good power, the injured lover's friend,\nOn thy perfidious head a wing of requital send!\nCANTO FIFTH, XLVIII.\n\"His prayer he thus ejaculated:\nNor knew that some good power was near to hear.\nIn the midst of a flowery brake,\nThat, white with moonshine, spread its thicket near,\nLay Tommy Puck, the gentle fay, awake,\nAnd Mrs. Puck, his gentle lady dear,\nBasking and lolling in the lunar ray,\nAnd tumbling up and down in brisk fantastic play.\nXLIX.\n\"Quoth frisky Tommy to his elfin wife,\n'Didst thou not hear the gentleman, my chuck?\n'Tis young Carnbee, the sweetest laird of Fife,\nWhom sour Sir Michael with his cane has struck.\nWhat think you? -- By Titania's precious life!\nFits it not now the tender-hearted Puck\nTo assist an injured lover, and to plot\nA scheme of nice revenge on Sue and Michael Scott?'\"\n182 ANSTER FAIR.\n\"'Surely, my dear!' his fairy consort said,\n'Go forth, and to the man address thy talk.'\"\nThis heard, he from his bushy arbour's shade\nFlung out his minim stature on the walk,\nAnd stood in dwarfish finery array'd,\nGaudy as summer-bean's bloom-covered stalk.\nHe doffed his hat, and made a bow profound,\nAnd thus bespoke the laird in words of pleasing sound,\n\nLI.\nu Q. Marvel not, Melvil, that before thy feet\nI plant me thus in fearless attitude;\nFor I have heard, within my close retreat,\nWhat thou hast uttered in thy fretful mood;\nAnd well I know thy truth how with deceit\nRepaid, thy faith with base ingratitude.\nGood soul! I pity thee with all my heart,\nAnd therefore from my bush to thy assistance start.\n\nCanto Fifth. LII.\n\n\"For much it grieves Tom Puck's too feeling breast,\nThat one so good, so liberal and true,\nShould thus become a laughter and a jest,\nMock'd, jilted, beaten into black and blue.\nI like to help whom malice has oppressed.\"\nAnd propose, a lover as generous as you;\nAttend with care what I suggest,\nTo baffle, avenge, and laugh to scorn your foes.\n\nIII.\nOn Monday next, the appointed wedding-day,\nFor perjured Sue to Newark to espouse,\nWhen her long hall with feasting shall be gay,\nAnd smoke with meats, with riot, and with bouse,\nFrom thy paternal mansion hasten away,\nAt height of noon, to Thirdpart's bustling house,\nSo that by dinner time, you may be there,\nPrepared to climb the steps of her detested stair.\n\n184 Anster Fair.\n\nIV.\nAnd when the exulting bridegroom and his bride,\nSurrounded by their festive spousal train,\nAre seated at their long and wide tables,\nWielding their noisy forks and knives amain,\nThen burst into the hall with dauntless stride,\nThrough menials, greasy cooks, and serving-men,\nNor speak a word, though in your way they stand.\nBut the scrolls aside with a swing of a boistrous hand.\nLV.\n\"Surprise, be sure, shall seize the feasters all\nAt such a bold intruder on their treat;\nTheir forks, half-lifted to their mouths, shall fall\nDown on their plates, unlightened of their meat;\nYet speak not still, but, casting round the hall\nAn eye whose every glance is fire and threat,\nThou, in a corner of the room, shalt see\nSir Michael's magic staff, the same that basted thee.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 185\nLVI.\n\"Snatch up that magic energetic stick,\nAnd, in thy clench'd hand wielding it with might,\nOn Michael's white bald pate discharge thou quick\nA pellet enough to stun the wizard wight.\nStrange consequence shall follow from that lick;\nYet be not thou amazed or struck with fright,\nBut, springing to the table's upper end,\nLet on his niece's nose an easier pat descend.\n\nLVII.\nI will not now unfold what odd event will suddenly ensue. Plenteous punishment shall light on grim Sir Michael and Sue. Go\u2014 by your nose's cure, be confident that Tommy Puck rightly counsels you. He, from a silver-bright vial, pours out upon his palm a powder small and white. And to his mouth up-lifting it, he blows the magic dust on Melville's blemish'd face. When (such its power) behold, another nose sprouts out upon the scarr'd and skinless place, and to the astonished moon, fair-jutting, shows its supplemental elegance and grace. Which done, he, shining like a bright glow-worm, plunges deep amid the brake his puny pretty form.\n\nAmaze had taken Melville, when appeared before his steps the pigmy fay; yet not with less attention had he heard.\nWhat courteous Tommy did kindly say:\nThat heart, late vexed and tortured, now was cheered,\nAnd merrily beat in hope's delightful play.\nHomeward he jogged from Thirdpart's haunted shade,\nProud of his novel nose, and Tommy's tendered aid.\n\nCanto Fifth. 187\nLX.\n\nThe day arrived when saucy Sue should wed\nYoung Newark, vaping in his scarlet coat;\nFrom his paternal mansion Melvil sped\nTo Thirdpart-house, to achieve his ready plot.\n\nIt was dinner-time; the tables all were spread\nWith luscious sirloins reeking richly hot,\nGravies and pies, and steaming soups of hare,\nAnd roasted hen and goose, and titbits nice and rare.\n\nLXI.\n\nSue sat at the table's place of honor,\nDealing the warm broth from its vessel out;\nWhile, slashing with his knife through lean and fat,\nSir Michael carved at the lower end.\n\n'Twas nought but mirth, and junketing, and chat.\nAnd handing wings and legs of fowl about,\nAnd noise of silver spoons, and clank and clatter\nOf busy forks and knives, of porringer and platter.\n\nAnster Fair. LXII.\n\nSquire Melvil heard without the dinner's din,\nNor tarried, but, with brisk and boist'rous bound,\nJumped up the stairs, and rudely rushing in,\nDashed down whom standing in his way he found.\n\nMenials and apron'd cooks of greasy chin,\nFist-foundered, went a-rapping to the ground,\nWith all their loads of sauces, meats, and plates,\nIn ruin fat and rich hurdled on their pitiful pates.\n\nAnster Fair. LXIII.\n\nThe feasters were astonished when they viewed\nSuch bold intruder stand before their eyes;\nThe morsels in their mouths that lay half-chewed\nCould not be swallowed through their great surprise;\nTheir half-raised forks, bestuck with gobbets good,\nDropped, as if impotent, more high to rise.\nEach one stared at his neighbor, as if asking, What does Squire Melvil there?\nCanto Fifth. LXIV.\nThere was a moment's silence in the hall,\nAs if pale Death, the chapless and the grim,\nHad taken them all by the throat,\nWith his long, fleshless, scraggy fingers slim;\nTill, throwing round his glance from wall to wall,\nThe squire discerned the staff with tassel trim,\nSir Michael's staff with head of silver white,\nWherewith he was enjoin'd its owner's poll to strike.\nLXV.\nHe flew, he grasped it by its silver rind,\nAnd to the ceiling swinging it on high,\nBrought down on Michael's pate, as quick as wind,\nA pellet that whistled and rattled horribly;\nSounded his bald skull with the unkind stroke,\nRe-echoing in each lore-filled cavity.\nWhen, O the wonder! On his high armchair,\nThe churlish knight was transformed into a hare instantly.\n\nLXVI.\nHis dainty head, with learning so replete,\nCollapsed, grew round, and little, and long-eared;\nHis arms, which yet were stretched to carve the meat,\nQuite shrunken into two fore-legs appeared;\nHis brawny thighs turned hind-legs on his seat,\nWhereon his metamorphosed form was reared;\nAnd, to complete the quadruped, out sprouted\nA short tail from his rump, with plenteous hair about it.\n\nLXVII.\nHe sat not long, but, transmogrified,\nOn his chair, he lighted on the carpet-covered floor,\nScudded as swift as lightning down the stair,\nOn his four bestial legs, to gain the door.\n\n\"Hollo!\" cried boy and groom, \"A hare! A hare!\"\nAs flew he from the house their eyes before:\n\"Hollo!\" let loose on Puss the fleet greyhound,\nWas bawled in Thirdpart's court from one to another.\nCanto Fifth, 191, LXVIII.\nA fleet greyhound, unkenneled in a twink, began the keen pursuit after Puss. Over plowed, sown, green, and fallow ground, with levret craft and weary foot's wile, it skipped, scudded, and ditch-o'erleaped, bound. The wizard ran in the guise of a hairy brute, while snuffling out with a sapient nose his track. Came yelling at his heels all Thirdpart's clamorous pack, LXIX.\nThey scoured eastward, out-scampering the gale, long-winded dog and panting hare, till taking refuge in the streets of Crail, Sir Michael plunged him in a jaw-hole there. He left without his foes with a wagging tail, worrying the sky with bark of loud despair. As he, secure, was fain to slink and cuddle, encaved beneath the street, within his miry puddle.\n\nCanto Fifth, 191, LXX.\nLet us leave the knight to cuddle fain.\nAnd a long-tongued dog volleyed out his yell, and we turned to the banquet-hall again, where Michael's metamorphosis befell. No sooner saw the squire that the staff had lighted and succeeded, than, bounding up to where jilt Susan sat, on her fair nose's bridge he brought a gentle pat.\n\nLXXI.\n\"A second miracle ensues; for, lo!\nThat nose, her countenance's pride and grace,\nGrows out and shoots and lengthens at the blow,\nRidiculously sprouting from her face;\nAnd aye it swells and beetles more and more,\nTapering to such a length its queer disgrace,\nThat dips its point at last amid the broth\nThat near her lies in dish upon the tablecloth.\n\nCANTO FIFTH. 193\n\nLXXII.\n\"Nor did her aspect only suffer shame;\nFor, in proportion as extends her nose,\nHer shoulders, late so beautiful of frame,\nInto a hump hugely rose.\"\nMost mountainous and high, she was, as the fair bride arrayed in sumptuous wedding clothes. Her very gown was burst and riven through with the large, strangely big swell. LXXIII.\n\nThen the room shook with laughter's frequent crack, as the guests each droll excrescence rose. One pointed to her still-upheaving back, one to her nose's still-enlarging size. Ha! ha! from every squire's throat loudly broke; Te-hee! each lady chuckles and replies. Heavens, what a hideous nose! cried every dame; Heavens, what a hideous hump did every laird claim.\n\nLXXIV.\n\nSuch was the punishment which silly Sue from her resentful, much-wronged lover bore, and so was sour Sir Michael punished too, for caning honest Melvil from her door. Wherefore, as now the work of vengeance was due, Charlie left her chamber-floor.\nAnd turned his face, rejoicing, towards home,\nMuttering his grateful thanks to little elfin Tom.\nAnster Fair.\nCanto VI.\n\nGay-hearted I began my playful theme,\nBut with a heavy heart I end my song;\nFor I am sick of life's delirious dream,\nSick of this world and all its weight of wrong.\nEven now, when I again attempt to stream\nMy merry verse, as I was wont, along,\n'Tween every sportive thought there now and then\nFlows a sad serious tear upon my playful pen.\n\n198 Anster Fair.\nII.\n\nScarce had the victor ceased his hindmost clause,\nWhen from the immensity of folk afar,\nRose such a hideous shout of loud applause,\nAs ever stunned with outcry sun or star.\nEach tongue grew riotous within its jaws,\nClacking an acclamation popular;\nHands, high overhead uplifted, round and round,\nStruck plausive palm on palm, and clapt a rattling sound;\nIII.\nAnd twenty thousand hats, aloft thrown,\nIn black ascension, blot heaven's blue serene,\nOver Anster's crowded Loan\nWith crown and rim, as with a dusky screen;\nAnd bonnets broad, and caps of sharpening cone,\nAfloat between earth and firmament are seen;\nAnd lasses' cowls and hoods, uptost on high,\nEncroach with tawdry clout upon the clouds of sky.\n\nCanto Sixth. IV.\n\nAs when a troop of locusts, famine-pined,\nFrom Edom's unblest monster-breeding womb,\nSail on the hot wings of the southern wind,\nWriggling aloft their sky-hung mass of gloom;\nAnd where El Sham's clear golden rivulets wind,\nThrough her gay gardens distributing bloom,\nThey light, and spread their devastation round,\nBepainting black as pitch the green luxuriant ground:\n\nJust such a darkness mounts into the sky,\nOf hat and hood, of bonnet and of cap.\nSo thick, those who swing them up on high are heard to shout and clap below. For still the folk applaud it lustily, and pain their tingling palms with noisy rap, expressing thus, with deafening acclamation, their hearty approval of Robert's merry tale.\n\n200 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nVI.\n\nNor sits the Monarch idle to the acclaim, but rising up majestic from his chair, with kingly praise augments the Victor's fame, and clapping, grinds between his palms the air. Then seizes he the fingers of the Dame, and gently raising from her seat the fair, he, as the sign and seal of marriage-band, slips into Robert's grasp his Maggie's tender hand.\n\nVII.\n\nHe bade his choir of trumpeters apply to mouth their hollow instruments of sound, and, in an unison of clangour high, publish the marriage to the world around. The fellows blew it to the peak of sky.\nAnd the sky sent down again the loud rebound;\nEarth did to heaven's high top the news up-throw,\nAnd heaven rebuked back the alarm down below.\n\nCanto Sixth. II.\n\nBut now the beam-haired coursers of the sun,\nAll smoking with their fiery hot fatigue,\nTheir task of charioting had pranced and run,\nAnd hurled in sea their hissing golden gig;\nTheir unshorn driver had but just begun\nBeyond the Isle of Bute the wave to swig;\nAnd, twinkling o'er Auld Reekie's smoke afar,\nPeeped through heaven's mantle blue the modest evening-star.\n\nIX.\n\nAnd soon the moon, in hood of silver drest,\nAll glistering and gladsome as may be,\nForth from her glorious casement in the east\nLooked laughing down upon both land and sea,\nAnd on the bosom of the darkening west\nHer pearly radiance shot rejoicingly:\nAlso the heads of all that fill the Loan.\nWaxed yellow with the rays that on it streaming shone,\nAnster Fair.\nTherefore, as now the damp nocturnal air\nBegan to dribble down its chilly dew,\nAnd as of all the business of the Fair\nNaught now remained on the green to do,\nThe herald, from beside the Monarch's chair,\nAbroad the signal of dispersion blew,\nThat the wild multitude, dispersed around,\nShould now break up its mass and leave the nighted ground.\nXL\nWhich heard, the congregated folk upbroke\nWith loud disruption their diffusion vast,\nAnd, split and shoaling off in many a flock,\nWith homeward squeeze they turbulently past.\nBeneath their feet the pillar'd earth did rock,\nAs up to Jove a dusty cloud they cast,\nThat blear'd the bright eyes of night's glimmering queen,\nAnd choked the brilliant stars, and dimm'd their twinkling sheen.\n\nCanto Sixth. 203.\nXII.\nAnd such the clutter was, when shoal from shoal with violent impulse was torn and riven. As when the vaulting ice that floors the pole, touched by the fiery shafts of warming heaven, splits into fractured isles, that crash and roll diverse, athwart the molten ocean driven. The Greenland boatman hears the noise afar, and blesses for its heat day's winter-routing star.\n\nXIII.\nSo loudly rushed from Anster's cumbered Loan The burdenous and bustling multitude, Kicking the overtrampled earth they trod upon With saucy heel in their impetuous mood. Some to their tents of blanket jumped anon, That on the fields and crofts adjoining stood; Some to their booths and houses in the town Hie hot with huddling haste, and hop and hurry down.\n\n204 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXIV.\nMeanwhile, the King, as now sufficient space Was for his passage clear'd about the mound,\nDescended from his lofty honored place,\nWhere he sat 'midst his gallant courtiers round,\nClose at his right hand walked, with grace,\nThe well-earned prize, bright Maggie the renowned,\nWhile the great Victor at his other side\nAttended blithe and brisk, exulting in his bride.\n\nXV.\nOn their brave nags their persons up they swing,\nAnd to the borough gently jogging ride,\nHemmed thick around with an illustrious ring\nOf gay court-ladies, trooping side by side,\nAnd lords, whose coats with gold lace spangled, fling\nBack on the abashed moon her beamy pride,\nAnd jolly knights, and booted esquires stout,\nAnd burghers, clowns, and boys, a noisy rabble-rout.\n\nCanto Sixth. 205\n\nXVI.\nAs downward to the town they tramp and trot,\nThe mingled peals of gratulation rise;\nFor, on their cats (fiddlesticks), bickered and skipped\nIn funny furious wise.\nAnd trumpet reared again its solemn note,\nSonorously, assailant on the skies,\nFull loudly lifting, in a jocund tune,\nThe name of Ranter Rob up to the moon.\n\nXVII.\nAnd sounding cymbals clink and ring sublime,\nClash'd overhead in lofty unison,\nAnd fife and flute in merry whistle chime,\nSoothing the lulled ear with dulcet tone,\nWhile aye the bass-drum, at his proper time,\nSwallows the music with his sudden groan;\nTill drum, flute, cymbal, trumpet, all are drowned\nIn shouts that pealing rise from the mad mob around.\n\n206 Anster Fair.\n\nXVIII.\nThus rode the train, as if in triumph, down,\nExulting, through the night's moon-gilded shade,\nTill reaching Maggie's quarter of the town,\nStops at her house the splendid cavalcade;\n(For be it now, my good co-townsmen, known,\nThat in the East-green's best house fair Maggie staid,)\nXIX.\nA group stopped near St. Ayle's small lodge, where in modern times,\nAdmits to mystic rites her bustling masons, gay.\n\nCanterbury Tales, Penguin Classics, W.B. Yeats (ed.), 1957\n\nXIX.\nThey stopped near St. Ayle's small lodge, where in modern times,\nThe bridegroom, jolly-minded king,\nAnd showy nobleman, and lady fair,\nFrom pad and saddle on the causeway spring,\nAnd, passing in due order up her stair,\nThe good landlady to her chamber brings,\nA pomp of rare attendance, brave and bright,\nWith sweetly-biting jest and joke of dear delight.\n\nCanto Sixth. Line 207\nXX.\nIn her torch-brightened chamber they sat down\nUpon her chairs, jocundly one and all,\nAnd exercised their tongues in social prate.\nUntil Maggie's cooks and James's seneschal\nCould well prepare and range each supper-plate\nOn her long table in her dining-hall.\n\nLet us leave awhile King, Lord, and Lady,\nAnd saunter through the town till supper's fare is ready.\n\nXXI.\nHeavens! The people reel from street to street, as if they didn'92t know where to rush for joy. Rocks the causeway with incessant heel, Of hurrying man, wife, maid, and boy. From lane and wynd, the sounds of gladness peal, Hitting the stars with clamorous annoy, As all the houses' walls and roofs are bright With bonfire's yellow glow, and candles' gentler light.\n\n208 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nXXII.\n\nFor in each window's every pane is seen, Stuck into fitly-fashioned wood or clay, A tallow-candle flinging forth its sheen To augment the illumination's bright display: How flame the houses with a lustre keen. In emulation of the sun-bright day! Even the poor old wife's back-room window glows, Gilding the good green kail that underneath it grows.\n\nXXIII.\n\nWhile in each well-paved street and alley straight, And at the Cross, and up along the Loan,\nTheir spiry curls raise high, huge bonfires elevate,\nCracking with heat the ground and causey-stone;\nFor every bonfire was a cart-load great\nOf Dysart coal, that redly flashed and shone,\nEmblazing with its tongues of flame so bright,\nThe dusk and smutty brow of star-bestudded night.\n\nCanto Sixth. 209\nXXIV.\nAnd gauntress'd round each ruddy fire about,\nHogsheads of porter and of cheery ale\nForth from their little gurgling bungholes spout\nTheir genial streams in tankard, pot, and pail.\nO 'twas a wild notorious guzzling bout!\nThat night no throat was narrow or was frail,\nBut, in long draught, delicious, swallowed down\nThe barley's mantling cream, and beverage stout and brown.\n\nXXV.\n(Not from thy brewhouse's well-barrel'd store,\nO Roger! comes a drink of stronger proof;\nThough foams thy hearty ale the tankard o'er,\nAnd sends its cork a-thundering to the roof.)\nEven ancient men, whose hairs were thin and hoar,\nDid not stay from the fuddle's fun aloof,\nBut drank till every head was giddy turning,\nAnd to their reeling eyes each fire in sky seemed burning.\n\nAnster Fair. XXVI.\n\nYet not all night each brisk warm-blooded boy,\nSat drinking with his sweetheart blithe and boon;\nThey, on the Loan, in many a reel employ'd\nTheir bouncing bodies wriggling to the moon,\nAnd almost wince away their heels for joy,\nTossing and riving their dance-bursten shoes,\nWhile ever and anon, or ere she wist,\nSmack by her partner dear each bonny lass was kissed.\n\nAnster Fair. XXVII.\n\nSuch out of doors was the disport and house,\nBut higher was the pitch of joy within:\nThat night was Anster's every barn and house\nConverted into tippling-shop and inn;\nGarrets and bed-rooms reek'd with hot carouse,\nAnd steaming punch of whisky and of gin.\nThe kitchen fires are crowded round and round\nWith rings of lively lads that swig their bowls profound\n\nCanto Sixth. 211\nXXVIII.\n\nHey! how their glasses jingle merrily!\nHow rings the table with their revel-roar!\nHow, as they toast their Mag with three times three,\nSounds with loud heel the vex'd, tormented floor!\nThey sing, they clap, they laugh with honest glee;\nWere never seen such merry men before!\n\nThrough window glass and stony wall bursts out\nAbroad on night's dull ear the wassail's frequent shout.\n\nXXIX.\n\nBut now, in Maggie's tapestry-decked hall,\nServes is the sumptuous marriage-supper up,\nAnd clean neat-handed cook and seneschal\nHath set each mess, and dish, and plate, and cup;\nSo down in seemly order sit they all,\nWith stomachs stiff and resolute to sup,\nAnd set their grinding forks and knives to work.\nOn turkey, goose, hen, cold veal, and cheek of pork. Anster Fair.\n\nIt is not my hardship to relate\nWhat various dishes burdened Maggie's board,\nWhat lay on this, and what on the other plate,\nWhat lady was helped first, and by what lord,\nWhat mess the King, and what the others ate:\nThat would be tedious trifling, upon my word;\nI will not do't, though I could tell, in truth,\nHow often each fork was raised to every mouth.\n\nSuffice it, good my townsmen, that you know,\nThat there were these dishes at the royal feast:\nAll the cates which kingly banquets show\nWere spread before them, fragrant, rich, and good.\nAnd though some ate less and some ate more,\nEach ate as much, be certain, as he could,\nTill, tired at last of piddling with their gums,\nThey eased of knife and fork their fingers and thumbs.\n\nCanto Sixth. Anster Fair. 213.\nBut when the sound of teeth had ceased in the hall,\nAnd fork and knife lay idle on their plate,\nAnd guest and hostess, backward leaning all,\nTheir toothpicks now were plying, saturated.\nUp from his seat arose the bridegroom tall,\nWhere to his blooming spouse opposed he sat,\nAnd ere the tablecloth was taken away,\nHe turned him to the King and thus addressed his say:\n\nXXXIII\n\"Think not, my Liege, that fortune or chance\nToday has made me in my conquest blest,\nImpelling me by casual circumstance\nTo jump without a warrant like the rest.\n'Twas not alone with Heaven's high sufferance\nI put my jumping-prowess to the test;\n'Twas by its order I in sack was bound;\n'Twas with its favor, too, that I my bride have found.\"\n\nXXXIV.\nDo not deem that some dumb beldam, Satan's tool,\nOr wily witch, or second-sighted seer,\nWas the cause of this my sudden leap.\nFor, on an evening in December last,\nI sat me in my dining-room alone,\nMusing upon the late heard news so odd,\nBlown from the trump of fame and crier's throat abroad,\n\nCanto Sixth. 215\n\nFor, in my fingers, I happened to take\nThe pepper-box, where lurked my spicy stores,\nAnd held it o'er my plate, intent to shake\nThe fragrant atoms from its little bores,\nWhen, as my hand inverted it, there broke\nA vision fair, as if in golden glow.\n\nXXXV.\n\n\"Hath, oracling, deceived me like a fool,\nTo think I to supernal power am dear:\nNo, Monarch; by the cowl of old St. Rule,\nI heard the order with no proxy ear,\nAnd with my own true eye unfalsified,\nI even upon my chair the goodly vision spied.\n\nXXXVI.\n\n\"I happened in my fingers up to take\nThe pepper-box, where lurked my spicy stores,\nAnd held it o'er my plate, intent to shake\nThe fragrant atoms from its little bores,\nWhen, as my hand inverted it, there brake\nA vision fair, as if in golden glow.\"\nOut from the lid's small perforated pores\nA stream of beauteous smoke, that, like a mist,\nCurl'd its delicious wreaths around my shaded fist.\nXLVII.\n\"Astonished at the prodigy, I threw\nThe steaming box upon the tablecloth,\nWhen, more with miracle to amaze my view,\nIt frisked and trotted 'mid the plates, I'th' truth,\nAnd ceased not from its numerous holes to spue\nIts incense, white as flakes of ocean froth,\nUp-sending to the ceiling of the room\nIts supernat'ral flux of pure and fragrant fume.\n216 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLVIII.\n\"I sat and gazed\u2014not long; when, strange to say,\nForth from that reeky pillar's paly base\nStarted at once a little female fay,\nGiggling and blithely laughing in my face.\nHer height was as the lily, that in May\nLifts to the sun her head's envermeil'd grace,\nHer beauty as the rays of various glow.\"\nThat  glorify  the  length  of  heaven's  sea-drinking  bow. \nXXXIX. \n\"  The  gown  in  which  her  elfship  was  array'd, \nLike  to  the  peacock's  painted  feather  shined, \nAnd  on  the  tablecloth  redundant  spread \nIts  lustrous  train  for  half  a  foot  behind ; \nOver  her  breast  her  purple-striped  plaid \nLay  floating  loose  and  thin  as  woven  wind  ; \nAnd  gorgeous  was  her  head-dress  as  the  hue \nOf  Iris-flower,  that  spreads  her  velvet  petals  blue. \nCANTO  SIXTH.  21 \nXL. \n\"  Deck'd  was  her  neck's  circumference  with  row \nOf  diamonds,  strung  on  thread  in  costly  band^ \nSmall  pearly  berries  that  are  wont  to  grow \nUpon  the  bushes  of  old  Fairyland  ; \nAnd  in  each  diamond's  orb  so  fair  in  show, \nMy  candle's  image  burning  seem'd  to  stand, \nThat  her  white  slender  neck  was  all  in  gleam, \nDoubly  impearled  thus  with  light's  reflected  beam. \nXLI. \n\"  And  pendent  from  her  neck  by  golden  thread, \nA little dangling silver lute I saw,\nOf fashion rare, and quaintly polished,\nNot thicker than a pipe of oaten straw.\nShe laughed and nodded courteously her head,\nBelike to clear away my doubt and awe;\nFor, sooth to say, I was not unafraid,\nWhen from my pepper-box good lady Fay appeared.\n\nShe dropped a curtsy, reverently low,\nAnd thus bespoke in clear and mellow voice:\n'Twas sweeter than the chiming winds that blow\nUpon the Ionian harp a whiffled noise: --\n'Excuse me, good your worship, that I so\nWith my quaint presence mar your supper's joys:\nI have some little matter to impart;\n'Twill not detain you long. Nay, Robert, do not start.\n\nXLII.\n\n\"Compose thee, Squire, and calmly give thine ear\nTo what shall from my gentle mouth proceed,\nFor mickle shall it profit thee to hear\nAnd prize aright the value of my rede;\"\nAnd be assured, Rob, your person is dear\nTo the slim creatures of the fairy breed,\nPeering from out my box of spice, I tender,\nFor your weal, my uncompelled advice.\n\nCanto Sixth. 219. XLIV.\n\"Have you not heard the wondrous news today,\nThrough all the marches of the Border blown,\nOf sports, and games, and celebrations gay,\nPromulgated to be held in Anster Loan,\nAnd that a maid the victor's toils shall pay,\nA maid whose beauty is exceeded by none?\nYou have - and I surprised you deep in muse,\nPondering on the import of such amazing news.\"\n\nXLV.\n\"Go, when o'er Cockraw peeps light's golden horn,\nAnd seek a supple ass on which to ride;\nGo, seek a long sack, sturdy and untorn,\nWherein to jump with drolly-trammelled stride;\nGo, seek a bagpipe, whose wind-pouch unworn,\nMay well the wrath of prisoned breath abide.\"\nGo, set thy brain to work like a vat of ale,\nAnd sketch for Mag some smart, ingenious tale.\n220 ANSTER FAIR.\nXLVI.\nAnd know, when at the Loan is tried thy skill,\nThy ass I'll nettle on with spur unseen;\nInto thy bones and sinews I'll instil\nGreat vigor to o'erjump the quaking green;\nThy bagpipe's pouch with tempest I will fill,\nLending thy tune a witchery not mean;\nAnd from thy study-racked perplexed brains\nA merry tale I'll squeeze, the helpmate of thy pains.\nXLVII.\nSo shalt thou, Squire, in Scotland's view be crowned,\nUpon the spot with victory and fame,\nAnd ride a happy bridegroom from the ground,\nElate, and glorying in thy peerless dame:\nYet when thy toil's transcendent prize is found,\nAnd marriage-revelries thy joy proclaim,\nI charge thee, as my aid shall make thee blessed,\nForget not what I now, as to my box, request.\nCanto Sixth, 221 XLVIII.\n\"This box - this pepper-box - this homely shrine,\nWherein I'm confined by wizard spell,\nMust be transported in a pouch of thine,\nWhen thou to Anster Loan dost take thy way;\nAnd when thou down to marriage-feast and wine\nShalt sit in Maggie's hall, a bridegroom gay,\nThen from thy pocket draw it in a trice,\nAnd on the tablecloth lay down the box of spice.\n\nXLIX.\n\"Ask not the purport of my odd behest,\n'Twill be unriddled in the proper place;\n'Tis thine to effect the task, and leave the rest\nTo Madam Puck's good complaisance and grace.'\u2014\n\nHere Madam Puck her piping voice suppress'd,\nAnd, with a sweet smile on her little face,\nRear'd up the small lute in her lily fist,\nAnd with her rose-red lip its furbish'd silver kiss'd.\n\nU\n222 Anster Fair.\n\"She played a tune so delicate and sweet,\nSo overpowering with its ravishment,\nThat I could no longer sit,\nBut up and capering over my chamber went,\nAs if within the soles of both my feet\nA store of frisky mercury was pent;\nAnd, by the bye, 'twas just the tune\nWith which my bagpipe today your reeling Loan bewitched.\n\n\"At length she ceased, and in a stroke of the eye,\nDelved down within her spicy jail again,\nAnd in her stead left curling bonnily\nA smoke whose odour ravished nose and brain.\nNo more, my gracious Liege \u2014 what need have I\nLonger to talk, where talking would be vain?\nBehold \u2014 what Mrs. Puck commanded me \u2014\n'Tis but a sorry thing \u2014 the pepper-box\u2014 see?\"\n\nCanto Sixth. 223\nIII %\n\nThus speaking, from the pocket of his coat,\nWherein he had conveyed it to our town,\nThe goblin-haunted pepper-box he brought,\nAnd, laughing, set it on the table down.\nGreat laughter crackled in the Monarch's throat,\nAs on the cloth he saw the thing thrown;\nAnd giggling guests began to fling their jeers and jokes\nUpon the paltry frame of Rob's pepper-box.\n\nLIII.\n\nBut soon their blithe mood was changed to fearful,\nWhen straight before each half-mistrusting eye,\nThe bawbling box of pepper, where it stood,\nBegan again to dance spontaneously,\nFidgeting and frisking in strange inquietude,\nAmong the plates that thickly-ranged lie,\nDirecting to the table's middle part\nIts motion by the side of broken pie and tart.\n\nLIV.\n\nYet to a greater pitch their wonder grew,\nWhen at the table's other end, they spy\nFair Maggie's mustard-pot commencing to\nGambol and fidget in sympathy;\n(The self-same pot whence burst to Maggie's view\nOf late Tom Pucker, with brightly-breeched thigh;)\nAs would a hen leap on a fire-hot griddle.\nSo the mustard-pot leaped toward the table's middle.\n\nLV.\nFor a short while, pepper-box and pot flirted,\nMost laughable, yet fearful to be viewed,\nUntil, meeting on the table's midmost spot,\nThe ignoble bouncing vessels stood stock-still.\nAnd from their little cells, where lay the hot\nGround pepper and the biting mustard good,\nWere in a moment seen to break\nTwo parallel white shafts of silvery spouting reek.\n\nCanto Sixth. 225\nLVI.\nAscending, curl'd, not long, each separate fume,\nUp-throwing to the roof its preciousness,\nWhen, with a fire-flash that emblazed the room,\nBurst from the hollow mustard-pot's recess\nGood Tommy Puck, the fay of roseate bloom,\nClad in his customed gaudery of dress;\nAnd, with a second gleam of flashy light,\nSprang from the spicy box Good Madam Puck to sight.\n\nLVII.\nWith faces to each other turned, they rise.\nScarce sundered by a finger's length of space,\nAnd in an instant, as they recognize,\nWith a glimpse of quick eye, each the other's face,\nThey fall, as if overcome with sweet surprise,\nOn one another's necks in close embrace,\nLike friends that, having long lived far apart,\nMeet and relieve in tears the joy-overburdened heart.\n\nAstonishment his whitely ensign shows\nOn each spectator's visage at the sight;\nCourtier and King, that sat to table close,\nPushed quickly back their chairs, confounded quite;\nThe ladies hid their faces in their clothes,\nOr underneath the table slunk for fright;\nSave Mag and Rob, who laughed to see once more\nThe tricksy kindly ouphes that hailed them heretofore.\n\nScarce sundered by a fingertip's breadth,\nAnd in an instant, as they recognize,\nWith a swift glance, each the other's face,\nThey fall, as if overwhelmed with sweet surprise,\nIn a close embrace, like friends reunited,\nMeeting after long separation,\nRelieving their hearts with tears of joy.\n\nAstonishment shines in each white face,\nCourtier and king, who sat so close,\nPushed back their chairs in shock,\nLadies hid their faces in their clothes,\nOr hid beneath the table in fright,\nExcept for Mag and Rob,\nWho laughed to see the tricksy little people\nWho had hailed them before.\n\n(Note: \"ouphes\" is likely a typo or error for \"people\" or \"folks.\")\nSit in their dovecot's nested hole,\nTheir liquid wee lips twittered kisses hot,\nIn fond commutality of soul:\nIt was a treat to see how sweetheart-like\nTheir fiery fairy mouths the dear collision strike.\n\nCanto Sixth. 227\nLX.\nAt length, as rapture's first excess was past,\nThey disentangled their endeared embrace,\nAnd toward the King and guests that sat aghast\nTurned round each minim prettiness of face.\nDame Puck to Mag and those beside her placed\nLet fall a curtsy with a courtly grace;\nTom, fronting James, took hat from off his brow,\nAnd curved his goblin back into a goodly bow.\n\nLXI.\nA glance upon the company he shot,\nAnd smiled on Mag that sat at head o' the board,\nThen from his silly dulcet-piping throat\nSweet utterance of word-clad breath he poured.\n\"O Monarch, let amazement seize thee not;\nBe of good cheer, each dame and noble lord.\"\nUngown your timid faces, all ye fair;\nDraw ye to table close, each gentleman, your chair.\n\nAnster Fair.\nLXII.\n\"For do not think that in us twain you spy\nTwo spirits of the petty wicked sort,\nThat, buzzing on bad errand through the sky,\nIn pranks of molestation take their sport,\nConfounding old wives' churns, and slipping sly\nTheir stools from underneath them to their hurt,\nOr chucking young sweet maids below the chin,\nThat so they bite the tongue their tender mouths within.\n\nLXIII.\n\"Of kindlier hearts are Tommy and his spouse,\nAidant to some, benevolent to all;\nFor oft we sweep the thrifty matron's house\nWith besom quaint, invisible, and small;\nOft from her cheese and butter chase the mouse,\nPreyless, into the cavern of his wall;\nAnd oft her churn-staff grip, that in a twink\nThe waves of bubbling cream to buttery masses sink.\n\nCanto Sixth.\nLXIV.\nBut chiefly of young lovers true and kind,\nWe are the patrons and the guardians good,\nLinking each mutual and harmonious mind,\nIn silver cord of dear complacency.\nBut when the vows that should restrain and bind,\nBroke to another's misery we see,\n'Tis ours to take the injured lover's part,\nAnd on the perjured head deal out the avenging smart.\n\nLXV.\n\"Witness what vengeance hit Miss Susan Scott,\nWhose back and visage, for her breach of troth,\nObtained a penal and opprobrious blot,\nSwoll'n out to counterpoise each other's growth;\nAnd though, for our suggestion of that plot,\nTo punish her and her sour guardian both,\nMy wife and I have suffered hard and long,\nYet, by my Monarch's beard! 'twas right to avenge the Anster Fair.\n\nLXVI.\n\"O we have suffered much! \u2014 That wizard foul,\n(Beshrew his meagre, vile, malicious ghost!)\nNo sooner escaped from Crips vile sewer-hole,\nAnd took again the shape that he had lost,\nThan, with his long-tailed demons black as coal,\nThat whiz to serve him from hell's every coast,\nConsulting in his study, soon he learned\nWho prompted Charles to wreak the vengeance earned.\n\nLXVII.\nThen churned the sorcerer's mouth the surly foam;\nHe clenched his fist, and swore by Beelzebub\nHe forthwith should o'er half the country roam,\nBeating each thicket with his oaken club,\nTo find out dapper intermeddling Tom\nIn his inhabited and secret shrub,\nAnd heel him forth reluctant to the day,\nAnd for his pranks chastise upon his breech the fay.\n\nCanto Sixth. 231\n\nLXVIII.\n\"His hat be put on his craft-crammed head,\nHe gripped his hugy gnarled staff in hand,\nAnd down his study-stair, with sounding tread,\nCame spitting smoke like newly-lit brand.\nFrom the gate, he hurried on,\nTo beat the bushlands all around,\nCursing at every step the harmless elves,\nWho aid the wronged in grievous need.\n\nLXIX.\n\"Need it be told? Alas! Too soon he found\nThe bush where I, my dame, was sleeping lay;\nToo soon his cudgel, thrashing round and round,\nGrazed our slim bodies in its dangerous play.\nHad not Oberon saved us both from wound,\nOur brains had fairly been dashed out that day.\nWe woke\u2014we shrieked\u2014his rugged hand he stretched,\nAnd from our leafy bed us by the heels he fetched.\n\n232 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXX.\n\"His long-fingered hairy hands, grasping tight\nOur waists, upreared us to his bearded chin,\nAnd held us there in melancholy plight,\nWriggling our innocent frail members thin:\nHe spat upon our faces with despite,\nGlooming his phiz into a joyful grin;\nThen, lowering down, he plunged us, each into a separate pouch of his great clumsy coat. \"There we lay buttoned in, and closely pent in a dark dungeon of detested cloth, as, tracing back his steps, he homeward went, and to his chamber bore us dangling both. He drew us forth, the wicked churl, intent on base revenge, malevolent and wroth. And with unseemly usage, he treated each, and slapped with a scurvy palm my little harmless breech.\n\nCanto Sixth. 233\nLXXIL\n\n\"Then in his wickedness, he began\nTo practice his detestable device:\nHe took a paltry pepper-box of tin,\nAnd hoisting up my consort in a trice,\nHe pushed her weeping ladyship within,\nClean through the lid, amid the pungent spice:\n(For fairy shapes can be contracted so\nAs through a needle's eye right easily to go.)\"\n\nLXXIII.\n\n\"He pushed her, shrieking, down into the cell,\nWith cruel taunt and mocking, devil-like,\nAnd mutter'd o'er her a confining spell,\nOf hell's abhorred and uncouth gibberish: \u2014\n\"Lie there, Dame Puck,\" he cried, \"bed thee well\nIn the snug durance of thy penal dish;\nThere be a tenant till the day shall come,\nOrdained to enfranchise thee from thy ignoble tomb.\"\n\n234 ANSTER FAIR.\nLXXIV.\n\nA sorry mustard-pot then took the knight,\nAnd, 'twixt his fingers lifting me on high,\nHe pushed and plunged me, yelling with affright,\nAmid the mustard's yellow, sloughy slime;\n\"Lie thou there,\" he cried, \"thou meddling sprite.\nAnd do the proper penance for thy crime;\nThere be a tenant till the day shall come,\nOrdained to free thee from thy ignoble tomb.\"\n\nLXXV.\n\n\"Nor meet Tom Puck and Madam Puck again,\nUntil the fairest maid of Scottish land\nShall to the supplest of all Scotland's men,\nBe wedded.\"\nCharm 9, by his jumping, gives her bed and hand to J.\nThis said, he mumbled over me in my den.\nHis damned spell too hard to understand,\nTo impound and cage me there,\nEven till the day foredoomed to let me loose to air.\n\nCanto Sixth. 235. LXXVI.\n\"And further, he, to sunder us the more,\nAnd interpose large space between us twain,\nTo Melrose Abbey journeying, with him bore\nThe spicy jail, where lay my spouse in pain,\nAnd gave it to the monks, skilled deep in lore,\nTo keep in their charge it might for years remain,\nTo grace the abbey-table, and supply\nTheir kail on feasting-days with pepper hot and dry.\n\nLXXVII.\n\"And there, methinks, for ages it has been,\nTill, as rolled onward Time's fulfilling round,\nBy the wise care of our fairy-queen,\nTo Rob the Ranter's house the way it found,\nWhere, from her box upstarting to his eyne,\nThe spell lost its power that moment,\nMy wife bade Scotland's swiftest man prepare,\nAll for her weal and his, to jump at Anster Fair.\n\n236 ANSTER FAIR.\n\nLXXVIII.\n\"For me\u2014 when first that stern felonious knight\nHad dungeon'd me in penal pot so fast,\nMy jail he did commit that very night\nTo Pittenweem's fat monks, of belly vast,\nThat from its small profundity they might\nSupply with mustard every rich repast,\nAnd in the abbey-pantry guard the cell,\nWhere I, alas! was doomed for many an age to dwell.\n\nLXXIX.\n\"And there I dwelt in dolesome house of clay,\nFar sundered from my wife in sad divorce,\nTill onward drew the freedom-giving day,\nFixed and appointed in time's fatal course,\nWhen Oberon, the silver-sceptred fay,\nThat rules his phantom-tribes with gentle force,\nMy mustard-pot by secret means convey'd\nTo Maggie's house\u2014the house of Scotland's fairest.\"\nI. MAID. Canto Sixth. 237. LXXX.\nHere, as one night upon her supper-board,\nImbogged amid my biting mire I lay,\nMy King a moment broke the spell abhorr'd\nThat kept me pent and pestered night and day.\nI rose, I loosed my tongue to mortal word,\nCommanding her to publish, sans delay,\nThe merry games effective to decide\nWhat supplest-sinew'd Scot should gain her for his bride.\nLXXXI.\nAbroad the games were blown o'er Scottish ground,\nAnd hurried thousands in to Anster Fair :\nThe work is done \u2014 the supplest man is found,\nHe sits the bridegroom and the landlord there ;\nThe fairest maid of all the realm around\nSits yonder, star-like shining on her chair ;\nThe happiest couple they of all beside :\nGod bless you richly both, fair bridegroom and fair bride!\n238. ANSTER FAIR.\nLXXXII.\n\"Nor think, my wedded dears, that you alone\nHave met in joy; the sun his course renews,\nAnd other pairs, like you, their vows renew,\nIn every wood and grove, where love and youth\nDo meet to plight their truth.\"\nBy Anster's gamesome Fair are blessed:\nWe too, who have so long with mutual moan\nIn torment and divorcement lived distressed,\nMeet now again (great thanks to Oberon!)\nRe-wedded, re-possessing, re-possessed,\nA pair of happy fays conjoin'd for ever,\nWhom henceforth wizard's hate shall have no might to sever.\n\nLXXXIIT.\n\n\"And now, my Lord, O King! we must away\nTo taste the sweets of new-found liberty,\nTo ride astraddle on the lunar ray,\nIn airy gallop to the top of sky,\nAnd lave our limber limbs, and plash and play\nAmid the milk that dims the galaxy.\nFarewell! May joys be rain'd on each of you!\nAdieu, thou bridegroom sweet! Thou bonny bride,\nAdieu!\"\n\nCanto Sixth. 239\n\nLXXXIV.\n\nHe gracefully replaced his silver hat on his shining hair,\nAnd seizing by the hand his lady fair,\nSmirked and winked at her face for awhile.\nThen, as swift as a spark from fire or beam from star,\nThat unsubstantial, slim, frail, fairy-brace,\nFrom table heaving off their phantasms small,\nSheer through the window flew the twain,\n\nSheer through the window fleetly flew the two,\nMocking the eye that tried to follow them;\nYet, strange to add! nor wood nor glassy pane\nWas injured of the fairy-pierced window-frame.\n\nAmazement ran in every beating vein\nOf bride, and groom, and king, and lord, and dame,\nAs they beheld the coupled goblins fly\nThrough window-shut and glass abroad into the sky.\n\nLXXXV.\n\nRecovered quickly from their short surprise,\nThey drew to table nearer each his chair:\n\"A bumper fill,\" the sportive Monarch cries,\n\"To Tom and Lady Pack, the elfin pair!\"\n\nLandlord and guest his brimming glass supplies\nFrom bottle with the dainty vine-blood rare.\nThey all drink to the dregs their glasses, the sound of \"Tom and Mrs Puck\" echoing through the hall.\n\nLXXXVII.\nThus they spend the happy minutes,\nIn wine, and chat, and harmless revelry,\nUntil the slow round moon begins to descend\nDown the starr'd ladder of the western sky,\nAnd sleep, that toil-worn man's frail frame must mend,\nHis sponge's balsam wrung on human eye:\nFrom table, then, withdrew to sleeping-room\nCourtier, and king, and dame, and bride, and glad bridegroom.\n\nEND OF ANSTER FAIR.\n\nHARIM;\nA PASTORAL.\n\nHARIM\nA PASTORAL,\nTime, Morning \u2014 Scene, The Holy Land,\nX Air opened on Dothan's verdant lawn\nThe eyelids of the golden dawn;\nThe parted clouds, that, white and rare,\nHad grown upon the nightly air,\nNow smitten, where on high they rest,\nBy the red arrows of the east,\n244 harim;\nMelt in a dewy silent shower,\nPrecious to tree, and bush, and flower.\nEach stately tree that heavenward heaves\nts green magnificence of leaves,\nEach lowly bush that waves in air\nts verdure of entangled hair,\nEach flower whose sweets impregn the gale,\nEach pile of grass that greens the dale,\nNow, gemmed with dewy jewels gay,\nTheir glancing glories round display.\n'Twas as if Morning, ere her first\nRed lustre from the ocean burst,\nHad gather'd all the gems that pave\nThe precious bed of Ophir's wave,\nAnd flung them from her lap around\nOn Dothan's brightly-pearl'd ground.\nSuch was the inviting matin hour\nWhen Harim left his shepherd bower, - A Pastoral.\n\nHarim, the fairest shepherd-swain\nThat ever piped on Dothan's plain,\nHe left his bower and sought the spot\nWhere stood his Sherah's shaded cot, -\nSherah, the fairest shepherd-maid\nOf all that danced in Dothan's shade.\nAs through her window, where entwine\nThe ivy leaves and roses fine.\nThe vine-branch and the jessamine,\nThe rising sun into her cot,\nHis rays of yellow lustre shot,\nClose by her wall, where palm-tree high\nCurves its green roof of leaves in sky,\nUnseen, young Harim took his stand,\nHis silver-stringed harp in hand,\nAnd thus his matin descant sung,\nWith wedded skill of hand and tongue:\n\nAwake, my fair! My love, arise!\nLo! the day breaks, the shadow flies;\n\nThe gaudy morn, robed round with beams,\nHath left the wave of orient streams,\nAnd in her sun-bright sandals proud,\nWalks on yon rosy eastern cloud:\n\nOver the green breast of every lawn\nLong level lines of light are drawn,\nAnd on each hill's white summit play\nThe rivers of refulgent day.\n\nAgain the flowers on earth appear,\nAgain our God revives the year;\nThe vine anew expands her bloom,\nThe tender grapes yield sweet perfume.\nBlooms the broad world, and joy walks on the great circle of the earth. I think each mountain lifts his voice, each valley bids our hearts rejoice; hills, valleys, fields, proclaim that God is in his grandeur gone abroad. Exulting nature chides our stay: Arise, my fair one! come away!\n\nA pastoral.\n\nHigh on his cloud of saffron hue,\nThat richly laps him round from view,\nHark! how the skylark from his throat\nSends far his world-awakening note,\nProclaiming the sweet hour of prime\nFrom his aerial tower sublime.\n\nThe children of the sky awake,\nAnd from green tree, and bush, and brake,\nSing forth their little souls, and raise\nThe loud united hymn of praise.\n\nFor past is now the day of rain,\nAnd Spring, from Sheba's land, again\nHath sent into our native grove\nHer sweets-moaning turtle-dove.\n\nI think each bird that greets the day.\nArise, my fair one! come away!\n'Tis sweet, from slope of hill, to eye\nThe day-spring kindling in the sky,\nWhen Beauty, dancing hand in hand\nWith Morn, flings rose on every land,\nAnd o'er the mountains' haughty heads\nHer wrapping golden mantle spreads:\nBut dearer, Sherah, 'tis to me\nThe day-spring of thine eye to see,\nAnd Beauty's every charm and grace\nSummed up and shining in thy face.\n'Tis sweet to hear the lark on wing\nHis world-awakening anthem sing,\nAnd all the winged sons of sky\nHymn to the Lord their harmony:\nMore dear, my love, it is to me,\nReclined beneath our citron-tree,\nTo hear thy wedded voice and lute\nWith joyous song the mom salute,\nPraising the God that paints the day\nWith golden colours rich and gay.\nArise, my fair one! come away!\n(A Pastoral. 24.9)\n<c In vain for me the turtle-dove.>\nProclaims the spring in Dothan's grove;\nIn vain for me the dew-nursed mead\nWith crocus and with rose is spread;\nIn vain for me, on mountain's side,\nThe vine puts forth her budding pride:\nNo bloom, no joy for me is there,\nIf sundered far from thee, my fair!\nThy presence to my heart is dew;\nThy presence gives the rose its hue;\nThy presence blooms and beauty flings\nOn all the glittering face of things.\nThen come, my love, and let us go\nTo the fresh lawn where violets blow,\nOr to yon sunward grassy steep,\nWhere, at the dawn of morn, our sheep\nRejoice amid the dews to play.\nArise, my fair one! come away!\n\nSo sang the Hebrew shepherd-swain\nHis harp-assisted tender strain,\nWhile at her lattice, flower-inwoven,\nListened the damsel of his love.\n\nNo tarried the maiden long\nIn her cottage, backward to the song:\nShe came, and with her shepherd-boy.\nIs it gone to taste the morning's joy,\nOn yon green steep, where lambkins play\nAmid the dews at dawn of day.\n\nOde to Peace,\nOde to Peace,\n\nDaughter of God! that sittest on high,\nAmid the dances of the sky,\nAnd guidest with thy gentle sway\nThe planets on their tuneful way;\nSweet Peace! shall ne'er again\nThe smile of thy most holy face,\nFrom thine ethereal dwelling-place\nRejoice the wretched, weary race\nOf discord-breathing men?\n\nToo long, O gladness-giving Queen!\nThy tarrying in heaven has been;\nToo long o'er this fair blooming world\nThe flag of blood has been unfurled,\nPolluting God's pure day;\nWhilst, as each maddening people reels,\nWar onward drives his scythed wheels,\nAnd at his horse's bloody heels\nShriek Murder and Dismay.\n\nOft have I wept to hear the cry\nOf widow wailing bitterly;\nTo see the parent's silent tear.\nFor children fallen beneath the spear;\nAnd I have felt so sore\nThe sense of human guilt and wo,\nThat I, in Virtue's passion'd glow,\nHave cursed (my soul was wounded so)\nThe shape of Man I bore.\n\nODE TO PEACE.\n\nThen come from thy serene abode,\nThou gladness-giving Child of God,\nAnd cease the world's ensanguined strife,\nAnd reconcile my soul to life;\nFor much I long to see,\nEre to the grave I down descend,\nThy hand her blessed branch extend,\nAnd to the world's remotest end\nWave Love and Harmony.\n\nTHE END.\n\nOliver & Boyd> Printers, Edinburgh.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"language": "spa", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "date": "1821", "title": "Apologia catolica del proyecto de constitucion religiosa..", "creator": "Llorente, Juan Antonio, 1756-1823", "lccn": "unk81000291", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "ST000232", "identifier_bib": "00173171730", "call_number": "8131065", "boxid": "00173171730", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "mediatype": "texts", "repub_state": "4", "page-progression": "lr", "publicdate": "2013-08-28 11:42:59", "updatedate": "2013-08-28 12:59:01", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "identifier": "apologiacatolica00llor", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2013-08-28 12:59:03", "notes": "No copyright page found. No table-of-contents pages found.", "repub_seconds": "824", "ppi": "600", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "scanner": "scribe10.capitolhill.archive.org", "scandate": "20130911183401", "republisher": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "imagecount": "368", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/apologiacatolica00llor", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t16m5501k", "scanfee": "100", "sponsordate": "20130930", "backup_location": "ia905705_20", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:817059418", "description": "1 v. 161 cm", "republisher_operator": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20130917174425", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "15", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "In the year 1819, I had printed a work titled \"Proyecto de una constituci\u00f3n religiosa,\" considered part of a civil constitution of a free and independent nation, written by an American. A prologue was added to the edition in which I expressed that the publication of the ideas in the Project could be useful, despite the displeasure of the Roman core and the adversaries' financial and jurisdictional interests.\n\nThe work was denounced in the year 1820 by the Reverend Bishop of Bar-\ndon Pedro Jose Avell\u00e1, the vicar general, provisor, and ecclesiastical judge of the diocese, communicated through a judicial decree on June 1, 1600, to fray Roque de Ols\u00ednellas, Benedictine monk of the Clustra-Tarraconense congregation, and fray Juan de Tapias, Dominican friar, that the work should be censored. They carried out this decree on July 4, stating that the work should be prohibited. Based on this decree, the provisor appointed don Lorenzo Colell, a Barcelona lawyer, as the defender of the work. Colell renounced his nomination in favor of don Josef Coroleu, another Barcelona lawyer, who, at the time of proposing his excuse on July 5, declared that this proposition merits publication due to the transcendental importance it contains:\n\n\"Only a long and profound study of the sacred books and holy pages...\"\ndres ^  concilios  y  y  disciplina  de  la  Iglesia ^ \n-puede  facilitar  las  nociones  contenientes \n(i)  Yo  cre\u00ed  ser  Dominicano  como  su  eolega  ,  y  lo \nindiqu\u00e9  as\u00ed  en  la  p\u00e1gina  primera  :  despu\u00e9s  supe  la  yer^ \ndad,  y  la  esp\u00edese  p\u00e1gina  269\u00bb \npdra  entrar  en  el  examen  critico  de  la \nobra  \u00ab. \nEl  provisor  decret\u00f3  en  3 1  de  julio  espe- \ndir edictos  llamando  \u00e1  cualquiera  que  qui- \nsiera encargarse  de  defender  la  obra.  Los \nespidi\u00f3  efectivamente  con  fecha  de  i  r  de \nagosto  y  y  los  hizo  publicar  en  el  Diario \nConstitucional  ^  pol\u00edtico  j  mercantil  de \nBarcelona^  del  martes  dia  i5  del  proprio \njnes^  n\u00famero  i56;  de  cuyas  resultas  otro \ndiario  de  Madrid  (que  me  parece  haber \nsido  la  Miscel\u00e1nea)  dio  \u00e1  conocer  al  p\u00fa- \nUico  el  suceso. \nYo  recib\u00ed  en  Par\u00eds  una  copia  del  edicto  ^ \nimpresa  en  el  diario  citado  de  Barcelona  ; \ny  escrib\u00ed  en  29  de  agosto  al  provisor^  quien \nI responded on September 19th, saying I couldn't comply with the censorship without sending power to a prosecutor to appear as a legitimate party in the process. But I had already expressed in the first of September what had occurred to make the procedures of the provisor of Barcelona seem like a usurpation of power; because the decree of the Cortes from February 22, 1813 (by which the old Inquisition tribunal was suppressed) gave no jurisdiction to the ecclesiastical Ordinaries for cases of prohibition of books, but only for personal matters of the clergy. I knew that my position was read in the Cortes, and that it was sent to the commission of legislation, but I don't know if any decree has fallen. I only know that a copy of my Exposition was.\nThe cited patriotic diary of Barcelona published the following on November 7:\n\nThe edicts of August 2 (the first of their kind in Spain and perhaps unifying) clashed with the Patriotic Society, as noted correctly by the Madrid diarist. The Society of Friends of Barcelona immediately understood the harmful consequences the prohibition of the Project of the Religious Constitution could have for the illustrious national community. To prevent this, they named four individuals to defend the work: Don Antonio Valls, retired captain of the national militias; Don Francisco Rauul; Don Miguel Lamadrid; and Don Josep Antoni Grassot, a Barcelona lawyer.\n\nBy decree on October 18, I was also honored to be named an individual of the same Society, to help with the matter.\nThe four commissioners of the Society came together to the tribunal requesting to be admitted as defenders of the work, and the consequence would be communicated to them regarding the process with the book and the censorship, as had been done in the Edicts. The provisor handed over the matter to the public fiscal and ecclesiastical accuser of the diocese, who responded by refusing the communication of the decree. He decreed to consult the Courts as to whether they would admit the Society as a defendant.\n\nThis decree was notified judicially to the four commissioners, and no other decree or petition presented by them on September 22 was communicated. Perhaps\nThe silence and inaction of the tribunal continued until January 8, 1821, due to the lack of response from the Cortes and the intelligence that the provisor would provide regarding the circular letter of the Ministry of Justice, which was dispatched in the same month of September, due to which the bishops were prevented from usurping jurisdiction concerning the circulation, embargo, and sales of books, and were confined within the literal limits of the decree of the Cortes of February 2, 1813.\n\nThe passage of more than three months without a decree led to such thoughts, but as the Cortes decreed the cessation of the sessions of the patriotic societies as long as certain legal forms were not observed, the provisor of Barcelona ordered each year, in the last month of January, to require the four commissioners if they wished to defend the work.\nDon Francisco Raull and don Antonio Yals apologized with justifiable reasons presented, but don Jose Rafael Grassot accepted, saying that, ignoring who the author was and with the editor absent, he was responsible for the completion of legal actions as a defender - that is, only to practice accurately and impartially the defense of a client.\n\nHe was informed of the proceedings and assigned only fifteen days to meditate, write, copy, and present the defense, which seemed impossible to anyone of sound mind; and although Grassot requested an extension of time, it was denied on February 21. However, an appeal was granted fifteen days later, on February 28.\n\nDon Grassot notified me with a date of [missing].\nseven of February, the end of the fifteen days sending me a copy of the censorship. I received the letter on the twenty-fourth of the calendars of February, and I directed the response as editor, considering it necessary to give the evaluations that the theologians Olsinellas and Tapias had made of the Constitucion Religiosa by Procopio de Castro. This response required me to be seated originally by the defender of the work, without prejudice to the written defense that Doctor Grassot brought, of which I lack the pleasure of reading, but I have no doubt that it is excellent, as I must presume from the great instruction of that jurisconsult and the credit that is given to him by those who know him personally. (114)\n\nThe urgency of time and the scarcity of foreign letters influenced my decision to publish this response without citations or testimonials.\nI. Although I have encountered people who are not convinced of the truth, until they see it upheld by religious and pious men, as well as wise ones; Adi^ Clues wrote, citing many authorities and considering those that seemed important to me. In the meantime, Doctor Grassot was publishing his Defence and Response in Barcelona. Shortly after, on the 5th of April, the people of Barcelona designated several individuals as enemies of the constitutional system and friends of absolute power; among them were the bishop and his provisor.^ieZ/, who, consequently, have gone from being followers to being persecuted, as often happens to intrigers.\n\nThese incidents may perhaps influence the indefinite suspension of the Barcelona process; but it is just to consider the possibility.\nde M.ra delacion tan maliciosamente buscada por cada vez primera y por lo mismo considero forzoso propagar la noticia en el escrito que yo be titulado Apologia catolica, y por causa de su calumniosa imputacion de proposiciones hereticas; mas en realidad es un Tratado de algunos puntos de disciplina eclesiastica.\n\nApologia Catolica\nDEL PROYECTO\nBE\nCONSTITUCION RELIGIOSA,\nESCRITO POR UN AMERICANO,\nY PUBLICADO\nPOR DON JUAN- ANTONIO LLORENTE,\nMesruesta de XLOHEIrigue A JuA Censura Teologica Dada\nPOR FRAY ROQUE OLSINELLAS Y FRAY JOSEF TAPIA,\nFRAYLES DOMINICAIOS, DE ORDEJIARICOS\nBARCELONA^\n\nOh! si yo lograse ver antes de mi muerte la Iglesia de Dios, tal cual era ella en los dias antiguos! \u2014 S. Bernardo en la carta al Papa Eugenio III su discipulo.\n\nJOS censores de esta obra se han condemado.\ncido  en  su  comisi\u00f3n  como  acostumbraban \nhacerlo  antes  los  califi\u00ed^adores  del  estinguido \ntribunal  de  la  Inquisici\u00f3n;  esto  es ^  decidiendo \ncon  autoridad  literario -dogm\u00e1tica  que  se \natribuyen  para  resolver  definiti vaneen  te  cua- \nlesquiera dudas  y  cuestiones,  como  si  bastara \nel  juicio  de  unos  te\u00f3logos  particulares  sin \napoyarlo  con  autoridades  seguramente  dog- \nm\u00e1ticas* \n^.  \u00ed\u00edo  hay  que  admirarse  de  tan  enorme \nrabuso ,  pues  semejantes  censores  est\u00e1n  acos- \ntumbrados \u00e1  ejercer  en  secreto  una  potestad \nque  nadie  les  contradecia.  Pero  gracias  \u00e1 \nDios  j  la  Espa\u00f1a  lleg\u00f3  \u00e1  mas  feliz  estado.  Ces\u00f3 \n^1  secreto  de  los  tribunales  y  por  consiguiente \nde  los  censores;  los  juicios  son  p\u00fablicos ,  y  las \ncensuras  sujetas  \u00e1  ser  censuradas.  El  presente \ncaso  lo  prueba ,  y  voy  \u00e1  demostrarlo. \n3.  Ante  todas  cosas  conviene  tener  pre\u00ab \nsent\u00e9  que  el  autor  del  Proyecto  de  Constituci\u00f3n \nreligious did not write this to reduce the number of articles of faith or the number of precepts of our holy mother the Church, but only to persuade that the civil government of a nation can practically dispense from requiring and compelling its subjects to believe more articles of faith and observe more ecclesiastical precepts, than those established in the first three centuries of the Church.\n\nThis objective is manifested with sufficient clarity in the title of the work, supposedly entitled \"The Constitutional Religion,\" assuming that the Constitutional Religion referred to is considered part of the civil constitution; this is confirmed near the end, cap. i. p\u00e1g. 12, saying: \"Here are the foundations on which I propose to establish an ecclesiastical constitution as part of the civil constitution of a nation that has always followed the Roman religion,\".\nquiere prosiguir con ella, sin los da\u00f1os pecuniarios y pol\u00edticos que sufen Espa\u00f1a, Francia, Napoles, Austria, Italia y Portugal, para que no sea necesario apelar a la separaci\u00f3n de las otras naciones antes indicadas. El sumo Pont\u00edfice (por evitar este peligro) consentir\u00e1 lo que no consintieron Le\u00f3n X y sucesores, pues el escarmiento hace cautos.\n\nDe aqu\u00ed se sigue que si alguna proposici\u00f3n del autor admitiere dos sentidos; uno de oponerse a las definiciones de la Iglesia congregada en concilio general ecum\u00e9nico consideradas en s\u00ed mismas; otro de persuadir solo que el gobierno de la naci\u00f3n puede desentenderse de adoptar, o no, aquellas definiciones, consideradas como parte de la Constituci\u00f3n civil, se debe preferir este segundo sentido, pues \u00e9l es el \u00fanico del autor.\nTo whom it does not matter for its object, the examination of the intrinsic essential part of the propositions defined.\n6. I have been the editor of the work, and as such, I am obligated to defend the author's intention, proceeding with the good faith required in such an interesting matter; and in doing so, I must add that when I adopted his writing with the purpose of publishing it, I formed a concept (which I have not been able to separate myself from after reading the censorship), reduced to the fact that the author of the Project is as good a Catholic, apostolic Roman as any other; that his intention not only differs from wanting to do harm to our holy Catholic, apostolic Roman religion, but rather proves a sincere desire for its conservation and propagation.\n7. This was certainly my concept, and for that reason, I wrote in my prologue: \"The author does not mix in examining intrinsically.\"\nEach point should be satisfied with ensuring they are not considered as grave precepts, whose infraction would be mortal sin. The difference between one and the other is immense. The author adds the doctrinal part and only opposes the quality attributed to the breaking. Jesus could have placed precepts under the penalty of mortal sin; but he did not want to: from this it can be inferred that it was not appropriate. Tranquilize yourselves, then, Catholic bulls: you believe that the Christian religion is favored the more it is brought back to the state in which Christ founded it (i). While philosophy had not yet generalized its lights, the additions made by men could be tolerated.\nSince the enlightenment, aided by printing, has become clear that religion has new classes of enemies. These served the part where religion was becoming wealthy and combated it with serious and burlesque weapons, even managing to make some abandon it as unfounded. Philosophy multiplies its triumphs in proportion to the growing light among men.\n\nWhat will be the means, then, to favor the Christian religion? Will it be by continuing the maxims that gave rise, over two centuries ago, to the separation of more than half?\nde la Europa? If the Jesuits continue as they do now, the number of infidels will multiply infinitely within half a century, because daily the religion is turned into a comic-ridiculous farce and a pretext for extracting money.\n\nM Cerrese to the anti-Christian philosophers, closing the door to their ironies, so that no one can find cause for murmuring against Christianity; that is, the Church abstains from interfering in civil government, and places bishops and presbyters in the same situation as Jesus and the Apostles placed them. The infidels themselves will cease to take the religion as an object of their satire.\n\nThis disinterested system, established through continuous examples of charity towards the neighbor, made the religion so amiable that, having begun it,\nThe text appears to be in a mixed format of English and special characters. I will attempt to clean and translate it to modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\ncon el corto n\u00famero de cien personas o poco m\u00e1s, creci\u00f3 en tres siglos hasta contar millions de cristianos when Constantino se declar\u00f3 its protector. Why not wonder similar results if we restore that system? This truth is well known to the suits; but it does not suit them because their ideas reduce to linking with their interests. Thus, they impute heresies where none exist, as if the world would give them credit without proof.\n\nThis was good when the first Jesuits shouted against Luther, Calvin, and other reformers of the sixteenth century. Now, the number of sabios (sages) is quite considerable. The authority no longer imposes as it did: reason has regained its empire.\ni.e, - therefore, if there is a lover of religion, it is necessary to work in its favor according to the system of the Apostles, as the author of the Project has endeavored.\n\nReproduced all these species because they are sufficient in themselves to demonstrate that neither the author nor the editor had the intention of resolving dogmatically, as theologians, the points that the work treats; but only politically affirming what seems to depend on the civil government of the nation, so that legislators command or do not command regarding the same points, depending on what they consider more useful for the common good.\n\nThe author and editor could have erred, as men; but even if they had effectively erred to the point of writing a heretical proposition, it should be interpreted as a weakness and debility of human understanding and never as heresy.\nI. Introduction to publishing maxims or doctrines that in any way contradict the state religion, as this would be incompatible with the author and editor's clear objective of favoring and supporting Catholicism against the attempts of antichristian philosophers. I now respond to the censorship, article by article, ensuring good faith as a devout Catholic and subjecting the work at hand to the correction of the holy mother Church.\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and old orthography. I will translate it to modern Spanish and correct the orthography as much as possible. I will also remove unnecessary line breaks and special characters.\n\nThe text reads: \"Detesto mis proposiciones y las del autor de aquel escrito, si contuvieran error doctrinal. (i) Palabras del art\u00edculo 6 de la ley decretada por las Cortes el 22 de Octubre, sancionada por el Rey el 12 de Noviembre de 1820, sobre libertad y abuso de la renta, casi dos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de publicada la obra de la que se trata.\n\nPRIMERA CENSURA.\n\nSobre el poder legislativo eclesi\u00e1stico:\n-Cap\u00edtulo primero, p\u00e1gina 5: el autor dijo: \u00abEl poder legislativo pertenece a la congregaci\u00f3n general de todos los cristianos,\ny a sus leg\u00edtimos representantes: y cap\u00edtulo 6, p\u00e1gina 93: \u00abEl poder legislativo qued\u00f3 por disposici\u00f3n de Jesucristo en el cuerpo moral de la Iglesia, y no en el colegio apost\u00f3lico,\u00bb\"\n\n\"Two propositions are heretic, according to the censors, because the author attempts to deprive the Apostles and their successors of this power.\"\n\nCleaned text: \"Detesto mis proposiciones y las del autor de aquel escrito si contuvieran error doctrinal. (i) Palabras del art\u00edculo 6 de la ley decretada por las Cortes el 22 de Octubre de 1820, sancionada por el Rey el 12 de Noviembre de 1820, sobre libertad y abuso de la renta, casi dos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de publicada la obra de la que se trata.\n\nPRIMERA CENSURA.\n\nSobre el poder legislativo eclesi\u00e1stico:\n-Cap\u00edtulo primero, p\u00e1gina 5: el autor dijo: \u00abEl poder legislativo pertenece a la congregaci\u00f3n general de todos los cristianos, y a sus leg\u00edtimos representantes: y cap\u00edtulo 6, p\u00e1gina 93: \u00abEl poder legislativo qued\u00f3 por disposici\u00f3n de Jesucristo en el cuerpo moral de la Iglesia, no en el colegio apost\u00f3lico,\u00bb\n\n\"I detest the propositions of that writing and those of its author if they contained doctrinal error. (i) Words of Article 6 of the law decreed by the Cortes on October 22, 1820, sanctioned by the King on November 12, 1820, concerning freedom and abuse of rent, nearly two years after the publication of the work in question.\n\nFIRST CENSORSHIP.\n\nOn the ecclesiastical legislative power:\n-Chapter one, page 5: the author said: \u00abThe legislative power belongs to the congregation of all Christians, and to their legitimate representatives: and chapter 6, page 93: \u00abThe legislative power remained, by the disposition of Jesus Christ, in the moral body of the Church, not in the apostolic college,\u00bb\"\n\n\"These two propositions are heretic, according to the censors, because the author attempts to deprive the Apostles and their successors of this power.\"\nThe text reads: \"eesores de toda potestad eclesi\u00e1stica y concederla a la comunidad de los fieles. 3. Respuesta, Esta censura se funda en un supuesto falso. El autor no intenta despojar a los obispos sucesores de los Ap\u00f3stoles de toda potestad eclesi\u00e1stica. Lejos de tal idea dijo en el mismo cap\u00edtulo: \u00abPor lo tocante al gobierno de las Iglesias^ consta de san Pablo y de los hechos apost\u00f3licos que el Esp\u00edritu Santo pon\u00eda los obispos para que las rigiesen como reba\u00f1o propio de Jesucristo adquirido a costa del precio de su sangre.\u00bb V\u00e9ase pues c\u00f3mo el autor reconoce a los obispos por gobernadores de la congregaci\u00f3n de 1q& fieles cristianos de sus di\u00f3cesis y esto por derecho divino. Esta m\u00e1xima est\u00e1 inculcada en la obra con mucha frecuencia como que sirve de base para reprobar los recursos a Roma fuera de los casos graves estraordinarios.\"\n\nCleaned text: The text states: \"eesores of all ecclesiastical power and concede it to the community of the faithful. 3. Response, This censorship is based on a false premise. The author does not aim to deprive the bishops, successors of the Apostles, of all ecclesiastical power. Far from such an idea, he said in the same chapter: \u00abRegarding the government of the Churches^ it is recorded in Paul and in the Acts of the Apostles that the Holy Spirit placed bishops to rule them as a flock of Christ's own, acquired at the cost of His blood.\u00bb Therefore, see how the author recognizes bishops as rulers of the congregation of 1q& Christian faithful of their dioceses, and this by divine right. This principle is frequently emphasized in the work as the basis for opposing recourse to Rome except in grave and extraordinary cases.\"\nThe author's proposals are limited to the point of one who holds legislative ecclesiastical power, evidently given to the Church by Jesus, as the Gospel states that, when addressing fraternal correction and speaking with St. Peter, He directed the word to him, saying, \"if your brother does not listen to your reproof, take it to the Church; and if he does not listen even to the Church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector.\" The Church's superiority over St. Peter is clearly marked, and it was declared as such by the General Council of Constance and recognized by Pope Eugenius IV.\n\nSan Pedro was superior to the other Apostles, and for this reason, the Church is superior to them. The Roman Pontiff is the successor of St. Peter; other bishops are his successors.\nApostles are, with which the Church is superior to the supreme pontiff and to bishops.\n\n6. If Jesus Christ intended it thus, the legitimate consequence is that He gave His Church the power legislative and not to St. Peter president of the college of apostles; nor to him but to the Church, -- and who is the Church? The catechism teaches us that it is the congregation of all Christian Jews under one head, which is the pope. This doctrine is infallible. The supreme popes before the eighth century recognized it to this extent: They were executors but could do nothing against it, which is equivalent to saying: We have no legislative but only executive power.\n\n7. Jesus left in the natural state of human order all the parts of government.\nIt is natural and in accordance with reason that the Church should have legislative power; the Church, not just its head (the pope), nor even its head united with a few members, however prominent they may be (such as bishops). It is natural and in accordance with reason that ecclesiastical laws (or call them canons - rules to which all Christians were to submit), should be established with their consent. As regards the civil government, they said some ecclesiastical laws in the Digest in earlier times before imperial Roman despotism; this is the case now in Spain, and it is how it should have always been.\n\nTherefore, let the pope and bishops be welcome as principal members of the ecclesiastical legislative body, but they are not the only ones. Absolutely necessary is the concurrence of the other member, which is the Christian people.\nThe text represents in general the maximum interest regarding the establishment of ecclesiastical laws that are to be governed.\n\ng. Thus, Saint Peter and the Apostles did so in the third council of Jerusalem, as it should have been done thereafter in all other cases; and this objective was filled to some extent by a representative means considered adequate.\n\n10. Such was the attendance of emperors and kings, heads and bishops of their respective Christian nations; sometimes personally, other times through their envoys and legates. And I can add that they were the true authors of the general councils; they convened them themselves, or incited their convocation. The same occurred in Spain with our kings regarding the national councils.\n11. One will tell me that the laity did not vote on doctrinal matters; but neither the author nor I have said they should vote in that matter. To prove they are members of the Church's legislative body, it is sufficient to know they have the right to attend, propose, hear, and accept or resist. The legislative power is not only in the Church but also in its head and principal members.\n\n12. Regarding laws concerning discipline, they will vote and protest against what those decide if it harms the Christian people each prince governs. This right is sufficient for the censured propositions not to be heretical and for the contrary ones to be, as explicitly and definitively condemned in the general councils of Pisa, Constanza, and Basel.\nWith this reason, I cannot help but remark that our censors seem to have proposed following the routine of the extinct Inquisition's evaluators; that is, the misuse of labeling a proposition heretical solely based on its authorship, as if they had been granted infallibility by Jesus Christ, which He only conferred upon His Church:\n\n1. They should reflect that, with the cessation of the secrecy of evaluations, and it being common knowledge for authors or editors, they must proceed with caution regarding the indisputable assumption that a proposition cannot be heretical unless it contradicts a dogmatically defined tenet; and if the definition exists, they must cite it specifically with the council's own words.\nThe following text is in Spanish and pertains to a debate about the authority of censors in relation to authors and their works. I will translate it into modern English and clean it up as requested.\n\n\"From the Sacred Scripture in which the dogma is clear; for otherwise, censorship in such important and delicate matters is arbitrary and contemptible.\n\n14. Should the author yield to censors for the sole reason that they are censors? Has that time passed? And if the author is wiser in the matter? If he has studied it more deeply? If he has more talent and fewer school concerns? If there is any party interest or personal prejudice among the censors? All of this could happen; and in such a case, it would not be just to harm the author and his good name based on the opinion of such censors.\n\n15. In my case, I assume good faith, supposing that there should be no hatred or malice; I only attribute the abuse to routine, but the Judges will not be able to condemn anyone with a sure and tranquil conscience.\"\nWhen an author reflects dispassionately, after reading much and well, pro and contra what is published, and forming an opinion with cold logic, the following are examples of such arbitrary and uncited censures that deserve little respect:\n\n1. For heresy, the Galileo system was condemned, and today, astronomers and mariners of Rome still adhere to it. Saint Augustine held the existence of Antipodas as a heretical error; today, denying them would be the case. Other examples, if considered carefully, are sufficient to show that such arbitrary and uncited censures merit little regard.\n\nCENSORSHIP II-\n\nRegarding the formulas of confessions, I will leave the following points:\n\n1. The author said in chapter 1, page 1, \"Almost all these churches (protestant) have adopted a belief contrary to the Roman one in some points that Rome calls dogmatic.\"\n2. And in chapter 4, page 53, he said, \"We create.\"\npues sin vacilar todo lo que cre\u00eda la Santa Madre Iglesia cat\u00f3lica apost\u00f3lica romana, pero cuando se trata de hacer confesiones expl\u00edcitas de fe huyamos de todo lo que haya sido y pueda ser controvertido entre cristianos, expressando solo aquello en que todas las iglesias de Jesucristo (romanas o no) est\u00e1n conformes. Pues aunque tenemos por justas y verdaderas las definiciones de los concilios, no son ni pueden ser comparables a las hechas por los Ap\u00f3stoles.\n\nLos censores dicen: Estas proposiciones son, por lo menos, sospechosas de herej\u00eda por suponer que no son ciertamente dogm\u00e1ticos algunos de los puntos sobre los cuales los protestantes y otras comuniones se han separado de la Iglesia cat\u00f3lica.\n\nRespuesta. Debo admirarme mucho de la ligereza de esta censura. \u00bfDonde est\u00e1 su prueba?\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and English, with some garbled characters. I will attempt to clean it up while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text seems to be discussing the author's perspective on certain doctrinal points of contention between Rome (the Catholic Church) and Protestants. The author affirms that these points are dogmatic for both parties, but argues that they are not comparable to the definitions given by the Pope.\n\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nmejante supposedly? No there is not nor terms skillful to discuss it. It is inescapable that Rome calls some points that oppose Protestants dogmatic; but I also call them dogmatic as Rome does; when I adopt the doctrine of the author who said: \"We believe without hesitation all that the holy mother Church Catholic, apostolic, Roman believes.\" 5. It is no less false the supposed idea that the author opines that these points are not certainly dogmatic, as it results from what is expressed earlier: \"We believe without hesitation all that the holy mother Church Catholic, apostolic, Roman believes.\" 6. The only thing the author intended to persuade is what he affirmed with clarity: that although such points are certainly dogmatic, they are not comparable to those defined by the Popes; and that is clear because the certainty of a decision apostolic resulting from the Sacred Scriptures.\nThe text is in Spanish and requires translation into modern English. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe writing is much superior to a decision from a general council. That decision does not require examination but only needs to be read: it depends on whether a council has been legitimately convened, continued, and proceeded in such a way that we can draw the consequence that the influence of the Holy Spirit alone entered into its resolutions and no party spirit was mixed in, along with other circumstances. Our bishops did not want to admit the canons and decrees of the fifth general council until they had examined its acts in another national council of Toledo; this is something that no Catholic does when dealing with the texts of the Sacred Scripture.\n\nAnd even if the propositions were not false, where would they be suspect of heresy? Does an author's statement that \"We create without hesitation, et cetera,\" permit suspicion?\nThe censors follow the inquisitorial routine.\n\nCENSURA III.\n\nRegarding practices introduced after the second seal. The author states in chapter 2, article 3, page 15: \"Consequently, the Nation believes 'as articles of faith' all truths contained in the symbol called the Apostles; and acknowledges the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, penance, Eucharist and extreme unction, anointing and matrimony, in accordance with the customs and interpretations of the first two centuries of the Church, without recognizing them as subject to the later precepts.\"\n\nThe censors say: \"Proposition A (although it seems at first glance to treat only of points of discipline) is suspect of heresy, as it does not explicitly acknowledge any belief other than that of the dogmas contained in the symbol of the apostles.\"\nAp\u00f3stoles and the existence of the seven sacraments; as according to articles following the second century, the obligation to confess all sins and the perpetuity of the conjugal bond is concluded from this article. Confessing censors hold that it only concerns disciplinary matters, and there is no suspicion of heresy if it is true, as God is truth according to the express testimony of sacred Scripture, and only human malice is capable of sowing heretical error from the announcement of truth. In contrast, the proposition could be erroneous but not heretical, as the disciplinary matters are concerned.\nsusceptibles  de  error  hist\u00f3rico  ,  mas  no  de  error \ndogm\u00e1tico  ^  y  as\u00ed  no  cabe  aquella  sospecha. \n4-  Por  otro  lado  la  caHficacion  de  sospecha \nde  heregia  es  una  invenci\u00f3n  moderna  ,  muy \nBecia,  \u00fanicamente  inquisitorial.  Un  hombre \npodr\u00e1  ser  sospechoso  de  tener  sentimientos \nher\u00e9ticos  ;  una  proposici\u00f3n  jamas  puede  ser \nsospechosa  de  heregia.  Ella  debe  ser  calificada \nconforme  se  halle  :  es  verdad  positiva,  \u00f3  error \npositivo  :  para  lo  escrito  no  media  sino  una \nsola  l\u00ednea  divisoria  entre  la  verdad  y  el  error: \nla  l\u00ednea  no  es  divisible  por  grados.  Los  cali* \nficadores  de  la  Inquisici\u00f3n  inventaron  este \nmodo  de  estender  ios  l\u00edmites  del  poder  de  su \nteolog\u00eda  escol\u00e1stica;  y  los  inquisidores  se  con- \nformaron porque  tambi\u00e9n  aumentaba  el  de  su \ntribunal,  multiplicando  influencia  sobre  los^ \nlibros ,  tanto  como  sobre  las  personas. \n5.  Aun  cuando  el  asunto  permitiera  sos- \nIn the censored proposition, this wouldn't make the author effectively suspect of heresy; because the author does not state that he does not admit any other belief besides that of the symbol and sacraments. This is a false imputation. He only expresses that the law should not admit such practices except for those subsequent to the second century; and the distance between the two is immense. This second extreme is of pure discipline without any risk of doctrinal error. Furthermore, the continued context of the work clearly shows that the idea of not subjecting modern practices to precept is not because they are bad or worthy of reprobation, but because, being burdens imposed on Christianity, the author desires to retreat to simpler and purer times to make the Christian religion more amiable. As for penance and marriage, we will speak later on.\n\nCENSORSHIP IV.\n\"Conforme a this regulation, nobody will be compelled by indirect means to make a specific and numerical confession of their sins. One should not disclose their sins to the devotion of every Christian and ask the priest to administer the sacrament of penance using the power of absolution granted by Jesus Christ to the apostles. The priest will absolve (if he considers the penitent contrite) as Jesus Christ absolved the harlot, the Samaritan woman, the adulterous woman, and other repentant sinners.\"\n\n\"The censors say: 'This proposition (whose perverse meaning is explained more clearly in Chapter I) is heretic,'\"\n5. To deny the precept of confessing all sins signified: this is false and contrary to truth. The author does not deny such a precept; he only states (speaking on behalf of a civil government) that no one should be compelled to confess; and I affirm now that this proposal does not oppose our holy Catholic and Apostolic Roman religion, but rather prevents an innumerable multitude of sacrilegious confessions due to indirect compulsion.\n\n4. The repentant Christian sinner will not require compulsion: he will go voluntarily to confess all and each of his sins with pain and sincerity. When the priest or presbyter knows that another Christian is an unrepentant sinner, he may (and in certain cases must) endeavor by various means to persuade the necessity of absolute confession.\nrepent and confess all and each of their sins, with true contrition, under the penalty of eternal condemnation. This the author denies when he says the presbyter will absolve him if he is deemed penitent. But if this were not enough, and if recourse were had to compulsory indirect means, such as those of excommunication; placing his name in the catalog of the excommunicated; and publishing this list in the doors of the temple or in other places much frequented by the people, such a sinner will strive to avoid this damage; he will seek a confessor, will appear to make a specific confession of sins and each one of them, with signs of great contrition, and will be absolved by the confessor who has believed him sincere, but in truth the sinner will have done no more than to mention this sacrilege, which he would not have committed.\nThe text appears to be in Spanish with some irregularities. I will translate it to modern English and correct any errors.\n\ncommitted himself not to attempt such things through indirect means.\nThe censors cite what is written in Chapter 4 to check the censorship of the forbidden in the 2.0, but they are not reasonable. In Chapter 4, at most, a few clauses are recounted about the history of the precept to confess sins to the confessor at least once a year; instead of denying the author the existence of the precept, he quotes the decrees of the General Council of Letran and its imposition, and that of Trento where it was confirmed.\nThe concern of the censors may have arisen perhaps from being disgusted by the disorders that have arisen from the abuse of some confessors. I wish it were not so true! but ecclesiastical history offers too many proofs; and I myself have seen many more in secret.\nThe text refers to the Inquisition of Madrid, which existed for approximately 40 years. In the processing files of this tribunal, and in the personal lists I had access to, the author concludes in chapter 4 by saying: \"Let it remain as it is in the matter of confession, so that it is only the effect of true contrition and fervor for each one to confess, and the inconveniences indicated and others that I omit due to brevity will cease.\"\n\nThis clause (which is the first in which the author speaks in his own name about the matter) not only does not confirm the intelligence given by the censors about the other, but it assumes as certain and true the precept of confessing specifically sins and only desires that, to prevent the major scandals, this be left as it is.\nThe following text discusses the lack of logical exactitude in the censorship of Christian texts during past times, specifically during the Inquisition. Censors, who were known for labeling heretical propositions in books, have let go of their rigorous routine. They have overlooked the author's precise words, misinterpreting certain propositions he did not affirm as heresy and labeling them as such. Their inexact logic earned them the title of \"perverse\" in relation to the author's true intentions. I hope that upon re-reading the texts after my warnings, they will acknowledge their error.\n\nTopic: The Perpetuity of the Marital Bond\n\nCENSURA V.\n\nRegarding the perpetuity of the marital bond.\nI. The author stated in the second chapter of the article on Jesuitism: \"The perpetuity of the marital bond, prevented in the Evangelic text that the man should not separate what God had joined, will be understood as it was in the past, that is, in a way that the bond cannot be dissolved by one's own authority, because only supreme power (under whose laws all contracts were made) is capable of releasing the conjugal union, and it will not do so except with grave causes whose determination depends on civil laws, to which bishops, parishes, and vicars will adjust.\"\n\n2. The censors say: \"This proposition (whose meaning is explained more clearly in the fifth) is heretical, as it denies the divine law of the indissolubility of marriage.\"\n\"misutronio. 3. Response, the censors proceed on another false supposition. The author has not denied the existence of the divine law of the indissolubility of marriage; on the contrary, he himself has cited the text in which our Lord Jesus said, 'What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.' But a few minutes later, the same Lord added, 'Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery.' And to this text can be added what the apostle Paul said to the Corinthians, 'To the married I give charge, yet not I, but the Lord, that the wife depart not from her husband: But if she depart, that she remain unmarried, or be reconciled to her husband: and that the husband also be not bitter against his wife.' \"\n\"no repudiar a su esposa. En lo que respecta a los dem\u00e1s, yo (no el Se\u00f1or), si un hombre fiel est\u00e1 casado con una esposa infiel, ella est\u00e1 de consentimiento vivir con \u00e9l, y si una esposa fiel est\u00e1 casada con un infiel y este est\u00e1 de consentimiento vivir con ella, no lo repudia; porque el marido infiel est\u00e1 santificado por su esposa fiel, y la esposa infiel est\u00e1 santificada por el marido fiel. A menos que as\u00ed fuera, sus hijos ser\u00edan impuros; ahora est\u00e1n purificados. Si la persona separada se queda separada; porque ni el marido fiel ni la esposa fiel est\u00e1n sujetos a esclavitud en este punto, pues Dios nos llam\u00f3 a vivir en paz: \"quedarse con una virgen bien, pero el que conserva su virginidad hace mejor. La mujer est\u00e1 sujeta a:\"\nDuring her lifetime, a woman was subject to the law as long as she saw her husband. If San Mateo in his EYangeiio, chapter jg, laughed, she would be free from that law: she could marry whom she wished, provided she did so sorrowfully (i).\n\nHowever, ecclesiastical and civil histories, canons 5, decretals, conciliar collections, and legal codes make it clear that these texts were understood for long periods of time in such a way that the divine law of marriage indissolubility was not absolute, having exceptions. It was one of the supposed moral precepts that experience showed the Catholic Church interpreted subject to certain other divine laws that excluded all exceptions with stronger words, at least in terms of production.\n\nJesus spoke to his disciples, \"A woman shall not put away her husband except for the cause of fornication; and he that marrieth her that is put away doeth commit adultery.\" (Matthew 19:9)\n\"You shall be turned into pariahs, and will not enter the kingdom of heaven. This was understood only as advice to strive for the appearance of virtue, not as a literal exclusion. It is not easy for a convert to equal the innocence and candor of a child. The same Lord told Nicodemus, \"Unless one is born of water and the Spirit, no one can enter the kingdom of God\" (John 3:5). The holy Church applied this sentence to prove the necessity of baptism; and yet many who have been baptized in this way are not truly born of water.\" - 2 Corinthians 3:6, Matthew 8:12, John 3:5.\npudieron recibir otro bautismo que el de su sangre; y los infieles que mueren deseando el bautismo con verdadera contrici\u00f3n y sin recibir otro que el conocido con el nombre de Flamir\u00fas o del Esp\u00edritu Santo. En otra ocasi\u00f3n dijo a los oyentes: \"No ser que com\u00e1is la carne del hijo del hombre, y beb\u00e1is la sangre del mismo; no tendr\u00e9is vida en vosotros.\" Nuestra santa madre Iglesia entiende hablarse aqu\u00ed del pan convertido en carne de nuestro divino Redentor por la consagraci\u00f3n, y del vino convertido en sangre del mismo Dios y hombre Tcedador por el citado medio de la consagraci\u00f3n. Sin embargo, ha tenido y tiene la creencia que viven eternamente en los cielos muchas personas que no han comulgado jam\u00e1s, ni recibido la sagrada Eucarist\u00eda ni aun espiritualmente por deseos, especialmente los...\nchildren baptized who die in the first years of their existence. In these three instances, the Lord spoke, beginning with the most exclusive phrase of doubts: Which is Nisi, unless: and yet, in these cases indicated, the Church recognizes them as exceptions. Therefore, it would not be, and should not be, a matter of scandal, the (i) San Juan, Gospel, chapter 6. Furthermore, it should be noted that the aforementioned practices have also been adopted from another moral precept that orders the indissolubility of the marital bond. g. It is established by St. Ambrose that if the unfaithful spouse separates from the faithful one because they do not want to hear of Jesus Christ, the faithful spouse is released from the marital bond, and authorized to marry another faithful person. This created a precedent, established by Pope Innocent III, based on the text previously copied from St. Paul (i).\nIn the codes of Theodosius and Justinian, there are various laws where Christian rulers established rules for dissolving the matrimonial bond due to adultery, on the supposition that the spouse was in conformity with the true meaning of the test of the gospel, which they understood as an exception to the general rule of indissolubility, as was the case with intolerable infidelity of the spouse.\n\nThe two cases indicated in Scripture gave occasion for the multiplication of other exceptions, as they believed that intolerable infidelity and adultery had been prescribed in the gospel and in Paul's Epistle as examples; and it was deemed the will of our divine legislator that the same procedure should be followed.\n\n(San Ambrosio at cap. 7 of the Epistle of St. Ambrose)\nPablo to the Corinthians. - Can. 2, ciiest. 2, cause 28, in the decree of Gracian: cap. 7 of Dig.Ric.io in the decretals.\n\nAny other case where reason so requires, or is greater according to the judgment of prudent and just men.\n\n12. Consequently, they collected in the collection of Gracian's canons, and in the subsequent pontifical decretals, many doctrines of saints and councils concerning the grading of crimes, dangers, and cases for judging whether they were less, equal, or greater than the two disputed in the sacred Scripture.\n\n13. It is notable that there is a canon from the Veronese Council, convened in the year 53 in Verona by King Pippin. It says thus in its true context: \"If a woman has conspired with others to kill her husband, but has not actually carried out the deed, she shall be punished as if she had committed the crime.\"\n(1) Chapter I of divorce, Book 49, Title 20 of the old Decretales collection, published by Antonio Agiostino:\n\nA husband, in defending himself, killed one of the conspirators, and proved that his wife was a part of the conspiracy. According to our judgment, he could repudiate his wife and marry another. The criminal wife should be subjected to penance, with the hope of redemption.\n\nIn Gregory IX's collection of decretals, this canon was also included, but with the addition of the words \"post mortem uxoris\" which are not in the original text and make no sensible or civilized sense. For a husband to be able to marry after the death of his pursuing wife, it was not necessary for any council of bishops to intervene.\n\n15. Pope Gregory II (who was):\n\nA husband, pursued, could marry after the death of his pursuing wife, without the need for any council of bishops to intervene.\nFrom the year Jos onwards, until 73, I was consulted by Saint Boniface, archbishop of Mainz and papal legate, regarding whether, having become an impotent woman due to an illness contracted after marriage, I could be repudiated by my husband and marry another: the pope replied, \"The chair, that is, as successor of Peter, it would be better for you to remain chaste. But since this was only suitable for the perfect, you could be permitted to marry another woman, provided that you maintained provisions for the first.\" Gracianus refused to include this canon in his collection; and since the papal resolution was not in accordance with the discipline of the twelfth century in which we lived, he said that\nThe pope had erred: but the truth of the matter was that discipline had changed, and canonical opinions were now contrary. I could now multiply tests to prove that the discipline of centuries before the twelfth was not (i) (1) Canon i8, cause Sa, Celsus 7, Gratian's denial of the divine law of the indissolubility of marriage; but I will comment by saying that the current pope Pius VII approved the dissolution of the imperial marriage bond of the French emperor Napoleon, and his second marriage to Maria Luisa of Austria, daughter of the current Austrian emperor; living as he did with the first empress Josephine, who consented; and the cause was solely mutual consent and utility.\npublico que se propuso tener hijo var\u00f3n sucesor en el trono imperial. No es regular que los censores quisieran decir que P\u00edo VII es hereje.\n\n1.8. La ligereza con que los censores han calificado en esta parte la obra que ocupamos, hace poco honor a la cr\u00edtica de un censor dogm\u00e1tico, que nunca puede ser exacto mientras no sea profundo en historia eclesi\u00e1stica y civil, y noticia de concilios, canonas y decretales, no por compendios ni diccionarios, sino por textos originales. Pero espero positivo que un ejemplar de esta naturaleza producir\u00e1 el buen efecto de creer que igual ligereza se habr\u00e1 verificado en la censura de las otras proposiciones, sobre las cuales no me he detenido tanto, porque no eran susceptibles de tan comprobantes hechos de la doctrina del autor del Proyecto de Constituci\u00f3n Religiosa.\n\nGENSURA VI.\n\"Sobre la utilidad actual de los cuatro ordenes menores. The author said in article 2 of the same chapter IP: \"The nation will maintain the connection introduced of orders of bishop, of presbyter, of deacon, of subdeacon; because the general practice has designated the offices of each one, although Jesus Christ only created priests: and the orders of acolyte, exorcist, lector, and ostiary (whose offices are exercised in all places now by laics) can be conferred together with the Primatonsura, the door of the clergy, (jua_ jua_), will remain for the purpose of recognizing the individual as a clergyman and as one of the ministers of the cult.\" In chapter 6, it says: \"Today all orders, except the priesthood and that of a bishop, are initiates. The tonsure is useful as a sign and door of the clergy.\"\"\nThe censors say: \"These propositions are heretic for not recognizing the established hierarchy by divine order; the one that consists of bishops, priests, and ministers. The response: This is a false supposition. The author does not deny the hierarchy, as he explicitly confesses all its degrees. He only states that the deacons, subdeacons, and exorcists are now unnecessary as orders because priests perform the ministries that correspond to the deacon, subdeacon, and exorcist; and that acolytes, readers, and porters are also unnecessary as orders because their ministries are now fulfilled by laymen.\"\n\nIs there a significant difference between the two propositions? One is dogmatic and defined in the Holy Council of Trent. The other is disciplinary.\nThe following individual, in their particular judgment, would be capable of being labeled erroneous if the judgment was unfounded. However, the label of heretic does not belong to the dogma.\n\nCensors must know, from ecclesiastical history, that there is a grave difference between the creation of some and others, according to divine ordering. The episcopacy and priesthood (this is the complete sacerdotium) were instituted immediately by Jesus Christ; the diaconate by the Apostles, the subdiaconate, and other inferior grades, by the Church, in accordance with the divine will, but in various periods, as circumstances persuaded it was necessary and useful.\n\nThe subdiaconate was a minor grade for a long time, and the Church elevated it.\nmayor cuando lo tuvo por oportuno. Tanto bien se crearon en algunos di\u00f3cesis otros grados de la gerarqu\u00eda: Fosatarios (\u00f3 sepulceros) y cantores. No prevalecieron en todas, y su existencia ces\u00f3 en el concepto de orden clerical,\n\nDe aqu\u00ed se sigue que la Iglesia procedi\u00f3 en el punto de tener mayor o menor n\u00famero de ministros conforme la prudencia dictaba en cada tiempo, creando, supimiendo, y conservando, seg\u00fan las circunstancias. Por eso pens\u00f3 jam\u00e1s que proponer la supresi\u00f3n o el aumento fuera contrario al dogma de la gerarqu\u00eda; porque esta no consiste en que haya seis \u00f3 dos ministros ni en que sean estos \u00f3 aquellos, sino en que los haya.\n\nEl autor de la obra que nos ocupa no solo necesita la existencia de ministros, sino que confesando y creyendo la inutilidad de alguna en estos tiempos, consiente sin embargo.\nThe following text appears to be written in a language other than modern English, likely a mix of Spanish and Latin. I will translate it to modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\nContinuation as if they were useful. It seems, then, that the censors were in a bad mood when they read the book. CENSURA Vil.\n\nOn the infallibility of general councils, the author says in chapter 3: \"A prima vista disuena oir que las novedades introducidas despu\u00e9s del siglo segundo no deben ser leves eclesi\u00e1sticas while the supreme civil power of the nation does not adopt them as useful to the common good. The ignorant and the concerned will say that this is denying the Church the legislative power; but they should have considered when the Church exercises its power. If we are to be strict with the truth, I have not read any case where the entire Church has congregated except in the Council of Jerusalem, which abolished the Hebrew practice of it.\"\ncircuncision. At that time, the Church was reduced to a short number of people, around five, who attended the council called by Saint Peter. The generals of Nicea, Constantinople, and others who assumed the title of ecumenical universal church were present, along with bishops and other Christians who had an interest in opposing the laws of the Christians. The subordination of the laity to the clergy was being promoted. But in the centuries when such ideas had become deeply rooted and produced excellent results for the clergy.\n\n1. Gustos\u00edsimos (very delightful) were the results for the clergy.\n2. If there had been present persons from all the hierarchies of the nobility and the people, as well as sovereigns or their representatives, and if all had attended,\nThe text appears to be in a mixed state of ancient Spanish and modern Spanish, with some OCR errors. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"hubiesen tenido voto definitivo como los obispos para los puntos, de disciplina no habr\u00eda en los concilios tantas determinaciones opuestas al derecho de los pueblos y de las personas seculares por enriquecer las iglesias y al clero, y por elevar el poder eclesi\u00e1stico al grado de ser teocr\u00e1tico. Haciendo creer que era derecho primero o de los obispos, no solo defin\u00edan dudas sobre los puntos dogm\u00e1ticos, sino tambi\u00e9n sobre la moral, la disciplina, y el gobierno de la Iglesia. Resultaron los obispos tan arbitrarios de la suerte de los fieles como de la doctrina; promulgaban las leyes que quisieron y quisieron las que les conven\u00eda.\n\nEn el cap\u00edtulo /, dijo tambi\u00e9n el autor: En el art\u00edculo tercero del Proyecto de Constituciones.\"\n9. This nation believed that all truths contained in the articles; in the symbol of the Judean posts. This will be precisely called an anointing for many who would have preferred it, if I had preferred the sign of the Mass. The two of these, today in use, this one to sing in the holy sacrifice, the other to pray in the divine office at the Matins. I have given preference to that of the Apostles because of their greater antiquity and authority, since it has been a constant tradition that the Apostles composed it when they separated for their respective provinces of preaching in evangelical Galicia.\n\nL. This is not near the content in the symbol of the Maundy; for it is provided in the second article that the seven sacraments, among them the Eucharist, are admitted.\ncaristia, and consequently, the sacrifice in the Mass where the priest acts and the people declare the symbol. But the additions with the title of espicacion of some dogmas included in that of the Apostles, are not of the same value as -for us- as those of the primitives, which are only terminologies of the Councils of Nicaea, Constantinople and others. The dogmas defined in these and subsequent assemblies should be revered as such dogmas; but there is a great distinction between the primitives and those in later centuries. Already in the third, the great Tertullian observed it as new, and seemed to be sowing.\nih  pechoso  de  invenci\u00f3n  puramente  humanar. \n5.  \u00ab  Es  verdad  que  se  asegura  que  asisti\u00f3 \nfe  el  Esp\u00edritu  Santo  con  su^s.  luces  iu falibles \nsb  en  consecuencia  de  las  promesas  de  Jesiw- \n\u00bb  cristo  que  pro,meti \u00f3  enviarlo  \u00e1  los  Aposto  ^ \n\u2022^  gai^a  qiie  lejs  e^ns^e\u00f1ase.  to.da.  verdad  como  ^sl\u00ed \n\u00bb  verific\u00f3;  pero  los  Ap\u00f3stoles  murieron  de- \n\u00bb  jando  ya  predicadas  todas  las  verdades  que \n3)  mas  importaban ;  y  no  son  evidentes  las \n\u00bb  pruebas  de  que  la  inspiraci\u00f3n  se  repita  en \n\u00bb  favor  de  los  obispos  sucesores  de  los  Ap\u00f3s- \n\u00bb  toles.  Lo  mismo  sucede  por  lo  respectivo  \u00e1 \n\u00bb  Jesucristo  que  prometi\u00f3  asistir  en  medio \n\u00bb  de  dos  \u00f3  tres  reunidos  en  nombre  suvo\u00bb \ny^  Decir  que  Dios  no  permitir\u00e1  jamas  que  su \n\u00bb  iglesia  caiga  en  error,  no  hace  al  caso  para \nV  el  punto  en  cuesti\u00f3n.  Semejante  verdad \n5>  puede  limitarse  a  lo  neresario,  como  fue  lo \n\u00bb  predicado  por  los  Ap\u00f3stoles;  mas  no  prueba \nQue Dios se oblig\u00f3 a inspirar en la decisi\u00f3n de disputas movidas por curiosidad indiscreta y resueltas por un solo partido de los dos contendientes.\n\nPor ejemplo: El segundo s\u00edmbolo, el de Jesucristo, lo titul\u00f3 Dios de Dios, luz de luz, Dios verdadero, engendrado y no hecho, y con sustancia con el Padre por quien fueron hechas todas las cosas. El cual descendi\u00f3 de los cielos por nosotros, hombres, y encarn\u00f3 por intervenci\u00f3n del Esp\u00edritu Santo. Esta verdad no hab\u00eda sido necesario explicar tan por menor en los \u00faltimos trescientos a\u00f1os en que los santos obispos se hab\u00edan contentado con el primer s\u00edmbolo, que despu\u00e9s de manifestar la creencia en el Padre, dice solo: Creo en Jesucristo, su primer hijo, nuestro.\nSe\u00f1or que fue concebido en interacci\u00f3n de del Esp\u00edritu Santo. Si fuera suficiente para tantos santos de los tres siglos, hubiera sido suficiente para todos, como los obispos del concilio de Nicea no hubiesen querido a\u00f1adir clausulas con t\u00edtulo de especificaciones.\n\nSe dir\u00e1 que fue forzoso por la herej\u00eda de Arrio, el cual sosten\u00eda que Jesucristo no era Dios consustancial con el Padre. Esto no prueba la necesidad de declaraciones dogm\u00e1ticas, pues acaso el cr\u00e9dito de Arrio hubiera ca\u00eddo antes si no se le hubiese dado tanta importancia; y lo cierto es que no por haber definido lo contrario se reput\u00f3.\narticle by the partisans of that heresy; proof that they did not believe the Holy Spirit had attended the bishops coetus (gathering), as they did not believe in their infalibility, and the same thing happened to various concurrents. It is recorded that after them, the Opinions of Arius prevailed, and they vigorously defended their party in various councils during the reign of Emperor Constancius. The entire world became Arian, as expressed by one of the writers of that century.\n\nWe create, without hesitation, all that the holy mother Catholic, apostolic, Roman Church believes, but when it comes to explicit confessions, what is this, huyama\u00ed^ t^ of all that which has been, and can be.\nThe controversial issue among Christians is what all churches of Jesus Christ, whether Roman or not Roman, agree on. Although we have just definitions from councils as just and true, they are not and cannot be compelling and binding, nor can we reply to the contentious Romans without conceding to their arguments. The reply is not true; it is merely avoiding unnecessary and harmful disputes that inflame emotions, disturb tranquility, and renew the bloody wars that have destroyed a large part of the known world's population under the pretext of religion, against the teaching of Jesus Christ.\nAccording to whose doctrine the Church and its faith should not be defended as the plazas, the censors say that this doctrine is depressive of the authority of the ecumenical councils celebrated until now and condemned by all the Church * for induction of all errors and heresies denounced in the expressed councils. 10. This censorship is overthrown without foundation and extremely unjust. 1. The doctrine is not depressive, since beforehand it establishes the obligation to believe without wavering everything that the holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church defines as set forth by all general councils. The first thing that the censors could say with truth is that the author asserts that the reasons for believing what is declared by the ecumenical councils are not numerous enough in number.\nmero ni en calidad, como los que hay para creer lo que prelicaron y escribieron los Ap\u00f3stoles. Y qu\u00e9 pretender\u00e1n los censores igualar con la evidencia dogm\u00e1tica que tenemos de la inspiraci\u00f3n del Esp\u00edritu Santo a los Ap\u00f3stoles? 5 la certeza moral que la fe nos ofrece de la concesi\u00f3n del don de infalibilidad por el mismo Esp\u00edritu Santo a los obispos congregados en concilio? Es s\u00ed que ser\u00eda error opposito \u00e1 la fe divina que merecen las santas escrituras, en que se nos declara que \u00ablos hombres santos de Dios hablaron, inspirados por el Esp\u00edritu Santo para conducirnos \u00e1 nuestra salvaci\u00f3n eterna\u00bb.: cosas que no leemos con igual claridad acerca de lo que nos digan los obispos congregados en concilio.\n\nSi la seguridad fuese igual, no es presumible que hubiese sucedido lo que sucedi\u00f3 con la palabra Homousion. En un concilio.\nThe third one is defined as heresy to believe that the divine Word was hojiousiofi of the Father, and afterwards, the Nicene Council in the fourth century declared it heresy to deny that the divine Word was honiousion of the Father. I3. You should know that the apparent contradiction consisted in the fact that the heretic of the third century used Id\u00ed^\u00fadihidihomousion not to signify a consubstantiality in two distinct persons, but rather confusing these; and on the contrary, the heretic of the fourth century, iio, only distinguished the persons, not even diversifying the substances. And for this reason, he repugned confessing that the divine Word, as a second person, was consubstantial with the Father ^ as the first person. 14. This reflection will be sufficient for us to recall that the bishops of the third century were justified in condemning the use of the phrase\nHomousion, in the fourth century, addressed those who resisted using the phrase, 15. But will it be sufficient to dispel the doubts raised about it, or did the bishops inspire it by the Holy Spirit in both cases? Was it licit for anyone to presume that the Holy Spirit had inspired it in such a way that there would be no apparent contradiction? Indeed, if censors wish to be abundantly clear, they will confess that what is written by the Apostles gives us greater evidence of truth, freeing us from disputes and doubts.\n\nTherefore, the doctrine concerning the work that occupies us is not an inducement to error nor can it be, because how could it be when it commands belief without hesitation? Let the author speak or not, the security of divine inspiration in the councils is not comparable to that which we have from the Sacred Scripture.\nAbout the topic and written by the Apostles, what influence can it have to induce error or belief in condemned heresies in the councils? None certainly; because the author assumes in the councils the sufficient security of divine inspiration for us to believe without hesitation all the dogmas they declare. It is necessary to confess that the logic of the censors suffers from great imperfections.\n\nCENSURA Vnt.\n\nSettle doubts regarding the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist,\nin Chapter 4 of the Blessed Eucharist, the Amor said: \"From the times of the apostolic period, indications are discovered that they communed every Sunday, not on weekdays as now, but it was a sign of not being separated from the communion of the faithful.\"\nThe text appears to be in a mixed state of ancient Spanish and English, with some OCR errors. I will attempt to clean and translate it to modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\n\"Once those receiving the Eucharist were sent to those who remained at home due to illness or distance; and even to the absent or those in extraordinary circumstances. When the nocturnal offices ceased on Sundays and the diurnal ones were arranged in the churches, after the general peace of Constantine and the multiplication of temples, the eucharistic communion began to be directed in another way. The custom of chrismation became general, and it was entirely voluntary for every Christian to communicate. The practice of public penances diminished noticeably; therefore, the necessity of providing testimony of being in communion and receiving the consecrated bread (but not in the old style of distributing blessed bread) arose.\"\niv  consagrado  )  \u00e1  los  que  antes  recib\u00edan  ^ste^ \n3.  \u00ab  Muchos  siglos  corrieron  sin  que  se  pro^ \n:\u00ab  niulgase   precepto  eelesi\u00e1stiro  de  comulgar \n\u00bb  en  la  Pascua.  Los  obispos  y  los  fieles  fer- \nr\u00bb  Torosos  procuraban  ccnmlgar  en  el  dia  da \nj)  jue^^es  santo,  \u00fa  por  lo  menos  \u00abn  la  quincena \n\u00bb  de  Pascua  que  comenzaba  en  el  domingo \n.\u00bb  de  Ramos  y  acababa  ^n  el  de  Quasiniodv  $ \n\u00bb  pero  todo  esto  fue  por  actos  voluntarios, \n4.  \u00ab  Desde  que  se  impuso  precepto  par \ni)  estar  resfriada  la  devoci\u00f3n  ,  los  inconve- \n)*  iiientes  fueron  mayores  :  pocos  queriaa \n\u00bb  pasar  plaza  de  \u00edp. obedientes ,  y  los  mas  CO\"- \n\u00bb  mulgaban;  pero  como  lo  hacian  por  cum- \nj\u00bb  plir  esteriormente  la  ley,  es  de  rez^lar  que \nw  careciesen  de  las  disposicionts  necesarias  al \nw  objeto  :1o  cierto  es  no  bal>er  visto  al  :mund(\u00ed \n?\u00bb  mejorado  por  la  novedad. \n6.  \u00ab  Acaso  no  Inibiesen  naoi do  las  grandes \nM controversies solve the real presence of the Lord in the host and other such issues, supposing that neither party can make a demonstration and the dispute must be reduced in essence to: these issues in the sacred books and the words of the Holy Fathers. The first signs should be understood in this sense, or on the contrary, whether there will ever be agreement, given that the adversaries are obstinate and unwilling to yield to those who claim to have conclusive arguments.\n\nWe create the divine institution of the most holy sacrament of the Eucharist and the holy sacrifice of the Mass in connection with God.\nii. He has revealed his Church; but let us avoid harmful questions, and let us ponder with devotion and purity of soul; that is what depends on us, leaving the intelligence of the mysteries that we will never fully understand to God. Let us avoid communions that are sacrilegious, which are often the result of the desire to fulfill external prescriptions; and let us leave this to the devotion of each one, as the Apostles left it, so as not to be a cause or occasion of new avoidable sins.\n\nThe censors say: \"Attended to the terms in which this proposition is framed and the distinction that is made (in other places already noted) between the dogmas contained in the symbol of the Apostles and those that have been defined since the third century (to which so little importance is given).\"\ndeben omitirse en las profesiones de fe implicitas. Es muy dudoso si el auto/- admite la presencia real de Jesucristo y la Eucarist\u00eda como una de las verdades de nuestra santa fe.\n\nEstas censuras son de aquellas que reca\u00edan sobre la creencia del sujeto, pues dec\u00edan censura objetiva, la que daban al objeto: qu\u00e9 eran las proposiciones delatoadas de un libro. Siervo yo editor de la obra del escritor americano, interpeto tal vez que tengo contraidas las obligaciones del autor porque se presume que aprueba una doctrina, si no hace constar lo contrario.\n\nEn semejante caso, confieso de buena fe:\n\nimplicit professions should be omitted. It is doubtful if the auto/- admits the real presence of Jesus Christ and the Eucharist as one of the truths of our holy faith.\n\nThese censures were those that fell upon the belief of the subject, as they called objective censorship, the one that was given to the object: what were the propositions denounced in a book. I, as the editor of the American writer's work, interject perhaps that I have taken on the author's obligations, as it is presumed that I approve of a doctrine if it is not made clear that I do not.\n\nIn such a case, I confess in good faith:\nque  necesito  recurrir  \u00e1  una  caridad  cristiana \nmuy  superior  \u00e1  la  de  los  censores  para  per- \ndonarles tan  atroz  injuria  ,  como  la  de  pcner \neu  dud^  mi  fe  5obre  la  j;resencia  real  de \nJesucristo  en  la  hostia.  Si  Se\u00f1or,  tengo  esta \nfe,  tal  vez  mucho  mas  firme  y  mejor  fundada \nque  los  censores. \n10.  La  distinci\u00f3n  entre  los  dogmas  anun- \nciados por  los  Ap\u00f3stoles  y  los  definidos  por \nios  concilios  generales,  e^t\u00e1  ya  esplicada  en \nsu  verdadero  valor;  y  cuando  no  tuviese  yo \npruebas  tan  evidentes  de  la  presencia  real  , \nen  los  cuatro  evangelios  y  en  las  ep\u00edstolas  de \nsan  Pablo,  me  bastaria  y  sobraria  la  definici\u00f3n \ndel  santo  concilio  tridentino  ,  al  cual,  como \n\u00e1  todos  los  otros  ecum\u00e9nicos ,  sujeto  mi  raz\u00f3n \n.en  todos  los  puntos  dogm\u00e1ticos^  aunque  no \nlo  haga  sieUipre  cuando  se  trata  de  otros  de \ndisciplina  por  las  razones,  cmtes  indicadas. \n11.  Los  t\u00e9rminos,  en  que  se  halla  conce^ \nbida la do' from the censored paragraph, not capable of giving anyone amends for the doubt that the censors indicate concerning the writer's personal faith because they direct themselves to pay more heed to ensuring devotion and fervor, rather than stirring disputes over a mystery that should be believed, but that we cannot understand. This is what happens with some other mysteries because they cease to be such if they are subject to human comprehension.\n\nWho has given the censors the power or commission to qualify the subjective? I do not know the censors; but it seems that they are inquisitors' henchmen because they continue to advance censorship, the styles, and the spirit of the inquisitorial judges; for this reason, it occurs to me that this may have been the origin of the excess.\nen que han incurrido, pues yo no creo, ni puedo ni debo creer que el se\u00f1or obispo y su provisor y vicario general les han impuesto una censura m\u00e1s severa que la de la holy office.\n\nCENSURA\nI\nCENSURA IX.\n\nSobre la autoridad pontificia*\nt. Los censores pasan a formar una censura de la obra en general y dicen que es depresiva de la autoridad pontifical,\n2. Respuesta. Esta censura es infundada, y aunque fuera bien fundada, ser\u00eda insignificante, porque nadie ignora ya que entre cat\u00f3licos se puede controvertir y se disputa sobre cuales son los l\u00edmites verdaderos de la autoridad del primado de honor y de jurisdicci\u00f3n que compete por derecho divino al sumo pont\u00edfice romano, como sucesor del Ap\u00f3stol san Pedro. Los cismontanos estrechan los l\u00edmites. Los ultramontanos los alargan y ensanchan. Cada uno puede seguir la opini\u00f3n.\nConsider better saving faith and charity. I follow the belief that Pi VII cannot have more authority than Peter. To determine this, I should not appeal to what is seen from the eighth century, but rather to what is established in the sacred Scripture and the ecclesiastical tradition uniform and universal in the first centuries, preserved in the writings of councils and holy Fathers of that time. Observing this rule, the censorship of the Project cannot be sustained as an attack on the true rights of the pope.\n\nCensura X.\n\nRespect for the ecclesiastical estate is due. I. The censors say that the work is sumptuously injurious to the entire ecclesiastical estate,\n\nResponse, This censorship is unfounded, because the work contains no injury whatsoever to the clergy in general or to any individual.\nThe censors must ensure that their opinion is appreciated, not satisfied with generic terms; instead, they must specifically identify injurious propositions. By that time, inquisitors were scrutinizing not only what scribes wrote in the epilogue or final clause of a censure. The secret ceased, and the censor no longer merits credibility just by speaking; it is necessary for him to prove his decree with tests, reasons, and good logic so that authors can conform or comply.\n\nI assume the censors have deemed injurious to the ecclesiastical state what the author said in Chapter Three about new introductions by the clergy, and in Chapter Four about the misuse some priests have made of the sacrament of penance. However, neither one nor the other is injurious:\nIn other cases, stories couldn't be written, as they recount both good and bad actions of men. These stories served as imitation for some, warning and profit for others, and those who wished to maintain good reputation after death.\n\n4. Councils, by according canons and providing evidence against clergy committing such crimes, leave an eternal testimony to these cases, and thus established, renewed, or increased penalties.\n\n5. The ecclesiastical state does not lose its respect due to this, as the crime of an individual never infames the moral body. In all states and corporations, there have always been, there are now, and there will always be some bad individuals: because human nature carries with it the contagious danger of vices.\npasiones that not all doman which was fitting; but at the same time, many other individuals give honor to the corporation, which should not lose anything of its esteem due to the crimes of the individuals.\n\nReason why the tribunal of the Inquisition held particular autos against those who, for this reason, injured the clergy in general, or the ecclesiastical corporations of which the penitents were members.\n\nCensura XI.\n\nOn the healthy inner life\ni. Censors say that the work contains propositions contrary to healthy morals,\n2. Response, This censorship says that it is not true; the censors have suffered equivocation. It is known that the entire content of the work has disgusted them because it was not in conformity with the ideas they had promoted during the Inquisitorial Empire: and the preoccupation.\n\"pacion nacida de este disgusto ha hecho leer el libro con anteojos de mala calidad. 3. Si hubiesen designado las proposiciones que pensaban ser contrarias a la sana moral, Jo veria si debia ceder o combatir; pero como han huido de hacerlo, me han autorizado para negar el hecho pues yo Ue releido ahora mismo la obra y aseguro de buena fe que no he hallado una; presume que hablan los censores por la rutina de calificadores. Censura XII. Sobre la disciplina Eclesiastica en general; los censores dicen que la obra contiene proposiciones destructivas de la disciplina universal de la Iglesia. 2. Respuesta, Esta censura es inexacta, no basada en la precisi\u00f3n con que los censores han leido la obra. Es mucho error el de llamar las proposiciones dogmaticas, habrian hecho lo inmediato en las inconvenientes que les chocasen.\"\nThe destruction of discipline and its restoration, which the Apostles introduced, predicted, and practiced, was longed for in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fifteenth centuries by the fathers of the Councils of Constantia, Basel, and Trent. Some from the latter council also made similar desires in the sixteenth. If they did not achieve this and historical evidence shows that it was because Rome did not want to relinquish its financial or authoritative interests, held for several centuries. Many holy men have written since the discovery of Valdesian heresy in the twelfth century that the only way to eradicate the evil by its root is through the court of Rome and the entire clergy adhering to the discipline of the apostolic century. However, this desire now displeases the censors.\nThey had to give it the name of destruction.\n3. Reflections that are no wiser, holier, or more religious than the Apostles and their immediate successors and disciples; for it would be great temerity, pride indiscernible, and very reprehensible vanity to want\nto correct them: they should not be less inspired, for circumstances have changed in such a way that what was fitting then no longer is; it would be imposing ignorance upon them that the rulers ceased to be followers. They aspired with zeal to convert those who could be protectors of the true religion and the true cult; and this proves that they believed the conversion of the rulers of the government should not produce the effect of a change in discipline.\n4. The Tynican, perhaps, which they may not have foreseen.\nThe immediate successors of the Apostles were those who brought in wealth, with wealth came ambition, pride, and avarice, and subsequently all the other passions whose effects disturbed ideas, destroyed discipline, and in the end produced some individuals in the clergy who were the \"ravenous wolves\" (as foretold by St. Paul). Among the Christians themselves, there were men of learning who sought to make proselytes, whose apostolic words (which varied greatly from one man to another) were verified in reality, despite the sermons and declarations of the holy doctors Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, Chrysostom, Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, and others.\nFourteenth century and early fifth, the doctrine of being useful for religion and worship, the wealth of temples, splendor, and authority of their ministers, prevailed against all apostolic discipline that had founded and multiplied Christianity. (i) Acts of the Apostles and following\n\nCENSORSHIP XIII.\n\nOn ecclesiastical precepts.\nI. Iaos\nDS censors say: The work contains destructive propositions regarding the confession and communion once a year, hearing mass, not working on Sundays and other festive and Lenten days, and abstaining from meat and latices.\n\nResponse. The censors would have spoken more accurately, if the misunderstanding (not the will) of the scribe, due to outdated concerns, had allowed them to state the truth, as they know it from the confessional, instead.\nFor some books, and in regard to human society. In such cases, they would have seen that the work does not aim to destroy ecclesiastical precepts, but rather to address the root causes of the continuous sins that they commit due to the transgression of those. Read it again, with attention and good faith, what is written about such matters in the second, third, and fourth chapters; and say afterwards if the author intends to destroy precepts or avoid sins.\n\nThe author wants no one to sin through erroneous conscience or human weakness, as much as possible, he warns. The author believes (as has been said before) that the discipline of the Apostles and their immediate successors is more in line with the will of the divine master, whom they knew originally; and that novelties (though born of a religious desire), will not merit.\nel  concepto  de  perfecci\u00f3n  de  la  obra;  porque, \nsi  esto  fuera  cierto,  lo  hubiesen  establecido \nJesucristo  y  los  Ap\u00f3stoles :  si  no  lo  hicieron, \nfue  porque  previeron  los  inconvenientes  que \nresultar\u00edan  atendida  la  miseria  humana. \n4.  La  esperiencia  lo  ha   conf\u00edrmado    para \ncon  los  que  no  habian  hecho  antes  estas  re- \nflexiones.  El  curso  de  los  tiempos  hizo  per- \nsuadir \u00e1  ciertas  gentes  que   debia  reputarse \ncomo  precepto  aquello,  cuya  omisi\u00f3n  escan- \ndalizase \u00e1  las  personas  devotas  y  timoratas  : \nla  costumbre  de  opinar  as\u00ed  prevaleci\u00f3;  y  desde \naquella  \u00e9poca  los  [obispos  y^  los  concilios  han \nhablado   sobre   el   supuesto    de  ser   objetos- \nreligiosos  de  precepto  eclesi\u00e1stico.    Hicieron \ntodo  con  buen  zelo,  y  de  buena  fe ;  pero  na^ \nbast\u00f3  para  que  ios  efectos  hayan  correspon- \ndido \u00e1  sus  deseos.  Los  cristianos,  que  no  lle- \nnaban antes  aquellos  objetos  por  devoci\u00f3n  , \nRara vez los han satisfecho despu\u00e9s de plenamiento de ley, antes bien se encontraron con un impulso m\u00e1s hacia lo contrario, por la fatalidad de la naturaleza nos inclina frecuentemente a practica lo que se nos prohibe. Un hombre desea pasearle por el campo; y si se lo mandan, se le quitan los deseos. Como le quiera precisar el padre o maestro? Lo hubiera paseado con mucho gusto.\n\nLos sumos pont\u00edfices, los concilios, y obispos, han reducido el n\u00famero de fiestas, reduciendo algunas a preceptos de o\u00edr misa: sin prohibici\u00f3n de trabajar; otras dejando a solo la devoci\u00f3n de los fieles el precepto de la misa. Muchos d\u00edas en que antes se ayunaba por obligaci\u00f3n, fueron reducidos a simple abstinencia; otros en que hab\u00eda total, se redujeron a penitencia voluntaria.\nredujeron  \u00e1  parcial  con  facultad  de  comer \nlas  estremidades  y  las  entra\u00f1as  de  los  ani- \nmales, y  con  el  tiempo  todas  las  otras  carnes. \nAs\u00ed  han  ido  poco  \u00e1  poco  disminuyendo  el \nn\u00famero  d\u00e9los  pecados  que  se  cometian  por \ninfracci\u00f3n.  El  autor  considera  que  una  vez \nreconocido  el  principio  como  justo,  conviene^ \nadoptarlo  para  todo  lo  que  pueda  evitar  pe- \ncados ;  pues  debemos  considerar  \u00e1  los  hombres \ntales  cuales  son,  y  no  tales  cuales  quisi\u00e9ramos^ \nque  fuesen. \n6.  Por  otra  parte  los  censores  no  han  de- \nbido perder  de  vista  jamas  que  el  autor  5 \nproyectando  una  ley,  habla  en  el  nombre  de \n^ln  gobierno  civil ,  y  no  de  un  gobierno  ecle- \nsi\u00e1stico. No  se  mezcla  de  intento  en  que  este \nreduzca  precisamente  \u00e1  devoci\u00f3n  lo  que  ha \nsido  obligaci\u00f3n  ;  solo  manifiesta  en  esto  sus \ndeseos  para  dar  \u00e1  conocer  que  la  ley  civil  na \neastigar\u00e1  como  infracci\u00f3n  de^recepto  aquellas \nactions or omissions whose punishment has been solidly requested; for example, working on holidays. Confessors should consider, or not, regarding these actions or omissions as sin before their tribunal, as long as the government disregards the matter. In various articles of the project, the word \"legally\" is put, as testimony that it does not treat the matter theologically.\n\nCensors should also reflect that even when the desire for the suppression of ecclesiastical precepts is manifested, it is not an absolute manner, but only in the sense that the infraction is not reputed a grave sin: it is not the same as suppressing the obligation of the faithful entirely. What temblers, is the quality of aggravation that is applied practically to the infractors, and it would not be alarming if only this were the case.\ninera pecado leve que solemos llamar venial\nThis consideration is necessary so that the lightness and preoccupation with which censors have read the book, and with which they have supposed it contains heretical propositions regarding ecclesiastical precepts, may be surpassed.\n\nCENSURA XIV.\n\nSobre la abstinencia de carnes y lacticinos.\n\nf. Jesicos censores dicen que la autor injustamente trata y lidia con la abstinencia de carnes en ciertos d\u00edas,\n\n2. Bespuesta, Yo no negar\u00e9 jam\u00e1s este cargo; pero me parece despreciable porque nada tiene que ver con el dogma ni con el fondo de la sana moral. El autor manifest\u00f3 en el \u00faltimo p\u00e1rrafo del cap\u00edtulo 4-^ raz\u00f3n por qu\u00e9 le asiste. \"\u00bfQu\u00e9 conexi\u00f3n hay [dec\u00eda ] entre el esp\u00edritu del cristianismo y las carnes de animales peces que no haya con las de los otros ?\" O \" \u00bfque proporci\u00f3n hay con estas que\"\n\"no haya those? Is it for mortification? Many prefer especially fresh fish over the flesh of Quadrupeds. Why are the meats of Quadrupeds more substantial? In such a case, one can mortify oneself by reducing the quantity. The prohibition of mixing fish and Quadrupeds on Fridays and other days of abstinence, when it has been dispensed, does not present a stronger foundation. Benedict XIV took as a basis the bodily health, so that if it permits, only fish the Christian should eat during Lent; if fish harm him, he should eat meat but without mixing. Discovered is the principle that if the dispensation is not because fish harm health, then the reason for prohibiting the mixture ceases. However, the General Commission of the Crusade\"\nde Espa\u00f1a declar\u00f3 lo contrario. No puedo alcanzar a ver sus motivos. Todos estos inconvenientes cesar\u00e1n reduciendo las cosas al tiempo de Jesucristo, de sus Ap\u00f3stoles y primeros cristianos. Los fervorosos ayunar\u00e1n y se abstendr\u00e1n de carnes; los otros se liberar\u00e1n del pecado de quebrantar una ley que jam\u00e1s ha sido bien observada por el mayor n\u00famero y que no deja de producir da\u00f1os positivos en algunos casos particulares, especialmente donde las carnes abundan y los peces escasean.\n\nCensura \u00daltima y General. Sobre la prohibici\u00f3n eclesi\u00e1stica de libros. \u00c1os censores dicen que por las razones expresadas son de opini\u00f3n que toda la obra debe ser prohibida.\n\nRespuesta. Si las catorce censuras particulares que han precedido fueran fundadas en hechos verdaderos, deducidas con buena l\u00f3gica, y sin las preocupaciones ordinarias de\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end, with missing content after \"sin las preocupaciones ordinarias de\")\nlos  te\u00f3logos  escol\u00e1sticos  del  partido  ultranK)n- \nta\u00f1o  5  yo  me  veria  en  la  precisi\u00f3n  de  reco- \nEocer  que  la  consecuencia  de  prohibici\u00f3n  de \nla  obra  seria  respetable.  Pero  como  sucede \ntodo  lo  contrario  y  seg\u00fan  he  procurado  de- \nmonstrar y  digo  que  esta  censura  general  es  tan \ninjusta  como  las  que  la  preceden.  Quiero \nhacer  un  brev\u00edsimo  resumen  para  que  las \nespecies  mas  notables  se  fijen  mejor  en  la \nmemoria. \nRESUMEN. \nI,  JAesumiendo  el  dictamen  de  los  censores \ndicen  que  la  obra  contiene  seis  proposiciones\u00bb \nher\u00e9ticas  designadas  en  las  censuras  i%  4^  y \n5%  y  6^  :  pero  en  las  respuestas  he  demons- \ntrado que  no  hay  en  el  libro  las  tales  seis  pro- \nposiciones^ y  que  las  censuras  est\u00e1n  fundadas- \nen  un  supuesto  falso  j  lo  cual  es  f\u00e1cil  de  ver \neon  solo  cotejar  lo  impreso  en  la  obra  con  las \nproposiciones  que  se  le  imputan. \nDicen  que  hay  en  la  obra  dos  proposiciones \nque merecen, cuando menos, la nota de sospecha, seg\u00fan la segunda censura, pero en la respuesta se hace ver que los censores han procedido sobre otro supuesto falso: imputando al autor lo que no ha escrito.\n\n3. Afirman en la censura tercera que la obra contiene otra proposici\u00f3n sospechosa de herej\u00eda, y en la respuesta se les hace ver lo primero que la censura est\u00e1 fundada en un supuesto falso: lo segundo que la materia es de pura disciplina; por lo que la proposici\u00f3n pudiera ser err\u00f3nea, no sospechosa de herej\u00eda; lo tercero que solo por rutina inquisitorial se puede aplicar esta calidad a una proposici\u00f3n, pues cualquier que sea, es verdadera, falsa, o dudosa, pero ella no dice ni m\u00e1s de lo que suena escrito; diferencia del autor que puede ser sospechoso de m\u00e1s.\n4. The censors in question doubt the real presence of our Lord Jesus Christ in work 4, but in the response, they are shown not only that they base their doubt on a false premise, insulting the author, but also that they exceed their commission, which was only to censor the book and not their personal beliefs.\n5. The censors in question claim in the censorship of number 7 that the doctrine of the work is depressive of the authority of general councils, and inductive to all errors and heresies condemned in the councils; however, in the response, it is made clear with what fatal logic this judgment of the book is formed, whose author clearly states that everything should be believed that the councils have declared in dogmatic points, even if not the same words are used.\nDifference in matters regarding discipline.\n6. In the censura g/ it is said that the doctrine of the book is depressive towards papal authority; but in the response, it is shown that the limits of the papal primacy are the subject of controversy among Catholics, without prejudice to the faith; the controversy not dealing with defining what those limits are.\n7. They add that the work contains extremely injurious propositions towards the ecclesiastical state. However, in the response to the above censura^, it is demonstrated to be the opposite, and the truth is that the censors have not designated any.\n8. In the censura ii^, it is said that there are contrary positions to sound morals; but they have not dared to indicate any, referring instead to the opinions they prefer in their response.\nsystem of censorship.\n9. The censorship states that there are twelve destructive propositions against the universal discipline of the Church. Far from being destruction, the theme of the work is restoration of apostolic discipline, which holy men have attempted to restore since St. Bernard in the twelfth century; which councils have decreed since the Council of Constanza in the fifteenth; and which has always remained unfulfilled due to the resistance of the Roman court, which has not consented to the loss that would follow from financial interests and certain degrees of authority that it has held for some centuries.\n10. The censorship also states that there are destructive propositions against ecclesiastical precepts in the work, and it is clear that they are only destructive in their frequency or continuity.\nThe successive series of mortal sins that followed the destruction of the discipline established by the apostles, and the holy bishops who succeeded them; this was followed for some happy centuries until the novelties in less enlightened times, be it due to a misunderstanding of perfection or any other reason. It is certain that these sins of infraction of ecclesiastical precepts will not cease except by a return to the discipline of the time of the apostles.\n\n11. Adding finally in the censure the number 14, the author states that it is unjust and ridiculous the abstinence from flesh; however, this response satisfies the charge independently of the dogma and the essential rules of morality.\n\n12. Consequently, the prohibition of the work would be as unfounded as the previous ones.\nmuchas quienes fueron al tribunal de la Inquisici\u00f3n por el mal sistema de censuras secretas; y por no cumplir lo mandado en la bula del papa Benedicto XIV y en la ley del rey Carlos III antes de juzgar. Las resultas ser\u00edan despreciables las prohibiciones, como se despreciaban ya por todas las personas que sab\u00edan distinguir filtre uso y abuso de jurisdicci\u00f3n.\n\nObservaciones Importantes:\n\nEste proceso ha sido tal vez el primero que un Ordinario eclesi\u00e1stico form\u00f3 y sigui\u00f3 sobre denuncia de hermanos despues de abrir el tribunal de inquisici\u00f3n; y por lo menos se puede asegurar que ser\u00e1 uno de los primeros. Yo tengo inter\u00e9s individual en que se administre justicia conforme a las leyes y sin arbitrariedad. La naci\u00f3n interesa en que no comience un nuevo sistema de opresi\u00f3n, el cuerpo legislativo en que no se tengan nuevas restricciones.\nThe following text refers to national laws that are not such; in the government where these truths are respected, obeyed, and enforced. These truths place me in the necessity and obligation to make the following observations.\n\n1. The first observation pertains to the fact that if the ecclesiastical ordinaries are to conduct proceedings like this, they should recognize the obligation to carry out no less diligence than the tribunal of the Inquisition, in the part that their system permits regarding secrecy.\n\nIt is important to note that the exercise of self-judgment in definitively deciding on the prohibition of books belonged to the Supreme Inquisition Council, presided over by the Inquisitor General; as the provincial tribunals did not have the authority for more than admitting delations, providing the book's classification, and remitting this process.\nThe Council received the tribunal's opinion.\n\n4. The Council held the theologians of the province in low regard, as evidenced by their experiences, and therefore sent the instructive process to the Inquisition Tribunal of the Court, ordering new evaluations by theologians residing in Madrid, who were known to be more critical, less biased, and better read.\n\n5. The Tribunal of the Court communicated a copy of the given censures to the new evaluator, allowing them to give their opinion with greater knowledge of the case. However, even if they agreed with the provincial censures, the process was not considered complete until two censures from theologians of the Court had been obtained. If the second disagreed with the first and a third was named.\ncero; the tribunal rendered its opinion to the Council in accordance with the resolution to lift the prohibition of two Courts' censures, given separately with uniformity, without considering those of the provinces.\n\nReason for this was that the Lessons on Commerce by Genovesi and The Increase of Wealth by Uria Nafarrondo were current (I being the secretary of the Court of Inquisition in 1790). The two works had been censored for prohibition in Barcelona for supposedly approving usury.\n\nIn Madrid, there was discord and it was decided in favor of the works: one by don Bernardo Nadal, then auditor of the nuncio, later bishop of Mallorca; the other by the master Gonz\u00e1lez, rector of the Colegio de Do\u00f1a Mar\u00eda de Arag\u00f3n.\n\nTherefore, it will not be just to proceed now with less scrutiny, judging definitively a process.\nIn the interest of honor and proof of the editor, there is great significance regarding the opinions of some theologians in Barcelona. The Inquisitional Council, which presumes to be men of little depth in reading good books and understanding what those whom St. Paul called blasphemers may not, should abstain from definitively pronouncing on the prohibition of a book until they have sent an integral, faithful copy of the censures and the author's response to the Supreme Censorship Junta of the Court. I request this of the reverend provisor.\nvicario general de Barcelona, as I am the vicar general, I will attempt to use the ordinary and extraordinary remedies available in law, if not done so, regarding the following observations:\n\n9. The second observation is about the jurisdiction of the provisor and vicar general of Barcelona in this process. It is possible that this is an attempt to test if the government will tolerate it and, in such a case, to gain a collection of productive causes in favor of ecclesiastical tribunals and obsequies.\n\n10. The last law concerning books is the one decreed by the Courts on October 22, 1820, sanctioned by the king on November 12, 1820; which orders that no writings on the sacred Scripture, doctrine, and dogmas of our holy religion should be printed without the permission of the ecclesiastical Ordinary.\nThis law grants no jurisdiction to the ecclesiastical ordinary to consider the prohibition of printed books before their promulgation; and the document we are dealing with was published\n\n11. A few days before this law, in September of the same year 1820, the bishops received a letter from the Peninsular government ministry, ordering them to \"arrange themselves according to the literal text of\" article 3.\u00b0 of the decree of the Cortes of February 22, 1813, which abolished the Inquisition and established the liberty of the press.\n\n12. The cited article 3.\u00b0 \"declares that the law of the Segovia title twenty-six, partida septimana, insofar as it leaves the faculties of the bishops and their vicars to judge in matters of faith,\" is restored to its original force.\nThe given text appears to be in old Spanish, specifically from the Castilian legal tradition known as the \"Siete Partidas\" written by Alfonso X of Castile. I will translate and clean the text while preserving its original content as much as possible.\n\ncanones y derecho conjunci\u00f3n y las facultades\nde los jueces seculares para declarar y imponer\nlos herejes las penas que se\u00f1alen\no que en adelante se\u00f1alaren, y que los jueces eclesi\u00e1sticos y seculares proycedan\nen sus respectivos casos conforme a\nla constituci\u00f3n y a las leyes.\n\nThe cited law second of the Partidas said that heretics can be accused\nby each one of the people before the bishops or the inquisitors who have their place;\nand these must examine the accused in\nthe articles and in the sacraments of the faith;\nand if they find that the denounced ones err\nin this or in any other thing that the Roman Church has and must believe and guard,\nthe bishops, or their vicars, should proceed\nto convert them and extract them from the error.\nA good reasons and soft words, to see if the accused want to return to the fold and believe it; and after they are reconciled, they must forgive them. But if by chance the accused do not want to leave their obstinacy, the bishops or their vicars should judge the obstinate as heretics. And they should give them to the secular judges.\n\nI do not see in any of these laws that the ecclesiastical ordinaries are authorized to prohibit printed books in the year 1829; and less so when I read the minister's letter, circulated in September of 1820, in which the minister rightly states that neither the bishops nor their vicars are authorized to prohibit the printing, introduction into the kingdom, circulation, retention, or occupation of books.\nOlio, in other places, with the proviso that no definitive sentence is pronounced without hearing this defense and the opinion that (with its sight and from the work) the Supreme Junta of censorship or of protection of the press gives, since from now on the book is subject to the resolution of its members, certainly wise men who will judge with the healthy criticism required in these matters, where the scholastic theologians and ancient inquisition evaluators are accustomed to qualifying as heresy whatever opposes what they read in their theological courses with the eloquent clause of \"This proposition is rejected without taking the trouble to indicate from what time it has been of faith\"; whatever the text of the sacred Scripture in which it is affirmatively stated, without the need for inductions; or whatever the general ecumenical concept.\nen que fuese declarada como doctrina, porque mientras esto no hubiese sucedido, el autor es libre para opinar como expresamente san Agustin.\n\n16. Si por suerte no acomodasen mis propositions al se\u00f1or provisor y vicario general de Barcelona (principalmente la de remitir el libro, la censura y esta respuesta a la Junta de censura o a protecci\u00f3n de la libertad de la imprenta), se servir\u00e1 tener entendido que yo me propongo publicar, dar a conocer, y distribuir (cuanto las leyes y las circunstancias permitan) esta respuesta por medio de la imprenta, para que los hombres doctos y cr\u00edticos de buena fe puedan juzgar imparcialidad, sin intereses imaginarios ni reales, en lo cual pienso hacer servicio a la patria, para que los literatos vean si el estado que quieren introducir los Ordinarios eclesi\u00e1sticos, es:\n\n(If by chance my propositions are not accommodated to the lord provisor and vicar general of Barcelona (principally that of remitting the book, the censorship, and this response to the Censorship Board or to the protection of the freedom of the press), it will be understood that I propose to publish, make known, and distribute (as far as the laws and circumstances allow) this response through the press, so that learned and critical men of good faith may judge impartially, without imaginary or real interests, in what I intend to serve the country, so that literati may see if the state that the Ordinaries intend to introduce)\nPeor, superior to the old one of the Inquisition, and they should proceed in their writings with this knowledge. I also believe it is beneficial to the government; as my case (being the first of its kind) may perhaps bring it to an end, and make it known that there is a need for some provision in the matter.\n\nIn any case, the lord provisor should have understood that the cited law of February 22, 1813, mandates in Article 7 that appeals have place with the same procedures and before the same judges as in all other ecclesiastical criminal causes. And in Article 8, that there will be a place for appeals of force, in the same way as in all other ecclesiastical judgments. I propose to use all of this if necessary.\n\nHowever, I manifest in good faith and sincerely that I have formed a concept of the lord provisor.\nvisor y vicario general de Barcelona se conformar\u00e1 con mis propuestas por su amor a la Justicia. D, 5 y porque me han informado tener un caracter personal muy amable, ben\u00e9fico y generoso. Par\u00eds, 24 de febrero de 1821. Juan Antonio LL\u00d3RENTE, abogado del antiguo consejo de Castilla; doctor en sagrados c\u00e1nones; exfiscal y antiguo provisor y vicario general de Calahorra; antiguo director de la casa de Esp\u00f3sitos de aquel obispado; antiguo juez pontificio y real de la Cruzada; antiguo secretario de la Inquisici\u00f3n de la Corte; miembro de muchas academias y sociedades literarias nacionales y extrangeras.\n\nAdiciones a la respuesta precedente.\n\nAdvertencia.\nLa respuesta que precede fue escrita con suma precipitaci\u00f3n, para enviarla por correo desde Par\u00eds a Barcelona dentro de los tres d\u00edas.\nThe given text appears to be in an older form of Spanish, likely from the 19th or early 20th century. I will clean the text by removing unnecessary characters, correcting some spelling errors, and modernizing the grammar while preserving the original meaning. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"del t\u00e9rmino concedido por el ordinario eclesi\u00e1stico al defensor voluntario de la obra encendida. El Doctor don Jos\u00e9 Antonio Grassot, abogado en aquella ciudad, hab\u00eda tenido la bondad de tomar a su cargo su defensa, en propio inter\u00e9s suyo, a consecuencia de la invitaci\u00f3n general que por edictos publicados el juez hab\u00eda emitido. Es un sujeto muy sabio y la hizo con gran ciencia de razones y doctrinas; pero yo cre\u00eda que la calidad de editor del escrito denunciado me dictaba la obligaci\u00f3n de manifestar los fundamentos con que hab\u00eda juzgado \u00fatil su publicaci\u00f3n; y por eso me pareci\u00f3 forzoso trabajar el papel que antecede. Luego me ocurri\u00f3 la idea de copiar muchos textos comprobantes y de a\u00f1adir hechos y autoridades capaces de satisfacer a toda clase de censores, y trabaj\u00e9 las adiciones siguientes. Ruego pues a mis lectores, las reputen por\"\n\nTranslation:\n\n\"The term granted by the ecclesiastical judge to the voluntary defender of the work in question. Doctor don Jos\u00e9 Antonio Grassot, a lawyer in that city, had taken on his defense out of his own interest, due to the general invitation published by the judge's edicts. He was a very wise man and defended it with great knowledge of reasons and doctrines; but I believed that, as the editor of the denounced text, I had the obligation to explain the reasons for its publication; and that's why I found it necessary to work on the preceding paper. Later, I had the idea of copying many confirming texts and adding facts and authorities capable of satisfying all types of censors, and I worked on the following additions. I kindly ask my readers to consider\"\ncontinuacion de la Apologia precedente,\nADICION\nRESPUESTA DE LA CENSURA I.\nSolar el poder legislativo de la Iglesia.\nI. iAN Mateo en su Evangelio, cap\u00edtulo 19,\ndice: \"En aquella hora acercaronse a Jesus,\ndiciendo: \u00bfQuien piensas que sea el mayor en\nel reino de los cielos? Y llamando a Jesus a un ni\u00f1o,\nlo puso en medio de los discipulos, y respondio:\nen verdad os digo que si no os convertireis\ny hiciereis como ni\u00f1os, no entrar\u00e9is en el reino\nde los cielos. Cualquiera que se humille como\neste ni\u00f1o, es el mayor en el reino de los cielos.\nQuien reciba a un ni\u00f1o tal como este, en mi nombre,\nrecibira a mi. Quien escandalizare a uno de los\npeque\u00f1os que creen en mi, seria bien castigado\nsi se le colocara al cuello una rueda de molino\nde las que suele conducir un asno, y se le arrojara\nal profundo.\ndel mar. Ay, of the world, because of the Egyptians! It is necessary that there be scandals; but woe to that man through whom the scandal comes. If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away. It is better for you to enter life maimed or lame, than to have two hands or two feet and be thrown into the eternal fire. If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away. It is better for you to enter life with one eye than to have two eyes and be thrown into the fire. Be on your guard; for they say that an angel does not always appear in heaven to the face of my Father who is in heaven, but the Son of Man came to save what was lost. What do you think? If a man has a hundred sheep, and one of them has gone astray, does he not leave the ninety-nine on the mountains and go and search for the one that is stray? And if he finds it, truly, he rejoices over that sheep more than over the ninety-nine that did not go astray. So it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.\nninety and nine in the mountains, and goes to seek\nthe one who had strayed \"if I find her, I assure you in truth that she rejoices more with that ewe than with the ninety and nine that are not strayed. According to this, your Father in heaven does not want one of these little ones to perish. But if your brother sins against you, rebuke him privately. If he listens to you, you have gained your brother. But if he does not listen, take along one or two others, so that every word may be confirmed by the mouth of two or three witnesses. If he does not heed them, tell it to the church; and if he does not heed the church, treat him as a Gentile and a tax collector. 3. I tell you truly, all things that you bind on earth will be bound in heaven; and all things that you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.\n\"In the earth they will not be found, but in the heavenly realms they will be at your side. \"Fourthly, I tell you, if two of you agree on earth about anything you ask for, it will be done for you by my Father in heaven. For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I among them.\" (Matthew 18:19-20, NIV)\n\nFive. Then Peter approached him and said, \"Lord, how many times shall my brother sin against me and I forgive him? As many as seven times?\" Jesus said to him, \"I tell you, not seven times, but seventy-seven times.\"\n\nThis chapter of the Gospel contains two distinct doctrines. One is entirely moral, the other concerns the power and authority of persons. Our Lord Jesus Christ spoke to all those who were present in the session, for they were not all apostles, \" (Matthew 18:18-19, NRSV)\ncomo se deja conocer, por la presencia del parvulo que puso el Se\u00f1or en medio, y de citarse como asistentes otros peque\u00f1os, estos hombres de rango civil insignificante.\n\nEn cuanto al poder y autoridad habl\u00f3 el Se\u00f1or solo a aquellos disc\u00edpulos a quien. Dirig\u00eda la palabra usando de la segunda persona del plural, entre los cuales se cuenta san Pedro; que se acerc\u00f3 a Jes\u00fas por hacerle preguntas relativas al perd\u00f3n de las ofensas. Esto lo cual lo motiv\u00f3 a creer que Jesucristo dirigi\u00f3 al mismo san Pedro la palabra en persona, segunda persona singular, cuando ense\u00f1aba el modo de practicar buena correcci\u00f3n cristiana, su orden, y las consecuencias de sus efectos buenos o malos.\n\nPor causa de esta interpretaci\u00f3n, los misales antiguos anteriores a la coxrecion fonetica, teD\u00edan: el Evangelio de la misa (en que se inserta ese fragmento de nuestro texto).\nIn that time, Jesus spoke to Simon Peter: \"If your brother sins against you, [etc.]\" In that time, Jesus said: \"If your brother sins against you, [etc.]\" The arguments drawn from that text during the Council of Constance to Trent, against the papal power regarding its inferiority to the Church, provided motivation for the Piomanos, during the correction of the missal and breviary, to delete the initial clause of the evangelical text of that day and change it to read: \"In that time, Jesus said: 'If your brother sins against you, [etc.]'\" Jesus spoke to Simon Peter in the second person singular without specifying whom he was addressing.\n\nDespite the suppression, the substance of the text remains the same. To anyone.\nque Jesus dijera, siempre resulta que el \u00faltimo y supremo recurso es la Iglesia y no el colegio apost\u00f3lico aislado y separado de ellas, pues ella es la congregaci\u00f3n de todos los fieles cristianos cuya cabeza es el Papa.\n\nLos Ap\u00f3stoles entendieron el texto en este sentido, y por eso congregaron la Iglesia (y no el colegio apost\u00f3lico aislado) en el concilio de Jerusal\u00e9n. En el mismo sentido fue interpretado por sus sucesores en los concilios de Constantinopla y posteriores, considerando presente al pueblo cristiano, pues lo representaban en su concepci\u00f3n los emperadores griegos del pueblo, por s\u00ed mismos o por medio de sus legados; y a\u00fan as\u00ed muchos interesados resistieron algunas resoluciones, negando la calidad de eclesi\u00e1stica a los concilios en los que dec\u00edan.\nno estara congregada toda la Iglesia, sino solo algunas partes, y el pueblo cristiano infuentemente representado; por lo que negaban la infalibilidad.\n\n11. Decir que el poder legislativo eclesiastico fue dado al cuerpo moral de la Iglesia, y no a San Pedro isolation de los otros Apostoles, ni al colegio de estos, separados del pueblo cristiano, jamas podia ser proposicion heretica, porque no hay articulo de fe que mande creer lo contrario. Si lo hay, se\u00f1aleles la decision dogmatica, y cedere de mi dictamen asi es justo.\n\n12. La historia sagrada de los hechos apostolicos en el cap\u00edtulo 15 dice asi: (Algunos que venian de Judea a Antioquia ensejaban a los hermanos diciendoles que si no circuncidaban conforme al rito mosaico, no se podian salvar. Habiendo declarado mucho Pablo y Bernabe contra ellos, se resolvio que:\nPablo and Bernab\u00e9, along with some of the opposing parties, went to Jerusalem to consult the Apostles and presbyters regarding that matter.\n\nThey passed through Phoenicia and Samaria, sharing the conversion of the Gentiles, which brought great joy to all the brothers. Upon arriving in Jerusalem, they were received by the Church, both by the Apostles and the elders, who inquired about the things God had done among the faithful.\n\nSome believers (who had previously belonged to the sect of the Pharisees) turned against this, saying that the Gentile converts should be circumcised and required to observe the law of Moses. The Apostles and elders came together to discuss this matter, and after much debate, Peter stood up and said:\n\n\"Men and brothers, you know that a short time ago God made a choice among you, that by my mouth the Gentiles should hear the word of the gospel and believe. And God, who knows the heart, bore witness to them, giving them the Holy Spirit just as he did to us, and he made no distinction between us and them, having cleansed their hearts by faith. Now therefore why do you put God to the test by placing a yoke on the neck of the disciples that neither our fathers nor we have been able to bear? But we believe that we will be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, just as they will.\"\nque ha hecho muchos d\u00edas Dios entre nosotros eligi\u00f3 a m\u00ed para que los Gentiles oyesen la palabra del Evangelio de mi boca y creyan, y Dios, que vio los corazones, les dio testimonio y d\u00e1ndoles el Esp\u00edritu Santo como a nosotros, y no hizo distinci\u00f3n entre ellos y nosotros, purificando sus corazones por la fe. En este supuesto, por qu\u00e9 os tent\u00e1is a Dios ahora, queriendo imponer sobre las careces de los disc\u00edpulos un yugo que ni nuestros padres ni nosotros lo pod\u00edamos soportar. La gracia del Se\u00f1or Jesucristo es por la cual creemos salvarnos a nosotros como a los otros.\n\nToda la multitud call\u00f3 escuchando a Pablo y a Bernab\u00e9 contando los muchos y grandes prodigios que Dios hab\u00eda hecho en favor de los Gentiles por medio del ministerio de los mismos Pablo y Bernab\u00e9. Y habiendo callado estos, respondi\u00f3 Jacobo diciendo:\n\"16. Men hearing me. The Lord visited these Gentiles, increasing the people dedicated to the veneration of his name, according to the words of the prophecies. For it is written: After these things I will free my people from their captivity, rebuild the tabernacle of David which has been ruined, repair its ruins, and rebuild it. And others shall seek the Lord, all the Gentiles on whom my name has been called (says the Lord who does these things). God has known their work from eternity; therefore I judge that the Gentiles who have turned to God should not be troubled, and that it should be written for them to abstain from the corruption of idols, from fornication, and from eating flesh and blood, for Moses has commanded this in all cities.\"\nmen who proclaimed in the synagogues in which all the Sabbath readings are read. i. \"Then it was the will of the apostles and the elders, along with the whole church, to choose some men from among themselves and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. To Judas the son of Jacob, who was also called Barsabas, and to Silas, they wrote as follows:\n\nj8. \"The apostles and elders, to the brothers and sisters among the Gentiles in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia, greetings. Since we have heard that some who went out from us have troubled you with their words, distorting the truth about what we believe, it was necessary that we choose men and send them to you, with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have therefore sent Judas and Silas, who will also convey this same message by the hand of our beloved Barnabas and Paul.\"\nNabo I Pablo, hombres who have exposed their lives for the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ. We also send you Judas and Silas who will tell you the same thing in person, for it seemed fitting to the Holy Spirit and to us not to impose on you any greater burdens than these: that you abstain from things sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the flesh of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality. For it is by abstaining from these things that you will serve the Lord. Go in peace. \"19. This text seems complete, and there is no reason to doubt that the Apostles understood the granting of powers that Jesus had given them for the governance of their Church - this is the first ecclesiastical institution we know of, not given by Peter alone, but in union with the other Apostles, nor to the twelve apostles separately.\nThe faithful rest, not in an ecumenical council composed of the bishop of the Church who was Peter, the principal members who were the other apostles, and the other members authorized, namely the presbyters and other Christians, who were called some in one occasion and a multitude in another. The apostles spoke in a similar way when they determined to elect an apostle in place of Judas Iscariot, for they convened the entire people, composed then of about one hundred and twenty men.\n\nSaint Ireneus, bishop of Lyons, a disciple of Saint Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, and of Papias, both disciples of the apostle Saint John, wrote (around the year 180) a treatise: against the doctrine of the heretics who had lived since Simon the Magician in his time. Throughout his work, he followed the system of persuasion.\nque para comprender bien la sagrada Escritura, el \u00fanico medio seguro era seguir el sentido en que los obispos disc\u00edpulos de los Ap\u00f3stoles lo hab\u00edan entendido, porque estos hab\u00edan procurado poner para dirigir a los fieles a los m\u00e1s perfectos; y les hab\u00edan comunicado de palabra todo lo que aprendieron del divino maestro concerniente al bien de la Iglesia. Y hablando de Valent\u00edn, de Marcion y de otros herejes de su tiempo, dijo:\n\nTodos estos son mucho posteriores a los obispos a quienes los Ap\u00f3stoles confiaron las iglesias, como hemos manifestado con toda diligencia en el libro tercero.\n\nEllos son ciegos para ver la verdad; por lo cual est\u00e1n en la necesidad de buscar caminos diferentes para su sistema; los vestigios de sus doctrinas est\u00e1n esparcidos sin uniformidad y con inconsecuencias. Lo contradictorio.\ntrario follows those who adhere to the path of the Church, and which encircles and traverses the unity among us, derived from the Apostles, making it clear that among all apostolic Christians there is but one belief, recognizing one sole God, the same inspiration of the Holy Spirit, the same precepts for us all; there is but one form of governing the Church, which is that all expect the coming of the same Lord, and one and the same salvation for mankind, that is, in body and soul, and in our Church there is but one doctrine, which is true and firm, and through which the same doctrine of salvation is taught throughout the world: for this Church is entrusted with the light of God, and for this reason it is glorified with hymns as the wisdom of God.\nThe Church teaches men about God when they die. Therefore, this same wisdom of God works confidently in the public square; it is proclaimed at the top of city walls, and speaks continually in the city's gates. For everywhere the Church preaches the \"truth\" and is the torch of Christ bearing light. Those who abandon the Church's doctrine argue against it because of the imperfection of the holy presbyters, not realizing that an ignorant, religious fool is better than an impudent blasphemer and sophist; and such are all heretics. Those who seek to discover (besides the truth) something following doctrines that have been disseminated in various ways and in very different forms, lead a wavering path, vary in opinion at every step, are blind led by the blind; they will fall into the pit of ignorance, following reason into the abyss.\nThe following text describes the central role of the Church in Christian doctrine and discipline, according to Saint Ireneus and the Apostles. The Church is the paradise planted in this world, the bearer of God's light, and the tradition derived from the Apostles. In the opinion of Saint Ireneus, the Church is the one to whom the light of God was entrusted, and the Church, as expressed by him after stating that the Church's path encircles the entire universe, is the only norm for governing all Christians. This is not the apostolic college alone, but rather a congregation of all faithful Christians, whose head is the pope.\nIn the Church, God granted the power to legislate. In the Tridentine Council on January 5, 1546, this truth was declared indirectly. The papal legates proposed the formula for composing decrees as follows: \"The sacred Tridentine Council, legitimately assembled in the Holy Spirit, etc.\" The French, Spanish, and other bishops proposed adding these words: \"representative of the universal Church.\" The legates did not agree, as they had placed this phrase at the beginning of the decrees of the Council of Constance, and feared conceding to the proposal might embolden the same bishops to make further demands. (I) Saint Irenaeus: Against Heresies, Book 5, page 115, Paris edition, year 1367, by Aud\u00e9on de Tunis.\n\n7 Other Germans proposed adding:\nThe following clause also appeared in the formula: representative of the universal Church, who has his power immediately from Jesus Christ and to whom all, even the pope himself, are obligated to obey, etc.\n\n2.4 - The legates, fearing that this might happen in Trento and unable to carry it out due to the instructions they had received in Rome, proposed, with much dissimulation, that the term \"representative of the universal Church\" should not be used because it was a well-known truth and would unnecessarily lengthen the formula of the beginning of the decrees.\n\n(i) Father Paolo Sarpi, in the history of the Tridentine Council, Palavicino, treating the same subject.\n\nADDITION\n\nRESPONSE OF THE CENSORSHIP H.\n\nOn explicit confessions of faith.\n/AN Marks in his Gospel, chapter 16:\n\"Jesus asked his disciples, \"Who do people say I am?\" They replied, \"Some say John the Baptist; others say Elias or Jeremiah or one of the prophets.\" He asked them, \"But what about you? Who do you say I am?\" Simon Peter answered, \"You are the Christ, the Son of God.\" Jesus replied, \"Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonas, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. The early Christian fathers Cyprian, Augustine, and John Chrysostom, along with other Greek and Latin doctors, understood these words:\"\nabout this stone, as if Jesus had said about it:\n\"This fusion of divine faith will not prevail against it.' I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven: whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.\" In this fragment of the Gospel, our Lord Jesus Christ considered it important enough to call blessed Peter, the clear confession of the most significant article of faith: that Jesus is the long-promised Constant and Son of God, living. Afterward, He commanded His disciples to baptize believers in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; through this clear confession of faith, belief in the three persons of the Trinity should take hold.\nThe holy Trinity, finding some disciples in Ephesus ignorant of the existence of the Holy Spirit, told them: \"Which baptism have you received? They answered that it was John's baptism. He explained and administered to them the baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ.\n\nTradition persuades us that the apostles formed a symbol of faith before separating, although we have no clear historical evidence of this: the ecumenical councils from Nicea onward added it based on their dogmatic declarations regarding the opinions of Arius, Macedonius, Nestorius, Eutychus, and other heretics. However, Ton always recognized a substantial difference between the symbol and a special act of confession: the former included all the articles of faith.\nThe text appears to be in old Spanish, likely from the 1800s or earlier, with some Latin and Greek words. I will translate it to modern English and remove unnecessary characters.\n\ndogma\u00facos yet only claim taies and a general expression of believing all that the Catholic and apostolic church believes, as the Pope Leon III declared in the year 809, as we will see later.\n\nSan Ireneo made his profession of faith in the end of the second century, a hundred and thirty years before the ecumenical council of Nicea formed the symbol, as he combated the heretics and said: \"The Church, spread throughout the whole earth to the ends, received from the apostles and their disciples the faith by which we believe in one God, the omnipotent Father who made heaven and earth, the sea, and all things that are in these three; and in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, made flesh to save us, and in the Holy Spirit who spoke through the prophets, the dispositions of God and his coming, and his generation in a Virgin.\"\n\nCleaned Text:\n\nSan Ireneo made his profession of faith in the second century, a hundred and thirty years before the Nicene Council formed the symbol. He combated heretics and said, \"The Church, spread throughout the whole earth to the ends, received from the apostles and their disciples the faith by which we believe in one God, the omnipotent Father who made heaven, earth, and all things in these three; and in Jesus Christ, the Son of God made flesh to save us, and in the Holy Spirit who spoke through the prophets about God's dispositions and his coming, and his generation in a Virgin.\"\npassion, and its resurrection among the dead, number 5, and the ascension of our beloved Lord Jesus Christ to the heavens, and his coming from the heavens in glory, to reunite all things and resurrect all human flesh, so that all may bow before Jesus Christ our Lord, God Savior and King, in accordance with the will of the invisible Father. All celestial and terrestrial beings, and infernal ones, and every tongue that confesses the same Jesus. And that he may judge all with justice; and send the spiritual beings of wickedness, the angels of blasphemy, as a flame to the impious, unjust, wicked, and blasphemous; and to give life to the righteous and good who have observed their precepts and have persevered in their love.\nFrom the beginning, others, from their repentance, have been rewarded for incorruption and crowned with eternal glory. Having received this doctrine and being, as we have said, the Church is spread throughout the world, it is diligently conserved, as if all its members were in one house, and you believe all these things, as if all had one sole soul and one heart. And with equal conformity, it preaches, teaches, and communicates these things, as if there were one sole mouth among all; for although there may be diversity in the manner of speaking, there is no difference in the force of what is intended to be understood. There is no difference in what the churches established in Germany, in Hispania, in the Celts, in the East, in Egypt, in Libya, and in the center of the world believe and preach.\ny  predicaci\u00f3n  de  la  vendad  brilla  en  todas \npartes  ,  \u00e9  illumina  \u00e1  todos  los  hombres  que \nquieren  conocer  la  verdad.  El  mas  elocuente \nde  todos  cuantos  gobiernan  iglesias  ,  no  dir\u00e1 \ncosas  diferentea  de  estas,  porque  no  ser\u00e1  supe- \nrior \u00e1  su  nfraestro;  ni  el  que  t^nga  ret\u00f3rica \ninferior,  disminuir\u00e1  la  comunicaci\u00f3n  de  esta \ndoctrina  ;  porque,  siendo  en  ambos  una  mis- \nma la  fe  ,  ni  el  sabio  ense\u00f1ar\u00e1  mas  ^  ni  el \nignorante    menos  (i)  \u00bb\u2022 \n(i)  Sm  Ireneo  ;  Adyeisus  hereses  jiib.  I,  cap.  a  y  3. \n6.  He  aqu\u00ed  tina  confesi\u00f3n  de  fe  espres\u00a1\\?a\u00ed \nde  los  art\u00edculos  que  resultaban  de  las  sagradas \nletras  en  diferentes  escritos  can\u00f3nicos  ,  pera \nsin  espresar  la  especie  menor  relativa  \u00e1  sacra- \nmentosy  otros  dogmas  ya  declarados  entonces, \npor  ejemplo  5  la  comuni\u00f3n  de  los  Santos. \n7.  Aun  despu\u00e9s  del  concilio  niceno  se \nsigui\u00f3  esta  regla  con  tanta  seguridad  que  san \nBishop Basilio of Seleucia, father and doctor of the Church in the fourth century, desiring to manifest his faith with a particular reason, was content with saying, \"I believe in God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.\" (2)\n\nExpressing more or less articles is not and cannot be a matter of dogma, but rather educational and disciplinary. Therefore, it is recorded in ecclesiastical history that every bishop, whether of the Latin or Greek Church, composed confessions of faith for their diocesans as they deemed appropriate. From this practice, in less ancient times, the custom arose that each bishop would form a diocesan catechism, according to his individual opinions, adding or correcting that of his predecessor. It would be difficult to find a short number of formulas entirely identical; each successor added, removed, or modified them.\nAccording to the record, with nothing altering the symbol,\n\nRegarding this bubble, there is also a great variety,\n(i) concerning San Basilio, in the treatment of the Holy Spirit, chapter 27 of his works, volume 2.\nComprehending certain expressions regarding those dogmatic truths about which there had been preceding controversy.\n\nThe bishops of Spain, in the first council of Toledo, congregated in the consulado of Estilicon (which was in the year 40), formed a profession of faith for the Spanish bishops of the ecclesiastical provinces of Tarragona, Cartagena, B\u00e9lica, and Lusitania. They did this with such extension that they added the word F\u00edlioque to the Nicene and Constantinopolitan symbols, speaking of the Holy Spirit; for they deemed it appropriate to add,\n\u2022that it also proceeded from the Son to give.\ntestimonio de que detestaban la hereg\u00eda de Macedonio.\n\nII. The same thing was done by King Recaredo and all the bishops of Spain and Galicia in the third council of Toledo, year SSg. The results of which were added to the symbol that was sung in the mass, despite the decrees of the ecumenical councils of Calcedonia in 431 and Constantinople in 553, which prohibited adding words to the \"symbol.\"\n\n12. The Galician Church held a council in the year 767, convened by King Pipino, and among other things decreed to adopt the Spanish practice and sing in the mass the symbol with the \"Filioque\" that San Paulino, Patriarch of Aquileya, had done in another council of Friuli in the year 791, during the reign of Charlemagne; and Charlemagne, already being emperor, convened a council in Aquisgran in the year 800.\n\nin which it was intended to declare directly\nThe Spirit proceeds from the Son in the same way that it proceeds from the Father. The emperor ordered that before making a definitive decision, Bernardo, bishop of Worms, and A, abbot of Carbia (the emperor's brother, as son of Bernardo, king of Italy), should go to Rome and consult with Pope Leo III. The conference with this supreme pontiff is of great importance because it pertains to various aspects of the religious project of Constancio and particularly to what is currently under examination. I will not refer to it as described by Abbot Smaragdus, who witnessed it, and it can be found in the collection of councils and in the ecclesiastical history written by Cardinal Fleuri (i). The envoys read the document to the pope to prove that the Spirit:\n\n1. The envoys read the document to the pope to prove that the Spirit proceeds\nfrom the Son in the same way that it proceeds from the Father.\n\n(i) This refers to Hincmar of Reims, who wrote under the name of Fleury Abbey.\nSanto  proced\u00eda  del  Hijo  como  del  Padre  ,  y \nde  aqu\u00ed  result\u00f3  el  di\u00e1logo  siguiente  que  co- \npiar\u00e9 j  omitiendo  la  repetici\u00f3n  de  palabras  de \ndijo  f  respondi\u00f3  ^  pues  asi  parecer\u00e1  menos \ndifuso.  El  papa  comenz\u00f3  diciendo  :\u00ab  Yo  creo \nlo  mismo  que  vosotros  conforme  \u00e1  esas  auto- \nridades de  los  padres  y  de  la  Escritura.  \u2014  Su- \npuesto pues  que  lo  cre\u00e9is  as\u00ed ,  \u00bf  no  es  forzoso \nhacer  entender  esa  doctrina  \u00e1  los  que  la  igno- \nran j  y  confirmar  en  esa  creencia  \u00e1  los  que \nya   la    tienen  ?  \u2014  No   rae    ocurre  i^zon   en \n(i)  Colecci\u00f3n  de  coiieiUos  ,  tom.  5,  \u2014  Fleuri ,  lib* \ncontrario.  \u2014  \u00bf  Sera  posible  salvarse  sin  creer \n^sa  verdad  ?  \u2014Quien  pujeda  entender  esa \n-doctrina,  y  no  quiera  creerla .,  no  podr\u00e1 \nsalvarse.  Este  niisterio\u20acs  uno  de  aquellos  que \nmuchas  personas  pueden  cotnpreKder  ,  y  otras \nmuchas  no  ,  $ea  por  su  poca  edad  ,  sea  por \n^u  corta  penetraci\u00f3n . \u2014  Seg\u00fan  eso  es  licito \nensebar you consequently cantar una verdad-\nque hay obligacion de creer. Es licito cantar la verdad; pero no licito hacer lo que est\u00e1 prohibido. Entendemos lo que nos decis. Vosotros que est\u00e1n prohibidos poner en el s\u00edmbolo lo que sus autores no usaron; porque los concilios posteriores de Calcedonia y el Quito de Constantinopla permitieron a\u00f1adir palabras al s\u00edmbolo. Mas si ellos hubieran puesto la palabra Filioque, \u00bfser\u00eda en tal caso bueno el cantarla? \u2014 S\u00ed, ciertamente. \u2014 No hubieran hecho bien ense\u00f1ando a los siglos futuros un misterio tan importante con solo a\u00f1adir cuatro s\u00edlabas? \u2014 Yo no me atrevo a decir que no hubieran hecho bien a\u00f1adiendo Filioque; pero tampoco me atrevo a juzgar que no han considerado el asunto con tanto cuidado como debieron. Ellos han prohibido tambi\u00e9n examinarlo.\nminar for what reasons omitted the pala- fora. Consider what opinion you have of yourselves: for what concerns me, I prefer to be far from them; I do not dare even to compare myself. -God preserve us from thinking otherwise; our intention is only to be useful to the heretics, in the time that we live. Therefore, knowing that some sing this simile with expression of this mystery, and that by this means many have been instructed who would not have been if they had not heard it sung, we have opined that singing it is better than leaving them in ignorance; because if you suppose how great a number is that of those who have been instructed by this means, you may perhaps think as we do -Decide, do you believe it necessary to include in the simile all the truths of the Catholic faith?\n\"14. The conference continued the next morning with the pope beginning in this way: \"The belief that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the son as well as the Father \u2013 does this seem more necessary than the belief that the son is wisdom and truth born from truth itself and that all of this is an absolute truth? We could also cite many other examples, not only related to the divine essence but also to the incarnation. \u2013 Thank God, we already know in this matter everything that others do, in their works\".\"\nWe can learn it. -- See, indeed, because we are amazed that, being able to be tranquil, you took the trouble to add a word:\n\n\"Tyalabra and sing it. -- We feared losing a great reward if we relaxed that slight inconvenience, and we thought that intruding upon the mystery for our brothers was such a great benefit that it did not merit comparison with the evil that might be imputed to us for making that addition to the symbol. I suppose it was not, neither by arrogance nor by disregard for the precept of our fathers. -- No matter how good the intention may be, it is necessary to alter nothing that is essentially good, abandoning the only way of teaching that was permitted, which cannot be done without presumption; because the fathers prohibited adding words to the symbol, they did not distinguish the intention.\"\nThe good and the bad of one who adds it, not absolutely prohibited. Are not you the one who allowed the symbol to be sung in the Church? Or are we others the authors of this practice? I have allowed the symbol to be recited; but since you have sung it with the same words of the Roman Church, we have not been displeased. You have told me before that you sing it this way, because you have heard that it is sung thus in a certain country since times prior to yours (i). But that has no relation to me. We do not sing the symbol, but rather we read it (i)\n\nIn this way, it was practiced in Spain since the National Council of Toledo in the year SSg, without adding words; and regarding the truths of the faith that are not expressed there, we teach them where appropriate.\nIf you mean to ask for the cleaned text, I will provide it below:\n\nYou raise circumstances. \u2014 Then, in substance, do you want us to begin, lastly, by removing from the symbol the word Filioque, and in such a case, have no objection to the symbol being chanted, and to the Catholic truth of the mystery being taught apart? \u2014 If indeed this is our decision, and we advise you to conform to it. \u2014 With what do you regard it as good to chant the symbol if the added part is suppressed? \u2014 If indeed, and for that reason, we permit it; but without imposing a precept. \u2014 Standing in agreement that chanting the symbol is good, if we suppress the word Filioque, will not the Greeks consider the suppressed word an error against the faith? What do you advise to avoid this inconvenience? \u2014 Had they asked before adding the word, I would have advised against injecting it; but given the state of affairs, I\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and contains several errors, including misspelled words and missing letters. It is also written in an older form of Spanish, which may require further translation to modern Spanish or English for full understanding. The text appears to be discussing the controversy over the Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed.)\nThe text reads: \"It happens at the sole arbitration, and even this is not put into practice precisely because I say so, but only to respond. It reduces to disposing that little by little it be ceased in the Palace church the practice of singing the symbol, reading it in the style of my church, supposed that the novelty of singing it began without authority. It is to be believed that the other churches, once they know that it is no longer sung in the Palace church, will hurry to imitate it, and that the whole world will do the same. Perhaps this arbitration is the best for cutting down the bad custom without harm to the faith.\"\n\nThe text does not require extensive cleaning, but there are a few minor corrections to be made:\n\n1. \"ocurre un solo arbitrio\" should be \"it happens at the sole arbitration\"\n2. \"y aun ese no lo propongo para que se ponga en pr\u00e1ctica precisamente porque yo lo diga\" should be \"and even this is not put into practice precisely because I say so\"\n3. \"Se reduce \u00e1 disposer que poco a poco se haga cesar en la iglesia de Palacio la pr\u00e1ctica de cantar el s\u00edmbolo\" should be \"It reduces to disposing that little by little it be ceased in the Palace church the practice of singing the symbol\"\n4. \"supuesto que la novedad de cantarlo comenz\u00f3 sin autoridad\" should be \"supposed that the novelty of singing it began without authority\"\n5. \"Es de creer que las otras iglesias, luego que sepan que se deja de cantar el s\u00edmbolo en la de palacio se apresurar\u00e1n a su imitaci\u00f3n\" should be \"It is to be believed that the other churches, once they know that it is no longer sung in the Palace church, will hurry to imitate it\"\n6. \"Acaso Q^X\u00f1 arbitrario es el mejor para cortar la mala costumbre sin perjuicio de la fe\" should be \"Perhaps this arbitration is the best for cutting down the bad custom without harm to the faith.\"\n\nTherefore, the cleaned text is: \"It happens at the sole arbitration, and even this is not put into practice precisely because I say so, but only to respond. It reduces to disposing that little by little it be ceased in the Palace church the practice of singing the symbol, reading it in the style of my church, supposed that the novelty of singing it began without authority. It is to be believed that the other churches, once they know that it is no longer sung in the Palace church, will hurry to imitate it, and that the whole world will do the same. Perhaps this arbitration is the best for cutting down the bad custom without harm to the faith.\"\nRomanus ordered two large silver plates, weighing approximately one hundred pounds each, made. On one of them was the Latin symbol, and on the other, the Greek. Both bore the word Filioque. He had them hung on the church of San Pedro to avoid openly contradicting the Greeks who understood the symbols of the Nicene and Constantinople councils in such a way that the expression of the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father (without adding the Son) meant it proceeded from him, not from this.\n\nThe caution of Pope Leo had beneficial effects on religion for some time. However, a schism had arisen between the Latin and Greek churches over the disputes regarding the patriarchal seat between Photios.\nIn the city of San Ignacio, consolidated through the Council of Constantinople in the year 869 (which we refer to as the eighth ecumenical council); however, Pope John VIII attempted to reunite the churches, reinstating Focius to his seat following Ignatius' death. For this purpose, he dispatched his legates, and another council was held in 879 and 870, also known as the eighth ecumenical council. Repudiating the additions made in the year 869, during the seventh session (the last one), it was decreed that the creed should be the same as that of the first ecumenical council in Nicea, held in 325. This was in accordance with the second ecumenical council, held in Constantinople in 381, as explained there. They also condemned any additions made or intended to be made by anyone in any place, which was precisely the purpose to prevent interpretations as contradictory.\nThe addition of the Filioque; and the papal legates signed it, ensuring it was the belief of the Roman Church, as attested by the confession of faith written in Latin and Greek in the Church of St. Peter. Two silver plates were ordered to be placed there in the year 809 by Pope Leo III, during his conferences with the imperial legates of Charlemagne.\n\nThe churches in Spain and France continued to use the Filioque addition, however, until a new schism in the eleventh century, when the reasons for considering reconciliation with the Greeks ceased. The Roman Church received the Spanish and French discipline, and eventually, the Filioque was generalized when the Greeks openly denied that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Son as well as the Father. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that the caution of Pope Leo III contributed to this.\nToiB, 8 (Je coacilioS; y Fieuri, lib. 53 j n\u00fanj^ co\u00edis\u00e9ftar the union of the Greek church with the latina for over a century and a half and iiia?)endo heebo ver practically and with its doctrine nothing opposes to the religion the omission in professions of faith of that which can shock other Christians when treating all as possible, and when least of not multiplying the number of enemies of our belief, and not exasperating those who already are, which was without a doubt the objective of the author of the Project of Religious Constitution.\n\n1.8. Above all, it results that the matter is purely disciplinary independent of the dogma; for the propositions censured are not, nor can they be suspected of including a heretic sense, and much less\n[The following text discusses the reasons why Protestant communities separated from the Catholic Church, not only in doctrinal matters but also in disciplinary ones, specifically mentioning Burgundy. The addition below is a response from the Censura II. Regarding the practices following the 16th century, I will focus here on those that are among the censures given to the Project of the Religious Constitution. Some of these censures deal directly with the sacraments of Penance, Eucharist, Order, and Matrimony; the precept of looking at the sacrifice of the Mass, the precept of abstaining from meat and dairy on certain days. Therefore, I will limit my discussion to these practices.]\nThe following text refers to the censors designating certain issues during the second century, specifically the celibacy of the clergy and religious vows. The principal matter is the celibacy of the clergy, about which there has been much written in the past centuries. I will not dwell on this topic. The Project of the Religious Constitution does not state that clergy can marry or that their marriage is valid if they do; it only stipulates that civil law should not oppose their marriage and should not punish those who celebrate it. This matter pertains to politics rather than doctrine or moral health.\nCual es propio mirar o no, como impedimentos direntes, el orden sacro y el voto solemne de castidad. Sin embargo, cito algunos textos de autoridad para mostrar que la manifestacion de un deseo de que tales asuntos vuelvan al estado en que los dejaron Jesucristo y los Apostoles, no solo no debe producir sospecha contra la religion ^ sino que antes bien prueba todo lo contrario.\n\nNuestro Se\u00f1or Jesucristo no prohibio que los obispos y presbiteros se casasen ni tampoco que si ya eran casados al tiempo de su eleccion, se abstuvieran del uso de sus esposas, leg\u00edtimas. Dio entender todo lo contrario escogiendo por Ap\u00f3stoles doce hombres, de los cuales (exceptuado san Juan) todos eran ya casados o se casaron despu\u00e9s y llevaban en su compania sus esposas en las peregrinaciones evang\u00e9licas. Solo este senal.\n\"Tido can be honest and decent in the question that San Pablo asks the Corinthians in his first letter, saying: \"Perhaps we do not have the power to bring such a woman with us, as if we were the brothers of the Lord. But even if this were not so, we should interpret it in this way: to avoid the bad impression that would result against the integrity of the Holy Apostles if we understood that they were carrying on their journeys unmarried women as their sisters-in-law, not titled as sisters.\" We know what the councils and the fathers of the third and fourth centuries declared concerning bishops, presbyters, and deacons who cohabited with women not their own.\"\nSome of the text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and English, and there are several errors and irregularities. Here's a cleaned version of the text:\n\n\"cuales quer\u00edan titular hermojas aunque las concilios las titulaban sub introductas. Ser\u00eda injuriar horriblemente a los santos Ap\u00f3stoles si les atribuy\u00e9semos esa misma conducta; pues aun cuando supongamos (como debemos) que los Ap\u00f3stoles, si hubieran llevado en su compa\u00f1\u00eda mujeres, no habr\u00edan hecho solo caridad o por otros objetivos justos. Sin embargo, hubiera sido muy dif\u00edcil, y casi totalmente imposible, purgarlos de la nota de imprudentes, pues (como dice tambi\u00e9n el mismo san Pablo), no basta ejercer la virtud, es menester dar buen ejemplo y suprimir una conducta circunspecta. Por este motivo se debe interpretar la pregunta de san Pablo de manera que:\n\n(i) S. Pablo: Ep. ad Coint. c. o,\nno tengan que decir mal contra los que la predican (i).\"\n\nThis text appears to be discussing the importance of the apostles setting a good example, and how their actions should not detract from their message. It references a letter from Saint Paul to the Corinthians (Ep. ad Coint. c. o) and suggests that others should not criticize those who spread the apostolic doctrine.\nThe expression \"legitimate wife\" lets us understand the conjugal relationship. Among the examples given there, one is that of St. Peter, about whom it is established in the Gospels that he was married, and from respectable monuments we are assured that he had a daughter named St. Petronilla, who accompanied him with his mother to the apostle in his pilgrimages; it is also said of Apostle St. Philip.\n\nThe fact that our Lord Jesus Christ was married was a doctrine and a precept for the Apostles, who never deviated from imitating their master's examples. The Lord recommended this often, as it is attested by the four Evangelists, and the Apostles themselves manifest it in the Acts of the Apostles and in the canonical Epistles of the Bible.\n\"Esta verdad, que no permite contradicci\u00f3n, produce la incontrastra de que los ap\u00f3stoles no prohibieron a obispos, presb\u00edteros y di\u00e1conos casarse despu\u00e9s de la ordenaci\u00f3n. Y cuando celebraban el sacramento del orden a hombres ya casados, no les prohib\u00edan el uso de sus mujeres: porque, si hubieran hecho alguna de las dos prohibiciones indicadas, hab\u00edan faltado al precepto de imitar el ejemplo que su divino maestro les hab\u00eda dado por modelo de su conducta; y me parece una grave injuria imputar tal infracci\u00f3n a los Ap\u00f3stoles.\n\nLa \u00fanica cosa que podr\u00eda liberarse de esta nota, es el encargo de abstenerse del uso conjugal en los d\u00edas en que ejercitan funciones sagradas propias del ministerio santo; porque all\u00ed lo encontraban practicado desde tiempos anteriores.\"\nThe divine master Jesus was delivered by the pontiffs, the priests, and the levites of the Hebrew church; and this is not definitively established, as there is no positive evidence of an anointing or anything else. What is clear, however, is that one of the requirements for bishops and presbyters was that the lesson fall to the man whose wife was a good manager of her household, whose children submitted to her with complete chastity. For if he could not govern his own household, he would be unable to care for the Church of God, as Saint Paul wrote to his disciples Timothy and Titus (i).\n\nAnyone who reads the letters will notice how greatly Saint Paul emphasized the virtues and qualities necessary to be a bishop, and to fulfill his episcopal obligations, and he did not neglect to include the requirement of abstaining from the use of [wine].\nThe conjugal state was not permitted for S. Paul: Epistle to Timothy, Chapter 1, verse 3, and Epistle to Titus, Chapter I, a celibate was not allowed to marry. Writers who defended clerical celibacy proposed that the prohibition against marrying after receiving the diaconate and the cessation of marital use during that time were traditions of the Apostles. However, they could not prove this, and it contradicts the conduct and decree of the bishops, the disciples of the Apostles, or their successors in nearby churches during their time.\n\nAmong the so-called apostolic canons, the third one states: \"Neither the bishop nor the presbyter should in any way touch his wife with a pretext of religion. If he desires her, let him be excommunicated. If he persists, let him be deposed.\" All scholars know this.\nIn the fourth century, the collection of canons was made with the determinations of certain councils from the second and third centuries.\n\n12. However, it is necessary to confess that during the third century, infinite favor was preached for virginity in contrast to the doctrine and customs of various heretics who frequented obscene houses. This gave rise to the style that when an unmarried man received clerical orders, he should be exhorted to promise continence. The Second Council of Carthage, convened by St. Cyprian in 251, said in its third canon: \"It is fitting that bishops, presbyters, and deacons be continent in all things, as it becomes sacred ministers; to priests of God and to literates and persons serving in the divine sacraments, so that they may be able to attain deaconry.\"\nThe following text is a list of decrees regarding the conduct of bishops, priests, deacons, and those who administer sacraments. It references the teachings of the apostles and ancient practices. The text includes:\n\n1. The simple request is for us to observe what the apostles taught and what ancient practice was, as all bishops, priests, deacons, and those who administer sacraments have decreed. We have decreed that they should abstain from conjugal use as a sign of pudicity.\n2. Canon 19 of the third council of Carthage, convened by Cyprian in the year 251, states: \"When readers reach the age of puberty, they should be obliged to marry or take a vow of continence.\"\n3. It is true that this vow of continence for the clergy, and even the vow of virginity for women, was not a definitive impediment.\ndel in itropto futuro, si lo contraian previamente, pues asi consta de la resolucion del mismo San Cipriano en un caso que se le consulto. Habian dormido juntos en una misma cama un diacono y una virgen, y dice: \"Si esta virgen est\u00e1 virgen todavia y quiere seguir en su dedicacion a Cristo, prosiga; pero si no quiere, o no puede perseverar en la virginidad, que se casen y pues mejor es casarse que caer con sus delicias en el fuego eterno.\" Conforme a esta doctrina, El Se\u00f1or no ha impuesto precepto sobre la continencia; se contento exhortandola, y no impone yugo de obligation cuando deja libre el arbitrio de la voluntad.\nThe text pertains to marriage after the clergy, but it is worth noting the relevance of canon 33 from the Spanish National Council of Elvira, convened in 303 AD, which states: \"The council decrees that bishops, priests, deacons, and subdeacons in ministry must abstain from their wives and cease to engage in procreation. If anyone disobeys, he is to be expelled from the clergy. Many have tried to correct the text to read the opposite. It is futile. The bishops decreed this as it was, in opposition to the heresy of those who condemned marriage, and to demonstrate that marriage is a most holy and chaste thing, as Saint Paphnutius later said.\"\n\nThe Council of Ancyra, gathered in 315 AD, decreed in its tenth canon: \"Certain bishops who were present at the council were married men. The holy and great synod, out of respect for the priests who were already ordained bishops, and in order that nothing might be done which would cause scandal to the people, decreed that such bishops, although they had entered the clergy with their wives, should continue in the priestly office, but should abstain from intercourse with their wives and be chaste; and that they should not receive a second wife, but should live with the one they had, in order that the priesthood might not be defiled by carnal desire.\"\nlesquiera diacons who at the time of receiving the order declared their willingness to marry, confessing they could not be continent, even if they married afterwards, they were to remain in the ministry, because their bishop had given them permission. But if at the time of ordination they promised continence without reservation, and later lapsed, they were to cease from exercising their ministry. This canon offers several observations: i. The opinion that ordained persons should not marry after receiving a sacred order was so prevalent that it gives reason to conjecture that bishops and presbyters no longer married after being ordained such, as we see that the doubt only arose in relation to deacons; 2. That they were being questioned as to whether they had.\nrian, or not, promise continence, because results speak of being different if they later marry. 3. A promise of continence, nor this promise, nor the order of diaconate, were an impediment to future marriage; for we see that to such a deacon his wife is not separated, but only from the exercise of his order, and this only in the case of having promised continence.\n\n1.8. The Council of Neocesarea, held in the year 315, decreed in its first canon that if a presbyter married, he was to be deposed; and if he fornicated, he was to be excommunicated. This confirms the observation made about obiips and presbyters.\n\n1.9. The Ecumenical Council of Nicea, convened in the year 325, seeing that the opinion of continence was already very fashionable, attempted to establish it as ecclesiastical law.\nThe general paragraph was about bishops, presbyters, priests, subdeacons, and Saint Paphnutius, bishop of Thebes, respected for his age of eighty and his virginity, great virtues, and having suffered martyrdom, who spoke in the council room and said, \"The state of matrimony is a state of sanctity. The use of marriage with one's spouse is an act of chastity. The establishment of the proposed law is imposition of a heavy yoke, which would be an occasion for adultery in each spouse. The council adopted the doctrine and left the matter to the devotion of each individual.\"\n\nThe Langres Council of the year SSp, having seen the heresy spread again that condemned the sacrament of marriage, considered it necessary to decree canon 4 which states: \"If anyone\"\nThe text discusses the distinction between a priest who is not married and one who is, assuming the married priest should not offer the sacrifice and therefore abstains from attending his oblation, even if chosen. This reveals how far the opinion of celibacy had advanced, but they were contradicted in the last canon by those holy prelates. \"We have recorded these things; not condemning those who propose to live celibately in the church of God in accordance with the scriptures, but only those who take the habit of celibacy out of pride, reviling others. (i) Canon LA, distinction 3 > in the decree of Gratian's Decretals. (^e We content ourselves with living simply; and elevating ourselves, we introduce new precepts contrary to what results from the divine scriptures and the sacred canons. We admire virginity with humility.)\"\nThe continence with chastity and religion is pleasing to God; but we also desire that all things be practiced in the Church which conform to the apostolic traditions and the precepts of the holy Scriptures.\n\nPope Siricius responded in February 385 to a consultation made by Himerius, bishop metropolitan of Taragona, regarding various disciplinary matters. He instructed Himerius to communicate the resolution as a general decree to the ecclesiastical provinces of Carthage, B\u00e9tica, Lusitania, Galicia, and Narbonense for observance. Regarding the matter at hand, he said: \"We have learned that many priests and levites have fathered children, some with their own wives and some after receiving the sacred order; and they defend their error with the example of the sacerdotes.\"\nDotes y de la antigua Biblia. Diganme tales prevaricadores de la ley, maestros de sensualidad, (ya que citan la indulgencia de Dios para los antiguos ministros de su templo) \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 no fijan su consideraci\u00f3n en que tambi\u00e9n dijo Dios a los que hab\u00edan de ocupar el santuario \"Sed santos porque soy yo? Porque los sacerdotes durante el a\u00f1o de su servicio por turno, habitaban en el templo; no ir a sus casas? Na era esto para evitar el uso conyugal para estar santos y puros y ofrecer a Dios el sacrificio de manera que fuera aceptable? Si despu\u00e9s de cumplido su turno se les permit\u00eda volver a sus casas y tener uso conyugal, fue porque, siendo todos sacerdotes y levitas de la tribu de Levi, era necesario aquel indito. Pero nuestro Se\u00f1or Jesucristo (que no tuvo para deshacer la ley sino cumplirla)\n\"He spoke in his Gospel about founding his church, filled with the beautiful purity he wanted to illustrate, so that when he comes again, he finds it without blemish; not wrinkled, as the apostle explained: for the sake of these doctrines, all priests and religious are obliged to subject our souls and bodies to sobriety and chastity, in order to offer God a pleasing sacrifice. Carnal things cannot please God: you are not that if by fortune the spirit of God dwells in you (said St. Paul). 'And how could he dwell in us,' he asked, 'except in the souls of those who have sanctified their bodies?' (2 Corinthians 2).\"\nIf their subsequent life had been continent, they could be maintained in the exercise of their degree, but not elevated to another.\n\n23. Those who maintain their error by saying they use their right like those of the ancient Testament, be aware that, by the authority of the Apostolic See, they are deprived of all ecclesiastical honor, because they have abused it; and they should never again touch the venerable mysteries. For they themselves have imposed the penalty of exclusion, yielding to obscene desires. And since the present examples teach us to be cautious for the future, it is necessary to announce that if any bishop, priest, or deacon acts similarly in the future, they have closed all the doors of our indulgence, because their wounds cannot be healed with milder medicines.\nThe following is the cleaned text:\n\n\"He here is the true origin of the clerical celibacy concept as stated by Spanish bishops at the national council in Toledo in the year 1449: \"The council decrees that if deacons are virgins or chaste and have lived a continent life, they can exercise their ministry even if married; but if they have used their conjugal right (even if this occurred before the prohibition decreed by our predecessor bishops), they will not be promoted to the priesthood. Presbyters who have fathered children before such prohibition will also not ascend to the episcopate.\"\"\n\n\"This celibacy was propagated, although with many and significant vicissitudes, according to the state of opinion. (i) In all collections of councils and papal epistles.\"\nmas o menos unfavorable to the object, without nullifying the marriage entered into after receiving sacred orders, the bishops were content to remove the cleric from the orders only when discipline generally regarded the sacred order as an impediment to marriage, just as the solemn vow of religious profession was. In the Council of Trent, this matter was extensively discussed due to Lutero's errors. Although all the fathers agreed in condemning Lutero's propositions in the sense he had written them, a large number of fathers expressed their opinion that if a clergyman married against ecclesiastical law, the ancients had not considered the marriage null.\n2. One could multiply the testos of canonical authorities to prove this; but we do not intend to make a dissertation on the matter. The copied authorities make it clear that the entire issue concerning the clerical celibacy is of purely disciplinary nature and incapable of propositions leading to heresy.\n\n28. In case of suspicions, it would not be about restoring the discipline of the first two centuries, but rather the opposite. This carries the risk that the novelty would be opposed to the volur- (i) Sarpi, lib. j.\n\nRegarding our Lord Jesus Christ and his Apostles; with respect to whether they found celibacy useful, they would have established it.\n\nWill any Catholic dare to impute ignorance or omissions to God-Man? Does this not imply something about his plan of government?\nThe causes proposed by Pope Sirio were not similar to those of the Greek Church; in Spain, history shows examples of marrying to reign in Leon, Yermudo the deacon, Alfonso the monk, and in Aragon Raniero Segundo, monk bishop of Jaca, and elected of Burgos. In France, many priests and the bishop of Autun, Monsieur Tallayrand Perigord, married; and the current pope Pius VII did not declare those marriages null, having authorized the bishop's when he was prince of the Napoleonic empire by a bull for which he was sent two minutes (of which I have a copy); and the bull was issued by the minute, which Monsieur Tallayrand preferred.\n\nRegarding the matter of permissible propositions, there are certain traces of heresy.\n\nADDITION.\nResponse of the Censura IV, on the specific numerical reduction of sins.\n\nc. The author cited the decrees specifically where the ecumenical councils of Lateran and Trent imposed on all Christians, who have come to reason, the ecclesiastical precept to confess (at least once a year) to their own parish priest (or another legitimate and canonically authorized priest to hear confessions) all and every grave sin that they have in memory, after diligent examination, with the circumstances that change the species of sins and everything leading the confessor to know the state of the conscience, and form a right judgment of the merits for granting or denying absolution.\n\nHaving made these citations, it is imposed:\n2. Having made these citations, it is imposed:\n,^ion  falsa  la  de  que  niega  el  autor  el  precepto \nde  la  confesi\u00f3n  espec\u00edfica  y  num\u00e9rica  de  los \nj)ecado5   cuando  los  decretos  citados  lo  con- \ntienen.  El  autor  habl\u00f3  civilmente  como  le- \ngislador; y  sin  mezclarse  con  la  teolog\u00eda  ni \ncon  el  dogma,  jDublic\u00f3  sus  deseos  de  que  la \nfeyeivil  desentendi\u00e9ndose  del  precepto  ecle- \nsi\u00e1stico (  pero  sin  decir  nada  contra  \u00e9l  )  se \nabstenga  de  contribuir  \u00e1  que  los  fieles  cristia- \nnos sean  compelidos  por  medios  indirectos  al \ncumplimiento  de  aquel  precepto,  dejando  al \nfervor  y  \u00e1  la  devoci\u00f3n  de  cada  uno  aquello \nque  (  si  se  hace  por  violencia  )  lleva  consigo \nel  peligro  de  multiplicar  los  pecados  con  las \nconfesiones  sacr\u00edleo-as, \n3.  Pero  supuesto  quo  los  censores  ponen \nen  la  precisi\u00f3n  de  hablar  sobre  la  confesi\u00f3n \nespec\u00edfica  y  num\u00e9rica  de  tod<3s  los  pecados  ^^ \nbueno  ser\u00e1  hacerles  entender  que  Jesucristo \nOur Lord founded his Church without teaching us this obligation with the clarity that is spoken of now. The Apostles did the same thing, and their disciples followed the same path. They passed through lengthy periods without hearing anything about specific and numerical confession. It seems that the censors think that in the Council of Trent it is unnecessary to know what happened in the Church beforehand, as if it did not contribute to understanding the meaning of the words and the force of the expressions. The Council of Trent proposed to define dogmas against the errors of Luther, Calvin, and others of their time, and considered it necessary to speak in a tone that perhaps would not have been used except for that circumstance.\n\nOur Lord Jesus Christ began to preach saying to the Galatians: \"Make the effort\"; but he did not command to reveal.\n\"despite this, he proceeded with such exactitude in what those following his grace were to do. Having cured a leper, he kept in mind the law regarding leprosy and told the favored one: \"Do not tell anyone about your healing, but go to the priest and offer the gift that Moses commanded, as a testimony.\" He did the same thing on another occasion when he cured ten lepers. When our Lord was in the house of the Pharisee Simon, invited to eat, a sinful woman, known as a public sinner, came in and fell at his feet, anointed them with her tears, wiped them with her hair, and kissed them. She did not confess her sins to him with words.\"\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and English, with some missing characters and formatting issues. I will do my best to clean it up while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\npecados; the Lord forgave his contrition and said: Thy sins are forgiven; thy faith hath saved thee. Go in peace: the Pharisee censured the conduct of Jesus, and he gave him satisfaction by showing him how the woman had given many signs of contrition (4).\n\n(r) S. Mateo; Evangelio, cap, 4-\n(4) S. Lucas: Evangelio, cap. 7.\n^ Convinced the Samaritan woman, knowing she had had five husbands and was now with another. But the evangelist John does not indicate that the woman confessed any fault, but rather that she was seeking to change her ways (i).\n\n8. The paralytic by the pool asked the Lord for salvation and obtained it without confessing sins; Jesus said to him: \"Behold, thou art healed: sin no more, lest that which is worse befall thee\" (2).\nNine. The same thing happened with the adulterous woman who was spared from being stoned without confessing her sins. Jesus contented himself with writing certain words on the ground and saying to her, \"Neither have I condemned you. Go and do not sin again.\" (John 8:11)\n\nTen. When Jesus Cristo promised San Pedro that he would found the Church on the rock of his confession of the divinity of the same Lord, he was just finishing making that Apostle, against which the gates of hell would not prevail, and he would give him the keys to the kingdom of heaven (this is from the holy Catholic Church). He added that when that case came up, whatever San Pedro bound on earth would be bound in heaven, and whatever he loosed on earth would be loosed in heaven; but (i) John: Gospel, chapter 4.\nThe text appears to be written in old Spanish, and it seems to be a passage from the Bible or a religious text. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary characters.\n\nThe text reads: \"!es dvio diales circunstancias habian de convenir para que san Pedro atase o desatase, cuando hubiera de usar de aquella potestad (i). II. Lleg\u00f3 el caso prometido, pues, habiendo Jesucitado entre los muertos nuestro divino Redentor, y estando ya cerca de la dia de ascensi\u00f3n a los cielos, instituy\u00f3 el sacramento de Penitencia, estableciendo por ministros a los Ap\u00f3stoles, para lo cual inspir\u00f3 sobre ellos y les dijo: Recibid el Esp\u00edritu Santo; los pecados que vosotros perdonareis ser\u00e1n perdonados, y los que retendereis ser\u00e1n retenidos (2): pero tampoco expplic\u00f3 en qu\u00e9 manera ni con cuales circunstancias deb\u00edan los Ap\u00f3stoles usar de la potestad de perdonar pecados^ h de negar o suspender el perd\u00f3n. 12. Los Ap\u00f3stoles predicaron exhortando a la penitencia de no haber dado fe a la doctrina de Jes\u00fas y de haberle crucificado: providencia.\"\n\nCleaned text: The circumstances required that Peter bind or loose, when he was to use that power (i). II. The promised case arrived, for having been raised among the dead, our divine Redeemer was near the day of his ascension to heaven. He instituted the sacrament of Penance, appointing the apostles as ministers. For this purpose, he inspired them and said to them: \"Receive the Holy Spirit; the sins you forgive will be forgiven, and the sins you retain will be retained (2):\" but he did not explain how or under what circumstances the apostles were to use the power to forgive sins or deny or suspend forgiveness. 12. The apostles preached, exhorting penance for not having believed in Jesus' doctrine and for having crucified him. Providence.\ncuraban persuadir a la divinidad de este Se\u00f1or, y bautizar y confirmar a los que se convert\u00edan; pero con respecto a los ya convertidos y bautizados, que posteriormente pecaban alquebrantando algunos de ellos preceptos morales del Dec\u00e1logo, no consta en los Hechos Ap\u00f3stoles ni en las ep\u00edstolas can\u00f3nicas c\u00f3mo administraban el sacramento de la Penitencia. Parece por el contrario que san Pedro us\u00f3 del poder sobrenatural, cuando Ananias y S\u00e1fira perdieron la vida por haber mentido. (i) S. Mateo: Evangelio, cap. 16. (a) S. Juan: Evangelio, cap. 30. Aparentando desinter\u00e9s y virtud, y reteniendo parte del precio de un campo vendido para ofrecerlo a los Ap\u00f3stoles (i).\n\nAmong those being converted were Simon the Magician: this one fell into the error of believing that the signs of the Holy Spirit, bestowed upon the Apostles, could be bought.\nacquired by money and San Pedro told him, among other things: \"Haz penitencia de tu pecado, for Juan asks God to forgive you the wicked thought that you have confessed with your heart. Since I see that you are drowned in the bitter pool of your iniquity, Simon responded thus: \"Rogad vosotros al Se\u00f1or that this which you have announced to me is not verified.\" This seemed a fitting occasion for Simon to ask the Apostles for absolution of his sin, and for them to act as witnesses, retaining his absolution or granting it. But the account in the sacred book does not allow us to explore this further, for San Pedro only charged Simon to repent, and Simon begged that he pray for him.\n\nSan Pablo, writing to the Corinthians in his first letter, reprimanded them for their mode of conduct.\nque se solian celebrar la Eucarist\u00eda. Five presented the gravity of receiving it indignantly! He continued saying, \"Examine yourself, man (this is to say, with your conscience, whether you have it, or not, pure), (i) Acts of the Apostles, chap. 5. (2) Acts of the Apostles, chap. 8. And do not eat the Eucharistic bread, nor drink from the cup without this examination; for he who eats and drinks indignantly, consumes and drinks his condemnation, not respecting the body of the Lord. Therefore, among you there are many sick and weak, and even many dead. If we judged ourselves, we would not be judged; in the end, when the Lord judges us, it is to chastise us, because we are not to be condemned as the world is. (1 Corinthians 11:27-32)\"\nThe specific and numerical nature of sins in the sacrament of Penance, if a Christian examines himself before judging, finds his soul unworthy to receive the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ: but the truth of history mandates us to recognize in good faith that St. Paul said nothing about this matter, despite the ardor of his zeal; and he kept the same silence in all his letters to the Romans, Hebrews, Ephesians, Philippians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and James. St. James seems to have touched upon the subject when he said in his epistle, \"Confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another, for the prayer of a righteous person is effective and powerful.\"\nThe powerful [San] Elias was a mortal man like us. He prayed for it not to rain, and it didn't rain. [1] Saint Paul, in his Epistle to the Galatians, chapter u, in the space of three years and six months, returned to pray, and the sky sent rain, and the land gave its fruit. [17] But carefully considering the text, it seems that Saint James did not speak here of the sacramental confession; for he did not exhort to confess sins to the bishop or the presbyter, seeking absolution, but to other spiritual brothers, imploring the help of their prayers. It seems the holy Apostle spoke of the confession of humility, which was used much in the first three centuries of Christianity when public imposition of penance was requested, a practice which had its true beginning in Saint James' exhortation.\nYago, after partially yielding in the 4th century, the monks of the Rule of St. Augustine in the 8th century, the friars of the 12th century and following, and all religious communities of either sex, adopted the custom of confessing each individual's sins in the presence of the prelate and other community members, concluding with requesting pardon, penance, and prayers. According to the literal interpretation of the books of the New Testament, I have not seen a single text in which Jesus or the Apostles imposed a specific numerical confession of sins. (I) In the Epistle of St. James, Catholic Epistle, pap. i.\n\nSanto sacramento de la Penitencia. If you want to say that it was verbal, there is no record of such a precept.\nThe text reads: \"having passed down through tradition, I will confess in all things that I found no repugnance in the possibility, for (as the holy Council of Trent rightly said), since the minister of the sacrament is to act as judge for retaining or absolving, it is supposed that one's state of conscience must be made known, and this cannot be verified exactly without the specific and numerical confession of sins.\"\n\n\"But it can also happen that the intention of the infinitely merciful Redeemer was not to subject it to such rigorous terms of absolution, being content with absolution whenever there seemed to be contrition and charity, as he did with the sinful woman in the house of the Pharisee Simon; for all the holy fathers are in agreement that the examples of Jesus Christ are:\"\nprecepts for Christians., 20. This is not about censuring, contradicting, or opposing the determinations of the Ecumenical Councils of Latran in 1215 and Trent in November 1551. The fathers of both councils were motivated by great considerations to correct the errors of the Albigenses and Manichees in the early 13th century, and of the Lutherans, Calvinists, and others in the middle of the 16th century. For this reason, they deemed it necessary to specify the numerical confession of sins in the sacrament of Penance. However, these fathers, though they were right in their decrees, can destroy the continuity of ecclesiastical history; for it was not in their power to add additions to the canonical books of the Old Testament or to the decrees of ancient councils.\nIn the writings of the holy fathers, where the testimonies of apostolic traditions are found, I have carefully examined everything and could not find an ancient trace that, by apostolic tradition, the sacramental confession was to be specific and nuanced for all and each sin, according to the conscience of the penitent. It is possible that such a text exists and I have not found it: I will be grateful if someone shows me one of greater antiquity than what I will be revealing, and I will willingly yield in this incidental matter that has nothing to do with theology but is purely historical.\n\nThe concilias and writings of the first three centuries present few vestiges of secret sacramental confessions, San Cipriano wrote to Obispo Antoniano.\nPersuading that if those separated from the Church returned with true repentance and sought penance and reconciliation, they should be received with mercy, listened to their confession and exomologesis, absolved them in due time, and gave them peace; but S. Cyprian in Epistle 2 of the 14th book, page iSa^ stiijoi, there it is stated whether that confession should be secret or public, specific and numerical, or general.\n\nThe discipline concerning the sacramental confession varied according to opinions and occurrences in the first three centuries and part of the fourth. In the West, only the bishop used to receive confessions and assign penance, except during times of illness, absence, or grave occupation, in which cases the priest supplied his absence. In the East, a presbyter named Penitentiary was created in the third century to deal with this matter.\ncansar al  obispa.  Recib\u00eda  la  confesi\u00f3n  del \ncristiaino  que  voluntariamente  acudia  pi- \ndiendo penitencia  ,  y  se  conformaba  con  las \n\u00f3rdenes  que  le  diera  su  obispo  en  la  prose- \ncuci\u00f3n del  negocio  (i).  San  Paulino  en  la \nvida  de  san  Ambrosio  dice  que  este  santa \nescuchaba  en  secreto  las  confesiones  y  lloaraba \nde  modo  que  aumentaba  la  contrici\u00f3n  del \nconfitente,  pero  que  no  revelaba  los  pecados \n*  confesados.  Esta  pr\u00e1ctica  de  la  confesi\u00f3n  se-^ \ncreta  se  disminuy\u00f3  en  las  iglesias  delOriente \ndespu\u00e9s  que  se  vieron  de  cerca  tos  inconve- \nnientes de  la  confesi\u00f3n  p\u00fablica,  cuando  el \ncristianismo  estaba  ya  mu;  estendido  y  aun \nprotegido  por  los  emperadores. \n23.  Un  caso  particular  de  Constan tinopla \nayud\u00f3  mucho  \u00e1  ello  en  tiempo  del  patriarca \nNectario,  que  lo  fue  desde  38i  hasta  Z^^. \nUna  se\u00f1ora  hizo   con   el  pesb\u00ed\u00edero  peniten- \n(i)  V\u00e9ase  la  Historia  eclesi\u00e1stica  de  F\u00edeuri,  lib.  19^ \nCiarlo's confession of what he had sinned, regarding baptism. The penance was to fast and be in continuous prayer; for this he retired to live in the church. A deacon treated him there with too much trust and abused him. The penitent made a public confession of this sin, resulting in scandal. The patriarch appointed him as penitentiary, allowing each sinner the choice to confess or not, and to dispose himself to receive the Eucharist as God made clear to him (i). Neither San Paulino, Socrates, nor Sozomeno indicate whether those secret confessions were specific and numerical or generic. The same applies to Origen's text, according to which the sinner was free to choose a presbyter and confess his sins secretly or publicly, or dispose his soul in another way for communion (2).\nSan Juan Crisostomo, successor of Nectario, said he did not want to force men to confess their sins to other men, and advised confessing them to God who knew all and revealed them to no one (3).\n\nThe inconveniences of public confession increased; therefore, Pope San Le\u00f3n I prohibited Italian bishops in 459 AD from reciting confessions in church that had been made while seeking penance, and declared that it was sufficient to confess sins first to God, and then to a priest in secret (1). Socrates, Hist. tripart. lib. 5, c. 19; Sozomen, Homilia 2 of Psalm 89, n. 19. San Juan Crisostomo, Homilia 2 of Psalm 51.\n\nOne should confess sins first to God, and then to a priest in secret (1). San Juan Crisostomo did not clarify whether the confession should be specific and numerical, but one can infer that it was.\nIn the life of St. Eligius, it is recorded that this saint made a general confession of his entire life in the seventh century. The cardinal Fleuri added in his ecclesiastical history that this was the first example he had found of general confessions. However, in the seventh century, the idea was already widespread. In the rule of St. Fructuosus of Braga for his Spanish monks, it was prescribed that if any great sinner wanted to retire to one of the monasteries governed by the saint, he had to make a general confession of all the sins committed in his entire life. Therefore, it seems unnecessary to prohibit public confessions as there were already established practices for confessing all sins in secret.\nIn the eighth century, for regular canons, the rule given in Fleuri (2, Codex of monastic rules, pag. aSo) mandated that their clergy confess twice a year to the bishop: once at the beginning of Lent, and another from August 15 to November 1. This did not prevent them from confessing other times to the same bishop or to a designated presbyter.\n\nIn the capitulares of Charlemagne, it was decreed that each prince, when going to war, should bring along a presbyter for hearing confessions for those who were to accompany him.\n\"Fesarles confesar a Dios todos los d\u00edas nuestros pecados en nuestra oracion. Para obtener perdon, rezar Salmo 50, 24, 39 y otros semejantes. La confesion que hacemos al presbitero es util para recibir sus consejos y penitencia. Por lo que debemos confesar todos nuestros pecados y incluso los de pensamientos. In that same time, Alcuino tested the inhabitants of Langres in a letter that they should confess all sins (3).\n\n(1) Tomas 7 de Concilio, cap. 14 de la regla de San Crodogango\n(2) Capitulares de Francia, tom. i, cap. 2.\n(4) Alcuin: opera: epistulas. 71. See Floriac, Hispania.\"\nThe opinion was gaining so much ground in France that a council of the entire Gallic clergy of Lugdunum had assembled in Galons on the Saone River in the year 813. The fathers spoke about canons 32, 33, and 54, which included: \"Some do not confess openly; it is necessary to warn them that they should confess not only external sins but also those of thought. It is not enough to confess to God; one must also confess to the priest. In this judgment, one must take special care (more so than in others) to avoid being carried away by any passion.\"\n\nThis is the first time I have seen councils speak in such a tone, and we must not forget that it was a provincial council. Opinion spread from one country to another only as late as the year 1215, when heretics began to challenge the sanctity of this discipline; indeed.\nThe Catholics (recognizing the confession as holy and good), disputed among themselves (leaving the dogma aside), whether the confession was of precept or counsel, as can be seen in your theological work of Peter Lombardo^ Bishop of Paris, who in the twelfth century proposed three questions that were discussed in Chapter 4^ of the work that concerns us, and could not propose them if there had been a prior resolution of the Church, capable of producing effects of an ecclesiastical precept.\n\nJuan Barn\u00e9s^, a monk of the Benedictine order in France, wrote a treatise around the year 1220, addressed to the conciliar chair of Rome, the English separated from it by the schism (presumably referring to King Henry VIII and his daughter Queen Elizabeth: he titled it \"The Roman Catholic Pacifist\").\n\"de todos los puntos dogm\u00e1ticos y disciplinales en que la opini\u00f3n de los Ingleses era distinta de los romanos. La secci\u00f3n octava contiene la doctrina de penitencia/confesi\u00f3n y satisfacci\u00f3n: pone su sistema en un p\u00e1rrafo, y despu\u00e9s las pruebas con t\u00edtulo de Paralipomeno. 34. \u00abSer\u00eda de apetecer que volvieran aquellos antiguos siglos, en los cuales nadie que hubiese ofendido a la iglesia p\u00fablica y escandalosamente con su pecado, fuera admitido a los sacramentos, despu\u00e9s de haber dado leg\u00edtima y can\u00f3nicamente a la Iglesia ofendida la congrua y correspondiente satisfacci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, la Iglesia Oontiniia con utilidad y fruto la pr\u00e1ctica de la confesi\u00f3n privada de todos los pecados graves, aunque no conste ya si es de derecho divino la\"\nObligation is to make it, as we are precisely bound by the law of Christ. It can be considered absolved by God (in the opinion of many Catholics) and admitted to communion (if there is no other satisfaction to give to ecclesiastical discipline) who demonstrates with manifest indications to have the true faith and charity, although no word has been said regarding the number and quality of their sins.\n\n35. \"Paralipomenon, The Tridentine Council, session 14? chapter first, says that penance is instituted in the chapter 20 of John^ where priests are made judges to pronounce separately on sins with knowledge of their species. But this declaration does not necessarily produce the consequence that it has been mandated by divine right for the confessor to reveal all sins, if we disregard the precept\"\necclesiastico; as the disciplina of the Greek church is opposed to it, conserved throughout all time prior to the schism; and therefore, Greek Catholics claim that there is only an obligation to confess sins to God, as attested by the Penitential of the Greek Theodore, archbishop of Cantuaria. Gracianus took the canon from this, cause 33, question 3, of penance and distinction, which begins with Quidain Deo:\n\n3S. \"Regarding those sins that are concealed by compunction, we humbly beseech our pious and merciful God to forgive them as He forgives the penitent, and we trust that His divine majesty will do so.\"\n\n3\u00b2. \"When the Greeks attended the Ecumenical Council of Florence, they persisted in this same opinion, and despite this, the pope\"\nEugenio admitted him to Roman communion., 38. \"The Panormitan wrote that the confession was instituted by the Church, and that Greeks do not sin by omitting it because it forms part of their discipline, the constitution of penances beginning with the words Omnes utriusque sexus., 39. \"Scotus in his treatise on the fourth book of sentences, distinction 173, cause I. a, says that the Apostles promulgated the confession, although they did not write it., 40- \"The Gloss on the first canon and distinction 5.a, cause 33 of penance, expresses the power to sustain that the confession was instituted by the universal tradition of the Church, rather than by divine authority., 41. \"The cited Gracian, in the canon 89 and question 3.a, distinction i.a, which begins Quamvis, leaves it in the freedom of its readers.\"\nI. Prefer one opinion over the other because:\n1. The one that maintains the confession should be instituted by the Church in a literal sense, and\n2. The one that defends it as a divine obligation,\nhave wise and virtuous patrons. The former resolves, even when the long call is lenient, that we can obtain forgiveness of sins; and it adds that this is proven with evidence through Canon 5.\n\nSuarez, in taking up the fourth volume of his works, Disputation 21, section i, article 3, number 5, states that Duran, in distinction 17, chapter 4, number iS, judged that the necessity of the integrity of the confession could not be proven solely through the institution of the confession itself.\n\nMedina held a similar view, as he wrote in Confesiones 9, section 8, that it was probable that the confession was not a divine right, since this is all contained in the Gospel.\n\"B. Rhenano treated of Terullian, who among writers of pontifical law, held that the confession made to a confessor regarding the smallness of all circumstances was only of ecclesiastical institution. This was also the opinion of Cardinal Cajetan, in his treatment of Chapter 20 of Juan, and of Erasmus in his book of Theology. The ancient fathers, such as Cyril of Alexandria, Rupert of Ruperti, and others, interpreting the text they have given as reason for this belief, understand the confession to refer to the remission of sins through baptism and penance in the external forum. In this, Paul (2) stood absent and bound the penitent to the priest, and afterwards granted indulgence.\"\n\nTertulian, master of Cyprian.\nHe said that penance was only a matter of external appearance. Speaking of the one preceding baptism, he said: \"We will be found amended when absolved once in the second penance, but not more than five times; for if it is soon after baptism, it is in vain. This penance is the only one recommended; and the Exomologesis is the discipline that teaches humility and prostration, as stated in Book 12 of the Sentences by St. John. He also said that \"The king of Babylon performed the Exomologesis, and through it was restored to his paradise. Explaining the Dominical Prayer, he explained that the Exomologesis was for asking forgiveness of debts. Speaking of adults intending baptism,\n\"Fourthly, in his treatise on penance, he expressed that \" Catholics did not accuse themselves of the crimes that were erased through penance (4).\" Regarding chastity (6), he added that \"only God can forgive sins; and the Apostles forgave sins not through discipline, but by a power similar to the one they used when raising the dead; a power they did not have presbyters who only wielded discipline.\" Lastly, he stated that \"baptism is the sacrament in which sins are forgiven, and in which those who are not forgiven remain bound.\" This last doctrine of Tertullian is erroneous in part.\"\n\n47. In his treatise on fasting, he stated that \"Catholics did not accuse themselves of the crimes that were erased through fasting (5).\" Speaking of chastity (6), he continued that \"only God can forgive sins; and the Apostles forgave sins not through discipline, but by a power similar to the one they used when raising the dead; this power no presbyters had except those who wielded it. He further stated that \"baptism is the sacrament in which sins are forgiven, and in which those who are not forgiven remain bound.\" This last doctrine of Tertullian is erroneous in part.\n\n48. \"San Cipriano said (7) that the peace given to penitents to be admitted to the Eucharist, and in time of death, to communion.\"\nTertullian. De penitentia, cap. 9.\nTertullian. De oratio dominica, cap. 9.\nLib. de jejunis, cap. 12.\nLiber de pudicitia, cap. 21.\n\nDuring the act granted by Jesus Christ, when He said, \"Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven,\" San Cyprian testifies that the laity became aware of the cause, but he, in order to give way to mercy, omitted a full examination of the events and adds, \"I hide certain things and pardon all.\" This should be understood in the context of confessions, penances, judgments, dissimulations, and pardons of an external forum.\n\n\"In another occasion, he declared against confessors who granted peace to penitents without examining the cause first, for he wanted the examination to precede.\"\n\"exomologysis or confession, and thus the same saint specifically (2). \"Five, 1. \"However, the same saint was not of the opinion that the judgment made regarding this law was null; as his letters (3) show, he reprimanded Terapion because he had granted peace to the presbyter Vicior without observing what was given in the law; and he continued, \"nevertheless, we do not consider it opportune to deprive Victor of the communion given by the sacerdote of God, and thus we allow the graced one to use it. \"52. \"Many things can be seen about this law of San Cipriano in his epistle i4 of book 3.^ In the following, he also refers that once the Eucharist was given without the exomologysis: giving the Eucharist was one of the ways of giving alms according to the epistle i5. M \"53 \"Speaking in the i6 to the people about\"\nThe penitents who came to ask for peace said: each of your causes will be examined in our presence, and you will be the judges. In the third letter, he said that the examination was to be conducted in the presence of a deacon. In the IS, the examination was a profound matter of the discipline, to be arranged by the voto-niun of a council in the presence of the people. In the 18th, it was determined that peace was to be given according to the sentence of the presbyters and deacons. In his second epistle of the fourth book, he wrote: when it is necessary to give peace, there should be a conference between the clergy and the people, in which the causes of the fallen are examined. \u2014 In a sermon he preached on lapses, Daniel made his exomologesis. \u2014 Writing to Ponipeyo, he said that the Holy Spirit is not given through penance or.\nAccording to San Cipriano, the confession and remission of sins required by the Church ministers before communion is a matter of external forum. San Juan Crisostomo is in favor of this doctrine in the homily 3 of the Epistle to the Hebrews, as he says: \"It is sufficient to confess to God, at least in memory if not with the tongue.\" In the homily on penitence and confession, he said: \"When you confess, let God alone see you\" - \"In the homily on the eighth penitence, he desired that the man should prove himself in his conscience, being alone and unseen by anyone but God, who sees all things, and after passing this test, participate in the sacred table.\" - \"In the homily 28 to the Epistle to the Ephesians,\"\nTola to the Corinthians, said Ides of S. Pablo: \"Jesus Christ did not command a man to prove himself before another man, but before himself.\" (57) \"Casiano, disciple of John Crisostomos, said: 'The shameful must confess their sins to God, to whom they have confessed they can hide.' (58) Lorenzo Novarese, who lived in the time close to John Crisostomos, wrote in his first homily on penance: 'From the hour and day that you came out of the baptismal font, you are for yourself a continuous source, and a prolonged remission; you do not need a doctor or the priest's right hand; you yourself are your judge and your arbitrator: and because you could not remain innocent after baptism, Jesus Christ established in you yourself your remedy and remission, so that, verified'.\"\nla  necesidad,  no  tengas  que  buscar  al  sacer- \ndote ,  sino  que  t\u00fa  corrijas^  tu  error  dentro  de \n(i)  Colaci\u00f3n  2a  ,  ca^\u00edt.  8. \nt\u00ed  mismo ;  la  remisi\u00f3n  est\u00e1  en  un  roc\u00edo  de \nl\u00e1grimas;  no  tienes  ya  qne  buscar  \u00e1  Juan  ni \nal  Jord\u00e1n  ,  t\u00fa  mismo  puedes  ser  tu  Bautista. \n\u00bf  Llor\u00f3  por  segunda  vez  el  ojo  ?  \u00bf  Ces\u00f3  e\u00ed \nimperio  de  la  carne?  Absuelta  queda  ya  el \nalma.  )> \nSp.  \u00ab  Consta  con  claridad  por  el  testi- \nmonio de  S\u00f3crates  (i),  que  en  la  Iglesia  de \nConstantinopla ,  y  en  casi  todas,  hubo  con- \nfesi\u00f3n teatral  y  p\u00fablica,  distinta  de  la  secreta \nque  se  hacia  en  particular  \u00e1  un  presb\u00edtero \ndestinado  especialmente  para  escuchar  los \npecados  que  se  le  confesasen  en  secreto.  Pero \nuna  muger,  habiendo  manifestado  los  suyos \nal  penitenciario  de  Constantinopla,  y  cami- \nnando posteriormente  j  no  \u00e1  la  confesi\u00f3n  p\u00fa-* \nblica  (  como  entendi\u00f3  Belarmino  (2)  siguiendo \nThe text speaks of Socrates' translator, who, unsatisfied with his role, confided to others that his penance was for sleeping with a deacon. As a result, private confessions were abolished, and the position of the penitentiary was eliminated, so that no one had to reproach their neighbor specifically for their sins. This was implemented in all Eastern churches. The confession of sins auricularly ceased in them, but not in the Western ones, relative to Rome, where a presbyter was always designated to hear secret confessions. According to the epistle 80 of Saint Theon (a contemporary of Sozomen), the custom of confessing publicly seemed worthy of reproach, as it would be sufficient to mistrust the confessions of the conscience only to the priests in secret.\nIn the Roman Church, this practice was preserved, but it was abolished in Constantinople and other Greek churches. These holy fathers deemed the confession not valid. \"62. In the Roman Church, it was not believed at that time that the penitentiary priest should absolve judicially of the crime in the forum of conscience. As Saint Leo said in his cited letter, the confession was made so that the priest approached God as intercessor for the sins of the penitents; this is confirmed in Sermon 5 of Lent, where the same saint said that the sentence of the judge would be in accordance with the intercessor's benevolence: and in the third sermon of the seventh month of penance, he said, \"The complete abolition of sins is achieved when prayer and confession are of the entire Church.\"\nWhat thing is to be denied to the Xma plebe, composed of many thousands of people, who practice a general observance in the same time and pray with the same spirit for universal concord?\n\n63. In his epistle 91, he says that reconciliation, by which one is admitted to participate in the sacraments, is done with the supplications of the priests as if they were the cause of it. The sin of the penitents is loosed only with the priestly supplication: indulgence JCiG 36 can achieve this only with the supplications of the priests.\n\n64. In the Roman Order and the old impression of Colonia on page 52 and following of the year 10685, the absolution of penitents is not judicial but deprecative.\n\n65. The necessity of doing penance is imposed only on the laity, and consequently it is not of divine right.\npues este obliga a todos, \" according to San Le\u00f3n in his epistola, 92 cap\u00edtulo segundo, it is against ecclesiastical custom for presbyters and diaconos, no matter what their crime, to receive the remedy of penance through the imposition of hands. This undoubtedly comes from apostolic tradition, as stated in the second chapter of the first book of Kings, where it is said: \"If the priest sins, who will pray for him?\"\n\nNi aun a todos los laicos se impon\u00eda penitencia solemne seg\u00fan los ritos del foro sterno, pues San Le\u00f3n en el cap\u00edtulo 10 de su ep\u00edstola I dijo: \"It is contrary to the decency of the Church for a person to return to secular military service after having made public penance.\" The saint said this, but he added in the same chapter that military service was a necessary thing, called in the chapter, \"the thing called in the chapter\" (sic).\nII. Sola, ente venial el uso conjugal despu\u00e9s del estado de penitente, aunque sea cierto que semejante uso es cosa l\u00edcita.\n\nPqi' Eso parece no ser mala la conjetura,\nB. Rhenano (en sus comentarios al tratado de penitencia escrito por Tertuliano) escribi\u00f3 que \"la confesi\u00f3n auricular parece haber naido de la exomologesis (aun en la iglesia ro\u00f1iana) por espont\u00e1nea devoci\u00f3n de Jos hombis, cuando estos consideraban conveniente consultar \u00e1 los sacerdotes. \"\n\n69. San Agust\u00edn, citado por Graciano en el canon Sanctam, distinci\u00f3n cuarta de consecraci\u00f3n: cuenta que un Catec\u00fameno fue bautizado en un navio por un penitente, y luego dio \u00e1 este mismo la reconciliaci\u00f3n.\n\nEn el Enquiridion, cap\u00edtulo 65, dijo el propio santo: \"Los rectores de las iglesias\"\n\"tienen raz\u00f3n en se\u00f1alar tiempos de penitencia, para dar satisfacci\u00f3n a la Iglesia, conservando la disciplina, la pureza y la santidad, y para refrenar a los que pecan sin castigo. (In the third chapter of Homily 50 in the Paris impression of the year 1500, speaking of the wicked who separate us from intimacy with God if we do not do penance every day,) San Agustin said, \"If this is not true, why don't we give daily breastbeats? It is she who even we bishops do it when we approach the altar to offer the sacrifice.\" With this, it seems the saint is suggesting that the general confession made at the altar is an ima daily penitential one.\"\n[The text appears to be in a mixed state of Spanish and English, with some corrupted characters. I will first attempt to correct the corrupted characters and translate the Spanish sections into English. I will then remove unnecessary content and format the text appropriately.]\n\ngeneric, without expression of sins scanned; or, better, to satisfy ecclesiastical discipline for public offenses; 7:3. I do not agree with the wise Benedictine in this matter. I believe that the confessional is of divine origin, in accordance with the natural sense of the words of Jesus Christ when He instituted the sacrament of penance; but the collected texts are precious for avoiding advanced consequences. In summary, the circumstance of confessing is specific and numerically all sins, a true precept, but not divine or apostolic, but only ecclesiastical and subsequent to the first two centuries of the Church; therefore, there is nothing capable of harming the dogma in the Project of the Religious Constitution, when speaking in the name of one of its authors.]\n\n[Translation of the Spanish sections into English]\n\nThis person was generic, without the expression of scandalous sins; or, alternatively, to satisfy ecclesiastical discipline for public offenses (7:3). I do not agree with the wise Benedictine in this matter. I believe that the confessional is of divine origin, in accordance with the natural sense of the words of Jesus Christ when He instituted the sacrament of penance; but the collected texts are precious for avoiding advanced consequences. In essence, the circumstance of confessing is specific and numerically all sins, a true precept, but not divine or apostolic, but only ecclesiastical and subsequent to the first two centuries of the Church. Therefore, there is nothing capable of harming the dogma in the Project of the Religious Constitution, when speaking in the name of one of its authors.\n\n[Removal of unnecessary content and formatting]\n\nI do not agree with the wise Benedictine on this matter. I believe that the confessional is of divine origin, as indicated by the natural sense of Jesus Christ's words when He instituted the sacrament of penance. However, the collected texts are precious for avoiding advanced consequences. The circumstance of confessing all sins is a true precept, but not divine or apostolic, but only ecclesiastical and subsequent to the first two centuries of the Church. This belief does not harm the dogma in the Project of the Religious Constitution.\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and Latin, with some parts in English. I'll attempt to translate and clean the text as faithfully as possible to the original content.\n\ngobierno civil se manifiesta que no se ocupa de fomentar indirectamente a nadie en el cumplimiento de tal precedente.\n\nFasciculus rerum expetendarum. Tomo %, p. 854\u00bb\n\nADICION\nADICION\nALA.\nRESPUESTA DE LA CENSURA V.\n\nSobre la perpetuidad del \"vificulo conjugal\" I. XA queda bien demostrado ser oppuesto a la verdad imputar al autor del Proyecto el crimen de negar existencia de la ley divina de la indisolubilidad del matrimonio, pues lejos de negarla, el autor la confes\u00f3 expresamente para poder hablar de si era absoluta o solo relativa, una vez que la historia ofrece muchos casos en que se disolvi\u00f3 de hecho el v\u00ednculo matrimonial,\n\n2. Negar que las leyes civiles de los emperadores cristianos permiten el repudio, el divorcio, y el segundo consorte substituto, viviendo el primero en ciertos casos, ser\u00eda\n\nTranslation:\n\nThe civil government declares that it does not interfere with indirectly compelling anyone to comply with such precedent.\n\n(From Fasciculus rerum expetendarum. Volume %, page 854)\n\nADDITION\nADDITION\nALA.\nANSWER FROM THE CENSOR V.\n\nRegarding the perpetuity of the \"vificulo conjugal,\" I. XA, it has been well demonstrated to be contrary to the truth to accuse the author of the Project of denying the existence of the divine law of the indissolubility of marriage, for instead of denying it, the author acknowledged it explicitly to discuss whether it was absolute or only relative, since history offers many cases where the matrimonial bond was dissolved in fact,\n\n2. Denying that the civil laws of Christian emperors allow for repudiation, divorce, and a substitute second consort, living with the first in certain cases, would be\n\nThere seems to be a missing part of the text after the second point, so I cannot clean it completely. However, I have translated and cleaned the provided text as faithfully as possible to the original content.\nClose your eyes to the light; read the Theodosian and Justinian codes: I should not spend time on that (though it justifies the author of the Project, as he spoke as a civil legislator). Let's speak of canons, papal resolutions, and ecclesiastical doctrines.\n\n3. It is constant that popes, bishops, and the most pious men, devoted to religion, have always tended to understand the Trinity evangelically in the most favorable sense of absolute indissolubility. They feared that the contrary interpretation could weaken marital vows with great harm to children and civil society.\n\n4. However, writing to his wife in the middle of the third century in favor of continence, Tertullian confesses (in the first chapter of the second book) that a woman becomes a widow through divorce, as well as through death.\ninuerte  del  marido;  y  a\u00f1ade  que  esa  ser\u00e1  la \nocasi\u00f3n  de  preferir  la  continencia ,  y  sino  ,  se \npodia  casar  en  nombre  del  Se\u00f1or. \n5.  Nuestros  obispos  espa\u00f1oles  congregados \nen  su  concilio  Elveritano,  a\u00f1o  3o3  (  cuando \nlos  emperadores  eran  todav\u00eda  gentiles)  dijeron \n\u20acn  su  canon  9  ;  Si  una  muger  cristiana  repu* \ndiare  \u00e1  su  marido  cristiano  ad\u00faltero  y  casare \njcon  otro,  proh\u00edbasele  unirse  con  \u00e9l.  Si  se  uniere^ \n310  se  le  d\u00e9  la  comuni\u00f3n  hasta  que  muera  el \n\u00ediiarido  repudiado,  \u00e1  no  ser  que  ocurra  ur- \ngencia por  enfermedad.  \u00bb  Es  digno  de  no- \ntarse que  los  padres  no  declaran  por  nulo  el \njnatrimonio  segundo,  ni  mandan  \u00e1  la  muger \n^separarse  del  c\u00f3nyuge,  en  caso  de  haberse \nunido  contra  la  prohibici\u00f3n  ,  content\u00e1ndose \n\u00ed\u00edon  suspenderla  comuni\u00f3n  Eucar\u00edstica  porque \ndespreci\u00f3  las  exhortaciones. \n6.  El  concilio  primero  de  Arles  congregado \n(en  3i4  (  al  que  concurrieron  seiscientos  obis- \nThe emperor Constantine decreed in his canon 10 regarding the Christians caught in adultery, even if they are young, those who are forbidden to marry are advised by the council to not receive another spouse while the repudiated one lives.\n\nThis canon reflects the same spirit as that of Elvira, but it makes clearer that what was called ecclesiastical prohibition was nothing more than exemption by counsel urged with vehemence.\n\nBishop San Cromacio of Aquilea, in the fourth century, explaining the text of Saint Matthew on adultery, repudiation, and second marriages, said: \"Those who, overcome by the pleasure restrained by concupiscence, repudiate their wives and marry others, without the interference of the repudiated one.\"\nThe text reads: \"venqa causa de adulterio) should know that they incur in a great crime for which they will be condemned in God's court, \" She goes on to say that although human laws permit repudiation, divorce, and second marriages for other reasons, those who use such laws are not only not excusable, but are even more seriously guilty of sin, because they prefer human laws to divine ones; and she continues as follows: \"It is not permitted to repudiate a wife who lives chastely and honestly, but an adulterous woman; because she has made herself unworthy of her husband's company, and by sinning against her own body, she had the audacity to violate God's temple.\" (i) See in the Patrum Bibliotheca, vol. 2, p. 168, Paris edition, 1644.\n\nG. The deacon Hilario, writer of the fifth century.\nThe text discusses Euartoj's comments on Paul's Epistles, which were printed among Ambrosio's works due to the belief they were his, explaining Chapter 7.0 of the Epistle to the Corinthians. He said, \"A husband shall not leave his wife: this should be understood as if he had immediately added, not because of impurity, for it is bound to the husband to marry another woman after repudiating his first wife for adultery (i).\"\n\nFourth-century writer San Epifanio, in dealing with the heresy of the Cathars, stated, \"He who could not be satisfied with one wife, whether because the first was dead or because he repudiated her for impurity or adultery, or for some other crime, if he unites with a second wife, or if a woman unites with another man for the same reason.\"\nThe second canon of the Council of Vannes, held in Brittany in 465 AD, states: \"According to the works of Saint Ambrose, Book 3, page 365. Canon 17, chapter 32 in Gratian, and Saint Epiphanius in his book 'Heresies' 59 of Catholici: 'Regarding those who repudiate their spouses without cause of adultery, as expressed in the Eyangetio, and who marry others without having proven the crime, we decree that they be deprived of communion to prevent indulgence towards such sinners.\"\nThe canon manifests clearly that when repudiation is due to adultery, and this is proven, there were no obstacles for bishops to recognize subsequent marriages as valid.\n\nCanon II6, established by Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury in England during the sixth century, stated: \"A married man whose wife commits adultery may repudiate her and take another wife (i).\"\n\nPope Zacarias issued a decretal in the year 44, in which he said: \"Have you lain with your sister's daughter? If you have, you shall have neither of the two; your spouse, ignorant of the crime (if she cannot be kept), may marry whom she pleases according to the will of the Lord; but you and the adulteress shall remain without hope of marriage.\"\nWhile you live, you will endure the penance that the priest will impose upon you (2). The canon 10 of the Council of Ververia, in France, convened in the year 02 by King Pippin, states: \"If anyone sleeps with a woman forbidden to him, whether it is his stepmother Graciano or another, and he cannot contain himself, he is permitted to marry another woman who suits him.\n\nThe seventh and ninth canons of the same council are even more extraordinary in this matter: the seventh states, \"If a servant has a concubine who is his slave, he may (if he wishes) repudiate her to marry a servant woman, another slave of his lord; but it is better for him to keep his own slave as a wife.\" The ninth is (if it can be believed) even stronger.\n\"If a woman refuses to follow her husband, when he has the precision to go to another province or to follow his lord, she can marry another man while her husband lives, but he can marry another woman, submitting to the penance imposed on him. (Canon i3 of the Council of Compiegne, year 706, celebrated with the attendance of two legates from Pope Stephen II:) \"A woman professing religious life with her husband's permission can marry again, and the same faculty is granted by the sixth canon if she contracts leprosy. Other various canons of that council confirm this doctrine regarding cases of adultery. (Canon 36 of the Roman Council, issued by Pope Eugenius II, year 826:) \"No one (whoever he may be) is permitted to marry another while his spouse is still alive.\"\"\nrepudiate your wife and marry another, only if it's due to impurity: in another case, the one who commits adultery will be compelled to reunite with the first. The same determines Canon 36 of the Roman council convened by Pope Leo Four in 848.\n\nThe German Council of Fritzlar near Maguncia (with 22 bishops in attendance with Emperor Louis II in the year SS) decreed various canons in accordance with this spirit: and Canon 4 charges bishops, considering human frailty, to console those living separated due to adultery and unable to contain themselves, granting them permission to marry after completing the penance imposed upon them.\n\nIn the Frankish kings' capitularies, there are many determinations entirely in accordance with these and almost all by counsel.\nThe bishops; they could multiply citations infinitely to demonstrate that this discipline had persisted with more or less rigor, even during the pontificate of Gregory VII, when the opinion of St. Augustine, who had distinguished himself in the fifth century by upholding absolute indissolubility, began to prevail.\n\nThe Greek church, both during its union with the Latin one and in the periods of schism, held theoretically and practically that indissolubility was relative, not absolute without exception; and that the decisions belonged to imperial laws with which bishops had to conform for their ecclesiastical discipline. This was especially the case since almost all of them were decided with the advice and approval of the bishops of the court and others, from whom it was not presumed that they advised the promulgation of laws opposed to the Gospel.\n21. For this reason, there were numerous controversies in the Tridentine Council regarding how and what expressions should be used to draft the seventh canon of marriage in Session 24 against Luther and other Protestants. Many fathers wanted to condemn as heretical the opinion that adultery could dissolve the conjugal bond, allowing the innocent party to marry another and be forgiven. The Venetian ambassadors opposed this declaration because their republic possessed many Greek islands where this practice was prevalent, and they allowed the innocent party to exercise their right to remarry in cases of proven and declared adultery.\n\n22. The results were favorable to Venice.\nThe parents of the Tridentine Council abstained from issuing an anathema against those who defended the indicated doctrine and only issued it against those who claimed that the Church erred when it taught that the contrary was in accordance with the Gospel and the teachings of the Apostles. The canon serves as an apology for the Church of the Laudians' doctrine and practice, but it is condemnatory of the Greek Church's doctrine and practice, which is very different from what occurred when it was defined that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son; in that case, the contrary doctrine was condemned.\n\nTherefore, all Catholics today are under the penalty of anathema for believing and maintaining, against Luther and others, that the Church has not erred or errs not when it has taught and teaches that the marital bond is not dissolved in the case of adultery.\nThe innocent spouse cannot enter second marriages while the guilty spouse is alive.\n\n24. But believing, confessing, and defending that the church has not erred or errs in teaching this, is compatible with believing, confessing, and defending that it is also not a doctrinal error for the Greek church to have taught and to teach the opposite, nor for the same doctrine to have been adhered to for many centuries by the Latin church, in numerous concils of various Catholic nations, through many papal decrees, and in books written by holy fathers and other reputable Catholic authors.\n\n2.5. It is also compatible with believing, confessing, and defending that this entire matter is purely disciplinary and therefore subject to dispensations and other ecclesiastical resolutions, relative to each individual case.\nThe text appears to be a mix of Spanish and English, with some corrupted characters. I will first translate the Spanish parts into English and then clean the text.\n\nOriginal text: \"se prueba con el c\u00f3digo civil de Napole\u00f3n en Francia que contiene la doctrina del divorcio perfecto en varios casos y ha regido en G S Iglesia galicana con aprobaci\u00f3n pontifical' y- de todos los obispos por muchos a\u00f1os. El papa mismo P\u00edo s\u00e9ptimo confirm\u00f3 indirectamente el divorcio del emperador Napole\u00f3n y su segunda esposa; puesto que ha tratado a su segunda mujer en el concepto de tenerla por buenos cat\u00f3licos, hijos de la iglesia, d\u00e1ndoles su bendici\u00f3n.\n\nADICI\u00d3N\nRESPUESTA DE LA CENSURA VI.\nSobre la gerarquia eclesi\u00e1stica y la utilidad' actual de ios cuatro \u00f3rdenes menores.\nI. Iglesia Cat\u00f3lica dijo en el Concilio Tridentino, canon sexto del sacramento del Orden, sesi\u00f3n 23, lo que sigue: \u00abSi alg\u00fan hombre dice que en la Iglesia cat\u00f3lica no hay instituida por ordenanza divina una gerarquia que consta de\"\n\nCleaned text: \"The Napoleonic Civil Code in France, which contains the doctrine of perfect divorce in various cases and has governed the Galician Church with papal approval and that of all bishops for many years, was tested. The Pope himself, Pius VII, confirmed the divorce of Emperor Napoleon and his second wife indirectly; since he treated his second wife as good Catholics, children of the Church, and gave them his blessing.\n\nADDITION\nRESPONSE OF THE CENSOR VI.\nOn the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the current utility of the four minor orders.\nI. The Catholic Church stated in the Council of Trent, Canon 6 of the Sacrament of Order, Session 23, that: \u00abIf anyone says that in the Catholic Church there is not instituted by divine order a hierarchy consisting of\"\nObispos, presb\u00edteros and ministers, but where in the work did the author contradict this definition? The creator of a project for a religious constitution cannot be pointed out truthfully as having said this. The statement that diaconos, subdi\u00e1conos, ac\u00f3litos, lectores, exorcistas, and deaconesses are now useless could be a false or absurd opinion, but never a doctrinal error because it does not pertain directly or indirectly to the dogma.\n\nThe ecclesiastical hierarchy also took hold of the coripiscopos, cantores or salmistas, and diaconisas: it is known that these three orders were suppressed, and not only was it not said that their authors denied the hierarchy, but Babienclo \"heclio saw their inutilidad,\" their proposals were adopted in different eras.\nThe history of ecclesiastical replicarians have not studied this proposition in depth with various species of sophisticated subtlety; but there is no solid reply after learning the canonical discipline concerning the object. It is therefore opportune (and in my opinion necessary), to explain here the one related to the suppressed three degrees.\n\nThe coripiscopos were created in the time of the Apostles. These men were not only bishops in the capital cities of provinces, but also in the other subordinate ones. The difference being that the first were bishops governing all the churches, and the second initially relieved. Each one governed his respective district of campaign, with total subordination to the bishop governor to whom they received orders. This happened with Saint Timotheus, bishop of Ephesus, who governed.\nThe churches in the cities subject to Ephesus; and there were San Tito in the island of Crete.\n\n4. Subordinate bishops were those whom the apostle San Pablo designated with the name of presbyters when he wrote to San Tito, that he should appoint presbyters: and institute presbyters in every city; for it is clear that the bishops of apostolic times used the name of presbyters as much as that of bishops, according to what is revealed in the sacred book of the Acts of the Apostles 5 and in the canonical Epistles of San Pedro and San Pablo, of San Clemente, and in the book of San Hermas, The Shepherd, in the aforementioned circumstances, together with the practice of the first two centuries and a half. According to Jerome's writings, the reason for this. The bishop and the presbyter are rather the same.\nDistinct were they from one another not by custom but by divine disposition; for Jesus Christ had created only priests, and in whose word were included presbyters as well as bishops. This is in no way contrary to the definition of the Tridentine Council, which declared bishops to be superior to presbyters in power to govern, to ordain, to confirm, and other things. This truth is compatible with the other, as Jerome and Isidore among others have said, being more a matter of custom than of divine constitution.\n\nFrom the Acts of the Apostles it is recorded that Saint Paul and Saint Barnabas ordained bishops in Lystra, Iconium, and Derbe, towns in the provinces of Lycaonia and Pisidia, where there were likely other bishops governing. The people of Hipseus were also subalterne.\nThe following places in the Thebaid had bishops in the fourth century: Arsenio, who signed the condemnation of Saint Atanasius (i), was the bishop of a small town named Aphthouria. In the same century, Paulo was the bishop of the town of Ancyra (2). (i) Saint Atanasio, in his works, wrote a letter to Arsenio. (2) Theodoret, in his ecclesiastical history, book 1, chapter 16, mentions that the people of Batanea also belonged to this class, and their bishop Eufratios attended the Council of Nicea (i). Cencris, a village near Corinth, is also cited as having a church and a subordinate bishop (2). Comanes and Apamea, small towns, were dependent on larger cities, and had bishops titled as rural bishops (3). Such was also the case with others.\nSmall places in Antioquia's campaign are cited in its 264 council against Paul of Samosata. Eusebio cites other rural bishops of Gazan campaign, as well as San Epifanio and those from nearby areas of Tyheriades (5). All these churches were only parishes, heads of districts, equivalent to what we now call the capital of an archipresbyterate; their pastors were prelates of second order; parish priests and their annexed dependents, and they were called corpuscopos, a word derived from coroepiscopus, meaning campaign bishops. They were indeed given the name co-episcopi, as they were co-bishops, but subject to the governing bishop.\n\n(i) See the council acts and Eusebio in Ecclesiastical History, Mist. eclesiastical.\n(2) See Paul's letter to the Romans, chapter 16.\nEusebio, in Hist. ecclesiast. book 5, chapter 16, and book 8, chapter 13, and the book of martyrs, Epifanio, heresi 30:\n\nIf all the parishes of his diocese, which of these were among those, the presbyters were ordained by the bishops in the early times. This did not displease the laity, as it provided relief from their pastoral labors. However, with the growth of Christianity and the consequent increase in respect for ecclesiastical prelates, bishops believed it necessary to establish a clear distinction between the bishop and the subordinates, especially after Constantine declared himself protector of the Christian religion. The Council of Ancyra in the year 315 decreed the following: \"It is forbidden for presbyters and deacons to be addressed as 'Your Grace' or 'Your Excellency' or to wear purple or gold or any other distinguishing mark of high rank.\"\nThe priests of the city are forbidden to ordain presbyters or deacons in a parish not their own without the bishop's written permission. This is the literal translation of the original Greek text. The Latin, which the Father Labbe placed in the collection of canons, says: \"It is not lawful for presbyters to ordain presbyters or deacons, nor is it lawful for presbyters of the city to do anything in a foreign parish without the bishop's command.\" Dionysius the Exiguous translated the canons of the ancient Greek councils in the sixth century and published this canon with a freer translation, saying: \"It is not lawful for the vicars of bishops (which the Greeks call presbyters) to ordain presbyters or deacons, and it is not lawful for presbyters of the city to do anything without the bishop's command; nor are they to act.\nThe following text refers to the lack of authority of the bishop of Thessalonica in the fourth century, as recorded in writing. It is known that Dionysius wished to reorganize the Ancryan synod of the sixth century, as the presbyters no longer administered the sacrament of orders. However, this is irrelevant to the fact that in the fourth century, the corpuscopes were still authorized to ordain subdeacons, acolytes, exorcists, readers, and porters or doorkeepers.\n\nThe Tenth Canon of the Council of Antioch from the year 341 states more clearly:\n\n\"Regarding those who are established in villages and regions, or those who are called corpuscopes (even if they have received the imposition of hands from bishops), it is the will of the holy Synod that they observe limits in the administration of their subordinate churches, contenting themselves with their own.\"\ncaution and direction. Consider yourselves authorized to form readers, subdeacons, and exorcists; but do not presume to ordain priests or deacons without the bishop's permission of the city to which the bishops themselves are subject, as well as the region. If anyone dares to transgress these resolutions, let them be deprived of the honor they enjoy. The corpiscopo should be established by the city's bishop for the region under its jurisdiction.\n\nSince the corpiscopos were deprived of the power to ordain priests and deacons, they were considered mere priests. This began to be implemented in the third century, as the bishops desired to distinguish themselves more clearly. They issued two canons called the Apostolic Canons.\nIn the fourth century, a collection was made with determinations from some councils of the third. One stated: \"A bishop should be ordained by two or three bishops.\" The other: \"A presbyter should be ordained by a bishop: the same for a deacon and other clergy.\" Some bishops had continued to ordain bishops without the presence of an ordaining bishop, resulting in a desired distinction between a bishop's and a presbyter's ordination being unclear. The Council of Arles, in the year 314, established in its canon twenty: \"Regarding those who assume the power to ordain bishops by themselves, the council has resolved that they should not attempt this, but instead should first procure the presence of seven bishops with them; and if they cannot secure this, they should never ordain bishops without the presence of at least three consecrating bishops.\"\nII. The bishops were guided in this way in the proper ordination and confused in part with the presbyters in the alien ordination, as these conferred the minor orders. Now, abbots mitred, who are only presbyters although they wear an ring, cross, mitre, staff, and gloves resembling episcopal ones; but in any case, they constituted an intermediate grade between bishops and presbyters, as they were distinguished from these in various things, firstly, in that a coripiscopo was the parish priest of the principal parish of a district which we now call an archdeacon, secondly, that if the coripiscopo accompanied a reason to the city, he offered the sacrifice of the mass in the church with the bishop; thirdly, that the coripiscopo was authorized to provide for travelers.\nLetras testimoniales; the fourth, which the corpuscopo was prelate of all parroquias of his archipresbitero, but the presbitero Soto was prelate and pastor of this parroquia, and with subordination to the corpuscopo, considering him as archipresbitero of the district, and as vicario of the obispo, 12.\n\nThe first difference consists of Canon 10 decimo copied from the Antioqueno concilio: 1 3. The second, of Canon 54 of the Neocesarean concilio of the year 315, which says: \"Presbiteros regionales cannot offer in the Dominico of the city, unless the obispo or the presbiteros civitatenses are present. They cannot give the bread nor the chalice in the prayer (i), although they can do so in cases of absence. Corpuscopos are imitators of the seventy (^i); but they enjoy the honor of offering as co-ministers due to their zeal in caring for.\"\npoverty.\n1. The third difference is marked in it:\n(i) Prayer in this canon means the sacrifice of the one called Oracion, because it was made with the Lord's prayer, which we call the Our Father.\n(2) The seventy senators of the church canon eight of the cited Antioch council states: \"Presbyters of a region should not ask letters from bishops, but the respectable corbishops are authorized to send peaceful letters.\"\n1. The fourth difference results from these same canons and others, which state that the corbishops preside in the capital of the region or district, and presbyters in the other populations of the same region.\n1. Some corbishops, despite the conciliar prohibition, continued to order presbyters and deacons for themselves.\nregion propria because the bishops of the third and fourth centuries were not as just as they should have been, since they deprived them of a power they had exercised since apostolic times. This produced discord between bishops and archdeacons. As a result, the Council of Aquisgran in the year 803, convened by imperial order under Emperor Charlemagne, presided over by Paulinus, patriarch of Aquilea as the pope Leo III's legate, decreed the suppression of archdeacons, expressing the same motives of inutilities and damages causing confusion.\nI have cleaned the text as follows: I removed unnecessary line breaks, extra characters, and meaningless abbreviations. I also corrected some OCR errors. The text reads:\n\nI have finished indicating, so I copy the canon for your long reading: anyone can see it in the collection of the Capitularies of Charlemagne (i); but nevertheless, bishops still had scribes up until the tenth century (as Fleuri noted in his ecclesiastical history). However, consulted by Pope Nicholas I, as reported by Rodulf, archbishop of Bourges, he answered that the ordinations of bishops and presbyters, called scribes, were valid because scribes exercised episcopal functions; which is contrary to what was declared in the Aquisgran council, anno 18. What will the censors of Piofredo say about a religious constitution? Did those who proposed the suppression of scribes deny the hierarchy?\nbishops. Let us now see if the history of the Cantors is applicable to the current dispute.\n\n1. It is first necessary to assume that the destiny of Cantor or Salmist was a true minor order: the same as that of acolyte, exorcist, lector, and ostiary, and even that of subdeacon, until it was raised to the sphere of major orders. Those who ignore ecclesiastical history because they have dedicated themselves only to theology:\n\n(i) Capitularies of the Frankish kings by Charlemagne, volume 1, page 379, Paris edition, 1777, folio.\n\n(a) Collection of councils, volume 8, epistle of Nicolaos the Subdeacon, they are persuaded that the priesthood of the seven sacraments has always been: for this reason they dedicate themselves to responding with sophisticated and subtle distinctions to the arguments derived from\n\n(i) Capitularies of the Frankish kings by Charlemagne, volume 1, p. 379, Paris edition, 1777.\n\n(a) Collection of councils, vol. 8, epistle of Nicolaos the Subdeacon. They are persuaded that the priesthood of the seven sacraments has always been the same: for this reason, they dedicate themselves to responding with sophisticated and subtle distinctions to the arguments derived from\nThe history; and it is necessary to be vague, heavy, and annoying to prove the truth of some propositions that should be assumed as exempt from doubt by educated people. One such case is that, but patience, it is necessary to cite some proofs, even though the wise do not need them.\n\nThe canon 23 of the so-called apostolic canons states: \"Regarding marriage, we grant that clergy may marry, but this should be understood only by readers and cantors.\" This canon belongs to one of Jos councils of the second century whose acts have not reached our days. At the time of its establishment, subdeacons, acolytes, and porters had not yet been created as clergy, and therefore they are not mentioned in the text.\nThe more modern canon is 43, whose intelligence it is convenient to copy before the 4th: It says, \"The bishop, the priest, and the deacon who fall into the vice of gambling or drunkenness should abandon them. Otherwise, they will be condemned.\" The 43rd continues, \"The acolyte, the reader, and the cantor, who behave similarly, should be excommunicated, and the same applies to the layman.\"\n\nThis canon belongs to a council from the third century, whose acts have perished, as the order of the subdeacon had already been established by the deacons' request. They claimed they needed a subordinate minister to help them fulfill their obligations related to the care of widows and the poor, and to sacred functions of the sacrifice. However, both the one canon and the other...\nAmong the two clerics, to the cantor or salmist, it was the same in the year 374, as the Canon I5 of the Laodicean Council stated: \"It is not permitted to sing in the church except to the appointed singers, who do not sing anything but the canonical psalms. They ascend to the pulpit and read from the book.\"\n\nAfterwards, the offices of acolyte, exorcist, and porter were considered clerical orders. However, this did not change the concept of the offices of reader and cantor. This last one persisted even after the peace of the Church. We see that the Fourth Council of Carthage in the year 398 designated the ceremonies for each order, and after bishop, presbyter, deacon, subdeacon, acolyte, porter, it placed the salmist.\n\nHowever, it lasted only a short time in terms of clerical order, as it was later recognized:\n\n\"Among the two clerics, to the cantor or salmist, it was the same in the year 374, as the Canon I5 of the Laodicean Council stated: 'Only those appointed singers may sing in the church, who do not sing anything but the canonical psalms. They ascend to the pulpit and read from the book.'\n\nAfterwards, the offices of acolyte, exorcist, and porter were considered clerical orders. However, this did not change the concept of the offices of reader and cantor. This last one persisted even after the peace of the Church. We see that the Fourth Council of Carthage in the year 398 designated the ceremonies for each order, and after bishop, presbyter, deacon, subdeacon, acolyte, porter, it placed the salmist.\"\nIn the fifth century, when his ministry was being accomplished with greater advantages, he permitted the ordination of young men who had an inclination towards it, even if they did not wish to be clerics. This suppression is not explicitly mentioned in any council that I know of; rather, it was gradually implemented by the will of the parrocs to whom it applied.\n\nWe have seen the canons in which the coripiscopos and presbyters were forbidden to ordain bishops, presbyters, and deacons; and although at that time they were authorized to ordain subdeacons, acolytes, exorcists, readers, porters, and singers, this faculty was later limited in the African Church, reducing it only to the ordination of singers and assigning the power of the other minor orders to the bishop.\n\nThis truth is well known, as can be observed in the wording of the first ten canons.\nconcilio Cartaginense cuarto del a\u00f1o 898;\njesus; seg\u00fan su tenor literal, el obispo ordenante del obispo, presb\u00edtero, di\u00e1cono, subdi\u00e1cono, ac\u00f3lito, exorcista, ostiario, pero el cantor, sobre el cual el texto dice: \"El salmista, (esto es el cantor,) puede recibir el oficio de cantar, sin noticia del obispo, con ordenaci\u00f3n del presb\u00edtero en esta f\u00f3rmula: Considera que debes creer en tu coraz\u00f3n lo que cantas con la boca, y demostrarlo con tus obras. \"\n\nLimitationes de poderes del presb\u00edtero hab\u00edan sido mayores en alguna otra iglesia, en la cual a\u00fan el orden de cantor estaba reservado solo al obispo. El autor del libro de las Constituciones llamadas Apost\u00f3licas tom\u00f3 este texto de esa reserva para decirlo en nombre de los Ap\u00f3stoles: \"No conceder\u00e9is el oficio de cantar a ninguno, salvo con la ordenaci\u00f3n del obispo.\"\nWe grant the presbyters the ability to ordain deacons, deaconesses, lectors, ministers, cantors, or porters; and only to bishops for conformity to the ecclesiastical order.\n\n2. According to Jerome at the beginning of the fifth century, presbyters no longer ordained as it was only a matter of ecclesiastical custom and not divine disposition. He added, \"What can a bishop do more than a presbyter, except for the power to ordain?\" These words indicate that presbyters were no longer ordaining.\n\n30. Consequently, cantors ceased to be counted among the number of clergy once they were ordained by a bishop and were subject to a presbyter parish priest, and their ministry could be supplanted by others.\npersons laicas: but to no one occurred the idea of proposing suppression. Not different is the case of the Deacons, and it has the particular circumstance of having been instituted by the apostles. Paul, in his first letter to Timothy, commanded to choose a widow for the ministry, preferably over sixty years old.\n3:1. However, the canon 15 of the Council of Chalcedon in the year 451 indicates that some bishops had ordained deaconesses against Paul's prohibition, ordering them as young as forty years old. Paul said, \"A deaconess should not be ordained before the age of forty, and this after careful consideration of her personal qualities. And if a deaconess receives the order and exercises her ministry for some time, and afterwards...\"\nCasare, causing injury to God's grace, be scourged with the one who consented in your marriage. There is no need to come with the species of which the ordination of deaconses was not a sacrament, from which women are incapable. This does not matter at all for the question of hierarchy, in which deaconses are included, as among so many ministers; and the same was said of the presbyters mentioned in the tenth canon of the Council of Laodicea.\n\n33. The ministry of deaconses is indicated in the twelfth canon of the Fourth Council of Carthage, of the year SS, which says thus: \"Widows or nuns who are elected for the ministry of women's baptism should be instructed in their office, so that they can teach, with honest and proportionate words, ignorant and rustic women in the time of preparing their baptism.\"\nThe Council of Orange in the year 441 suppressed this degree of the hierarchy, stating in Canon 92: \"Deaconesses shall no longer be ordained. If there are still some, they shall be content with receiving the blessing given to the people in general.\" This change came close to suppression, but it is constant that the contrary was general practice. We have seen that ten years after the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, the ordering of deaconesses and the age of forty to sixty were conserved.\n\nHowever, suppression prevailed because, having been decreed by the Council of Ephesus in the year 517 (Canon 21), the churches gradually conformed to its abolition.\n- The Occident and lastly the Orient, knowing that all the ministries of deacons could be supplied by any honest women whom each parish priest knew and trusted,\n36. Let us now see if the same applies to the orders that the author of the Project mentioned, which are now useless and whose ministries are supplied or could be by other persons. The Fourth Council of Carthage in the year 398 expressed the objective and obligations of each of these ministers and will serve as a text in the fourth and following canons\n37. \"When a deacon is ordained, only the bishop who blesses him will place his hands on his head, because the deacon is consecrated not for the priesthood but for a ministry\" - This was established by the dispositions of the Apostles for the care of sustenance.\nThe deacons, widows, orphans, and other Church personnel: afterwards, the diacons were authorized to serve the presbyter in the sacrificial rites, to read the Gospel, baptize, preach, minister the Eucharist, and other things. With time, the primitive obligation ceased, and the subsequent ones are fulfilled by presbyters who assist at the prayer or Mass. Who would be lacking deacons?\n\n38. \"The subdeacon, at the time of being ordained (since the imposition of hands is not imposed on him), should receive from the bishop the empty paten and the empty chalice; and from the archdeacon the vinegar, the mantle, and the towel.\" This canon manifests the obligation of the subdeacon, which we only see fulfilled by the one who reads the epistle in the solemn Mass; and everyone knows that this is usually a presbyter.\n\n39. \"The acolyte, when he receives his order, should\"\nA monk should be advised to conduct himself well in the exercise of his ministry, but he should receive from the archdeacon the candelabra with a candle, so that he knows his destiny is to light the church. He should also receive an empty vinaigier for a sign that he will carry the wine that he is to serve in the Eucharist, passing it on to become the blood of Christ. \"There is nothing more notorious than that acolytes today are everywhere some who have not received the order of the acolyte.\n\n40. \"The exorcist should receive from the hand of the bishop, at the time of ordination, a book in which the exorcisms are written; the bishop says to him: \"Take, learn from me, you have the power to lay hands on the energumen, whether he is to be baptized or confirmed. And no one ignores that today it is forbidden for all to exorcise without special delegation from the bishop.\"\nA priest of mature age, of pure customs, of good opinion. When a deacon is ordained, the bishop should speak to the people, praising their faith and intelligence. He should then give the ordaining deacon a book in which are written the things that the reader must read, and say to him: \"Take and be a reader of the word of God to have a share, with those who have prepared it. If you fulfill your office with faithfulness and utility.\" It is notable that the office of reader no longer exists except to read and sing prophecies in a few days of the year, and it is read or sung by a priest.\n\nThe doorkeeper, before being ordained, must be instructed in the way to conduct himself in the house of God. Afterward, the bishop, by indication of the archdeacon, takes the keys of the altar; he gives them to the ordaining priest, saying: \"Work with the one who knows.\"\n\"mention of these things that are contained under these keys, it is the sacristan who performs this duty in some places, a layman in others, a priest in none. Neither should a layman be ordained as an ostiary or porter. 43. These truths are so notorious that no one ignores them. Why then would we lose nothing by suppressing at least the four minor orders? Would we no longer have bishops, priests, and ministers? Would not the deacon and subdeacon still be ministers? If these orders ceased to exist, would not acolytes and sacristans still be ministers without the character of the sacrament of ordination? 44. But above all, does all this not belong to discipline? From where has this species of negation of the hierarchy arisen, from the ignorance of the censors, and when least?\"\nde la rapidez con que leyeron y de la poca reflexi\u00f3n con que redactaron la censura.\n\nADICION.\nA liar de la censura VI,\nSobre la infalibilidad de los Concilios,\nIb. X ODos los hombres sensatos reconocen que un cuerpo moral, una naci\u00f3n, una congregaci\u00f3n, un concilio, una comunidad no ejercen nunca sus derechos y prerogativas sino cuando est\u00e1n reunidos en asamblea completa, o por lo menos representados por quien haya recibido legitimamente su delegaci\u00f3n; que la cabeza de un cuerpo moral no tiene ni puede tener ning\u00fan poder legislativo, el cual compete solamente a la corporaci\u00f3n entera o sus representantes por delegaci\u00f3n; y que a la cabeza inicialmente puede corresponder el poder ejecutivo, y ella debe librar en casos repentinos urgentes las ordenanzas provisionales interinas que se necesitan.\nThe Church is the corporal body to whom Jesus promised the gift of inf infalibility, provided that it gathers in His name. This is for the purpose of seeking truth impartially, and the knowledge of this is necessary for the salvation of souls. From this follow several consequences:\n\n1. The gift of infalibility is not granted to the head of the moral body of the Church, considered in isolation and without union with the moral body itself. Nor is it granted to the principal members of the same body, considered in isolation and without union with one another; rather, it is granted to the very moral body itself.\nConstas de cabeza qui es el papas, de bra\u00f1os y tronco cuales son los obispos, y de piernas y pies cuales son los otros individuos del pueblo cristiano.\n\n4. In vain are cited the decrees of the papas for infalibilidad while they are not recognized and adopted by all the Iglesias. Infalibility does not enter at this moment. Nor can they convince those concilios where only obispos intervene; because lacking the representation of the Christian people, they will not balance in the case of the promise made in favor of the Church while the Christian people do not adopt the decrees.\n\n5. Segunda: No estamos en el caso de la promesa when the reuni\u00f3n no ha sido en el nombre de Jesucristo.\n\n6. Para que la reuni\u00f3n de un concilio ecum\u00e9nico sea en el nombre de Jesucristo, no basta invocarlo, ni decirlo por escrito que as\u00ed sea.\nFive have been made, or have been made, for the words written are formulas invented to give authority to decrees, with which men will be deceived, but not God who knows the interior of hearts. Nicolas of Clemanges wrote a treatise on this matter in the fifteenth century, which is found in the collection titled: Fasciculus rerun irruitum et fugiendarum, and it is worthy of being more widely known.\n\nIt is necessary above all for bishops, theologians, orators of the highest rank, representatives of the people, papal legates, and all others to go to the congress without prejudice as to what they will vote on, with an impartial mind to investigate the truth, weighing with judgment and candor the reasons of two strict opponents, and in good faith asking God for the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit.\npara el acierto; pues si llevan de antemano su juicio hecho en el coraz\u00f3n, no tienen por qu\u00e9 Jesucristo les inspire. Aunque toda esta buena disposici\u00f3n personal, no se congrega en el nombre de Jesucristo un concilio ecum\u00e9nico, ni se encuentra en el caso de la promesa de infalibilidad, cuando la convocaci\u00f3n se hace sin verdadera necesidad; y no lo es. Cuando la controversia precedente recae sobre objetos cuya definici\u00f3n no es de una importancia grande para evitar muchos da\u00f1os espirituales,\n\nSe necesita libertad de opinar, exponiendo las reflexiones que favorecen uno y otro, extremo, a fin de que cada vocal pese lo suficiente de las opiniones opuestas, porque solo as\u00ed se procede con modo racional y humano, \u00fanico digno de merecer los auxilios de las luces divinas para votar con acierto.\nI. Against this freedom, the popes have at times acted when they have sought to convene ecumenical councils in cities of the papal states, or at least in Italy, to have greater influence over the conciliar voters. This was particularly the case after they saw the results of the councils of Constance and Basel. Fray Pedro de Sosa or Paul Sarpi, the Spanish commissioner, and even Cardinal Palavicino relate many things that demonstrate how the Roman court worked to subject the votes of the bishops of Trento to its will. Vargas said that the Holy Spirit was being carried in a suitcase from Rome to Trento; and yet the Roman curia went so far as to attempt to transfer the council to Bologna.\n\n11. Lastly, it is sufficient to copy a clause from the exhortation of the papal legates.\nThe los parents of the Tridentine Council. \"In vain we invoke the Holy Spirit if we do not do so with true contrition for our sins, for He comes only to virtuous souls, and if we do not act thus, God will respond to us as to the ancient Israelites: you have come to consult me, but I swear by my life that I will not give you an answer.\n\n12. For these and other reasons, Christians of the first ten centuries never cited the infallibility of the popes in favor of the councils, as we see; quickly running through the history of the eight ecumenical councils with as much laconicism as truth: anyone can read it at their pleasure by merely consulting the collection of councils by Father Labbe or other authors.\n\ni3. The first general council that is called ecumenical was that of Nicea, composed of:\nPost of father number 321, authorized by Emperor Constantine in the year 325. In it, the heretical doctrine of Arius was clarified, and those who held the opinion that the second person of the divine Trinity was not of the same substance as the first were denounced. The Arians did not recognize the obligation to submit; they continued in their opinion as before. They held numerous councils, the last one being in Rimini in the year 359, attended by over four hundred bishops who decreed in the Arian sense. This was confirmed in a council in Seleucia and another in Constantinople the following year. The entire world was Arian until after the death of Emperor Constantine.\n\nThe Catholics attempted many times to convince the Arians. The simplest method was to tell them that they already knew, according to:\n\n\"Post of father number 321, authorized by Emperor Constantine in the year 325. In it, the heresy of Arius was clarified, and those holding the opinion that the second person of the divine Trinity was not of the same substance as the first were denounced. The Arians did not recognize the obligation to submit; they continued in their opinion as before. They held numerous councils, the last one being in Rimini in 359, attended by over four hundred bishops who decreed in the Arian sense. This was confirmed in a council in Seleucia and another in Constantinople the following year. The entire world was Arian until after the death of Emperor Constantine.\"\nThe text appears to be written in an old-fashioned English style, but it is still largely readable. I will remove unnecessary whitespaces, line breaks, and other meaningless characters. I will also correct some obvious OCR errors.\n\ntestos de la Escritura que la Iglesia de Jesucristo es infalible y que bah\u00eda estado completamente reunida y representada por los 318 obispos de Nicea con autoridad del emperor.\n\n1.5. Sin embargo jam\u00e1s los cat\u00f3licos citaron esta infalibilidad del concilio. Alegaban razones y testos para probar que lo declarado en Nicea era conforme a la Escritura y a la tradici\u00f3n; han tenido valer la ciencia, la probidad, la imparcialidad, y la recta intenci\u00f3n de los obispos nicenos; la prudencia y sagacidad con que hab\u00edan examinado las dudas y pesadas las autoridades; en fin, apelaron a todos los medios humanos; pero jam\u00e1s, jam\u00e1s, al de la infalibilidad concedida por nuestro Se\u00f1or Jesucristo a su Iglesia.\n\n1.6. \u00bfCual podr\u00eda ser el origen de un silencio cuyo rompimiento quitaba motivos y aun pretextos? Yo no descubro sino la.\n\nCleaned text: The text is about how the Church of Jesus Christ is infallible, as stated and represented by the 318 bishops at the Council of Nicea with the emperor's authority. The Catholics never cited this infallibility from the council. They provided reasons and texts to prove that what was declared at Nicea was in accordance with the Scripture and tradition. They relied on science, probity, impartiality, and the right intention of the Nicene bishops. They used prudence and sagacity to examine doubts and weigh authorities. They appealed to all human means, but never to the infallibility granted by our Lord Jesus Christ to his Church. Question 1.6: What could be the origin of a silence whose breaking removed motivations and even pretexts? I do not find out anything but the.\ninexistencia  d\u00e9la  opmion  de  infalibilidad  con- \nciliar que  no  habia  nacido  aun  en  el  sigla \ncuarto.  Si  ella  existiese,  hubiera  sido  citada \ntantas  veces  como  nosotros  citamos  \u00e1  los  pro- \ntestantes la  i  n  faii  bil  i  da  d  del  Con  cilio  d  e  Tren  to  v \n17.  El  segundo  concilio  general  fue  de  i5o \nobispos  congregados  en  Constantinopla  por \norden  del  emperador  Teodosio  ,  y  voluntad \ndel  papa  san  D\u00e1maso,  a\u00f1o  38 1,  contra  la  doc- \ntrina de  Macedonio  que  neg\u00e1bala  divinidad \ny  la  procesi\u00f3n  del  Esp\u00edritu  Santo.  El  n\u00famero \nde  obispos  fue  tan  peque\u00f1o  y  de  tan  pocas \nnaciones  cristianas  que  no  se  le  pudiera  repu- \ntar general  ecum\u00e9nico  ,  sino  porque  despu\u00e9s \nlo  fueron  aceptaado  varias  naciones  del  occi- \ndente \n18.  Macedonio  sigui\u00f3  su  sistema  ,  y  no  se \nk  dio  jamas  en  cara  la  infalibihdad  del  con- \ncilio. En  Toledo  se  celebr\u00f3  despu\u00e9s  otro  ,  a\u00f1o \nde  4SoG\u00ed  \u00ed  y  los  obispos  espa\u00f1oles  (  auncpre \nThe errors of Priscilian were condemned, but they did not cite the decrees of Constantinopolitan, despite citing those of Nicea, whose canons did not provide strong definitions regarding the subject matter as Constantinople's did. Nevertheless, they adopted the doctrinal decision concerning the procession of the Holy Spirit to formulate the profession of their faith, as we have seen: proof of the little regard they held for the canons related to discipline 5. It is not surprising that San Gregorio Nazianzen, who refused to attend their sessions, wrote of the poor qualities of the bishops who disrupted that council, comparing them to a band of grullas^ and tordos^ and other harmful creatures.\n\nIt seems then that the concept of inf infallibility had not yet arisen by the year 381.\n\nThe third general council was that of Ephesus.\nThe text appears to be in Latin, with some Spanish and Portuguese words. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary elements.\n\nYear 43, a congregation was held against Nestorius, who should not be given the title of \"mother of God\" to Mary but of Jesus Christ, because this Lord, as God, had no mother, did not birth, did not suffer, did not die, nor resurrected. Over 200 bishops attended; the pope sent legates, and Emperor Theodosius did as well.\n\nNestorius was condemned, but he did not consider himself a heretic. Many bishops followed his doctrine as if the general council's definition did not exist; they held several particular councils in the East whose canons favored Nestorius, contrary to what was determined in Ephesus. They argued that the issue had not been examined thoroughly. The Romans, that is, the Catholics, refuted this argument, ensuring that everything had been done according to the rules, but they never told Nestorius and his followers what they should do.\nsometer  su  raz\u00f3n  al  yugo  de  la  fe,  teniendo \npor  infal  ble  la  definici\u00f3n  dogm\u00e1tica  por  la \ngracia  del  Esp\u00edritu  Santo.  Sabian  todos  que \nla  Iglesia  es  infalible;  pero  no  habian  comen- \nzado \u00e1  creer  que  la  infalibilidad  de  la  Iglesiar \nestaba  en  un  concilio  general  ,  compuesto  de \nsolos  obispos. \n21.  El  cuarto  concilio  general  es  el  de  Cal- \ncedonia ,  compuesto  de  quinientos  veinte  y \ntantos  obispos  congregados  a\u00f1o  45r  por  orden \ndel  emperaxlor  Marciano,  cuyos  legados  asis- \ntieron ,  como  tambi\u00e9n  otros  del  papa  s\u00ed\u00edu  Le\u00f3n, \nEl  concilio  conden\u00f3  nuevamente  la  hereg\u00eda \nde  Nestorio,  y  ademas  la  del  abad  Eutiques  ^ \nseofun  el  cual  habia  tenido  dos  naturalezas \ndistintas  el  Verbo  divino  antes  de  la  encar- \nnaci\u00f3n. \n22,  Pero  tampoco  fue  reputada  como  infa- \nlible la  declaraeion  dogm\u00e1tica.  Eutiques  pro \nsigui\u00f3  ense\u00f1ando  su  doctrina ,  y  tuvo  gran \ns\u00e9quito  durante  alg\u00fan  tiempo.  Los  cat\u00f3licos^ \nRomans wrote against Eutiques combating him with reasons and Scripture texts, but they never told him to yield to the conciliar definition on account of the wine gift of inf infalibility, which would have been the right and shorter way, had the belief in conciliar infallibility existed in that era.\n\nThe fifth ecumenical council was convened in 532 AD, by order of Emperor Justiniano, in Constantinople (where Pope Vigilio was located), against the errors of Origenes and those espoused in the works of Theodore bishop of Mopsuestia, Ibas bishop of Edessa, and Theodoret bishop of Ephesus. Vigilio did not wish to attend personally to the sessions because he knew that almost all the 150 bishops present were determined to condemn the works of Theodore and Ibas, which had been.\nMinadas and approved in the Council of Calcedonia. However, having been exiled by the emperor, he cowardly confirmed the council. The Churches of Istria, Ireland, Italy, France, and Spain did not recognize that fifth ecumenical council, called Henenico.\n\nIn Spain, from the conversion of Recaredo to the Mohammad invasion, there were over a thousand opportunities to cite the ecumenical councils, and the Spanish and Galician bishops never counted the fifth among them. Pope Saint Gregory the Great attempted to enforce it, but in vain for Spain and the Galicians. No one dared, however, to deal with heresies among the Spaniards and French; nor to reconcile them with the infallibility of the ecumenical council confirmed by the pope. If it had been the fifth, it would not have been the fourth of Calcedonia that approved the iiiismos books that were later declared.\nHeretics.\n\nThe sixth general council was also held in Constantinople, convened in 680 by Emperor Constantine Pogonatus and concluded in 681 with over 160 bishops, ratified by Pope Agatho, against the Monothelitic heresy* that affirmed our Lord Jesus Christ had only one will as God and as man; an error that Honorius' papacy had previously supported, which was infamously denounced in that council as heretical.\n\nNo canons were decreed against the Monothelites; therefore, it was necessary to convene another council in 691, in the same imperial palace called Trullo. It was named the Quinisext Council because it was considered an appendix to the fifth and sixth councils.\n\nThe Monothelitic error continued as if it had not been condemned, since no one claimed infallibility. Far from it.\nios  obispos  de  Espa\u00f1a  recibieron  las  acta% \npara  dar  su  asenso  y  respondiei^n  que  antes \nexaminarian  con  todo  rigor  ^u  doctrina.  La \nhicieron  as\u00ed  a\u00f1o  693  5y  suscribieron  diciendo \nque  agregaban  sus  actas  \u00e1  las  de  los  euatro \nprimeros^  porque  lashabian  encontrado  con- \nformes \u00e1  la  fe.  Todo  esto  prueba  que  no  hab\u00eda \nnacido  la  opini\u00f3n  de  la  infalibilidad  conci- \nliar, ni  reconocido  como  ecvijn\u00e9mcoel  quinto, \niS,  El  s\u00e9ptimo  concilio  ecum\u00e9nico  fue  con- \nvocado en  Nieea  por  el  emperador  Constan^ \nlino  V,  a\u00f1o  ^87  ,  contra  los  iconoclastas  ^ \nque  condenaban  el  cuito  de  las  im\u00e1genes  de \nJesucristo,  de  la  Virgen  Maria  su  madre,  y \nde  los  santos.  Concurrieron  377  obispos  y  el \npapa  Adriano  primera  5  confirm\u00f3  las  acta& \nsp.  Pero,  \u00e1  pesar  de  todo  ,  habi\u00e9ndose  con- \nvocado nuevo  coneilio  en  Franefort  del  Mein, \na\u00f1o  794  9  por  el  emperador  Carlos  Magno , \nconcurrieron  casi  todos  los  obispos  de  Ale- \nmania, from Francia, in addition to two other bishops legated by Pope Adrian, prohibited the adoration of the fifteen saints, stating that the doctrine of the Council of Nicaea should not be followed and that the confirmation of the pope was not sufficient if the consent of the principal churches was not involved. The definition of the second ecumenical council prevailed, but this does not matter for the objective of knowing that at least it had not yet begun, if not prevented by the way of thinking of the more ancient centuries about the infallibility of an ecumenical council approved by the pope. It is worth noting the clause that the principal churches had not voted in the Council of Constantinople, as this proves that it was already believed then (as is just), that a council is not ecumenical if it is not ecumenical.\nThe body of the Maral corpus of the Church is not fully represented by the attendance of bishops and legates of all Christian nations.\n\n32. The eighth general council was held in Constantinople in 869 under the pontificate of Adrian II and the empire of Basilio the Macedonian, against Photios, patriarch of Constantinople, in favor of Ignatius who had been deposed. One hundred and two bishops, in addition to the legates of the pope, confirmed the acts, by virtue of which Ignatius was reinstated, and Photios was exiled.\n\n33. However, far from serving as a rule, the conciliar decision was disregarded by almost all Greek bishops. Consequently, Pope John VIII had to convene another council in 879 in Piorna to restore Photios to his former position upon the death of Ignatius.\nThe patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria, as well as a general council in Constantinople with 380 bishops, condemned the acts of the council held in 867. Juan VI consented to this, contradicting only Focio's error regarding the procession of the Holy Spirit. The matter reached a conclusion that neither side could accept, marking the first major schism among the Orthodox. According to the Greeks, the eighth ecumenical council is counted as the one in 692. However, the Latins count it as the one in 69 due to Focio's error in the 34th session. Regarding the issue of infallibility, no one argued for the council of 692 in its favor. It seemed necessary to do so to refute those who did not believe in its infallibility. From the eighth ecumenical council (illi-).\nThe ecumenical councils held in eastern imperial towns saw no other ecclesiastical assemblies of that kind until the year 1123. In that year, Pope Calixtus II convened the first Lateran Council, which was also the first ecumenical council in the Western Church. In the intervening times, there were significant events worth noting.\n\nBefore the eighth ecumenical council, in a monastery in the city of Mainz, during the reign of Charlemagne, there existed a collection of canons and decretals. This collection, attributed to Isidore Mercator, contained many forged epistles and decretals. These were believed to be genuine documents from the early Roman popes, from Clement I to Siricius.\n\nThe forgeries were composed from fragments of authorities of some holy fathers.\nAmong other writers, and can their own ideas be found on almost all points of discipline known up to the eighth century, he knew that those ancient popes spoke in their episcopal decrees with the same sovereign ecclesiastical authority that the Roman pontiffs used in the time of Charlemagne.\n\n38. The imposture was not known for long, yet it became evident six hundred years later, when (the invention of the printing press and the multiplication of examples of the Bible, of councils, and of works of ancient fathers) there was ease in comparing, collating, and judging what resulted from the invention and the object, reduced to providing texts of respectable authority for future popes, all the ecclesiastical power that was beginning then.\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and English, with some corrupted characters. I will first translate the Spanish parts into English and correct the errors as much as possible. I will then correct the English parts.\n\nOriginal text: \"ba ya ejercido y reconocido como leg\u00edtimo y can\u00f3nico desde los Ap\u00f3stoles.. 39. Correspondi\u00f3 el efecto a los deseos f y fue motivo para que los papas sucesores, no contentos con lo que pose\u00edan, aspirasen a mucho m\u00e1s; en tanto grado que Gregorio s\u00e9ptimo (pont\u00edfice desde loys hasta io85) y lleg\u00f3 a decretar (seg\u00fan consta ep\u00edstolas) las m\u00e1ximas siguientes sobre las cuales se deb\u00eda proceder en la curia romana. 40, I. a Que Dios es el \u00fanico fundador de la Iglesia de Roma, s.^ Que solo el obispo de Roma es papa universal de la Iglesia de Jesucristo., 3a Que este t\u00edtulo de Papa universal es \u00fanico en el mundo y no comunicable a quien no sea obispo de Roma. 4.^ Que en la Iglesia de Jesucristo no debe hacerse menci\u00f3n del nombre de ninguna persona del mundo ^: sino de solo el obispo de R.oma^ papa universal. 5 a Que solo el obispo de Roma puede\"\n\nCleaned text: \"This was recognized and legitimate from the Apostles.. 39. The effect corresponded to the desires [and was the reason] that the succeeding popes, not satisfied with what they had, aspired to much more; to such an extent that Gregory VII (pontiff from 1073 to 1085) decreed the following maxims regarding which proceedings were to be taken in the Roman curia. 40. I. God is the only founder of the Church of Rome. I. Only the bishop of Rome is the universal pope of the Church of Jesus Christ. III. This title of Pope universal is unique in the world and not communicable to anyone who is not the bishop of Rome. IV. In the Church of Jesus Christ, no mention should be made of any person's name [other than] that of the bishop of Rome, the universal pope. V. Only the bishop of Rome can\"\nusar insignias exteriores de la soberania acosadas by emperors. 6. The pope can appropriate to his Church in Rome all clergy who wish to belong to it, j. The Church and its bishop can be removed from one another and transferred to another. 8. Only the pope can depose and reconcile bishops. g. The pope can impose the penalty of deposition on bishops even if they are absent. lo.a. The pope can do this alone without convening a Roman synod. 1 1 ^ The pope is responsible for knowing all major causes. 11. Any person can appeal to the pope and no one should obstruct the appellant for the object. i3.a. The pope can annul all judgments and sentences of any world judges^ but no one can annul his own. i4. Crime\nThe text appears to be written in a mix of Spanish and English, with some errors and irregularities. I will attempt to clean and translate it to modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\nhabitar en la casa de un hombre excomulgado\nby the pope, i.e. A man who is\ncanonically elected pope becomes holy\nby the merits of St. Peter. 16. A pope\ncannot be judged by anyone. 17. The Church\nof Rome has never erred, nor will it ever.\n18. Whoever disagrees with the Church\nof Rome is not a Catholic. 19. No ecclesiastical decree\nor book can be made canonical without the authority\nof the pope. 20. No one can convene a general council\nwithout the pope's order. 21. When the pope does not attend a council\nand his legate must preside, even if the legate is\nof an inferior order to all the participating prelates.\n\n11. The legate should pronounce the sentences\nin judgments made against one or many prelates\nconvening in a council, even if the legate is\n\nTranslation:\n\nA person living in a man's house who has been excommunicated by the pope,\na man who is canonically elected pope becomes holy through the merits of St. Peter.\nA pope cannot be judged by anyone.\nThe Church of Rome has never erred and will never err.\nWhoever disagrees with the Church of Rome is not a Catholic.\nNo ecclesiastical decree or book can be made canonical without the pope's authority.\nNo one can convene a general council without the pope's order.\nWhen the pope does not attend a council and his legate must preside, even if the legate is of an inferior order to all the participating prelates, the legate should pronounce the sentences in judgments made against one or many prelates in the council.\nOrder of the inferior. 23. The only person in the Church who is authorized to make and promulgate ecclesiastical laws is the pope. 24. The pope is the only person in this world whose feet may be kissed by princes and sovereigns, 25. The pope has the authority to depose and deprive emperors and sovereigns of imperial dignity and the exercise of their sovereign power. 26. The pope has the right to absolve and free from oaths of fealty made by subjects to their sovereigns.\n\nFor Gregory VII to decree these regulations, there had been preceded since the eighth ecumenical council various novelties regarding the civil government of the Roman provinces. At the beginning of the eighth century, the sovereign power of Eastern emperors over Italy was diminished. The Lombards had invaded a large part of it.\nRoma formed a certain republican-like entity, Icuyogef was titled Duke at times, Patrician at others, Senator in others, and due to respect for the pope, he was a lord of Rome, in fact, although he wasn't one by right. The wars of Pippin and Charlemagne, and Charlemagne's elevation to the imperial dignity, had left the popes in a state of appearing sovereigns of Rome with certain dependence on the emperor. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, there were various vicissitudes concerning the Germanic empire; but the final result was always that the popes were left with an extended temporal power and a formidable civil influence. Thus, Gregory believed he could expand the limits of his authority in all ways.\n\nBut returning to our topic, among all the documents of history, Jesuit.\nThe text discusses the infallibility of the Roman Church, stating that it was never declared by the Pope or ecumenical councils until after Gregory VII. The following conciliar meetings took place: in Lyon (1123), Vienna (1312), Pisa (1409), Basel (1431), Florence (1439), and Rome (1527), as well as the Council of Trent (1545). The first seven councils did not raise doubts about infallibility due to the united interests of the popes and council members, with no significant influence from emperors.\ndel Oriente, frequently raising doubts, and the popes would not have allowed it, since they had reached the pinnacle of civil power, which was the deposition of emperors. But having become divided among the councils of Pisa, Constanza, and Basilea, infalibility remained with the councils rather than with the popes, stating that the head of the Church (when separated from the four members) is not, nor does it represent, the body of the Church, to which Jesus Christ granted inf infalibility; but that the general ecumenical council has the entire and true representation of the Church's oral body regarding the fact that bishops are the principal members, and kings and their representatives are representatives of the Christian people, and the clergy and people.\nreunidos ,  jamas  falta  la  cabeza^  porque^  si  no \nquiere  cancurrir  el  que  lo  es  por  su  silla ,  \u00f3  si \nse  retira  despu\u00e9s  de  haber  asi\u00ed^ido,  qiueda  por \n-cabeza  el  prelado  que  se  le  ?jUi)siga  en  digni- \ndad ;  lo  cual  ha  servido  siempre  de  base  para \ndecir  en  trjdo  el  mundo  y  en  todos  los  siglos \n.que  .un  cuerpo  moral  jamas  esta  sin  cabeza, \n45.  Sobre  lo  que  pas\u00f3  en  el  concibo  de \nTrento  habia  infinito  que  hablar  por  lo  res- \npectivo \u00e1  la  disciplina  ,  y  \u00e1  las  controversias \nentre  los  cat\u00f3licos  acerca  del  origen  y  l\u00edmites \n\u00c1e  potestad  del  papa  contrapositivamente  \u00e1 \nios  obispos,  y  de  estos  en  relaci\u00f3n  con  aquel; \nacerca  de  la  superioridar\u00ed  del  concilio  sobre \n.el  papa,  \u00f3  de  este  sobre  aquel  ;  acerca  de  lo| \nl\u00edmites  de  la  potestad  espiritual  en  contra- \nposici\u00f3n de  la  civil,  y  de  esta  en  los  asuntos \neclesi\u00e1sticos  estemos  ;  pero  lo  que  es  mas \nWe, as good Catholics, submit ourselves to the resolutions [regarding] doctrinal matters, believing they were decreed with the guidance of the Holy Spirit (which never leaves the Church of Christ). However, this was not the case for those Protestants of good faith. The doctors and masters of that party made extensive use of the information they had to persuade their disciples and us that the determinations of the council against Protestant doctrine did not merit respect, having been made by partisan men without the impartiality of unbiased judges in religious matters.\n\n47. I could cite some memories in which particular facts are recounted that do not concern:\n\n(Note: The text after \"I could cite some memories\" seems incomplete and may not be relevant to the main discussion. Therefore, it is not included in the cleaned text.)\nhonor at Rome's court, legates pontifices, presidents of the council, secretaries of this, bishops with bought votes, and other things; but I don't want to be told that I seek suspicious authorities. I will not appeal to the history of Fray Paulo Sarpi, although he was a Catholic, because the Curia romana condemned him as an enemy for writing bitter truths. I will be satisfied if the censors read carefully the history of the Tridentine council written by Palavicino, who earned the dignity of cardinal because he wrote it to please Rome, in order to destroy (if possible) Sarpi's history. In it, many facts are confessed (despite Palavicino's sense and direction) that leave human intrigues very evident, which should have been far from the persons involved.\n\"Designated to define dogmas by the influence of the Holy Spirit. 48. Read our fiscal Don Francisco Vargas' letters, sent by Carlos fifth to the council, as a legate, advisor, and assistant to the Spanish ambassador. Printed in Amsterdam in 1700 in the French language, a work titled: Cartas y Memorias de Francisco de Vargas ^ de Pedro de Maluenduy and of some bishops of Spain, concerning the Council of Trent, translated from Spanish by Monsieur Miguel-Le-Vassor. He assured the gentleman English Trumbull, son of Guillelmo Trumbull, an extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary minister of James I and Charles I to Brussels, that he had acquired the collection during his long residence at the Flanders court. I do not remember if I have\"\n[The Spanish edition of this collection has been published; however, I only have the French translation in hand, with some Spanish clauses published by the translator as particularly notable. 49. The result of combining these is that nothing was determined in the council regarding what was proposed, as the papal legates did not receive a response from Rome regarding the consultation that was ongoing, and in order to achieve conformity, intrigues multiplied in Trento through promises and threats, such that there was no freedom to vote, and sometimes not even to discuss and doubt; therefore, Vargas and Maluenda say they do not expect any good results from the Council. It is true that they often say this, soft as they are on the points of reform, but they also indicate the vicious and bad ways in which the matters related to the I]\n\nThe Spanish legates at the Council of Trent expressed skepticism about the prospect of achieving significant reforms, as intrigues and power struggles hindered the decision-making process. Despite their hopes for change, they believed that the council would not produce favorable results due to the manipulations and threats that dominated the negotiations.\nThe fifth particular decrees of the fourteenth session. The father L'Enfant has made us aware of what transpired in the councils of Pisa, Constanza, and Basel. Monsieur de Potteu has recently published two volumes of Considerations, and I will learn the history of the main conciliars from the apostles to the Greek schism. Other ecclesiastical historians have transmitted information about the council of Ferrara and the other principal ones in the Latin Church since Gregory VII. Unfortunately, a large number of them have given reason to repeat what Saint Gregory of Nazianzen wrote to Procopius, saying: \"If I were to express my feelings, I would believe that I should flee from every assembly of bishops, because until now I have not known that\"\nning\u00fan concilio ha producido la felicidad que se propos\u00eda. Talas asambleas no hace sino aumentar los males en lugar de remediarlo.\n\nJuan Pico de la Mirandola, conde de Concordia, contempor\u00e1neo del papa Le\u00f3n X, dec\u00eda: (c) Unos sostienen que la infalibilidad est\u00e1 en el papa, otros que en los concilios; yo no s\u00e9 que haya en la Iglesia decisi\u00f3n que no obligue a creer uno o otro (i).\n\nTom\u00e1s Valdense escribi\u00f3 un libro de doctrina cat\u00f3lica, dedic\u00f3 al papa Mart\u00edn V (i) y dijo: \u00abPero qu\u00e9 es entonces, la Iglesia que debe definir las controversias dogm\u00e1ticas? Es la congregaci\u00f3n de presb\u00edteros? Es la de prelados? \u00bfEs la de iglesias en concilio general? No, porque se sabe que han ca\u00eddo en error muchas veces.\n\nNicol\u00e1s de Clemangis, contempor\u00e1neo de (sic)\nFrom the councils of Constantza and Basel, it was said that the promise of Jesus Christ to be present with two or three gathered in His name does not prove the promise of inf infalibility, as He can attend without being influenced. (2)\n\nSan Antonino, archbishop of Florence, in the same era, said against the Basel party that the reasons of the pope were stronger and it was necessary to yield to them because a council was not infallible, as it had been seen to err in its decisions at times. (3)\n\nAt the same time, the cardinal of Cusa, a great supporter of Pope Nicholas V, wrote: \"Experience has often confirmed that an ecumenical council can err and that many councils have erred in their decisions.\" (4)\n\n(i) Vaidensis, z, of the doctrine of the faith, book 2, article 2, chapter.\n(2) Clemangis x super matenan conciiarum genera\n(3) S. Antonmo: summatheologica parte 1, tit, 3*\n(4) Cusa: coiciliat, catholic, lib. 2, capit. 3 y 4\nS6. San Agustin had said in the fifth century: \"I do not consider the authors of the canonical books infallible; and although the other writers were saints, I do not submit to their authority, but to their roots. In the end, the cardinal Palavicino, sought after, paid, and rewarded for his history, had to say, despite himself: \"There is nothing more dangerous in the Church than a council: almost always its influences are malignant: gathering it outside of necessity is tempting God; and I cannot be forced by the canons to think otherwise, nor has it been believed that councils are a means to restore discipline.\" (2).\n58.  Por  consiguiente  yo  5oy  mas  generoso \nque  todos  los  cat\u00f3licos  citados,  y  me  acerco \nmucho  mas  \u00e1  la  opini\u00f3n  de  los  escol\u00e1sticos \ncuando  sostengo  con  el  autor  del  Proyecto \nqne  se  debe  creer  cuanto  determinen  los  con^ \ncilios  ecum\u00e9nicos  en  materia  del  dogma  ,  y \nsoy  muy  moderado  cuando  me  contento  con \ndecir  que  no  merecen  tanta  fe  como  lo  de^ \nclarado  en  la  santa  Escritura. \n59.  Si  san  Gregorio  magno  dijo  que  los \ncuatro  primeros  concilios  fuesen  tenidos  como \ncuatro  evangelios,  con  esa  ni\u00edsma  espresioa \ncombati\u00f3  al  quinto ,  pues  ya  se  habia  tenido \na\u00f1os  antes  y  estaba  confirmado  por  el  papa \n(i)  S.  Ag.  de  doctrina  cristiana ,  lib.  j. \n(2)  Palav\u00edcino  ;  hist.  del  concil.  ti;id.,  lib,  16  ,  capi\u00ed^o \nVigi\u00ed\u00edo  su  antecesor;  de  lo  que  se  sigue  que \n31  o  todos  los  ecum\u00e9nicos  son  iguales  en  au- \ntoridad, \nADICI\u00d3N \nRESPUESTA  DE  LA  CENSURA  VIII. \nI. The author is suspected of harboring doubts about the real presence of Jesus in the Eucharist. I. The censors accuse the author of being uncertain and inconsistent, joining the doubts raised by the ultra-Montanist theologians, such as Pedro Guerrero, archbishop of Granada, Melchor de Vozmedano, bishop of Guadix, and Martin P\u00e9rez Ayala, bishop of Segovia, at the Tridentine Council. 2. The pope and the cardinal legates endeavored to ensure that many Italian bishops were present at the council to secure a majority in the votes. Whenever the issues of the pope's power and the obedience of bishops were discussed, the Catholics often debated:\nunes favor de la potestad episcopal los obispos espa\u00f1oles, franceses y alemanes, but in vain, for either the legates avoided putting the controversy to a vote or they would only discuss it when Homam assured victory.\n\nOne of these disputes occurred over the issue of being confirmed by the pope for obispos to be true successors of the Apostles with ecclesiastical episcopal jurisdiction. Our Voznediano opposed this with vigorous doctrine and showed that in the modern discipline of that time there were true bishops who had not been confirmed by the pope, such as the four suffragans of the archbishop of Salzburg and some primates.\n\nThis was enough for various Italian bishops to mistreat Vozmediano, shouting in the first December conciliation of 1562 that he should be expelled.\nCilio was a heretic and a schismatic. Perhaps this iniquity would have prevailed if the cardinal of Torena had not taken the word to defend the bishop of Guadix, which animated the Spanish bishops.\n\nDon Pedro Guerrero maintained with great vigor that bishops were instituted by Jesus Christ against the opinion of the Ro\u00f1anos and Lainez, who held that the Church was a monarchy founded on the person of St. Peter, the only one to whom Jesus had given jurisdictional power to govern the Church; that St. Peter had ordered other apostles to be bishops; and (i) Sarpi: History of the Tridentine Council, book 7, note 3b, Paiayicinojjib. 19, cap. 50.\n\nIn consequence, only the pope was of divine institution, and bishops were only of pontifical foundation. They followed this.\nopinion de Guerrero los obispos Espa\u00f1oles, French, and some Italians. The legates saw the matter in great danger of losing the vote; they attempted to suspend it; they managed to do so through intrigues. As they warned of everything to Rome, Pope Piux IV complained to the marquis de Pescara, the Spanish ambassador, saying that the doctrines of the archbishop of Granada tended towards the independence of the schismatics and would cause the schism of the Spanish Church. The marquis wrote to all Spanish prelates, summoning them; he said they knew it was the king's will that they not cause sorrow to the pope or speak out of turn, lest respect for him be diminished. Guerrero responded that his doctrine was very pure Catholicism, without any tendency towards schism, and the contrary one produced heretical consequences against the authority of the bishops.\nThe ecumenical councils, which could not be divine if the bishops were of human institution: he was old and yet about to die for the defense of this Catholic truth; the king had ordered them to vote according to their consciences, and he had done so: his intention had not displeased the pope; but neither did he think it licit to flatter him, going against the obligation to tell the truth, and the only thing he could do was to withdraw from the council. Thus, that venerable octogenarian had to bear the note of schismatic, only because he spoke the truth to the Roman court (i).\n\nThe case of Don Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez de Ayala, bishop of Segovia, did not remain in words. He had been one of the strongest supporters of the archbishop of Granada's doctrine; and as such, he was specifically designated for this purpose.\nThe name of the person in question, as mentioned by the pope in his complaint, and in the letters of the Marquis of Pescara. However, the Romans were not satisfied with this; they gave him an opportunity for revenge: a certain ecclesiastical process took place in which he sought recourse at the Pontifical Tribunal of the Rota. The auditors rejected him, telling the prosecutor that they could not admit the process because the bishop of Segovia was suspected of heresy for not recognizing the primacy of the pope. This information became known in Trento, and even Italian bishops murmured that the Roman court would carry its intrigues to the \"horrible degree\" of raising calumnies and false rumors against prelates who did not vote according to the Curia's wishes (2). The theological scribes attached to the Pontifical Curia were well known.\ninquisition have a particular logic, for example: \"Antonio says that bishops, (as successors of the Apostles distinct from St. Peter), exist by divine institution (i) Sarpi: Concilium Tridentinum, lib. 3, num. 23; Pallavicino, lib. 18, c. i3. (2) Sarpi, lib. 3, n. 69. \u2014 Yisconti, Cartas relativas al concilio de Trento, carta de 4 de Marzo de 1563. The pope, as successor of St. Peter: therefore suspected of heresy for denying the primacy of the pope. \u2014 Antonio says that bishops elected in accordance with law by the head of a nation, confirmed by their metropolitan, consecrated with the assistance of two other bishops, are true bishops with the same power of order and jurisdiction as those confirmed by the pope: therefore heretical and schismatic because they profess the heresy of those who deny the primacy of the pope.\"\nBecause this fosters a schism, exciting those who do not depend on the pope. This logic is the same as that of the censors of the Constitutional Project: the author asserts that it is wise to avoid disputes in which there is no room for human demonstration, contenting ourselves with believing whatever God has revealed to His Church, without understanding in what way the mystery is verified; for example, the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus Christ in the bread and wine. It is very doubtful whether the author believes, or not, in the real presence. I leave it to the discerning reader to appreciate such logic.\n\nFor the same principles, the theologians of the council directed themselves when they were commissioned to censor various propositions extracted from the books of Luther and others.\ntestantes que tenian reception con la Eucaristia,ios legados les mandaron apoyar sus censuras ton testos de la sagrada Escritura, tradiciones apostolicas, canones de concilios, y testimos de santos padres; que es en lo que consistia la teologia positiva. Los censores se quejaron de que se les quisiera sujetar a esto, sin apreciar las reflexiones propias que por reales de induccion estaban acostumbrados a escribir como teologos escolasticos. Tan antiguo es en estos el pretender mayor autoridad para sus discursos que la perteneciente a los verdaderos lugares teologicos (i).\n\nWhat the witnesses had said about the work that occupies us, if the author had scrutinized one of the propositions taken from the books of the Protestants and subjected it to censorship in the cited period of the council, was one that the Eucaristia had been instituted for the\n\n(i) This refers to the Scholastic theologians, who were prominent in the medieval period and were known for their use of logical reasoning and systematic approach to theology.\nSOLA remisi\u00f3n de los pecados. The theologians and censors were divided into two opinions: some said that suppressing the word, svla^, the proposition was Catholic; others maintained that even without the dictation, it would not be, because it was not certain that the Eucharist was instituted for the remission of sins. Debates multiplied in the congregations; and finally, the council evaded the difficulty (as in many other occasions) by adopting a different route for the drafting of the canon, session decimaterciaj, which was of a sentimental tenor: \"If anyone says that the fruit of the principal thing of the Eucharist is the remission of sins, or that there are no other effects of it, let him be anathema.\" Consider the words of the canon with those of the proposition taken from the books of the Protestants that gave rise to the controversies of the theologians.\nlogos censores changes the definition in dispute, as it concerned the object and reason for the institution of the Eucaristia, while the other was about effects. Although it may be condemned as part of Protestant doctrine for being incompatible with what was defined, it is still the consequence of a forced examination, with the deepest circumspection, of the matter regarding which a proposition is to be labeled heretical. I could prove the same with what occurred concerning other propositions in which the theologians disagreed on their classification.\n[cilio, anyone who wants to read the stories of the Tridentine Council written by fray Pablo Sarpi and cardinal Palavicino, the collection of monuments belonging to the same council, the letters of don Francisco de Vargas the fiscal, the Italian ones of Visconti, the ecclesiastical history of cardinal Fleuri, and other various works that speak of the things that happened in that famous and perhaps last ecumenical council. In them, the censors of the Project of the Religious Constitution can verify its doctrines confirmed with the opinion of bishops and other theologians. How many times was it denounced as heretical and a doctrine that, after being examined with profundity, lacked that note, some times because it was seen to be upheld by writers of the first centuries before ideas became biased; others times because it did not clash, in what is evident.]\n\nCleaned Text: Anyone who wants to read the stories of the Tridentine Council written by Fray Pablo Sarpi and Cardinal Palavicino can find the collection of monuments belonging to the same council, the letters of Don Francisco de Vargas the fiscal, the Italian ones of Visconti, the ecclesiastical history of Cardinal Fleuri, and other various works discussing the things that happened in that famous and perhaps last ecumenical council. In these works, the censors of the Project of the Religious Constitution can verify its doctrines confirmed with the opinion of bishops and other theologians. Denounced as heretical and a doctrine that, after thorough examination, lacked that note, some times because it was upheld by writers of the first centuries before ideas became biased; others times because it did not clash with what is evident.\ntable, conform to the doctrine of the holy men, such as Ambrosio, San Agustin, San Geronimo, Santo Tomas de Aquino, and San Buenaventura, or with those of some venerated writers, like Gerson and others of equal credit; and above all, in cases where the matter was only ecclesiastical, without an express divine origin in the sacred Scripture; for they established and set as a rule the system that there is no heresy in matters that are not of divine institution; and they were right, because (as I have said in another censure) a proposition cannot be heretical unless it is contradictory to an article of faith; and there is no error unless it is clear and express in the sacred letters, in the uniform tradition, or in the definition of an ecumenical council.\n\n12. From this it follows that no one can\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in complete sentences and grammatically correct, with no obvious OCR errors. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.)\nThe text appears to be in an old and irregularly formatted Latin script, with some Spanish words interspersed. To clean the text, I will first translate it into modern English, correct any OCR errors, and then remove unnecessary content.\n\nTranslated Text:\n\nIt should be held, neither suspected of heresy nor a heretic himself, because he says and maintains a proposition that seems close to heretical. A single change of terms is often sufficient for the accused to be denounced as heretical, yet Catholic, as we have observed in the case that gave rise to the cited canon regarding the Eucharist.\n\nADDITION\nRESPONSE OF THE CENSURA IX.\n\nRegarding the authority of the Roman pope, there is no more than a small article of faith relative to the pope, reduced to the fact that Catholics must recognize and confess that he is the faith and visible head of the Church, the vicar of Christ, and the successor of the apostle Peter with true primacy of honor and of jurisdiction.\njurisdiction. Vero is subject to dispute among Catholics regarding the designation of those rights and jurisdiction. Anyone is free to have an opinion on this matter according to their own judgments. I, for one, believe that the prerogatives of honor belong to his primacy, including being named first, having a seat in councils before all patriarchs, primates, archbishops, bishops, and any other concerned parties; and jurisdiction over convening and presiding over ecumenical councils; zealously caring for and directing the execution of decrees in them, and admonishing bishops as often as necessary for the exaltation of the holy Catholic faith and the benefit of the Christian Church.\n\nThe author of the Religious Constitution Project said nothing against any of these.\nprerogatives pontificales del primado; it is unjust to censor the work as a deprivation of the legitimate power of the popes. There are many Catholics who for half a century have written, trying to persuade that the limits of the primacy are shorter than I have indicated.\n\nBut it is the case that there are two points of Roman pretension where the ultramontanes have traditionally sided with the Roman court, and have many proselytes among the Gallican cismontans; these, led by interest, ignorance, concern for their schools, or all three together, spread heresy gratuitously to those who hold opposing views.\n\nThe two principal points of contention are: i. whether the pope is infallible or not when resolving a dogmatic point; procedurally.\nAs head of the Church and vicar of Christ, but consulting only his clergy of cardinals and some bishops of the Roman province, or deciding as if it were certain the inspiration of the Holy Spirit; if the pope is superior to the ecumenical council general, but subject to a such assembly that supposes it represents the universal Church or the congregation of all Christian faithful, whose head is the pope.\n\nIn neither of the two points is there a dogmatic decision of such a nature as to have put an end to the controversy. The councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel declared the fallibility and inferiority of the pope; but from the Roman Court, it has always been proceeded as if those decisions did not belong to the dogma; and as\nsi  estuviera  siempre  abierta  la  puerta  para  sos- \ntener la  doctrina  contraria  ,  y  aun  para  de- \nclararla por  art\u00edculo  de  fe  (  si  hubiese  arbi- \ntrios), pues  consta  que  se  procur\u00f3  hacerlo  en \nlos  concilios  de  Florencia  y  Trento;  y  ya  que \nno  se  pudo  llegar  \u00e1  tanto  ,  se  procur\u00f3  por  lo \nmenos  redactarlos  decretos  de  todos  los  asun- \ntos contales  t\u00e9rminos,  que  indicasen  (  y  aun \nsupusiesen  ),  una  supremac\u00eda  capaz  de  serin- \nterpretada  como  superioridad  respecto  del  con- \ncilio ;  y  como  dep\u00f3sito  del  poder  para  declarar \nverdades  dogm\u00e1ticas. \n7.  Pero  ,  \u00e1  pesar  de  todos  estos  conatos  y \ndel  ej\u00e9rcito  eclesi\u00e1stico  ,  compuesto  de  casi \ntodos  los  frailes  y  de  muchos  cl\u00e9rigos,  desti- \nnado \u00e1  propagar  esas  mismas  m\u00e1ximas^  ha  sido \ny  es  tanta  la  fuerza  de  la  verdad^,  que  cuantos \nhaT\u00edi  estudiado  la  historia  de  la  Religi\u00f3n  y  de \nla  Iglesia  con  el  cuidado  que  se  merece ,  han \npreferred) the opinion that the pope is inferior to a council, and does not enjoy the don of infallibility; this has or does not have a dogmatic character. Sos decree maker of the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel; for the primacy is in the precedents and in the texts that served as foundation for the prelates of those councils to decree. Examining them impartially, they cannot help but produce the same results.\n\n8. Let us speak of infallibility. Jesus said to St. Peter, on the night of his passion, \"I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail; and you, turning, confirm your brothers.\" \"Our Lord did not speak then of the Catholic faith of the bishops of the Church, for in that very night Peter's faith failed, who denied his master three times; with which it is not fitting to cite that.\"\nAfter Christ ascended to heaven, and the Christian church was founded, and Peter was recognized as its president, he fell into another error. He believed it was licit and convenient to behave towards Christians converted from Judaism differently than he did when they were alone. Paul warned him about this in Antioch, and to avoid the resulting consequences, he publicly reprimanded him, as he wrote to the Galatians himself: this fact proves that the head of the Church was not infallible. We can add that Peter acknowledged this himself, and that he only relied on the assistance of the Holy Spirit in this matter.\nThe infallible one, when I was in the ecumenical council; for it is established that he announced the truth only on such occasions, saying: \"It has appeared to the Holy Spirit and to us: 'Haec est quae sunt,' etc.\"\n\nVictor I (who was pope from AD 192 to 202), erred in the governance of the Christian church by preferring to act through excommunications against bishops who refused to follow his opinion on the day of celebrating Easter, despite the example of Anicetus, Soter, and Eleutherius, his predecessors, who had allowed such contradictory opinions peacefully.\n\nVictor's error was very dangerous because it almost caused a schism in all the churches of Asia, if not for the contribution of San Ireneo, bishop of Lyons, Tertullian, and Cyprian in preventing it.\n\nMarcelino (AD 296 to 304) fell into the error of idolatry out of fear of persecutions.\nThe text describes the popes Dionysius, Liberius, and Siricius and their involvement in theological disputes during the Roman Empire. Dionysius repented after persecuting Emperors Diocleian and Maximian and is now venerated as a saint. Liberius approved and signed the Arian creed against the Nicene Creed out of fear of persecution by Emperor Constantius, who supported Arianism. Siricius declared that a priest who baptizes a dying child with wine instead of water should not be punished.\n\n1. Dionysius (pope from 355 to 362), repented in the persecution of emperors Diocleian and Maximian. He is now venerated as a saint. This event was used by Pelagius to falsify the doctrine of Pope Gregory VII, who stated that a pope elected canonically becomes a saint.\n2. Liberius (pope from 352 to 366), fell into the error of approving and signing the creed proposed by the Arians in their synods of Sirmium and Rimini against the Nicene Creed's dogmatic declarations. He did so out of fear of persecution by Emperor Constantius, a protector of Arianism. His history testifies against the claimed infallibility.\n3. Siricius (pope from 384 to 399), declared that if a priest baptizes a dying child with wine instead of water and does not find water, he should not be punished.\nA child was considered to have been baptized if he had been named after the Holy Trinity (i). This is now declared to be an error, and the water was absolutely necessary.\n\nIn the year 402, Innocent I, as head of the church, wrote to the fathers of the African council in the city of Milevis, stating that Christian children who died before receiving the Eucharist did not go to heaven, and instead went condemned. This was understood materially as the words of the Gospel. Catholics believe today that baptized children are saved even if they die without having received the Eucharist.\n\ni5. His immediate successor, Pope Zosimus, unwittingly fell into the error of approving Pelagius' profession of faith, which denied original sin. He absolved Gelasius, disciple, companion, and defender of Pelagius.\nThe text discusses the deception of Pope Leo I (440-461 AD) regarding letters from St. Augustine and other African bishops. He attempted to remedy this by citing Gelasius and rejecting Pelagian confessions. Leo is venerated as a saint, but the Suevian proof shows that this pope was infallible.\n\nLeo I, the first pope (who reigned from 440-461), confirmed the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon held in 451. There, the Penitential Canons of Theodore, Cyril, and Leo were approved, as were the books of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, and Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia. These books were later condemned as heretical in the Fifth Ecumenical Council convened in 553 in Constantinople. This council was confirmed by Pope Vigilius, demonstrating that if the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedonia erred, so did Pope Leo the Great who approved and confirmed it, and Pope Vigilius who confirmed the Fifth Council.\nThe following bishop attended the Fifth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, where Pope Vigilius erred in approval: for the pontifical infallibility controversy, it is indifferent to know which pope erred.\n\n17. Gelasius I (pontiff from 492 to 496) wrote to the bishops of Picenum, stating the same as Innocent I regarding entry into heaven: consequently, he fell into the same error of misunderstanding the Evangelical words materially.\n\n18. Honorius I (pontiff from 625 to 638) erred in approving Monothelitism, resulting in his memory being condemned, alongside Sergius, Pyrrhus, and other authors and sectarians, in the Sixth General Council of 680 in Constantinople. This was confirmed by Pope Agatho, whose immediate successor, Saint Leo II, cited his predecessor.\nHonorio, saying he had not enlightened the church with the doctrine of apostolic tradition but had attempted to corrupt the immaculate faith through profane tradition (i).\n\nGregory II (who was pope from 715 to 731 AD) resolved, as head of the church, that physical impotence, which had befallen a woman to pay her debt to her husband, dissolved the matrimonial bond, allowing the husband to marry another, designating the impotent woman as an impediment. Gracian incorporated this decree into his collection of canons, labeling it a doctrinal error, and Alfonso the Learned, bishop of Avila, used this incident to prove that popes are fallible (2). The authors of the art of dating verification attempted to persuade that impotence preceded the marriage.\nIt is necessary to close one's eyes to the Light in order to read the canon and give it meaning. It is forbidden, impure, and execrable to eat horse meat, whether wild or domestic; this is already declared as an error and a vestige of Jewish law. The Pope Nicholas I (858-863) responded to a consultation by stating that it is licit to eat all flesh that is not harmful to bodily health.\n\n(i) Collection of Councils, vol. 6, letter of Leo.\n(2) Decree of Gracianus, cause 82, question 7, canon 18.\u2014 Works of Tostado, vol. 11, part 1, p. 187.\n(3) Works of Gregory, vol. 6, epistle of Nicolas.\n(4) Collection of Councils, vol. 8, epistle of Nicola.\n\nZacharias, the immediate successor of Gregory II, not only fell into the same error regarding horse meat but also that of rabbits.\nThe castores, in regard to volatiles, declared the flesh of Grajos, Cornejas, and Cig\u00fce\u00f1as impure. Christians were ordered to abstain from them absolutely (i). Nicolao's revision proves he did not recognize the infallibility of his predecessor Zacarias. Zacarias also fell into the error of believing no more world could be populated with men, and that the lands discovered since centuries before the memory of books were illuminated only by the Sun and the Moon. He claimed a presbyter had been deposed, contrary to his role as defender, or as an enemy of God and his soul (2). This presbyter, who certainly knew more than his contemporaries, was informed that the Chinese had conducted a maritime expedition halfway through the fifth century, discovering lands illuminated by the Sun and the Moon.\nThe Moon, inhabited by men of color. The signs of the Paijas agree with some part of America, from which it can be inferred that in the time of San Agustin, they were spoken of under a different name, as there was dispute over whether there were antipodes on our hemisphere. Pope Zacarias held the same views as San Agustin and declared the belief in a world beneath the earth, with other men, another Sun, and another Moon, heretical and perverse. (I) C\u00f3cciori of Councils, vol. 6, ep. of Zacarias, those who defend that there is a world beneath the earth, other men, another Sun, and another Moon,\n\nPope Stephen II (supreme pontiff from 752 to 737), fell into the same error as Siricius, declaring the baptism performed with wine instead of water valid in cases of urgent necessity. (I)\n\nIn response to a query from the Bulgarians, he ruled that the baptism administered in the name of...\nla  Santa  Trinidad,  \u00f3  en  el  de  Cristo  solamente, \nse  debia  tener  por  v\u00e1lido  (2).  Sin  embargo \nest\u00e1  declarado  ser  nulo  si  no  se  espresan  los \ntres  nombres  de  las  tres  divinas  personas,  con- \n-formiC  a  las  palabras  que  dijo  nuestro  se\u00f1or \nJesiicristro \n24.  Juan  VIH  ei^\u00f3  aprobando  la  moral \nmas  escandalosa.  Atanasio  ,  obispo  napoli- \ntano, hab\u00eda  hecho  por  medio  de  intrigas  des- \ntronar \u00e1  su  hermano  Sergio,  duque  soberano \nde  \u00d1ap\u00f3les,  y  sacarle  los  ojos,  y  usurp\u00f3  el \ntrono  a\u00f1o  877,  di<;iendo  que  su  hermano \ntrataba  de  ceder  el  pais  \u00e1  los  Sarracenos  :  lo \navis\u00f3  al  papa,  y  este  lo  aprob\u00f3,  dando  por \nraz\u00f3n  que  se  debe  preferir  la  causa  de  Dios  \u00e1 \nla  de  un  hermano,  seg\u00fan  el  Evangelio.  \u00a1Que \naplicaci\u00f3n  del  testo  sagrado  ! \n25.  Esteban  VI,  su  sucesor,  ense\u00f1\u00f3  una \nmoral  mas  err\u00f3nea,  si  cabe.  Convoc\u00f3  un  con?\u00bb \n(i)  Colee,  de  conc,  tom.  6,  ep.  de  Esteban,  p\u00e1g\"\u00bb \n(2) Canon 34 of District 4 decrees that the pope, Cilio, ordered the exhumation of his predecessor, Pope Formoso. He brought the corpse to the council, formed a procession for the deceased, interrogated the corpse, interpreted its silence as a confession of crimes, condemned the dead, degraded him, cut off his head and fingers, and threw the entire body into the Tiber. The bishops of his council signed this resolution with him. Was Pope Formoso infallible?\n\n26. Roman, Theodore, and John IX, successors of Stephen, declared the resolutions of Pope Stephen's council null. However, Sergius IV (904) revoked these declarations and renewed the one against Formoso.\n\n27. Gregory VII (1078-1085) fell into many errors, one of which, relevant to our subject, was stated in one of his letters: \"the pope should\"\n\"hace un santo por los m\u00e9ritos de San Pedro despues de haber sido elegido can\u00f3nicamente (i). 28. Urbano II (de 1087 a 1099), consultado por un obispo sobre cual penitencia deb\u00eda imponerse al homicida de un escomulgado, respondi\u00f3 que no se debe considerar homicida quien mata a un escomulgado por el zelo de la Iglesia (2). Alguien sabr\u00e1 que esto contraviene la doctrina cat\u00f3lica del homicidio y puede perturb\u00e1r la moral p\u00fablica. (i) V\u00e9ase la historia eclesi\u00e1stica de Fleuri, libro 63, (2) Canon 47 > causa 23, cuesti\u00f3n 5 ea el decreto de Graciapo, 29. Un sumo pont\u00edfice anterior a Inocencio III (que algunos dicen haber sido Urbano III y otros Celestino III) decidi\u00f3 que el matrimonio consumado se disolv\u00eda por el crimen de herej\u00eda de uno de los c\u00f3nyuges. El citado Inocencio declar\u00f3 lo contrario y dio las razones por las que se desvi\u00f3 de la declaraci\u00f3n\"\nThe following text refers to the infallible statement of Pope Innocent III regarding the confessor's duty to reveal a penitent's secret, which was later condemned by the Lateran Council and various popes.\n\nPope Innocent III declared (after consultation with cardinals): If a man, not a presbyter, confesses in the sacrament of penance that he has celebrated Mass, the confessor must reveal the secret. The Lateran Council condemned this doctrine in its canon, and many bulls of supreme popes have prohibited the revelation of the sacramental secret for this reason, as well as for any other.\n\nNicholas III issued the famous bull Exiit qiii in 1278, which is incorporated in the sixth book of decretals, and as head of the Church, he taught the doctrine that Jesus Christ and the Apostles never possessed anything with the concept of property in their own right. Later, Pope John XXII declared in 1322 that this doctrine was contrary to the Catholic faith.\nCap. 7, de Divortio lib. 4, ut. 19 de las decretes.\nColecci\u00f3n de concilios, tomo 11, p%. iy3.\nCap. 3 de veiborum significatione, lib. 5, tit i del Sesto. \u2014 Cap. de erb. sigaif. tit i4 en las Estraya gantes de Juan XXII.\n\nPapa Sixto V public\u00f3 una edici\u00f3n de la Biblia Vulgata en lat\u00edn y espindi\u00f3 bula, de proprio movimiento, en primero de marzo de 1587. Declarando ser aut\u00e9ntica esta edici\u00f3n y aquella de que hab\u00eda tratado el concilio de Trento; por lo que mand\u00f3 que su texto sirviera de original para todos los impresores de la Cristiandad, sin a\u00f1adir, quitar o mudar palabras algunas. Habiendo reunido muy grande n\u00famero de ejemplares antigu\u00edsimos, hab\u00eda declarado cual deb\u00eda ser preferido en cada caso particular de duda que ocurri\u00f3 y su decisi\u00f3n hab\u00eda sido.\nAccording to the congregation of cardinals, they imposed a penalty of excommunication against anyone who altered that text, adding, removing, or changing words. However, Clemente VIII (who was pope from 1592 to 1605) made a new edition and issued a bull in November 1592, declaring his text to be the only authentic one; furthermore, he had previously declared and warned this by his predecessor Sixtus V. Englishman Thomas James, a professor of arts at Oxford University, compared one text with another and found over a thousand and five hundred corrections of addition, suppression, or modification of words in Clemente VIII's text, which he printed in London under the title \"Bellum papale.\"\n\nClemente XIV suppressed the Jesuit order on July 21, 1773.\ndeclaring himself useless and harmful to religion and Catholic realms; yet Pio IX restored him on August 7, 1848, declaring the opposite.\n\nQuestion 34: Which of the two popes is infallible? The same question can be asked regarding contradictory declarations made by a summus pontifex compared to those of his predecessor.\n\nThe preceding narrative provides evidence that popes do not possess infallibility; however, it should be added that this was generally believed by men of instruction in all ages. I could prove this truth with a credible number of texts from holy fathers and other respectable men who lived in different eras; but I will limit myself to a few, choosing the most notable for personal or other reasons.\nSan Policrates and the bishops of Asia did not consider the successor of Saint Peter inf infallible in the second century, as they opposed his decree on the celebration of Easter. When Pope Victor threatened them with excommunication, they responded that they would remain excommunicated due to his injustice. Irenaeus in his \"Adversus Haereses,\" and Tertullian in his \"De Corona Militis,\" showed Victor's excess and the danger of harmful consequences if it was not checked.\n\nSan Cipriano and other African bishops did not yield to Pope Zephyrus' declaration in the third century regarding the validity of baptism administered by heretics. Had they believed him infallible, they would have yielded; Saint Augustine defended Saint Cyprian, saying that he was not schismatic because the issue had not been defined in a plenary council.\n\nThe Council of Reims and the one from the year 992,\ntenia opinion tan firme de la infalibilidad de quien, que habiendose proposito consultarle un asunto, dijo Arnulfo, obispo de Orleans: \"Queris acudir a quien tiene una justicia venal para favorecer al que da mas dinero?\" \"Que pensais, reverendos padres, ser un hombre sentado en un solio sublime que brilla con vestido purpureo?\" Si no tiene caridad, aunque est\u00e9 lleno de ciencia, es hinchado con ella, es un antecristo sentado en el templo de Dios. Si le falta la ciencia tanto como la caridad, es una estatua en el templo de Dios; y el consultarle ser\u00e1, como quien consulta a un \u00eddolo, w\n\nNicolao I hab\u00eda decreto la continencia clerical, le escribio san Huldrico obispo de Augsburgo, diciendo que su decreto era contra la instituci\u00f3n evang\u00e9lica, y contra lo dictado por el Esp\u00edritu Santo. Opinion bien distante de tener por infalible.\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Latin and old Spanish, with some references to ancient texts. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n40. The famous abbot Joaqu\u00edn made a prophecy, one of which stated that the antecrisis would be Pope 5. It's worth noting that Pope Honorius II declared that Abbot Joaqu\u00edn was not a heretic (2).\n\n(i) William: Lectures meniales, tome 1, p\u00e1g. 190 and 91.\n(2) Raynaldo: Ecclesiastical annals, year 1220, note \"Si*\".\n41. Innocent III said: \"I will easily believe that God would allow the pope to err against the faith (i).\" (2)\n\nInnocent IV, before being elevated to the papal throne in 1243, taught that: \"One should not obey the pope when he commands heretical things or things capable of disturbing the Church (2).\" In the beginning of his comments on the decrees of Gregory IX's collection, he wrote positively that the pope could err regarding the faith, and for this reason, one should not say: \"I believe what the pope believes, I believe.\"\nThe following clause was suppressed in modern editions, but it remained in the text of notable matters (3):\n\n43. The monk Gracian (one of the most devoted to the Roman seat) said in various notes of the collection of canons called Decretum that one should not obey the pope if he commands things opposed to the canons of the fathers and to the precepts of the Gospel: matters implying the possibility that popes may err and command such things. Another such view was expressed by Ostiense, despite his strong attachment to the papal prerogatives.\n\n44. Until the 15th century, the opinion that the pope was not infallible was so widespread that Benedict XIV taught it as a cardinal (i) Innocent: sermon on consecration. (2) Innocent; Comment. in Decretals p. 229.\nMargarita Baldi, in the word of the father. Ten i330 (i); and being already supreme pontiff, I satisfied the Fratricelos friars, declaring that their arguments, derived from the constitution of Pope Nicholas III, could have been erroneous.\n\nUrbain V (who was supreme pontiff from i362 to iSjo), making his profession of faith at the time of his death, said among other things that he revoked and detested any errors in which he had erred, submitting himself to the judgment of the church (2).\n\nJ\\6, Gregorio XI (who died in iSjS), made in his testament a detestation of all the errors that he had adopted in councils, consistories, or any other occasion (3).\n\n47. Clemente VI (pope from i352 to i353) issued a particular bull in which he said that\nIn the fifteenth century, the conciliaries of Pisa, Constanza, and Basel raised the fallibility issue, which was accepted without doubts. Since then, French and German writers have consistently held this view. (i) Directorio de inquisidores, p. agS. (2) Ravnaldo: anales eclesi\u00e1sticos, year iSyo n.\u00b0 23c^. (3) Spicilegio, tomo 6, p. 676. (4) Raynaldo, anal, ecles. ano i351, nura. 3,8\nSpaniards also held the same view, which was upheld and strengthened by our renowned bishop of Avila, Alfonso Tostado. However, since the emergence of papal antipopes, the Spaniards began to divide into two classes. Benedict XIII (or Pedro de Luna), Calixtus III, and Alexander VI made proselytes.\n\u00e1  favor  de  la  infalibilidad  en  puntos  de  la  fe; \ny  los  frailes  mendicantes,  y  los  jesu\u00edtas,  y \notros  cl\u00e9rigos  reglares ,  han  sostenido  la  opi- \nni\u00f3n ultramontana.  Los  cl\u00e9rigos  seculares  se \ncontagiaron,  pero  el  concordato  del  a\u00f1o  ijBS \n(  que  los  libr\u00f3  de  pretender  en  Roma  digni- \ndades, canonicatos,  prebendas  y  beneficios  ), \nabri\u00f3  de  nuevo  el  camino  de  la  verdad ,  ce- \nsando el  aliciente  para  las  adulaciones. \n5o.    Si    queremos    hablar    de    la    segunda \ncontroversia ,  sobre  si  el  papa  es  inferior  \u00f3  su- \nperior al  concilio  ecum\u00e9nico,  nos  podremos \ncontentar  con  la  historia  de  los  concilios  de \nPisa,  Constanza  y  Basilea.   Declararon  espre- \ns\u00e1mente  la  superioridad  del  concilio,  y  obra- \nron conforme  \u00e1  esto.   El  primero  congregado \nen  1409  depuso   del  sumo  pontificado  \u00e1  Gre- \ngorio XII 5  y  Benedicto  XIII,  que  lo  poseian, \npartido  en  dos  obediencias  de  varios  reinos , \nDue to the Western Schism, Alexander V was elected in 1409, whose verified death in 1410 saw the cardinals elect Juan XXIII, who was recognized by almost all Christian princes in Europe.\n\n5.1. The Council of Constance, convened by this pope with agreement and protection from the sovereigns in 1414, deposed Juan XXIII, as well as competitors Gregory XII and Benedict XIII. They elected Marinus V on November 11, 1414, whose death in 1431 saw Eugenius IV succeed him.\n\n52. This convened the Council of Basel in that year, with its first session on December 14, 1431, and the confirmation of the declarations of papal inferiority and subjection made at the fourth and fifth sessions of the Council of Constance in the eleventh session on February 15, 1432.\nThe Council condemned and prohibited the demand for anathemas against ecclesiastical benefits on June 9, 1435. This displeased Eugenio infinitely, and despite his promise of submission with an oath, there were great disputes between the pope and the council. Eugenio attempted to transfer this to the city of Bologna, then to Ferrara, hoping to have greater influence over the votes. The council wanted to remain in Basel and took action against Eugenio as Constanza had against John XXIII, electing Felix V in 1439. Eugenio did not submit; the political state of Europe favored him. The Constantinopolitan empire was occupied by the Turks; the Greeks came to join the Latins. Eugenio convened a council in Ferrara in September 1437, transferred it to Florence in 1439, and died in 1447. He was succeeded by Nicholas V. The council members were:\nThe brothers abandoning the Council of Basel left for their pontiff Felix V and passed to Eugenio. The session 45-5, held in May 1443, was the last of Basel. The decrees of sessions 26 and following, from 1434 to the bull of the council's dissolution (issued by Eugenio IV in September 1439, moving it to Ferrara), remained unconfirmed by the papal confirmation. Felix V resigned in 1449. Nicolao V lived until 1455. He was peacefully succeeded by our Spanish Alfonso de Borja, who named himself Calixtus III. However, there are ancient examples that prove the subjection of popes to a superior power. Simaco, elected in 498, was accused of various crimes and had to prove his innocence in two councils, convened for the purpose by the order of Theodoric, king of Italy, in the years 502 and 503.\nPascual experimented the same misfortune in the year 823, ordered by Emperor Louis the Pious, due to the accusation of cruelly killing Theodoro, primicerius of the Roman clergy, and Leon, subdeacon of the same.\n\nSergio also submitted to the same humiliation in 844, upon order of Emperor Lotario, who refused to confirm the papal election without this circumstance, as it had been made without his knowledge, contrary to the treaties since Charlemagne in 3, who had succeeded the eastern emperors in this right, previously exercised by the kings of the Ostrogoths and Heruli since Odoacer. Basilio, their prefect, attended and authorized in Rome in the year 483, and the election of Pope Felice II took place.\n\nFrom Bonifacio, in 898, a council in Ravenna declared that the election was null.\nelection made in 876, the elected was unworthy, as he had been deposed from the subdiaconate in previous times. Sy. John XII was deposed from the pontificate as a great criminal in 963 at a Roman council convened by Emperor Otto I. And Leon XIII succeeded him in the papal chair.\n\nTo a great number of copies of submissions, five were added another larger one of earlier popes who always spoke as subjects of the church, gathered in council.\n\nAt the end of the eighth century, during the reign of Charlemagne, it seemed that the Decretales collection, which was said to be by Isidore Mercator, was found in the monastery of Fulda, founded only a few times before. In it were the forged epistles of the supreme popes before Siricius, and those attributed to them in the corresponding language of the time.\nfiction was compatible with the state of things and opinions of the second, third, and early fourth centuries.\n\n60. This fiction produced many, great and very harmful effects for ecclesiastical discipline; for the popes after Charlemagne, predecessors of Gregory X, spoke, acted, and ruled in a very different sense from the others in the first centuries; and without embellishment, some popes even indicated fear of what could determine an anathema against some person and conduct,\n\n61. From Gregory X to the great schism of the West, all the bad effects of the fiction of decretals grew and, as disorder grew to the extreme, produced by absolute necessity, order began.\nThis text appears to be written in a mix of Spanish and English, with some errors and irregular formatting. I will attempt to clean and translate it to modern English.\n\nThe problems in the text are not extremely rampant, so I will output the cleaned text below:\n\nThis entire narrative and what follows regarding the specific cases cited earlier is a well-known truth for those versed in ecclesiastical history. I have therefore omitted citing the texts at every step, as those who have censored the work we are discussing may not be aware of them. They can (without much effort) satisfy themselves by reading the ecclesiastical history of Cardinal Fieschi, which he wrote, adhering to the true facts as revealed by ancient monuments, a practice he was accustomed to.\n\nIf the censors think that Fieschi...\nIn the antiromanian sense, the texts were understood by the good Frenchman, who attended to read the ecclesiastical annals of Cardinal Baronio. These were interpreted to the taste of the Roman Court; and it will be found that the history of each specific case I cite has the same foundation in both historians, although Baronio sought favorable meanings for his party.\n\nJacobo de Gorraiz, a Carthusian monk from England, wrote a Treatise on the Seven States of the Church designated in the Apocalypse in the year 1449. He revealed that the Roman Court did not conform to the decrees of the Council of Basel. He showed the necessity of making it clear to the supreme pontiff himself to remedy this.\nMales of the entire Church body are subject to all, including those at the head. He says:\n\n65. \"This has no reply if any madman adopts the error that the pope cannot sin nor stray from the truth, and that he is exempt from the class of erring men. Remember that Peter was reprimanded by Paul, a particular and inferior person. Church history, The Historical Mirror, and certain and indubitable experience manifest that the pope is a sinner like all others, capable of erring in faith and morals; due to the free will that he has not lost his properties.\"\n\n66. \"Therefore, it will be the greatest impiety to say that there is no power to correct or depose the pope: it would be complete audacity to sin and put one's hand on the sword for him to commit suicide.\"\nThose who deny the submission to the pope in the Church and his correction put the pope in a state of condemnation and condemn themselves.\n\n67. \"How can the pope reform the universal Church by himself if he himself needs reforming? How can he be called a son of the Church who does not want to obey his mother or recognize her authority to correct him? And if he is not a son, how can he inherit the rights of the promises that Christ made to the Church? He entirely renounces the inheritance when he denies being a member.\"\n\n68. \"The claim to be superior to the universal Church and to legitimate general councils, its representatives, is nothing other than putting the Church's reform in the hands of a single sinful man who can lead the Church along the wrong paths.\"\ndel error, as much as any other. And, if this were true, Jesus (who descended from heaven, shed his blood, and suffered a cruel death to save his Church) would have fallen (as he was about to ascend to heaven), in neglect of not providing directly for its favor, since he left it in the hands of a single man, capable of leading it into error. (i) What are the matters to be sought after and settled? I. 2. page 107 j edition of London, year 1690. ADDITION RESPONSE OF THE CENSOR X. Regarding respect due to the ecclesiastical estate. I. When treating a reform, its necessity and usefulness must be proven, which is impossible without referring to abuses; and these cannot be expressed without at least in general, revealing their authors: however respectable they may be, they lost their right to respect. (i) What are the matters to be sought after and settled?\nThis class has been subjected to abuse for the following reasons:\n\n1. According to the censorship system of the work at hand, the Pentateuch is worthy of prohibition. Its book of numbers contains fewer propositions harmful to the ecclesiastical state of the Hebrew church, as its author relates that Core, Datan, Abiram, and two hundred and fifty more individuals from the tribe of Levi were heretics, ambitious disturbers of the peace, and seducers of the people of Israel, who usurped the right to the supreme pontificate for their descendants against the possession that Moses (their primal relative) had given by God's command to his brother Aaron.\n\n2. The same censorship applies to the first book of Kings, as it recounts that the sons of the high priest Heli were unworthy.\nThe successor took away the father's rights, because in the temple they committed many abominations for which the Israelites were reluctant to attend the holy place, according to the sacred historian.\n\nRegarding the Book of the Maccabees (5), it is necessary to say much about the iniquities of Jason, the brother of the high priest Onias, and the other priests of the Hebrew church who caused a schism, persecutions, and great damages.\n\nOur Lord Jesus Christ (at the same time commanding that the doctrine of the Jerusalem priests be followed, when they preached in accordance with that of Moses) discovered their vices, calling them hypocrites, unclean sepulchers inside, though whitewashed on the outside, contemners of divine traditions in order to follow human ones, and excessively superstitious, preferring the material observance of the law.\nThe feast of charity on Saturdays, and in the end, the generation of the vivas. Thus the Christians taught, showing the truth of being compatible with respect due to the ecclesiastical state in general, the discovery of the vices of priests, whose practice harmed the common good of the nation.\n\nThe apostle Saint Paul did this in his letters, particularly when dealing with the church in Corinth. He did not hesitate to say that there were false apostles, and priests capable of causing a schism, presenting themselves as disciples of Peter, and others of Apollos, and the ideas of such seducers were avarice, pride, and various vices, opposed to the doctrine of Evangelion. In another occasion, he told the Galatians almost the same thing, adding that even if an angel from heaven preached a different doctrine.\nThe following saints - those taught by them should not be credited. Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist followed the same rule in his Book of Revelation, revealing the vices and defects of the seven bishops of Asia. The common good of faithful Christians took precedence over their personal opinions of the virtues of these prelates.\n\nSaint Clement the Pope, Saint Ignatius the Martyr, Saint Tolicarp, in their Epistles, and Saint Hermas in his Shepherd, all disciple of the Apostles, did the same. They refuted erroneous doctrine and the vices of clerics who sought fame by teaching things not preached by the Apostles and practicing what was not in line with their conduct.\n\nSaint Irenaeus and Tertullian in the second century, Saint Cyprian and Origenes in the third, did the same whenever such occurrences arose.\noccasion particularly, when speaking of the clergy of Rome, who treated Terullian unfairly out of envy, and opposed Cyprian in an imprudent manner.\n\nI. Cyprian and almost all the holy fathers of the fourth century, including Saint Jerome, almost declined into exaggeration regarding the hypocrisy and wicked clerics, because the laity did not attribute greater condescension to them when they reprimanded the people, especially concerning ambition, avarice, and good example of chastity.\n\nII. Saint Jerome wrote to the virgin Eustochium, daughter of Saint Paula, urging her to flee from hypocrites and bad ecclesiastics. He said among other things, \"There are clerics who intrigue to become priests or deacons in order to have freedom to visit women. All their cares are reduced to the pulchritude of their vestments.\"\nThey stroll with a swagger in their steps and perfume themselves. They comb their hair with a comb, wear rings on their fingers, tread on the tip of their toes; they resemble lovers more than clerics. Their occupation is to discover the names, houses, and inclinations of ladies of quality. I am going to paint one who is a master in this art.\n\nHe rises at dawn, arranges the order of visits, takes the shortest route; and despite being an old grouch, he enters almost into the bedrooms of the ladies. If he sees pillows, handkerchiefs, or anything else to his liking, he praises their cleanliness, touches them, complains of not having another like it, and makes so many diligences that they are given to him more by force than by volition.\n\n(i) St. Jerome: Epistles, Ep. 22.12.\nIt could be interpreted as a vanity or eagerness to display erudition to copy here the declarations written in every century by saints.\npadres, or devoted men, opposed to the immoral orders and horrible vices of some clerics and monks. It would be easy to do so. If someone doubts this, I advise him to read the canons of the concils of the century that he believes was most exempt from this contagion, and he will see that there is no one in whom the renewal of ecclesiastical penances against bishops, priests, deacons, subdeacons, clerics, and monks was not considered necessary; this is not done otherwise, except when the repetition of crimes dictates it as indispensable. Given that this is a well-known fact as a consequence, let the censors say if the councils contain injurious propositions against the ecclesiastical state.\n\nHistories tell of the vices and horrendous crimes of the supreme popes of Rome in the ninth century and beyond.\nThe tenth [thing], which implies that some cardinals, bishops, and priests would not be lesser in imitating their leaders, as is regular. It went so far that even Cardinal Baronio (a writer devoted to the Roman clergy and to preserving its honor) [said that] it seems that the divine, invisible Jesus Christ was sleeping, neglecting His Church and leaving it in imminent danger of sinking. No one has had the audacity to accuse Baronio and other historians of publishing injurious propositions against the ecclesiastical estate; for the literati know that all men, even popes, cardinals, bishops, and priests, are (after death) subjects of the Muses, loving truth, they publish it in history, revealing defects, vices, and even crimes of the deceased.\nThe virtues and heroic deeds, proposing these for imitation and those for hatred and avoidance. The sacred history of God's people relates this in the Bible, not only the vices and crimes of the wicked kings, but also of the good, such as David and Solomon. And yet we do not say that the book should be prohibited due to injurious propositions against priests and kings.\n\nI avoid copying a multitude of authorities from all Christian siglos against the clergy. I fear that censors will give primary place to the author's comments on the abuse of the holy sacrament of Penance. Therefore, I recommend reading all the bulls issued since Pope Pius V up to the XIV Encyclical on secrecy, accomplices, and penitents. Then anyone will see.\nrepetici\u00f3n y renovaci\u00f3n de tantas bulas supone mucho m\u00e1s que lo indicado por el autor del Proyecto de Constituci\u00f3n religiosa.\n\nADICI\u00d3N\nRESPUESTA DE LA CENSURA XI.\n\nSobre la sana moral:\nI. Los censores han dado lugar a que se duda si saben qu\u00e9 es la buena moral.\nPuede presumirse que no han hecho el menor estudio de esta gran ciencia sino por sus sumas de Antoine Wigand, Concina, Larraga, y cuando menos por las de san Antonino de Florencia y san Tom\u00e1s de Aquino. Aun recelo que no hayan leido mucho de este \u00faltimo de su angelico doctor pues hubiesen encontrado mejores nociones morales que las que siguen pr\u00e1cticamente,\n\n2. La moral es una ciencia que nos ense\u00f1a las relaciones del hombre con su criador, con los otros hombres, con los seres organizados que circundan a estos y incluso con los insensibles.\nThese relationships produce obligations, from which result rights. Here is the principle of morality. From it derives my positive obligation to promote the welfare of my fellow men, who are my brothers, because we are all children of the same father, who is God our creator.\n\nWhen a man cannot be useful to some men without displeasing others, he should prefer the common welfare over the particular. A healthy morality does not depend on the whim or the interest of a particular class of men, but on the infallible rules of truth, justice, and charity.\n\nThe author of the Religious Constitution Project has never deviated from these principles; nor has he written any proposition capable of being interpreted in a contrary sense.\n\nHe has expressed his desires that mortal or grave sins, the infractions of certain ecclesiastical precepts, not be gradual.\nThis text appears to be written in an older form of Spanish, likely from the colonial era. I will translate it into modern Spanish and then into modern English for you. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"but this does not belong to morals, only by derivation from incontrovertible principles that dictate considering men as they are, not as we would like them to be,\n6. Laws should be founded on the basis that they will be obeyed by the majority of subjects, since in case of anticipating an unfavorable outcome, the establishment will be the bond that binds the majority of individuals to suffer a penalty.\n7. While the fervor of Christians preferred in the early times practices devoted to the interests of comfort and pleasure, the majority was in proportion to find scandalous the lukewarmness of those who thought otherwise; but that fervor was not perpetual by nature; it should be foreseen that it would cease when, with the growing number of believers, it was seen that the indifferent outnumbered the devout.\"\nThe common practices of most Christians conflicted with men's occupation of objects that were not easily reconciled with the frequency and long duration of devotional acts. In this era, it was considered to establish ecclesiastical laws whose execution could reconcile extremes. I will be careful not to criticize this idea nor the means adopted to achieve it: to criticize the resolution required traveling back to the indicated times, recognizing all concurrent circumstances, and deciding whether prudence dictated it.\n\nHowever, without censuring the ancient fact, I can examine whether its continuation is or is not convenient for the state of men in modern centuries. Since the fifteenth century, when the invention of the printing press gave the world a new intellectual life, men have been changing their ideas as they increase.\nThe text appears to be in Spanish with some irregularities. I will translate it to modern English and correct any errors as needed.\n\nThe books run so quickly that there is no force on earth capable of keeping men from the path discovered.\n\n10. If legislators proceed from such an indisputable assumption, they will avoid promulgating laws that contradict the interest of the majority of their subjects, as this is the only way they can ensure exact submission and complete execution.\n\n11. Following this principle, the author of the Religious Constitution Project declared it inappropriate for the current state of human society to impose the penalty for mortal sin in cases of infraction of ecclesiastical precepts. I will not speak of other matters because I cannot discuss how the imputation of opposing positions to sound morals can affect different subjects.\n\nADDITION\nRESPONSE OF THE CENSORSHIP XII.\nI. In the twelfth century, Saint Bernard spoke to his disciple, Pope Eugenio III, who desired to see the Church of God reduced to its primitive state, as we have written. In his sermon number 33 on the Canticle of the Canons, he also wrote: \"The entire body of the Church is infected with a putrid fever, with less hope of remedy the more it has spread, the more dangerous the more interior? If a heretic approached the Church, he would be cast out of its ranks; if a violent enemy pursued it, the Church could hide and flee from his presence. But now, who is it that the Church should fear or whom should it avoid? All are friends in one sense, enemies in another; all are patient and at the same time adversaries; all are united and non-united.\"\nIn Pacifico, all are close, but seek 5US interests. They are ministers of Christ and serve both the Antichrist. They live honorably with the Lord's goods, yet do not give Him the honors due. Two : : : In another time, that prophecy was announced (and now fulfilled) which said in the name of the church: \"Woe is me! In peace, my bitterness has been made most bitter! Bitter from the death of the martyrs; bitterer still from the attacks of heretics; now very bitter from the customs of my servants. The church cannot drive them away or escape them; they prevailed and have multiplied innumerably. The church's wound is interior and incurable. Therefore, its bitterness is most bitter in the midst of peace. But what peace is this? It is not different from that which is written: Peace, Peace, and there was no peace, Peace with insidious wars.\"\nThe pagans and heretics, but not the children. In these times, the voice of one who weeps might sound, saying: \"I have fed and raised my children for five [years], but they have scorned me: they despised and defamed me with their coarse lives, their coarse greed, their coarse commerce, in short with their dealings, those of the ones who walk in darkness.\"\n\nThe cardinal Pedro de Ally copied this sentence from St. Bernard in a Treatise on the Reformation of the Church that he presented to the Ecumenical Council of Constance and continued: \"If St. Bernard spoke thus in the twelfth century, what more can we say in our own? Since that time, everything has gone from bad to worse. Abandoning virtue, the laity and the clergy have allowed vice to prevail completely. Some foresaw it and warned us of the persecution of the current schism, the [schism]\"\nsubtraction of obedience to the Roman Church, and other scandalous things: God, the compassionate one (the only one who can extract some good from evils), permitted these to be a reason for the Church to reform; this is already overdue, for if not, it is to be feared that we will soon see everything lost (i),\nNicholas of Clemanges, archdeacon of Bayeux in France, wrote in the year iSpS, an opusculum on the state of corruption in which the Church finds itself. He spoke of the pope, his cardinals and court at Avignon, of the bishops and canons, of the curates, beneficiaries and chaplains, painting a pitiful picture; he declared and proved that the origin of such universal disorder were the vices of ambition, greed, luxury, and lust of the clergy; and he manifested how difficult, perhaps impossible, the remedy was.\nThe text concludes by claiming the restoration of primitive discipline (2). 4\" Gencio Herveto, a theologian doctor for Pope Marcelo second, wrote in the same sense, in the year 1561 during the Council of Trent, interpreting the canon of the ecumenical council of Calcedonia which prohibited an unassigned clergyman (3). 5. Alvaro Pelagio, penitentiary for the pope, wrote an work titled \"Fasciculus rerum expetendaram et fugiendarum\" (2). It is found in the same collection, volume 2, page 555. (3) This Opusculum is also in the same collection, volume 2, page 651. Bishop Juan XXII of Silves and Pontificio representative in Portugal, his homeland, wrote an work titled \"Lamento de la Iglesia\"; in it, he said, among other things, the following propositions:\nIglesia, when you were humble and poor regarding temporal affairs, but rich in virtues, the entire orb adored you and offered you things that you distributed among the needy, verifying the prophecy in Isaias' chapter 66: \"Toctos the ones from Saha drariy etc.\" But when you are ancient, almost all despise you. The time will come when the holy Spouse of Jesus Christ, the renewed Church, will reign for infinite centuries, as stated in the Apocalypse's chapter 19; this renewal I believe is not far off because it seems that malice is already complete.\n\nWoe, it has reached the extreme of abusing young men. Ah, Ay!\n\nMany religious and clergy in their studies and even in clandestine meetings, and the laity in the greatest number of cities, particularly in Italy, have a nefarious gymnasium.\n\"blasphemed publicly; and the most distinguished young men in beauty are destined for the brothel for such an abominable exercise. But, the shepherds of the Church are, as a rule, blind with two blindnesses, that of ignorance and that of sin, verifying the prophecy which said, \"Our eyes are blind, that is, our prelates, who are eyes in the Church.\" (Alvaro Pelagio, Plancutellesis. Book I. Chapter Q-j. S.) \"O Lord! Renew our days as in the beginning. The prayer of Jeremiah is made mystically for this Church (so deprived of its perfection), in order to restore the sanctity that was in the primitive Church; but this renovation will not be achieved unless the vices are suppressed first.\"\n\n\"O God! Renew our days. In truth, it would have been better for a day of the primitive Church.\"\n\"only about ten of the current days are worth comparing to that day [2]; that day was incomparably more valuable. 10. \"Hardly can I believe that of the hundred bishops, there is one who is not simonic in the collection of orders and benefits, with a particularity in Spain: they do not celebrate orders except for receiving money with the pretext of seals, titles, matriculas, letters of dismissal, testimonials, or other [things]. 11. \"The clergy live very incontinently; alas, they had never promised continence, especially in Spain and Portugal! For we see that the number of children of the laity exceeds that of children of clergy in both realms by a small margin, and the worst part is that for many years they only separate from the bed (which they leave in their own bed) to go directly to the altar and offer the formidable sacrament.\"\nsacrificio, no confesarse o hacerlo hipocrita? (2) All\u00ed mismo, cap. 3.\nLamenta con prop\u00f3sito de volver al lado de la concubina (i).\n12. \u00abImponen a los que se confiesan con ellos penitencia de misas, para negociar que sean encargadas a s\u00ed mismos y dada su limosna.\u00bb\n1 3. Pornican frequentemente escandalosamente a las mismas mujeres de su parroquia que despu\u00e9s admiten a la confesi\u00f3n (2). ^>\n14. Todo esto dice aquel obispo Portugu\u00e9s con otras muchas cosas que omito, y cualquiera podr\u00e1 considerar si en cuanto al fondo de la materia podr\u00edamos citar hoy algo que se le parezca; y si tendremos raz\u00f3n para decirlo, que val\u00eda m\u00e1s un d\u00eda de la Iglesia primitiva que mil de nuestros tiempos; y si ser\u00e1 verdadera en nuestra boca como en la de aquel obispo penitenciario del papa, la proposici\u00f3n de que cuando la Iglesia era m\u00e1s pura.\npoverty, all paid her homages because\nshe was rich in virtues; but almost all despise her now\nthat they see her rich in temporal goods. 5 because she is not rich in virtues as before.\n\nThe venerable John Gerson, chancellor of Paris, wrote a sermon on the signs of the ruin of the Christian Church, which he observed in his time: he denounced vanity, luxury, avarice, and other vices of the Roman court, and of other bishops, abbots, priests, and other ecclesiastical persons:\n\nThere, in the same place, chapter 27,\nspeaking of the profits that could be derived from the Council of Constanza,\nhe explained himself in this way: \"I have said all this so that it may be seen if it will be convenient for the universal Church to return all things to the primitive state of the Church, that is, to the state it had in the time of the Apostles.\"\nAbasanding numerous jurisdictions, the Church has become carnal, brutal, and ignorant of what is necessary for soul health, due to the vices of those who abuse such jurisdictions; or, at the very least, it will be necessary to return to the times of Silvestre and Gregorio, when each bishop exercised in his diocese the part that corresponded to him, and the pope had what was his without such reservations and continuous and strong exactions to maintain the Curia in a state that grew in power and influence every day, surpassing all other members.\n\nClaudio Espiciaco, a renowned French theologian, greatly favored by Pope Paul IV, author of Comments on the Epistles of Saint Paul to Timothy and Titus, manifested in them the enormous difference.\nIn the discipline of the Roman Catholic Church, following the Council of Trent, and that which existed in the time of the twelve Apostles, from whom bishops take their title as successors:\n\nGerson, in the first volume of his works, treats of a papal obedience during the time of schism. In the dedication of a book he made to the cardinal of Lorraine, he said that everything would go from bad to worse, because it seemed that prelates cared more for what they had not acquired from the Apostles, that is, honors, wealth, and temporal rents, than for the true apostolic succession, that is, the zeal for the apostolic discipline. It is worth noting that Cardinal Bellarmine considered Espence to be the greatest theologian of his age (i).\n\nWriters of all centuries have given us much on mystical theology, as well as.\nThe moral issues; they have shown the same divergence between the customs and discipline of the first two centuries and that of the subsequent one after the Council of Trent, with exclamations of a strong desire to return to the purity of apostolic times.\n\nThe Spanish jurists have written the same, as is evident in the excellent work titled \"Judgment Invarcial on Parma's Monitor\" (2), expressing that the first centuries of the Church were the best and most flourishing.\n\n(i) Espenceo: Opera, in the preface. \u2014 Belarmiano:\n\u00cdndice  I.  auctorum  roraanse  ecclesiee. \nig.  En  fin  la  raz\u00f3n  natural  es  el  func\u00ed\u00bfr- \nmento  mas  s\u00f3lido  de  la  proposici\u00f3n  en  que \n\u00edse  afirma  que  los  dos  primeros  siglos  deben \nservir  de  modelo  cuando  se  proyecta  una \nreforma  de  la  disciplina  eclesi\u00e1stica,  porque \nse  presume  haber  sido  mas  puros  y  mas  per- \nfectos aquellos  que  tenian  mas  cercano  el \norigen  de  las  tradiciones  divinas  y  apost\u00f3licas, \ny  por  consiguie\u00edite  menos  mezclado  con  las \ntradiciones  puramente  liumanas  :  y  as\u00ed  como \nconsta  que  estas  \u00faltimas  han  ido  aumentando \ndesde  el  siglo  octavo  hasta  el  nuestro  la  ne- \ncesidad de  una  reforma,  as\u00ed  tambi\u00e9n  parece \nnatural  que  sucediera  lo  mismo  desde  el  siglo \ntercero  hasta  el  octavo  ,  y  con  especialidad \ndesde  el  siglo  cuarto^  en  que  la  conversi\u00f3n  de \nConstantino  dio  y  ocasion\u00f3  \u00e1  la  Iglesia  y  \u00e1  sus \nministros  las  grandes  riquezas  que  hicieron \nmudar todo el aspecto de la Iglesia y de su clero, como lo declararon y lloraron san Agustin, san Basilio, san Geronimo y otros, hasta un grado que el m\u00e9dico Pretextato, a pesar de ser prefecto del Pretorio, y consul romano, sol\u00eda decir, seg\u00fan el testimonio de san Geronimo: Que viven hagan obispo de Roma, y ser\u00e9 cristiano al instante.\n\nEsto sucedi\u00f3 en el pontificado de san Damaso, del cual trat\u00f3 el historiador coet\u00e1neo Amiano Marcelino, hablando del prefecto Vivencio antecesor de Pretextato, dijo: (i) Le infundieron terror las sangrientas sediciones del pueblo dividido en partidos. (i) S. Geronimo, epist. ^i^\n\nDamaso y Ursicino, anhelaban con el ardor m\u00e1s grande imaginable a obtener la silla episcopal, luchaban con todos los medios posibles, produciendo una notable:\n\n(Note: The last line seems incomplete and may require further context or correction.)\nmortandad de una y otra facci\u00f3n; y no ha podido cortar ni incluso mitigar esta guerra civil el prefecto Viven, se retir\u00f3 a los arrabales de la ciudad. Venci\u00f3 el partido de D\u00e1maso, y consta que en la basilica de Se\u00f1ino (en que se congregaban los del rito cristiano) se encontraron ciento treinta y siete cad\u00e1veres; despu\u00e9s de lo cual a\u00fan cost\u00f3 gran trabajo tranquilizar a la plebe que hab\u00eda estado desencadenada por largo tiempo. Cuando yo considero la ostentaci\u00f3n de las cosas de la capital, no me admiro de que los hombres disputen (a\u00fan por medio de guerras civiles) la consecuci\u00f3n de lo que apetecen; porque una vez conseguido est\u00e1n seguros de hacerse ricos con las oblaciones de las matronas, de andar en carruaje magnificamente vestidos, de tener una mesa muy abundante, delicada y de tanto esplendor, que no les lleguen las de carest\u00eda.\nThe kings. Those could be called such, if (disregarding the grandeur of the court that abounds in vices), they lived like other bishops in the provinces, with great parsimony in food and drink, dressing very humbly, and walking with downcast and modest eyes, so that the reverent worshippers of the Divinity received them as pure men.\n\nA-iiiaiio Vrrceliiio: Hisl. roiu., book 28, page SC, impression of Friburg, year 1709. L 5 21.\n\nIf this was the case in the fourth century, and it is clear that once the system was changed, consequences ensued; and if today one wished to reform, it would be necessary to retreat to another discipline more in line with that of the divine founder of Christianity and his first disciples.\n\nOne of the censors of the work\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in modern English and the content appears to be coherent. However, there are some minor errors that need correction:\n\nnos ocupa (Fray Roque de Olsinellas) is not\na dominican friar (as had been believed from incorrect reports)\nbut a Benedictine monk, claustral of the Tarraconense Congregation,\n\nTherefore, he should know how many times the Benedictine Order in Cluni, in the Cister, in Spain, in the Trapa, and in other places,\nhas attempted to return to the primitive rule of St. Benedict and the discipline of his earliest disciples.\nAlthough the execution has not corresponded completely to the desires of each reformer,\nit is incontrovertible that all Catholics have praised the intent. Why then,\nshould we not do the same in proposing reforms of ecclesiastical discipline in general? Why must a Benedictine monk who advocates for such reform be accused of destruction?\nThe monk who questions discipline, will he call ecclesiastical discipline what is merely abuse against it?\n\nArgument 23. The same argument exists against the father presented as Fray Juan Tapias, the pious Dominican. Although our famous Macana wrote in the Political Testament of Spain that the Dominican friars had never been reformed, it is certain that they had established reformed convents in deserts and even in some populations to have stricter observance of the rule of St. Dominic; and it is no less certain that there was a need. In this sense, Fr. Juan Tapias states that in many occasions where such matters were dealt with, he thought differently, yielding to the original rule of the saint founder. He must confess that the abuses and relaxations of subsequent centuries are not monastic Dominican discipline.\nQualifying the books about opposing principles? The justice does not allow it.\n24. This doctrine could be confirmed with the reforms of the institutions of Augustinians, Carmelites, Franciscans, Mercenaries^ Trinitarians, Basilians, Geronimians, Premonstratensians, Cartujos, Canons Regulares, and Clerics Regulares, of Agonizantes, Hospitalarios, Cayetanos, and others. With difficulty, we will call an institution, in whose chapters or congregations there have not been treated abuses and relaxations, proposing always as a point of retreat the original rule and the discipline of the respective saint founder, and of their private disciples.\n25. I will conclude by copying some texts of Tertullian concerning the subject. Speaking in the Apology of the Christians about the false idea that some philosophers had given of our religion, he said, \"But we, on the contrary, hold...\" (incomplete)\nIn its clearance, these adulterators are reminded that our rule of truth comes from Christ, transmitted by those who followed Him; to whom these commentators are somewhat posterior. In his treatise on the Our Father, chapter 12, he said: \"But since we have touched on the subject of vain observance, it will not be out of place to note others that merit the same name, because they are not based on the Lord's authority nor on an apostolic precept, and are affected and even compelled, although they belong more to curiosity than to piety, and are worthy of omission, as proper to gentiles. For instance, removing one's cloak to pray, as they do when they go to idols. Had it been so, the Apostles would have prevented it, since they spoke of the habit of prayer.\" In the book of Prescriptions against Heresies:\nIn the eighth chapter of Los Herges, it was written: \"We others no longer need to investigate curious matters after Christ Jesus has taught us; nor do we need to investigate further since we have the Gospel. When we believe, we no longer desire to believe more; for from the beginning we were not in need of anything else that we should believe. \"\n\nIn the second chapter of the treatise on the Flesh of Christ: \"O Marcion, I ask you: by what authority do you say such things? Are you a prophet? Then tell us some prophecy. Are you an apostle? Publicly preach. Are you an apostolic man? Then conform your opinions to those of the apostles. If you are simply a Christian, believe what has been handed down to you; this was truly handed down because it came from those who could give it origin, \"\n\nIn the first book against Marcion, chapter 5.\nChapter 21, it says: \"If this question were raised, the same apostle Paul would have told us about it due to its importance. If the adulterer of truth is later than apostolic times, then the rule is to follow the tradition of the Apostles; and we will be told what this is by the Churches that they founded. I assure you that you will not find one that does not speak of the Creator as Christians do.\"\n\nBook four, chapter five: \"In summary, if it is truer the older it is, and what is older is more original, and what is original comes from the Apostles, then what the churches founded by them have always believed as sacred will also be from the Apostles. Let us see what the Corinthians received from Paul, what the Calatans have observed, what the Filipenses learn, what the Thessalonians, and the Ephesians.\"\nque  predican  cerca  de  nosotros  los  Romanos \n\u00e1  quienes  Pedro  y  Pablo  dejaron  el  Evangelio \nrubricado  con  su  sangre.  Tambi\u00e9n  tenemos \niglesias  disc\u00edpulas  de  Juan*  \u00bb \n3i.  Todas   estas  proposiciones   de   Tertu- \nliano ,  y  las  que  omito  de  otros  padres  de  Ja; \nIglesia  ,  por   no  declinar  hacia  una    pesadez' \ninsoportable,  prueban  que  los  deseos  de  vol- \nver al  estado  de  la  disciplina  de  los  tiempos \napost\u00f3licos  5  y  sus  inmediatos  ,  lejos  de  se? \ncensurables ,  est\u00e1n  absolutamente  conformes \ncon  lo  que  han  deseado  siempre  los  varones \npiadosos  de  todos  los  siglos.  Lo  contrario \nlleva  consigo  el  error  de  confundir  los  abusos \ny  las  infracciones  de  la  disciplina  con  esta \nmisma. \nADICI\u00d3N \nRESPUESTA  DE  LA  CENSURA  Xllt \nSobre  los  preceptos  eclesi\u00e1sticos. \nI.  O-ABiENDO  tratado  en  la  censura  cuarta \ndel  precepto  eclesi\u00e1stico  de  confesar  una  Tem \na\\,ano  por  lo  menos,  y  teniendo  que  hablar \nIn this following article regarding fasting and abstinence, I will limit myself here to the indications given in censura i3.2. Beginning with the one regarding commulating once a year, 2. The censors accuse the author of being doctrinaire and moralistic for writing that since the imposition of the precept, the inconveniences were greater because very few wanted to obey and most commulated; however, as they were fulfilling it externally, it is necessary to be cautious that they lacked the necessary dispositions. And the truth is, I have not seen the rule improved by this novelty, 3. The author then added: Let us avoid sacrilegious communions, which are often the result of the desire to fulfill exterior precepts; let each one leave this to his devotion. The Apostles left it behind for this reason.\nocasi\u00f3n  de  nuevos  pecados  evitables  {y)  \u00ab. \n4.  Cualquiera  cat\u00f3lico  imparci^l  que  lea  esto \n\u00e1  sangre  fr\u00eda,  y  sin  preocupaeiones  ni  objetos \nde  inter\u00e9s  real  \u00f3  imaginario  ,  individual  \u00f3  de \ncorporaci\u00f3n  5  conocer\u00e1  la  sencillez  y  rectitud \nde  alma,  con  que  manifiesta  el  autor  sus  buenos \ndeseos  de  que  no  se  comulgue  sacr\u00edlegamenie \npor  solo  cumplir  para  con  el  mundo  los  pre- \nceptos eclesi\u00e1sticos,  cuyos  inconvenientes  no \nse  previeron  al  tiempo  de  la  ley. \n5.  La  mas  antigua  que  yo  be  leido  coiicer- \nTiiente  al  asunto,  es  la  del  concilio  espa\u00f1ol  de \nElvira  ,  en  el  a\u00f1o  3o3  ,  que  dijo  lo  siguiente  y \n\u00bb  Si  alguno  de  los  que  inoran  en  la  eiudad ;  fal- \ntare \u00e1  la  Iglesia  en  tres  domingos  ^  sea  privado \nde  la  comuni\u00f3n  por  un  poco  tiempo  hasta  que \nparezca  estar  ya  corregido  \u00ab  (2), \n6.  Cuando  se  acord\u00f3  este  canon  ,  no  estaba \nen  paz  todav\u00eda  la  religi\u00f3n  ;  y  el  faltar  \u00e1  la \nThe word \"iglesia\" means the same as remaining without communion or attending the Mass sacrifice. The circumstance is noteworthy that the canon applies to the city's residents, not those from other places in the diocese, for two reasons: first, because there were significantly more towns without a presbyter; second, because the bishop of the capital, who gave communion, expounded the gospel, and blessed the faithful, was the celebrant.\n\n(1) A religious constitution project was discussed for the fourth time.\n\nHowever, until then, there was no general law mandating communion. It couldn't have come from the lack of need to promulgate because Christian fervor still endured. But it's essential to determine the reason for its absence, whether for one reason or another.\nThe Antioch council, held in the year 341, stated in its second canon:\n\nAll who enter the Church of God and hear the sacred Scriptures but do not communicate with the people in prayer, instead criticizing the holy reception of the Lord's sacrament because they adhere to some partial discipline, should be excommunicated from the Church until, confessing their sins, they show fruits of penance, ask for forgiveness, and obtain new permission to attend.\n\nThis canon is not a law that commands excommunication for those who refuse communion due to personal opinions not approved. It is recorded in ecclesiastical history that many attended what was called the Mass of the Catechumens, that is, up to the Offertory. They would leave the temple before the Preface; therefore, they did not witness the Eucharistic consecration.\nThe following text discusses the Canon of the Mass in Antioquia, specifically Canon 77 of the Fourth Council of Carthage in 387 AD. This canon pertained to penitents who fell ill and received the Eucharist and Viaticum. The text explains that this did not absolve them if they survived, and they were required to receive the laying on of hands by a priest. The last phrase signifies absolution, but this canon was not a requirement for the sick to communion, but rather an indulgence for penitents in public state. The ecclesiastical discipline of that time was strict in this regard.\n\n1. The things we say now about the Canon of the Mass were not agreed upon at that time. The objective of the Antioqueno Canon was to penance for those who did this for opinion rather than negligence.\n\n11. The Fourth Council of Carthage, in the year 387 AD, said in its Canon 77: \"The penitents who fall ill, receive the Viaticum, but those penitents who receive the Viaticum of the Eucharist due to their illness, do not believe they are absolved if they survive, but rather they must receive the imposition of hands.\"\n\n12. This last phrase means absolution, but for our current purpose, it is only necessary to observe that this canon was not a law to force the sick to communion but an indulgence for those penitents in a public state: because the ecclesiastical discipline of that time was strict in this regard.\nIf the sick person asks for penance and, upon the arrival of the priest, finds himself deprived of speech due to illness or delirium, those who have helped him ask for penance should testify. The priest should impose penance on him and, if he believes the sick person is about to die, reconcile him through the imposition of hands. If the patient survives, the witnesses should make him understand that his desire to receive penance has been fulfilled. The convalescent should then submit to the laws of penance as decreed by the priest.\nThe excess of giving to the dead; for the Council of Carthage had felt it necessary to prohibit it in its sixth canon, stating: \"It has been resolved well that the Eucharist should not be given to the bodies of the dead; for the Lord said: 'Receive and eat; but the corpses cannot receive or eat.' Similarly, it is necessary to ensure that the faithful do not believe that baptism can be administered to them when it is not licit to give them the Eucharist.\"\n\nThe First Council of Toledo, in the year 40, states in its canon 13: \"Those who enter the Church and are noted as never communing, should be admonished. If they still do not commune, they should be put in penance. If they commune, they should be dealt with according to their circumstances, but if this does not suffice, they should be avoided.\"\n\nThis canon is similar to the ancient one, dealing with the same class of persons.\nThe following text refers to Canon 63 of the Council of Agde from the year 506, regarding the attendance and communion for citizens:\n\n\"Que se retreatan from the temple before the canon of the mass, and this devotion of communing was cooling down, unless it was already necessary to command communion only once a year when the tepid did it more often, the Council of Agde, in its Canon 63, said: \"Those citizens who omit attending with the bishops in the major solemnities of Easter, Nativity, and Pentecost, and knowing that (if there is dancing in the city), must come to receive communion or blessing, shall be excommunicated for three years.\"\n\nThis canon (which Gratian copied with some change of words) was not yet the general law of communing once a year. It applied only to the inhabitants of the episcopal city and did not include sons, mothers, and servants. It did not mandate communion.\"\nprecisely; for the citizens, it supposes that they could be content with the blessing in those irregular festivities. Recently, according to the council of Tours in the year 813, the laity's participation in the three Paschas was still a matter of debate and precaution.\n\nAbout the precept to hear mass on Sundays and other holy days, I repeat that the penalty of mortal sin against those who fail in its observance on a single day seems invented by scholastic theologians of later centuries, and excessive in cases where there is no clear violation or scandal.\n\n1.8. Regarding the precept to hear mass, on Sundays and other holy days, I repeat that the penalty of mortal sin against those who fail in its observance on a single day seems invented by scholastic theologians of later centuries, and excessive in cases where there is no clear violation or scandal.\n\n19. Jesus Christ commanded the Apostles to do in memory of Him what He Himself did, that is, to consecrate the bread and wine so they would be His body and blood. Jesus Christ did this.\nhizo  una  sola  vez,  en  la  noche  de  la  cenaj \nestando  ya  pr\u00f3ximo  \u00e1  su  pasi\u00f3n  y  muerte. \n20.  Los  Ap\u00f3stoles  cumplieron  el  precepto \nde  ^M  divino  maestro,  consagrando  y  distri- \nbuyendo la  sant\u00edsima  Eucarist\u00eda  \u2022  pero  yo  no \nme  acuerdo  de  haber  leido  que  hiciesen  esto \nen  todos  los  domingos.  Las  ep\u00edstolas  de  sqlw \nPablo  dan  margen  \u00e1  discurrir  por  \\xx\\  lado \nque  la  Eucarist\u00eda  se  consagraba  en  varios  dias^ \npero  tambi\u00e9n  pueden  interpretarse  de  suerte \nque  solamente  se  hiciera  en  la  noche  del \njueves  santo  ,  \u00f3  bien  en  el  domingo  de  Re- \nsuireccion. \n21.  Como  quiera,  no  conoci\u00e9ndose  bien  el \ntprincipio  de  la  costumbre  de  consagrar  todos \nlos  domingos,  y  vi\u00e9ndola  generalmente  reco- \nnocida en  el  siglo  segundo  por  san  Ireneo, \nTertuliano  y  san  Justino,  pienso  que  comenz\u00f3 \nen  tiempo  de  los  Ap\u00f3stoles. \n22.  La  consagraci\u00f3n  de  la  Eucarist\u00eda  3^  su \ncomunicaci\u00f3n  \u00e1  los  fieles,  es  el  fondo  y  parte \nSubstantial is what we call the holy sacrificial part of the Mass, and it can be assured that since the time of the Apostles, Christians were obligated to attend the Mass on all Sundays. However, this obligation was generic due to the general precept to give good example and to imitate the Apostles as much as possible, not because there was any specific precept declaring it a sin to fail to attend in particular.\n\nCanon 10 of those called Canons Firmianos states: \"It is fitting to deny communion to all faithful who enter the Church, hear the sacred Scripture reading, but do not persevere in the Oratio and do not receive communion, and cause disturbance in the Church.\"\n\nThis canon is not a precept to attend but to persevere in the supposed state of having heard the Scripture reading.\nconcurrido, and thus we can unite his disposition with others left copied in treating of the precept of communion. (i) In this canon, prayer means from the preface to the conclusion. The canon 88 of the Fourth Council of Carthage from the year 898 said: \"Whoever attends spectacles on a solemn day, omitting to attend the ecclesiastical offices in the temple, shall be excommunicated.\" Here, it does not command positively to attend mass but rather punishes one who attends the theater instead. (a6) We can also understand canon 47 of the Council of Agde from the year 506 in an analogous sense, which says: \"We command the seculars with a special precept to hear the entire masses on the Lord's Day, so that the people do not presume to leave before the priest's blessing. Those who infringe this precept, \"\nThe text appears to be in old Spanish, with some Latin influences. I will translate it to modern English and remove unnecessary formatting.\n\n27. However, this canon has the particularity of ordering the attendance on Sundays directly to the holy sacrifice of the Mass; although the specificity of the precept seems to address the fact that the attendees should remain until the blessing given by the priest at the end of the Mass.\n\n28. Five years later, Canon 28 of the Council of Orleans confirmed this understanding, stating: \"When there is a congregation in the Church to celebrate the Mass, the people should not leave the temple before the solemnity of the Mass has ended, and before receiving the blessing of the bishop, or in his absence, of the presbyter.\"\n\n29. The same seems to be mandated by Canon 83 of the Collection of San Marte de Braga, decreed at the Second Braga Council in 672 AD: \"If anyone enters...\"\nIn the churches of God, one hears the sacred scripts and, because of lust, withdraws from the sacramental communion, violating the disciplinary rules established for the respect of the mysteries. We decree that he be expelled from the Catholic Church until he does penance and shows fruits of it, so that receiving communion, he may deserve indulgence.\n\n30. The gravity of the penalty implies a grave sin, but the canon shows that it was not imposed for missing the Mass and communion in person, but for the lust that provided the motive for the flight.\n\n31. I have not been able to find a canon from earlier centuries than the general ignorance and fiction of pre-Tridentine decretals, in which the special precept is imposed on all Christian faithful to hear mass on Sundays and feasts under the penalty of grave sin.\nThe text reads: \"32. So the author's doctrine is not destructive of that precept, but only manifestative of the desire that, returning things to the state and condition in which Christ and the Apostles left them, the number of mortal sins would be diminished. Good Christians will not cease to hear it, and the lax will sin. 33. Another precept is not to work at material and servile labor on Sundays and other holy days, included in the prohibition. The epithet given to this precept by the Church has a posterior origin. 34. The first to impose it was not the Church, but the emperor Constantine. His successors in the empire promulgated many laws concerning this matter, increasing and decreasing the number of prohibited labor-free days. The Church received it with pleasure.\"\nAll ideas that grew in the cult's desire to increase devotion and, for this reason, took upon himself the zeal to oversee the religious observance of these festivals, from which the opinion arose that it was ecclesiastical in nature.\n\n35. Examining the matter radically with Christian philosophy and sound criticism, we cannot find a reason to say that Jesus gave his Church the temporal power required to deal with purely profane, secular, and worldly matters, such as the corporal work of men. And what men? Precisely those who abandoned their work with pleasure, without the need for prohibitive laws, if they had other less tiring means to maintain themselves and their families.\n\n36. Moses gave that law to the Hebrews.\nI. on Saturdays, and I believe the justification for Christians observing the Sunday Sabbath, as Jesus and the Apostles did impose it for the New Testament; but it seems impossible to prove this.\n\n37. Jesus said that his commandment was only one of love, and of loving men more, with greater perfection and more from the heart, in deeds, words, thoughts, and desires, than before his coming. He explained this commandment as many times as he spoke in this world, and in as many ways as the diversity of occasions offered; the only commandment he wanted to leave; and the commandment which, neither the critics of the work we are dealing with nor the greatest number of Christians meditate upon, for the practice of personal conduct, as they should under pain of not meriting the name of Christians.\n\"Yq I cannot find that it is a heroic or eminent degree of charity to place the terrible penalty of mortal sin on the mason, the blacksmith, the tailor, the weaver, the carpenter, and others like them (who are usually married and have children), if they work more than two hours on Sunday and other holidays; and John Grisostomo said already in the fourth century: the martyrs cannot delight in a worship that costs tears to the poor. Therefore, it would be convenient to establish festivals in such a way that the sacredness of the worship does not require the common utility of men.\"\n\nZq. It seems that the Church thinks as I do since the fifteenth century, when in Europe the renewal of lights was verified, because it could cite a large number of councils in which, for considerations of the temporal damage caused by the excessive multitude, \"\nThe text discusses the reduction of prohibitive festivals that hindered servile work and corporal punishment, leading to disorder and crimes during celebrations. The text mentions the first council I recall finding the topic of work during festivals was the Laodicean Council, whose canon 29 states: \"It is not fitting for Christians to Judaize by abstaining from work on the Sabbath, but rather it is fitting that they work on that day. Giving, as Christians, preference to the omission of work on the Lord's Day if they so desire.\"\n\nThis canon illustrates several points. First, the Church had not yet imposed a precept for ceasing work. Second, the Jews had not yet imposed it. Third, neither.\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in readable English and contains no meaningless or unreadable content. However, here is a corrected version of the text with some minor punctuation and capitalization adjustments for clarity:\n\n\"It is worth noting that ecclesiastical festivities were celebrated on Sundays (not on Saturdays) since apostolic times, as we have seen before. From this it results that the solemnity of the cult and the obligation to attend the temple for divine offices, the explanation of the Gospel and the Epistle, the holy sacrifice of the Mass, and communion of the most holy Eucharist were not considered sufficient reasons for imposing a precept of ceasing work. The bishops did not consider themselves authorized for this, nor was the ceasing recognized as part of the solemnity or of it.\"\nculto as a different form of obeisance to celebrity, unconnected to the divine offices of the wine.\n\n43. It seems that the same abuse persisted in Rome during the early seventh century, as Gracian included in his collection of canons one which states that Saint Gregory Magno said the same thing as the Fathers of the Laodicean Council. Some carried the precept of idleness to the extreme, regarding even washing hands as included in the prohibition. But the saint labels such men as perverse and adds, \"If they are to be washed out of lust or delight, we do not grant that they do so on any day, but if it is for bodily necessity, we do not forbid its practice on the Sabbath.\"\n\n44. The reigns of Constantine and his successors eventually triumphed in the Eastern Empire, but not as much in the Western.\nThe following inscriptions were frequent despite the zeal of the bishops. The change in the imperial period altered the status of most of Europe. Then, the bishops took upon themselves matters concerning feasts, although they sought the protection of kings, knowing that without it they would be ineffective for many people regarding the commands of a bishop. When Pope Gregory I spoke as an authorized figure in the aforementioned case, Rome was subject in writing to the emperor of Constantinople; but the popes were more sovereign in fact than the emperors, and at least they issued more decrees and were better obeyed.\n\nThe feast of Sundays was added another one, such as that of Holy Thursday, Easter Monday, Nativity of the Redeemer, and Pentecost, and the death of Marcellinus.\nSao Gregorio, bishop of Neocesarea (who died in 265), having noticed (according to his life) that the ignorant and simple people of his twenty dioceses were inclined towards the worship of idols, due to the pleasure and delight they derived from the festivals of the gods, permitted them to make similar entertainments in memory and reverence of the holy martyrs. This he did, hoping that over time, his diocesans would be enlightened and reduced to a more orderly way of life.\n\nIn the third century, this practice began: singing, dancing, and other expressions of joy during the vigils of the feasts of the holy martyrs. This has caused much disorder, and even now in our times, it has not ceased.\nThe following text is from the illuminated manuscripts of the 19th century. One of the chapters from the kings of the Franks, made with the agreement of many bishops, contains the following complaint from King Ghildeberto in the year 560: \"There has been much complaint that many sacrileges are committed with God's offense, as the people gather in the evening and spend the nights in drunkenness, using three evil words and singing jests during the sacred days of Easter, Nativity of the Lord, and other festivities. And even on Sundays they go from one country house to another, dancing. We cannot tolerate any of these things, which offend God: therefore, whoever presumes to repeat these sacrileges after being warned by the curate or by our order, shall suffer the penalty of one hundred lashes.\npersona servil y otra conforme a las circunstancias, si fuere ingenua. \"Fuera el concilio toletano tercero del a\u00f1o 585, testific\u00f3 que el pueblo espa\u00f1ol no profanaba menos que los Franceses, pues su canon dec\u00eda: \u00abIrreligioso es lo que ha solidamente practicado el vulgo en las festividades de los santos. Los pueblos que deb\u00edan considerar los oficios divinos, se ocupaban en danzas y canticos indecentes, haci\u00e9ndose mal a s\u00ed mismos, y siendo obstrucciones para los oficios que celebran los religiosos. Pongan por lo tanto a cargo de los sacerdotes y de los jueces el esterrar en todas las provincias este abuso.\u00bb Despues mand\u00f3 en nuestro concilio de Coyanea (hoy Valencia de Campos) observar la fiesta clg. (Capitular\u00eda regumfrancorum, tom. i,p. 6, edici\u00f3n de Par\u00eds de 1677, a\u00f1o de mil quinientos)\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the cleaned text below:\n\nLos dominos de las v\u00edsperas del s\u00e1bado asist\u00edan a misa y a todas las horas.\n49. Los concilios de todos los siglos corridos bastan por nuestros d\u00edas llenos de canones disciplinarios en que se reproducen las reprobaciones de los indicados abusos, y se renuevan los exhortos; en particular, los de Treveris en 1549, de Cambrai en 1565, y de Burdeos en 1585: nosotros mismos somos testigos de que a\u00fan hay algunos h\u00e1rtanos en nuestros d\u00edas.\n50. La experiencia es demasiado convincente de que los d\u00edas de fiesta son empleados en vicios de vino, danzas, juegos y deshonestas y peligrosas diversiones. Se ha predicado siempre, y se predica ahora, contra tan viciosa empleo de los d\u00edas festivos; no ha bastado, porque tal es la naturaleza humana, llena de debilidades y pasiones.\n51. Consideremos pues a los hombres tales\ncuales son y no como quisieramos que fuessen\ny entonces conoceremos que los deseos de disminuir pecados no son deseos de destruir preceptos ; y no hay duda que se disminuiran aquellos, si las gentes vulgares estuvieran bajando en lugar de beber en la taberna.\n\n52. El papa Paulo XI redujo el a\u00f1o la cuarta parte de las fiestas para los Americanos, la cual reducci\u00f3n se anunci\u00f3 despu\u00e9s en el concilio de M\u00e9jico del a\u00f1o 1585.\n53. Urbano VIII hizo en 1640 otra nueva reducci\u00f3n de fiestas, diciendo hacerla por que perjudicaban \u00e1 los pobres y a las almas.\n\u00a74. Benedicto XIV hizo tercera reducci\u00f3n de fiestas espa\u00f1olas en 1560 por iguales razones y sin embargo aun hay demasiadas si comparamos Espa\u00f1a con Francia.\n55. Nuestros mejores pol\u00edticos han deseado siempre disminuirlas fiestas por esos motivos.\nReinando Felipe XI lo manifest\u00f3 y prob\u00f3 don\nPedro Fernandez de Navarrete, can\u00f3nigo de Santiago and royal chaplain (i); later, the wise and pious don Diego de Saavedra (2), in the reign of Philip V; the esteemed Usatariz (3), in the reign of Charles III; the enlightened count of Campomanes (4), and the illustrious Se\u00f1or Jovellanos (5), and these great men are beacons that guide those who are not wise, when we desire to make the realm amicable, reconciling it with sound policy,\n\nConservation of Monarchies.\nPolitical Enterprises.\nTreaty of Commerce and Navigation.\nIndustry Popular.\nInforme sobre la ley agraria.\n\nADDITION\n\nRESPONSE OF THE CENSOR XIV,\nOn abstinence from meats and dairy products.\n\nI. There is no text in the four Gospels, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles, or in the Apocalypse, nor in the epistles of the Apostles, from which it can be inferred or derived:\nOur Lord Jesus Christ and the Apostles did not command fasting; therefore, the ecclesiastical precept that exists in our times, which cannot be titled divine or apostolic, is one of many that derives from a devout custom rather than a conciliar establishment. The ancient canons do not speak of the obligation to fast except for a specific precept.\n\n2. The supposition of the penalty for mortal sin against the sinner when there is no scandal in the omission, nor is it this for contempt of the precept but only for human weakness, comes from the freedom that theological scholars have always taken to grade sins by the rule of their opinions, as if the Church had authorized them to do so.\n\n3. San Hermas, disciple of the Apostles,\nSan Pablo praised him, and he wrote the work titled \"The Shepherd,\" which was considered a canonical book in some centuries and was even included at the end of the Bible in various editions, such as the third and fourth books of Esdras, the third and fourth books of the Macabeos, and others, to which the title of apocrypha was given. This saint treated the subject of fasting in the third book of his work, referring to his fifth parable, and said the following:\n\n4. \"One day, as I was fasting, I sat on a certain mountain, and when I gave thanks to God for the favors He had bestowed upon me, I saw a Shepherd sitting beside me, asking me, 'Why have you come here so early?' I replied, 'Lord, today is my station.' He asked me, 'What is this station?' I answered, 'It is the day of my fast.' He asked, 'What fast?' I replied, 'The one I am accustomed to.\"\n\u2014 You do not know how to fast for God; your fasting is not true fasting, because you do not profit for God's cause. Why do you say so? I repeat, I will teach you what true pleasing fasting is. Behold: God does not desire such empty fasts, which produce no fruit for justice. You will certainly do well to fast the true fast as follows. Do not do anything harmful; serve God with a pure soul, observing His commandments, and without admitting opposing desires in your heart. Trust in the Lord, for if you do what I tell you, having holy fear of God and abstaining from all evil business, you will obtain victory from God.\n\nThe shepherd who deals with the holy in all his work is an Angel of God appearing to him in the form of a shepherd. M 5.\n\nThe one who treats the sacred in all his work is an Angel of God who appears to him in the form of a shepherd.\nA large fast I kept and accepted the Lord. Listen to a likeness I am about to tell you concerning the fast. \"Five of you were husbandsmen who planted a vineyard, and going out to make a journey, he gave to his servants each his vineyard, and commanded the servant in charge, saying, 'In my absence you shall keep watch over it. And on every tree you see that bears fruit, you shall put a sign on it, that it may not be touched, but on the rest you shall do whatever you please.' Now when the harvest was near, he sent his servants to the husbandsmen, that they might receive the fruit. But the husbandsmen seized his servants, beat one, killed another, and stoned a third. Again he sent other servants more than the first; and they did the same to them. But afterward he sent his son to them, saying, 'They will respect my son.' But when the husbandsmen saw the son, they seized him and killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard. When therefore the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those husbandsmen?\" The Pastor explained the parable and afterwards said, \"Observe the commandments of the Lord, and you will be blessed, and it is written in the Scriptures, 'He who keeps the commandments lives in them; and I will give him the right to sit with me on my throne, as I also have overcome and sat down with my Father on his throne.'\"\nYou, one of the good servants. But if you also perform other good works, besides what is commanded, you will continue to have greater dignity and honor in the house of the Lord. Therefore, if you observe the precepts and do what I have told you, you will rejoice, especially if you do it in accordance with what I advise. -- Lord. I will do whatever you tell me, for I know you will always assist me. -- I will indeed assist you because you have a good heart; and I will do the same for all who wish to have a similar one: for once the commandments are fulfilled, the fast is good. But here is the way to do it. Above all, beware of all iniquity, of every foul word, of every evil desire, and purify your sense from all worldly vanity. With these circumstances, the fast is just, and having done it thus, you will not desire anything but bread and water on that day.\nYou shall keep fast. Account for the money you have spent on food and drink, and give it to the widow, orphan, and the poor, completing the humility of your soul, so that the souls of the helped may be assured and their prayers for you reach the presence of God. If you keep fast in this manner, your fast will be written in the book of life as an acceptable offering to the Lord. This practice is good, joyful, and acceptable to God. If you, your children, and your household do this, you will be happy. All others who do the same will also be, and they will obtain whatever they ask of the Lord.\n\nThis seems to be irrefutable evidence that only devotion was the purpose of fasting during the first century and the beginning of the second; during which there was a certain literary and moral revolution that greatly influenced the estimation of it.\nThis revolution began in Alexandria, Egypt, adopting elements of philosophy from Plato, introduced by various philosophers converted to Christianity. Our holy religion contains many analogies with Platonic maxims, which they explained as identical and utilized other ideas.\n\n9. The moral of the Gentile philosophers from Plato's school stated that to achieve blessedness, one must combat, as much as possible, the influence of the body on the soul or matter on the spirit, and for this, they weakened the body through a strict diet, pleasure deprivation, and solitude.\nThe text describes how virtue resided with those men who devoted themselves to the contemplation of Divinity and other spiritual beings and objects. This method helped souls free themselves from the obstacles presented by the body and its sensual appetites, allowing them to unite their souls with their Creator in this life. This Platonic moral principle was used by Porphyry to argue against the Christian religion defended by Enses, Metodios, and Apolinario, which he considered unnecessary and filled with unbelievable dogmas.\n\nCleaned Text: The text describes how virtue resided with those men who devoted themselves to the contemplation of Divinity and other spiritual beings and objects. This method helped souls free themselves from the obstacles presented by the body and its sensual appetites, allowing them to unite their souls with their Creator in this life. Porphyry, using this Platonic moral principle, argued against the Christian religion defended by Enses, Metodios, and Apolinario, which he considered unnecessary and filled with unbelievable dogmas.\nThose philosophers divided men into two classes: the first, Christians simple, common, and vulgar, whose salvation was based on observing the Decalogue's precepts; the second, Christian ascetics who aspired to the perfection of virtue in a heroic degree. For the latter, precepts of devotion and anything that could detach the soul from earthly objects became essential, as they aimed to elevate it through spiritual grades to unite with God in this intimate life through contemplation. They also divided the Christian life into active and contemplative: the former for all Christians in general, the latter for those aspiring to perfection.\n\nPlatonic philosophers, having adopted this second way, multiplied fasting and abstinence accordingly.\nIn the forty days prior to Easter, on Fridays and Saturdays of each week, during seasons and vigils of major festivities, and on various other occasions, Christians who had previously practiced these fasts in the synagogue during the time of our Lord Jesus Christ gave them up. These Christians found themselves burdened with fasts, abstinences, and other practices introduced from both Jewish and Gentile origins. In the fourth century, Saint Augustine remarked that the ancient Jewish yoke was more bearable than the one imposed on Christians.\n\nThere was no mandatory fast other than on Wednesdays and Fridays.\nOn Saturdays holy until the ninth hour, that is, three in the afternoon. It is recorded in Tertullian's treatise that, having fallen into Montanus' errors, the Montanist sect established a great multitude of fasts and abstinences. The rigorists condemned this as novelty, and Tertullian proposed to defend it.\n\nIn his second chapter, he expressed the custom of the Catholics regarding this matter and wrote: \"Regarding fasting, they object to us that God had marked out in the ancient law the days for fasting, as is clear, for example, in the book of Leviticus, where God commanded Moses to fast on the tenth day of the seventh month, saying: 'This day shall be for you a holy day, a day for afflicting your souls; and any person who does not afflict himself in this way shall be cut off from his people.' \"\nThe text appears to be a mix of ancient Spanish and English, with some OCR errors. I will attempt to clean it up while being as faithful as possible to the original content.\n\nThe Spanish text translates to: \"It will be abolished from the people. They are marked in the Gospel for fasting on those days when the husband was taken away from the church; and there are no other legitimate fasts among Christians; because the Angels' laws have been fulfilled. When they want to know how much that (i) S. Ag. Ep- 119 refers to, the law and the prophets had enough value for John. But afterwards, it is indifferent to fast or not, according to each one's arbitration, with attention to the times and circumstances: and the Apostles observed this maxim without imposing a yoke of determined fasts on all the faithful in common; nor did they establish stations, although they have their days designated, such as the fourth and sixth, because they run past.\"\n\nThe English text is incomplete and seems to be a fragment. I will assume it is related to the Spanish text and attempt to correct the OCR errors.\n\nThe corrected English text: \"It will be abolished from the people. They are marked in the Gospel for fasting on those days when the husband was taken away from the church; and there are no other legitimate fasts among Christians; because the Angels' laws have been fulfilled. When they want to know how much that (i) S. Ag. Ep- 119 refers to, the law and the prophets had enough value for John. But afterwards, it is indifferent to fast or not, according to each one's arbitration, with attention to the times and circumstances: and the Apostles observed this maxim without imposing a yoke of determined fasts on all the faithful in common; nor did they establish stations, although they have their days designated, such as the fourth and sixth, because they run past.\"\n\nTherefore, the cleaned text is: \"It will be abolished from the people. They are marked in the Gospel for fasting on those days when the husband was taken away from the church; and there are no other legitimate fasts among Christians; because the Angels' laws have been fulfilled. When they want to know how much that (i) S. Ag. Ep- 119 refers to, the law and the prophets had enough value for John. But afterwards, it is indifferent to fast or not, according to each one's arbitration, with attention to the times and circumstances: and the Apostles observed this maxim without imposing a yoke of determined fasts on all the faithful in common; nor did they establish stations, although they have their days designated, such as the fourth and sixth, because they run past.\"\nvamente sin ley, no pasan de la l\u00edmina hora del dia que es la nona; en la cual acaban las oraciones conforme al ejemplo de Pedro seg\u00fan se refiere en los Actos. Tambi\u00e9n purifican con la excepci\u00f3n de ciertos manjares las Xerofagias; nombre nuevo de un oficio afectado, y pr\u00f3ximo a la superstici\u00f3n gent\u00edlica, con que se celebraban las fiestas de Apis^ Isis y la gran madre de los Dioses. As\u00ed, la libre fe en Cristo no debe (ni aun a la ley jud\u00eda) la abstinencia de comidas algunas determinadas, pues el Ap\u00f3stol dio por l\u00edcitas cualesquiera carnes. Detestando a los que probiben comer algunos manjares criados por Dios en la misma forma que si probibiesen casar.\n\nY de aqu\u00ed sacan argumento contra nosotros, diciendo que somos notados con vaticinio anterior, como hombres que se aparaten.\nThis argument that Tertulian presented against the Montanists, as quoted by the Catholics, is evidence that at the beginning of the third century, there were no repented Lenten fasts beyond obligation (excluding those on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays; and similarly, abstinences were only for devotion.\n\nThe pious individuals who had proposed to Christianize the elements of Platonic philosophy, ascending heroically to the virtuous contemplative life's height, continued their path by fasting every day of Lent and on various other days, as well as observing carnal and other abstinences during the seasons, in the vigils of feasts.\nIn the Jewish months and other Hebrew days; this custom was continued with the variability of times and nations I will discuss in chronological order.\n\n19. In the year 303, the Spanish bishops at the Elvira Council spoke of a fast and abstinence in the months of 28 and 16. They said: \"It has been the will of the council to observe a fast, in addition to abstinence, in every month except July and August because they are unhealthy.\" \u2014 \"It has been the will of the council to correct an error, observing a fast on all Saturdays, in addition to what is proposed.\" The bishops did not use any expressive language with the threat of grave sin. They seem rather exhortative towards the devotion of fasting on the indicated days.\n\n20. In the year 333, the Gangrense Council\n\"If anyone who eats flesh in a religious way and with faith abstains from the strangled and from blood, from the slaughtered and the immolated, is condemned as a man without hope of resurrection, let him be excommunicated. This was decided concerning the Montanist heretics and others who held it illicit to eat the flesh of animals.\n\nIt was also said in Canon 19: \"If anyone has dedicated himself to living as an ascetic, abstaining from eating except in cases of physical necessity, let him be treated with contempt for pride, those common fasts accustomed in the Church, thinking that it is reasonable to fast only according to his personal opinion, let him be excommunicated.\" This condemns the doctrine of excessively austere ascetics who sought to make their austerity a regular rule of Christianity.\"\nIn the year 366, Laodicenus said in the 50th canon: \"It is not fitting to break the fast of the fifth day of the last week of Lent, dishonoring thus the entire Lent, but rather to fast all days and observe the appropriate abstinence by eating dry foods.\" Here is the Lenten fast established in Asia, as well as abstinence from meat, fish, dairy, and all cooked food. This canon may have been taken from the Greek collection of canons presented to the Second Braga Council by Saint Martin, bishop of Braga, as it contains the same content.\n\nIn 325, the Fourth Council of Tyre said in the 64th canon: \"Let no one be considered a Vico who fasts on a Sunday with deliberate intent.\" This was declared against the new ascetics who gave themselves without limit to mortification.\ntificaci\u00f3n corporal por el sistema de Cristia*\n\n24. In O\u00ed canon 85: \"Those to be baptized must give their name; and before receiving baptism, they should be tested with frequent examinations and submit to the imposition of hands to a great abstinence from wine and meat for a long time w. In canon 86: Neophytes (or recently baptized) abstain from delicacies; from attending spectacles; and from conjugal use.\" Anyone knows that here we are not dealing with general precepts but with particular cases in which the vocation of the Catechumens was to be tested.\n\n25. San Ambrosio said that the joy of the Pentecost feast was like that of Easter, and for this reason, two Saturdays before the two Sundays were observed with fasting and vigil.\n\n25. San Ger\u00f3nimo said in one occasion that\nRO people scarcely preferred fasting to charity; and vigils, at the risk of becoming mad from lack of sleep (2). In another place he wrote: I wish we could fast in all times^; But I am not of the opinion that Canon 9, distinction 76, in the decree of Gracian applies. (3) Canon 24 j, distinction 5, of consecration ^ in the decree of Gracian V forbids fasting on Sundays or the fifty days of Easter to Pentecost. This does not prevent each province from considering its own customs as apostolic laws (i).\n\nIn the commentaries of the prophecy of Zechariah, he explained the Hebrew fasts of their fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth months, which he added correspond to our July, August, October, and January; and it is clear that some bishops were intimating this.\nChristians fasted in those days, because they wanted to be no less than the Hebrews, whose particular customs the holy history of the Hebrews relates, and it concludes by saying: \"But it seems that the fasts of the fourth month cannot be kept before Pentecost, from Pascha until that day, as it is not imposed (2).\" From this arose the Lenten fasts, as we will see: but we now see that they were not obligatory in the time of St. Jerome.\n\nSt. Augustine said: \"The great and general fast is to abstain from iniquities and sinful pleasures of the world; this, in a certain sense, is the Lenten fast, when we have our lives well ordered and deprive ourselves of earthly delights (3j).\" This sentence of St. Augustine is completely consistent with Canon 11, dist. 36, in Gratian.\n(2) Canon 7, district 76, in Graciano.\n(i) Canon 25, district 5 of Coisecr in GreciaxKH.\nFor the teaching of San Hermas, disciple of the Apostles; and it leaves room for us to consider\nthat even the Lenten fast was not yet considered a precept in his time.\n29. San Inocencio, the first (who was pope from 401 to 404), said: \"A clear reason shows that one should fast on Saturdays. If we celebrate the Sunday with joy for the resurrection of the Lord, and if we fast on Fridays out of sorrow for the Lord's death, why not fast on Saturdays, which are between Fridays and Sundays? The Apostles fasted and hid themselves.... I do not deny, therefore, that one should fast on Saturdays, for both days were sorrowful for the Apostles and all who loved Jesus.\" (i) \"\n\nCleaned Text: Canon 7, district 76, in Graciano.\n(i) Canon 25, district 5 of Coisecr in GreciaxKH.\nFor the teaching of San Hermas, a disciple of the Apostles; and it leaves room for us to consider that even the Lenten fast was not yet considered a precept in his time.\nSan Inocencio, the first pope from 401 to 404, said: \"A clear reason shows that one should fast on Saturdays. If we celebrate the Sunday with joy for the resurrection of the Lord, and if we fast on Fridays out of sorrow for the Lord's death, why not fast on Saturdays, which are between Fridays and Sundays? The Apostles fasted and hid themselves. I do not deny, therefore, that one should fast on Saturdays, for both days were sorrowful for the Apostles and all who loved Jesus.\" (i)\nThe reason that Saint Innocence gave, which does not seem convincing to me according to the saint, was not to establish a prescribable law, but to exhort devotion in a particular letter. However, she and our Elvira Council in the year 303 were the origin of the abstinences of all Fridays and Saturdays throughout the year, which are still in effect in many countries.\n\nSan Le\u00f3n Magno (who was supreme pontiff from 440 to 461) said in a sermon that \"the salutary and necessary custom of fasting after receiving the Holy Spirit in Pentecost had been introduced, so that religious abstinence might correct excesses.\"\n\n(I) Epistle I of Pope Innocent I, in Isidore Mercator's collection, arranged and enlarged by Jacobus Melinus, printed in Paris in 1535 by Franciscus Ke-gnault, in two volumes in 8\u00b0, tomus I, pagina 183.\nThe negligent freedom during the Paschal season caused the following, in another sermon regarding the Hebrews' Lenten fast in their tenth month corresponding to our January, he added that \"the utility of imitating this Christian observance is great because, according to the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, fasts are distributed throughout the entire year in such a way that the law of abstinence has a place in all seasons. Christians celebrate the Lenten fast of spring in Lent, the summer fast in Pentecost, the autumn fast in October, and the winter fast in January; so that there is no vacant time of divine precepts, and all elements serve the word of God for our instruction, as the four cardinal points of the world (as if they were four Gospels) enlighten us.\"\nIn the year 06, the Agde council stated in canon 12: \"All children of the Church fast during Lent on all days, except Sundays, without exception. The priest exhorts them with a sermon, warning them with punishment.\" (G\u00e1noaes 5 and 6, Dist. jQ^ in Gracianus canon) In my understanding, this indicates that there was no general positive precept but only a custom. However, since it is now spoken of as a command and a threat regarding Lent.\n\nIn the year 535, the Spanish council of Gerona decreed in the canon:\n\"Cundo: \" Pasada la solemnidad de Pentecostes, abstinencia por tres days of jueves, viernes and sabado of the immediate week is to be observed. In the third canon, \" another second penance of three days is to be made on the calends of November, with the warning that if a Sunday falls on one of those days, the penances are to be celebrated in the following immediate week, beginning on jueves and ending on sabado by the afternoon after the mass. On those days, we command that there be abstinence from meat and wine. \" \u2014 Two of the four seasons are already beginning.\n\nPelagio I (who was pope from 555 to 561) wrote to Bishop Polentino concerning the consagration of Latino, elected bishop of Marciionense. He was to be sent to Rome promptly so that his Holiness could ordain him on the Sabbath day, after the hour of baptism. \"\n\"Why not wait until the fourth month's end, which is July (t), as the Jewish origin of the Pentecost week's fasts is noted, being those of summer. (1) In Graciano, G\u00e1nou 12, district '^^^. In 563, the Spanish council first spoke in its fourteen canon: \"If someone considers the food of meats that God gave to men for use impure, and abstains from meats not for body mortification but because it seems unlawful to him to eat them, and conforms to the doctrine of Mariaqu^o and Prisciliano, let him be excommunicated. The same thing is said in the clerics' canon 32, adding the penalty of privation to the transgressor. The spirit of these canons agrees with that of the priests.\"\"\nIn the Council of Granada, around 630 A.D., in Chapter 4 of the Ecclesiastical Canons, it is stated that: \"Isidore, archbishop of Seville, for the years 630, decreed that the tradition of the churches has mitigated the rigor of the abstinence from food for the days between Easter and Pentecost, without hindering any monk or clergyman who wishes to fast. Antonio and Paul and other ancient fathers of the desert, fasted on those days, and they did not interrupt their abstinence except on Sundays. In the Fourth Council of Toledo, held in 633 A.D., where the same Isidore was present, it said in its Seventh Canon: \"Algons give up the fast of Good Friday in the ninth hour, after which they attend feasts in banquet halls, thus weakening the fast and giving in to gluttony when the sun itself is obscured and hides its light, and when they...\"\nCanon 10, in Graciano, shows the sadness of the world. Since the Church is in sadness and abstinence on this day for the passion of the Lord, we command that anyone who breaks his fast before the prayers for indulgence have been said, except for infants under 5, the elderly, and the sick, be deprived of the joyful paschal pleasures, because it is not just for him to receive the sacrament of the body and blood of the Lord, who has not honored with abstinence the day of the Lord's passion.\n\nThis canon only deals with Good Friday; it does not contain clauses or phrases that can determine whether the fast of the other days of the Lenten season was already mandated for the entire Church by a general law or not.\n\nIn the sixth session of the Fifth Council of Toledo.\nmandos en su canon primero que: \"Todos los a\u00f1os se celebrasen letan\u00edas en todo el reino por espacio de tres d\u00edas, desde el de los idus de diciembre, pidiendo con l\u00e1grimas el perd\u00f3n de pecados. Si alguno de esos d\u00edas fuere domingo, las letan\u00edas ser\u00e1n trasladadas a la semana siguiente; para que, como la iniquidad abundante creciendo por d\u00edas el n\u00famero de nuevos pecados, as\u00ed tambi\u00e9n se vea que se hacen nuevas penitencias para conseguir el perd\u00f3n de Dios.\"\n\nEste canon puede haber sido en Espa\u00f1a el origen de los tres ayunos de las temporadas de diciembre; sucediendo lo mismo que con los de Pentecost\u00e9s, mandados en el concilio de Gerona del a\u00f1o 517; pero aquellos obispos no mandaban a todos los fieles cristianos ayunar bajo la pena de pecado mortal: y la misma moderaci\u00f3n observ\u00f3 el concilio toletano sexto que confirm\u00f3 y promulg\u00f3.\nThe establishment was established in the year 638, in its second canon., 4i. The Council of Mainz in the year 813 established openly, in its canon 34, the four seasons' fasts, mandating that all Christians fast in the first week of March, the second of June, the third of September, and the fourth of December. Regarding this, the correctors of Gratian's decree noted. Let us now make a new arrangement. 42. In the year 1022, the German Council of Salzburg established in its second canon a rule for knowing which days should be observed as the twelve fast days of the four seasons, as there was uncertainty. It mandated that \"if the calends of March fall on a Wednesday, Friday, or Saturday, the fast should be transferred to the second week of the month; if the calends of June are on a Wednesday, \"\nBefore, the fasts should be in the seventh week; and if they fall on Thursdays, Fridays, or Saturdays, the fasts will be in the third week: and when the fast of June falls on the vigil of Pentecost, according to this rule, it will not be celebrated then, because no fasting and vigil can be observed on the same day, but the fasting will be kept in the same week of Pentecost. For the fast of September, if the calends are on Wednesdays or earlier, it will be kept in the third week; and if they fall on Thursdays, Fridays, or Saturdays, the fasts will be in the fourth week of the month. Regarding the fast of December, it must be kept on the preceding Saturday, before the vigil of the feast of the Nativity of the Lord; because if the vigil is on a Saturday, the fast cannot be kept on that day. Here are twelve obligatory fasts.\nThe text describes four places where Jews were targeted during their fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth months, with peculiar customs identified by Saint Jeronimo. We have Christianized these practices, assigning them to the four seasons of the year and arranging their administration of the sacrament.\n\nAt the council in Placencia, Italy, it was decreed in Canon 15: \"The fasts of the four seasons should be observed as follows: first, during the first week of Lent; second, during Pentecost; third, in September; fourth, on the fifth day of December. (1) In Canon 3, Dist. 76, in Gratian. (3) In Canon 4, Dist. 765 in Gratian.\n\nThese fasts consist of forty days in Lent, twelve of the seasons, and thirteen vigils of the festivals.\"\nvides five in addition to abstinences on Wednesdays, Fridays, and other days designated by particular vows. This is after reductions in modern times of abstinences on Saturdays and older abstinences on Thursdays. I, but for the benefit of souls and the tranquility of consciences, will strive for the suppression of abstinences on Wednesdays five and other [days]. Having waned in Christian devotion, it will be prudent and charitable to remove the occasion for breaking abstinences, causing scandal.\n\nIt is worth noting the progressive sequence in the matter of fasting, as we have seen it begin as a devotion and pass through centuries without ecclesiastical law declaring it as a precept.\nThe foundation of fasting is based on custom. In one of the pontifical or conciliar decrees, there is the least proposition indicating the penalty of mortal sin against the infringer of fasts and abstinences. Such a formidable punishment should not depend on the usurpation of power by the early scholastic theologians when they began to indicate in their Summas of Moral Theology that the failure to fast is a grave sin. They should have cited the papal bull or the conciliar decree on which it was based.\n\nThe same thing happened regarding the license taken in interpreting abstinences to include eggs, milk, and lard, because they are animal substances. If the reason is as weak as true, it is not easy to know how they stopped including crabs, galapagos, or tortoises; as they are also animals, and certainly just as substantial and aggressive.\nDiscalced religious, such as Carthusian monks, Carmelite friars, Minims of San Francisco de Paula, and others who take a vow of abstinence from meat, are demonstrated by the use of the barefoot orders. I will not say much about the Benedictines and Dominicans, as they managed to avoid the danger through the more common papal bulls of dispensation. The censors of the Project did not want this historical veil to be lifted too much, as they are found in their current state, which they qualify as ecclesiastical discipline. What resemblance is there between a Benedictine cloistered monk of the Congregation of Tarragona and other Benedictines during the time of St. Benedict? What similarity is there between a Dominican friar of today and another disciple of St. Dominic? We say this to prevent misinterpretation as satire.\n\n48. Our divine teacher, Jesus Christ,\nencarg\u00f3  \u00e1  sus  disc\u00edpulos  comer  de  aquello  que \nles  pusieran  en  la  mesa,  y  no  les  dijo  que  hi- \nciesen distinci\u00f3n  entre  carnes  y  peces.  Tam- \nbi\u00e9n dijo  \u00e1  los  Fariseos  que  aquello  que  entra \npor  la  boca  como  comida  y  bebida,  no  era  lo \nque  mancillaba  las  almas^  sino  al  contrar\u00edo  esta^ \nse  manchaban  por  lo  que  salia  del  interior \ndel  hombre,  esto  es,  del  coraz\u00f3n  para  fuera: \nmalos  pensamientos,  deseos,  palabras  y  obras \ncontra  las  reglas  de  justicia  y  caridad.  El \nap\u00f3stol  san  Pablo  ense\u00f1\u00f3  toda  la  moral  en \nsus  cartas,  y  jamas  dio  \u00e1  entender  que  la  ley \ncristiana  exigiese  abstinencia  de  carnes  sin \nprivarse  de  peces.  El  concilio  Gangrense  y  el \ntle  Braga  ,  conform\u00e1ndose  con  el  apost\u00f3lico \nde  Jerusalen  ,  se  acercaron  casi  \u00e1  condenar  la \ndistinci\u00f3n  entre  la  carne  de  animales  terrestres \ny  la  de  acua'tiles. \n49.  \u00bfQne  diremos  de  los  rigoristas  que  se \nescandalizan  de  los  deseos  de  la  cesaci\u00f3n  de \nun  precepto  de  tal  naturaleza,  y  no  de  comer \nla  carne  de  carnero,  de  cerdo,  de  capones, \npavos  y  perdices,  picada  en  porciones  m\u00ednimas \nbasta  el  grado  de  invisibles,  si  es^\u00e1  cocida  en \nuna  olla  de  garbanzos  ?  Pues  tal  es  Isipulmenta \nque  yo  mismo  he  visto  comer  \u00e1  carmelitas \n\u00ed\u00ed-escalzos ;  lo  cual  hacian  con  frecuencia  mu\u00bb \n\u00ed  hos  liempos  antes  que  Pi\u00f3  Yll  espidiese  la \nbula  de  habilitaci\u00f3n  para  comer  carnes,  \u00bf  Y \nque  diremos  de  tales  rigoristas  que  tal  vez \nhabr\u00e1n  sido  cortejados  como  hu\u00e9spedes  en \nalg\u00fan  monasterio  de  cartujos  con  una  sopa  de \ncaldo  de  cangrejos  y  gal\u00e1pagos,  mas  suculenta \ny  deliciosa  que  la  del  caldo  del  mas  crrasiento \ncarnero?  \u00bfTal  vez  habr\u00e1n  comido  all\u00ed,  como \nyo,  un  pavo  imaginario  formado  por  un  sa- \npient\u00edsimo cocinero  con  la  carne  de  gal\u00e1pagos, \ndispuesta  de  manera  que  no  solo  la  figura  es- \nThe exterior being yellow, not just the taste, made one wonder if it was natural pavo. Does it differ much from hypocritical farisaical doctrine that permits these frauds at the time of celebrating the doctrine founded on desires to cut off opportunities for sin?\n\n50. It will differ less if we compare it with the prohibition of mixing, when the dispensation from abstinences is not obtained for health reasons but for pleasure, in virtue of the contribution of a sacred five santos donation named limosna.\n\n5.1. But we cease to speak of a matter about which other censors of good faith and more learned will know, without reading my apology, that there is no reason or even occasion to apply a dogmatic censorship to the work, because it does not pertain directly or indirectly to the dogma, but only\nala  disciplina,  la  cual  varia  seg\u00fan  los  tiempos^ \nlos  paises  y  las  circunstancias,  covno  hemos \nvisto  suceder  en  ayunos  y  abstinencias,  y  como \nlo  dej\u00f3  escrito  san  Ger\u00f3nimo. \nADICI\u00d3N \nRESPUESTA  DE  LA  CENSURA  XV \nY       \u00daLTIMA. \nSobre  prohibici\u00f3n  de  libros. \nI.  JLjos  censores  del  Proyecto  de  Constituci\u00f3n \nreligiosa  concluyen  su  censura,  decidiendo  que \nla  obra  debe  ser  prohibida,  porque  contiene \nlas  proposiciones  de  que  ya  hemos  tratado. \nManifestar\u00e9  algunas  verdades  concernientes  al \nasunto. \n2.  Todos  los  gobiernos  de  las  naciones  civi- \nlizadas proceden  sobre  el  supuesto  de  hallarse \nautorizados  para  prohibir  la  retenci\u00f3n  ,  lec- \ntura 5  y  circulaci\u00f3n  de  libros.  Si  semejante \nconcepto  no  estuviese  ya  elevado  por  el  voto \np\u00fablico  de  todos  los  Gobiernos  \u00e1  la  clase  de \ndogma  pol\u00edtico ,  yo  me  atreveria  tal  vez  \u00e1 \nsostener  que  solo  erei problema. \n3.  Una  de  las  mas  principales  prerogativas \nThe creator honored the human lineage by granting them the ability to express their ideas through speech and writing. This right, derived from divine concession and not human power, should not be limited, whether it be for an individual or a large number of individuals united in society, as long as they have not renounced it, seeking the common good, for which they entrust their representatives with the necessary powers to establish laws capable of producing the punishment for the abuse of natural freedom.\n\nThe authors of our monarchy's Constitution recognized this principle and placed in every individual the renunciation of a part of their rights in favor of the government, as stated in Article 871: \"all.\"\nSpanish citizens have the freedom to write, print, and publish their political ideas without the need for a license, review, or approval prior to publication, nor do they face the restrictions and responsibilities established by laws. This constitutional article permits the discussion of certain questions that I do not recall reading in Spanish newspapers when the law known as the Freedom of Press was agreed upon on October 22 and promulgated on November 12, 1820. One of these questions could be the following: Does the constitutional clause under the restrictions and responsibilities established by laws include the power to prohibit circulation and readability of P?\n\nI anticipate a very affirmative response from the authors of the law; for otherwise, they would not have included Article 5, which mandated the collection of all copies.\nThe following text refers to articles in a title regarding the qualifications of judges who can sell declared works. Here are the qualities that disqualify a judge: 1. Impious with regard to religion or the constitution, seditious against tranquility, or provocative to disrespect the laws or morality. 5. Injurious to monarchs or libelous against particular persons. 8. The article 43 would not have been agreed upon, except for the following: if six of the nine actual judges are present for the formation of a case, the law stipulates that the judge of the first instance takes the necessary measures to suspend the sale of the printed copies that the printer or verifiers have in their possession. The text then expresses doubt about resolving this matter.\n\nexistan para vender obras que declaren ios jueces comprendidas en cualquiera de las calificaciones expresadas en el titulo tercero. 1. Son las calidades de ser imp\u00edas de la religi\u00f3n o de la constituci\u00f3n, sediciosas contra la tranquilidad, o incitativas a deshonrar las leyes o contrarias a la moral p\u00fablica, 5 o injuriosas a monarcas, o libelos contra personas particulares. 8. No hubiesen acordado (sino por el mismo supuesto) el art\u00edculo 43, en que, para el caso de declarar seis de los nueve jueces de hecho que hay lugar a la formaci\u00f3n de causa, dispone la ley que el juez de primera instancia tome desde luego las providencias necesarias para suspender la venta de los ejemplares del impreso que existan en poder del impresor o veredores. g. Hubiesen dudado mucho para resolver.\nArticle 7\\*: Anyone who reproduces and reprints a given work will incur the same penalty as that imposed due to the classification.\n\nThere is an essential difference between punishing the offender and preventing the public from circulating and reading books. The former suffers (in good or bad fortune) the judgment (right or wrong) of the first six judges of the case, before the constitutional magistrate for prosecution; and afterwards, the judgment of the eight jurors, two-thirds of whom make up twelve, before the judge of the first instance for declaration of absolution or conviction.\n\nN5\n\nRegardless of whether the law is good or bad, just or unjust, the individual, according to the English enlightenment of the nineteenth century or European concerns of the tenth,\nThe individual has independence from their country's law until new rays of light make the legislators of good faith see, inventing prisons and punishments previously ignored. They turn tolerance into poison, with the best intentions in the world, unfortunately for humanity, religion, and the State. It is an individual harm, although worthy of compassion, that does not produce general consequences directly.\n\nBut for that Public, that Nation, to be deprived of the faculty to read, understand, meditate, and judge for themselves, in my poor concept, is a political error; harmful in the extreme degree to the enlightenment that these same authors of the law desire; it is to condemn the Nation to know no more than what it knew in the iron centuries of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh; it is to enslave the understanding of well-organized men.\nThose who did not understand the matter at hand were deprived of a right they had not explicitly renounced or been penalized for renouncing when designating deputies for the Courts. What Spanishman of common sense would name as deputy one who recognized a resolved impeachment by being read a book of his liking?\n\n1.3. It will be said to me (and with much reason) that individuals renounced the parts of their individual rights that were suitable for the common good; in this, the faculty of keeping poisonous substances, capable of taking away physical or political life, is included, and this last one (or at least there is a certain risk of losing it) whenever incautious reading of subversive religious doctrine books occurs.\n\n14. A Government is a tutor, and a Nation is a pupil, therefore...\nest\u00e1  obligado  \u00e1  esterminar  con  toda  solicitud \nlos  venenos;  y  muy  particularmente  aquellos \nque  producen  en  el  \u00e1nimo  tanto  mayor  y  mas \nirremediable  da\u00f1o,  cuanto  menos  los  pupilos \nconocen  ser  veneno  aquello  que  les  gusta  ^ \ny  por  consiguiente  los  autores  de  la  ley  no \nsolo  no  usurpan  poderes  escluidos  en  su  dele- \ngaci\u00f3n 5  sino  que  llenan  los  deberes  mas  deli- \ncados de  su  ministerio ,  cuando  impiden  la \nlectura  de  libros  envenenados  con  mala  doc- \ntrina. \n1 5.  No  deja  de  tener  alguna  respuesta  digna \nde  consideraci\u00f3n  esta  r\u00e9plica  ,  porque  la  m\u00e1xi- \nma de  tener  \u00e1  las  naciones  en  perpetuo  pupi- \nlage  tiene  sabor  \u00e1e  tiran\u00eda  de  tutores,  como \ndecia  sabiamente  nuestro  inmortal  Jovellanos: \npero  por  ahora  dejo  correr  la  especie,  y  cedo \n\u00e1  su  fuerza  ,  siempre  que  sea  ciei  to  haber \nveneno  en  el  libro  cuya  lectura  se  impide  al \ncom\u00fan  de  los  hombres.  Pero,  que  medios  hay \nestablecidos  para  saber  si  con  efecto  esta  ese \nveneno  en  donde  se  ha  dado  por  supuesto.^^ \n16.  Los  autores  de  la  ley  (  convertidos  en \ntutores  de  la  Naci\u00f3n  )  \u00bfhan  asegurado  que  no \nse  abusar\u00e1  de  su  buena  intenci\u00f3n  ?  \u00bf  Han  to- \nmado medidas  proporcionadas  para  que  sus \njustos  deseos  sean  cumplidos  ?  V\u00e9ase  otra  se- \ngunda cuesti\u00f3n  importante  ,  de  la  cual  yo  no \npuedo  (  aunque  quiera)  desentenderme  por- \nque pertenece  directamente  al  caso  en  que  me \nhallo. \n17.  Yo  escribo  la  presente  apolog\u00eda  con  su- \njeci\u00f3n \u00e1  la  ley  indicada  porque  ya  es  poste- \nrior \u00e1  su  promulgaci\u00f3n.  No  necesito  licencia \nprevia  ,  porque  mi  obra  no  versa  sobre  la  sa^ \ngrada  E  critura^  ni  sobre  los  dogmas  de  nues^ \ntra  santa  religi\u00f3n  (  \u00fanicas escepciones  del  art\u00ed- \nculo segundo  de  dicha  ley)  sino  solo  sobre \npuntos  de  disciplina  eclesi\u00e1stica  esterior  , \ny  aun  esta  considerada  \u00fanicamente  por  la \nparte  pol\u00edtica  que  pertenece  \u00edntegramente  \u00e1  la \npotestad  soberana  temporal  ;  esto  es  ,  no  exa- \nminando las  cuestiones  disciplinarias  teol\u00f3- \ngica \u00f3  can\u00f3nicamente  ,  sino  solo  en  la  parte \nque  importa  para  que  los  Gobiernos  se  desen- \ntiendan ,  \u00f3  no,  de  que  se  cumplan /\u00f3  no  9 \ndentro  del  recinto  espiritual  los  preceptos \ndisciplinarios. \n18.  Pero  aunque  no  haya  necesitado  licen- \ncia previa  ,  estoy  espuesto  \u00e1  que  un  igno- \nrante ^  un  ultramontano  ,  un  mal  intencio- \nnado (de  todo  hay  en  todas  partes)  delate \nmi  Apolog\u00eda  en  la  misma  forma  que  hubo  en \nBarcelona  quien  delatara  el  Proyecto  decons- \ntitucion  religiosa  ;  y  esto  basta  para  que  yo \nnecesite  comprender  (  y  procurar  que  otros \ncomprendan  )  la  ley  por  la  cual  puedo  ser \nJuzgado, \n19.  La  ley  ha  dispuesto  en  los  art\u00edculos  87, \n38,  39,  4ojy  4i  que  los  Ayuntamientos  cons- \ntitucionales de  las  ciudades  capitales  de  pro- \nAnnually, men capable of being judges, based on whether a written document is, or is not, in accordance with the first, second, or third degree of the religion of the kingdom; if it is seditionous, etc. Those who have not reached the age of 5 and those who do not possess the right of citizenship, those who do not reside in the aforementioned city capital, judges ecclesiastical or civil, political chiefs, intendants, commanders-in-chief of the arms, ministers, employees in the secretaries of the ministry, counselors of state, and those assigned to the king's servitude in the palace, are excluded from the nomination. The number of those elected should be triple that of the indigenous inhabitants composing the Town Council, 20. In each specific case of a denunciation, nine warrants are drawn by lot; the alcalde.\nThe text appears to be in Spanish with some irregularities that may be due to OCR errors. Here's the cleaned version:\n\n\"la constituci\u00f3n convoca a los sorteados, les exige un juramento de lealtad al cumplimiento del cargo; les hace leer el libro; los jueces forman su concepto inmediatamente sobre si hay, o no, lugar a la formaci\u00f3n de causa. En caso de una decisi\u00f3n affirmativa, el alcalde constitutional dirige al juez de primera instancia el libro denunciado. Este toma inmediatamente las providencias necesarias para presentar la denuncia del impreso, con multa del valor de quinientos ejemplares contra los infractores; y decreta la prisi\u00f3n personal del editor, litigante, o responsable, cuando seis de los nueve jueces del hecho hayan declarado haber lugar a la formaci\u00f3n de causa, en consecuencia de haber sido la denuncia del escrito como siquiera, sediciosa, o incitador a la desobediencia en primer grado: pero solo decreta obligaci\u00f3n de fianzas del\"\n\nThis text appears to be a passage from a legal code, possibly from Spain or a Spanish-speaking country, outlining the process for bringing charges against someone for sedition or other offenses related to printed material. The text appears to involve the drawing of lots to select judges, the requirement of an oath of office, the reading of the offending material, and the potential for fines and imprisonment for the editor, litigant, or responsible party if the judges determine that there is cause for a trial. The text also mentions the possibility of charges being brought for sedition or incitement to disobedience in the first degree.\nWhen the author or responsible person is already in prison, the judge of the first instance begins a second trial, and after various procedures, twelve actual judges (different from those who had voted before, and seven who had been recused in a case, and seven who also could have been recused in the second recusal) vote definitively (after hearing the prosecutor and the defender, and reading the document) whether this merits being classified as objectionable, or a criminal in this second case and what type of crime it is, whether it is of a provocative, seductive, seditionary, anti-moral, or injurious nature: and in the three first types, what degree of criminality it involves.\nIf this text is about the penalties for heresy during the Inquisition in Spain, and is written in Old Spanish, here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"si es en primeros en segundo en tercero por que las penas son distintas en cada caso. 2. Con efecto (ademas de las costas procesales) si la calificaci\u00f3n fuere que un impreso es heretico, en grado primero la pena es prision por espacio de seis anos (no en la carcel publica sino en otro lugar seguro). Si en segundo grado, cuatro anos, y si en tercero ^ dos anos, 23. Cuando el impreso es calificado de sedicioso, so la pena es la misma y con la misma distinci\u00f3n de casos que para los papeles versivos, i. Si la calificaci\u00f3n fuere de estos incitadores de la desobediencia en grado primero, la pena es un ano de prision : pero en grado segundo y (esto es por medio de s\u00e1tiras, \u00f3 invectivas) una multa de cincuenta ducados ^ redimible con un mes de prision. 25. Cuando el impreso ha sido calificado de\"\nThe obscene act is punishable with a value of one thousand and five hundred examples, or imprisonment for a period of four months.\n\n26. If the writing is deemed injurious in the first degree, the responsible person will suffer imprisonment for three months and a fine of 1,500 reales; in the second degree, imprisonment for two months and a fine of one thousand reales; in the third degree, one month of imprisonment and five hundred reales in fine.\n\n27. The judge of the first instance is authorized not to conform to the judgment of the actual judges in cases where the paper has been declared as such in any of the three degrees; in the case of sedition; or as an inciter of law disobedience in the first degree. If he uses this power, he shall write to) the constitutional mayor, who will draw by lot twelve actual judges.\nDifferent from those who have already participated in the matter, they will judge anew for the last time. There will be a total of 47 judges, considering those annually insulated: nine for determining if there is or is not a basis for a lawsuit, seven for the first recusal, seven for the second recusal, twelve for the final judgment, and twelve for the final review. According to The Guide for Foreigners, there are sixty named in Madrid; this makes me think there will be forty-eight in each provincial capital. As they are re-elected, I do not duplicate or propose the need for ninety-six capable men to fulfill their obligations, excluding employees, who are critically those from whom one must presume greater literary instruction.\nIn Spanish cities outside Madrid, there are 48 men, and even 96 for variation, who are fit to judge, after listening to the testimonies of the accuser and the defender, if the accused had committed the crime: homicide, injury, robbery. Faults against military order, falsification of a public or private document, or any other fault for being accused: but who can maintain with equal firmness that each of our capitals has 48 men as learned and discerning as to be able to judge with a single reading of a quick book, a brochure, or even a single sheet of paper.\nimpreso \u00bfjudgado con acierto por las mejores intenciones?\n\n3. The mildest penalties of the law are announced for cases fourth and fifth (which are those of immorality and injuries). In these points, I conceive the possibility of having in each capital city of the Spanish province 48 men capable of knowing, in the prescribed manner by law, if a work of few pages is immoral or injurious,\n\n31. I will also grant (if there is a demand), that they can form a true opinion if an impreso is an incitator to disobedience of the laws in the first degree, because for this it is indispensable that the propositions be direct and exhortative and not capable of having merits for the classification of the first degree,\n\n32. If we have seen otherwise in the writer's process (although unfortunate).\ndon Sebastian Mi\u00f1ano; this occurrence is not capable of influencing my opinions, but rather confirming them. The event took place in Madrid and not in any other capital city of a province. I consider the judges to be full of impartiality and rectitude, yet I observe that they fell into a most egregious error in interpreting clauses that even for the second degree require induction arguments, not any, but the most subtle and filled with suppositions, perhaps arbitrary.\n\nWhere could such an error arise in men filled with rectitude and probity? Only from the nature of the object that does not allow judgments by ordinary juries, but by the qualification of a Jury of five, such as the one for censorship and protection of the freedom of the press.\nThe respectable jury, composed of seven recognized and upright, incorruptible men in the Nation, formed after a pause and slow reading, following conferences and reflections regarding denounced works as criminal in any of the first three cases of abuse, expressed in the sixth article of the law, would lift the spirits of the Government at the same time as closing the doors to distrust and much more to malice and resentment. The Inquisition itself did not condemn books without a slow and reflective censorship by theologians.\n\nBut the fate of books and authors hangs on a hasty judgment, with a simple reading, by men, in whose provincial cities it is not credible that they are deeply wise in philosophy or theology.\npol\u00edtica  5  para  calificar  un  libro  de  sedicioso \ny  otro  de  incitativo  en  segundo  grado  \u00e1  la \ndesobediencia  i  y  \u00e1  quienes  por  otro  lado  la \nignorancia  del  estado  de  las  luces  en  elmunda, \nles  hace  muy  espantadizos. \n36.  Sobre  todo  el  hacerles  jueces  para  cali- \nficar un  libro  de  su^ersivo  contra  la  religi\u00f3n  j \ny  dividir  esta  cualidad  en  tres  grados,  en  un \npays  donde  casi  todos  les  habitantes  no  saben \nmas  que  el  catecismo  de  Asiete ,  Ripalda  ,  \u00fa \notro  semejante  5  y  lo  dem\u00e1s  que  han  oido  \u00e1  su \ncura  p\u00e1rroco  ,  y  al  padre  predicador  ,  es  lo \nmismo  que  llamar  \u00e1  un  sastre  para  que  cau- \nque de  bien  construido  \u00f3  mal  fabricado  un \npalacio,  un  templo  ,  y  un  teatro  que  tom\u00f3  \u00e1 \nsu   cargo  el  arquitecto  acusado. \n37.  Lo  sumo  del  saber  en  materias  ecle- \nsi\u00e1sticas y  can\u00f3nicas,  despu\u00e9s  de  una  vast\u00edsima \ny  continua  lectura  de  los  mejores  libros  ,  no \nIn Spain, it is necessary to decide with accuracy and firmness whether a proposition that clashes with the ignorant, merits or not, theological censorship. In Spain, almost all jurors will grant this to the most true propositions, and those that conform most to the Gospel and the doctrine of the Apostles, because perhaps they have never been heard by the priest or the friar; due to the general ignorance that began to reign in the Nation in the eighth century and increased until the twelfth, it was diminished little in the thirteenth, and when it was about to approach its extinction in the fifteenth, erroneous ideas filled the void, instigated by ultramontanes interested in making Spain a slave to error.\n\nFearfully, it is difficult to predict by example, I, doctor in canon law, forty-one years old.\nyears ago, dedicated to reading since 1780 the best books on religion, discipline, conscience, canons, decretals and bulls pontificias, ecclesiastical, civil and mixed history, I have spent a whole year composing a work, or of the present Apology, meditating much on what can be said and what should be kept silent; and yet the result has been that my propositions shock the nine first judges, in order to know in a short hour what will form the cause; because they are contrary to what they have heard and read. Afterwards, the other twelve judges, for the same principles, declare that my work is heretical against religion in the first degree; and consequently will be seized and suppressed, now taking care of personal penalties.\n[Sp. Is this judging the tailor, with a look, the lawsuit of a Jalacio built in one, two, or more years? And does this happen in Spain in the year 1821? And among the authors of such a law, are there most wise widows who have spent much time in London and Paris? In London, where there is no repressive law against the abuses of the press, and yet one can judge and punish those who abuse freedom? In Paris, where the same thing happens for everything not periodical? And yet they have considered it necessary \"n Spain to pass a law of 83 articles? 40. What a complication of ideas! On the one hand, there is a desire for national enlightenment. Illumination impossible except through the medium of new books that announce truths opposed to the outdated errors that have made them rot in the Pantheon of oblivion; and on the other]\nAny person is authorized, without distinction, to denounce those same new books, and they are named judges to certain men, who, the more reliable, devout, justified, and upright they are, the more certainly they must condemn the books and their authors. This is with the intention of administering justice and serving God and the nation, as it is necessary to uphold the prophecy of Saint Paul that they consider blasphemy whatever they ignore.\n\n4i. It should not be thought or interpreted that I say all this with the spirit of inciting contempt for the law in the first, second, or third place, if there was one. There is no such thing. The law should be obeyed, respected, fulfilled, and enforced as long as it is not revoked or reformed; for this is what the rules of good government dictate.\nI. National. But I say this for two reasons and objectives that I believe are just.\n\n42. Firstly, I find in the Constitution that the faculty number 24 of the Courts is to protect political liberty of the press. I also see in the law, through articles 78 and following, that the Courts \"shall name every two years, at the beginning of their installation, a Junta de Protecci\u00f3n de Libertad de Imprenta,\" which \"shall be composed of seven individuals.\" This Junta, according to article 81, \"shall, among other things, report to the Courts the difficulties that the strict observance of these laws may present, and present to them at the beginning of each legislature an exposition of the state in which political liberty of the press finds itself, the obstacles that need to be removed, or the abuses that need to be remedied.\"\nSecondly, because the judges of the fact should, as long as the law remains in its current state, have the goodness to judge themselves before judging the book, when it deals with ecclesiastical or political matters that require deep instruction and much study. In my opinion, they would be fulfilling their duty to God, the law, the nation, and the author of the book, if they gave the following vote: Regarding whether I understand enough to form a cause or not, or if it is not the declared book by the author or as criminal - I refer to the vote that the Censorship Junction would give in favor of the political freedom of the press, which I have delegated my authority to. If the judges practiced this, we would be in the case prescribed by law in the first faculty of the Censorship Junction.\nprotecci\u00f3n  ,  cual  es  en  dicho  art\u00edculo  81  , \nproponer  con  su  informe  \u00e1  las  Cortes  todas  las \ndiidas  que  le  consulten  las  autoridades  y  jueces \nsobre  los  ca.sos  estraor di\u00f1arlos  que  ocurran^  \u00f3 \ndificultades  que  ofrezca  la  puntual  observancia \nde  la  ley, \n45.  Esto  bastaria  ,  en  mi  concepto,  para \nque  los  escritores  de  asuntos  graves  y  cum- \nplicados  estuviesen  tranquilos;  porque  yo  no \ndudo  que  ios  alcaldes  constitucionales  y  los \nJueces  de  primera  instancia  consultar\u00edan  este \ncaso  \u00e1  la  Junta  de  censura  j  protecci\u00f3n  en \ncuyo  juicio  tiene  todo  buen  Espa\u00f1ol  la  mas \ncompleta  confianza.  \u00bf  En  ello  interesa  la \nEspa\u00f1a  entera  porque  me  parece  que  solo \nas\u00ed  podr\u00e1n  animarse  los  Espa\u00f1oles  capaces \nde  auxiliarla  destruyendo  preocupaciones  , \nque  omitir\u00edan  hacerlo  por  temor  de  ser \njuzgados  por  los  que  no  entienden  la  ma-? \nteria. \n46.  Si  el  asunto  fuese  relativo  \u00fanicamente \nIn my persona, I would not speak in this tone. If it should be verified that the work is definitively forbidden, I would console myself with the thought that my misfortune would equal that of a growing number of illustrious Spaniards, wise and holy men whom I will later mention; for although the vulgar ignorant may say that it is foolish to be of the same fortune as Focion in Greece, when, weeping for his misfortune, he said to those unjustly condemned companions of his, \"Why do you show this weakness? Does it seem little to you to be partners in the fortune of Focion?\"\n\nI will omit treating of Santa Teresa de Jesus, San Juan de la Cruz, San Juan de Dios, San Juan de Ribera, San Ignacio de Loyola, San Jose Calasanz, and other saints persecuted by the Inquisition, who, in their turn, infamed them.\n48. San Francisco de Borja (still being bishop of Gand\u00eda) published a book titled \"Obras del Cristiano,\" which was condemned and placed on the prohibited and indexed list. Don Fernando Valdes, archbishop of Sevilla and inquisitor general, requested this in Valladolid on August 17, 1577. Additionally, he was prosecuted for suspected Lutheran opinions even after becoming a Jesuit.\n\n49. The venerable fray Fernando de Talayera, Jeronimo, prior of the Monasterio del Prado, confessor to the Catholic queen, bishop of Avila, and first archbishop of Granada, wrote a work titled \"C\u00e1tolica impugnaci\u00f3n contra un her\u00e9tico libelo\" that was disseminated in the city of Sevilla the previous year. He not only suffered trial and persecution from Inquisitor Diego Rodriguez.\nA venerable priest Juan de Avila, whose book was prohibited and included in the aforementioned index, wrote a treatise titled \"Aviso y reglas cristianas sobre el vers\u00edculo de David: Audi filium tuum\" and was also persecuted by superstition and ignorance. His work was prohibited in the same index in the year iSSp.\n\nThe venerable fray Luis de Granada (whose sanctity has been constant), wrote a book titled \"Tratado de oraci\u00f3n y meditaci\u00f3n de la devoci\u00f3n: guia de pecadores,\" which was also prohibited in the aforementioned edict, and its author was prosecuted and persecuted.\n\nThe venerable don fray Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas, a Dominican religious and bishop of Chiapa, wrote a work in Latin with the title \"Cuesti\u00f3n sobre la\" which translates to \"Question concerning.\"\nThe imperial and real power is over these princes, whether they can or cannot, by some right or title, and they must, according to their conscience, generate from the real crown the citizens and subjects, and subject them to the power of a particular lord: this controversy has not been aired with such clarity up until now by any doctor. This work was not printed in Spain because its author could not obtain the license from Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II. Wolfang Griessteter finally printed it in Germany, in the city of Essen, dedicating it on March 22 of the year 15-- to the Lord Adam of Dietrichstein, prince and free baron of Hollemburg. In this work, the true principles of national sovereignty are upheld: to choose the government that suits them; and, if monarchic rule is preferred, to place the king under the conditions.\nciones y  limitaciones  que  se  quieran,  que- \ndando siempre  reservada  en  favor  d^  la \nNaci\u00f3n,  la  facultad  de  suspender  al  rey  (si \nhay  motivos  justos  )  el  ejercicio  del  poder\" \nejecutivo,  y  aun  la  de  quit\u00e1rselo.  En  cuanto \n\u00e1  la  cuesti\u00f3n  propuesta,  resuelve  que  ningiin \nrey  puede  sujetar  los  ciudadanos  y  s\u00fab  utos \nal  se\u00f1or\u00edo  particular  de  nadie  ;  y  si  alguno \nlo  ha  hecho  ,  la  Naci\u00f3n  se  halla  siempre  con \npoderes  para  rescindir  sus  efectos  y  declarar \nla  nulidad  primordial  de  tales  actos.  Por  estar \nescrita  esta  obra  sobre  tan  buenos  principios, \nla  he  traducido  yo  al  castellano ,  y  procurar\u00e9 \nO \npublicarla  cuanto   antes    pueda.   Pero  entre \ntanto  es  cierto  que  la  Espa\u00f1a  la  conden\u00f3  (i). \n53.  Don  fray  Bartolom\u00e9  Carranza  de  Mi- \nranda ,  arzobispo  de  Toledo ,  escribi\u00f3  un \nlibro  intitulado  :  Comentarios  sobre  el  Cate^ \ncismo  cristiano  en  cuatro  partes.  La  obra  fue \n54. Don Fray Alfonso de Virues, a Benedictine monk and bishop of Canarias, wrote a book in Latin with the title: \"Twenty philosophical disputes against the Lutheran dogmas defended by Philip Melanchthon\"; published in Antwerp, 1541. The author was persecuted and the book was condemned, but it later returned to literary circulation.\n\n55. Clemente Sanchez de Vercial, archdeacon of Valderas in Leon, one of the most learned doctors of Salamanca, published a treatise titled: \"Sacramental, so that every faithful Christian may be taught in the faith in what he ought to believe / but his piety saved him from the aforementioned index in ISSp.\"\n\n56. Martin Martinez de Cantalapiedra, a professor of theology primae at Salamanca, extremely knowledgeable in Eastern languages, wrote\nAn work titled: \"Hpotyposeon theologicum sive regularum ad intelligendas scripturas: Pero ella fue (i) Peionot: Dietioniaria critique, litteraire et bibliosraphique des principaux livres. Condemned in the index called the Council of Trent, printed in the year 1582, and afterwards in that of the Spanish Inquisition by the cardinal inquisitor general don Osorio de Quiroga, in 1584.\n\n69. Friar Bautista Mantuano, 5 a religious Carmelite and prior general of his order, wrote many works in Latin verse, with particular merit and experienced equal fate.\n\n58. To demonstrate how little significance it holds in terms of an author's credit when their works are prohibited, it is enough to consider (Bautista Mantuano)\nThe following points in religion, least connected to it, were prohibited only for containing propositions that clashed with the sensitivities:\n\nThe famous Antonio P\u00e9rez, minister and secretary of state, saw his works banned solely because they revealed the tyranny of his king Philip II.\n\n60. Crist\u00f3bal de Acu\u00f1a, born in Burgos and a Jesuit, wrote an work titled \"El descubrimiento del gran r\u00edo de las Amazonas\" and published in Madrid in 1612; it was banned because it was believed that its information would be useful to Portugal against Spain's interests.\n\n61. Our renowned Jesuit Juan de Mariana published his work \"De rege et regis institutione\" in Toledo in 1599 at the press of Pedro Rodr\u00edguez. However, he suffered the prohibition because of it. (i)\n\n(i) Peignot: In the cited work, tome 1, Acu\u00f1a, p. 3.\nIn Spain, and burnt by the hand of the executioner in France on June 8, 1610. All subsequent editions are mutilated. The work was also prohibited by the Jesuit institution for their sicknesses, and those of monies ^ pesos jr measures (i).\n\n62. Fray Fernando de Navarrete, a Dominican friar, published a book titled: \"Tratado hist\u00f3rico pol\u00edtico y moral de la monarqu\u00eda de la Chiria,\" printed in Madrid in 1676, which was prohibited because it discovered certain practices of the Jesuits that did not please them (2).\n\n63. P. Alfonso Chac\u00f3n, patriarch of Alexandria and one of the most famous Spanish authors, wrote a work titled: \"Biblioteca de los escritores\" up to the year 1583; and the Inquisition prohibited it because it gave eloquence to certain heretics as authors of some works (3).\nDon Francisco Fray General de Qui\u00f1ones, general of the Order of San Francisco de Asis, bishop of Coria y Calahorra, and cardinal of the Santa Romana Iglesia, published, in the year 583 in Rome, a work whose title, translated from Latin, was \"Breviary Roman, composed of texts from the Sacred Scripture and authorized histories of the saints.\" Peignot (i): tom. i, art. Mariana, p. 291 and following; (2) Peignot; tom. 2, p. 1, art. Navarrette; (3) Peignot: tom., art. Ciaconius, p. 21 3rd. Ipius V prohibited its use in Spain (i),\n\nJosef Francisco Isla, a Spanish Jesuit of particular merit, wrote under the apocryphal name of don Francisco Lobo de Salazar one of the best modern works, with the title: \"Historia del famoso predicador fray Gerundio de Campazas.\"\nZotes, printed in Madrid in the year ij/SS, and afterwards the Inquisition prohibited it because the friars complained that the satire only targeted them and not clerics and monks, although there were also bad preachers in the latter two classes, as in the former.\n\n66. Can the estimation of any author be harmed when his works are prohibited, when it is known that they are prohibited for particular reasons such as the breviary of Qui\u00f1ones and the works of P\u00e9rez and Acu\u00f1a; or for intrigues, such as those of Narv\u00e1ez, Isla, and Chac\u00f3n; or for party spirit, such as those of Mariana and the Casas; or for lightness and concerns of bad studies, such as those of Talayera, Avila, Granada, Verdal, and Cantalapiedra? In short, for human passions, as with so many Bibles translated into Spanish in the sixteenth century?\n\n67. We see revoked prohibitions.\nSome sentences about lawsuits. Some works of the venerable don Juan de Palafox, bishop of Mejico and later of Osma, are cited: Peignot, vol. 2, art- Qui\u00f1ones, p. 64; Antonio de la Las Antonio: Biblioteca Hispana nova, vol. 2, art- Franciscus Qui\u00f1ones. Mejico and the bishop of Osma were prohibited in their lives, but the prohibition was later lifted. The cardinal of Noris experienced a similar alternative.\n\nRegarding our Julian, bishop of Toledo, the following is worth noting for the present case. In the year 68, the sixth ecumenical council was held in Constantinople, which no Spanish bishop attended. In 682, Pope Agaton, having confirmed the acts of that council, resolved to send them to Spain for recognition and signing by the Spanish Church; however, the pope died that year before sending them.\nDuring the pontificate of Leon II, and he sent them in 683. They arrived in time as Spanish bishops had withdrawn to their churches shortly before due to the celebration of a council we now call the Thirteenth Council of Toledo.\n\nSan Julian received the acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council with a letter from Pope Leon. He wrote to His Holiness that, due to the circumstances indicated, he could not convene a new council until the following year, and that in the meantime he wished to know specifically the acts of Constantinople in order to instruct the bishops for the future Thirteenth Council of Toledo. He added that he had already read them himself and found them worthy of approval because their doctrine was Catholic. He elaborated on this point by stating, among other things, that the will engendered the will.\nwisdom engendered in wisdom: that Christ had existed in three substances, and other uncommon propositions.\n\nThis writing reached Rome in the early year 684, during which Leon II had already died and Benedict II had succeeded him as pope; the latter rejecting the writing and condemning the doctrine of Sau Julian due to various particular propositions. This occurred in Rome while the Tenth Ecumenical Council was being held in Toledo, where the acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople were being examined, admitted, and ratified. Pope Benedict wrote to San Julian, rejecting his doctrine and ordering him to retract under the usual coercion.\n\nSan Julian worked on his Apology, refuting the reasons in his favor, and sent it to Rome along with the reception of the Ecumenical Council and its signatures.\nThe Spanish bishops, in the year 685. The Pope Benedict and his clergy expressed great pleasure regarding the first matter; however, regarding the second, His Holiness insisted that Saint Julian accumulated authorities from the sacred Scripture with which he could prove his opinion.\n\nIn 62, the saint did so, and he sent his second apologetic letter to Rome just in time, as Benedict II had already died and been succeeded by John V. However, there was a schism caused by antipopes Pedro and Teodoro. John died soon after, and Conon succeeded him without ending the schism. Teodoro and another named Pascual were the antipopes. Conon died in 683 and was succeeded by Sergio I. These occurrences impeded examining the second apology of Saint Julian. This convened a new national council in 688 (the fifth of Toledo) to which 61 bishops attended.\nThe holy archbishop presented all the papers of the matter in the council: the issue was aired; the six bishops declared the doctrine of their Primado to be Catholic, and added this clause: \"If, after this declaration, the Romans disagree with it, and differ from the doctrines of the fathers who confirm it, the controversy should no longer be pursued; for we, following the right path and adhering to the footsteps of our ancestors, the lovers of truth, will give our response in a sublime manner, in accordance with divine judgment, and although the ignorant Romans may consider it indocile.\"\n\nThis clause reveals how far the Spanish Church was from acknowledging the infallibility of the pope, not even when he defined it in a Roman Synod with his clergy. Fortunately, the matter was resolved.\nSergio accommodated himself to the doctrine of the Quince Tower Council, and Julian triumphed over the condemnation of his first writing.\n\nAll the examples I have cited, and many others I could gather, serve only to console the authors and preserve their good opinion to some extent; but the effective harm that nations experience due to the prohibition of a book remains in place, as the idea of prohibitions enters the minds of legislators alongside other vulgarities.\n\nI have already said that the law of the year 1820 must be obeyed and fulfilled as if it were the most just and the most binding, because it is so commanded by the good order of society, and the contrary would be a kind of anarchy. But the laws that bind me to obedience and fulfillment do not enslave my spirit for discourse.\nMy opinion depends on understanding, my obedience is an act of will. It is not criminal to express opposing opinions to those of legislators, for the sole purpose of enlightening, should the matter be brought up again by chance. Repeated experiences prove that this has produced great benefit. This motivates me.\n\nIf the law is not promulgated, I would think that any prohibition of books concerning doctrine and politics is null by right, unjust in morality, ineffective in its effects, and perhaps harmful to the public. As a legislator, I would strive to prevent and avoid the abuses of political freedom of the press, punishing those responsible for the abuse; but I would not impede the circulation and sale of the work.\nThe following text discusses the idea that a law does not merit its name for theoretical discourse unless it reflects the general will, and that a nation, as a moral body, does not read books but distributes rights among its members to seek truth and judge the goodness or badness of writings. The sovereignty of human understanding has its supreme tribune.\n\n1. According to my system, Dije Nula does not qualify as Teros\u00edmil, because national electors have not granted the diputados an unprecedented faculty. A law does not deserve such a name for theoretical discussions by a philosopher or politician, but only when it expresses the general will. This will has not existed until it has made the object known and allowed judgment on its merit or demerit.\n\n2. A nation, as a moral body, does not read books; however, its rights are distributed among its members who read to discover truths and seek other knowledge. The prohibition of reading a book is a restraint placed on the national member to prevent the deterioration of another member's faith who claims the writing is harmful.\n\n3. The sovereignty of human understanding has its supreme tribune.\nThe following text refers to the principle of self-censorship in the context of book prohibitions:\n\n\"This interior panizacion, which pronounces an inescapable sentiment to the individual, saying: Strive to read that book and judge for yourself if it is good. This inalienable right does not confront well with the interpretation that all civilized nations have long applied to the tacit renunciation of all members in favor of the censors.\n\nI said that any prohibition of books of the aforementioned nature is unjust in morality for a simple and directly derived consequence of the nullity I have manifested. The author or owner of the book has no pecuniary interest, nor is there any other reason, in which his production should be read and judged by the public and by each one of the individuals that compose it: this right is compensated with the obligation in which he finds himself of suffering that another may publish the censorship.\"\nThe suggestions of his lights were that it might be said to be a bad book, without merit; pernicious, of different quality. If he was free to produce his idea, his neighbor was free to contest it and combat it. The public draws the excellent fruit of judging well this process; and the experience of all centuries has shown that the public makes justice, either late or early, and perpetually suppresses in oblivion the books deprived of merit. That public suffers injustice which it does not deserve, when the government attempts to be an eternal tutor of one who is not as much of a pupil as is supposed, in order to deprive him of the exercise of one of his most estimable prerogatives. It seems to me that the republics of Athens and Rome had better ideas, since I have not seen the principle of prohibitions adopted as a political principle until the era of imperial despotism.\n\n82. These opposing ideas to freedom were\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in complete sentences and grammatically correct, with no obvious OCR errors. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.)\nThe following individuals, both individually and collectively, had established these problems when the popes and bishops, successors of St. Peter and of other Antecesars, began to consider prohibitions. Scant Christian writing existed at the time, and they wrote against the religion. The Apostles cited Heresies, Filete, Hymeneo, Alejandro, Hermogenes, Demas, and Diotrepas; the same was done by Dositeo, Simon, Menandro, Cerinthus, Ebion, the Gnostics; the Nicolaitans; all heretics of the first century, and authors of apocryphal Gospels; Elxai, Saturnino, Cerri\u00f3n, Marci\u00f3n, Bardesanes, Taciano, Basilides, Carpocrates, Valentin, Eufrates, Teodoto, Artemon, Montano, and other heresiarchs of the second century; Manes, Hierax, Noet, Sabellio, Berilo, Paul of Samosata, and Kovaciano, heresiarchs of the third century. However, the only means the Church employed was to seek conversion through conferences and books.\nWritings against error; and not stopping there, separate from communion with the heretic as Paul had taught.\n\n83. In the fourth century, there were Donatists, Circellions, Arians, Semi-Arians, Eusebians, Aeonians, Acacians, Saturnians, Apolinarists, Fotinists, Macdonians, Priscillianists, Eutychians, Antimarians, and Collyridians.\n\n84. The conversion of Emperor Constantine changed the entire external government of the Church. Catholic bishops sought to be continually near him to obtain his instruction against the Arians more than against the idolaters, whom they no longer feared. They gave Constantine the title of Bishop in the Church, so that he would not be less in the Christian religion than in the pagan one, in which he was high priest. Constantine took pleasure in this and showed it.\nAt the Ecumenical Council of Nicea, he stated that he would favor religion as a bishop externally, leaving the care of interior dogmas to the summus sacerdotes.\n\n85. Constantine was the successor of Tiberius and other despotic emperors who not only prohibited but even ordered the burning of certain books. It is therefore not surprising that he did the same with works designated as harmful by the bishops, and that this maxim prevails in all monarchic governments that adopt power extension with ease.\n\n86. However, the weakness of reason argues for the republics of Athens and Rome, which practically allowed written expression of ideas subject only to the opposition of another author with greater or lesser reasons, and to the punishment of the individual who deserved it.\n87.  Dije  que  la  prohibici\u00f3n  es  in\u00fatil  en  sus \nefectos;  porque  solamente  los  produce  para \nlas  almas  t\u00edmidas;  pero  los  hombres  deseosos \nde  saber,  y  dotados  de  un  temple  vigoroso  , \nbuscan  (  aun  \u00e1  costa  de  grandes  gastos  y \npeligros  )  la  ocasi\u00f3n  y  los  medios  de  leer  el \nlibro  prohibido  \u00bfporque  basta  por  s\u00ed  sola  la \nprohibici\u00f3n  para  excitar  la  curiosidad  ?  pues \ndijo  el  i^oeidi\u00ed  Nidmur  in  vetitatn ,  Eva  tal  vez \nno  hubiera  comido  la  manzana ,  si  no  se  le \nhubiese  prohibido.  Si  el  libro  con  tenia  ve- \nneno^ el  efecto  mas  inmediato  de  la  ley,  es \ndesearlo  con  mayores  ansias.  Apenas  hay  un \nEspa\u00f1ol  hombre  de  letras,  que  no  haya  con- \nfirmado esta  verdad  con  la  Historia  de  fray \nGerundio  ,  las  obras  de  Antonio  P\u00e9rez  y  otros \nhbros  curiosos. \n88.  A\u00f1ad\u00ed  que  la  prohibici\u00f3n  es  acaso  j^er-^ \njudicial  al  p\u00fablico.  No  seria  yo  temerario  si \nsuprimiese  la  dicci\u00f3n  acaso.  Los  impresores \nForeign booksellers take much money out of the Espanola nation that should have remained in the Peninsula. The proof is in the History of Fray Gerundio, which was printed in Bayona with an additional third volume, and with the works cited of Antonio P\u00e9rez, which have been reprinted a thousand times in Paris, Lion, Antwerp, and other foreign towns. If the work is good, it will do no harm; if it is bad, the remedy is to combat it, demonstrating its errors and its lack of merit.\n\nAn work in which its author proposes to diminish the strength of the foundations for following our holy Christian, Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion would be very bad; its author would deserve to be punished as a reprobate of perverse ideas. But the only way to counteract its harm was to write another work against it, demonstrating its error. The prohibition would achieve nothing. The renewal of the prohibition,\nThe two-year-old prohibition against Voltaire's works by the ecclesiastical vicars general of Paris was sufficient to produce three new editions, each with 2,001 and 3,001 copies.\n\n90. The Age of Enlightenment no longer allows a learned man to change his opinions based on orders, no matter who they come from: only conviction can drive the enterprise. Fleeing this path shows fear and mistrust of the cause being upheld. Violence created martyrs, but weakened the party of the persecutors.\n\n91. Works concerning politics, which express opinions contrary to the divine government, if the authors leave the intent of the rulers unharmed, are not harmful but infinitely more beneficial than those in which the authors speak favorably of the government.\nThe only effective means to open eyes and correct errors is through discussion, whether due to insufficient light or any other reason.\n\n92. Pretending that everyone believes those who govern with good intentions are not at fault is an impossible human endeavor; it is enslaving the lights that could be useful to the country; it is preparing the perpetuation of an error. Government has the right to be obeyed and the law executed, but not to infallible status for the governors, nor to the suffering of ideas in eternal silence that could contribute to a better understanding of the law and its correction if just.\n\n93. Modern examples make us observe objects more closely than the ancients, and therefore, something better. We observe:\nIn England, only the king is an inviolable person. Anyone who is the writer's idea against the Government, that is, the Ministry, remains unpunished and serves the country because the Ministry respects public opinion. The Minister may be satisfied with his victory in both Houses of Lords and Commons; but his heart is not content while he sees that public opinion condemns him. The fears of this opposition contain him; and if he were to abuse his authority a thousand times a year, he does not abuse it ten times, which is a great advantage to the English people, who would not endure it otherwise, due to the freedom of the press being true, without the need for eighty-three articles that turn it into slavery, as in Spain, against the positive intention of its authors, who fell into great misfortune due to the non-corrupted political climate of the majority of the diputados.\nThose who, although wise in their own realms, have read few good books on the matter and lack the humility necessary to content themselves with imitating England.\n\n94. The freedom of the press in France is as free as in England. The world knows the reasons. But I cannot help but admire those who have written in Spain, for the press is enslaved in France; a Spanish law has been promulgated that leaves the French law far behind. No one should seek sophisticated solutions in practical matters. Every day, without exception, brochures of six or more sheets, and books of twenty or thirty, are published, where the Ministry's march and that of the majority of the Chambers are combated directly.\nDespite recognizing the spirit of the French Ministry, I see it as very short-sighted. (Extremely short, and a thousand times so), the compiler of the brochures and writers who are punished, for whose trials it is sufficient to read the Library Diary and compare the number of printed books with the number of cited writers in other diaries. The reason is simple. In France, the government tolerates opposing opinions to the ministry, as long as the people, their intentions, and public order are respected. The ministry is content with seeking out pens that combat contrary ideas from those writers known as Liberals. The ministry pays well with employment, honors, and money; and it finds good athletes who can save face, even if they don't agree.\nHe here are two excellent Euro-peans who followed Spain; one positively good, which is the English; the other not worthy of praise but tolerable, such is the one of France.\n\n96. More oh or unfortunate country of mine! You have not wanted to be an imitator, but a creator. Do you think you do not need to borrow anything from the English-speaking nations, and that they should learn from you, as I have read in some printed papers and in other manuscripts? Do you think that England, free since 1688; Washington, since 1776; and France, since 1791, do not yet know enough, and that you, established since 1776 until our days, know more through the reading of four counter-books than the three nations authors of those same books and of four thousand others equally good or better, with the experience of so many years; unique master of reduction.\nI. To theories or practice? If you think so, I sympathize with you in one sense; if not, I sympathize with you in another.\n\n97. I repeat for the last time (to conclude) that it is not my intention in any way to incite disobedience to the law, but merely to expose what I believe is necessary for the Junta de Protecci\u00f3n de la Imprenta to represent what its lights will make it see for the prosperity of the Nation,\n\nSUPPLEMENT\nTO THE ANSWER.\nABOUT INDUCEMENT TO SCHISM.\n\nStanding here written and printed is the Answer and its Additions, and I observe that the censors have said in the final clause of their censorship that the work of the Project of Religious Constitution contains propositions inducing schism.\n\n2. I feel infinite regret for not having paid attention to this matter before because malice often takes advantage of such things.\noccurrencias for interpreting the lack of a re:?\u00bb as studied dissimulation of the oh* rejection.\n\n3. Informed readers will know that censorship lacks any justification in this part, and even if I did not respond directly; because it is not about the dogma but only about discipline (which by nature is variable), there is no capable matter to induce the supreme pontiff to separate the nation that adopted the Project's maxims from the church.\n\n4. Furthermore, the doctrine and authorities copied or referred to in the Response and its Additions are sufficient to convince the nation, which would prefer the disciplinary system of the Project, that it is right; and that the supreme pontiff Roman would lack a just reason to oppose, provided he was not deprived of the legitimate rights that belong to him; this is evident, with the exception that...\nCisada is a separation made by a national government from the holy church of Rome, the center of Christian unity, denying obedience to the Roman obispo as head of the Catholic Church, successor of St. Peter, vicar of Christ on earth. According to this definition, the separation was given the title of Schism in the ninth century, when the government of the subjects under the Greek emperor Constantine VII made them separate from the submission to the pontiff Roman and ordered recognition as the unique and supreme head of the Greek church, the patriarch of Constantinople.\nFor the given text, I will clean it by removing unnecessary line breaks, whitespaces, and meaningless characters. I will also translate ancient English into modern English as faithfully as possible.\n\n8. For the same principles, the name was given to the schism equally to the separation that the Government made in the tenth or sixth, from which the Anglican Church is considered independent of the pope.\ng. We need not delve into the question of who was to blame for these two schisms, although I could cite a considerable number of respectable authors who did not hesitate to attribute the Greek schism to the ambitious dominion system of the popes in the eighth and ninth centuries; and the English schism to the vices of greed and pride that prevailed at the Roman court during the reigns of Henry VIII and his daughters.\nI. In any case, the separation was made by decrees and acts of national governments, and it did not begin with schism or decree from the supreme pontiffs.\nThe following text appears to be written in a mix of Spanish and English, with some errors and irregularities. I will do my best to clean and translate it into modern English while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\n11. But where will we find in the work of the Project a proposition capable of being interpreted, as inducing that the national government will never decree separation from the Roman union, nor disobedience to the supreme pontiff as head of the Catholic Church. The author recalled the reasons for trusting our times, as he then said.\n12. The supreme pontiff will consent to what Leon X and his successors did not. But if such strong examples did not suffice for the Roman court, in that case, the Nation that adopts my Project of Constitution, can write to His Holiness, saying that it remains Catholic, apostolic, Roman, united intimately for the faith and charity.\nThe text appears to be in a mix of Spanish and English, with some special characters. I will first translate the Spanish parts into English and then clean the text.\n\nOriginal text: \"m\u00f1^ de S. Pedro; y que protesta no ser<\u00edulpa jurisacional el cesar en las comuD\u00cdcaciones de lo que ocurriese, sino solo efecto de la resistencia curial \u00e1 las justas disposiciones de un gobierno que se conforma con cuanto quiso Jesucristo; y que solo deja de obligarse \u00e1 los abusos introducidos por los hombres contra lo resultante del Evangelio y de la historia eclesi\u00e1stica. Si \u00e1 la tal naci\u00f3n se adjudica el ep\u00edteto de Protescante, se deber\u00e1 fijar poco en esto la consideraci\u00f3n. Su iglesia ser\u00e1 sin miedo cat\u00f3lica, apost\u00f3lica, romana; y sus individuos cat\u00f3licos, apost\u00f3licos, romanos; porque tendr\u00e1n los mismos art\u00edculos de fe, y los mismos preceptos de moral que tuvo S. Pedro y su iglesia de Roma en los dos primeros siglos; y porque siendo mental, espiritual, interior esta uni\u00f3n, no hay potestad exterior capaz de poder aniquilarla (i) w\"\n\nTranslated text: \"of St. Peter; and which protests not to be jurisdictionally the caesar in the communications of what happens, but only the effect of the curial resistance to the just dispositions of a government that conforms to whatever Jesus Christ wanted; and which only ceases to obey the abuses introduced by men against the result of the Gospel and of ecclesiastical history. If to such a nation the epithet of Protestant is assigned, it should pay little heed to this consideration. Its church will be without fear Catholic, apostolic, Roman; and its individuals Catholics, apostolic, Roman; because they will have the same articles of faith, and the same precepts of morality that St. Peter and his church of Rome had in the first two centuries; and because this union is mental, spiritual, and interior, no exterior power is capable of annihilating it (i) w\"\n\nCleaned text: \"of St. Peter; and which protests not to be the jurisdictional Caesar in the communications of what happens, but only the effect of curial resistance to the just dispositions of a government that conforms to whatever Jesus Christ wanted; and which only ceases to obey the abuses introduced by men against the result of the Gospel and ecclesiastical history. If to such a nation the epithet of Protestant is assigned, it should pay little heed to this consideration. Its church will be without fear Catholic, apostolic, Roman; and its individuals Catholics, apostolic, Roman; because they will have the same articles of faith and the same precepts of morality that St. Peter and his church of Rome had in the first two centuries; and because this union is mental, spiritual, and interior, no exterior power is capable of annihilating it.\"\nIn this clause, the author did not state that the Nation would decree the withdrawal of obedience due to the pope as head of the Church, but rather the cessation of communications. The cessation is not an act or decree, but merely the omission of what should have been done; a very different matter from the withdrawal of obedience. If the pope had been withdrawn, the communication door remained open for renewal, and the pope would be punctually obeyed in whatever (i) Chapter 1, [sanclare 5IN] opposes the discipline that the Nation has adopted in general.\n\nIf maintaining this stance were to incur the wrath of the court of Roana, inducing a schism, the Catholic Church should yield to the just pursuit of upholding its rights against tenacity.\ninjustices in Rome were not committed solely to avoid a schism. It was not the spirit of Jesus or his Church. The ecclesiastical history offers us numerous examples of just resistance against Roman claims. These resistances were viewed with contempt, yet the resistance was not interpreted as an inducement to schism.\n\nThe churches of Asia, represented by their bishop, St. Policrates of Ephesus, resisted Pope Victor in the second and early third centuries when he formed an empire for those to conform to the Roman practice of celebrating Easter on the Sunday immediately after the thirteenth day of the third month's moon. The controversy came from much older times. Already in the pontificate of St. Anicetus, St. Polycarp had gone to Rome and conferred with him; but although each one had remained faithful to his own practice.\nIn his opinion, Bishop Anicetus kept the Christian society united by sending the Eucharist to the bishops in Asia. But Pope Victor did not follow his example; instead, he concealed it from the bishops of those churches. However, they did not yield: all submitted the letter of Saint Policrates in which he stated his views. \"I am not intimidated by the provisions taken to test us,\" he said to his Holiness. \"For the Apostles, who were far superior to me, taught obedience to God before men.\"\n\nMale bishops opposed Victor's decree, and Saint Ireneus wrote a forceful letter about the senseless way he deviated from the path of his predecessors, Sixtus, Telephorus, Higinus, Pius, Anicetus, Soter, and Eleutherius, in whose times the diversity of discipline had already been examined.\nPascua and the fasts, without anyone partaking in communion with their adversaries. In the end, the bishops of Asia continued this practice until the year 325, when the point was determined by the ecumenical council of Nicea. Neither were they treated as schismatics nor as instigators of schism (i).\n\ni. The Pope Saint Stephen, who died in the year 257, was the first to order the bishops of Asia and Africa to cease the practice of re-baptizing those baptized by Heieses. He threatened them with excommunication. Saint Cyprian in Africa and Saint Firmilian in Asia convened large councils, where they agreed on the opposite, expressing their disdain for the Pope Stephen's threats.\n\n18. Several holy fathers were particularly involved in this matter, including Saint Dionysius of Alexandria (2), Saint Basil, and Saint Augustine.\nEusebio, Hist. eclesiastica, lib. 5, cap. 24: They considered the root of the controversy to be the supreme pontiff, but they did not regard those who resisted obedience as instigators of the schism. In various instances, Augustine said, \"The question of baptism had not yet been thoroughly examined. The truth was gradually confirmed after great agitations, in a plenary council.\" Cyprian, as a very cautious man, did not want to enslave the reasons he considered convincing to a custom not yet proven with evidence. Later, the truth, discovered through mutual controversies, was finally authorized. (Eusebio, Church History, book 5, chapter 24: They believed the source of the controversy was the supreme pontiff, but those who resisted obedience were not seen as the instigators of the schism. In various instances, Augustine stated, \"The question of baptism had not yet been thoroughly examined. The truth was gradually confirmed after great agitations, in a plenary council.\" Cyprian, as a very cautious man, did not want to enslave the reasons he considered convincing to a custom not yet proven with evidence. Later, the truth, discovered through mutual controversies, was finally authorized. - Translation)\n\nReference:\nEusebio, Historia Ecclesiastica, Libro V, Cap\u00edtulo 24.\nAugustin, Obras, Vol. II, Epistola 53, 1, 11.\nCipriano, Epistola 75, 13, 1.\n\n(S, Basil, Epistola ad Arphilochium, cap. 1)\n\nThey believed that the fundamental issue in the controversy was the supreme pontiff, but they did not consider those who resisted obedience to be the instigators of the schism. Augustine often said, \"The question of baptism had not yet been thoroughly examined. The truth was gradually confirmed after great agitations, in a plenary council.\" Cyprian, as a very cautious man, did not want to subject the reasons he considered convincing to a custom not yet proven with evidence. Later, the truth, discovered through mutual controversies, was finally authorized. (S, Basil, Letter to Arphilochius, chapter 1)\n\nReferences:\nEusebio, Church History, book 5, chapter 24.\nAugustine, Works, volume II, Letter 53, 1, 11.\nCyprian, Letter 75, 13, 1.\nThe resolution of a plenary council (3). \" - \" The doubt ceased long ago since the truth was recognized. The dispute which did not intimidate Cyprian before his discovery, invites you after his definition to follow suit (4). \" - \" We would have feared to affirm what Stephen commanded, while the authority of the Catholic Church, recovered with mutual concord, had not yet yielded, Cyprian would have yielded, had (i) S. Augustine : they treated of Lapidarius, book 1, chapter, (i) in a plenary council (i)\n\nTwo examples show that the popes were right about the strict parties on the matter which was being debated, in which the truth was defined by an ecumenical council in the end, and the supporters of the opposing party, (i)\nThe opposition were holy men, venerated today on altars; and yet nobody imputed to them the role of schismatics, despite their opposing the pope. This was not the case during the ecumenical council, where their opinion did not emerge.\n\nThe pope Gregory IV went to France in the year 833, accompanied by King Louis I of Italy (son of Emperor Louis the Pious), and his brothers Pippin, king of Aquitaine, and Louis, king of Bavaria. The sumptuous pope Hildebrand published in France that Gregory IV was coming only as a pacifier to settle the disputes between the three kings and their father. The father had altered the previous division of his domains, giving a fourth kingdom to his new son, Charles the Calabrian, born to his empress Judith in second marriages. The bishops who accompanied the emperor understood that Gregory IV was:\n\n\"The opposition were holy men, venerated today on altars; yet nobody imputed to them the role of schismatics, despite their opposing the pope during the ecumenical council. The pope Gregory IV went to France in 833, accompanied by King Louis I of Italy (son of Emperor Louis the Pious), and his brothers Pippin, king of Aquitaine, and Louis, king of Bavaria. The pope Hildebrand published in France that Gregory IV was coming only as a pacifier to settle the disputes between the three kings and their father. The father had altered the previous division of his domains, giving a fourth kingdom to his new son, Charles the Calabrian, born to his empress Judith in second marriages.\"\niiabia  prometido  \u00e1  Lotario  escomulgar  al \nemperador,  \u00e1  los  obispos  y  \u00e1  los  grandes  que \nle  acompariaban ,  si  las  razones  no  bastaban \n\u00e1  que  la  Corte  de  Luis  el  P\u00edo  cediera  de  s\\x \nempe\u00f1o.  _  Y  en  su  consecuencia  le   hicieron \ndecir  :  \u00ab  Si  su  Santidad  venia  para  escomul- \noarlos,  ellos  lo  escomulgarian  \u00e1   \u00e9l  mismo  y \ndispondrian    que    fuese    depuesta    de4   sumo \npontificado,  y  que   otro  fuera  elegido  en  su \nlugar  (O-  '' \n2'\u00bf.  Parece  que  no  cabe  mas  directa  induc- \nci\u00f3n al  cisma;  y  sin  embargo  nadie  ha  tratado \nde  cism\u00e1ticos  \u00e1  los  obispos  franceses  de  aquella \n\u00e9poca  porque  tenian  raz\u00f3n  en  la  materia  prin- \ncipal ;  pues  venir  desde  Roma  un  pont\u00edfice \nhasta  Francia  con  unos  hijos  rebelados  contra \nsu  padre  5  no  es  mas  justo  que  resistir  por \nintereses  particulares  la  restauraci\u00f3n  d\u00e9la  pri \nmitiva  disciplina. \n23.  Adriano  segundo  mand\u00f3  \u00e1  Hincmaro, \nThe archbishop of Reims anointed Carlos Calvo, king of France, and Louis, king of Bavaria, in the year 870, as they divided the Lorena kingdom between them after Lotario's death. The archbishop also anointed the bishops and nobles who assisted them. However, Hincmar refused to obey and wrote a letter to the pope with strong expressions (though disguised). No one, not even the pope himself, dared to consider Hincmar as the instigator of a schism.\n\nLately (to avoid unnecessary repetition), Reno [Aynion'io, lib 5, cap 14. Vita Ludovici Pii. Opuscula Hincmaris, tomo 2, opusculo 41. \u2013The principal clauses are in Fleuri, Hist. ecclesiastica.] convened a national council with sixty and twenty bishops assembled, in the year 880.\nIn Toledo, presided over by San Juli\u00e1n's prima-do\u00f1a, the Romans, despite treating the resolution of Pope Benedict and his Roman Synod lightly, added:\n\nYet, after this declaration, the Romans disagreed with it and with the doctrines of the fathers who confirmed it. Thus, we must continue the controversy; for we must follow the right path, and lovers of truth will have our response as sublime, in accordance with divine judgment, although the ignorant emulators may deem it stubborn.\n\nHere is the doctrine of the author of the Project of Constitution: religious. Accordingly, the ignorant emulators will be the only ones to interpret it as inducing schism.\n\nINDEX\nLESP\u00fcESTA  \u00e1  los  te\u00f3logos  'censores  del \nProyecto  del  Americano  ,   p\u00e1gina ,  s \nCensura  I.  Sobre  el  poder  legislath'o  de \nII.  Profesiones  deje i4 \nIII.  Pr\u00e1cticas  introducidas ,  17 \nIV.  Confesi\u00f3n  auricular, 20 \ny.  Perpetuidad  conyugal 2 4 \nVI.    Ordenes  menores 82 \nYII.  Infalibilidad  de  concilios.  .  ^ .  .  .  55 \nV\u00edil.   Sospechas  de  heregia 44 \nIX.  Autoridad  pontificia 49 \nX.  Respeto  al  clero 5o \nXI.  Sojia  moral 53 \nX\u00edl.   Disciplina  eclesi\u00e1stica \u00bb  .  54 \nXIII.  Preceptos  eclesi\u00e1sticos 56 \nXIV.  Abstinencias  y  ayunos ,  t\u00edo \nXV.  Prohibici\u00f3n  de  libros. .........  62 \nPresumen  de  la  respuesta .  Advertencia .  63 \nObservaciones   importantes 67 \nAdiciones  a  la  respuesia 75 \nAdici\u00f3n  /.  Sobre  pider  legislativo,  .  .  76 \nII.  Profesiones  deft g8 \nIII.  Pr\u00e1cticas  introducidas s,  102 \nIV.  Confesi\u00f3n  auricular, 1 1  y \nV.  Perpetuidad  conjugal i45 \nVI.  Ordenes  menores i55 \nVil.  Infalibilidad  de  concilios' ij4 \nVIIL  Sospechas  de  herej\u00eda ;...  198 \nIX. Autoridad pontificia (206)\nX. Respeto al clero (20)\nXI. Sana moral (21)\nXIII. Disciplina eclesiastica (240)\nXIV. Preceptos eclesiasticos (55)\nXV. Ayunos y abstinencias (272)\nXVI. Prohibicion de libros (293)\nSupplement to the response. On inductions\nFIN. BEL. INDEX.\nYou will find the works of D. A. Llorente in the same library.\nHistoria de la Biblioteca de la Real Chancilleria de Valladolid, from the elabors of Ferdinand V, until the reign of Philip II, drawn from original pieces of the Council's archives and those of the subaltern tribunals of the Holy Office, 2nd edition.\nMemorias para servir a la historia de la Revolucion de Espana, with jurisconsultive pieces.\nCouncil of the Supreme and Real Council of Castilla, and other pieces on alienations and usurpations against the sovereignty of the King and his.\nreal jurisdiction, useful work for lawyers and judges, as well as for those interested in Spanish history (other than against the power of the Inquisition), Coriselia Bororouia, or the climate of the Inquisition, tom. 8.^ regular, rus. 4 Rs 17 Ms\nProject of a religious constitution, considered as part of the civil law of a free independent nation, Paris, 1820, tom. 8\u00b0 regular, r\u00e1st. 8 Rs.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "The application of Christianity to the commercial and ordinary affairs of life", "creator": "Chalmers, Thomas, 1780-1847. [from old catalog]", "subject": ["Church of Scotland", "Sermons, English"], "publisher": "New York, S. Campbell & son", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC037", "call_number": "8758477", "identifier-bib": "00170434766", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2011-10-17 12:06:06", "updater": "ChristinaB", "identifier": "applicationofchr00chal", "uploader": "christina.b@archive.org", "addeddate": "2011-10-17 12:06:08", "publicdate": "2011-10-17 12:06:12", "scanner": "scribe8.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "1315", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "scanner-mang-pau@archive.org", "scandate": "20111025141426", "imagecount": "208", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://www.archive.org/details/applicationofchr00chal", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t53f5rk06", "curation": "[curator]shelia@archive.org[/curator][date]20111026203318[/date][state]approved[/state]", "scanfee": "120", "sponsordate": "20111031", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903704_13", "openlibrary_edition": "OL15466658M", "openlibrary_work": "OL2565244W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1040003805", "lccn": "33032836", "description": "p. cm", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "62", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "Application of Reason and Religion to the Commercial and Ordinary Affairs of Life, in a Series of Disourses. By Thomas Chalmers, D.D., Minister of St. John's Church, Glasgow. Published by S. Campbell & Son, No. 88 Water-Street. J. Kelly, Printers.\n\nPreface,\n\nThis volume can be regarded in no other light, than as the fragment of a subject far too extensive to be overtaken within a narrow compass. There has only been a partial survey taken of the morality of actions that are current among people engaged in merchandise. Regarding the morality of the affections which stir in their hearts, and give a feverish and diseased activity to the pursuits of worldly ambition, this has scarcely been touched upon, save in a very general way in the concluding Discourse.\nAnd yet, in the estimation of every cultivated Christian, this second branch of the subject should be by far the most interesting. It relates to that spiritual discipline by which the love of the world is overcome, and by which all the oppressive anxiety is kept in check, which the reverses and uncertainties of business are so apt to inject into the bosom. It makes it possible for a man to give his hand to the duties of his secular occupation and, at the same time, to maintain that sacredness of heart which becomes every fleeting traveler through a scene, all whose pleasures and prospects are so soon to pass away.\n\nShould this part of the subject be resumed at some future opportunity, there are two questions:\nThe first issue pertains to the extent an affection for present things and interests should be indulged. The second issue is, given that a desire for the good things of the present life were reduced to the gospel's standard, would there be enough impulse in the world to maintain commerce at the rate ensuring the greatest comfort and subsistence to its families? We don't presently offer any demonstration on this matter but state it as our opinion that, even if the entire world's business were in the hands of thoroughly Christian men who valued wealth according to its real dimensions on the high scale of eternity,\nAn affection for riches, beyond what Christianity prescribes, is not essential to any extension of commerce that is valuable or legitimate. And, in opposition to the maxim that the spirit of enterprise is the soul of commercial prosperity, we hold that it is the excess of this spirit beyond the moderation of the New Testament that, pressing on the natural boundaries of trade, is sure, at length, to visit every country where it operates with the recoil of all those calamities, which, in the shape of beggared capitalists and unemployed operatives and dreary intervals of bankruptcy and alarm, are observed to follow a season of overdone speculation.\n\nDiscourse I.\n\"Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honest, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good report; if there is any virtue and if there is any praise, think on these things.\" - Philippians 4:8-9\n\nDiscourse I.\nThe Influence of Christianity in Aiding and Augmenting the Mercantile Virtues.\n\n\"For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men.\" - Romans 14:18-19\n\nDiscourse II.\nThe Power of Selfishness in Promoting the Honories of Mercantile Intercourse.\n\n\"And if you do good to those who do good to you, what thanks have you? For sinners also do even the same.\" - Luke 6:35\n\nDiscourse III.\nThe Guilt of Dishonesty Not to Be Estimated by the Gain of It.\nHe that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much, and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much. -- Luke (Discourse V)\n\nTherefore, all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets. -- Matthew 7:12 (Discourse V)\n\nLet no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. -- Ephesians 5:6\n\nDiscourse VI.\nOn the Dissipation of Large Cities.\n\nLet no man deceive you with empty words. For because of these things the wrath of God comes upon the children of disobedience. -- Colossians 2:8\n\nDiscourse VII.\nOn the Vitiating Influence of the Higher Upon the Lower Orders of Society.\n\nThen said he unto his disciples, It is impossible but that offenses will come: but woe unto him through whom they come! It were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones. -- Matthew 18:6-7\nIf I have made gold my hope, or have said, \"Thou art my confidence,\" if I rejoiced because my wealth was great, and because my hand had gotten much; if I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart had been secretly enticed, or my mouth had kissed my hand; this also was an iniquity to be punished by the judge, for I should have denied the God that is above. - Job xxxi. 24-28\n\nDiscourse VIII. On the Love of Money.\n\nIf I have made gold my hope, or have said to fine gold, \"Thou art my confidence\"; if I rejoiced because my wealth was great, and because my hand had gotten much; if I beheld the sun when it shone, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart had been secretly enticed, or my mouth had kissed my hand; this also was an iniquity to be punished by the judge, for I should have denied the God that is above. - Job 31:24-28.\n\nDiscourse I. On the Mercantile Virtues Which May Exist Without the Influence of Christianity.\n\nWhatever things are true, whatever things are honest, whatever things are just, whatever things are pure, whatever things are lovely, whatever things are of good report; if there are any virtues which may be practiced apart from the influence of Christianity, these are they.\nThe Apostle uses the terms \"Truth,\" \"Justice,\" and \"Loveliness\" in Philippians 4:8 without defining their meaning, assuming a common understanding between himself and his audience. The existence of these words proves that the realities they represent existed prior to the coming of Christianity. These good and respectable attributes of character must have been occasionally exemplified by men before the religion emerged.\nThe New Testament. The virtuous and praiseworthy must have existed in society before the commencement of the new dispensation. The Apostle does not introduce them as unknown and unheard-of novelties, but as objects of general recognition, which could be understood on the bare mention without warning and without explanation. However, these virtues not only had to have been exemplified by men before the entrance of the gospel among them, since the terms expressive of the virtues were already understood; but men had to know how to love and admire them. We apply the epithet lovely to any moral qualification only insofar as it does in fact draw towards it a sentiment.\nThe Apostle does not bid his readers to have respect for qualifications that are merely of good report, but have received applauding or honorable testimony from men. He does not enumerate what possesses this qualification, instead trusting their sense and appreciation. He bids them to bear respect for whatever is lovely, without suspicion that this leaves them in any darkness or uncertainty about the advice he delivers. Therefore, he recognizes men's competency to estimate the lovely and honorable of character. He appeals to a tribunal.\nTheir own breasts, and evidently supposes that previously to the light of the Christian revelation, there lay scattered among the species certain principles of feeling and of action. In virtue of which, they both fully exhibited what was just, true, and good. Chalmer's Disourses.\n\nReport, and also could render to such an exhibition the homage of their regard and of their reverence. At present, we shall postpone the direct enforcement of these virtues upon the observation of Christians, and shall confine our thoughts to the object of estimating their precise importance and character, when realized by those who are not Christians.\n\nWhile we assert with zeal every doctrine of Christianity, let us not forget that there is a zeal without discrimination; and that, to bring such a spirit to the fore, we must:\n\n(Note: The last sentence appears to be incomplete and may require further context to fully understand its intended meaning. However, since the task is to clean the text without adding any comments or explanations, it is best to leave it as is and not attempt to complete the sentence.)\n\nTherefore, the text above has been cleaned as much as possible while staying faithful to the original content. If any errors or unclear sections remain, they are likely due to the incompleteness or ambiguity of the original text itself.\nThe defense of our faith, or any of its peculiarities, is not to vindicate the cause, but to discredit it. There is a way of maintaining the utter depravity of our nature, and of doing it in such a sweeping and vehement style as to make it not only obnoxious to the taste, but obnoxious to the understanding. On this subject, there is often a roundness and temerity of announcement, which any intelligent man, looking at the phenomena of human character with his own eyes, cannot go along with. And thus, there are injudicious defenders of orthodoxy, who have mustered against it not merely a positive dislike, but a positive strength of observation and argument. Let the nature of man be a ruin, as it certainly is, it is obvious to the most common discernment, that it does not offer one unvaried and unalleviated phenomenon.\nThe mass of deformity has certain phrases and exhibitions that are more lovable than others \u2013 certain traits of character not due to the operation of Christianity at all, yet eliciting our admiration and tenderness \u2013 certain varieties of moral complexion, far more fair and engaging than others. Chalmers' IlseorjKSE!5, for instance, represent one such variety. The gospel may have had no share in their formation. In fact, they stood out to the notice and respect of the world before the gospel was ever heard of. The classic page of antiquity sparkles with repeated exemplifications of what is bright and beautiful in human character. Nor do all its descriptions of external nature waken up such an enthusiasm of pleasure as when it bears testimony to some graceful or elevated trait.\nAnd whether it be the kindness of maternal affection, or the unwaveringness of filial piety, or the constancy of tried and unalterable friendship, or the earnestness of devoted patriotism, or the rigor of unbending fidelity, or any other of the recorded virtues, which shed a glory over the remembrance of Greece and of Rome\u2014we fully concede it to the admiring scholar that they one and all were sometimes exemplified in those days of Heathenism. What do we mean then, it may be asked, by the universal depravity of man? How shall we reconcile the admission now made, with the unqualified and unmitigated corruption that is said to have prevailed in ancient times?\n\nDespite the moral abominations that characterized the period, there are things that are pure, lovely, and true to be found among its remains.\nThe authoritative language of the Bible, when it tells us of the totality and magnitude of human corruption? Where lies that desperate wickedness, which is everywhere ascribed to all the men of all the families that are on the face of the earth? And how can such a tribute of acknowledgment be awarded to the sages and patriots of antiquity, who yet, as partakers of our fallen nature, must be outcasts from God's favor, and have the character of evil stamped upon the imaginations of their hearts continually?\n\nIn reply to these questions, let us speak to your own experimental recollections on a subject in which you are aided both by the consciousness of what passes within you and by your observation of the character of others. Might not a sense of honor elevate that which is base, and transform the most corrupt into objects of respect? Chalmers Disourses. 1,1.\nHeart which is completely unfurnished with a sense of God? Might not an impulse of compassionate feeling be sent into that bosom which is never once visited by a movement of dutiful loyalty towards the Lawgiver in heaven? Might not occasions of intercourse with the beings around us develop whatever there is in our nature of generosity, friendship, and integrity, and patriotism; and yet the unseen Being, who placed us in this theatre, be neither loved nor obeyed nor listened to? Amid the manifold varieties of human character and the number of constitutional principles which enter into its composition, might there not be an individual in whom the constitutional virtues so blaze forth and have the ascendancy as to give a general effect of gracefulness to the whole of this moral exhibition; and yet, may not that individual lack the very qualities they are supposed to represent?\nbe as unmindful of his God, as if the principles of his constitution had been mixed up in such a different proportion, making him an odious and revolting spectacle? In a word, might not sensibility shed its tears, and Friendship perform its services, and Reality impart of its treasure, and Patriotism earn the gratitude of its country, and Honour maintain itself entire and untainted, and all the softenings of what is amiable, and all the glories of what is chivalrous and manly, gather into one bright effulgence of moral accomplishment on the person of him who never, for a single day of his life, subordinates one habit or one affection to the will of the Almighty; who is just as careless and as unconcerned about God, as if the native tendencies of his constitution had compounded.\nHim into a monster of deformity; and who, just as effectively realizes this attribute of rebellion against his maker, as the most loathsome and profligate of the species, walks in the counsel of his own heart, and after the sight of his own eyes? The same constitutional variety may be seen on the lower fields of creation. You there witness the gentleness of one animal, the affectionate fidelity of another, the cruel and unrelenting ferocity of a third; and you never question the propriety of the language, when some of these instinctive tendencies are better reported of than others, or when it is said of the former of them, that they are the more fine, and amiable, and endearing. But it does not once occur to you, that, even in the very best of these exhibitions, there is any sense of God, or that the great master- creator is absent.\nThe principle of his authority is involved in it. Transfer this contemplation back to our species; and under the same complexional difference of the more and the less lovely, or the more and the less hateful, you will perceive the same utter insensibility to the consideration of a God, or the same utter inefficiency on the part of his law to subdue human habits and human inclinations. It is true, there is one distinction between the two cases: but it all goes to aggravate the guilt and the ingratitude of man. He has an understanding which inferior animals lack, and yet, with this understanding, he refuses practically to acknowledge God. He has a conscience, which they do not \u2013 and yet, though whispers in the ear of his inner man the claims of an unseen legislator. (Chalmers' Discourse. Ij)\nIt is conceivable that he lulls away his time in the slumbers of indifference and lives without him in the world, or goes to the people of another planet, over whom the hold of allegiance to their maker is unbroken. In whose hearts the Supreme sits enthroned, and throughout the whole of whose history there runs the perpetual and unfailing habit of subordination to his law. It is conceivable that with them too, there may be varieties of temper and of natural inclination, and yet all of them be under the effective control of one great and imperious principle. In subjection to the will of God, every kind and honorable disposition is cherished to the uttermost; and in subjection to the same will, every tendency to anger, malice, and revenge, is repressed at the first moment of its threatened operation. In this way, there is...\nThe constant encouragement given to one set of instincts and the constant opposition made against the other will be dissolved. The mighty and subordinating principle, which wielded an ascendancy over every movement and affection, will be loosened and done away with. This loyal, obedient world would then become what ours is \u2013 independent of Christianity. Every constitutional desire would run out in the unchecked spontaneity of its own movements. The law of heaven would furnish no counteraction to the impulses and tendencies of the natural man.\nIf, amid the tumultuous and independent career of a person, there emerged at times the finer and lovelier sympathies of nature, tell us, if this would have affected the state of that world as a whole, a state of enmity against God, where his will was reduced to an element of utter insignificance, and the voice of their rightful master fell powerless on the consciences of a listless and alienated family? If he is ignored and disowned by the creatures he has formed, can it be said to alleviate the deformity of their rebellion that they, at times, experience the impulse of some sympathies?\nThe amiable feeling he implants or at times displays some beauteous aspect? Will the value or the multitude of gifts free them from their loyalty to the giver, and when nature assumes an attitude of indifference or hostility towards him, how is it that the graces and accomplishments of nature can mitigate her antipathy towards him, who invests nature with all her graces and upholds her in the display of all her accomplishments?\n\nThe way to assert man's depravity is to focus on the radical element of depravity and demonstrate how deeply it is incorporated into his moral constitution. It is not by denying him the possession of what is good in:\n\nChalmers Disourses-17\nIt is to accuse him of his direct disloyalty to God. It is to convict him of treason against the majesty of heaven. It is to press home upon him the impiety of not caring about God. It is to tell him that the hourly and habitual language of his heart is, \"I will not have the Being who made me to rule over me.\" It is to go to the man of honor and, while we frankly award it to him that his pulse beats high in the pride of integrity, it is to tell him that he who keeps it in living play and sustains the loftiness of its movements and who, in one moment of time, could arrest it forever, is not in all his thoughts. It is to go to the man of soft and gentle emotions and, while we gaze in tenderness upon him.\nIt is read to him, from his own character, how the exquisite mechanism of feeling may be in full operation, while he who framed it is forgotten; while he who poured into his constitution the milk of human kindness, may never be adverted to with one single sentiment of veneration or one single purpose of obedience; while he who gave him his gentler nature, who clothed him in all its adornments, and in virtue of whose appointment it is, that instead of an odious and revolting monster, he is the much loved child of humanity. This is Chalmers' Disourses.\n\nIt is to go round among all that Humanity has to offer in the shape of the fair and amiable, and to prove how deeply Humanity has revolted against that Being who has done so much to beautify and to soften our nature.\nIt is to prove that the carnal mind, in all its varied complexions of harshness or delicacy, is enmity against God. It is to prove that, let nature be as rich as she may in moral accomplishments, and let the most favored of her sons realize upon his own person the finest and the fullest assemblage of them \u2014 should he, at the moment of leaving this theater of display, and bursting loose from the framework of mortality, stand in the presence of his judge, and have the question put to him, What hast thou done unto me? This man of constitutional virtue, with all the salutations he got upon earth, and all the reverence that he has left behind him, may, naked and defenseless, before him who sitteth on the throne, be left without a plea and without an argument.\n\nGod's controversy with our species is not, that the\nThe glow of honor or humanity is never felt among them. None of them understand or seek after God. He is deprived of his rightful ascendancy. The one who in fact inserted every principle that can adorn the individual possessor or maintain the order of society is banished entirely from his circle of contemplation. Man takes his way in life as much at random as if there was no presiding Divinity at all; and whether he is at one time lost in the depths of apathy or at another kindled by some generous movement of sympathy or patriotism, he is equally unmindful of him to whom he owes his continuance and his birth.\nThe essential principle of rebellion against God is a person acting at his own will, discarding the will of the invisible Master who governs all his actions. This is the constituent factor of rebellion against God. It has exiled our planet beyond the limits of His favored creation, whether it be shrouded in turpitude, licentiousness, or cruelty, or occasionally brightened by the gleam of kindly and honorable virtues. It is thus that it is seen as far off by Him who sits on the throne, looking upon our strayed world as across a wide and dreary gulf of separation.\n\nPrompted by love towards his alienated children, He devised a way of recalling them.\nwilling to pass over all the ingratitude I had received from their hands, I reared a pathway of return and proclaimed a pardon and a welcome to all who should walk upon it \u2014 through the offered Mediator, who magnified his broken law and upheld, by his mysterious sacrifice, the dignity of that government which the children of Adam had disowned, he invited all to come to him and be saved. If this message were brought to the door of the most honorable man on earth, and he turned in contempt and hostility away from it, had that man not placed himself more firmly than ever on the ground of rebellion? Though an unsullied integrity should rest upon all his transactions, and the homage of confidence and respect be awarded to him from every quarter of society, by slighting the overtures of reconciliation, this man, nonetheless, had taken a defiant stance.\nHas a person plunged deeper into the guilt of wilful and determined ungodliness? Has the creature exalted itself above the Creator, and in the pride of accomplishments that would not have invested his person had they not come from above, has he not, in the act of resisting the gospel, aggravated the provocation of his whole previous defiance to its author?\n\nAll that is amiable and manly in the accomplishments of nature take up a separate residence in the human character from the principle of godliness. They go neither anterior to this religion to alleviate the guilt of our departure from the living God, nor subsequently to this religion may they blazon the character of him who stands out against it.\nThe principles of clear and intelligent equity cannot shield him from the condemnation and curse of those who have neglected the great salvation. The doctrine of the New Testament will bear confrontation with all that can be met or noticed on the face of human society. We speak most confidently, to the experience of many who now hear us, that in the course of their manifold transactions, they have met the man who could not be seduced into the slightest deviation from the path of integrity\u2014the man who felt his nature within him put into a state of the most painful indignation at every thing that bore upon it the character of a sneaking or dishonorable artifice\u2014the man who positively could not rest.\nLet us not withhold from this character the tribute of its most rightful admiration; but let us further ask, if with all that he thus possessed of native feeling and constitutional integrity, you have never observed in any such individual an utter emptiness of religion; and that God is not in all his thoughts; and that when he does what happens to be in accordance with the will of the Lawgiver, it is not because he is impelled to it by a sense of its being the will of the Lawgiver, but because he is impelled to it by the workings of his own instinctive sensibilities; and however fortunate such actions may be.\nHave these sensibilities, however estimable, consistent with a mind that is in a state of total indifference about God? Have you never read in your own character or in the observed character of others that the claims of the Divinity may be entirely forgotten by the very man to whom society around him yields an unsullied and honorable reputation; that this man may have all his foundations in the world; that every security on which he rests, and every enjoyment upon which his heart is set, lies on this side of death; that a sense of the coming day on which God is to enter into judgment with him, is, for every practical purpose of ascendancy, as good as expunged altogether from his bosom; that he is far in ignorance of the divine?\nHave you never observed the man who, despite having right mercantile principles and open, unimpeachable mercantile transactions, lived in a state of utter estrangement from immortal concerns? Who, in reference to God, persisted in a deep slumber from one year to another?\nWho recoils from the faithfulness of one who tries to rouse him from lethargy with the most sensitive disdain? Who, in reference to the Book that reveals his nakedness and guilt, never consults it with a practical aim and never tries to penetrate beyond the aspect of mystery it holds out to an undiscerning world? Who does not attend church or attends with the lifelessness of a form? Who does not read his Bible or reads it in the discharge of a self-prescribed and unfruitful task? Who does not pray or prays with the mockery of an unmeaning observation? In one word, who, surrounded by all those testimonies which give to man a place of moral distinction among his fellows, is living in utter carelessness about God and about all things? (Chalmers Disourses. 2S)\nThe man has an attribute of character that is pure, lovely, honorable, and of good report. He has a natural principle of integrity, which may carry him forward to fine exhibitions of himself worthy of all admiration. His simple utterance carries as much security as if accompanied by signatures, securities, and legal obligations required of other men. It might tempt one to be proud of his species when he looks at the faith put in him by a distant correspondent, who consigns to him wealth based on his honor alone.\nOne man's whole flotilla sleeps in confidence, knowing it is safe. It is an animating thought in this world's gloom, when we see the credit one man places in another, despite oceans and continents separating them. He fixes the anchor of sure and steady dependence on the reported honesty of one whom he never saw. With all his fears for the treachery of the varied elements through which his property must pass, he knows that should it only arrive at the door of its destined agent, all his fears and suspicions may be at an end. We know nothing finer than such an act of homage from one human being to another, when perhaps the diameter of the globe is between them.\n\nChalheck's Disourses.\n\nNor do we think that either the renown of her victories or the terror of her power could ever deter her from fulfilling her promise.\nThe wisdom and counsels of our country, as well as the honorable dealing of her merchants, are so notable that the glories of British policy and valour are eclipsed by the moral splendour of British faith. No distinction prouder than this has she gained from all the tributaries of her power, as she has from the awarded confidence of men of all tribes, colours, and languages, who look to our agency for the most faithful management and to our keeping for the most inviolable custody.\n\nThere is no denying the very extended prevalence of a principle of integrity in the commercial world. He who has such a principle within him has that to which all the epithets of our text may rightly apply.\nBut it is just as impossible to deny that with this thing which he has, there may be another thing which he lacks. He may not have one dutiful feeling of reverence which points upward to God. He may not have one wish, or one anticipation, which points forward to eternity. He may not have any sense of dependence on the Being who sustains him and gave him his very principle of honor, as part of that interior furniture which he has put into his bosom; and who surrounded him with the theatre on which he has come forward with the finest and most illustrious displays of it; and who set the whole machinery of his sentiment and action in motion; and who can, by a single word of his power, bid it cease from the variety and cease from the gracefulness of its movements. In other words, he is a man of integrity.\nAnd yet he is a man of ungodliness. He is a man born for the confidence and admiration of his fellows, and yet a man whom his maker can charge with utter defection from all the principles of spiritual obedience. He is a man whose virtues have blazoned his own character in time and have upheld the interests of society, and yet a man who has not, by one movement of principle, brought himself nearer to the kingdom of heaven than the most profligate of the species. The condemnation, that he is an alien from God, rests upon him in all the weight of its unmitigated severity. The threat, that they who forget God shall be turned into hell, will, on the great day of its fell and sweeping operation, involve him among the wretched outcasts of eternity. That God, from whom, while in the world, he withheld every due offering of gratitude,\nand remembrance, and universal subordination of habit and desire, will reveal to him the truth, that beneath the delusive garb of such sympathies as drew upon him the love of his acquaintances, and of such integrities as drew upon him their respect and confidence, he was in fact a determined rebel against the authority of heaven. Not one commandment of the law, in its true extent, was ever fulfilled by him. The pervading principle of obedience to this law, which is love to God, never had its ascendancy over him. The beseeching voice of the Lawgiver, so offended and so insulted, but who, nevertheless, devised in love a way of reconciliation for the guilty, never had the effect of recalling him. In fact, he neither had a wish for the friendship of God nor cherished it.\nThis hope of enjoying him, and therefore living without it, meant that he lived without God in the world. Finding all his desire and sufficiency somewhere else, he lived in addition to the curse of not keeping all the words of God's law, entailing upon himself the mighty aggravation of neglecting all the offers of his gospel. We say, then, of this natural virtue, as our Savior said of the virtue of the Pharisees, many of whom were not extortioners, that it indeed has its reward. When disjoined from a sense of God, it is of no religious estimation whatever; nor will it lead to any religious blessing, either in time or in eternity. It has, however, its enjoyments annexed to it.\nA fine taste is rewarded with enjoyments attached to it, exempting it from the painful feeling nature attaches to acts of dishonesty. It is sustained by a conscious sense of rectitude and elevation, gratified by society's homage to virtues that support its interests. Prosperity, with occasional variations, is the general accompaniment of credit drawn by every man of unwavering justice. But what reward will you tell me is due to him on the great day of God's righteousness, when in fact, he has done nothing for God? What recompense can be awarded to him from those?\nbooks which are to be opened, and in which he is recorded as a man overcharged with the guilt of Chalmers' Disquakers... 27\n\nHow shall God grant unto him the reward of a servant, when the service of God was not the principle of his doings in the world; and when neither the justice he rendered to others, nor the sensitivity that he felt for them, bore the slightest character of an offering to his maker?\n\nBut wherever the religious principle has taken possession of the mind, it animates these virtues with a new spirit; and when so animated, all such things as are pure, lovely, and just, and true, and honest, and of good report, have a religious importance and character belonging to them.\n\nThe text forms part of an epistle addressed to all the saints in Christ Jesus, which were at Philippi; and the lesson of the text is:\n\n(The text then continues with the actual lesson or message of the epistle, which is not provided in the input.)\nChristianity, with the weight of its positive sanctions, influences the character of its genuine disciples, setting them apart from the world. Simplicity and godly sincerity are essential to this peculiarity. True friends of the gospel are alive to its honor, blushing at the disgrace brought on it by those who keep its sabbaths and pay ostentatious homage to its doctrines and sacraments, while disavowing any connection to the disreputable behavior of some who claim to follow it.\nall fellowship with that vile association of cant and duplicity, which has sometimes been exemplified in CHALMKHS DISCOURSE, the triumph of the enemies of religion; and they feel the solemn truth, and act on the authority of the saying, that neither thieves, nor liars, nor extortioners, nor unrighteous persons have any part in the kingdom of Christ and of God.\n\nDISCOURSE 11\nTHE INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY IN AIDING AND AUGMENTING THE MERCANTILE VIRTUES\nFor he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men.\u2014 Rom. xiv. 18,\n\nWe have already asserted the natural existence of such principles in the heart of man, as lead him to many graceful and honourable exhibitions of character. We have further asserted, that this formed no deduction whatever from that article of orthodoxy.\nwhich affirms the utter depravity of our nature; that the essence of this depravity lies in man having broken loose from the authority of God and delivered himself wholly up to the guidance of his own inclinations; that though some of these inclinations are in themselves amiable features of human character and point in their effects to what is most useful to human society, yet devoid as they all are of any reference to the will and to the rightful sovereignty of the Supreme Beings, they could not avert, or even alleviate, the charge of ungodliness, which may be fully carried round amongst all the sons and daughters of the species; that they furnish not the materials of any valid or satisfactory answer to the question, \"What hast thou done unto God?\" and that whether they are the desires of a native rectitude, or the desires of an in-\n\n(Assuming the text is cut off and the intended meaning is to discuss the inability of human inclinations to answer the question of \"What hast thou done unto God?\" and their inherent depravity due to their lack of reference to God's authority)\n\nThe text affirms the inherent depravity of human nature, as it stems from man's disobedience to God and submission to his own inclinations. Though some inclinations may seem amiable and beneficial to society, they are ultimately devoid of any reference to God's will and sovereignty. These inclinations cannot answer the question of \"What hast thou done unto God?\" and are therefore unable to alleviate the charge of ungodliness that applies to all of humanity.\nDistinctive benevolence, they go not to purge away the guilt of having no love, and no care, for the Being who formed and who sustains us. But what is more. If the virtues and accomplishments of nature are at all to be admitted into the controversy between God and man, instead of forming any abatement upon the enormity of our guilt, they stamp upon it the reproach of a still deeper and more determined ingratitude. Let us conceive it possible, for a moment, that the beautiful personifications of scripture were all realized; that the trees of the forest clapped their hands to God, and that the isles were glad at his presence; that the little hills shouted on every side, and the valleys, covered with corn, sent forth their notes of rejoicing; that the sun and the moon praised him, and the stars of light joined in the chorus.\nSolemn adoration; the voice of glory to God was heard from every mountain and every waterfall. All nature, animated throughout by the consciousness of a pervading and presiding Deity, burst into one loud and universal song of gratulation. Would not a strain of greater loftiness be heard to ascend from those regions where the all-working God had left the traces of his own immensity, than from the tamer and humbler landscapes? Would you look for a gladder acclamation from the fertile field than from the arid waste, where no character of grandeur made up for the barrenness around you? Would the goodly tree, compassed about with the glories of its summer foliage, lift up an anthem of louder gratitude than the lowly shrub that grew beneath it? Would the flower, in all its beauty, not offer a more melodious tribute?\nFrom whose leaves every hue of loveliness was reflected.\nUhlanners Discolfske., {\nSend forth a sweeter rapture than the russet weed,\nWhich never drew the eye of any admiring passenger?\nAnd in a word, wherever you saw the towering eminences of nature,\nOr the garniture of her more rich and beautiful adornments,\nWould it not be there that you looked for the deepest tones of devotion,\nOr there for the tenderest and most exquisite of its melodies?\nThere is both the sublime of character and the beautiful of character,\nExemplified upon man. We have the one in that high sense of honor,\nWhich no interest and no terror can seduce from any of its obligations.\nWe have the other in that kindliness of feeling,\nWhich one look, or one sigh, of imploring distress,\nCan touch into the deepest sympathy. Only grant,\nWe have nothing in the constitution of our spirits or in the structure of our bodies that we did not receive. And mind, with all its varieties, is as much the product of a creating hand as matter in all its modifications. On the face of human society, we witness all the gradations of a moral scenery, which may be directly referred to the operation of Him who worketh all in all. It is our belief that, as to any effective sense of God, there is as deep a slumber throughout the whole of this world's living and rational generations, as there is throughout all the diversities of its mute and unconscious materialism. To make our alienated spirits again alive unto the Father of them calls for as distinct and as miraculous an exercise of the Divinity as would need to be put forth in:\nThe act of turning stones into the children of Abraham. Conceive this as done, and that a quickening and a realizing sense of the Divinity pervaded all men, and each knew how to refer his own endowments with an adequate expression of gratitude to the unseen Author. From whom would you look for the hallelujahs of devoutest ecstasy? Would it not be from him whom God had arrayed in the splendor of nature's brightest accomplishments? Would it not be from him, with whose constitutional feelings the movements of honor and benevolence were in fullest harmony? Would it not be from him whom his Maker had cast into the happiest mold, and attempted into sweetest unison with all that was kind, and generous, and lovely, and ennobled by the loftiest emotions?\nIf the possession of these moralities is another theme of acknowledgment to the Lord of the spirits of all flesh, then withholding acknowledgment and allowing these moralities to reside in the bosom of one who is utterly devoid of piety only aggravates his ingratitude. Such a man, of all men on earth who are far from God, stands at the widest distance. He remains proof against the weightiest claims. The dead in trespasses and sins, he is most profoundly asleep to the call of religion and to the supremacy of its righteous obligations. It is by such arguments that we attempt to convince of sin those who have a righteousness.\nis without godliness; and to prove that, with the possession of such things as are pure, and lovely, and of good report, they in fact can only be admitted to reconciliation with God, on the same footing with the most worthless and profligate of the species: and to demonstrate that they are in the very same state of need and of nakedness, and are therefore children of wrath, even as others; that it is only through faith in the preaching of the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ that they can be saved; and that, unless brought down from the delusive eminency of their own conscious attainments, they take their forgiveness through the blood of the Redeemer, and their sanctification through the spirit which is at his giving, they shall obtain no part in that inheritance which is incorruptible and unfading.\nThe gospel of Jesus Christ not only provides refuge for the guilty but also takes those who accept its overtures under its supreme and exclusive direction. It keeps them on the path through counsel, exhortation, and constant superintendence. The grace it reveals saves and teaches all men. The proposed Savior also claims to be the sole master of those who trust in him, asserting an authority above all control and refusing all rivalry. We want to draw your attention to a distinct.\nThe relationship between one set of requirements and another is that we are instructed to practice certain virtues. These virtues, such as compassion, generosity, justice, and truth, are in high demand and hold great reverence among society members, even outside of religious discussions. They are lovely, honorable, and have a good reputation, ensuring universal approval. Therefore, serving Christ in these aspects is pleasing to God and admired by men.\n\nHowever, there is another set of requirements where God's will is not seconded by human approval.\nThe praise of men is utterly at variance with it. Some can admire the generous sacrifices made to truth or friendship, but abandon themselves without one opposing scruple to all the excesses of riot and festivity. They are therefore the last to admire the puritanic sobriety of him whom they cannot tempt to put his chastity or his temperance away from him. Though the same God bids us not to lie to one another, He also bids us keep the body under subjection and to abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul. Again, some in whose eyes an unvitiated delicacy looks a beauteous and interesting spectacle, and an undeviating self-control looks a manly and respectable accomplishment, have no taste in themselves and no admiration in others for the more direct expressions of feeling.\nSome people dislike the exercises of religion and hate the strict and unbending preciseness of those who participate in every ordinance and celebrate God's praises in their families. The benevolent Lawgiver, who instructs us to live righteously and soberly, also tells us to live godly in this evil world. Furthermore, there are some who not only tolerate but enjoy the decencies of an established religious observation. However, they pay homage to sabbaths and sacraments while despising the Christian principle in its supreme and regenerating vitality. Under a general religiousness of aspect, they remain in fact the children of the world and therefore hate the children of light in all that is peculiar and essentially characteristic of that.\n\nChalmers Disourses. 35.\nhigh designation; those who do not understand what is meant by our conversation in heaven shrink from it altogether as from the extravagances of a fanaticism in which they have no share, and with which they can have no sympathy. Though the same scripture which prescribes the exercises of household and of public religion lays claim to an undivided authority over all the desires and affections of the soul, and will admit of no compromise between God and the world; insisting upon an utter deadness to the one, and a most vehement sensibility to the other; and elevating the standard of loyalty to the Father of our spirits to the lofty pitch of loving devotion.\nLet us support him with all our strength, and do all things to his glory. Let these examples serve to impress a real and experimental distinction that obtains between two sets of virtues: those which possess the ingredient of being approved by God, yet want the ingredient of being acceptable to men; and those which possess both these ingredients. To the observation of the latter, therefore, we may be carried by a regard to the will of God, without any reference to the opinion of men, or by a regard to the opinion of men, without any reference to the will of God. Among the first class of virtues, we would assign a foremost place to all inward and spiritual graces which enter into the obedience of the affections. Highly approved by God, but not at all acceptable to men:\nThe general taste or carrying along with them the general congeniality of the world. And though they do not possess the ingredient of God's approval in a way so separate and unmixed, we would say that abstinence from profane language, attendance upon church, a strict keeping of the sabbath, the exercises of family worship, and the more rigid degrees of sobriety, and a fearful avoidance of every encroachment on temperance or chastity, rank more appropriately with the first than with the second class of virtues. For though there are many in society who have no religion, and yet to whom several of these virtues are acceptable, you will allow that they do not convey such a universal popularity along with them as certain other virtues which belong indisputably to the second class. These are the virtues which have a universal appeal.\nLet a steady hold be kept of this distinction. It will be found capable of being turned to a very useful application, both to the object of illustrating principle.\n\nMore obvious and immediate bearing on the interest of society are virtues such as truth, which is punctual to all its engagements, and honor which never disappoints the confidence it has inspired, and compassion which cannot look unmoved at any of the symptoms of human wretchedness, and generosity which scatters unsparingly around it. These are virtues which God has enjoined, and in behalf of which man lifts the testimony of a loud and ready admiration\u2014virtues in which there is a meeting and combining of both the properties of our text. He who in these things serves Christ, is both approved of God, and acceptable to men.\n\nLet a steady hold be kept of this distinction.\nA man may possess, to a considerable extent, the second class of virtues, and not possess even a hint of the religious principle. For instance, a man may value one attribute belonging to this class of virtues and have no value whatsoever for the other attribute. If justice is both approved by God and acceptable to men, a man may be induced to the strictest maintenance of this virtue based on this property alone, without allowing its former property to have any practical influence on any of his habits or determinations, and the same applies to every other virtue.\nvirtue belongs to this second class. As residing in his character, there may not be the ingredient of godliness in any one of them. He may be well reported on account of them by men; but with God, he may lie under as fearful a severity of reckoning, as if he wanted them altogether. It does not go to alleviate the withdrawal of your homage from God that you have such an homage to the opinion of men as influences you to do things, to the doing of which the law of God is not able to influence you. It cannot be said to palliate the revolting of your inclinations from the Creator that you have transferred them all to the creature; and given an ascendancy to the voice of human reputation, which you have refused to the voice and authority of your Lawgiver in heaven. Your\nwant of subordination to him, is not made up by the respectful subordination that you render to the last or the judgment of society. And remember, though other constitutional principles, besides a regard to the opinion of others, helped to form the virtues of the second class upon your character; though compassion, generosity, and truth would have broken out in full and flourishing display upon you, and that, just because you had a native sensibility or a native love of rectitude; yet, if the first ingredient be wanting \u2013 if a regard to the approbation of God have no share in the production of the moral accomplishment \u2013 then all the morality you can pretend to, is of as little religious estimation, and is as utterly disconnected with the rewards of religion, as all the rest.\nAll the pretended elegance of taste, raptured love of music, and vigor and dexterity of bodily exercise, in regard to the great question of immortality, contribute little. It is goodliness alone that is profitable to all things. Consider, therefore, the OHALMER's Discourse number 3.\n\nRegard the nakedness of your condition before God; look to the full weight of the charge He may bring against you; estimate the fearful deficiency under which you labor; resist the delusive whispering of peace when there is no peace; and understand that the wrath of God abides on every child of nature, however rich he may be in the virtues and accomplishments of nature.\nBut this view of the distinction between the two sets of virtues will serve to explain why, in the act of turning to God, one class gathers more copiously and conspicuously upon the front of a renewed character than the other. Why the former wear a more unequivocal aspect of religiousness than the latter. Why an air of gravity, decency, and seriousness looks to be more in alliance with sanctity than the air of open integrity or of smiling benevolence. Why the most ostensible change in the habit of a converted profligate is that change in virtue of which he withdraws himself from the companions of his licentiousness. And why to renounce the dissipations of his former life stands far more frequently or, at least, more visibly.\nAssociated with the act of putting on Christianity is the act of renouncing the dishonesties of his former life. It is true that, by the law of the gospel, he is laid under the authority of the commandment to live righteously as of the commandment to live soberly. But there is a compound character in those virtues which are merely social. The presence of one ingredient serves to throw into the shade, or to disguise altogether, the presence of the other ingredient. There are more irreligious men who are just in their dealings than there are irreligious men who are at the same time pure and temperate in their habits. Therefore, justice, even the most scrupulous, is not so specific, and, of course, not so satisfying a mark of religion, as is purity.\nA man's sobriety, which is rigid and unyielding, explains why abandoning the past conduct is more noticeable for him at this stage in his history than abandoning past iniquities. The most notable transformation that occurs at such a time is a shift from thoughtlessness, licentious gaiety, and festive indulgences, as described in the Apostle's words: \"those who do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God.\" Even in the midst of his impiety, a man may have been kind-hearted, with no visible room for such excesses of riot, of which the Apostle speaks.\nThe transformation from inhumanity of character; even then, he may have been honorable, and there might be as little room for a visible transformation from fraudulence. Thirdly, nothing is more obvious than the antipathy felt by a certain class of religionists against the preaching of good works. This antipathy is surely well and warrantably grounded when it is such preaching as reduces the importance or infringes upon the simplicity of the great doctrine of Chauviek's Disourses.\n\nJustification by faith. But along with this, may there not be remarked the toleration with which they listen to a discourse upon one set of good works, and the evident coldness and dislike with which they listen to a discourse on another set. How a pointed remonstrance against sabbath breaking sounds.\nin their ears, as if more in character from the pulpit, than a pointed remonstrance against theft or speaking evil; an eulogy on the observance of family worship feels, in their taste, more impregnated with the spirit of sacredness than an eulogy on the virtues of the shop or the marketplace. And that, while the one is approved of as having about it the solemn and suitable characteristics of godliness, the other is stigmatized as a piece of barren, heartless, heathenish, and philosophic morality? Now, this antipathy to the preaching of the latter species of good works have something peculiar in it. It is not enough to say, that it arises from a sensitive alarm about the stability of the doctrine of justification; for let it be observed, that this doctrine stands unchanged.\nOpposed to the merit of all performances whatsoever, not just of one particular class. It is just as unbiblical a distraction from the great truth of salvation by faith to rest our acceptance with God on the duties of prayer, rigid sabbathe keeping, or strict and untainted sobriety, as it is to rest it on the punctual fulfillment of all your bargains and on the extent of your manifold liberalities. It is not a mere zeal about the great article of justification that lies at the bottom of that peculiar aversion felt towards a sermon on some social or humane accommodation, and this is not felt towards a sermon on sober-mindedness, or a sermon on the observation of the sacrament, or a sermon on any of those performances which bear a more direct and exclusive reference.\nTo God. We shall find the explanation of this phenomenon, which frequently appears in the religious world, in that distinction which we have recently required should be kept in steady hold and followed into its various applications. The aversion in question is often, in fact, a well-founded aversion, to a topic which, though religious in matter, may, from the way in which it is proposed, be altogether secular in principle. It is resistance to what is deemed, and justly deemed, an act of usurpation on the part of certain virtues, which, when unanimated by a sentiment of godliness, are entitled to no place whatever in the ministrations of the gospel of Christ. It proceeds from a most enlightened fear, lest that should be held to make up the whole of religion.\nWhich is in fact utterly devoid of the spirit of religion; and from a true and tender apprehension, lest, on the possession of certain accomplishments which secure a fleeting credit throughout the little hour of this world's history, deluded man should look forward to his eternity with hope, and upward to his God with complacency\u2014 while he carries not on his forehead one vestige of the character of heaven, one lineament of the aspect of godliness.\n\nAnd lastly, the first class of virtues bear the character of religiousness more strongly, just because they bear that character more singly. The people who are without might, no doubt, see in every real Christian the virtues of the second class also; but these virtues do not belong to them peculiarly and exclusively. For though it be true, that every religious man must possess the virtues of the second class, yet the first class are more distinctively religious.\nThe converse does not follow that every honest man must be religious. Social accomplishments do not form the specific or most prominent marks of Christianily. They may be recognized as features in the character of men who utterly repudiate the whole style and doctrine of the New Testament. A prevalent impression in society is that the faith of the gospel does not bear powerfully and directly on the relative virtues of human conduct. A few instances of hypocrisy among serious professors of our faith serve to reinforce this impression and give it perpetuity in the world. One single example of sanctimonious duplicity is enough, in the judgment of many, to cover the whole of vital and orthodox Christianity.\nThe disgrace will be celebrated amongst the irreligious companies. The man who pays no homage to sabbaths or sacraments will be contrasted, in the open, liberal, and manly style, with the low cunning of this driveling methodistical pretender. The loud laugh of a multitude of scorners will give force and swell to this public outcry against the whole character of the sainthood.\n\nThis delusion on the part of the unbelieving world is natural and should not astonish us. We are not surprised, from the reasons already advertised, that the truth and justice, and humanity, and moral loveliness, which do in fact belong to every new creature in Jesus Christ our Lord, should miss their observation or, at least, fail to be recognized.\nThe disciples need to be reminded of the solemn and indispensable religiousness of the second class of virtues. They need to be told that these virtues, while approved by men and found in those who live without God, also possess the other ingredient of being acceptable to God. These virtues should be the subjects of their most strenuous cultivation. They must not lose sight of the one ingredient in the other or stigmatize them as many do.\nless  and  insignificant  morahties,  those  virtues  which \nenter  as  component  parts  into  the  service  of  Christ;  so \nthat  he  who  in  these  things  serveth  Christ,  is  both  ac- \nceptable to  God,  and  approved  by  men.     They  must \nnot  expend  all  their  warmth  on  the  high  and  peculiar \ndoctrine  of  the  New  Testament,  while  thev  offer  a \ncold  and  reluctant  admission  to  the  practical  duties  of \nthe  New  Testament.     The  Apostle  has  bound  the  one \nto  the  other  by  a  tie  of  immediate  connexion.     Where- \nfore, lie  not  one  to  another,  as  ye  have  put  off  the  old \nman  and  his  deeds,  and  put  on  the  new  man,  which \nis  formed  after  the  image  of  God,  in  righteousness  and \ntrue  holiness.     Here  the  very  obvious  and  popular  ac- \ncomplishment of  truth  is  grafted  on  the  very  peculiar \ndoctrine  of  regeneration  :  and  you  altogether  mistake \nthe  kind  of  transforming  influence  which  the  faith  of \nLet every pretender to Christianity vindicate this assertion by his own personal history in the world. Let him not lay his godliness aside when he is done with the morning devotion of his family; but carry it abroad with him and make it his companion and guide through the whole business of the day. Always bearing in his heart the sentiment, that thou uprightness of character does not emerge at the same time with godliness of character; or that the virtues of society do not form upon the believer into as rich and varied an assemblage as do the virtues of the sanctuary; or that while he puts on those graces which are singly acceptable to God, he falls behind in any of those graces which are both acceptable to God and approved of men.\nGod sees me, and remembering that there is not one hour that can flow or one occasion that can arise where his law is not present with some imperious exaction or other. It is false that the principle of Christian sanctification possesses no influence over the families of civil and ordinary life. It is altogether false that godliness is a virtue of such a lofty and monastic order as to hold its dominion only over the solemnities of worship or over the solitudes of prayer and spiritual contemplation. If it be substantially a grace within us at all, it will give a direction and a color to the whole of our path in society. There is not one conceivable transaction, amongst all the manifold varieties of human employment, which it is not fitted to animate by its spirit. There is nothing that meets us.\nThe homely influence, bearing the stamp of something celestial, reaches beyond obtainability from Chalmers' Disourses. It assumes control over the entire man and subordinates all movements. Christianity does not descend from the preacher, but rather expands its operation when he brings it to your counting houses, rebuking any selfish inclination that carries you within the bounds of fraudulency. He enters your chambers of agency, detecting the falsehood lurking beneath the plausibility of your multiplied and excessive charges.\nWhen he visits the crowded marketplace and pronounces every bargain, where truth, in all the strictness of Quakerism, has not presided, as tainted with moral evil. He looks into your shops and, in listening to the contest between him who magnifies his article and him who pretends to undervalue it, he calls it the contest of avarice, broken loose from the restraints of integrity. He is not, by all this, vulgarizing religion or giving it the hue and character of earthliness. He is only asserting the might and universality of its sole preeminence over man. Therefore, if possible, he would solemnize his hearers to the practice of simplicity and godly sincerity in their dealings. He would try to make the odiousness of sin stand visibly out on every shade and modification of dishonesty; and to assure.\nIf there is a place in our world where subtle evasion, dexterous imposition, sly but gainful concealment, and the misleading report that tempts the unwary purchaser are not only currently practiced in the walks of merchandise, but are also seen with general connivance, then that is the place. If the sense of morality has fallen there, and all the finer delicacies of conscience are overborne in the keen and ambitious rivalry of men hastening to be rich and holy given over to the idolatrous service of the God of this world, then that is the place where the smoke of its iniquity rises before Him who sits on the throne in a tide of deepest and most revolting abomination.\nAnd here we have to complain of the public injustice done to Christianity, when one of its professors has acted the hypocrite and stands in disgraceful exposure before the world. We advert to the readiness with which this becomes a matter of general impeachment against every appearance of seriousness. And how loud the exclamation is against the religion of all who signalize themselves. Now, it so happens, that in the midst of this world lying in wickedness, a man, to be a Christian at all, must signalize himself. Neither is he in a way of salvation unless he be one of them.\na very peculiar people. We would not precipitately condemn him, even though the peculiarity was so glaring as to provoke the charge of Methodism. But instead of making one man's hypocrisy act as a drawback upon the reputation of a thousand, we submit, if it would not be a fairer and more philosophical procedure, to betake ourselves to the method of induction\u2014to make a walking survey over the town and record an inventory of all the men in it who are so far gone as to have the voice of psalms in their families; or as to attend the meetings of fellowship for prayer; or as scrupulously to abstain from all that is questionable in the amusements of the world; or as, by any other marked and visible symptom whatever, to stand out to general observation as the members of a religious sect.\nA saintly and separated society. We know that there are a few who, if Paul were alive, would move him to weep for the reproach they bring upon his master. But we also know that the blind and impetuous world exaggerates the few into the many; inverts the process of atonement altogether, by laying the sins of one man upon the multitude; looks at their general aspect of sanctity and is so engrossed with this single expression of character, as to be insensible to the noble uprightness and the tender humanity with which this sanctity is associated. Therefore, we offer the assertion and challenge all to its most thorough and searching investigation: that the Christianity of these people, which many think does nothing but cant and profess and run after ordinances, has augmented their honesties and their liberalities.\nAnd those, tenfold beyond the average character of society; these are the men we oftenest meet in the mansions of poverty\u2014 and who look with the most wakeful eye over all the sufferings and necessities of our species\u2014and who open their hand most widely in behalf of the imploring and the friendless\u2014and to Ohalmer's Luscouices. Whom, in spite of all their mockery, the men of the world are sure, in the negotiations of business, to award the readiest confidence\u2014and who sustain the most splendid part in all those great movements of philanthropy which bear on the general interests of mankind\u2014and who, with their eye full upon eternity, scatter the most abundant blessings over the fleeting pilgrimage of time\u2014and who, while they hold their conversation in heaven, do most enrich the earth we tread upon, with all those virtues which secure enjoyment.\nDiscourse III, The Power of Selfishness in Promoting the Honesties of Mercantile Intercourse\n\nAnd if you do good to those who do good to you, what thanks have you? For sinners also do the same. - Luke vi. 33.\n\nIt is remarked of many of those duties, the performance of which confers the least distinction upon an individual, that they are at the same time the very duties, the violation of which would confer upon him the largest measure of obloquy and disgrace. Truth and justice do not serve to elevate a man so highly above the average morality of his species as would generosity, or ardent friendship, or devoted and disinterested patriotism. The former are greatly more common than the latter; and, on that account, the former are less likely to distinguish him.\nThe presence of such traits is not so calculated to signalize the individual to whom they belong. But that is one reason why the absence of them would make him a more monstrous exception to the general run of character in society. And accordingly, while it is true that there are more men of integrity in the world than there are men of very wide and liberal beneficence, it is also true that one act of falsehood or one act of dishonesty would stamp a far more burning infamy on the name of a transgressor than any defect in those more heroic charities and extraordinary virtues of which humanity is capable.\n\nChalmers' Disourses, 51\n\nSo it is far more disgraceful not to be just to another, and, at the same time, an act of kindness may be held in higher positive estimation.\nThe one is my right \u2014 there is no call for the homage of particular testimony when it is rendered. The other is additional to my right \u2014 the offering of spontaneous good will, which I had no tide to exact; and which, therefore, when rendered to me, excites in my bosom the cordiality of a warmer acknowledgment. And yet, our Savior, who knew what was in man, saw that much of the apparent kindness of nature was resolvable into the real selfishness of nature; that much of the good done unto others was done in the hope that these others would do something in return. It would be found by an able analyst of the human character that this was the secret but substantial principle of many of the civilities and hospitalities of ordinary intercourse\u2014that if there were no expectation of reciprocation.\nBut if to do what is unjust is still more gratifying than not to do what is due, it would prove more strikingly than before, how deeply sin had tainted the moral constitution of our species \u2013 could it:\n\nBut if to do what is unjust is still more gratifying than not to do what is due, it would prove more strikingly than before how deeply sin had tainted the moral constitution of our species.\nIt is shown that the great practical restraint on the prevalence of this more disgraceful thing in society is the tie of that common selfishness which acts and characterizes all its members. It is a curious but important question, if it were capable of being resolved, how much of the actual doings of honesty would still be kept up in the world if men did not feel it in their interest to be honest? It is our own opinion of the nature of man that it has its honorable feelings and its instinctive principles of rectitude and its constitutional love of truth and integrity; and that, on this basis, a certain portion of uprightness would remain amongst us, without the aid of any prudence or any calculation whatever. We have fully conceded this; and have already attempted to demonstrate,\nDespite man's inherent sinfulness, characterized by a lack of concern or even antipathy towards God, native virtues exist in society. It has been argued against the orthodox doctrine of universal human corruption that engaging examples of worth and benevolence occur without the influence of the gospel. The reply is that this does not detract from the doctrine but may even aggravate it \u2013 these very men who exemplify much of what is amiable carry indifference towards the will of the Being who formed and embellished them. (O'Hara's Disourses, 53)\nbe it heavy deduction indeed, not from the doctrine, but from its hostile and opposing arguments, could it be shown that the vast majority of all equitable dealing amongst men is performed, not on the principle of honor at all, but on the principle of selfishness\u2014this is the soil upon which the honesty of the world mainly flourishes and is sustained; that, were the connection dissolved between justice to others and our own particular advantage, this would go far to banish the observation of justice from the earth; that generally speaking, men are honest, not because they are lovers of God, and not even because they are lovers of virtue, but because they are lovers of themselves\u2014insomuch, that if it were possible to disjoin the good of self altogether from the habit of doing what is right.\nThe fair and kind treatment of people would not only isolate children of men from each other in terms of obligations of benevolence, but it would also arm them with undisguised hostility regarding their rights. The disinterested principle would provide a feeble barrier against a desolating tide of selfishness, released from consideration of its own advantage. The genuine depravity of the human heart would emerge and reveal itself in its true nature; and the world we live in would become a scene of unblushing fraud, open and lawless depredation. And perhaps, the best way to practically solve this question is not through a formal induction of particular cases, but by\nA well-exercised merchant could cast a more intelligent judgment on business matters, gathered from a lifetime of observations, recollections, and personal experiences with human passions and interests.\nA well-exercised metaphysician should consider this question. You, who have hazarded most on the faith of agents, customers, and distant correspondents, will decide. Confidence in others' honesty is prevalent among you, and without it, all trade would cease. Confidence is the soul and life of commercial activity. It's delightful to think that a man can let his wealth leave his sight, traverse the mightiest oceans and continents, and place it in the custody of men he has never met. This is a sublime homage to the honorable and high-minded.\nprinciples  of  our  nature,  that,  under  their  guardianship \nthe  adverse  hemispheres  of  the  globe  should  be  bound \ntogether  in  safe  and  profitable  merchandise  ;  and  that \nCHALMEirs  DlBCOURSEfe. \no:j \nthus  one  should  sleep  with  a  bosom  undisturbed  by \njealousy,  in  Britain,  who  has  all,  and  more  than  all  his \nproperty  treasured  in  the  warehouses  of  India\u2014 and \nthat,  just  because  there  he  knows  there  is  vigilance  to \ndefend  it,  and  activity  to  dispose  of  it,  and  truth  to \naccount  for  it,  and  all  those  trusty  virtues  which  enno- \nble the  character  of  man  to  shield  it  from  injury,  and \nsend  it  back  again  in  an  increasing  tide  of  opulence  to \nhis  door. \nThere  is  no  question,  then,  as  to  the  fact  of  a  very \nextended  practical  honesty,  between  man  and  man,  in \ntheir  intercourse  w  ith  each  other.  The  only  question \nis,  as  to  the  reason  of  the  fact.  Why  is  it,  that  he \nWho has one trusted to act with such correctness and faithfulness concerning your interest or his own? Which of the two does his mind prioritize in this action: your interest or his own? Is it because he seeks advantage for you or because he finds advantage for himself? Which of these concerns does he tremble most alive to: your property or his character? And upon the last of these feelings, might he not be more compelled to equitable dealing than the first? We well know that there is enough room in his bosom for both; but to determine how powerfully selfishness is blended with the punctualities and integrities of business, let those who can speak most soundly and experimentally on the subject inform us what would be the result if the element of selfishness were introduced.\nwere  so  detached  from  the  operations  of  trade,  that \nthere  was  no  such  thing  as  a  man  suffering  in  his  pros- \nperity, because  he  suffered  in  his  good  name  ;  that \nthere  wa^  no  such  thing  as  a  desertion  of  custom  and \n5|i  CHALMERS  DISC'OIJKSES \nemployment  coming  upon  the  back  of  a  blasted  credit, \nand  a  tainted  reputation  ;  in  a  word,  if  the  only  secu- \nrity we  had  of  man  was  his  principles,  and  that  his \ninterest  flourished  and  augmented  just  as  surely  with- \nout his  principles  as  with  them  ?  Tell  us,  if  the  hold  we \nhave  of  a  man's  own  personal  advantage  were  thus \nbroken  down,  in  how  far  the  virtues  of  the  mercantile \nworld  would  survive  it  ?  Would  not  the  world  of  trade \nsustain  as  violent  a  derangement  on  this  mighty  hold \nbeing  cut  asunder,  as  the  world  of  nature  would  on \nthe  suspending  of  the  law  of  gravitation  ?  Would  not \nThe whole system would fall to pieces and be dissolved? Would not men, when released from the magical chain of their own interest, which bound them together into a fair and seeming compact of principle, behave like dogs of rapine and let loose upon their prey, overleap the barrier which formerly restrained them? Does this not prove that selfishness, after all, is the grand principle on which the brotherhood of the human race is made to hang together; and he who can make the wrath of man praise him, has also, on the selfishness of man, caused a most beauteous order of wide and useful intercourse to be suspended?\n\nBut let us here stop to observe, that while there is much in this contemplation to magnify the wisdom of the Supreme Contriver, there is also much in it to humble man and to convict him of deceitfulness.\nOf that moral complacency with which he looks to his own character and his own attainments, there is much to demonstrate that his righteousnesses are as filthy rags; and that the idolatry of self, however hidden in its operation, may be detected in almost every discourse of Chalmers. One of them. God may combine the separate interests of every individual of the human race, and the strenuous prosecution of these interests by each of them, into a harmonious system of operation, for the good of one great and extended family. But if, on estimating the character of each individual member of that family, we shall find that the mainspring of his actions is the urgency of a selfish inclination; and that to this his very virtues are subordinate; and that even the honesties which mark his conduct are chiefly, though perhaps, merely a mask to his true self.\nThe selfishness that occupies his whole heart causes the semblance of the case to be what it may, but the reality accords with the most mortifying representations of the New Testament. The moralities of nature are but the moralities of a day and will cease to be applauded when this world, the only theatre of their applause, is burnt up. They are but the blossoms of that rank efflorescence which is nourished on the soil of human corruption, and can never bring forth fruit unto immortality. The discerner of all secrets sees that they emanate from a principle that is at utter war with charity, which prepares for the enjoyments and glows in the bosoms of the celestial. Therefore, though highly esteemed among men, they may be an abomination in his sight. Let us make this clearer if possible.\nThere is not one member of the great mercantile family with whom there does not exist a reciprocal interest. He does them good, but his eye is always open to their doing him something again. They minister to him all the profits of his employment, but not unless he ministers to them of his service, attention, and fidelity. In perfect consistency with interest being the reigning idol of his soul, he may still be, in every way, as sensitive to their confidence.\ncroachment upon his reputation, for he would be equally vigilant in guarding his property. This tie of reciprocity, which binds him into fellowship and good faith with society at large, sometimes draws one or two individuals into a still more intimate relationship with himself. There may be a lucrative partnership, in which it is the pressing necessity of each individual that they stick closely and steadily together for a time. Or there may be a thriving interchange of commodities, where it is in the mutual interest of all concerned that each takes his assigned part and adheres to it.\nThere may be a promising arrangement devised, which requires concert and understanding to effectuate. For this purpose, several may enter into a skillful, well-ordered combination. We are not saying that this is very general in the mercantile world, or that it is in the slightest degree unfair. But you must be sensible, that amid the reelings and movements of the great trading society, the phenomenon sometimes offers itself of a group of individuals who have entered into some compact of mutual accommodation, and who, therefore, look as if they were isolated from the rest by the bond of some more strict and separate alliance. All we aim at is to gather illustration to our principle, out of the way in which the members of this associated cluster conduct themselves towards each other.\nHow such cordiality may pass between them, supposed to be the cordiality of genuine friendship; how such an intercourse might be maintained among their families, looking like the intercourse of unmingled affection; how such an exuberance of mutual hospitality might be poured forth, recalling those poetic days when avarice was unknown and men lived in harmony together on the fruits of one common inheritance; and how nobly disdainful each member of the combination appeared to be of such little savings, easily surrendered to the general good and adjustment of the whole concern. And all this, you will observe, so long as the concern prospered, and it was in the interest of each to abide by it; and the respective accounts current gladdened the heart of every individual, by the exhibition of an uninterrupted flow of mutual benefits.\nBut every such system of operations comes to an end. And we ask, is it an unlikely evolution of our nature, that the selfishness which lay concealed during these transactions should now come forward and put out its cloven foot, when they draw to their termination? And as the tie of reciprocity gets looser, is it not a very possible thing that murmurs of something like inequitable or unpleasant conduct should get louder? And that a fellowship, hitherto carried forward in smiles, should break up in reproaches? And that the whole character of this fellowship should show itself more unequivocally as it comes nearer to its close? And that some of its members, as they are drawing to a close, may reveal their true nature?\nBut should individuals disengage from the bond of mutual interest, must they also disengage from the bonds of mutual delicacies, honesties which had previously marked their entire interaction? In such a matter, where all parties appeared so fair, magnanimous, and liberal, might it not eventually degenerate into a contest of keen appropriation, a scramble of undisguised selfishness?\n\nHowever, it is not accurate to assume that this will occur generally. In fact, such an exposure of character would not only bring a man down in the estimation of those from whom he is withdrawing himself, but also in the estimation of the general public, on whose opinion his dependence still rests.\nA man's interest in maintaining honesty of character can be estimated precisely by supposing the tie of reciprocity is dissolved not only between him and those with whom he had been particularly and intimately associated, but also between him and his entire former acquaintanceship in business. The situation that comes closest to this is that of a man on the eve of bankruptcy, with no sure hope of retrieving his circumstances to again emerge into credit and be restored to some employment of gain or of confidence. If he has either honorable or religious feelings, then character, as characterized by Chalmers (Discourses. 31).\nConnected with principle may still, in his eyes, be something; but character, as connected with prudence or the calculations of interest, may now be nothing. In the dark hour of the desperation of his soul, he may feel, in fact, that he has nothing to lose. And let us now see how he will conduct himself, when thus released from that check of reputation which formerly held him. In these circumstances, if you have ever seen the man abandon himself to utter regardlessness of all the honesties which at one time adorned him, and doing such disgraceful things as he would have spurned at the very suggestion of, in the days of his prosperity; and, forgetful of his former name, practicing all possible shifts of duplicity to prolong the credit of a tottering establishment; and to keep himself afloat for a few months of torture and restlessness.\nweaving such a web of entanglement around his many friends and companions, implicating some of them in his fall; plying his petty wiles to survive the coming ruin and gather up its fragments for his family. O! how much is there here to deplore; and who can be so ungenerous as to stalk in unrelenting triumph over the helplessness of so sad an overthrow! But if ever you encounter such an exhibition, ask not to withhold your pity from the unfortunate. Read in it a lesson of worthless and sunken humanity; how even its very virtues are tinctured with corruption; and that the honor, truth, and equity, with which man proudly thinks his nature is embellished, are often reared on the basis of self-interest. (Chalmers Discourse, i)\nButters, and they lie prostrate in the dust when that basis is cut away. However, other instances may be quoted, which go more satisfactorily to prove the very extended influence of selfishness on the moral judgments of our species; and how readily the estimate, which a man forms on the question of right and wrong, accommodates itself to his own interest. There is a strong general reciprocity of advantage between the government of a country and all its inhabitants. The one party, in this relation, renders a revenue for the expenses of the state. The other party renders back again protection from injustice and violence. Were the means furnished by the former withheld, the benefit conferred by the latter would cease to be administered. Thus, with the government and the public at large, nothing can be more strict, and more indiscriminate.\nThe reciprocity between individuals in a public is more desirable than the tie that exists between them. However, this is not felt, and therefore not acted upon by the separate individuals who comprise that public. The reciprocity does not come home with a sufficiently pointed and personal application to each of them. Every man may calculate that, though he, on the strength of some dexterous evasions, were to keep back the tribute that is due by him, the mischief that would recoil upon himself is divided with the rest of his countrymen; and the portion of it which comes to his door would be so very small, as to be insensible to him. To all feeling, he will be just as effectively sheltered, by the power and the justice of his country, whether he pays his taxes in full or, under the guise of some skillful concealment, pays them but a portion.\nThe tie of reciprocity between him and his sovereign is largely dissolved. What is the actual adjustment of the moral sense and moral conduct of the population in this state of affairs? It is quite palpable. Subterfuges, which would be considered disgraceful in private business, are not held to be so in this department of a man's personal transactions. The cry of indignation, which would be lifted up against the falsehood or dishonesty of a man's dealings in his own neighborhood, is mitigated or unheard, though, in his dealings with the state, there should be the very same relaxation of principle. There is a connivance of popular feeling, which, if extended to the whole of human traffic, would banish all its securities from the world. Giving:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections for typos and formatting have been made.)\nMuch good among men is done on the expectation of reciprocal good; many virtues regulate and sustain human fellowship, yet leave the imputation of sin unredeemed. The practice of morality and the demand for it are measured by self-love, which far from signaling a man or preparing him for eternity, is common to the fiercest and most degenerate of his species. Apart from self-interest, simplicity and godly sincerity are largely unknown. (Chalmers Disourses. 54)\n\nGod has interposed a law to give to all their dues and tribute to whom tribute is due.\nThe vast majority of this tribute is due for wrath's sake, not conscience's. Unsupported and solitary conscience has little effect in stemming the tide of selfishness. Honesty and truth go overbearingly along with this tide, and it is chiefly when they do, that the voice of man is lifted up to acknowledge them, and his heart becomes feelingly alive to a sense of their obligations.\n\nAnd let us here just ask, in what relation of criminality does he who uses a contraband article stand to him who deals in it? He stands in the same relation that a receiver of stolen goods stands to a thief or a depredator. There may be some who revolt at this idea. But, if the habit we have just denounced can be fastened on men of rank and power.\nThe seemingly reputable practice of the world lets us humbly admit how little righteous principle sustains it. Society is held together because God can turn the worthless propensities of individuals to account. Virtues such as fidelity, truth, and justice have the prop of selfishness to rest upon. If they had nothing but their own native charms and obligations, they would depart from the world, leaving it a prey to the anarchy of human passions \u2013 to the wild misrule of all those depravities which agitate and deform our ruined nature.\n\nCJJALM\u00a3H'3 DISCOUKSES. g.^.\n\nThe very sight of human nature may be witness to this.\nIn almost every parish of our sister kingdom where people render a revenue to the minister of religion, and the minister renders back again a return, it is true \u2014 but not such a return, as in the estimation of gross and ordinary selfishness, is deemed an equivalent for the sacrifice which has been made. In this instance, the law of reciprocity which reigns throughout common transactions of merchandise is altogether suspended, and the consequence is, that the law of right is trampled into ashes. A tide of public odium runs against the men who are outraged of their property, and a smile of general connivance rewards the successful dexterity of the men who invade it. That portion of the annual produce of our soil, which, on a foundation of legitimacy as firm as the property of the soil itself, is allotted to a set of national ministers, is not returned in kind or equivalent value.\nfunctionaries\u2014and which, but for them, would all have gone, in the shape of increased revenue, to the indolent proprietor, is altogether thrown loose from the guardianship of that great principle of reciprocity, on which we strongly suspect that the honesties of this world are mainly supported. The national clergy of England may be considered as standing out of the pale of this guardianship; and the consequence is, that what is most rightfully and most sacredly theirs, is abandoned to the gambol of many thousand depredators; and, in addition to a load of most undeserved obloquy, have they had to sustain all the heartburnings of known and felt injustice; and that intercourse between the teachers and the taught, which ought surely to be an intercourse of peace, friendship, and righteousness, is turned into a contest between the natural avarice of some.\nIt is not that we wish our sister church were swept away, for we honestly think that the overthrow of that establishment would be a severe blow to Christianity in our land. It is not that we envy that great hierarchy the splendor of her endowments. A better dinner of herbs, when surrounded by the love of parishioners, than a preferment of stalled dignity and strife therewith. It is not even that we look upon her ministers as having disgraced themselves by their rapacity. For look to the amount of the encroachments that are made upon them, and you will see that they have carried their privileges with the most exemplary forbearance and moderation. But, from these very encroachments, we infer how lawless a human establishment this is.\nBeing in a state of emancipation from one's own interest increases the temptations to injustice across the country. It is therefore desirable to put an end to such a state, not by abolishing the church, but through a fair and general commutation of its revenues. This should not involve any harm to the property of ecclesiastics, but rather the removal of a devastating blight from the population. Every provocative factor to injustice should be eliminated, leaving human frailty no longer exposed to ruinous and withering influences.\n\nWe would not have brought up this instance if not for the purpose of adding another experimental proof to the lesson of our text. We now proceed to the lesson itself with a few of its applications.\nWe trust you are convinced, from what has been said, that much of the world's actual honesty is due to the selfishness of individuals. And you will surely admit that, insofar as this is the motivating principle, honesty descends from its place as a rewardable or even amiable virtue and sinks down into the character of a mere prudential virtue. This virtue, so far from conferring any moral exaltation on him who exemplifies it, emanates from a propensity that seems inseparable from the constitution of every sentient being. Man is, in one respect, assimilated either to the most worthless of his own species or to those inferior animals among whom worth is unattainable. Let it not deafen the humbling impression of this argument that you are not distinctly conscious of.\nThe operation of selfishness, presiding at every step over the honesty of your daily transactions; and the only inward checks against injustice, of which you are sensible, are the aversion of a generous indignation towards it and the positive discomfort you would incur by the reproaches of your own conscience. Selfishness may have originated and nurtured the whole of this virtue that belongs to you, and yet the mind incurs the same discomfort by the violation of it as it would by the violation of any other established habit. And as for the generous indignancy of your feelings against all that is fraudulently and disgracefully wrong, let us never forget that this may be the nurtured fruit of that common selfishness which links human beings with each other into a relationship.\nof mutual dependence. This may be seen, in all its perfection, among the leagued and sworn bandits of the highway; who, while execrated by society at large for the compact of iniquity into which they have entered, can maintain the most heroic fidelity to the virtues of their own brotherhood\u2014and be, in every way, as lofty and as chivalric with their points of honor, as we are with ours; and elevate as indignant a voice against the worthlessness of him who could betray the secret of their association, or break up any of the securities by which it was held together. And, in like manner, may we be the members of a wider combination, yet brought together by the tie of reciprocal interest; and all the virtues essential to the existence, or to the good of such a combination, may come to be idolized amongst us; and the breath of human applause.\nWe have not affirmed that there is no native and disinterested principle of honor among men. But we have affirmed, on a former occasion, that a sense of honor may be in the heart, and the sense of God be utterly away from it. We affirm now that much of the honest practice of the world is not due to honesty of principle at all, but takes its origin elsewhere.\nFrom a baser ingredient of our constitution, Chalmers Disourses.\n\nSelfishness operates extensively on one hand, while abstract principle is limited on the other. It is difficult to determine; and such is the labyrinth of the human heart that he may be utterly unable, from his own consciousness, to answer this question. But amid all the difficulties of such an analysis of himself, we ask him to consider another who is unseen by us, but represented to us as seeing all things. We do not know in what characters this heavenly witness can be more impressively set forth than as pondering the heart, weighing the secrets of the heart, fixing an attentive and judging eye on all its movements, and treasuring up the whole of man's outward and inward actions.\nhistory is inscribed in a book of remembrance; and as keeping it in reserve for that day when, it is said, that the secrets of all hearts shall be laid open; and God shall bring out every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. Your consciousness may not distinctly inform you, in how far the integrity of your habits is due to the latent operation of selfishness, or to the more direct and obvious operation of honor. But your consciousness may, perhaps, inform you distinctly enough, how little a share the will of God has in the way of influence on any of your doings. Your own sense and memory of what passes within you may charge you with the truth of this monstrous indictment: that you live without God in the world; that however you may be signaled among your fellows, by that worth of character which is held in highest value.\nAnd among the individuals in a mercantile society, it is at least without the influence of a godly principle that you have reached the maturity of a 70-year-old in Chalmeck's Discourses. Either the proud emotions of rectitude which glow within your bosom are totally untainted by a feeling of homage to the Deity, or, without any such emotions, self is the divinity you have long worshipped, and your very virtues are so many offerings of reverence at her shrine. If such is, in fact, the nakedness of your spiritual condition, is it not high time we ask that you awaken from this delusion and shake the lying spirit of deep and heavy slumber away from you? Is it not high time, when eternity is so fast approaching, that you examine your accounts with God and seek for a settlement?\nWith that Being who will soon meet your disembodied spirits with the question of what have you done unto me? And if all the virtues which adorn you are but the subservienties of time, and if either done to yourselves or done without the recognition of God on the spontaneous instigation of your own feelings - is it not high time that you no longer lean on the securities on which you have rested, and that you seek acceptance with your Maker on a more firm and unalterable foundation?\n\nThis, then, is the terminating object of all the experience that we have tried to set before you. We want it to be a schoolmaster to bring you unto Christ. We want you to open your eyes to the accordancy which obtains between the theology of the New Testament and the actual state and history of man. Above all.\nWe want you to turn your eyes inwardly upon yourselves and behold a character without one trace or lineament of godliness \u2014 there to behold a heart that sets Upon totally other things than those which constitute the portion and reward of eternity. There to hold every principle of action resolvable into the idolatry of self, or, at least, into something independent of the authority of God. There to behold how worthless in their substance are those virtues which look so imposing in their semblance and their display, and draw around them here a popular hand and an applause which will all be dissipated into nothing, when hereafter they are brought up for examination to the judgment-seat. We want you when the revelation of the gospel charges you with the totality and magnitude of your corruptions.\nruption, that  you  acquiesce  in  that  charge  ;  and  that \nyou  may  perceive  the  trurness  of  it,  under  the  disguise \nof  all  those  hollow  and  unsubstantial  accomplishments \nwith  which  nature  may  deck  her  own  fallen  and  de- \ngenerate children.  It  is  easy  to  be  amused,  and  inter- \nested, and  intellectually  regaled,  by  an  analysis  of  the \nhuman  character,  and  a  survey  of  human  society. \nBut  it  is  not  so  easy  to  reach  the  individual  conscience \nwith  the  lesson \u2014 we  are  undcnie.  It  is  not  so  easy  to \nstrike  the  alarm  into  your  hearts  of  the  present  guilty \nand  the  future  damnation.  It  is  not  so  easy  to  send \nthe  pointed  arrow  of  conviction  into  your  bosoms^ \nwhere  it  may  keep  by  you  and  pursue  you  like  an  ar- \nrow sticking  fast ;  or  so  to  humble  you  into  the  conclu- \nsion, that  in  the  sight  of  God,  you  are  an  accursed \nthing,  as  that  you  may  seek  unto  him  who  became  a \nCurse you, and may the preaching of his Cross cease to be futility,\nBe assured then, if you persist in being justified by your present works, you will perish.\nChalmers' Discourse,\nThough we may not have convinced you of their worthlessness, be assured, that a day is coming when such a flaw of deceitfulness, in the principle of them all, shall be laid open, as will demonstrate the equity of your entire and everlasting condemnation.\nTo avert the fearfulness of that day is the message of the great atonement sounded in your ears \u2014 and the blood of Christ, cleansing from all sin, is offered to your acceptance; and if you turn away from it, you add to the guilt of a broken law the insult of a neglected gospel. But if you take the pardon of the gospel on your acceptance.\nThe efficacy of the gospel is such that it reaches mercy farther than your conscience ever did. It redeems you from the guilt of your most secret and unsuspected iniquities, thoroughly washing you from a taint of sinfulness more inveterate than you ever thought belonged to you. When a man becomes a believer, two great events take place. One occurs in heaven - the expunging of his name from the book of condemnation. Another occurs on earth - the application of a sanctifying influence, resulting in all old things being done away with and all things becoming new for him. He is...\nThe workmanship of God in Christ Jesus our Lord is made in us. He is not just forgiven for every evil work of which he was previously guilty, but he is created anew for the corresponding good work. Therefore, if a Christian, his honesty will be purified from the taint of selfishness by which the general honesty of this world is so deeply and extensively pervaded. He will not do this good thing so that any good thing may be done to him again. He will do it on a simple regard to its own native and independent rectitude. He will do it because it is honorable, and because God wills him to adorn the doctrine of his Savior. All his fair dealing and all his friendship will be fair dealing and friendship without interest. The principle that is in him will stand in no need of aid.\nA man endowed with integrity from his own resources, will it leave a legible mark of dignity and uprightness on all his actions in the world. All men find it advantageous, through the integrity of their dealings, to prolong the existence of some profitable association into which they have entered. But with him, the same unsullied integrity that kept this fellowship together and advanced its progress, will remain with him through its last transactions, and dignify its full and final termination. Most men find that, without any reflection of harm on their own heads, they could reduce the charges of taxation below the point of absolute justice. But he has a conscience towards God and man, which will not allow him; and there is a rigid truth in all his returns, a pointed and unwavering one.\nA Christian mind is incapable of artifice. When faced with difficulties and on the brink of collapse, a person's natural instinct is to secure provisions for their family. However, a Christian mind will be guided by conscience rather than necessity. A man will not deceive his creditors or take what is not rightfully his, any more than he would commit a sacrilege. Even if released from the bond of interest that binds a man to equity with his fellows, the tie of principle will remain. It will never be found that a man, for the sake of subsistence, will compromise his principles.\nA man, as one of the children of light, would not forfeit his soul to gain the whole world. The guilt of dishonesty not to be underestimated by its gain. He who is faithful in that which is least is also faithful in much. And he who is unjust in the least is unjust also in much (Luke xvi. 10). It is the fine poetical conception of a late poet, whose fancy too often groveled among the despicable of human character\u2014but who, at the same time, was capable of exhibiting both the tender and the noble of human character. When he says of the man who carried a native, unborrowed, self-sustained rectitude in his bosom, \"his eye, even turned on empty space, beamed keen with honor.\" It was affirmed, in the.\nlast discourse, much of the world's honorable practice rested on the substratum of selfishness; society was held together in the exercise of its relative virtues, mainly, by the tie of reciprocal advantage; a man's own interest bound him to all those average equities which obtained in the neighborhood around him; and in which, if he proved himself to be glaringly deficient, he would be abandoned by the respect, and the confidence, and the good will of the people with whom he had to do. It is a melancholy thought, how little the semblance of virtue upon earth betokens the real and substantial presence of virtuous principle in men. But on the other hand, though it be rare, there cannot be a more dignified altitude of the soul than when it rises of itself.\n\n70 CHALMERS Discourse\nIt kindles with a sense of justice, and the holy flame is fed, as if by its own energies; when man moves onwards in an unchanging course of moral magnanimity, and disdains the aid of those inferior principles by which gross and sordid humanity is kept from all the grosser violations; when he rejoices in truth as his kindred and congenial element\u2014such is the power of this feeling, that though unpeopled of all its terrestrial accompaniments; though he saw no interest whatever associated with its fulfillment; though without one prospect either of fame or of emolument before him, his eye, even when turned on emptiness itself, would still retain the living lustre that had been lit up in it, by a feeling of inward and independent reverence.\n\nIt has already been observed, and that fully and frequently enough, that a great part of the homage paid to genius consists in the feeling of reverence which it inspires.\nWhich is rendered to integrity in the world is due to the operation of selfishness. This is the substantial reason why the principle of the text has so very slender a hold on the human conscience. Man is ever prone to estimate the enormity of injustice by the degree in which he suffers from it. He brings this moral question to the standard of his own interest. A master will bear with all the lesser liberties of his servants, so long as he feels them to be harmless; and it is not till he is awakened to the apprehension of personal injury from the amount or frequency of the embezzlements, that his moral indignation is at all sensibly aroused. And thus it is, that the maxim of my great teacher of righteousness seems to be very little felt or forgotten in society. Unfaithfulness.\nIn that which is little, and unfaithfulness in that which is much, are very far from being regarded as they were by him under the same aspect of criminality. If there be no great hurt, it is felt that there is no great harm. The innocence of a dishonest freedom in respect to morality, is rated by its insignificance in respect to matter. The margin which separates the right from the wrong, is remorselessly trodden under foot, so long as each makes only a minute and gentle encroachment beyond the landmark of his neighbor's territory.\n\nOn this subject, there is a loose and popular estimate which is not at one with the deliverance of the New Testament; a habit of petty invasion on the side of aggressors, which is scarcely felt by them to be at all iniquitous\u2014and even on the part of those who are thus invaded.\nThere is a habit of loose and careless toleration, where men exhibit a negligence or indifference to principle, leading to injustice being easily practiced on one side and put up with on the other. This general slackness of observation overpowers the virtue of justice in its strictness and delicacy. It is the taint of selfishness that has marred and corrupted the moral sensibility of our world. The man, if such a man exists, whose eye beams keenly with honor and whose homage to the virtue of justice is free from unworthy and interested feelings, will long to render to her a faultless and completed obedience. Whatever his forbearance towards others, he could not.\nIQ Halmer's Discourse.\n\nHe suffers not the slightest blot of corruption in any of his doings. He cannot be satisfied with anything short of the very last jot and tittle of the requirements of equity being fulfilled. He not merely shares in the revolt of the general world against such outrageous departures from the rule of right, as would bring about the ruin of acquaintances or the distress of families. Such is the delicacy of the principle within him, that he could not have peace under the consciousness even of the minutest and least discoverable violation. He looks fully and fearlessly at the whole countenance which justice has against him; and he cannot rest, so long as there is a single article unmet or a single demand unsatisfied. If, in any transaction of his, there was so much as a farthing of secret and injurious dealings.\nHe found it on his side an accursed thing, marring the whole proceeding and casting an evil aspect over it, offending and disturbing him. He could not endure the whisperings of his own heart, which told him that, in so much as by one iota of defect, he had unfairly balanced the matter between himself and the unconscious individual with whom he dealt. It would be a burden on his mind to hurt and make him unhappy until the opportunity for explanation had come and he had eased his conscience by fulfilling all his obligations. It is justice in her upright attitude; it is justice in her onward path; it is justice, scorning every advantage that would tempt her, however little.\nTo the right or left; it is justice spurning the lureness of each paltry enticement away from her, and maintaining herself without deviation, in a track so QHALMEIVS DISCOURSES. Purely rectilinear, that even the most jealous and microscopic eye could not find in it the slightest aberration: this is the justice set forth by our great moral Teacher in the passage now submitted to you; and by which we are told, that this virtue refuses fellowship with every degree of iniquity that is perceptible; and that, were the very least act of unfaithfulness admitted, she would feel as if in her sanctity she had been violated, as if in her character she had sustained an overthrow.\n\nIn the further prosecution of this discourse, let us first attempt to elucidate the principle of our text, and then urge it onward to its practical consequences.\nI. The great principle of the text is that he who has sinned, even to a small degree in respect to the gravity of his transgression\u2014provided he has done so by passing over a clearly known forbidden limit\u2014has, in the act of doing so, incurred a full condemnation in respect to the principle of his transgression. In other words, the gain may be small, while the guilt may be great; the latter ought not to be measured by the former. He who is unfaithful in the least shall be dealt with, in respect to the offense given to God, in the same way as if he had been unfaithful in much.\n\nThe first reason we would assign in vindication of this principle is:\nThe issue with this text is minimal. Here is the cleaned version:\n\nThe essence of this is, that by a small act of injustice, the line which separates the right from the wrong, is effectively broken, as by a great act of injustice. There is a tendency in gross and corporeal man to rate the criminality of injustice by the amount of its appropriations\u2014to reduce it to a computational measure\u2014to count the man who has gained a double sum by his dishonesty, as doubly more dishonest than his neighbor\u2014to make it an affair of product rather than of principle; and thus to weigh the weight of a character in the same arithmetical balance with number or with magnitude. Now, this is not the rule of calculation on which our Savior has proceeded in the text. He speaks to the man who is only half an inch within the limit of forbidden ground.\nThe same terms he uses to address the man who has made the furthest and largest incursions apply. It is true that he is only a little way on the wrong side of the line of demarcation; but why is he there at all? It was in the act of crossing that line, and not in the act of going onwards after he had crossed it \u2014 it was then that the contest between right and wrong was entered upon, and then it was decided. That was the instant of time at which principle struck her surrender. The great pull the man had to make was in the act of overleaping the fence of separation; and after that was done, justice had no other barrier by which to obstruct his progress over the whole extent of the field she had interdicted. There might be barriers of a different description.\nmight be a revolt of humanity against the sufferings that would be inflicted by an act of larger fraud or depredation. There might be a dread of exposure, if the dishonesty should so swell in point of amount as to become more noticeable. But this is not the limit with which the question of a man's truth or a man's honesty has to do. These have already been given up. He may only be a little way within the margin of the unlawful territory, but still he is upon it; and the God who finds it out.\nHim there will reckon with him, and deal accordingly. Other principles and considerations may restrain his progress to the very heart of the territory, but justice is not one of them. This he deliberately threw away from him at that moment when he passed the line of circumvallation. And, though in the neighborhood of that line, he may hover all his days at the petty work of picking and purloining such fragments as he meets with, though he may never venture himself to a place of more daring or distinguished atrocity, God sees in him, at least, an utter unhinging. And thus it is, that the Savior, who knew what was in man and who, therefore, knew all the springs of that moral machinery by which he is actuated, pronounces of him who was unfaithful in the least, that\nHe was unfaithful in much. After the transition is accomplished, progress will follow, just as opportunity invites, and just as circumstances make it safe and practicable. It is not with justice as it is with generosity, and some of the other virtues. There is not the same graduation in the former as there is in the latter. The man who, with equal circumstances, gives away a double sum in charity, may, with more propriety, be reckoned doubly more generous than his neighbor. The man who, with the same equality of circumstances, only ventures on half the extent of fraudulency, can be reckoned only one half as unjust as his neighbor. Each has broken a clear line of demarcation. Each has transgressed a distinct and visible limit which he knew to be forbidden.\nA person knowingly forced a passage beyond his neighbor's landmark, and that is the place where justice has laid the main force of its interdict. In terms of the material of injustice, the question revolves into a mere computation of quantity. However, when it comes to the morale of injustice, the computation is based on other principles. It is upon these principles that our Savior pronounces himself. He makes it clear that even a very humble degree of the former may indicate the latter in all its atrocity. He stands between the lawful and the unlawful and tells us that the man who enters by a single footstep on the forbidden ground immediately gathers upon himself the full hue and character of guiltiness. He admits no extenuation of the lesser acts of dishonesty. He does not make right pass into wrong, but rather maintains the clear distinction between them.\nA gradual melting of one into the other he does not. He does not obliterate the distinctions of morality. There is no shading off at the margin of guilt, but a clear and vigorous delineation. It is not by a gentle transition that a man steps over from honesty to dishonesty. There is between them a wall rising up to heaven; and the high authority of heaven must be stormed ere CII ALM ER'S PISCORIANS one inch of entrance can be made into the region of iniquity. The morality of the Savior never leads him to gloss over the beginnings of crime. His object ever is, as in the text before us, to fortify the citadel, to cast a rampart of exclusion around the whole territory of guilt, and to rear it before the eye of man in such characters of strength and sacredness, as should make them feel that it is impregnable.\nThe second reason why he who is unfaithful in the least has incurred the condemnation of him who is unfaithful in much, is that the littleness of the gain, far from lessening the guilt, is in fact a circumstance of aggravation. There is this difference. He who has committed injustice for the sake of a lesser advantage, has done so under the impulse of a lesser temptation. He has parted with his honesty at a lower price; and this circumstance may go so far as to equalize, or even bring it very close to, the estimate, in the text, of our great Teacher of righteousness. The distinction between good and evil stood as clearly before the notice of the small as of the great depredator; and he has made just as direct a contravention to the first reason.\nHe may have made little gain from it, but this does not alleviate the guilt. By the second reason, this may even aggravate the Divinity's wrath against him. It shows how small the price he sets upon his eternity and how cheaply he bargains away God's favor. He rates the good of an inheritance with Him for a trifle and can dispose of all interest in his kingdom and promises so lightly. The circumstance that makes his character seem milder in the world's eyes makes it more odious in the sanctuary. The more paltry it is in terms of profit, the more profane it may be in terms of principle. It makes him resemble profane Esau.\nHe sold his birthright for a mess of pottage, and it is indeed most woeful to think of such a senseless and alienated world. Heedlessly, the men of it are posting their infatuated way to destruction, contracting as much guilt as will ruin them forever for little gain that might serve them a day. They are profoundly asleep in the midst of such designs and doings, which will form the valid materials of their entire and everlasting condemnation.\n\nIt is with such arguments as these that we would try to strike conviction among a very numerous class of offenders in society - those who, in the various departments of trust, or service, or agency, are ever practicing, in littles, the work of secret appropriation - those whose hands are in a state of constant defilement, by putting them forth to that which they ought not.\nThey who touch not, taste not, and handle not - those who silently number such pilferages as can pass unnoticed among the perquisites of their office; and who, by an excess in their charges, just slight enough to escape detection, or by a habit of purloining, just so restrained to elude discovery, have both a conscience very much at ease in their bosoms, and a credit very fair and very entire among their acquaintances around them. They grossly count upon the smallness of their transgression. But they are just going in a small way to hell. They would recoil with violent dislike from the act of a midnight depredator. It is just because terrors, and trials, and executions, have thrown around it the pomp and the circumstance of guilt. At another bar, and on a day of more dreadful solemnity,\nTheir guilt will be made to stand out in its essential characters, and their condemnation will be pronounced from the lips of Him who judges righteously. They feel that they have incurred no outrageous forfeiture of character among men, and this instills a treacherous complacency into their own hearts. But the piercing eye of Him who looks down from heaven is upon the reality of the question; and He who ponders the secrets of every bosom, can perceive that the man who recoils only from such a degree of injustice as is notorious, may have no justice whatever in his character. He may have a sense of reputation. He may have the fear of detection and disgrace. He may feel a revolt in his constitution against the magnitude of a gross and glaring violation. He may even share in all the feelings and principles of that conventional kind of morality.\nHe obtains in his neighborhood the principle that is surrendered by the least act of unfaithfulness. But he has no share whatever in that principle which obtains overawing sacredness in the boundary that separates the right from the wrong. If he only keeps decentally near, it is a matter of indifference to him whether he be on this or that side of it. He can be unfaithful in that which is least. There may be other principles and other considerations to restrain him; but it is certain that it is not now the principle of justice which restrains him from being unfaithful in much. This is given up; and, through a blindness to the great and important principle of our text, this virtue may, in its essential character, be as good as banished from the world. All its protections may be utterly destroyed.\nThe line of defense is effaced, which ought to have been firmly and scrupulously guarded. The signs-posts of intimation, which ought to warn and scare away, are planted along the barrier. When, in defiance to them, the barrier is broken, man will not be checked by any sense of honesty, at least, from expatiating over the whole of the forbidden territory. And thus, we gather from the countless peccadilloes which are so current in the various departments of trade, service, and agency\u2014from the secret freedoms in which many indulge, without one remonstrance from their own hearts\u2014from the petty inroads that are daily practiced on the confines of justice, by which its line of demarcation is trodden underfoot, and it has lost the moral distinctness and the moral charm that should have kept it unviolated.\nthe exceeding multitude of such frivolous offenses, but most fearfully important in respect to the principle from which they originate \u2013 from the woeful amount of that unseen and unrecorded guilt which escapes the cognizance of human law, but, on the application of the touchstone in our text, may be made to stand out in characters of severest condemnation\u2013 from instances, too numerous to repeat, but certainly too obvious to be missed, even by the observation of charity, we may gather the frailty of human principle and the virulence of that moral poison, which is now in such full circulation to taint and to adulterate the character of our species.\n\nBefore finishing this branch of our subject, we may observe that it is with this, as with many other phrases, that Chalmers' Piscatorius.\nThe human character reveals numerous traits, among which we encounter a prominent one that demands our attention: the great moral disease of ungodliness. This characteristic lies at the boundary between right and wrong, where God's law's flaming sword is placed. It is here that \"Thus saith the Lord\" becomes apparent, in legible characters. This is where the operation of His commandment commences, not at the initial stages where a man's dishonesty appalls himself due to the risk of detection or appalls others through the mischief and insecurity it brings upon social life. For instance, an extensive fraud upon the revenue, though unpopular, is an example.\ntice is,  would  bring  a  man  down  from  his  place  of  em- \ninence and  credit  in  mercantile  society.     That  petty \nfraud  which  is  associated  with  so  many  of  those  smaller \npayments,  where  a  lie  in  the  written  acknowledgment \nis  both  given  and  accepted,  as  a  way  of  escape  from \nthe  legal  imposition,  circulates  at  large   among   the \nmembers  of  the  great  trading  community.     In  the  for- \nmer, and  in  all  the  greater  cases  of  injustice,  there  is  a \nhuman  restraint,  and  a  human  terror,  in  operation. \nThere  is  disgrace  and  civil  punishment  to  scare  away. \nThere  arq  all  the  sanctions  of  that  conventional  morality \nwhich  is  suspended  on  the  fear  of  man,  and  the  opinion \nof  man ;  and  which,  without  so  much  as  the  recogni- \ntion of  a  God,  would  naturally  point  its  armour  against \nevery  outrage  that  could  sensibly  disturb  the  securities \nand  the  rights  of  human  society.     But  so  long  as  the \ndisturbance is not sensible - so long as the injustice keeps within the limits of smallness and secrecy. Clarendon's Disourses. Long as it is safe for the individual to practice it, and, borne along on the tide of general example and advance, he has nothing to restrain him but that distinct and inflexible word of God, which proscribes all unfaithfulness, and admits of no degrees, and no modifications. Then, let the almost universal sleep of conscience attest, how little of God there is in the virtue of this world; and how much the peace and protection of society are owing to such moralities, as the mere selfishness of man would lead him to ordain, even in a community of atheists.\n\nLet us now attempt to unfold a few of the practical consequences that may be drawn from the principle.\nThe first act of retribution in human history, as illustrated in the story of Adam and Eve, provides a powerful demonstration of our argument. God warned Adam, \"You shall not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for on the day you eat from it, you will surely die.\" Yet, Eve consumed the fruit and shared it with Adam, who also ate.\n\nThe significance of Eve's act of eating an apple lies in its far-reaching consequences. An seemingly insignificant action led to momentous outcomes. How can we comprehend that our first parents, through a single instant, brought about such profound changes?\nBut did they bring death upon themselves, yet shed this big and baleful disaster over all their posterity? We may not be able to answer all these questions, but we may at least learn what a dangerous thing it is, under the government of a holy and inflexible God, to tamper with the limits of obedience. By eating the apple, a clear requirement was broken, and a distinct transition was made from loyalty to rebellion, and an entrance was effected into the region of sin\u2014and thus did this one act serve like the opening of a gate for a torrent of mighty mischief. And if the act itself was a trifle, it just went to aggravate its guilt\u2014that for such a trifle, the authority of God could be despised and trampled on. At all events, his attribute of Truth stood committed to the fulfillment of the threatening.\nAnd the very insignificancy of the deed, which provoked its execution, gives a sublime character to the certainty of its fulfillment. We know how much this trait, in God's dealings with man, has been the jeer of infidelity. But in all this ridicule, there is truly nothing else than the grossness of materialism. Had Adara, instead of plucking one single apple from the forbidden tree, been armed with the power of a malevolent spirit, and spread wanton havoc over the face of paradise, and spoiled the garden of its loveliness, and been able to mar and deform the whole of that terrestrial creation over which God had so recently rejoiced\u2014 the punishment he sustained would have looked, to these arithmetical moralists, a more adequate return for the offense of which he had been guilty. They cannot see how the moral lesson rises in great clarity from this event.\nThe nakedness of sin is more impressively evil and bitter against the Law-giver. God said, \"Let there be light,\" and it was light. This simple utterance led to an accomplishment quick and magnificent. God said, \"That he who eats of the tree in the midst of the garden should die.\" It seems but a little thing to put forth one's hand to an apple and taste it. However, a saying of God was involved in the matter, and heaven and earth must abide by it.\nThe apple decided the fate of a world, and from the scantiness of the occasion, a sublime display of truth and holiness emerged. The beginning of the world was the period of great manifestations of the Godhead, and they all accord in style and character. In this history, which has elicited the profane and unthinking levity of many a scorer, we can behold as much of the majesty of principle as we do in the creation of light, the majesty of power.\n\nHowever, this history provides the materials for a more practical contemplation. If, for this one offense, Adam and his posterity have been so visited \u2013 if God's spirit is so rigorously and inflexibly precise.\nIf, under the economy of heaven, sin, in its very humblest exhibitions, is the object of an intolerance so jealous and so unrelenting \u2014 if the Deity is such as this transaction manifests him to be, disdainful of fellowship even with the very least iniquity, and dreadful in the certainty of all his accomplishments against it \u2014 if, for a single transgression, all the promise and all the felicity of paradise had to be broken up, and the wretched offenders had to be turned abroad upon a world now changed by the curse into a wilderness, and their secure and lovely home of innocence had to be abandoned, and to keep them out, a flaming sword had to turn every way and guard their reaccess to the bowers of immortality \u2014 if sin is so very hateful in the eye of unspotted holiness, Chalmers Disourses. 91.\nIf, on its very first act and appearance, the usual communion between heaven and earth was interdicted \u2013 if that was the time at which God looked on our species with an altered countenance, and one deed of disobedience proved so decisive of the fate and history of a world \u2013 what should each individual among us think of his own danger? Whose life has been one continued habit of disobedience? If we are still in the hands of that God who laid such a condemnation on this one transgression, let us just think of our many transgressions and that every hour we live multiplies the account of them. And however they may vanish from our own remembrance, they are still alive in the records of a judge whose eye and whose memory never fail him. Let us transfer the lesson we have gotten from heaven's judgment.\nLet us come together with the law of God to lead our lives, and we shall find that our sins are beyond reckoning. Let us consider the habitual posture of our souls, as a posture of dislike for things above, and we shall find that our thoughts and desires are constantly running in a current of sinfulness. Let us just make the computation of how often we fail in the bidden chant, and the bidden godliness, and the bidden long suffering \u2013 all as clearly bidden as the duty that was laid on our first parents \u2013 and we shall find that we are weighed down under a mountain of iniquity; that, in the language of the Psalmist, our transgressions have gone over our heads, and, as a heavy burden, are too heavy for us.\ndeed under the government of Him who followed up the offense of the stolen apple with such dreadful chastisement, this deed has gone out to the uttermost against every one of us. There is something in the history of that apple which might be brought specifically to bear on the case of those small sinners who practice in secret at the work of their petty deceits. But it also carries in it a great and a universal moral. It tells us that no sin is small. It serves a general purpose of conviction. It holds out a most alarming disclosure of the charge that is against us; and makes it manifest to the conscience of him who is awakened thereby, that unless God himself points out a way of escape, we are indeed most hopelessly sunk in condemnation. Seeing that such wrath went out from the sanctuary of this unchangeable God, on the one offense of\nOur first parents, it irresistibly follows, that if we, as mankind, do not take ourselves to His appointed way of reconciliation \u2014 if we refuse the overtures of Him, who then visited one offense through which all are dead, but is now laying before us all that free gift which is of many offenses unto justification\u2014 in other words, if we will not enter into peace through the offered Mediator, how much greater must be the wrath that abides on us?\n\nChalmers Discourse 93\n\nNow, let the sinner have his conscience schooled by such a contemplation, and there will be no rest whatever for his soul till he finds it in the Savior. Let him only learn, from the dealings of God with the first Adam, what a God of holiness he himself has to deal with; and let him further learn, from the history of the second Adam, that to manifest himself as a God.\nOf love, another righteousness had to be brought in, in place of that from which man had fallen so utterly away. There was a faultless obedience rendered by Him, of whom it is said, that he fulfilled all righteousness. There was a magnifying of the law by one in human form, who up to the last jot and tittle of it, acquitted himself of all its obligations. There was a pure, and lofty, and undefiled path, trodden by a holy and harmless Being, who gave not up his work on earth, till ere he left it, he could cry out, that it was finished; and so had wrought out for us a perfect righteousness. Now, it forms the most prominent announcement of the New Testament, that the reward of this righteousness is offered unto all\u2014so that there is not one of us who is not put by the gospel upon the alternative of being either tried by our own merits, or\ntreated according to the merits of Him who became sin for us, though he knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. Let the sinner just look unto himself, and look unto the Savior; and that, too, in the sight of a God, who, but for one so slight and insignificant in respect of the outward description, as the eating of a forbidden apple, threw off a world into banishment and entailed a sentence of death upon all its generations. Let him learn from this, that in the bosom of the Godhead there is no toleration; and how shall he dare, with the degree and the frequency of his own sin, to stand any longer on a ground, where, if he remains, the fierceness of a consuming fire is so sure to consume him?\n\nQ4 CHALMERS DISCOURSES.\nThe righteousness of Christ is without flaw, and there he is invited to take shelter. Under the actual regimen that God has established in our world, it is indeed his only security - his refuge from the tempest and hiding place from the storm. The only beloved son offers to spread his own unspotted garment as a protection over him; and, if he be truly alive to the utter nakedness of his moral and spiritual condition, he would indeed make no tarrying till he be found in Christ, and find that in him there is no condemnation.\n\nIt is worthy of remark that those principles which shut a man up unto the faith do not take flight and abandon him after they have served this temporary purpose. They abide with him, and work their appropriate influence on his character, and serve as the foundation for his growth.\nThe germ of a new moral creation; and we can subsequently detect their operation in his heart and life. If they were present at the formation of a saving belief, they are not less unfailingly present with every true Christian, throughout the entirety of his future history, as the elements of a renovated conduct. If it was sensitivity to the evil of sin which helped to wean the man from himself, and led him to his Savior, this sensitivity does not fall asleep in the bosom of an awakened sinner, after Christ has given him light \u2014 but it grows with the growth and strengthens with the strength of his Christianity. If, during the interesting period of his transition from nature to grace, he saw, even in the very least of his offenses, a deadly provocation of the liver, he does not lose sight of this consideration.\nin his future progress \u2014 nor does it barely remain with lim, like one of the unproductive notions of an inert and unproductive theory. It gives rise to a fearful jealousy in his heart of the least appearance of evil; and, with every man who has undergone a genuine process of conversion, do we behold the scrupulous avoidance of sin, in its most slender as well as in its more aggravated forms. If it was the perfection of the character of Christ, who felt that it became him to fulfill all righteousness, that offered him the first solid foundation on which he could lean \u2014 then, the same character, which first drew his eye for the purpose of confidence, still continues to draw his eye for the purpose of imitation. At the outset of faith, all the essential moralities of thought, feeling, and conviction.\nThe principles of the gospel fan and perpetuate a believer's hostility against sin, enabling them to carry out their purposes of avoidance in every new step and evolution of their mental history. Every genuine believer, who walks after the spirit and not the flesh, fulfills the righteousness of the law through strenuous avoidance of sin in its slightest taint and strenuous performance of duty.\nLet us adhere to the last jot and tittle of its exactions - so, that false professors of the faith may do as they will in the way of antinomianism, and enemies of the faith say what they will about our antinomianism. The real spirit of the dispensation under which we live is such, that whoever breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches men so is accounted the least; but whoever does and teaches them is accounted the greatest.\n\nLet us, therefore, apply and practice this lesson in your observation. The place for its practice is the familiar and weekday scene. The principle for the spirit of it descends upon the heart from the sublimest heights of God's sanctuary. It is not vulgarizing Christianity to bring it down to the very humblest occupations of human life.\nIt is dignifying human life by bringing it up to the level of Christianity. It may appear to some as a degradation of the pulpit when the household servant is told to make her firm stand against the temptation of open doors and secret opportunities; or when the confidential agent is told to resist the slightest inclination to any unseen freedom with the property of his employers, or to any undiscoverable excess in the charges of his management; or when the receiver of a humble payment is told that the tribute which is due on every written acknowledgment ought faithfully to be met and not fictitiously to be evaded. This is not robbing religion of its sacredness, but spreading its sanctity over the face of society. It is evangelizing Ionian life by impregnating it with the sanctity of its minutest transactions. CHALMERS DISCOURSES. 9th Series.\nWith the spirit of the gospel. It is strengthening the wall of partition between sin and obedience. It is the Teacher of righteousness taking his stand at the outpost of that territory which he is appointed to defend, and warning his hearers of the danger that lies in a single footstep of encroachment. It is letting them know, that it is in the act of stepping over the limit, that the sinner throws the gauntlet of his defiance against the authority of God. And though he may deceive himself with the imagination that his soul is safe, because the gain of his injustice is small, such is the God with whom he has to do, that, if it be gain to the value of a single apple, then, within the compass of so small an outward dimension, may as much guilt be enclosed as that which hath brought death into our world, and carried it down in a descending ruin upon itself.\nIt may appear a very little thing, when you are told to be honest in little matters; when the servant is told to keep her hand from every article about which there is not an express or understood allowance on her part; when the dealer is told to lop off the excesses of that minuter fraudulency, which is so currently practised in the humble walks of merchandise; when the workman is told to abstain from those petty reservations of the material of his work, for which he is said to have such snug and ample opportunity; and when, without pronouncing on the actual extent of these transgressions, all are told to be faithful in that which is least. If there is truth in our text, they incur the guilt of being unfaithful in much.\nThese are scarcely noticeable cases, but it is in the proportion of their being unnoticeable by the human eye that it is religious to refrain from them. These are the cases in which it will be seen whether the control of God's omniscience makes up for the control of human observation. In these secret places of a man's history, it should be felt that the eye of God is upon him, and that the judgment of God is in reserve for him. To one gifted with a true discernment of these matters, it will appear that often, in proportion to the smallness of the doings, is the sacredness of that principle which causes them to be done.\nWith integrity; that honesty, in little transactions, bears a greater aspect of holiness than honesty in great ones. The man of deepest sensitivity to the obligations of the law is he who feels the quickening of moral alarm at its slightest violations. In the morality of grains and of scruples, there may be a greater tenderness of conscience and a more heaven-born sanctity than in that larger morality which flashes broadly and observably upon the world. And thus, in the faithfulness of the household maid or of the apprentice boy, there may be the presence of a truer principle than in the more conspicuous transactions of human business \u2013 what they do being done not with eye-service.\n\nWe may remark, that nobleness of condition:\n\nChalmers' Discussions. 99.\nto be clear, this text is already quite clean and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content. The only minor formatting issues are the lack of a period at the end of the first sentence and the use of quotation marks around \"moral grace\" and \"moral grandeur.\" Here is the text with those issues corrected:\n\nto be clear, this text is not essential as a school for nobleness of character. Nor does man require high office to gather around his person the worth and lustre of a high-minded integrity. It is delightful to think that humble life may be just as rich in moral grace and moral grandeur as the loftier places of society. True dignity of principle may be earned by him who in homeliest drudgery plies his conscientious task, as by him who stands entrusted with the fortunes of an empire. The poorest menial in the land, who can lift a hand unsoiled by the pilferments within his reach, may have achieved a victory over temptation to the full as honourable as the proudest patriot can boast, who has spurned the bribery of courts away from him. It is cheering to know, from the heavenly places,\n\nTherefore, I will output the text as is, with no caveats or comments:\n\nto be clear, this text is not essential as a school for nobleness of character. Nor does man require high office to gather around his person the worth and lustre of a high-minded integrity. It is delightful to think that humble life may be just as rich in moral grace and moral grandeur as the loftier places of society. True dignity of principle may be earned by him who in homeliest drudgery plies his conscientious task, as by him who stands entrusted with the fortunes of an empire. The poorest menial in the land, who can lift a hand unsoiled by the pilferments within his reach, may have achieved a victory over temptation to the full as honourable as the proudest patriot can boast, who has spurned the bribery of courts away from him. It is cheering to know, from the heavenly places,\nThe one who is faithful in the least is also faithful in much. And this lesson is not insignificant in terms of principle, nor in terms of its impact on the order and well-being of human society. He who is unjust in the least is, in terms of guilt, unjust also in much. Conversely, he who is faithful in that which is least is, in terms of righteous principle and actual observation, faithful also in much. Who is the man to whom I would most readily confide the whole of my property? He who would most disdain.\nWho is the man from whom I would have the least dread of any unrighteous encroachment? He, all the delicacies of whose principle are awakened when he comes within sight of the limit which separates the region of justice from the region of injustice. Who is the man whom we shall never find among the greater depths of iniquity? He who shrinks with sacred abhorrence from the lesser degrees of it. It is a true, though a homely maxim of economy, that if we take care of our small sums, our great sums will take care of themselves. And, to pass from our own things to the things of others, it is no less true, that if principle should lead us all to maintain the care of strictest honesty over our neighbor's pennies, then his pounds will lie secure.\nFrom the grasp of injustice, behind the barrier of a moral impossibility. This lesson, if carried into effect among you, would so strengthen all the ramparts of security between man and man, as to make them utterly impassable; and therefore, while, in the matter of it, it may look, in one view, as one of the least of the commandments, it, in regard both of principle and of effect, is, in another view, one of the greatest of the commandments. And we therefore conclude by assuring you, that nothing will spread the principle of this commandment to any great extent throughout the mass of society, but the principle of godliness. Nothing will secure the general observation of justice amongst us, in its punctuality and in its precision, but such a precise Christianity as many affirm to be pure.\nThe virtues of society must be upheld by the virtues of the sanctuary. Human law may restrain many gross violations, but without religion among the people, justice will never be in extensive operation as a moral principle. A vast proportion of the species will be as unjust as the vigilance and severities of law allow them to be. A thousand petty dishonesties, which never will, and never can be brought within the cognizance of any of our courts of administration, will still continue to range the business of human life, and to stir up all the heartburnings of suspicion and resentment among the members of human society. It is indeed a triumphant reversion awaiting the Christianity of the species.\nNew Testament, when it is manifest as day, that it is her doctrine alone, which, by its searching and sanctifying influence, can moralize our world \u2013 as that each may sleep secure in the lap of his neighbor's integrity, and the charm of confidence, between man and man, will at length be felt in the business of every town, and in the bosom of every family.\n\nDiscourse V.\nOn the Great Christian Law of Reciprocity Between Man and Man.\n\n\"Therefore, all things whatsoever you want men to do to you, do so to them, for this is the law and the prophets.\" \u2013 Matt.\n\nThere are two great classes in human society, between whom there lie certain mutual claims and obligations, which are felt by some to be of very difficult adjustment. There are those who have requests of some kind or other to make; and there are those to whom these requests are made.\n\n\"Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.\" \u2013 Matthew 7:12.\n\nThere are two major groups in human society, separated by mutual demands and responsibilities that some find challenging to meet. There are those who have needs or desires to express; and there are those to whom these needs or desires are presented.\n\nJesus said, \"So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.\" \u2013 Matthew 7:12 (New International Version).\nThose to whom the requests are made, and with whom the power lies to grant or refuse them: Now, at first sight, it would appear that the firm exercise of this power of refusal is the only barrier by which the latter class can be secured against the infinite encroachments of the former. If this were removed, all the safeguards of right and property would be removed along with it. The power of refusal, on the part of those who have the right, may be abolished by an act of violence on the part of those who do not have it; and when this happens in individual cases, we have the crimes of assault and robbery. When it happens on a larger scale, we have anarchy and insurrection in the land. Or the power of refusal may be taken away by an authoritative precept of religion; and then, might [uncertain word]\nIt is still a matter of apprehension, lest our only defense against the inroads of selfishness and injustice is as good as given up, and lest the peace and interest of families be laid open to a most fearful exposure, by the enactments of a romantic and impracticable system. Whenever this is apprehended, the temptation is strongly felt, either to rid ourselves of the enactments altogether or at least to bring them down in nearer accommodation to the feelings and conveniences of men.\n\nChristianity, on the very first blush of it, appears to be precisely such a religion. It seems to take away all lawfulness of resistance from the possessor and to invest the demander with such an extent of privilege, as would make the two classes of society, to which we have just now adverted, speedily change their relative situations.\nThis is the true secret of the many laborious deviations in the branch of morality concerning the New Testament. It is the secret of those many qualifying clauses that have beset its most luminous announcements, to the utter darkening of them. This is the secret explaining the many sad invasions made on the most manifest and undeniable literalties of the law and of the testimony. Our present text, among others, has received its full share of mutilation and of what may be called \"dressing up\" from the hands of commentators \u2013 it having wakened the very alarms of which we have just spoken and called forth the very attempts to quiet and to subdue them. Surely, it has been said, we can never be required to do unto others what they have no right.\nAnd there is no reason for us to expect anything extravagant. The demand must not exceed the limits of moderation. It must be reasonable, according to the estimation of every justly thinking person, in the circumstances of the case. The principle on which our Savior rests the obligation to do any particular thing to others, as stated in the text, is that we wish others to do the same unto us. But this is too much for an affrighted selfishness; and, for her own protection, she would put forth a defensive sophistry on the subject. In place of that distinctly announced principle, on which the Bible both directs and specifies what things we should do unto others, she substitutes another principle entirely\u2014merely to do unto others such things as are fair, and right, and reasonable.\nNow there is one clause of this verse which would appear to lay a positive interdict on all these qualifications. How shall we dispose of a phrase so sweeping and universal in its import, as that of \"all things whatsoever\"? We cannot think that such an expression as this was inserted for nothing, by him who has told us, \"cursed is every one who taketh away from the words of this book.\" There is no distinction laid down between things fair and things unfair \u2014 between things reasonable and things unreasonable. Both are comprehended in the \"all things whatsoever.\" The significance is plain and absolute, that, let the thing be what it may, if you wish others to do that thing for you, it lies imperatively upon you to do the very same thing for them also. But, at this rate, you may think that the whole \"Chalmers' Disourses. J05\"\n\nCleaned Text: Now there is one clause of this verse which would appear to lay a positive interdict on all these qualifications. How shall we dispose of a phrase so sweeping and universal in its import, as that of \"all things whatsoever\"? We cannot think that such an expression as this was inserted for nothing, by him who has told us, \"cursed is every one who taketh away from the words of this book.\" There is no distinction laid down between things fair and things unfair \u2014 between things reasonable and things unreasonable. Both are comprehended in the \"all things whatsoever.\" The significance is plain and absolute: let the thing be what it may, if you wish others to do that thing for you, it lies imperatively upon you to do the very same thing for them also. But, at this rate, you may think that the whole \"Chalmers' Disourses\" is being discussed.\nThe system of human intercourse would go into unhingement. You may wish your next-door neighbor to present you with half his fortune. In this case, we know not how you are to escape the conclusion that you are bound to present him with the half of yours. Or you may wish a relative to burden himself with the expenses of all your family. It is then impossible to save you from the positive obligation, if you are equally able for it, of doing the same service to the family of another. Or you may wish to engage the whole time of an acquaintance in personal attendance upon yourself. Then, it is just your part to do the same extent of civility to another who may desire it. These are only a few specifications, out of the manifold varieties, whether of service or of donation, which are conceivable between one man and another.\nanother; nor are we aware of any artifice by which they can possibly be detached from \"all things whatsoever\" in the verse before us. These are the literalities which we are not at liberty to compromise \u2013 but are bound to urge, and that simply, according to the terms in which they have been conveyed to us by the great Teacher of righteousness. This may raise a sensitive dread in many a bosom. It may look like the opening of a floodgate, through which a torrent of human rapacity would be made to set in on the fair and measured domains of property, and by which all the fences of legality would be overthrown. It is some such fearful anticipation as this which causes casuistry to ply its wily expedients and busily to devise its many limits and exceptions to the morality of the New Testament.\nFor this text, no cleaning is necessary as it is already perfectly readable and free of meaningless or unreadable content. The text is written in modern English and there are no OCR errors to correct. Therefore, the text can be outputted as is:\n\nTestament. And yet, we think it possible to demonstrate of our text, that no such modifying is requisite: and that, though admitted strictly and rigorously as the rule of our daily conduct, it would lead to no practical conclusions which are at all formidable. For, what is the precise circumstance which lays the obligation of this precept upon you? There may be other places in the Bible where you are required to do things for the benefit of your neighbour, whether you would wish your neighbour to do these things for your benefit or not. But this is not the requirement here. There is none other thing laid upon you in this place, than that you should do that good action in behalf of another, which you would like that other to do in behalf of yourself. If you would not like him to do it for you, then there is nothing in the compass of this precept which obliges you to do it for him.\nIf this sentence obligates you to do it for him? If you wouldn't want your neighbor to make such a romantic surrender to you, offering you half his fortune, there is nothing in that part of the gospel code engaging us that requires you to make the same offer to your neighbor. If you would recoil in all the reluctance of ingenuous delicacy from laying on a relation the burden of the expenses of your entire family, this is not the good office you would have him do unto you; and this, therefore, is not the good office prescribed in the text for you to do for him. If you have such consideration for another's ease and convenience, that you would not wish to impose upon them the burden of your family's expenses, then this is not the good office the text prescribes for you to do for him. (Chalmers* Disourses. IO7)\ncould not take advantage of so much of his time for your accommodation. There may be other verses in the Bible which point to a greater sacrifice on your part for the good of others, but this is not the verse which imposes that sacrifice. If you would not have others do these things on your account, then these things form no part of the \"all things whatsoever\" you would have men do unto you. Therefore, they form no part of the \"all things whatsoever\" that you are required, by this verse, to do unto them. The bare circumstance of your positively not wishing that any such services should be rendered unto you exempts you, as far as the single authority of this precept is concerned, from the obligation of rendering these services.\nA man should limit his services to others according to the commands of God, rather than human assumptions or convenience. It is better for every limitation of God's commandment to be defined by God himself, than by human fancy or fear. A man who strictly observes this precept will be guided to perform good deeds for others, as well as regulate his own desires for good from them. The size of his desires for good from others determines the size of his performances of good to others. The more selfish and unbounded his desires are, the larger his good deeds will be.\nPerformances come with the obligation that he is burdened. Whatever he wishes others to do to him, he is bound to do to them. Therefore, the more he gives way to ungenerous and extravagant wishes of service from those around him, the heavier and more unbearable is the load of duty which he brings upon himself. The commandment is quite imperative, and there is no escaping from it. If, by the excess of his selfishness, he makes it impracticable, then the whole punishment, due to the guilt of casting aside the authority of this commandment, follows in its train, which is annexed to selfishness. There is one way of being relieved from such a burden. There is one way of reducing this verse to a moderate and practicable requirement. And that is, just to give up selfishness.\nJust to stifle all ungenerous desires - to moderate every wish of service or liberality from others, down to the standard of what is right and equitable; and then there may be other verses in the Bible, by which we are called to be kind even to the evil and the ungrateful. But most assuredly, this verse lays upon us none other thing, than that we should do such services for others as are right and equitable.\n\nThe more extravagant then, a man's wishes of accommodation from others are, the wider is the distance between him and the bidden performances of our text. The separation of him from his duty increases at the rate of two bodies receding from each other by equal and contrary movements. The more selfish his desires of service are from others, the more feeble, on that very account, will be his desires of making any surrender.\nThe poor man renders himself to them, yet the greater is the rule's demand. The man moves away from the rule, and the rule moves away just as fast. As he sinks in the scale of selfishness below the point of a fair and moderate expectation from others, does the rule rise, in the scale of duty, with its demands upon him; and thus there is rendered to him double for every unfair and ungenerous imposition he would make on the kindness of those around him. Now, there is one way, and an effective one, of getting these two ends to meet. Moderate your own desires for service from others, and you will moderate, in the same degree, all those duties of service to others which are measured by these desires. Have the delicacy to do this. (Chalmers' Discourses, 109)\nCultivate a desire to abstain from any wish of encroachment on the convenience or property of another. Possess a lofty mindset, relying on your own honorable industry for support, rather than the dastardly habit of preying on the simplicity of those around you. Develop such a keen sense of equity and a fine tone of independent feeling that you could not bear to be the cause of hardship or distress to a single human creature, if you could help it. Let the same spirit be in you, which the Apostle wanted to exemplify before the eye of his disciples, when he coveted no man's gold, or silver, or apparel; when he labored not to be chargeable to any of them; but wrought with his own hands, rather than be burdensome. Let this mind be in you, which was also in the Apostle of the Gentiles; and then, the text before us will not...\nYou come near me with a single oppressive or impracticable requirement. There may be other passages in Chalmers' Disourses where you are called to go beyond the strict line of justice or common humanity, in behalf of your suffering brethren. But this passage does not touch you with any such prescriptive imposition. You, by moderating your wishes from others down to what is fair and equitable, do, in fact, reduce the rule which binds you to act according to the measure of these wishes, down to a rule of precise and undeviating equity.\n\nThe operation is somewhat like that of a governor or flywheel in mechanism. This is a very happy consequence, by which all that is defective or excessive in motion is confined within the limits of equability; and every tendency, in particular, to any mischievous action, is checked.\nThe celebration, is restrained. The impulse given by this verse to the conduct of man among his fellows, would seem, to a superficial observer, to carry him to all the excesses of a most ruinous and quixotic benevolence. But let him only look to the skilful adaptation of the fly. Just suppose the control of moderation and equity to be laid upon his own wishes, and there is not a single impulse given to his conduct beyond the rate of moderation and equity. You are not required here to do all things whatsoever in behalf of others, but to do all things whatsoever for them, that you would have done unto yourself. This is the check by which the whole of the bidden movement is governed, and kept from running out into any hurtful excess. Such is the beautiful operation of that piece of moral mechanism that we are now employed in contemplating.\nThis rule of our Savior's prescribes modification to our desires for good from others, as well as generosity in our dealings on behalf of others. It makes the first the measure of obligation to the second. In a Christian society, the whole work of benevolence could be easily adjusted to make it possible for givers not only to meet, but also to surpass, the wishes and expectations of the receivers. The rich man may have a heavier obligation imposed on him by other precepts of the New Testament; but by this precept, he is not bound to\nDo more for the poor man than he himself would wish in similar circumstances. Let the poor man wish for no more than a Christian ought to wish for; let him work and endure to the extent of nature's sufferance, rather than beg, and only beg, rather than starve. In such a state of principle among men, a tide of beneficence would go forth upon all the vain places in society, leaving no room to receive it. The duty of the rich, as connected with this administration, is of such direct and positive character that it obtrudes itself at once on the notice of the Christian moralist. But the poor also have a duty in this matter, as we are directed by the train of argument we have been pursuing.\nA duty, too, we think, of greater importance to mankind than the other. Contrast the rich man unconcerned in his actions with the poor man unwilling in his desires, and see from which the cause of charity receives the deadlier infliction. An individual representing the former character is occasionally met with, self-affectionate and gravitating to its sordid gratifications and interests, bent on pleasure or avarice, so engrossed that it has no spare feeling at all for the brethren of its common nature, with a heart obstinately shut against the most powerful application, the look of genuine and imploring distress.\nA man whose countenance conveys a surly and determined exclusion on every call that approaches him: such a man, in a tumult of perpetual alarm about new cases and new tales of suffering, and new plans of philanthropy, has at length learned to resist and to resent each one. Spurning the whole of this disturbance impatiently away, he maintains a firm defensive over the close system of his own selfish luxuries and his own snug accommodations. Such a man keeps back from charity what he ought to have rendered to it in his person. There is a diminution of the philanthropic fund to the extent of what benevolence would have awarded out of his individual means and opportunities. The good cause suffers, not by any positive blow it has sustained, but by the indirect effect of his apathy.\nA simple lack of one friendly and fostering hand, which otherwise might have been extended to aid and patronize it. There is only so much less of direct countenance and support, for in this age we have no conception of such an example being at all infectious. For a man to wallow in prosperity himself and be unmindful of the wretchedness that is around him, is an exhibition of an altogether so ungainly character, that it will far more often provoke an observer to affront it by the contrast of his own generosity, than to render it the approving testimony of his imitation. Therefore, all we have lost by the man who is ungenerous in his doings, is his own contribution to the cause of philanthropy. And it is a loss that can be borne. The cause of this world's misery.\nThe lack of benevolence can do abundantly without him. There is a ground that is yet unbroken, and resources which are still unexplored, that will yield a far more substantial produce to the good of humanity, than he, and thousands as wealthy as he, could render to it, out of all their capabilities.\n\nHowever, there is a far wider mischief inflicted on the cause of charity by the poor man who is ungenerous in his desires; by him, whom every act of kindness is sure to call out to the reaction of some new demand or new expectation; by him, on whom the hand of a giver has the effect, not of appeasing his wants, but of inflaming his rapacity; by him who, trading among the sympathies of the credulous, can dexterously appropriate for himself a portion tenfold greater than what would have blessed and brightened the aspect of\nMany a deserving family. In him we denounce the worst enemy of the poor. It is he whose ravenous grip wrests from them a far more abundant benefit than is done by the most lordly and unfeeling proprietor in the land. He is the arch-oppressor of his brethren: and the amount of the robbery which he has practised upon them is not to be estimated by the alms which he has monopolised, by the food, or the raiment, or the money, which he has diverted to himself, from the more modest sufferers around him. He has done what is infinitely worse than turning aside the stream of charity. He has closed its floodgates. He has chilled and alienated the hearts of the affluent, by the gall of bitterness which he has infused into this whole administration. A few such harpies would suffice to exile a whole neighborhood from the attendance.\nIt is he who, with the distrust and jealousy wherewith they have poisoned their bosoms, lays an arrest on all the sensibilities that else would have flowed from them. He is the one who, ever on the watch and on the wing about some enterprise of imposture, makes it his business to work and to pray on the passionate principles of our nature; it is he who, in effect, grinds the faces of the poor with deadlier severity than even is done by the great baronial tyrant, whose battlements seem to frown, in all the pride of aristocracy, on the territory before it. There is, at all times, a kindliness of feeling ready to stream forth, with a tenfold greater liberality than ever, on the humble orders of life; and it is he, and such as he, who have congealed it.\nThe raised a suspicious medium between the rich and the poor, in virtue of which, the former eyed the latter with suspicion. There is not a man who wears the garb and prefers the applications of poverty, that has not suffered from the worthless imposter who has gone before him. They are, in fact, the deceit, and the indolence, and the low, sordidness of a few who have made outcasts of the many, locking them against them in Chalmers' Disourses. The feelings of the wealthy are held in a kind of iron imprisonment. The rich man who is ungenerous in his doings keeps back one laborer from the field of charity. But a poor man who is ungenerous in his desires, can expel a thousand laborers in disgust away from it. He sheds a cruel and extended blight over the fair region of philanthropy; and many have abandoned it.\nWho, but for him, would fondly have lingered there-upon; very many, who, but for the way in which their simplicity has been tried and trampled upon, would still have tasted the luxury of doing good to the poor, and made it their delight, as well as their duty, to expend and expatiate among their habitations. We say not this to exculpate the rich; for it is their part not to be weary in well-doing, but to prosecute the work and the labor of love under every discouragement. Neither do we say this to the disparagement of the poor; for the picture we have given is of the few out of the many; and the closer the acquaintance with humble life becomes, will it be the more seen of what a high pitch of generosity even the very poorest are capable. They, in truth, though perhaps they are not aware of it, can contribute more to the cause of charity.\nThe poor, through the moderation of their desires, can surpass the rich through the generosity of their actions. They, who may have not a penny to bestow, might secure a place in the record of heaven as the most liberal benefactors of their species. There is nothing in their humble condition of life which precludes them from all that is great or graceful in human charity. There is a way in which they may equal, and even outdo, the wealthiest of the land, in that virtue of which 115 Carlyle's Discussions speak.\n\nWealth alone has been conceived to have the exclusive inheritance. There is a pervading character in humanity which the varieties of rank do not obliterate; and as, in virtue of the common corruption, the poor man may be as effectively the rapacious despoiler of his brethren, as the man of opulence above him\u2014so, there is a sense in which they may be equally destructive, and it is this destructive power that Carlyle examines in his Discussions.\nA common excellence is attainable by both the rich and the poor through which the poor man may, to the full, be as splendid in generosity as the rich, and yield a far more important contribution to the peace and comfort of society.\n\nTo make this plain \u2014 it is in virtue of a generous act on the part of a rich man, when a sum of money is offered for the relief of want; and it is in virtue of a generous desire on the part of a poor man, when this money is refused. When, with the feeling that his necessities do not justify him to be yet a burden upon others, he declines to touch the offered liberality; when, with a delicate recoil from the unexpected proposal, he still resolves to put it for the present away, and to find, if possible, for himself a little longer; when, standing on the very margin of dependence, he maintains his self-respect and dignity.\nThe poor man wished to contend with the challenges of his situation and maintain this harsh but honorable conflict until necessity compelled him to yield. Let the money he had thus nobly transferred find a new direction to another; and who, we ask, is the donor? The most obvious answer is that it is he who owned it; but it is even more emphatically true that it is he who declined it. It originated from the rich man's abundance, but it was the noble-hearted generosity of the poor man that passed it on to its final destination. He did not originate the gift, but it is just as much that he did not retain it, but left it to find its full conveyance to a neighbor poorer than himself, to some family still more friendless and destitute than his own.\nIt is given the first time out of an overflowing fullness. It is given the second time out of stinted and self-denying penury. In the world's eye, it is the proprietor who bestowed the charity. But, in heaven's eye, the poor man who waived it away from himself to another is the more illustrious philanthropist of the two. The one gave it out of his affluence. The other gave it out of the sweat of his brow. He rose up early and sat up late, that he might have it to bestow on a poorer man; and without once stretching forth a giver's hand to the necessities of his brethren, still is it possible, that by him, and such as him, may the main burden of this world's benevolence be borne.\n\nIt need scarcely be remarked, that, without supposing the officer of any sum made to a poor man who is generous in his desires, he, by simply keeping himself in want, contributes his share to the relief of others.\nThe person in charge of charitable distributions fulfills all high functions we have assigned to him. He leaves the charitable fund untouched for all distress that is more clamorous than his own, and we therefore look not to the original givers of the money but to those who line the margin of pauperism and yet firmly refuse to enter it. We consider them the pre-eminent benefactors of society, who narrow, as it were, the ground of human dependence with a wall of defense, and are in fact the guides and guardians of all that opulence can bestow.\n\nFrom Lis Chalmers' Disourses,\n\nWhen Christianity becomes universal, the actions of one party and the desires of the other will meet and overlap. The poor will wish for no more than the rich will be delighted to bestow; and\nThe rule of our text, which every real Christian finds so practicable, will, when applied to society, bind all its members into one consenting brotherhood. The duty of doing good to others will then coalesce with the counterpart duty that regulates our desires of good from them; and the work of benevolence will, at length, be prosecuted without the alloy of rapacity on the one hand, and distrust on the other, which serves so much to fester and disturb the whole of this ministry. It is in every way necessary to lay all the incumbent moralities on those who ask, as on those who confer; and never until the whole text, which comprises the wishes of man as well as his actions, wields its entire authority over the species, will the disorderly elements be fully subdued.\nIt is not by the abolition of rank, but by assigning to each rank its duties, that peace, friendship, and order will be firmly established in our world. It is by the force of principle, and not by the force of some great political overthrow, that such a consummation is to be attained. We have no conception that, even in millennial days, the diversities of wealth and station will at length be equalized. On looking forward to the time when kings shall be the nursing fathers, and queens the nursing mothers of our church, we think that we can behold the perspective of as varied a distribution of place and property as before. In the pilgrimage of life, there is no conception that, even in the most ideal future, the disparities of wealth and rank will disappear entirely.\nBut we look for no great change in the external aspect of society. It will only be a moral and spiritual change. Kings will retain their scepters, and nobles their coronets; but, as they float in magnificence along, will they look with benignant feeling on the humble wayfarers? And the honest salutations of regard and reverence will arise to them back again. Should any weary passenger be present.\nready to sink unfried on his career, will he, at one time, be borne onwards by his fellows on the pathway, and, at another, will a shower of beneficence be made to descend from the crested equipage that overtakes him. It is Utopianism to believe, that, in the ages of our world which are yet to come, the outward distinctions of life will not all be upheld. But it is not Utopianism, it is Prophecy to aver, that the breath of a new spirit will go abroad over the great family of mankind\u2014so that while, to the end of time, there shall be the high and the low in every passing generation, will the charity of kindred feelings, and of a common understanding, create a fellowship between them on their way, till they reach that heaven where human love shall be perfected, and all human greatness is unknown.\n\n12,000 chapters discourses.\nThe text enjoins the performance of good to others up to the full measure of your desires, while equally instructing the keeping down of these desires to the measure of your performances. If Christian dispensers were only dealing with Christian recipients, the work of benevolence would be easily and harmoniously carried out. All that was unavoidable\u2014all that came from the hand of Providence\u2014all that was laid upon our suffering brethren by the unexpected visitations of accident or disease\u2014all pain and misfortune which necessarily attach to the constitution of the species\u2014all this the text amply provides for, and this a Christian society would be.\nWe should not dwell so long on this lesson if not for the essential Christian principle involved. The morality of the gospel is not more strenuous on the side of duty to give of this world's goods when needed than it is against desire to receive when not needed. It is more blessed to give than to receive, and therefore less blessed to receive than to give. Paul enforced this principle among the poorer brethren by giving up a vast portion of his apostolic time and labor. He set himself down to the occupation of a tent-maker to be an example to the flock, rather than burdensome. This lesson is surely worthy of Chalmers' Discourse.\nA teacher's uninspired sermon consumed as much time as would have been required for the preparation and delivery of many sermons by the inspired Apostle to the Gentiles. However, there is no more striking indication of the whole spirit and character of the gospel in this matter than the example of its author \u2013 and of whom we read these affecting words: \"He came not to be ministered unto, but to minister.\" It is a righteous thing for one who has of this world's goods to minister to the necessities of others. But it is a still higher attainment of righteousness in him who has nothing but the daily earnings of his daily work to depend upon, so to manage and strive that he shall not need to be ministered unto. Christianity overlooks no part of human conduct; and by providing for this, it equips us to minister to others.\nAnd in fact, does the gospel overtake and influence the habits and conditions of a large class in human society with utmost importance? The gospel most clearly exhibits its adaptation to our species and virtue stands in its strongest and most sacred characters when infused with the evangelical spirit and motivated by evangelical reasons. He who feels as he ought will bear with cheerfulness all that the Savior prescribes, considering how much it is for him that the Savior has borne. We do not speak of his poverty throughout his life on earth. We do not speak of those years when, as a homeless wanderer in an ungrateful world, he had no place to lay his head.\nBut we speak of the awful burden that crushed and overwhelmed its termination. We speak of that season of the hour and the power of darkness, when it pleased the Lord to bruise him and make his soul an offering for sin. To estimate rightly the endurance of him who himself bore our infirmities, we would ask any individual to recall some deep and awful period of abandonment in his own history\u2014when that containment which at one time beamed and brightened upon him from above was mantled in thickest darkness\u2014when the iron of remorse entered into his soul\u2014and laid him on a bed of torture, he was made to behold the evil of sin and to taste of its bitterness. Let him look upon it and remember.\nIf he can, he should look back on this conflict of many agitations and then consider the entirety of this mental wretchedness being carried off by the ministers of vengeance into hell, and stretched out for eternity. And if, on the great day of expiation, a full atonement was rendered, and all that should have fallen upon us was placed upon the head of the sacrifice, let him calculate the weight and awfulness of those sorrows which were borne by him on whom the chastisement for our peace was laid, and who poured out his soul unto death for us. If ever a sinner, under such a visitation, shall again emerge into peace and joy in believing, if he shall ever find his way back to that fountain which is opened in the house of Judah, and recover once more that sunshine of the soul, which, on the past days, disclosed to him the beauties.\nOf holiness here, and the glories of heaven hereafter, if ever he heard with effect, in this world, the voice from the mercy-seat which still proclaims a welcome to the chief of sinners and beckons him afresh to reconciliation \u2013 O! how gladly then should he bear throughout the remainder of his days the whole authority of the Lord who bought him, and bind forever to his own person that yoke of the Savior which is easy, and that burden which is light.\n\nDiscourse VI.\nOn the Desolation of Large Cities\n\nLet no man deceive you with vain words; for because of these things the wrath of God continues upon the children of disobedience. \u2013 Ephesians 5:6.\n\nThere is one obvious respect in which the standard of morality amongst men differs from that pure and universal standard which God has set up for the world.\nMen do not urgently demand of each other what does not significantly affect their personal and particular interest. Violations of justice, truth, or humanity will elicit sensitivity because they represent a visible and quickly felt encroachment on this interest. Social virtues, without any direct sanctification from God, will always draw respect and reverence, and a loud testimony of abhorrence may often be heard from the mouths of ungodly men against all vices that can be classified under the general designation of dishonest vices. However, this is not true for another class of vices, which can be termed vices of dissipation. These do not touch, in a visible or direct way.\nMan's estimation of what he possesses and what has the greatest value is shaped by his selfish nature. Being a selfish being, this is why the ingredient of selfishness gives a keenness to his estimation of the evil and enormity of the former vices, scarcely felt at all in any estimation he may form of the latter vices. It is true that if one were to compute the whole amount of mischiefs they bring upon society, it would be found that the profligacies of mere dissipation go very far to break up the peace, enjoyment, and even the relative virtues of the world. And if these profligacies were reformed, it would work a mighty augmentation on the temporal good both of individuals and families. But the connection between sobriety and self-restraint.\nThe connection between a person's integrity and the happiness of the community is not as apparent as the former's impact. Man, being both selfish and shortsighted, may loudly condemn fraud and injustice. However, instances of licentiousness may be prevalent on all sides, reported with levity and tolerated with complacency. This is a point where the world's general morality contradicts God's law. Here is a case where the public opinion's voice pronounces one thing, and the voice from God's tribunal speaks another.\nThe principle on which obedience is rendered to the joint and concurring authority of two voices can be equivocal when there is an agreement between them. With religious and irreligious men, you may observe an equal exhibition of all the equities and civilities of life. However, when there is a discrepancy between these two voices\u2014or when one attaches criminality to certain habits of conduct and is not at all seconded by the testimony of the other\u2014we escape the confusion of mingled motives and mingled authorities. The character of the two parties emerges out of the ambiguity which involved it. The law of God points, it must be allowed, as forcible an anathema against the man of dishonesty as against the man of dissipation.\nBut the chief burden of the world's anathema is laid on the head of the former, and therefore, on this ground, we meet with more discriminative tests of principle and gather more satisfying materials for the question of who is on the side of the Lord of hosts, and who is against him?\n\nThe passage we have now submitted to you is hard on the votaries of dissipation. It is like eternal truth, lifting up its own proclamation amid the errors and delusions of a thoughtless world. It is like the Deity himself, looking forth from a cloud on the Egyptians of old and troubling the souls of those who love pleasures more than God. It is like the voice of heaven, crying down the voice of human society and sending forth a note of alarm amongst its giddy generations.\nIt is like the unfrolling of a portion of that book of higher jurisprudence, from which we shall be judged on the day of our coming account. Chalmers' Disourses. 127. Setting before our eyes an enactment, which, if we disregard, will turn that day into the day of our condemnation. The words of man are adverted to in this solemn proclamation of God, against all unlawful and all unhallowed enjoyments. He sets aside the authority of human opinion altogether; and, on an irrevocable record, has he stamped such an assertion of the authority that belongs to himself only, as serves to the end of time for an enduring memorial of his will; and as commits the truth of the Lawgiver to the execution of a sentence of wrath against all whose souls are hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. There is,\nIn fact, a peculiar deceitfulness in the matter before us; and, in this verse, are we warned against it \u2014\n\n\"Let no man deceive you with vain words. For because of these things, the wrath of God comes upon the children of disobedience.\"\n\nIn the preceding verse, there is such an enumeration as serves to explain what the things are which are alluded to in the text. It is such an enumeration, you should remark, as goes to fasten the whole terror, and the whole threat, of the coming vengeance \u2014 not on the man who combines in his own person all the characters of iniquity which are specified, but on the man who realizes any one of these characters. It is not, you will observe, the conjunction and, but the conjunction or, which is interposed between them. It is not as if we said, that the man who is dishonest or licentious\n\nTherefore, the warning is not only for those who embody all the sins mentioned, but also for those who commit even one of them.\nAnd covetous, and unfeeling, shall not inherit the kingdom of God \u2014 but the man who is either dishonest, or licentious, or covetous, or unfeeling. On the single and exclusive possession of any one of these attributes, God will deal with you as with an enemy. The plea, that we are a little thoughtless, but we have a good heart, is conclusively cut asunder by this portion of the law and of the testimony. In a corresponding passage, in the ninth verse of the sixth chapter of Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians, the same peculiarity is observed in the enumeration of those who shall be excluded from God's favor, and have the burden of God's wrath laid on them through eternity. It is not the man who combines all the deformities of character which are there specified, but the man who is dishonest or licentious or covetous or unfeeling.\nThe text does not require cleaning as it is already in a readable format. Here is the text in its entirety:\n\nAny one of the separate deformities alarms him. Some of them are the vices of dishonesty, others of them are the vices of dissipation. And, aware of a deceitfulness from this cause, he tells us that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God. For neither the licentious, nor the abominable, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. He who keeps the whole law, but offends in one point, says the Apostle James, is guilty of all. The truth is, his disobedience on this one point may be more decisive of the state of his loyalty to God, than his keeping of all the rest. It may be the only point on which the character of his loyalty is really brought to the trial. All his conformities to the law of God might be concealed, but this one point betrays him.\nA creature's actions, not thwarting the creator's inclination, would have been rendered even without a law. An infraction may have occurred in the only instance where the creature's will and the Creator's will competed. Chalmers' Discourse proves which will holds superiority. Allegiance to God is a single principle, and one act of disobedience can result in a complete surrender of the principle, dethroning God from his supremacy. Therefore, a creature and the Creator's account is not like one settled through numerous items, where expunging one item would not affect the outcome.\nOnly make one small and fractional deduction from the whole sum of obedience. If you reserve but a single item from this account, and another makes a principle of completing and rendering up the whole, then your character varies from his not by a slight shade of difference, but stands contrasted with it in direct and diametric opposition. We perceive that, while with him the will of God has mastery over all his inclinations, with you there is at least one inclination which has mastery over God; that while in his bosom there exists a single and subordinating principle of allegiance to the law, in yours there exists another principle, which, on the coming round of a lit opportunity, develops itself in an act of transgression; that while with him God may be said to walk and to dwell in him, with you there is an evil visitant.\nWho has taken up residence in your heart, and lodges there either in a state of dormancy or of action, according to circumstances; that, while with him the purpose is honestly proceeded on, doing nothing which God disapproves, with you there is a purpose not only different, but opposite, doing something which he disapproves. On this single difference is suspended not a question of degree, but a question of kind. There are presented to us not two hues of the same color, but two colors, just as broadly contrasted with each other as light and darkness. And such is the state of the alternative between partial and unreserved obedience, that while God imperatively claims the one as his due, he looks on the other as an expression of defiance against him, and against his sovereignty.\nIt is the same in civil government. A man makes himself an outcast by one act of disobedience. He does not need to accumulate upon himself the guilt of all the higher atrocities in crime before he forfeits his life to the injured laws of his country. By the perpetration of any of them, the whole vengeance of the state is brought to bear upon his person, and sentence of death is pronounced on a single murder, forgery, or act of violent depredation.\n\nAnd let us ask you just to reflect on the tone and spirit of that man towards his God. Who could palliate his vices, for example, the dissipation to which he is addicted, by alleging his utter exemption from the vices of dishonesty, to which he is not addicted? Think of the real disposition and character of his soul. Who can say, 'I will please God, but only when, in so'\nI do as I please; or I will pay homage to his law, but only in instances where I honor rights and fulfill expectations of society. I would be decided by his opinion of right and wrong, but only when the opinion of my neighborhood lends its powerful confirmation. However, in other cases, when the matter is reduced to a bare question between man and God, when he is the sole party I have to deal with, when his will and wrath are the only elements entering the deliberation, when judgment, eternity, and the voice of him who speaks from heaven are the only considerations at issue \u2014 then I feel myself at greater liberty. I shall take my own way and walk in the counsel of my own heart, and after the sight of my own eyes.\n\nO! Be assured, that when all this is laid bare on the day.\nOf reckoning, and the discerner of the heart pronounces upon it, and such a sentence is to be given, as will make manifest to the consciences of all assembled, that true and righteous are the judgments of God. There is many a creditable man who has passed through the world with the plaudits and the testimonies of all his fellows, and without one other flaw upon his reputation but the very slender one of certain harmless foibles, and certain good-humored peculiarities. And this argument is not at all affected by the actual state of sinfulness and infirmity into which we have fallen. It is true, even of saints on earth, that they commit sin. But to be overtaken in a fault is one thing.\nA true Christian possesses a strenuous principle of resistance to sin, which resists all sin with the deliberate consent of the mind. This principle admits of no voluntary indulgence to one sin more than another. Such indulgence would change the character of the elementary principle of regeneration and destroy it altogether. A man who has entered into Christian discipleship carries on an unsparing and universal war with all iniquity. He has chosen Christ as his sole master and struggles against the ascendancy of every other. It is his sustained and habitual exertion to follow Him in forsaking all.\nperformance is complete as his endeavor, you would not merely see a conformity to some of the precepts, but a conformity to the whole law of God. In any case, the endeavor is an honest one, and so far successful, such that sin has not the dominion; and surely we are, that in such a state of things, the vices of dissipation can have no existence. These vices can be more effectively shunned and more effectively surmounted, for example, than the infirmities of an unhappy temper. So that, if dissipation still attaches to the character and appears in the conduct of any individual, we know no more decisive evidence of the state of that individual as being one of the many who have strayed the broad way that leads to destruction. We look no further to make out our estimate of his present condition as being\nA rebel's fate is that of spending an eternity in hell. There is no middle ground in this matter. A man who embarks on a career of dissipation lays down the gauntlet of defiance to his God. A man who continues in this career remains on the ground of hostility against him.\n\nLet us now endeavor to trace the origin, progress, and effects of a life of dissipation. Chalmers' Disourses. I33\n\nFirst, it may be said of a very great number of young people upon entering the business world that they have not been sufficiently fortified against its seducing influences by their previous education at home. Generally speaking, they come out from the habitation of their parents unarmed and unprepared for the contest which awaits them. If the spirit of this contention is not quelled in its infancy, it will grow into a formidable enemy.\nIf a person maintains morality within their family, it cannot be that their introduction into a more public scene of life will be strictly guarded against vices that the world placidly smiles upon or at least tolerates in silence. They may have been told about the infamy of a lie in their early boyhood. They may have been taught the virtues of punctuality, economy, and regular attention to business. They may have heard a uniform testimony on the side of good behavior, up to the standard of such current moralities as obtain in their neighborhood. We are ready to admit that this may include a testimony against all such excesses of dissipation as would unfitness them for the prosecution of this world's interests. But let us ask, whether there are not parents who, after raising their children with such values, still release them into the world unprepared for its challenges?\nThey have carried the work of discipline this far, but are unwilling to bear it any farther. Who, while mourning over it as a family trial if any son of theirs fell victim to excessive dissipation, are still willing to tolerate the lesser degrees of it. Who, instead of deciding the question on the alternative of his heaven or his hell, are satisfied with such a measure of sobriety as will save him from ruin and disgrace in this life. If they can only secure this, they have no great objection to the moderate share he may take in this world's conformities. They feel that in this matter there is a necessity and a power of example against which it is vain to struggle, and which must be acquiesced in. Chalmers' Discourse;\nbe gone through; and in the prosecution of it, exposures must be made. For the success of this, a certain degree of accommodation to others must be observed. Seeing that it is so mighty an object for one to widen the extent of his connections, he must neither be very retired nor very peculiar. Nor must his hours of companionship be too jealously watched or inquired into. Nor must we take him too strictly to task about engagements, acquaintances, and expenditure. Nor must we forget that while sobriety has its time and season in one period of life, indulgence has its season in another. We may fetch from the recalled follies of our own youth a lesson of caution for the present occasion. And altogether, there is no help for it. It appears to us, that absolutely.\nAnd completely secure him from ever entering upon scenes of dissipation, you must absolutely and totally withdraw him from the world and surrender all his prospects of advancement, giving up the object of such a provision for our families as we feel to be a first and most important concern with us. \"Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness,\" says the Bible, \"and all other things shall be added unto you.\" This is the promise which the faith of a Christian parent will rest upon; and in the face of every hazard to the worldly interests of his offspring, will he bring them up in the strict nurture and admonition of the Lord; and he will loudly protect against iniquity, in all its degrees and modifications; and while the power of discipline remains, Chalmers Disourses. i^^\nWith him, will it ever be exerted on the side of pure, undeviating obedience; and he will tolerate no exception whatever. He will brave all that looks formidable in singularity, and all that looks menacing in separation from the custom and countenance of the world. Feeling that his main concern is to secure for himself and for his family a place in the city which hath foundations, will he spurn all the maxims and all the plausibilities of a contagious neighborhood away from him? He knows the price of his Christianity, and it is that he must break off conformity with the world\u2014nor for any paltry advantage which it has to offer, will he compromise the eternity of his children. Let us tell the parents of another spirit and another principle that they are as good as incurring the guilt of a human sacrifice.\nThey are offering their children at the idol's shrine; they are parties in provoking God's wrath here. On the day when that wrath is revealed, they shall hear not only the moanings of their despair but the outcries of their bitterest execration. On that day, the glance of reproach from their neglected offspring will throw a deeper shade of wretchedness over the dark and boundless futurity that lies before them. If, at the time when prophets rang the tidings of God's displeasure against the people of Israel, it was denounced as the foulest of all their abominations that they caused their children to pass through the fire unto Moloch\u2014know ye parents, who place your children on some road to gainful employment, have placed them without a sigh in the midst of depravity, so near and unprotected.\nYou have surrounded them, to the point that, without a miracle, they must perish. You have committed an act of idolatry to the God of this world. You have commanded your household, after you, to worship him as the great divinity of their lives. You have caused your children to make their approaches unto his presence \u2013 and, in doing so, to pass through the fire of such temptations that have destroyed them.\n\nWe do not wish to offer you an overcharged picture on this melancholy subject. What we now say is not applicable to all. Even in the most corrupt and crowded of our cities, parents are to be found who nobly dare the surrender of every vain and flattering illusion, rather than surrender the Christianity of their children. And what is still more affecting, over the face of the country we meet with such parents.\nWho look on this world as a passage to another, and on all the members of their household as fellow-travelers to eternity along with them; and who, in this true spirit of believers, feel the salvation of their children to be, indeed, the burden of their best and dearest interest; and who, by prayer, precept, and example, have strenuously labored with their souls from the earliest light of their understanding; and have taught them to tremble at the way of evil doers, and to have no fellowship with those who keep not the commandments of God. Nor is there a day more sorrowful in the annals of this pious family than when the course of time has brought them onwards to the departure of their eldest boy. He must bid adieu to his native home, with all the peace and all the simplicity which abound in it.\nLet us now, in the next place, pass from the state of things which obtains among the young at their outset into the world, and take a look at that state of things which obtains after they have got fairly introduced into it. When the children of the ungodly and the children of the religious meet on one common arena, when business associates them together in one chamber, and the omnipotence of custom lays it upon them all to meet together at periodic intervals.\nWhen in the same parties and entertained by the same corruptions, upon the annual arrival of country youths coincides with this firmly established and deeply rooted corruption in the town. The fragile and unprotected decencies of the timid boy are subjected to a rude and boisterous contest with the harder depravity of those who have gone before him. Ridicule, example, and the vain words of a delusive sophistry, which palliates in his hearing the enormity of vice, are all brought to bear upon his scruples, stifling any remorse he might feel when he casts aside his principles and purity. Placed in a land of strangers, he finds that the tenure of acquaintanceship with nearly all around him requires him to conform to their doings.\n3Theu  ft  voice.,  like  the  voice  of  pro'ectiog  friendship.. \n]33  CHALMEKS'  DISCOURSBS. \nbids  Ilim  to  the  feast ;  and  a  welcome,  like  the  wel- \ncome ofjionest  kindness,  hails  his  accession  to  the  so- \nciety ;  and  a  spirit,  like  the  spirit  of  exhilarating  joy, \nanimates  the  whole  scene  of  hospitality  before  him  ; \nand  hours  of  rapture  roll  successively  away  on  the \nwings  of  merriment,  and  jocularity,  and  song ;  and \nafter  the  homage  of  many  libations  has  been  rendered \nto  honour,  and  fellowship,  and  patriotism,  impurity \nis  at  length  proclaimed  in  full  and  open  cry,  as  one \npresiding  divinity,  at  the  board  of  their  social  enter- \ntainment. \nAnd  now  it  remams  to  compute  the  general  result \nof  a  process,  which  we  assert  of  the  vast  majority  of \nour  young,  on  their  way  to  manhood,  that  they  have  to \nundergo.  The  result  is,  that  the  vast  majority  are  in- \nIntroduced into all the practices and described the full career of dissipation. Those who have imbibed from their fathers the spirit of this world's morality are not sensibly arrested in this career, either by the opposition of their own friends or by the voice of their own conscience. Those who have imbibed an opposite spirit and have brought it into competition with an evil world, and have at length yielded, have done so, we may well suppose, with many a sigh, and many a struggle, and many a look of remembrance on those former years when they were taught to lisp the prayer of infancy and were trained in a mansion of piety to a reverence for God, and for all his ways. Even still, a parent's parting advice will haunt his memory, and a letter from the good old man will revive the sensibilities which at one time guarded and adorned their character.\nhim and at the tinted will the transient gleam of remorse lighten its agony within him. And when he contrasts the profaneness and depravity of his present companions with the sacredness of all he ever heard or saw in his father's dwelling, it will almost feel as if conscience were again to resume her power, and the revisiting spirit of God to call him back again from the paths of wickedness. And on his restless bed, the images of guilt will conspire to disturb him, and the terrors of punishment will scare him away. Many will be the dreary and dissatisfied intervals when he shall be forced to acknowledge that, in bartering his soul for the pleasures of sin, he has bartered the peace and enjoyment of the world along with it. But alas! the entanglements of companionship have got hold of him.\nHim, and the ingrained habit tyrannizes over all his purposes; and the stated opportunity returns; and the loud laugh of his partners in guilt chases away, once more, all his despondency; and the infatuation gathers upon him every month; and a hardening process goes on within his heart; and the deceitfulness of sin grows apace; and he, in turn, strengthens the conspiracy against the morals of a new generation; and all the ingenuous delicacies of other days are obliterated; and he contracts a temperament of knowing, hackneyed, callous depravity. Thus, the mischief is transmitted from one year to another, and keeps up the guilty history of every place of crowded population.\nAnd let us here speak one word to those seniors in depravity \u2013 those men who give their acquaintances, younger than themselves, their countenance and agency; and who can initiate them without a sigh in the mysteries of guilt, and care not though a parent's hope should wither and expire under the contagion of their ruffian example. It is only upon their own conversion that we can speak to them the pardon of the gospel. It is only if they themselves are washed, sanctified, and justified that we can warrant their personal deliverance from the wrath that is to come. But under all the concealment which rests on the futurities of God's administration, we know, that there are degrees of suffering in hell\u2014and that while some are beaten with few stripes, others are beaten severely.\nAnd yet, if those who turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars forever and ever, we may be well assured that those who patronize the cause of iniquity\u2014they who can beckon others to that way which leadeth on to the chambers of death\u2014they who can aid and witness, without a sigh, the extinction of youthful modesty\u2014surely, it may well be said of such that on them a darker frown will fall from the judgment-seat, and through eternity they will have to hear the pains of a fiercer indignation.\n\nHaving thus looked to the commencement of a course of dissipation and to its progress, let us now, in the third place, look to its usual termination. We speak not, at present, of the coming death and of the coming judgment, but of the change which takes place on many a votary of licentiousness when he becomes habituated to his vices.\nWhat the world calls a reformed man; and puts on the decencies of a sober and domestic establishment; and bids adieu to the pursuits and profligacies of youth. Chalmers' Disourses. (41)\n\nNot because he has repented of them, but because he has outlived them. You all perceive how this may be done without one movement of the heart or of the understanding towards God\u2014that it is done by many, though duty to him be not in all their thoughts\u2014that the change, in this case, is not from the idol of pleasure unto God, but only from one idol to another\u2014and that, after the whole of this boasted transformation, we may still behold the same body of sin and of death, and only a new complexion thrown over it. There, may be the putting on of sobriety, but there is no putting on of godliness. It is a common phenomenon.\nAnd it is an easy transition to pass from one kind of disobedience to another, but it is not easy to give up that rebelliousness of the heart which lies at the root of all disobedience. It may be easy, after the wonted course of dissipation is ended, to hold out another aspect altogether in the eye of acquaintances. But it is not so easy to recover that shock and that overthrow which the religious principle sustains when a man first enters the world and surrenders himself to its enticements. Such were some of you, says the Apostle, but ye are washed, and sanctified, and justified. Our reformed man knows not the meaning of such a process; and, most assuredly, has not at all realized it in the history of his own person. We will not say what new object he is running after. It may be wealth, or ambition, or philosophy; but it is nothing.\nA man connected with the interest of his soul bears no reference to the relationship between the creature and the Creator. The man has withdrawn from the scenes of dissipation and has taken himself to another way, but it is not the will or way of God that he is currently following. Such a man may bid farewell to profligacy in his own person. But he casts the full weight and authority of his connivance on the profligacy of others. He wields an instrumentality of seduction over the young, which, though not so alarming, is far more dangerous than the undisguised attempts of those who are the immediate agents of corruption.\nThe formal and deliberate conspiracy of those who club together at stated terms of companionship can be seen, watched, and guarded against. But how can we pursue this conspiracy into its other ramifications? How shall we be able to neutralize that insinuating poison which distills from the lips of grave and respectable citizens? How shall we be able to dissipate that gloss which is thrown by the smile of elders and superiors over the sins of forbidden indulgence? How can we disarm the bewitching sophistry which lies in all these evident tokens of complacency on the part of advanced and reputable men? How is it possible to track the progress of this sore evil throughout all the business and intercourse of society? How can we stem the influence of evil communications when the friend, the patron, and the man of advanced standing are implicated?\nWho has cheered and signaled us with his polite invitations, turns his own family table into a nursery of licentiousness? How can we but despair of ever witnessing on earth a pure and a holy generation, when even parents utter their polluting levities in the hearing of their own children? Vice, and humor, and gaiety, are all indiscriminately blended into one conversion. A loud laugh, from the initiated and the uninitiated in profligacy, is ever ready to flatter and regale the man who can thus prostitute his powers of entertainment? O! for an arm of strength to demolish this firm and far-spread compact of iniquity; and for the power of some such piercing and prophetic voice, as might convince our reformed men of the baleful influence they cast behind them on the morals of the succeeding generation.\nWe have our eye perfectly open to the great external improvement of late years in society. There is not the same grossness of conversation. There is not the same impatience for the withdrawal of him who, asked to grace the outset of an assembled party, is compelled, at a certain step in the process of conviviality, by the obligations of professional decency, to retire from it. There is not so frequent an exaction of this as one of the established proprieties of social or fashionable life. And if such an exaction was ever laid by the omnipotence of custom on a minister of Christianity, it is such an exaction as ought never, never, to be complied with. It is not for him to lend the sanction of his presence to a meeting with which he could not sit to its final termination. It is not for him to attend.\nhim standing among an assemblage of men who begin with hypocrisy and end with downright blackguardism for a single hour. It is not for him to watch the progress of the coming ribaldry and hit the well-selected moment when talk, turbulence, and boisterous merriment are on the eve of bursting forth upon the company, carving them forward to the full acme and uproar of their enjoyment. It is quite in vain to say that he has only sanctified one part of such an entertainment. He has given his connivance to the whole of it and left behind him a discharge in full of all its abominations. Therefore, be they who they may, whether they rank among the proudest aristocracy of our land or are charioted in splendor along, as the wealthiest of the.\ncitizens: it is his part to keep as purely and indignantly aloof from such society as this, as he would from the vilest and most debasing associations of profligacy. And now the important question comes to be put: what is the likeliest way of setting up a barrier against this desolating torrent of corruption, into which enter so many elements of power and strength, that, to the general eye, it looks altogether irresistible? It is easier to give a negative than an affirmative answer to this question. And therefore, it shall be our first remark, that the mischief never will be effectively combated by any expedient separate from the growth and transmission of personal Christianity throughout the land. If no addition be made to the stock of religious principle in a country, then the profligacy will prevail.\nA country's obstinate stance against all the mechanism of the most skilled and plausible contrivances cannot be disguised from you. It does not lie within the compass of prisons or penitentiaries to work any sensible abatement on the wickedness of our existing generation. The operation must be of a preventive, rather than a corrective tendency. It must be brought to bear upon boyhood and kept up through that whole period of random exposures through which it has to run, on its way to an established condition in society. A high tone of moral purity must be infused into the bosom of many individuals, and their agency will effect what never can be effected through any other means.\nby any framework of artificial regulations, so long as the spirit and character of society remain what they are. In other words, the progress of reformation will never be significantly advanced beyond the progress of personal Christianity in the world; and therefore, the question resolves itself into the most effective method of adding to the number of Christian parents who may fortify the principles of their children at their first outset in life \u2013 of adding to the number of Christian young men, who might nobly dare to be singular, and to perform the angelic office of guardians and advisers to those who are younger than themselves \u2013 of adding to the number of Christians in middle and advanced life, who might, as far as in them lies, alter the general feeling and counterbalance the force of that tacit but potent influence which shapes the attitudes and manners of society.\nmost  seductive  testimony,  which  has  done  so  much  to \nthrow  a  palliative  veil  over  the  guilt  of  a  life  of  dissi- \npation. \nSuch  a  question  cannot  be  entered  upon,  at  present^ \nin  all  its  bearings,  and  in  all  its  generality.  And  we \nmust,  therefore,  simply  satisfy  ourselves  with  the  object \nthat  as  we  have  attempted  already  to  reproach  the  in- \ndifference of  parents,  and  to  reproach  the  unfeeling \ndepravity  of  those  young  men  who  scatter  their  pesti- \nlential levities  around  the  whole  circle  of  their  compan- \nJ  46  CHALMERS'  DISCOURSES \nionship,  we  may  now  shortly  attempt  to  lay  upon  the \nmen  of  middle  and  advanced  life,  in  general  society, \ntheir  share  of  responsibility  for  the  morals  of  the  rising \ngeneration.     For  the  promotion  of  this  great  cause,  it \nis  not  at  all  necessary  to  school  them  into  any  nice  or \nexquisite  contrivances.     Could  we  only  give  them   a \nDesire and a sense of obligation would lead them to the right exercise of their influence in promoting purity and virtue among the young. If we could only influence their consciences on this point, there would be almost no necessity to guide or enlighten their understanding. If we could only make them Christians and carry their Christianity into their business, they would then feel themselves invested with a guardianship. It is quite in vain to ask, as if there was any mystery or helplessness about it, \"What can they do?\" For, is it not a fact most palpably obvious that much can be done even by the mere power of example? Or might not they?\nThe master of any trading establishment sends the prevailing influence of his own principles among some, at least, of the servants and auxiliaries who belong to it? Or can he, in no degree whatever, so select those who are admitted, as to ward off much contamination from the branches of his employ? Or might he not deal out his encouragement to the deserving, as to confirm them in all their purposes of sobriety? Or might he not interpose the shield of his countenance and his testimony between a struggling youth and the ridicule of his acquaintances? Or, by the friendly conversation of half an hour, might he not strengthen within him every [principle of virtuous resistance]? By these, and by a thousand other expedients which will readily suggest themselves to him who has the good will, might a master not...\nHealing water should be sent forth through the most corrupted of all our establishments. It should be made safe for the unguarded young to officiate in its chambers, and it should be made possible to enter upon the business of the world without entering on such a scene of temptation that it would render almost inevitable the vice and impiety of the world, and its final and everlasting condemnation. Would Christians only be open and intrepid, carrying their religion into their merchandise, and furnish us with a single hundred of such houses in this city? The care and character of the master would form a guarantee for the sobriety of all his dependents. It would be like clearing out a piece of cultivated ground in the midst of a frightful wilderness. Parents would know where they could repair with confidence for the settlement of their offspring.\nand we should behold, what is notably to be desired, a line of broad and visible demarcation between the church and the world; and an interest so precious as the immortality of children would no longer be left to the play of such fortuitous elements, as operated at random throughout the confused mass of a mingled and indiscriminate society. And thus, the pieties of a father's house might be transplanted even into the scenes of ordinary business: and instead of withering, as they do at present, under a contagion which spreads in every direction and fills up the whole face of the community, they might flourish in that moral region which was occupied by a peculiar people, and which they had reclaimed from a world that lieth in wickedness.\n\nTitle VII.\nAn On the Vitiating Influence of the Higher Orders of Society.\n\"Then he said to the disciples, \"It is inevitable that offenses will come, but woe to the one through whom they come! It would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck and he was thrown into the sea, than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin;\"\" (Luke 17:1-2)\n\n\"To offend another,\" according to the common acceptance of the words, \"is to displease him.\" However, this is not the meaning in the verse before us, nor in several other verses of the New Testament. A closer approximation to the scriptural meaning of the term would be found if we adopted the terms \"scandal\" and \"scandalizing\" instead of \"offense\" and \"offending.\" But the full significance of the phrase, \"to offend another,\" is to cause him to stumble in his faith and obedience to the gospel. It may be such a serious offense that a man falls away from it entirely.\nA person's offense against Christ, like that of the disciples who were offended and abandoned Him, but were later reconciled. Alternatively, it could refer to an irreversible falling away, such as those in the Gospel of John who were offended by Jesus' sayings and no longer walked with Him. If you place an obstacle in a neighbor's path while they are on a Christian discipleship journey, you offend them. Jesus uses the term \"offend\" in this sense when speaking of your own right hand or right eye leading you into temptation. These can provide opportunities for you to stumble. The term \"offend\" in the first epistle to the Corinthians is translated similarly.\nMake it unlawful for me to offend my brother, where Paul says, \"If meat makes my brother stumble, I will eat no more flesh while the world stands, lest I make my brother stumble.\" The little ones to whom our Savior alludes in this passage, he elsewhere more fully particularizes, by telling us that they are those who believe in him. There is no call here for entering into any controversy about the doctrine of perseverance. It is not necessary, either for the purpose of explaining or of giving force to the practical lesson of the text now submitted to you. We are as satisfied with the doctrine that he who has a real faith in the gospel of Christ will never fail, as we are with the truth of any identical proposition. If a professing disciple does, in fact, fall away, this is a phenomenon which might be traced to an essential defect.\nThe first footstep of principle caused an error, as it turned out he confused one principle for another. Although he believed he possessed the faith of the New Testament, it was not the saving faith. A semblance of grace might have existed without its reality. If genuinely initiated, such a work would continue to perfection. However, it is not essential at this point to dogmatize this. The text leads us to discuss the guilt of the man who ruined another's eternal interest.\n\nChalmers' Discourses.\n\nIf the second has indeed entered the strait gale, it is beyond the power of the first, with all his artifices and temptations, to draw him out again.\nentered the gate, he may only be on the road that leads to it; and it is enough, amid the uncertainties which, in this life, hang over the question of who are really believers, and who are not? It is not known in which of these two conditions the little one is; and therefore, to seduce him from obedience to the will of Christ may, in fact, be to arrest his progress towards Christ and to draw him back unto the perdition of his soul. The whole guilt of the text may be realized by him who keeps another from the church, where he might have heard, and heard with acceptance, that word of life which he has not yet accepted; or by him, whose influence or whose example detains the acquaintance who is meditating an outset on the path of decided Christianity\u2014seeing, that every such outset will land him in error.\nThose who, in following after Christ, do not forsake all; or by him who tempers with the conscience of an apparently zealous and confirmed disciple, so as to seduce him into some habitual sin, either of neglect or of performance. The individual who but for this seduction might have cleaved fully unto the Lord and turned out a prosperous and decided Christian, has been led to put a good conscience away from him. By making shipwreck of his faith, he has proved to the world that it was not the faith which could obtain the victory. It is true that it is not possible to seduce the elect. But even this suggestion, perverse and unjust as it would be in its application, is not generally present to the mind of him who is guilty of the attempt.\nThe text discusses a person who seduces or influences others to sin, bearing guilt for their spiritual harm. This person is condemned in the gospel with impassioned testimony. The text's implications extend to our responsibility for the impact of our actions on others. We are called not only to save ourselves but also to consider the reflex influence of our actions on others.\nWhen one considers the mischief this influence might spread, even from Christians of highest reputation; when one thinks of man's readiness to seek shelter in the example of an acknowledged superior; when one considers that some inconsistency on our part might seduce another into such an imitation, overbearing the reproaches of his own conscience, and as, by vitiating the singleness of his eye, makes the whole of his body, instead of being full of light, to be full of darkness; when one takes this lesson along with him into the various conditions of life he may be called by Providence to occupy. Whether as a parent surrounded by his family, or as a master of a household, or as a citizen among his neighbors, he shall.\nEither speak such words or do such actions, or administer his affairs in such a way that is unworthy of his high and immortal destination, and a taint of corruption is sure to descend upon the immortals who are on every side of him. When one thinks of himself as the source and center of a contagion which might bring a blight upon the graces and prospects of other souls besides his own\u2014surely this is enough to supply him with a reason why, in working out his own personal salvation, he should do it with fear, and with watchfulness, and with much trembling.\n\nBut we are now upon the ground of a higher and more debase conscientiousness. Whereas, our object, at present, is to expose certain of the grosser offenses which abound in society.\nAnd yet, this influence, which spreads a most dangerous and ensnaring effect among those who comprise it, has led us insensibly. It was touched upon in the discourse we addressed to you on a former occasion. When we considered the magnitude of that man's guilt, who, through example, connivance, or direct and formal tuition, expedites the entrance of the yet unpracticed young on a career of dissipation. Whether he is a parent, trenching in this world's maxims, who without struggle and without sigh leaves his helpless offspring to take their random and unprotected way through this world's conformities; or whether he is one of those seniors in depravity, who can cheer on his more youthful companion to a surrender of all those virtues, Chalmers' Discourse, ]3,3.\nscruples and all those delicacies which have hitherto adorned him; or whether he is a more aged citizen, who, having run the wonted course of intemperance, can cast an approving eye on the corruption through all its stages, and give a tenfold force to all its allurements, by setting up the authority of grave and reformed manhood on its side; in each of these characters do we see an offense that is pregnant with deadliest mischief to the principles of the rising generation. And while we are told by our text that, for such offenses, there exists some deep and mysterious necessity\u2014insomuch, that it is impossible but that offenses must come\u2014 yet let us not forget to urge on every one sharer in this work of moral contamination, that never does the meek and gentle Saviour speak in terms more threatening.\nThere is no need to clean the text as it is already perfectly readable and the language used is modern English. Therefore, I will output the text as it is:\n\nThere is nothing more reproachful than when he speaks of the enormity of such misconduct. There cannot, in truth, be a grosser outrage committed on God's administration than that which he is in the habit of inflicting. There cannot be a directer act of rebellion than that which multiplies the adherents of its own cause and swells the hosts of the rebellious. There cannot be placed a fiercer condemnation on the head of iniquity than that which is sealed by the blood of its own victims and its own proselytes. Nor should we wonder when that is said of such an agent for iniquity which is said of the betrayer of our Lord. It were better for him that he had not been born. It were better for him, now that he is born, could he be committed back again to deep annihilation.\nRather than offend one of these little ones, it were better for him that a millstone were hung about his neck, and he were cast into the sea (Matthew 18:6). This is one case of such offenses as are adverted to in the text. Another and still more specific is beginning, we understand, to be exemplified in our own city, though it has not attained to the height or to the frequency at which it occurs in a neighboring metropolis. We allude to the doing of weekday business on the Sabbath. We allude to that violence which is rudely offered to the feelings and the associations of sacredness, by those ungodly masters who at times lay exactions on their youthful dependents \u2013 when those hours which they would spend in church, they are called upon to spend in the counting-house.\nThat day, which should be a day of piety, is turned into a day of posting and penmanship. The rules of the Decalogue are set aside and superseded by the rules of the great trading establishment. Everything gives way to the hurrying emergency of orders, clearances, and demands for instant correspondence. Such is the magnitude of this stumbling-block that many a young man has here fallen to rise no more. At this point of departure, he has so widened his distance from God that in fact, he never returns. In this distressing contest between principle and necessity, the final blow is given to his religious principles. The master whom he serves and under whom he earns his provision for time has here wrested the whole interest of his eternity away from him.\nFrom this moment, there gathers upon his soul the complexion of a harder and more determined impiety \u2014 and conscience once stifled now speaks to him with a feebler voice \u2014 and the world obtains a firmer lodgment in his heart \u2014 and, renouncing all his original tenderness about Sabbath and Sabbath employments, he can now keep equal pace by his fellows throughout every scene of profanation. He who once trembled and recoiled from the freedoms of irreligion with the sensibility of a little one, may soon become the most daringly rebellious of them all. The Sabbath which he has now learned, at one time, to give to business, he, at another, gives to unhallowed enjoyments \u2014 and it is turned into a day of visits and excursions, given up to pleasure, and enlivened by all.\nThe mirth and extravagance of the holiday, and when sacrament is proclaimed from the city pulpits, he, the apt, well-trained disciple of his corrupt and corrupting superior, is the readiest to plan the amusements of the coming opportunity, and among the very foremost in emigration. And though he may look back, at times, to the Sabbath of his father's pious house, yet the retrospect is always becoming dimmer, and at length it ceases to disturb him. And the alienation widens every year, till, wholly given over to impiety, he lives without God in the world.\n\nAnd were we asked to state the dimensions of that iniquity which stalks regardlessly and at large over the ruin of youthful principles\u2014were we asked to find a place in the catalog of guilt for a crime, the atrocity of which is only equaled, we understand, by its frequency.\nWere we called to characterise the man who, so far from attempting one counteracting influence against the profligacy of his dependents, issues from the chair of authority on which he sits, a command, in the direct face of a commandment (from God I5(y CHALMES' DISCOVERS).\n\nThe man who has chartered impiety in articles of agreement, and has vested himself with a property in that time which only belongs to the Lord of the Sabbath\u2013 were we asked to look to the man who could thus overbear the last remnants of remorse in a struggling and unpractised bosom, and glitter in all the ensigns of a prosperity that is reared on the violated consciences of those who are beneath him \u2013 O! were the question put, to whom shall we liken such a man? Or what is the likeness to which we can compare him?\nThe guilt of one who trafficked on the highway or on that outraged coast, from whose weeping families children were inseparably torn, was far outmeasured by the guilt which could frustrate a father's fondest prayers and trample under foot the hopes and preparations of eternity.\n\nThere is another way in which, in the employ of a careless and unprincipled master, it is impossible but that offenses must come. You know just as well as we do that there are chicaneries in business. The precise extent of them we forbear stating. But you surely know as well as we, that the mercantile profession, conducted as it often is with the purest integrity, lays no claim to immunity from the charge of engaging in questionable practices.\nresistless necessity, whatever compels the surrender of principle on any of its members; and dignified by some of the noblest exhibitions of untainted honor, and devoted friendship, and magnificent generosity, that have ever been recorded of our nature. You know as well as we, that it was utterly extravagant, and in the face of all observation, to affirm that each and every one of its numerous competitors stood clearly and totally exempt from the sins of undue selfishness. And accordingly, there are certain common falsehoods occasionally practiced in this department of human affairs. There are, for example, dexterous and cunning evasions, whereby the payers of tribute are enabled, at times, to make their escape from the eagle eye of the exactors of tribute. There are even contests of ingenuity between them.\nIndividual traders, in the keen and anxious negotiation, are tempted to speak of offers and prices, and reports of five-and-so-forth in home and foreign markets. You must assuredly know that these, and such as these, have introduced a certain quantity of shuffling into the communications of the trading world. In some degree, the simplicity of yea, yea, and nay, nay, is exploded. There is a kind of understood tolerance established for certain modes of expression, which could not, we are much afraid, stand the rigid scrutiny of the great day. There is an abatement of confidence between man and man, implying, we doubt, such a proportionate abatement of truth, as goes to extend most fearfully the condemnation due to all liars.\nWho shall have their part in the lake that burns with fire and brimstone. And who can compute the effect of all this on the young and yet unpracticed observer? Who does not see that it must go to reduce the tone of his principles; and involve him in many a delicate struggle between the morality he has learned from his catechism and the morality he sees in the world? This will countenance him in his mind to obliterate the distinctions between right and wrong; and, at length, to reconcile his conscience to a sin which, like every other, deserves the wrath and the curse of God; and to make him tamper with a direct commandment, in such a way that falsehoods and frauds might be nothing more in his estimation than the peccadilloes of an innocent compliance with the current practices.\nHere is where the ways of those who conform to this world diverge from those who are redeemed from all iniquity, thoroughly furnished for all good works. This is a grievous occasion to fall. This is a competition between the service of God and the service of Mammon. Here is the exhibition of another offense, and the bringing forward of another temptation, for those entering the business world, little adverted to, we fear, by those who live in utter carelessness of their souls and never spend a thought or sigh about the immortality of others \u2013 but most distinctly singled out by the text as a crime of foremost magnitude in the eye of Him who judges righteously.\n\nAnd before we quit the subject of such offenses,...\nWith regard to ordinary trade, let us merely advert to one instance of it - not for its frequent occurrence, but for the way it is connected in principle with a very general, and we believe, a very mischievous offense in domestic society. It is neither avarice nor selfishness of our nature that forms the only obstruction in one man dealing plainly with another. There is another obstruction, founded on a far more pleasing and amiable principle - even on that delicacy of feeling, in virtue of which one man cannot bear to wound or mortify another. For instance, it would require a very rare and certainly not a very enviable degree of hardihood to tell another, without pain, that you did not think him worthy.\n\nChalmers Discourses.\nAnd yet, in the dealings of merchandise, this is the very trial of delicacy which sometimes presents itself. The man with whom you are committed to such an extent that you consider him trustworthy, might, perhaps, like to test your confidence in him and his credit with you further. He returns to you with a fresh order, and you secretly have no desire to link any more of your property with his speculation. The difficulty is how to dispose of the application in question. It would be the most pleasant way, to all parties concerned, to make him believe that you refuse the application not because you will not comply, but because you cannot - for you have no more of the article he wants from you on hand.\nYou did not personally make this communication, but selected an agent or underling from your establishment to do so, knowing it to be false. To avoid a personal encounter with the man you are disappointing, you shifted the entire business of this lying apology onto others. In this way, you continue to save your own delicacy, not caring about another's damnation.\n\nWe call your attention to the identical principle at work in this case of making a brother offend, and another case that has been reported extensively among the most genteel and opulent city families. In this case, you put a lie into the mouth of a dependent.\nFor the purpose of protecting your substance from such an application that might expose it to hazard or diminution. In the second case, you put a lie into the mouth of a dependent, and that, for the purpose of protecting your time from such an encroachment as you would not feel to be convenient or agreeable. In both cases, you are led to hold out this offense by a certain delicacy of temperament, in virtue of which, you cannot give a man plainly to understand that you are not willing to trust him, nor can you give him to understand that you count his company to be an interruption. But, in both the one and the other example, consider the small account that is made of a brother's or of a sister's eternity; behold the guilty task that is thus unmercifully laid upon one who is shortly to appear before the judgment-seat.\nChrist; the entanglement which is thus made to beset the path of a creature who is unperishable. That at the shrine of Mammon, such a bloody sacrifice should be rendered by some of his unrelenting votaries, is not to be wondered at; but that the shrine of elegance and fashion should be bathed in blood\u2014that sentimental ladyship should put forth her hand to such an enormity\u2014that she who can sigh so gently, and shed her graceful tear over the sufferings of others, should thus be accessory to the second and more awful death of her own domestics\u2014that one who looks the mildest and loveliest of human beings should exact obedience to a mandate which carries wrath, and tribulation, and anguish, in its train\u2014O! how it should confirm every Christian in his faith.\ndefiance to the authority of fashion, and lead him to scorn all its folly and worthlessness. It is quite in vain to say that the servant whom you thus employ as the deputy of your falsehood can possibly execute the commission without the conscience being at all tainted or defiled by it. A simple cottage maid can neither sophisticate the matter nor utter the language of what she assuredly knows to be a downright lie without violating her original principles. She, humble and untutored soul, can sustain no injury when thus made to tamper with the plain English of these realms. She can at all satisfy herself how, by the prescribed utterance of \"not at home,\" she is not pronouncing such words as are substantially untrue, but merely using them in another and perfectly understood meaning.\nAccording to their modern translation, she speaks of a person who, instead of being away from home, is secretly hiding in one of its most secure and intimate receptacles. Try as you will to darken and transform this piece of casuistry, and work up your own minds into the peaceful conviction that it is all right and as it should be. But be very certain, there is at least one bosom within which you have raised a war of doubts and difficulties; and where, if the victory is on your side, it will be on the side of the one who is the great enemy of righteousness. There is at least one person along the line of this conveyance of deceit who condemns herself in that which she allows.\n\nChalmers' Disourses. (152)\nWho, in the language of Paul, considers the practice unclean, it will be unclean to her; who performs her task with the offense of her own conscience, and to whom, therefore, it will indeed be evil: who cannot render obedience in this matter to her earthly superior, but by an act in which she does not stand clear and unconscious before God; and with whom, therefore, the sad consequence of what we can call nothing else than a barbarous combination against the principles and prospects of the lower orders, is this: as she has not cleaved fully unto the Lord, and has not kept by the service of the one master, and has not forsaken all at His bidding, she cannot be the disciple of Christ.\n\nThe aphorism, \"he who offends in one point is guilty of all,\" tells us something more than of the way.\nThe commandments are not to be viewed as separate and independent ties of obligation, such that the transgression of one leaves the others unaffected. Instead, they should be regarded as branching out from one great and general tie of obligation. There is no loosening the hold of one commandment on the conscience without unfastening the tie that binds them all.\nIf one member in the system of practical righteousness is made to suffer, all the other members suffer along with it; and if one decision of the moral sense is thwarted, the organ of the moral sense is permanently impaired, and a leaven of iniquity is infused into all its other decisions; and if one suggestion of this inward monitor is stifled, a general shock is given to its authority over the whole man; and if one of the least commandments of the law is left unfulfilled, the law itself is brought down from its rightful ascendancy. It is this which gives such wide-wasting malignity to each of the separate offenses on which we have now expatiated. It is this which so multiplies the means and the consequences of every transgression.\npossibilities of corruption in the world. It is thus that, at every one point in human society, there may be struck out a fountain of poisonous emanation for all who approach it; and think not, therefore, that under each of the examples we have given, we were only contending for the preservation of one single feature in the character of him who stands exposed to this world's offenses. We felt it, in fact, to be a contest for his eternity; and that the case involved in it his general condition with God; and that he who leads the young into a course of dissipation\u2014or he who tampers with their impressions of Sabbath sacredness\u2014or he who, either in the walks of business or in the services of the family, makes them the agents of deceitfulness\u2014or that he, in short, who corrupts them in any way.\nAnd if one tempts them to transgress in any one thing, in fact, has poured such a pervading taint into their moral constitution that they are spoiled or corrupted in all things. Thus, on one shameful occasion or by the exhibition of one particular offense, harm may be done equivalent to the total destruction of a human soul or to the blotting out of its prospects for immortality.\n\nAnd let us just ask a master or mistress who can make free with the moral principle of their servants in one instance, how they can look for pure or correct principle from them in other instances? What right have they to complain of unfaithfulness against themselves, who have deliberately seduced another into a habit of unfaithfulness against God? Are they so utterly unskilled in the mysteries of our nature, as not to understand this?\nIf a man gathers the courage to break the Sabbath against his conscience, will this very courage enable him to break other obligations? \u2014 he whom they have exercised to such an extent that his conscience is offended towards his God, will not hesitate, for his own advantage, to exercise himself in a way that offends his master?\u2014the servant whom you have taught to lie has acquired such rudiments of education from you that, without any further help, he can now teach himself to steal?\u2014and yet, nothing is more common than loud and angry complaints against the treachery of servants; as if, in the general wreck of their other principles, they had forgotten the principle of consideration for the good and interest of their master. Chalmers' Discourse, 165.\nThe employer, who was both their master and seducer, was to survive with all its power and sensitivity. It is a retribution as deserved. A recoil upon their own heads for the mischief they had instigated. It is the temporal part of the punishment they had to endure for the sin of our text, but not the entirety of it. For it would be better for both person and property to be cast into the sea, than for them to face the reckoning of the day when called to give an account of the souls they had murdered, and the blood of such a destruction required at their hands.\n\nThe evil we have protested against is an outrage of greater enormity than a tyrant or oppressor can inflict in the pursuit of his worst designs.\nAgainst the political rights and liberties of the commonwealth. The very semblance of such designs will summon every patriot to his post of observation; and from a thousand watchtowers of alarm, the outcry of freedom in danger will be heard throughout the land. But there is a conspiracy of a far more malicious influence upon the destinies of the species that is now going on; and which seems to call forth no indignant spirit, and to bring no generous exclamation along with it. Throughout all the recesses of private and domestic history, there is an ascendancy of rank and station against which no stern republican is ever heard to lift his voice\u2014though it be an ascendancy, so exercised, as to be of most noxious operation to the dearest hopes and best interests of humanity. There is a cruel combination of the great against the majesty of the people.\nThe people\u2014we mean the majesty of the people's worth. There was a haughty unconcern about an inheritance, which, by an unalienable right, should be theirs\u2014we mean their future and everlasting inheritance. There is a deadly invasion made on their rights\u2014we mean their rights of conscience; and in this our land of boasted privileges, are the lowly trampled upon by the high\u2014we mean trampled into all the degradation of guilt and worthlessness. They are utterly bereft of that homage which ought to be rendered to the dignity of their immortal nature; and to minister to the avarice of an imperious master, or to spare the sickly delicacy of the fashionables in our land, are the truth and the piety of our population, and all the virtues of their eternity, most unfeelingly plucked away from them. It belongs to others to fight.\nThe question of their privileges in time concerns those who calculate their duration. But who, with a calculating eye on their never-ending nature, can repress an alarm of a higher order? Others generously struggle for the place and adjustment of the lower orders in the great vessel of the state. However, the question of their place in eternity is of mightier concern than how they are to sit and be accommodated in the pathway vehicle that takes them to their everlasting habitations.\n\nChristianity, in one sense, is the greatest leveler. It looks to the elements and not to the circumstantials of humanity. Regarding the distinctions of this fleeting pilgrimage as altogether superficial and temporary, it fastens on those points of assimilation which liken the king upon the throne to the very humblest of his subject population. They are alike.\nIn the nakedness of their birth, they are alike in the certainty of their decay. They are alike in the ages of their dissolution. And after one is tombed in sepulchral magnificence, and the other is laid in his sod-wrapped grave, they are most fearfully alike in the corruption to which they molder. But it is with the immortal nature of each that Christianity has to do; and in both the one and the other, it beholds a nature alike forfeited by guilt, and alike capable of being restored by the grace of an offered salvation. And never do the pomp and circumstance of externals appear more humbling, than when, looking onwards to the day of resurrection, we behold the sovereign standing without his crown, and the subject by his side at the bar of heaven's judgment.\nThe master and servant will be brought to their reckoning together. When the one is tried upon the guilt and malignant influence of his Sabbath companies, charged with the profane and careless habit of his household establishment, reminded of how he kept both himself and his domestics from the solemn ordinance, and made to perceive the fearful extent of the moral and spiritual mischief he has wrought as the irreligious head of an irreligious family - among other things, he, under a system of fashionable hypocrisy, so tampered with another's principles as to defile his conscience and destroy him - O! how tremendously will the little brief authority in which he now plays his fantastic tricks turn to his own condemnation. Instead of thus abusing his authority, it would be better for him.\nAnd how comes it, we ask, that any master holds such destructive power over the immortals around him? God has given him no such power. The state has not granted it to him. There is no law, either human or divine, by which he can enforce an order upon his servants to commit an act of falsehood or impiety. Should any such attempt at authority be made by the master, it should be met with disobedience on the part of the servant. If your master or mistress bids you say you are not at home when you know they are, it is your duty to refuse compliance with such an order.\nLaws of fashionable intercourse we answer, by the simple substitution of truth for falsehood - by prescribing the utterance of engaged instead of not at home - by holding the principles of your servant to be of higher account than the false delicacies of your acquaintance - by a bold and vigorous recurrence to the simplicity of nature - by determinedly doing what is right, though the example of a whole host be against you; and by giving impulse to the current of example when it happens to be moving in a proper direction. Here we are happy to say that fashion has of late been making a capricious and accidental movement on the side of principle. And to be blunt, open, and manly is now on the fair way to be fashionable. A temper of homelier quality is also emerging.\nThe improving manners of the cultivated class begin to infuse themselves into luxury, effeminacy, and excessive complaisance of genteel society. The staple of refined manners is becoming firmer, franker, and more honest. With the aid of a Christian principle, it may eventually be so interwoven with the cardinal virtues as to present a different texture altogether from the soft and silken degeneracy of modern days.\n\nWe do not wish to be seen as champions of insurrection against the authority of masters. Therefore, let us further clarify that while it is the duty of a clerk or apprentice to refuse doing week-day work on the Sabbath, and while it is the duty of servants to refuse the utterance of a prescribed falsehood, and while it is the duty of every dependent, in the service of his master, to:\nA servant, to serve him only in the Lord \u2014 yet this very principle, tending as it may to a rare and occasional act of disobedience, is also the principle which renders every servant who adheres to it a perfect treasure of fidelity and attachment, and general obedience. This is the way to obtain a credit for his refusal and to stamp upon it a noble consistency. In this way, he will, even to the mind of an ungodly master, make up for all his particularities: and should he be what, if a Christian, he would be; should he be, at all times, the most alert in service, the most patient of provocation, and the most cordial in affection, and the most scrupulously honest in the charge and custody of all that is committed to him \u2014 then let the post of drudgery at which he toils be humble as it may, the contrast between the meanness of his position and the nobility of his character will speak for itself.\nHis office and the dignity of his character will only heighten the reverence due to principle and make it more illustrious. His scruples may, at first, be the topics of displeasure and afterwards the topics of occasional levity; but, in spite of himself, his employer will be constrained to look upon them with respectful toleration. The servant will be to the master a living epistle of Christ, and he may read there what he has not yet perceived in the letter of the New Testament. He may read, in the person of his own domestic, the power and the truth of Christianity. He may positively stand in awe of his own hired servant \u2013 and regarding his bosom as a sanctuary of worth which it were monstrous to violate, will he feel, when tempted to offer one command of impiety, that he cannot, that he dare not.\nAnd before we conclude, let us try, if possible, to rebuke the wealthy out of their unfeeling indifference to the souls of the poor, by the example of the Savior. Let those who look on the immortality of the poor as beneath their concern, only look unto Christ\u2014to him who, for the sake of the poorest of us all, became poor himself, that we, through his poverty, might be made rich. Let them think how the principle of all these offenses which we have been attempting to expose is in the direct face of that principle which prompted, at first, and which still presides over the whole of the gospel dispensation. Let them learn a higher reverence for the eternity of those beneath them, by thinking of him who, to purchase an inheritance for the poor and to provide them with the blessings of a preached gospel, unrobed himself of all his greatness.\nand descended himself to the lot and labors of poverty; toiled, to the beginning of his public ministry at the work of a carpenter; and submitted to all the horrors of a death which was aggravated by the burden of a world's atonement and made inconceivably severe by there being infused into it all the bitter pangs of expiation. Think, O think, when some petty design of avarice or vanity would lead you to forget the imperishable souls of those who are beneath you, that you are setting yourselves in diametric opposition to that which lies nearest to the heart of the Savior; that you are countervailing the whole tendency of his redemption; that you are thwarting the very object of that enterprise for which all heaven is represented as in motion\u2014 and angels are with wonder looking on.\nAnd God the Father appointed the Son, in whom the magnificent train of prophecy from the beginning of the world has its theme and fulfillment, to come amongst us in shrouded majesty. He was led to the cross like a lamb for the slaughter and bowed his head in agony, giving up the ghost.\n\nWe address one word more to masters and mistresses of families. By adopting the reformations we have been urging you, you may do good to the cause of Christianity and yet not advance, by a single hair's breadth, the Christianity of your own souls. It is not by this one reformation, or indeed by any given number of reformations, that you are saved. It is by believing in Christ that men are saved. You may escape, it is sure, a higher degree of damnation.\nBut you will not escape damnation. You may do good to the souls of your servants by a rigid observance of this lesson. But we seek the good of your own souls as well, and we pronounce upon them that they are in a state of death, till one great act is performed, and one act too, which does not consist of any number of particular acts or particular reformation. What shall I do to be saved? Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved. And he who believes not, the wrath of God abides on him. Do this if you want to make the great and important transition for yourselves. Do this if you want your own names to be blotted out of the book of condemnation. If you seek to have your own persons justified before God, submit to the righteousness of God\u2014even that righteousness which is by faith.\nThrough the faith of Christ, it is unto all and upon all who believe. This is the turning point of God's acceptance with the Lawgiver. And at this step, in the history of your souls, there will be applied to you a power of motivation, and you will be endowed with an obedient sensibility to the influence of motive, which will make it the turning point of a new heart and a new character. The particular reformation that we have now been urging will be one of many; and, in the spirit of him who pleased not himself, but gave up his life for others, will you forego all desires of selfishness and vanity, and look not merely to your own things, but also to the things of others.\n\nDiscourse VIII.\nOn the Love of Money.\n\nIf I have made gold my hope, or have said to fine gold, \"Thou art my god.\"\n\"If I rejoiced because of my wealth, because my hand had obtained much, if I beheld the sun when it shined, or the moon walking in brightness, and my heart was secretly enticed, or my mouth kissed my hand, this also was an iniquity to be punished by the judge; for I should have denied the God that is above. (Job xxx1. 24-28)\n\nNotable in this passage is the classification of a certain affection, known only among paganism's votaries, under the same character and receiving the same condemnation as an affection not only known but allowed, even cherished into habitual supremacy throughout Christendom. How universal it is among those pursuing wealth to make gold their hope, and among those in possession of wealth to make fine gold.\"\nWe are told that this is a nearly complete renunciation of God, as practiced by some of the worst idolaters. It might unsettle the vanity of those who, unsuspecting of the disease in their hearts, are wholly given over to this world and wholly without alarm in their anticipations of another. Could we convince them that the most reigning and resistless desire by which they are actuated stamps the same perversity on them, in the sight of God, as on those who worship the sun in the firmament or offer incense to the moon as the queen of heaven?\n\nWe recoil from an idolater as from one who labors under a great moral derangement, suffering his regards to be carried away from the true God.\n\n(Chalmers' Disourses)\nBut is it not the same derangement, on the part of man, to love any created good and in the enjoyment of it lose sight of the Creator? That he should delight himself with the use and possession of a gift, and be unaffected by the circumstance of its having been put into his hands by a giver? Thoroughly absorbed with the present and the sensible gratification, there should be no room left for the movements of duty or regard to the Being who furnished him with the materials and endowed him with the organs of every gratification? Thus, he should lavish all his desires on the surrounding materialism and fetch from it all his delights, while the thought of him who formed it is habitually absent from his heart? In the play of those attractions that subsist between him and the various objects in the environment.\nThe neighborhood of his person should have the same want of reference to God as in the play of those attractions which subsist between a piece of unconscious matter and the other matter around it \u2013 that all the influences which operate upon the human will should emanate from so many various points in the mechanism of what is formed, but that no practical or ascendant influence should come down upon it from the presiding and preserving Deity? Why, if such be man, he could not be otherwise, though there were no Deity. The part he sustains in the world is the very same that it would have been, had the world sprung into being of itself, or without an originating mind had maintained its being from eternity. He merely puts forth the evolutions of his own.\n\nIn the Chalmeks' Chaldeans (Chalmeks' Djscoullsks).\nA person, as one of the individual components in a vast, independent system of nature composed of many parts and many individuals, acts without considering God or borrowing any impulse from His will in responding to what is agreeable or unsuitable to their senses. Religion holds no influence over a person's voluntary actions, any more than it does over the growth of their body, which is involuntary. With a mind that should recognize God and a conscience that should grant him supreme jurisdiction, a person lives as effectively without Him as if they had no mind or conscience, save for a few fleeting moments of thought.\nI. The regularities of outward and mechanical observation reveal man running, willing, preparing, and enjoying, as if there was no other portion than the creature, as if the world and its visible elements formed the whole with which he had to do.\n\nII. I wish to emphasize the distinction between the love of money and the love of what money purchases. Both of these affections may displace God from the heart. However, there is a malignancy and an inveteracy of atheism in the former which does not belong to the latter. Chalmers' Discourse makes it clear that the love of money is indeed the root of all evil.\n\nIII. When we indulge in the love of that which is purchased by money, the materials of gratification and the organs of gratification are present with each other.\nThe enjoyments of inferior animals, and all simple, immediate enjoyments of man, such as tasting food or the smelling of a flower, involve an adaptation of the senses to certain external objects and a pleasure arising from that adaptation. This pleasure can be felt by man alongside a right and full infusion of godliness. For instance, primitive Christians ate their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, praising God. However, in the case of every unconverted man, there is no such accompaniment to the pleasure. He carries in his heart no recognition of the hand that places the means and materials of enjoyment within his reach. The matter of enjoyment is all with which he is conversant.\nThe author's avidity for enjoyment resembles that of lower creation for food, water, or freedom. Man, capable of recognizing his Creator, is often as devoid of faith as the creature that cannot. Despite his ability to trace the source of his blessings, man is frequently blind to God in moments of enjoyment.\nHe still drinks from the stream with as much greediness for pleasure, and as little recognition of its source, as the animal beneath him. In other words, his atheism, while tasting the bounties of Providence, is just as complete as that of inferior animals. But theirs proceeds from their incapacity to know God. His proceeds from his dislike of retaining God in his knowledge. He may come under the power of godliness if he would. But he chooses rather that the power of sensuality should lord it over him, and his whole man is engrossed with the objects of sensuality. But a man differs from an animal in being something more than a sensitive being. He is also a reflective being. He has the power of thought, inference, and anticipation to distinguish him above the beasts of the field or forest; and yet will it be found, in what follows, that this power is often abdicated by man in favor of his lower propensities?\nEvery natural man's use of his mental powers has only widened his departure from God and given his atheism a more deliberate and wilful character. He can think beyond present desires and gratification. He can calculate future desires and their means of gratification. He cannot just follow the impulse of present hunger; he can look forward to the recurring pulses of hunger that await him and devise ways to relieve it. From the great stream of supply that comes directly from Heaven to earth for the sustenance of all living generations, he can:\nA person should divert and appropriate a separate channel of conveyance, and direct it into a reservoir for himself. He can enlarge the capacity or strengthen the embankments of this reservoir. By doing the former, he increases his proportion of this common tide of wealth which circulates through the world, and by doing the latter, he increases his security for holding it in perpetual possession. The animal that drinks from the stream does not consider its source. But man thinks of the reservoir which yields to him his portion of it. He looks no further. He thinks not that to fill it, there must be a great and original fountain, from which there issues a mighty flood of abundance for the purpose of distribution among all the tribes and families of the world. He stops short at the secondary and artificial fabric which he himself has formed.\nAnd from this source, he draws his own peculiar enjoyments, and never thinks of his own peculiar supply fluctuating with the variations of the primary spring, or connecting these variations with the will of the great but unseen director of all things. It is true, that if this main and originating fountain be, at any time, less copious in its emission, he will have less to draw from it to his own reservoir. In that very proportion, his share of the bounties of Providence will be reduced. But still, it is to the well or receptacle of his own striking out that he looks, as his main security for the relief of nature's wants and the abundant supply of nature's enjoyments. He depends on his own work in this matter, and not on the work or the will of him who is the Author.\n\nChalmers' Disourses.\nThe reason man, who gives rain from heaven and fruitful seasons, filling every heart with food and gladness, fails to ascend, through an upward process, to the First Cause. Man stops at the instrumental cause, which, by his own wisdom and power, he has put into operation. In essence, man's understanding is overrun with atheism, as are his desires. Both the intellectual and sensitive parts of his constitution seem infected with it. When man engages in the act of direct enjoyment, like the instinctive and unreflecting animal, he is alike in its atheism. When he rises above the animal and, in the exercise of his higher and larger faculties, he engages in the act of providing for enjoyment.\nA man, he still carries his atheism along with him. Money, in all its functions, is equivalent to such a reservoir. Take one year with another/and the annual consumption of the world cannot exceed the annual produce which issues from the storehouse of him who is the great and the bountiful Provider of all its families. The money that is in any man's possession represents the share which he can appropriate to himself of this produce. If it be a large sum, it is like a capacious reservoir on the bank of the river of abundance. If it be laid out on firm and stable securities, still it is like a firmly embanked reservoir. The man who toils to increase his money is like a man who toils to enlarge the capacity of his reservoir. The man who suspects a leak in his securities, or who apples investments unwisely, is like a man who builds his reservoir on an unstable foundation.\nA man who perceives that his money is being lost or diminished, as reported in failures and fluctuations, is like a man who perceives a flaw in the embankments of his reservoir. Meanwhile, in all the care expended on the money or the magazine, the originating source from which it receives its worth or the magazine receives its fullness, is scarcely ever considered. Let God turn the earth into a barren desert, and money ceases to be convertible to any purpose of enjoyment; or let him lock up that magazine of great and general supply, out of which he showers abundance among our habitations, and all the subordinate magazines formed beside the wonted stream of liberality, would remain empty. But all this is forgotten by the vast majority of our unthoughtful and unreflecting population.\nThe patience of God is still unexhausted; and the seasons still roll in kind succession over the heads of an ungrateful generation. The period when the machinery of our present system shall stop and be taken apart has not yet arrived. That Spirit, who will not always strive with men, is still prolonging his experiment on the powers and perversities of our moral nature; and the edict of dissolution, by which this earth and these heavens are at length to pass away, is still suspended. So the sun still shines upon us; and the clouds still drop upon us; and the earth still puts forth the bloom and beauty of its luxuriance; and all the ministers of heaven's liberality still walk their annual round, and scatter plenty over the face of an alienated world; and the whole of nature continues as smiling.\nThe granary, as sure and fulfilling to Chalimek's descendants as in the days of our forefathers; and out of her large and universal store, there is, in every returning year, as rich a conveyance of aliment as before, to the populous family in whose behalf it is opened. But it is the business of many among that population, each to erect his own separate granary and to replenish it out of the general store, and to feed himself and his dependents out of it. He is right in so doing. But he is not right in looking to his own peculiar receptacle as if it were the first and emanating fountain of all his enjoyments. He is not right in thus idolizing the work of his own hands\u2014awarding no glory and no confidence to him in whose hands is the key of that great storehouse, out of which every lesser storehouse of man derives its contents.\nHe is not right, in laboring after the money which purchases all things, to avert the earnestness of his regards from the Being who provides all things. He is not right, in thus building his security on that which is subordinate, unheeding and unmindful of him who is supreme. It is not right, that silver and gold, though unshaped into statuary, should still be doing, in this enlightened land, what the images of Paganism once did. It is not right, that they should thus supplant the deference which is owing to the God and governor of all things\u2014or that each man amongst us should in the secret homage of trust and satisfaction which he renders to his bills, and his deposits, and his deeds of property and possession, endow these various articles with the same moral ascendancy over his heart, as the household gods of antiquity.\nHe had usurped the place of the idolaters of antiquity, making them as effectively the new divinity and dethroning the one Monarch of heaven and earth from his preeminence of trust and affection. The one who makes a god of his pleasure renders to this idol the homage of his senses. The one who makes a god of his wealth renders to this idol the homage of his mind, and therefore, the latter is the more hopeless and determined idolater. The former is goaded on to idolatry by the power of appetite. The latter cultivates it with wonderful and deliberate perseverance; consecrates his very highest powers to its service; embarks in it not with the heat of passion, but with the coolness of steady and calculating principle; fully gives up his reason and his time, and all.\nthe faculties of his understanding, as well as all the desires of his heart, were devoted to the great object of a fortune in this world. Acquiring gain became his settled aim, and the pursuit of that aim his settled habit. He spent the whole day long at the post of his ardent and unremitting devotions. Sitting at the desk of his counting-house, his soul was just as effectively seduced from the living God to an object distinct from him and contrary to him as if the ledger before him were a book of mystical characters, written in honor of some golden idol placed before him, with the intention of making this idol propitious to himself and to his family. Baal and Moloch were not more substantially the gods of rebellious Israel than Mammon is the god of all his affections.\nTo the fortune he has reared or is rearing for himself and his descendants, he ascribes all the power and all the independence of a divinity. With the wealth he has gained by his own hands, he feels as independent of God as the Pagan who, happy in the fancied protection of an image made with his own hand, suffers no disturbance to his quiet from any thought of the real but the unknown Deity. His confidence is in his treasure, not in God. It is there that he places all his safety and all his sufficiency. It is not on the Supreme Being, conceived in the light of a real and personal agent, that he places his dependence. It is on a mute and material statue of his own erection. It is wealth, which stands to him in the place of God \u2014 to which he awards the credit of all his enjoyment.\nThe mentions\u2014which he looks to as the emanating fountain of all his present sufficiency\u2014from which he gathers his fondest expectations of all the bright and fancied blessedness that is yet before him\u2014on which he rests as the firmest and stablest foundation of all that the heart can wish, or the eye can long after, both for himself and for his children. It matters not for him, that all his enjoyment comes from a primary fountain, and that his wealth is only an intermediate reservoir. It matters not to him, that if God were to set a seal upon the upper storehouse in heaven, or to blast and to burn up all the fruitfulness of earth, he would reduce, to the worthlessness of dross, all the silver and the gold that abound in it. Still, the gold and the silver are his gods. His own fountain is between him and the fountain of life.\nOriginal supply is his. His wealth is between him and God. Its various lodging places, whether in the bank, or in the place of registration, or in the depository of wills and title-deeds \u2014 these are the sanctuaries of his secret worship \u2014 these are the high places of his adoration. Never did a devout Israelite look with more intentness towards Mount Zion, and with his face towards Jerusalem, than he does to his wealth, as to the mountain and stronghold of his security. Nor could the Supreme Being be more effectively deposed from the homage of trust and gratitude than he actually is, though this wealth were recalled from its various investments; and turned into one mass of gold; and cast into a piece of molten statuary; and enshrined on a pedestal, around which all his household might assemble, and make it the focus of their reverence.\nIt is an object of their family devotions, and they ply every hour of every day with all the fooleries of senseless and degrading Paganism. Thus, God keeps up the charge of idolatry against us, even after all its images have been overthrown. Dissuasives from idolatry are still addressed, in the New Testament, to the pupils of a new and better dispensation. Little children are warned against idols, and all of us are warned to flee from covetousness, which is idolatry.\n\nTo look no further than to fortune as the dispenser of all the enjoyments which money can purchase, is to make that fortune stand in the place of God. It is to make sense shut out faith, and to rob the King eternal and invisible of that supremacy, to which all the blessings of human existence, and all the varieties of human enjoyment, belong.\nBut the love of money, in every instance and in every particular, should be referred to the good things it enables one to acquire. However, as we have previously noted, the love of money is one affection, and the love of what is purchased by money is another. It was at first loved for the sake of the good things it enabled its possessor to acquire. But whether, due to rapid associations in the mind that escape our consciousness or as the fruit of an infection spreading by sympathy among all men busily engaged in the pursuit of wealth, as the supreme good of their being \u2014 it is certain that money, originally pursued for the sake of other things, comes at length to be prized for its own sake. And perhaps, there is no one circumstance which serves more to liken the love of money and the love of what it buys.\nThe first thing that set man pursuing wealth was that, through it, he found a way to other enjoyments. Wealth proves him capable of a higher reach of anticipation than beasts or birds, enabling him to calculate, foresee, and build provisions for future wants. However, note how quickly this supposed distinction of his faculties is overthrown, and how near he is to each other.\nother lies the dignity and the debasement of the human understanding. If it evinced a loftier mind in man than in inferior animals, that he invented money, and by the acquisition of it can both secure abundance for himself, and transmit this abundance to future generations of his family \u2014 what have we to offer, in vindication of this intellectual eminence, when we witness how soon it ceases to be rational? How, instead of being procured as an instrument for the purchase of ease or the purchase of enjoyment, both ease and enjoyment of a whole life are surrendered as sacrifices at its shrine? How, from being sought after as a minister of gratification to the appetites of nature, it at length brings nature into bondage, and robs her of all her freedom?\nsimple delights, and pours the infusion of wormwood into the currency of her feelings, making that man sad who ought to be cheerful, and that man who ought to rejoice in his present abundance, filling him either with the cares of an ambition which never will be satisfied, or with the apprehensions of a distress in all its pictured and exaggerated evils. And it is wonderful, it is passing wonderful, that wealth, which derives all that is true and sterling in its worth from its subservience to other advantages, should, apart from all thought about this subservience, be made the object of such fervent and fatiguing devotion. Insomuch, that never did Indian devotee inflict upon himself a severer agony at the footstool of his Paganism, than those devotees of wealth who, for its acquisition as their ultimate object, will forego all.\nThe uses for which alone it is valuable will give up all that is genuine or tranquil in the pleasures of life; and will pierce themselves through with many sorrows. They will undergo all the fiercer tortures of the mind; and instead of employing what they have to smooth their passage through the world, will, on the hazardous sea of adventure, turn the whole of this passage into a storm. Thus, exalting wealth, from a servant to a lord, who, in return for the homage that he obtains from his worshippers, exercises them not with whips but with consuming anxiety, never-sated desire, brooding apprehension, and its frequent spectres, and the endless jealousies of competition with men as intently devoted.\n\nChalmers' Disourses. 187.\nemulous  of  a  high  place  in  the  temple  of  their  common \nidolatry,  as  themselves.  And,  without  going  to  the \nhigher  exhibitions  of  this  propensity,  in  all  its  rage  and \nin  all  its  restlessness,  we  have  only  to  mark  its  work- \nings on  the  walk  of  even  and  every-day  citizenship  ; \nand  there  see,  how,  in  the  hearts  even  of  its  most \ncommon-place  votaries,  wealth  is  followed  after,  for \nits  own  sake  ;  how,  unassociated  with  all  for  which \nreason  pronounces  it  to  be  of  estimation,  but,  in  virtue \nof  some  mysterious  and  undefinable  charm,  operating \nnot  on  any  principle  of  the  judgment,  but  on  the  utter \nperversity  of  judgment,  money  has  come  to  be  of  high- \ner account  than  all  that  is  purchased  by  money,  and \nhas  attained  a  rank  co-ordinate  with  that  which  our \nSaviour  assigns  to  the  life  and  to  the  body  of  man,  in \nbeing  reckoned  more  than  meat  and  more  than  rai- \nMaking the subordinate primary and the primary subordinate, we transfer affections from wealth in use to wealth in idle and unemployed possession. The proprietor of many a snug deposit, in some place of secure and progressive accumulation, would welcome the intelligence that he would never require any part of it or its accumulation back for expenditure. To his end, every new year would witness another unimpaired addition to the bulk or aggrandizement of his idol. It would heighten his enjoyment if he could be told, with prophetic certainty, that this process of undisturbed augmentation would continue indefinitely.\nThe children's children, to the last age of the world, that the economy of each succeeding race of descendants would leave the sum with its interest untouched and the place of its sanctuary unviolated. Through a series of indefinite generations, would the magnitude ever grow, and the lustre ever brighten, of that household god, which he had erected for his senseless adoration and bequeathed as an object of senseless adoration to his family.\n\nWe have the authority of that word which has been pronounced a discerner of thoughts and intents of the heart. It cannot have two masters, or there is not room in it for two great and ascending affections. The engrossing power of one such affection is expressly affirmed of the love for Mammon or the love for money thus named and characterized as an idol.\nIf love of money is in the heart, the love of God is not. If a man trusts in uncertain riches, he does not trust in the living God, who gives us all things richly to enjoy. If his heart is set on covetousness, it is set on an object of idolatry. The true divinity is moved away from his place, and, worse than atheism, which would only leave an empty throne, has the love of wealth raised another divinity upon it. So that covetousness offers a more daring and positive aggression on the right and territory of the godhead than even infidelity. The latter would only desolate the sanctuary of heaven; the former would set up an abomination in its midst. It not only strips God of love and confidence, which are his prerogatives, but it transfers them to another. And little does the man who is possessed by covetousness realize this.\nproud in honor, but at the same time, proud and ambition-driven \u2013 little does he think, that despite being acquitted in the eyes of all his fellows, there still remains an atrocity of a deeper character than atheism, with which he is charged. Let him just take an account of his mind, amid the labors of his merchandise, and he will find that the living God has no ascendancy there. But wealth, just as much as if personified into life, agency, and power, wields over him all the ascendancy of God. Where his treasure is, his heart is also; and, linking as he does his main hope with its increase, and his main fear with its fluctuations and its failures, he has effectively dethroned the Supreme from his heart and deified an usurper in his room, as if fortune had been embodied.\nA goddess he worshiped, and they repaired to her temple in a crowd. She was the dispenser of what he prized most in existence. A smile from her was worth all the promises of the Eternal, and her threatening frown more dreadful to the imagination than all his terrors. The disease was as near to universal as it was virulent. Wealth is the goddess whom all the world worships. There are many cities in our empire where, with an eye of apostolic discernment, it may be seen that it is almost wholly given over to idolatry. If a man looks no higher than to his money for his enjoyments, then money is his god. It is the god of his dependence, and the god upon whom his heart is stayed. Or if, apart from other enjoyments, it has, by some magical power of its own, gained the ascendancy.\nThen it is still followed as the supreme good, and there is an actual supplanting of the living God. Chalmers' Discourse is robbed of the gratitude we owe him for our daily sustenance. Instead of receiving it as if it came directly from his hand, we receive it as if it came from the hand of a secondary agent, to whom we ascribe all the stability and independence of God. This wealth obscures to us the character of God as the real though unseen Author of our various blessings. It hides from the perception of nature the hand which feeds, clothes, and maintains us in life, and in all the comforts and necessaries of life. It just has the effect of thickening still more that impalpable veil which lies between God and the eye of the senses. We.\nWe lose all discernment of him as the giver of our comforts, and coming, as they seem, from that wealth which our fancies have raised into a living personification, this idol stands before us, not as a deputy but as a substitute for that Being with whom we really have to do. All this goes both to widen and to fortify the disruption which has taken place between God and the world. It adds the power of one great master idol to the seducing influence of all the lesser idolatries. When the king and the confidence of men are towards money, there is no direct intercourse, either by the one or the other of these affections, towards God; and, in proportion as he sends forth his desires and rests his security on the former, in that very proportion does he renounce God as his hope and God as his dependence.\nAnd yet, for a moment, let us consider the misery of this affection, as well as its sinfulness. He, under its reign, feels a worthlessness in his present wealth after it is obtained. Add to this the restlessness of an yet unsated appetite, ruling over all his convictions, and panting for more. To the dulness of his actual satisfaction in all the riches that he has, we add his still unquenched, and indeed unquenchable desire for the riches he does not have. When reflecting on the pursuit of wealth, he widens the circle of his operation and lengthens out the line of his open and hazardous exposure, multiplying, along the extent of it, those vulnerable points from which another and another dart of anxiety may enter his heart. He feels himself as if floating on an uncertain sea.\non the ocean of contingency, where he may be borne up only by the breath of a fictitious credit, liable to burst every moment and leave him to sink under the weight of his overladen speculation; suspended on the doubtful result of his bold and uncertain adventure, he dreads the tidings of disaster in every arrival and lives in a continual agony of feeling, kept up by the crowd and turmoil of his manifold distractions, so overspreading the whole compass of his thoughts as to leave not one narrow space for the thought of eternity \u2014 will any beholder not look to the mind of this unhappy man, tossed and bewildered and thrown into a general unceasing frenzy, made out of many fears and many agitations, and not say that the bird of the air which sends forth its unreflecting song and lives on the fortuitous bounty of nature sings out in ignorance of the man's plight?\nProvidence is not higher in the scale of enjoyment than he? And how much more, then, the quiet Christian beside him, who, in possession of food and raiment, has that godliness with contentment which is great gain \u2014 who with the peace of heaven in his heart and the glories of heaven in his eye, has found out the true philosophy of existence; has sought a portion where alone a portion can be found, and, in bidding away from his mind the love of money, has bid away all the cross and all the carefulness along with it. Death will soon break up every swelling enterprise of ambition, and put upon it a most cruel and degrading mockery. It is indeed an affecting sight to behold the workings of this world's infatuation among so many of our fellow mortals nearing and nearing every day.\nInstead of heeding the eternal truth before them, people mistake their temporary existence for their abiding home, spending all their time and thought on its accommodations. This is the doing of our great adversary, who invests the insignificant aspects of a day with grandeur and durability. And whatever may be the means of reclaiming men from this delusion, it is not any argument about the shortness of life or the certainty and awfulness of its approaching termination. Man is capable of stout-hearted resistance to this, even in the face of ocular demonstration. This is a striking evidence of the bereavement that must have befallen the human faculties.\nDespite his manifold experiences, wrinkles, infirmities, and the ever-lessening distance between him and his sepulchre, as well as all the tokens of preparation for the onset of the last messenger, with weakness and breathlessness, Chalmers' Discourse. (193)\n\nAnd yet, the feeble and asthmatic man still shakes his silver locks with all the glee and transport he is capable of when he hears of his gainful adventures and new accumulations. We cannot tell how near he must get to his grave or how far on he must advance in the process of dying before gain ceases to delight, and the idol of wealth ceases to be dear to him. But when we see that the topic is trade and its profits, which light up his faded eyes.\nWith the glow of its chiefest ecstasy, we are as satisfied that he leaves the world with all his treasure there, and all the desires of his heart there, as if acting what is told of the miser's deathbed, he made his bills and his parchments of security the companions of his bosom, and the last movements of his life were a fearful, tenacious, determined grasp, of what to him formed the all for which life was valuable.\n\nThe ED.\nA\nH\nli\nA\n\nDeacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\nTreatment Date: Oct. 2005\n\nPreservation Technologies\nA World Leader in Paper Preservation\n111 Thomson Park Drive\nCranberry Township, PA 16066", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"},
{"title": "A biographical memoir of Samuel Bard", "creator": ["Ducachet, Henry William, 1796-1865. [from old catalog]", "Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) DLC [from old catalog]"], "subject": "Bard, Samuel, 1742-1821", "description": "Shoemaker", "publisher": "Philadelphia", "date": "1821", "language": "eng", "lccn": "14007183", "page-progression": "lr", "sponsor": "The Library of Congress", "contributor": "The Library of Congress", "scanningcenter": "capitolhill", "mediatype": "texts", "collection": ["library_of_congress", "americana"], "shiptracking": "LC085", "call_number": "9641427", "identifier-bib": "00000853227", "repub_state": "4", "updatedate": "2012-05-04 12:22:03", "updater": "associate-caitlin-markey", "identifier": "biographicalmemo00duca", "uploader": "associate-caitlin-markey@archive.org", "addeddate": "2012-05-04 12:22:06", "publicdate": "2012-05-04 12:22:08", "scanner": "scribe1.capitolhill.archive.org", "repub_seconds": "1897", "ppi": "400", "camera": "Canon EOS 5D Mark II", "operator": "associate-annie-coates@archive.org", "scandate": "20120515120324", "republisher": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "imagecount": "46", "foldoutcount": "0", "identifier-access": "http://archive.org/details/biographicalmemo00duca", "identifier-ark": "ark:/13960/t5n88cn5b", "scanfee": "150", "sponsordate": "20120531", "possible-copyright-status": "The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.", "backup_location": "ia903802_29", "openlibrary_edition": "OL25302614M", "openlibrary_work": "OL16621406W", "external-identifier": "urn:oclc:record:1041661602", "references": "Shoemaker 5208", "associated-names": "Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress)", "republisher_operator": "associate-marc-adona@archive.org", "republisher_date": "20120515175117", "ocr_module_version": "0.0.21", "ocr_converted": "abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37", "page_number_confidence": "49", "page_number_module_version": "1.0.3", "creation_year": 1821, "content": "[Biographical Memoir of the Late President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the University of the State of New York, &c. by Henry William DuChet, M.D., delivered before the New York Historical Society, Philadelphia. October, 1821.\n\nIn page 14, lines 2-6, article or word \"heat,\" on line 4 of the same page: It diminishes the quantity of blood in the small vessels, but accumulates it in the large ones.]\nBiography has justly been pronounced one of the most nice and difficult kinds of composition. It requires a judgment with which few are endowed, to make a judicious selection of the incidents of a life; to arrange facts in a striking order; and to narrate them in an interesting manner. The biographer is embarrassed with the multitude of materials which crowd upon him: he is at a loss what to choose, and what to omit; when to be brief, and when to amplify; and finds it difficult to avoid the extremes of a wearisome minutiae and a too rapid recital. But it is still more difficult to give a true and faithful delineation of the character he is describing; to preserve a just moderation in eulogizing its excellencies, and a necessary impartiality in touching its defects. No wonder, then, that so few excel in biography.\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard\n\nI propose to give a sketch of the life and character of Dr. Samuel Bard, a man whose life is worthy of being recorded for the admiration and example of posterity.\n\nDr. Samuel Bard was born in Philadelphia on April 1, 1742. His grandfather had been driven to this country by the memorable revocation of the edict of Nantes; and settling in Burlington, New Jersey, became one of the judges of the supreme court of that province. His father was Dr. John Bard, afterwards a distinguished physician of New York, and memorable for being the first person who performed a dissection in that city.\nDr. Bard taught anatomy through demonstration on this side of the Atlantic. His mother was a Miss Valleau, a niece of the highly respectable Dr. Kearsley of Philadelphia, and likewise a descendant of Protestant refugees. At the time of Dr. Bard's birth, his father was practicing his profession in Philadelphia; but at the urgent solicitation of Dr. Franklin, he shortly after removed with his family to New York, in consequence of the death of several eminent physicians in the epidemic yellow fever which desolated this city in 1741 and 42. Dr. Bard received the rudiments of classical education in New York, at a respectable grammar-school under the direction of a Mr. Smith; and at the age of 14 years entered King's College under the private pupilage of Dr- Cutting, at that time professor of languages, and during his studies there, he was appointed assistant to the professor of anatomy.\nDr. Samuel Johnson studied medicine at college and later dedicated himself to the profession under his father's auspices. Around this time, he developed an interest in botany from Miss Jane Colden, the lieutenant-governor's daughter. She taught him the basics of this science during his visits to her family, and he reciprocated by drawing and coloring plants and flowers for her.\n\nIn 1750, John Bard dissected Hermannus Carrol's body, who had been executed for murder. Bard injected the blood-vessels for the use of his pupils.\n\nThis lady was a correspondent of the celebrated Linnaeus and was honored by him for having described the first Coldenia plant.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard.\nIn the fall of 1760, he sailed for Europe but was captured by a French privateer and taken to Bayonne, where he was confined for six months in the castle. Upon his release in the spring of 1761, he immediately proceeded to London. At the recommendation of Dr. Fothergill, he was received into St. Thomas' Hospital as the assistant to Dr. Russell, the celebrated author of the history of Aleppo. He continued in this capacity until his departure for Edinburgh. At the time of Dr. Bard's arrival in Edinburgh, the celebrated school was in the meridian of its glory. Dr. Robertson, the historian, was its principal; and Rutherford, Whytt, Cullen, the Munros, and the elder were among its professors.\nGregory, and Hope, its professors. During his attendance at Edinburgh, he acquired the reputation of an ingenious and indefatigable student; considered one of the most intelligent Americans who had yet visited that celebrated seat of learning. He was particularly distinguished as a classical scholar, having made great proficiency in the languages under the tuition of the celebrated, but unfortunate Dr. Brown. He graduated in 1765, after having defended and published an inaugural essay \"de viris opii\"; and left Edinburgh loaded with honor, in consequence of having obtained the prize offered by Dr. Hope for the best Herbarium of the indigenous vegetables of Scotland.\n\nHe was the roommate of Dr. Saunders, the author of the valuable treatise on the liver; and the fellow-student of Dr. Withering.\nThe author of Medical Botany (Dr. Percival), Medical Ethicks (Dr. Percival), one of the founders of the University of Pennsylvania (Dr. John Morgan), president of the Medical Society of London (Dr. Sims), and father of botany and drawing (Dr. Bostock) retained a taste for botany and drawing, which is evident in one of the volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Society. It contains a representation of the first plant of rhubarb that grew in the botanic garden of Edinburgh, accompanying Dr. Hope's paper on the subject. Dr. Hope also provided the plan for Trinity Church, New-York. This valuable collection contains duplicates of upwards of 500 plant species and is still, I believe, in excellent preservation.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. Present chemist; Carmichael Smyth, who has distinguished himself.\nDr. Bard was introduced to the practice of medicine in New-York in 1765, in connection with his father. He was soon introduced into the extensive and respectable circle of practice which he retained till the time of his removal from the city, and in which he acquired a popularity and reputation seldom falling to the lot of a physician in this country. Dr. Bard seldom practiced surgery due to his natural sensitiveness of temperament which revolted at the dismaying duties of an operator.\n\nThis text does not require extensive cleaning as it is already readable and the majority of the content appears to be original. Only minor corrections have been made for grammar and formatting.\nAt this time, great attention was focused on medical education in the provinces. The significant increase in wealth and population, the degraded state of the profession due to the widespread prevalence of quackery, the inconveniences and expense of a journey to Europe, and the recent accessions of talent and respectability to the medical corps determined a number of public-spirited gentlemen in Philadelphia to establish a school for medical instruction. Under the auspices of Shippen, Morgan, and Kuhn, a highly respectable college was organized. New York soon followed this worthy example, and in 1768, a similar establishment was opened in this city. Dr. Samuel Bard was immediately appointed to teach the theory and practice of physic, the most important branch of all.\nAt the first commencement held by the new college in 1769, Dr. Bard delivered the address to the graduates. I shall speak more particularly about this discourse later. For now, it is sufficient to note that it established the New York hospital. Dr. Clossey was chosen professor of anatomy; Dr. John Jones, surgery; Dr. Middleton, physiology and pathology; Dr. Smith, chemistry and materia medica; and Dr. Tennant, midwifery. The courses of instruction thus distributed were continued regularly and with unexpected success for several years. However, the promising institution was interrupted and eventually destroyed by the revolutionary war.\n\nOn the commencement of hostilities in 1776, Dr. Bard's political activities-\nThe odious political principles led him to retire to Shrewsbury, New Jersey. There, he prepared salt but was not satisfied with the results and could not comfortably support his family. He returned to New York upon its capture by British troops. Immediately, he regained his lucrative practice and was successful in business by the war's end, possessing a handsome independence. Dr. Bard's high character during this period is evident in the fact that, despite political differences and the ruling spirit of the day, he was the family physician for General Washington during his New York residence.\n\nAfter several failed attempts by the university regulators,\nThe trustees of Columbia College resolved to place the medical school on a permanent foundation by annexing the faculty of physic to the institution in 1792. Dr. Bard was continued as the professor of the theory and practice of medicine and appointed dean of the faculty. At this time, he was still engaged in an extensive practice and zealously occupied in teaching the different branches of the profession to a large number of private pupils. The professorship of natural philosophy in Columbia College being vacant for some time before the arrival of Dr. Kemp, Dr. Bard, despite his multiplied avocations of a public and private nature, undertook to supply this deficiency in the course of instruction. His exertions were chiefly instrumental in the revival of the medical school.\nIn 1795, he took Dr. Hosack into partnership and in 1798 retired into the country, leaving that gentleman successor to his practice. It is proper to state that, although Dr. Bard had now resigned forever the cares of professional life, his sense of duty would not permit him to be absent from the city during the dreadful epidemic of '98. He promptly went to the scene of desolation and terror to administer assistance to his suffering fellow-citizens. It was not until he had been disqualified by an attack of the epidemic for the arduous labors which a physician must undergo in a season of pestilence that he could be urged away.\nThe legislature of the state passed an act in 1801 for the establishment of a college of physicians and surgeons in New York City. However, the regents of the university did not utilize this power until the year 1807. The medical schools of Columbia College and the University, due to an erroneous policy that had come close to ruining both, were allowed to remain rival institutions until 1813. It was then determined that it was impossible for two medical schools to thrive in the same city, and accordingly, a new institution was organized, which would combine the talents and learning of the rival colleges. The present college of physicians and surgeons of this city is the offspring of this judicious coalition. Dr. Bard was appointed its first president.\nThe first president retained the office until his death. During his residence in the country, he zealously engaged in agriculture and was elected president of the Agricultural Society of Dutchess county in 1806, which he had been chiefly instrumental in forming. He was the founder of the neat little church at Hyde-Park in the neighborhood of his residence and the principal contributor to its expenses. From this parish, he was repeatedly delegated as a member of the public council of the Protestant Episcopal church in the state of New York. In the year 1811, he was elected an honorary member of the college of physicians of Philadelphia; and in 1816, the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Princeton college. He had been elected President of the original College of Physicians and Surgeons two years before.\nDr. Bard was never ambitious of such distinctions. He never sought them by courting correspondence of distinguished men abroad, or by assuming a fictitious importance by pomp and parade at home. He lived to the advanced age of 79 years. In the latter years of his life, he was afflicted with several severe attacks of a stricture of the esophagus, which greatly increased the bodily infirmities incident to old age. But to his last days, he retained the perfection and vigor of his mind. Sensible of his approaching end, he had made it a business to prepare for death. After arranging his temporal concerns to his satisfaction and spending his last hours in devotional exercises, he departed this life after a few hours illness of a pleurisy, on the 25th of May last.\nWith the hope of a Christian for a Christian's reward. In whatever light the character of Dr. Bard may be viewed, it must elicit admiration and exhibit itself in the commanding attitude of a model. Do we consider him as a professional man? We find him among the first physicians whom his country has produced. Dr. Bard was not one of those physicians who contented themselves with the elementary knowledge they acquire in their academic studies and rested satisfied with the slender attainments which qualify them to maintain a reputable intercourse with their brethren. He viewed medicine as a deep and extensive science, embracing almost every department of human learning; continually enriching herself with the accumulating experience of ages; and requiring of her votaries patient, laborious, and unceasing study. Accordingly, we see him at an early age engaging in the study of anatomy, dissecting bodies to reveal the mysteries hidden within. His diligence and dedication soon brought him recognition and respect from his peers, and he continued to expand his knowledge through travel and collaboration with other scholars. Throughout his long and distinguished career, Dr. Bard remained dedicated to the pursuit of medical knowledge, leaving a lasting impact on the field and inspiring generations of physicians to come.\nI. Biography of Dr. Samuel Bard\n\nStudied medicine with an assiduity seldom seen in youth; continuing his investigations with an ardor which maturer age and soberness could not subdue. By the last, he manifested his attachment to his favorite study through unremitted application, even at an age when the delights of science have commonly lost their enchanting power and the feebleness.\n\nDetails of Dr. Bard's life have been shared with me by his son Mr. William Bard and his son-in-law, the Rev. Professor M'Vickar of Columbia college. Dr. He-sack and Dr. J. W. Francis have also provided some intriguing facts. I acknowledge my obligation to these gentlemen and extend my thanks for their prompt and courteous responses to my inquiries.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard.\nAnd the decay of the body has destroyed the energy and vigor of the mind. But Dr. Bard did not pursue the science of medicine for the selfish gratification that study affords; nor did he wish to become learned merely for the sake of being so. He had a more honorable and useful purpose: to stimulate himself to diligence. It was to qualify himself to discharge the high and serious responsibilities of his professional station that he gave his days and nights to laborious industry. It was that he might become a skilful and sagacious practitioner, that he devoted the intervals of leisure which he snatched from the hurry and employments of an extensive practice to the scientific departments of his profession. Nor were his labors unsuccessful. He did attain the character which was the object of his noble ambition. The proverbial sagacity.\nAnd the skill of Dr. Bard as a practitioner of medicine are still the theme of popular admiration to this day. There was never a medical man in the city of New York so universally known, so much beloved and esteemed as a practitioner. Indeed, so astonishingly popular was he at one time that, notwithstanding the number of worthies who flourished cotemporaneously in the same city, he was called to almost every person who was taken sick. It was unfashionable to be sick without being visited by Dr. Bard. Nor did he acquire his wonderful popularity and extensive practice merely by the reputation he had obtained as a learned physician and a skilful practitioner. Learning and skill, however desirable they may be, are properly considered feeble for the intelligent and worthy portion of the public.\nDr. Bard was entitled to the patronage of the community and his professional brethren due to his sensibilities, which were the highest ornaments of human nature, or his view of his profession as something more than a means to accumulate wealth. He was known for his assiduous attention to the sick, his humanity towards the poor, and his tenderness to all. He was proverbial for his conscientious, faithful, and liberal discharge of obligations to his patients. In his interactions with his brethren, he acquired the unanimous approbation of the profession as a gentleman of undeviable integrity and high, delicate honor.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard*\n\n*This text is likely a biographical memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard.\nDo we view him as a public figure discharging the important offices of a teacher of medicine, undergoing the hazardous duties of the health office, assuming the high and honorable post of President of the College of Physicians? In all these capacities, we find him an example of inimitable fidelity to his trust, equaled only by the ability with which his duties were discharged.\n\nAs a professor, Dr. Bard deservedly ranks among the first this country has produced. Versed in the department which it was his province to teach, and possessing an admirable talent for instruction, we find him communicating to his pupils the lessons of wisdom and experience, in a style of eloquence, not vehement indeed or powerful, but simple, dignified, and interesting. Aware of the influence which a public teacher possesses over the minds of the young, Dr. Bard dedicated himself to his role with great care and dedication.\nHe used his popularity and the opportunities provided by his office, not to corrupt the moral and honorable principles of the youth entrusted to his care, but to inculcate the principles of virtue and religion. He rebuked and reclaimed the dangerous propensities of their thoughtless period of life and impressed upon them the worthlessness of all attainments that were not made subservient to the high destinies of an immortal being. Attached to the interests of the institution with which he was connected, he scorned to sacrifice its usefulness.\nHe was always very fond of the remarkable saying of Boerhaave: \"that he considered the poor his best patients because God was their pay-master.\"\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. He was not motivated by the desire for personal gain in his own practice; instead, he abhorred the sordid policy that disgraced many medical schools in later times, reducing their highest dignities to mere offices of profit. As a public officer entrusted by the authorities of his country to secure his fellow citizens from the importation of pestilence, we find him discharging the duties of his hazardous appointment with fidelity. Odium and reproach could not turn him aside, and with a boldness that even constant exposure to danger could not intimidate or alarm. He was in this station, as in every other which he accepted, strictly conscientious. He did not, by any means, compromise his principles.\nA convenient casuistry, accepting the superintendence of an establishment he believed, in his conscience, to be founded on a fallacious opinion and grievously oppressive to the commercial prosperity of his country, Dr. Bard regulated his professional morality by a higher standard. He believed fully in the principle that gave rise to the quarantine institution and in the necessity for the rigid enforcement of its laws. During the term of his appointment, our city was a stranger to the horrors of pestilence.\n\nAs President of the College of Physicians, Dr. Bard continued for many years to watch over the destinies of medical science with a dignity that commanded the respect of all the officers of that institution, and with an impartiality that preserving itself indifferent in the petty conflicts that occasionally arise in every institution.\nThe body of men similar to Dr. Bard allowed him to do no injustice to contending parties and kept him faithful to the true interests of his trust. In viewing Dr. Bard's character as the president of the college of physicians, one might advert to the unhappy disturbances which occurred in that institution. He was involved, much against his inclination, after living upwards of seventy years as a stranger to discord. However, as a faithful biographer, it would be incumbent upon me to develop this, which might revive recollections of no agreeable nature in the bosoms of his friends and might again excite the rancor and madness of his enemies. Peace be to his ashes! I have no wish to awaken the sacrilegious feeling of hatred to his memory.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. p. 13.\nDr. Bard, as an author, deserved and held no humble station. He was not one of those mighty geniuses who occasionally adorned the profession of medicine, spurning the ordinary course pursued by men of humbler powers and striking out for themselves a new road to the temple of fame. He invented no brilliant theories; devised no new system. Nor did he possess the ambition of being distinguished as an author. He did not write much, but what he did write was always useful and always exhibited his admirable talent of imparting to every subject an interesting aspect and a practical cast. His style was remarkably simple and chaste. Unadorned, it was pleasing. Not vigorous or eloquent, it was clear and concise; well-suiting his sober method of thinking and reasoning, and judiciously adapted to the subjects he discussed. Yet with all its simplicity, it possessed a certain charm and grace, which endeared it to his numerous readers.\nThe essay displayed humility and simplicity, yet contained a classical purity and taste that was not common among indifferent scholars. In essence, it was characterized by a strain of \"truth and sobriety\" that effectively captured attention.\n\nDr. Bard's first literary work, an Inaugural Essay on the powers of opium, was worthy of his pen even during his most renowned period. Essays of this kind are typically of a very juvenile nature, aiming only to fulfill academic requirements and rarely touching upon complex or original subjects. However, Dr. Bard selected a subject that, while challenging in itself, was further complicated by the controversies it had sparked. At the time he wrote this experimental essay, the controversy surrounding opium was particularly heated.\nAfter many experiments on himself, fellow-students, and patients at the Royal Infirmary, Dr. Bard came to the following conclusions about opium: 1. It primarily affects the brain and nerves. 2. It decreases the pulse's frequency but increases its fullness. 3. Its primary effect is to induce hilarity. 4. It diminishes all secretions except for perspiration, which it increases.\nIt constipates the bowels. That it lessens the urinary discharge, renders respiration slower, and produces a sense of fullness and stricture about the head and chest. That it assuages pain, resolves spasm, and recruits the body exhausted by fatigue. All these positions are supported with much ingenuity and explained with a readiness, showing him to have been master of his subject and familiar with everything which had been written upon it. This dissertation is a memorial of his respectable attainments in his profession and a creditable specimen of his literary and classical acquisitions.\n\nIn the year 1769, Dr. Bard delivered to the first medical graduates of King's (now Columbia) College a discourse upon the duties of a physician, in which he endeavored to impress upon them.\nThe necessity and importance of a hospital in New York City were discussed publicly. The impact of this memorable discourse was so significant that on the very same day, \u00a3800 sterling was subscribed towards building an edifice for this purpose. When nearly completed, it was destroyed by fire in 1775. Consequently, the second building was not rebuilt until 1791. This second building remains today \u2013 a magnificent monument to the memory of Dr. Bard. This discourse was published at the request of Sir Henry Moore, who was the provincial governor of New York at that time. In 1771, he published \"An enquiry into the nature, causes, and cure, of the Angina Suffocativa, or sore throat distemper.\" This disease, it is called.\nThe corporation of the city soon added \u00a33000 to the first subscription, and the legislature resolved to make the liberal appropriation of \u00a3800 per annum for twenty years. Dr. John Fothergill and Sir William Duncan of London deserve to be mentioned for their benevolent exertions among the inhabitants of that city in behalf of this laudable charity.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard.\n\nBard's description reveals that this was a highly violent and malignant form of croup. In this valuable treatise, blood-letting is suggested as a remedy, although it was later claimed as a discovery; and calomel, for the honor of introducing which so many have contended, is recommended.\nDr. Bard, favored midwifery and was possibly the most practiced and reputable accoucheur in the country. After retiring from professional life into the countryside, he contemplated publishing a treatise on this subject. His residence and obstetric fame provided ample opportunities to observe the ignorance of midwives and country practitioners in this important area, leading him to issue a treatise containing a set of plain and concise instructions.\nIn the year 1808, a \"Compendium of the theory and practice of Midwifery\" was published by an author seeking practical directions for managing natural labors. This work aimed for affordability and brevity, free from technicalities and professional jargon. Intended primarily for midwives and young practitioners, it was published in a duodecimo form. Despite its modest claims and objectives, the compendium was executed with distinction.\n\nCompiling and condensing all valuable precepts from standard obstetrics writers, it presented the results of the author's extensive experience in the practice of midwifery. Consequently, it received widespread acceptance.\nThe work, which has received universal approbation since its appearance and has been accepted as a standard work by the profession, was Dr. Bard's intention in this little treatise on natural labor. He aimed to emphasize the sufficiency of nature's efforts in these cases and suppress the growing fondness for instruments introduced by popular works of Smellie and Baudelocque in this country. Despite his modest renunciation of originality, I believe that the powers of nature in the accomplishment of parturition have never been so forcefully and clearly exhibited by any other author. The work went through three large editions in its duodecimo form and was twice enlarged.\nIn the year 1811, Dr. Bard published \"A Guide for Young Shepherds.\" At the time, commercial restrictions were turning the attention and enterprise of our citizens towards domestic manufactures. The melioration of our breed of sheep through the introduction of the merino race was a favorite project among internal improvements. But it was soon found that, while the sheep improved in quality, the wool was difficult to process due to its fine texture. Dr. Bard's ruling desire was to be useful. Therefore, he prepared for the press a sixth edition of his work, which, though not finished by his experienced hand, would surely add increased excellence and celebrity to the work and perpetuate the name and reputation of its author.\n\nAt the time of his death, he was preparing for the press a sixth edition of \"A Guide for Young Shepherds.\" Though it had not received the finishing touches of his experienced hand, it would undoubtedly add increased excellence and celebrity to the work and live on to perpetuate the name and reputation of its author.\n\nDr. Bard's desire was to be useful. In 1811, he published \"A Guide for Young Shepherds\" when commercial restrictions were turning the attention and enterprise of our citizens towards domestic manufactures. The melioration of our breed of sheep through the introduction of the merino race was a favorite project among internal improvements. However, it was soon discovered that while the sheep improved in quality, the wool was difficult to process due to its fine texture. Despite this, Dr. Bard continued his work, preparing for the press a sixth edition of his guide before his death.\nImported from abroad were very delicate and extremely liable to disease. They often communicated tempers to our native flocks to which they had not before been subject. These disorders, while they rendered such stock exceedingly precarious, repressed the enterprise of commercial adventurers. It was all-important, then, that something should be done to prevent the defeat of the project by the frequent disappointments incident to speculations on sheep. At this juncture, Dr. Bard, after having directed his attention to and acquired considerable experience in the diseases of this useful animal, issued the little treatise I am now to speak of. I would not presume to pronounce upon the merits of this book as a work upon the diseases of sheep, as I have no practical acquaintance with the subject to which it relates.\nThis will be published under the direction of Dr. F. U. Johnston of New-York, Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard (1742-1795). I am not sufficiently conversant with rural concerns to form an opinion of its value. I can only say that I have known intelligent and competent persons who have turned their attention to the management and improvement of sheep, declare it to be the best practical treatise extant on that subject, Chancellor Livingston's masterly performance not excepted. In the Shepherd's Guide, Dr. Bard treats of the characters and qualities of the merino-race and of their great superiority over our native sheep. He considers the most approved modes for the maintenance and support of sheep in general, remarking upon the quality and quantity of their food.\nThe text discusses summer and winter management, proper barn construction for provender and hovel shelter, and other circumstances related to improving the domestic breed and acclimating the merino race. The author covers breeding in depth and provides detailed instructions on lamb management. Diseases of sheep comprise a significant portion of the treatise, with practical instructions for identifying and treating common ailments. The author focuses particularly on claveau and variolas ovinae, considering inoculation in their treatment.\nThe cultivators of sheep in Europe have recommended the use of which substance as a preservative from the fatal forms of this distemper. However, Dr. Bard found that the disorder could seldom be communicated in this way and was not mitigated in violence. I'm not certain if Dr. Bard is entitled to the merit of originality in suggesting and trying the prophylactic virtue of vaccination for this plague. He vaccinated several sheep, encouraged by the analogy that exists between this distemper and the smallpox in the human race, and recommends the practice to shepherds. This treatise preserves the unity of style which Dr. Bard exhibited in all his writings. It is plain, sententious, and well adapted to the practical character of the work.\n\nIt is regrettable that the annual addresses, as president, which Dr. Bard delivered are not included in this text.\n\n(Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard)\nThe dent of the college, he was in the habit of delivering to medical graduates unpublished discourses. One of them, \"a discourse on medical education,\" delivered at the commencement in 1819, serves only to make us regret the suppression of the rest. They would form a very comely volume, instructive to the profession, and interesting to the general reader. They were remarked for the strong good sense they abounded in and for the tenderness and pathos of the sentiments they contained. They were written with the characteristic chasteness and neatness of Dr. Bard's style and delivered with the simplicity and ingenuousness peculiar to his manners.\n\nThe last production of his pen was a paper containing remarks on the Constitution, Government, Discipline, and Expenses of Medical Schools, &c.\nIn obedience to a requisition of the University Regents, he enters into an examination of all the different branches of medicine, the importance of each in a course of medical instruction, and the manner in which they should be taught. From an elaborate comparison of the expenses of medical schools in Edinburgh, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, he endeavors to establish a standard for the regulation of the college fees and expenses in New York. He makes excellent remarks on the preliminary education for students of medicine, the required period of study, graduation requisites, and examination conduct; and finally sketches an admirable plan.\nDr. Bard's plan for organizing a medical school. Circumstances at that time interfered, and not all of his suggested improvements have been implemented. However, if the honorable body ever deems it expedient to reorganize the medical department of the University, Dr. Bard's recommended plan will be their model.\n\nDr. Bard's views on medical education were not influenced by the contracted policy that would restrict a physician's studies to knowledge enabling him to practice his profession as an art, but not qualifying him to maintain its literary character. Nor did he approve of introducing collateral sciences into medical instruction whose connection with medicine is so remote.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard. 19th century.\nA physician should have extensive and general studies, but undue attention to collateral branches is a hindrance to medical perfection. It is sufficient for a physician to have a general acquaintance with these sub-siditary departments, enabling him to understand the learned conversation in these areas and maintain a scientific reputation.\n\nRegrettably, the present state of affairs makes it inexpedient to insist on any degree of classical attainments for students. I am well aware of the great value of these studies.\nA physician lamented that it was not possible to withhold the doctorate from those unqualified for the inferior honor of a baccalaureate in the arts. It is remarkable that colleges, erected for teaching a learned profession, have universally fixed the professional standard so low. Almost all nations have agreed in assigning this exalted character to the medical profession and in expecting from all who practice the healing art a degree of erudition not required of men of other occupations. Among the ancients, priests were almost the only practitioners of physic because they were the most learned class. Thus, we find the Chaldeans of Babylon, the Hierophantes of Egypt, the Curetes and Corybantes of Crete, the Persian Magi, and the Gymnosophists of India, were in their ranks.\nAmong the most distinguished cultivators of medicine in respective countries, the association of the medical character with the sacerdotal office has existed, even in modern days. It was not until the middle of the twelfth century (1163) that the Council of Tours issued the famous edict forbidding the clergy from practicing the healing art due to the Church's abhorrence of bloodshed. Among all the semi-barbarous nations of the present day, priests are still the only physicians. This is true even in Persia, where the Lamas practice medicine. It was only when the immense increase in population made the care of the sick incompatible with the burdensome parochial duties of clerical life that the clergy of New England ceased to practice medicine.\nThe profession of medicine is evidently a learned one. Yet, its highest honors and greatest privileges are conferred upon men who are destitute of a learned education. Dr. Bard saw and lamented this error but saw no way to remedy the evil. Perhaps this can never be done but by a national university.\n\nIn his hints for the reorganization of the college, he properly recommended that the trustees should be a body of men separate from, and independent of, the professors. He saw that every medical institution in which the professors are vested with the powers of trustees must be harassed by jealousies and contentions. And if the respectability of the college is to be preserved, and a diploma is to be no longer a mere certificate of attendance upon lectures, the board of trustees must be composed of individuals distinct from the faculty.\nPersons with no pecuniary interest in the college's concerns should comprise the entire body. Dr. Bard's recommendations in his report to the Regents for improving and reforming the medical education system are extremely judicious and well-calculated for their intended purpose. However, as a biographer, it's not inconsistent to highlight two significant flaws in his plan. The first is the lack of provisions for young men to study the profession. Ours is the only profession where a person can voluntarily enter without being subject to control. Before being admitted as a candidate for holy orders, a young man is required to present testimonials of his possession of certain qualifications, without which he is not recognized.\nThe regular student of divinity, Dr. Samuel Bard, was recognized by the Church authorities. In some sense, he engaged in various professions and trades. However, in medicine, it appears we accept the leftovers, applying no test to assess the suitability of individuals to begin their studies. The Mexicans reportedly decide their children's occupations based on their selections from the tools of different trades when their judgment is suspended by intoxication. Given the stupidity and unfitness of many in the profession, who possess neither knowledge nor the capacity to acquire it, we are almost convinced that their unfortunate choice was made under a similar infatuation. Juan Huartes, a Spanish.\nA physician suggested the establishment of a board of public examiners in a book titled \"Examen de Ingenios.\" Their duty would be to determine the genius of every lad and assign suitable occupations. This may be an extreme measure, but the benefits would be significant. An anecdote about Clavius, the renowned mathematician, highlights the importance of assessing boys' talents. He was sent to a Jesuit college and was on the verge of being dismissed as a hopeless dunce during his reception examination. However, when asked an unexpected geometry question, his hidden aptitude for mathematics was revealed, which later distinguished him as one of the foremost mathematicians.\nTronomers of his day. Indeed, the figure which this order has made in the learned world is, no doubt, ascribable, in a great degree, to their sagacity in discovering the talents and directing the studies of their pupils. It is because sufficient care is not taken to ascertain the peculiar propensities and geniuses of young men that we see so many men in situations for which they are not qualified, who would have been respectable or useful in the professions or trades for which they were born.\n\nThis book, I have never read. Some account of it may be seen in the Spectator, No. 307.\n\nChristopher Clavius, a German, who was sent for by Pope Gregory to assist in reforming the calendar; and afterwards engaged ably in its defense against the attacks of Scaliger and others.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard.\nThe same disease exists in society, known to physicians as errata loci. They are akin to red blood in serous vessels, bile in the stomach, and aliment in the wind pipe. To devise a plan for controlling the admission of young men as regular students of medicine and preserving the profession from being overrun by the unsuitable, whom the blindness of their parents would force in, is still required. Another significant flaw Dr. Bard overlooked is the lack of a fixed and determinate course of medical study. It would be beneficial to select the books for the student and indicate the order in which they should be studied. Merely designating the books is not enough; the manner in which they should be read should also be conveyed to him. Lord Bacon.\nThere are some books that should only be tasted, others that we ought to swallow down, and some choice ones that we should chew and digest. This means that some books should be only partially read, others should be read but without much care, and a few should be diligently and attentively studied. To direct the industry of the student by properly disposing of his time, selecting suitable books for him, and pointing out their relative value would be a grand improvement in the system of education. These ideas may have occurred to Dr. Bard in drawing up his plan for medical study. However, his object seems to have been rather to reform abuses than to introduce innovations in the present system. It was on this account that we find no reference to his favorite idea of introducing the writings of the ancients.\nHe held Hippocrates and other ancient medical writers in high estimation and desired to revive a taste for classical medicine. It is regrettable that many physicians do not consider these works worth their study. The faculty of the Paris Medical School instituted an Ifippocmatic Professorship to awaken attention to ancient medical writers and preserve their doctrines and practices, especially those of the Coan sage. The professor was to be supplied with means. (Biographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard, p. 358)\nA scholar traveled with Hippocrates' volumes, lecturing exclusively on his works in countries the father of medicine had visited. This plan may have been injudicious but magnificent. The most effective solution could be the institution of a Medical Literature professorship. Duties would include medical history, bibliography, accounts of different systems and books, medical jurisprudence, medical ethics, medical logic, and recitations from Greek and Latin medical classics. However, this critical examination of Dr. Bard's education views may be deemed inappropriate or excessively lengthy for a biographical memoir.\nI must apologize for my prolixity, making it impossible to do justice to the character in a narrower compass. I have noticed all the writings of Dr. Bard with which I am acquainted. Several fugitive essays by him are preserved in the American Medical and Philosophical Register, and other periodicals are, I believe, enriched by his communications. The Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia contain several documents by him on the subject of Yellow Fever. In these, Dr. Bard, in a tone of firmness and decision worthy of his serious convictions of the foreign origin and contagious character of the disease, avows himself one of the persecuted minority who have advocated these doctrines. I call this persecuted minority: for it cannot be denied that the leaders of the medical community held opposing views.\nThe opposite party has prosecuted the controversy with acrimony sufficient to deter a timid man from declaring his sentiments and a peaceable one from defending them. Dr. Bard, in reference to the controversy as conducted in New-York, has made it a personal question. Will you side with certain men, or will you join their enemies? The violence on this subject and the aspect given to the controversy is, no doubt, intentionally excited by designing men. They have taken this road to importance because they cannot succeed in becoming the leaders of a party by more honorable means.\n\nBiographical Memoir of Dr. Samuel Bard regretted the injurious agency of certain periodical journals in propagating doctrines of an opposite tendency; and deprecated.\nThe system of denunciation pursued by Dr. Bard, from which a more worthy spirit ought to have been expected. Having considered Dr. Bard as a professional man, a public character, and an author, it remains to contemplate him in the interesting scenes of private and domestic life.\n\nAccustomed from early life to the best and most polished society, Dr. Bard always exhibited in his deportment and manners a perfect model of the accomplished gentleman. In the several relations of a son, a husband, a father, and a friend, he was a pattern of filial affection, of conjugal fidelity, of parental tenderness, and of unwavering and ardent attachment. The moral virtues shone conspicuously in his character. His integrity and uprightness were proverbial. To say that a man was \"as honest as Dr. Bard\" was a common expression.\nDr. Bard, in his neighborhood, was highly recommended for stern and unbending integrity. He was charitable and liberal, approaching his own ruin. For several last years of his life, he almost entirely devoted his annual revenue to a benevolent purpose, leaving himself scarcely a comfortable competency.\n\nHowever, this was not all his character. Dr. Bard was a Christian. He was not a Christian in the vague sense in which this honorable name is applied by the world. He was not a mere speculative believer in the truth of Revelation; he was not a mere respectful attendant upon the services and ordinances of the sanctuary; he did not view religion as a mere system of ethics which might or might not be received, or which at most exacted nothing more than a decent conformity to the requirements of.\nThe morality of Dr. Samuel Bard was of a much more sterling stamp. It was exhibited in the affections of his heart, the tempers of his mind, and the conduct of his life, possessing the sanctifying and practical power of Christian principle.\n\nBiographers often cant about the piety of those whose characters they portray, representing them as the brightest ornaments of the Christian name. However, the fact is, education, habit, interest, and many other circumstances can develop the virtues of justice, integrity, compassion, and generosity in the human heart, and even enkindle some feelings of superstitious reverence.\n\nBut Dr. Samuel Bard's morality transcended common standards. His piety was genuine and profound, a shining example of the power of Christian principles.\nA man exhibiting all traits of character for religion may not in a single action of his life be actuated by a principle of loyalty and obedience to God, and may be an utter stranger to the radical principles of equity and benevolence. Nay, a man may maintain an exalted character for strict justice, high honor, generous sensibility, and for every manly and effulgent virtue, and yet be as destitute of all claim to the title of a Christian as the vilest profligate whose life presents one disgusting mass of moral deformity unredeemed and unrelieved by a single amiable feature. I would not decry morality \u2014 it is useful, it is amiable, it is necessary to the well-being and the good order of society. But alone and unconnected with holier principles, it is no more acceptable and meritorious in the sight of the Supreme Ruler.\nA judge of the world, a discontented subject's constrained obedience to his country's laws or rebels' kindly offices cannot compare to the authorities to whom they owe duteous and cheerful loyalty. Religion is a divine principle that enlightens the understanding to comprehend truths unassisted reason could never discover; a principle that rectifies waywardness of the will and brings it into subjection to God's law; a principle that reclaims and refines the corrupt propensities and passions of our nature, purifying the thoughts and affections of the heart; a principle, in short, that renews and sanctifies the whole man, preparing him for acceptable service of his Maker here and fitting him for blissful enjoyment of his presence.\nHereafter, Dr. Bard held such views on religion, entitled to piety only. He did not rest satisfied with personal piety, but viewed religion as a concern for all mankind, deeply and eternally interested. Therefore, we find him exerting all his influence to disseminate the Holy Scriptures and extend the benefits of religion in his neighborhood. He was the ready patron of every scheme Christian benevolence might devise for the promotion of religious knowledge and human happiness. His labors of love did not proceed from ostentation and parade, as evidenced by private exertions that procured him no applause from men. Bible.\nSocieties, missionary efforts, Sunday-schools, and humbler attempts to diffuse religious instruction through tracts, all found in Dr. Bard. He was one of those very few physicians who considered it a duty to admonish and advise their patients in spiritual affairs. It was his constant practice to procure or to administer religious instruction to the ignorant and spiritual consolation to the distressed. And however indiscreet and officious communications of this kind may be considered by some, he has left on record his testimony to their usefulness and to the general goodwill with which they are received. In not one of the many manuscripts (in my possession) of his annual addresses to the graduates in medicine does he omit to recommend this practice; and to enforce it by the assurance that during thirty years of practice, he found it effective.\nA professional's life he had made it a uniform duty, and that he had very seldom regretted his conduct, finding such communications generally acceptable, and never productive of injury to the sick. It is much to be regretted that the example of this good physician is not more frequently imitated; and that medical men are so apt to disregard the eternal concerns of their patients, and to imagine it necessary to divert their thoughts, as much as possible, from death and eternity. Such conduct is a criminal neglect of a solemn duty; and betrays an insensibility as cruel as it is dangerous to the best interests of those committed to their care. It was too Dr. Bard's practice to call the early attention of his patients to this important subject. Religious admonition, he properly thought, should not be deferred.\nThis is not the best time for religious instruction or the most favorable one for its due effect on the mind. It is not in the last moments of life, when the body is racked with pain and the mind agitated and alarmed by the apprehensions of death; when a deadly stupor clouds the faculties, or the imagination flits in wild delirium from object to object and from thought to thought, that the mind can be brought to prepare itself for the awful transition which it is to undergo. Sickness is a season of reflection with most men, and naturally induces a docility of temper highly favorable to the reception of wholesome admonition. It is now that religious instruction and advice are most productive of effect. If delayed.\nThe last hours of a sick man's life, such problems may awaken him and plunge him into despair but they seldom benefit his soul. Dr. Bard's conduct in this regard commends itself to the approval of every rational and feeling man, entitling him to be placed among those worthies who have combined talent, extensive erudition, and distinguished rank with the graces and virtues of the Christian character. I know not what effect this feeble and imperfect representation of Dr. Bard's life and character may produce on the reader. I should hope that the outlines of such a character, however rudely sketched, would fill him with admiration. But for my part, the very name of Bard has in it for me.\nSomething of that magic power which one feels to exist in the names of Boerhaave, Sydenham, Gregory, and Rush, and which, while it excites an enthusiasm that no other earthly contemplation can produce, annihilates the ambitious aspirations of the soul in overwhelming admiration of these illustrious men.\n\nHaller, Boerhaave, Sydenham, Stahl, Hoffman, Harvey, Willis, Mead, Zimmerman, Fothergill, Percival, Heberden, Gregory, Rush, Kamsay, &c.", "source_dataset": "Internet_Archive", "source_dataset_detailed": "Internet_Archive_LibOfCong"}
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